However, they are probably best known for the roles they play in the immune systemâs defense against disease-causing organisms. 1  As part of the immune response, cytokines exert their influence over various white blood cells (leukocytes), including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.
Renal parenchymal echohenicity is a kind of imaging terminology, which can present some renal abnormalities. In most condition, increased renal parenchymal echogenicity indicates that there is a certain degree of kidney damage or renal parenchymal inflammation.
1 loop of Henle = U shaped loop that dips into the renal medulla = countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs here. 2  Descending limb = water reabsorption by osmosis (permeable to water, but not to solute). 3  Bottom of U = most concentrated.4  Ascending limb = salt reabsorption (permeable to salt, but not water). Nephron = functional unit of kidney = glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct (shared by many nephron). 2  glomerulus = ball of fenestrated capillaries. 3  Bowman's capsule = Cup/Capsule that surrounds the glomerulus.