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While Ichigo Kurosaki underwent training to gain his own Shinigami powers, Kisuke Urahara puts Ichigo's soul through a process called Encroachment, where if Ichigo does not gain Shinigami powers on his own, he will become a Hollow. Tessai Tsukabishi severs Ichigo's Chain of Fate.
Remember it was hinted in the Arrancar arc that Ichigo and his friends maybe given the option of become Shinigami once they die. So I think you'll see Ichigo die near the end of the manga only to have him return to the human world many many years later as a true Shinigami vs a Sub. Yes, he does lose his powers.