Stigma and Mental Illness. Stigma has been defined as an attribute that is deeply discrediting.1 This stigmatized trait sets the bearer apart from the rest of society, bringing with it feelings of shame and isolation.
The performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells has made rapid increases in energy conversion efficiency, improving from under 4% efficiency in 2010 to a record efficiency of 22% in 2016. Because of the high absorption coefficient, a thickness of only about 500 nm is needed to absorb solar energy.
Fluoride perovskites such as NaMgF 3 are well known. A large family of metallic perovskite compounds can be represented by RT 3 M (R: rare-earth or other relatively large ion, T: transition metal ion and M: light metalloids).The metalloids occupy the octahedrally coordinated B sites in these compounds.luoride perovskites such as NaMgF 3 are well known. A large family of metallic perovskite compounds can be represented by RT 3 M (R: rare-earth or other relatively large ion, T: transition metal ion and M: light metalloids).