Gruit is old German for herbs. Gruitbier was brewed both on the Continent and on the British Isles. Gruit (or herbs) is what most medieval brewers used to flavor their beers with before hops became a universal beer flavoring agent starting around the 15th century.
Like Freud, Erik Erikson believed in the importance of early childhood. However, Erikson believed that personality development happens over the entire course of a personâs life. In the early 1960s, Erikson proposed a theory that describes eight distinct stages of development. According to Erikson, in each stage people face new challenges, and the stageâs outcome depends on how people handle these challenges. Erikson named the stages according to these possible outcomes:
Arthur Chickering defined seven vectors of personal development for young adults during their undergraduate years: 1  developing competence. 2  managing emotions. 3  achieving autonomy and interdependence. 4  developing mature interpersonal relationships. 5  establishing identity. 6  developing purpose. 7  developing integrity.