Stigma and Mental Illness. Stigma has been defined as an attribute that is deeply discrediting.1 This stigmatized trait sets the bearer apart from the rest of society, bringing with it feelings of shame and isolation.
The performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells has made rapid increases in energy conversion efficiency, improving from under 4% efficiency in 2010 to a record efficiency of 22% in 2016. Because of the high absorption coefficient, a thickness of only about 500 nm is needed to absorb solar energy.
Thin-film Solar Cells Freed From Toxic Processing. Two Labs Get the Lead Out of Promising Perovskite Solar Cells. Photo: Imaginechina/Corbis On the Line: A factory worker in China inspects crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells. Solar panels glimmering in the sun are an icon of all that is green.