Figure 2. Evolutionary layers of the X and Y chromosomes. (a) Comparative mapping of genes from the human X in marsupial mammals detected an ancient region conserved on the X in all mammals and denoted XCR, as well as a recently added region denoted XAR that is autosomal in marsupials.
Poliovirus, the causative agent of poliomyelitis (commonly known as polio), is a human enterovirus and member of the family of Picornaviridae. Poliovirus is composed of an RNA genome and a protein capsid. The genome is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome that is about 7500 nucleotides long.
The first polio vaccine was the inactivated polio vaccine. It was developed by Jonas Salk and came into use in 1955. The oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin and came into commercial use in 1961.