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Gastrointestinal perforation. Perforation is a hole that develops through the wall of a body organ. This problem may occur in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, or gallbladder. Perforation of an organ can be caused by a variety of factors. 1  These include: 2  Appendicitis. 3  Cancer. 4  Crohn disease. 5  Diverticulitis. 6  Gallbladder disease. 7  Peptic ulcer disease. 8  Ulcerative colitis. 9  Bowel blockage. 10  Chemotherapy agents.
If the perforated bowel is repaired through gastrointestinal resection and anastomosis, whereby the perforated, damaged section of the bowel is removed and the remaining sections reattached, it can lead to complications. Leakage at the repair site can lead to infection, and scaring at the repair site can lead to restricted interior flow.