Stigma and Mental Illness. Stigma has been defined as an attribute that is deeply discrediting.1 This stigmatized trait sets the bearer apart from the rest of society, bringing with it feelings of shame and isolation.
The performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells has made rapid increases in energy conversion efficiency, improving from under 4% efficiency in 2010 to a record efficiency of 22% in 2016. Because of the high absorption coefficient, a thickness of only about 500 nm is needed to absorb solar energy.
Perovskites could resolve this quandary by matching the output of silicon cells at a lower price than that of thin-film CIGS: Their ingredients are cheap bulk chemicals, and the cells can be built using simple, low-cost processing techniques. Perovskites made their debut in dye-sensitized solar cells.When light is absorbed by a dye in the cell, it injects excited electrons into a semiconductor such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles, which carry the charge away and ultimately generate current.erovskites could resolve this quandary by matching the output of silicon cells at a lower price than that of thin-film CIGS: Their ingredients are cheap bulk chemicals, and the cells can be built using simple, low-cost processing techniques. Perovskites made their debut in dye-sensitized solar cells.