This makes the kidneys less permeable to water, more water flows to the bladder. This increased loss of water upsets the balance of the electrolyte concentration and negatively affects the metabolic process. This can cause dehydration in chronic alcohol consumers.
The hormones insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are released from the GI tract during food absorption and act to suppress feeling of hunger. CCK is key in suppressing hunger because of its role in inhibiting neuropeptide Y. Glucagon and epinephrin levels rise during fasting and stimulate hunger.
Pathway of imput from hunger-sensitive neurons. input from hunger sensitive neurons of the arcuate nucleus is inhibitory to both the paraventricular nucleus and the satiety sensitive cells of the arcuate nucleus The inhibitory neurotransmitters are a combination of GABA, neuropeptide Y, and grouti-related peptide.