graph(Noun) An ordered pair , where is a set of elements called vertices (or nodes) and is a set of pairs of elements of , called edges; informally, a set of vertices together with a set edges that join these vertices.
Clubbing is an enlargement of the ends of the fingers and a downward sloping of the nails. Although it's not caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), it can be a sign of coexisting lung cancer or other lung disorders in patients with COPD. Clubbing is sometimes called digital clubbing. It can affect the fingers and/or toes.
Injury: 1  Crushing the base of the nail or the nail bed may cause a permanent deformity. 2  Chronic picking or rubbing of the skin behind the nail can cause median nail dystrophy, which gives a lengthwise split or ridged appearance of the thumbnails. 3  Long-term exposure to moisture or nail polish can cause nails to peel and become brittle. Infection: Fungus or yeast cause changes in the color, texture, and shape of the nails. Bacterial infection may cause a change in nail color or painful areas of infection under the nail or in the surrounding skin. Severe infections may cause nail loss. Paronychia is an infection around the nailfold and cuticle. Viral warts may cause a change in the shape of the nail or ingrown skin under the nail. Certain infections (especially of the heart valve) may cause red streaks in the nail bed (splinter hemorrhages). Diseases: