However, they are probably best known for the roles they play in the immune systemâs defense against disease-causing organisms. 1  As part of the immune response, cytokines exert their influence over various white blood cells (leukocytes), including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.
Renal parenchymal echohenicity is a kind of imaging terminology, which can present some renal abnormalities. In most condition, increased renal parenchymal echogenicity indicates that there is a certain degree of kidney damage or renal parenchymal inflammation.
5. The older term is 'acute renal failure' (ARF). Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a rapid deterioration of renal function, resulting in inability to maintain fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance.It is detected and monitored by serial serum creatinine readings primarily, which rise acutely.cute kidney injury (AKI) is a rapid deterioration of renal function, resulting in inability to maintain fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance.