However, they are probably best known for the roles they play in the immune systemâs defense against disease-causing organisms. 1  As part of the immune response, cytokines exert their influence over various white blood cells (leukocytes), including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.
Renal parenchymal echohenicity is a kind of imaging terminology, which can present some renal abnormalities. In most condition, increased renal parenchymal echogenicity indicates that there is a certain degree of kidney damage or renal parenchymal inflammation.
NSAIDs and Acute Kidney Injury. NSAIDs can cause two different forms of acute kidney injury. Haemodynamically mediated (eg, pre-renal injury and/or acute tubular necrosis). Immune mediated (eg, acute interstitial nephritis).