Stigma and Mental Illness. Stigma has been defined as an attribute that is deeply discrediting.1 This stigmatized trait sets the bearer apart from the rest of society, bringing with it feelings of shame and isolation.
The performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells has made rapid increases in energy conversion efficiency, improving from under 4% efficiency in 2010 to a record efficiency of 22% in 2016. Because of the high absorption coefficient, a thickness of only about 500 nm is needed to absorb solar energy.
structures related to the mineral perovskite CaTiO3. In the ideal form the crystal structure of cubic ABX3 perovskite can be described as consisting of corner sharing [BX6] octahedra with the A cation occupying the 12-fold coordination site formed in the middle of the cube of eight such octahedra. The ideal cubic perovskite structure is not very common and also the mineral perovskite itself is slightly distorted. The perovskite family of oxides is probably the best studied family of oxides.