Stigma and Mental Illness. Stigma has been defined as an attribute that is deeply discrediting.1 This stigmatized trait sets the bearer apart from the rest of society, bringing with it feelings of shame and isolation.
The performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells has made rapid increases in energy conversion efficiency, improving from under 4% efficiency in 2010 to a record efficiency of 22% in 2016. Because of the high absorption coefficient, a thickness of only about 500 nm is needed to absorb solar energy.
Organic Photovoltaics (OPV) may become a cheap form of renewable energy, however, the lower power conversion efficiency (PCE) and shorter device lifetime means that OPV will not compete with silicon in the large power generation market in the near future. The advantages of OPV may be applicable to other applications, for example, power-generating windows [1]. This application requires a semi-transparent device structure, rather than using thick metal contacts [2], which makes the optics of the device more crucial. This report models the optics of a semi-transparent OPV device, focusing on the influence of the direction of illumination and the thickness of the electrode layer. calculated exciton generation rate, which is displayed in Fig. Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of device structure of the semi-transparent organic solar cell. II. SIMULATION MODEL AND METHODOLOGY