Gruit is old German for herbs. Gruitbier was brewed both on the Continent and on the British Isles. Gruit (or herbs) is what most medieval brewers used to flavor their beers with before hops became a universal beer flavoring agent starting around the 15th century.
Like Freud, Erik Erikson believed in the importance of early childhood. However, Erikson believed that personality development happens over the entire course of a personâs life. In the early 1960s, Erikson proposed a theory that describes eight distinct stages of development. According to Erikson, in each stage people face new challenges, and the stageâs outcome depends on how people handle these challenges. Erikson named the stages according to these possible outcomes:
Stage Four: The Formal Operational Stage of Development. As mentioned earlier, there are four stages of cognitive development. The final stage is known as the formal operational stage and is present when someone reaches about the age of 12 and continues into adulthood.ean Piaget was a psychologist who studied cognitive development and formed a theory based on his observations of human growth. Jean Piaget identified these four stages as follows: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational.