Stigma and Mental Illness. Stigma has been defined as an attribute that is deeply discrediting.1 This stigmatized trait sets the bearer apart from the rest of society, bringing with it feelings of shame and isolation.
The performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells has made rapid increases in energy conversion efficiency, improving from under 4% efficiency in 2010 to a record efficiency of 22% in 2016. Because of the high absorption coefficient, a thickness of only about 500 nm is needed to absorb solar energy.
The LnAlO 3 perovskite is formed in accordance with this invention by mixing a lanthanide-containing compound with an excess of aluminum-containing compound and, optionally, a minor amount of precious metal, mixing and heating at the temperature described below to form the LnAlO 3 perovskite