The outer circle of stars shall be so arranged that one star shall appear directly in the middle at the top of the circle, and the word Indiana shall be placed in a half circle over and above the star representing Indiana and midway between it and the star in the center above it.
Mutations in either nuclear DNA (nDNA) or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can cause mitochondrial disease. Nuclear DNA is packaged into structures called chromosomesâ22 pairs of non-sex related chromosomes (called autosomes) and a single pair of sex chromosomes (XX in females and XY in males).
Furthermore, the different proportions of mutant mitochondrial DNA that result in altered nuclear gene expression correspond to the same proportions of mutations in mitochondrial DNA that are associated with diabetes and autism; brain, heart and muscle disease; or lethal infantile disease.allaceâs current study rests on his investigations into the mysteries of mitochondria for over 40 years. In 1988, he was the first to demonstrate that mitochondrial DNA mutations can cause human disease.