The outer circle of stars shall be so arranged that one star shall appear directly in the middle at the top of the circle, and the word Indiana shall be placed in a half circle over and above the star representing Indiana and midway between it and the star in the center above it.
Mutations in either nuclear DNA (nDNA) or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can cause mitochondrial disease. Nuclear DNA is packaged into structures called chromosomesâ22 pairs of non-sex related chromosomes (called autosomes) and a single pair of sex chromosomes (XX in females and XY in males).
Ten different human diseases have been associated with dysfunctional mitochondrial carriers [1][2]. For example, citrin deficiency is a metabolic disease caused by a defective mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier, leading to impaired export of aspartate from the mitochondrion, which in turn is required for the urea cycle [3]. The carrier is a chimera of three domains.