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Gastrointestinal perforation. Perforation is a hole that develops through the wall of a body organ. This problem may occur in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, or gallbladder. Perforation of an organ can be caused by a variety of factors. 1  These include: 2  Appendicitis. 3  Cancer. 4  Crohn disease. 5  Diverticulitis. 6  Gallbladder disease. 7  Peptic ulcer disease. 8  Ulcerative colitis. 9  Bowel blockage. 10  Chemotherapy agents.
Acute intestinal obstruction occurs when there is an interruption in the forward flow of intestinal contents. This interruption can occur at any point along the length of the gastrointestinal tract, and clinical symptoms often vary based on the level of obstruction. Intestinal obstruction is most commonly caused by intra-abdominal adhesions, malignancy, or intestinal herniation. The clinical presentation generally includes nausea and emesis, colicky abdominal pain, and a failure to pass flatus or bowel movements.