However, they are probably best known for the roles they play in the immune systemâs defense against disease-causing organisms. 1  As part of the immune response, cytokines exert their influence over various white blood cells (leukocytes), including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.
Renal parenchymal echohenicity is a kind of imaging terminology, which can present some renal abnormalities. In most condition, increased renal parenchymal echogenicity indicates that there is a certain degree of kidney damage or renal parenchymal inflammation.
(May 2015). The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a microscopic structure in the kidney that regulates the function of each nephron, the functional units of the kidney. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named because it is next to (juxta-) the glomerulus. Adenosine constricts the afferent arteriole via A1 receptors and dilates (to a lesser degree) efferent arterioles via A2 receptors. 2  This acts to decrease the glomerular filtrate rate. 3  Adenosine also inhibits renin release in juxtaglomerular cells via A1 receptors on JG cells using a Gi pathway.