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Anthrax is caused by bacteria that are a rod shaped organism, Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax is a non-motile organism between 1-5 micrometers in length. Upon exposure to air, anthrax forms a spore, which can become airborne to cause infection to exposed individuals. Anthrax spore can cause disease by coming in contact with abraded skin or wounds; inhalation; or ingestion. As anthrax reproduces, it releases three virulence factors: lethal factor, edema factor and antiphagocytic factor. Each of these substances enhances the destruction of cells and resists the immune system.
Figure 1. Electron micrograph of the anthrax causing bacteria, Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax toxin is a three-protein exotoxin secreted by virulent strains of the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis âthe causative agent of anthrax.The toxin was first discovered by Harry Smith in 1954.Anthrax toxin is composed of a cell-binding protein, known as protective antigen (PA), and two enzyme components, called edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF). These three protein components act together to impart their physiological effects.nterestingly, each individual anthrax toxin protein is, in fact, nontoxic. Toxic symptoms are not observed when these proteins are injected individually into laboratory animals. However, the co-injection of PA and EF causes edema, and the co-injection of PA and LF is lethal.