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Among all causes of hypercalcemia, primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy are the most common, accounting for greater than 90 percent of cases (table 1). This topic card will review the etiology of hypercalcemia. The clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and treatment are reviewed separately.
There are multiple causes of hypercalcemia and there are various ways to classify the etiology of hypercalcemia. Table 3 shows one such classification that groups the causes of hypercalcemia according to pathophysiology. The most common causes are discussed in more detail in subsequent sections.