A new list of the most common words and phrases in the English language in 2013 was overwhelmingly negative. 404 â as in the error message that appears when a web page can't load â and toxic politics both earned top spots, with surveillance, drones and federal shutdown also appearing on the list, from Global Language Monitor.
3. 5 The Internal combustion engine (Otto Cycle) [vw, s & b: 9.13] The Otto cycle is a set of processes used by spark ignition internal combustion engines (2-stroke or 4-stroke cycles).
Since the Otto cycle uses isentropic processes during the compression (process 1 to 2) and expansion (process 3 to 4) the isentropic equations of ideal gases and the constant pressure/volume relations can be used to yield Equations 3 & 4.