title: Kommissionens meddelande till rådet och Europaparlamentet om EU:s strategier och åtgärder för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser på väg mot ett Europeiskt klimatförändringsprogram

eurovoc_concepts:
EU environmental policy
EU programme
climate change
greenhouse gas
protocol to an agreement

text: EUROPEISKA GEMENSKAPERNAS KOMMISSION Bryssel den 8. 3. 2000 KOM(2000) 88 slutlig KOMMISSIONENS MEDDELANDE TILL RÅDET OCH EUROPAPARLAMENTET OM EU:S STRATEGIER OCH ÅTGÄRDER FÖR ATT MINSKA UTSLÄPPEN AV VÄXTHUSGASER – PÅ VÄG MOT ETT EUROPEISKT KLIMATFÖRÄNDRINGSPROGRAM KOMMISSIONENS MEDDELANDE TILL RÅDET OCH EUROPAPARLAMENTET OM EU:S STRATEGIER OCH ÅTGÄRDER FÖR ATT MINSKA UTSLÄPPEN AV VÄXTHUSGASER – PÅ VÄG MOT ETT EUROPEISKT KLIMATFÖRÄNDRINGSPROGRAM Politisk bakgrund År 2000 att vara avgörande när det gäller att bekämpa klimatförändringarna. På den ramkonvention om sjätte konferensen för parterna klimatförändring i november skall det fattas beslut i de frågor som inte avgjordes i Kyoto, framför allt angående de flexibla mekanismerna och hur målen skall uppfyllas. Från och med i mars i år kommer alla politiska insatser på klimatområdet världen runt att inriktas på detta viktiga möte. till Förenta nationernas I Bonn 1999 begärde man från EU:s sida att alla parter skulle ratificera Kyotoprotokollet så snart som möjligt efter parternas sjätte konferens för att det skall kunna träda i kraft vid Rio+10-konferensen 2002. EU har åtagit sig att se till att detta politiska åtagande leder till konkret handling. Positivt i detta sammanhang är Europeiska rådets beslut i Helsingfors att be kommissionen utarbeta ett förslag till en långsiktig strategi för samordning av politiken för en ekonomiskt, socialt och ekologiskt hållbar utveckling som skall läggas fram för Europeiska rådet i juni 2001. inleda den politiska processen för att ratificera I EU har man för avsikt att Kyotoprotokollet omedelbart efter parternas sjätte konferens. Flera aspekter kommer att diskuteras, och minst följande två kommer att vara av stor vikt: 1. Det avtal om hur utsläppsminskningarna skall fördelas som rådet godtog under 1998 måste föras in i en rättsakt. Målet på –8 % för EU som helhet har fördelats bland medlemsstaterna med hänsyn till olika ekonomiska utvecklingsmönster. Om avtalet om hur kan Kyotoprotokollet gemensamt ratificeras av medlemsstaterna och av EG. utsläppsminskningarna fördelas omsätts rättsakt skall en i 2. Det kommer att behövas en genomförandestrategi till ratificeringsinstrumentet. Detta är en fråga om politisk trovärdighet. Det kommer att bli nödvändigt att konkret ange vilka strategier som måste följas, vilka åtgärder som måste vidtas och hur de s. k. flexibla mekanismerna skall genomföras i EU och tillsammans med andra parter från både industriländer och utvecklingsländer. som komplement Det måste fattas beslut i flera svåra frågor, inte minst de frågor som påverkar respektive medlemsstats och Europeiska gemenskapens ansvar. Vissa frågor gäller skyddet av den inre marknaden eller politiken inom olika sektorer, och andra är förknippade med det faktum att EU skulle vara rättsligt bundet att uppnå målet på – 8 % för gemenskapen som helhet. Oroande utsläppstrender 2 Under de senaste åren har utsläppen av växthusgaser i Europa ökat i stället för att minska. Om inte de nuvarande politiska åtgärderna skärps kommer utsläppen, vid i övrigt oförändrade förhållanden, förmodligen att öka med 6–8 % i stället för att minska med 8 % i förhållande till 1990 års nivåer1. Energi- och transportsektorerna svarar för den största delen av koldioxidutsläppen medan källan till de fluorerade gaserna är industrin. Utsläppen av koldioxid från transportsektorn väntas öka med 39 % fram till år 2010 (jämfört med 1990 års nivåer). Då efterfrågan på el och värme ökar kraftigt väntas koldioxidutsläppen från kraftproduktionen öka efter 2010, medan utsläppen från industrin väntas minska med 12 % under samma period. Situationen i den privata sektorn och tjänstesektorn fortfarande oroande. Utsläppen av fluorerade gaser väntas öka med ungefär 40 % mellan 1990 och 2010 om inte ytterligare åtgärder vidtas. Utsläppen av dessa gaser kommer dock även i fortsättningen att vara små och beräknas 2010 komma att utgöra ca 2,6 % av de totala utsläppen. Utsläppstrenderna i medlemsstaterna avviker kraftigt från de genomsnittliga siffrorna. I vissa medlemsstater såg situationen inledningsvis bra ut. Enandet av Tyskland och övergången från kol till gas i Förenade kungariket ledde till att utsläppen under den första hälften av 1990-talet minskade. Detta har dock varit unika händelser och det är osannolikt att liknande företeelser inträffar igen före 2012. I bilaga I visas de framsteg som hittills gjorts i medlemsstaterna jämfört med deras minskningsmål som följer av avtalet om hur utsläppsminskningarna skall fördelas. De flesta medlemsstater får av olika skäl allt större svårigheter att begränsa utsläppen av växthusgaser. I till exempel Österrike, Danmark, Finland och Nederländerna har en hel del gjorts redan tidigare – de enkla åtgärderna har redan vidtagits – och där kommer man framöver att få högre genomförandekostnader. På grundval av förbättrad information konstaterar vissa andra medlemsstater att deras utsläppstrender snabbt är på väg åt fel håll. Detta gäller framför allt Belgien och Italien. Slutligen börjar man i Spanien, Portugal, Grekland och Irland inse att man trots den utsläppsökning som länderna tillåts enligt avtalet om hur utsläppsminskningarna skall fördelas ändå måste vidta effektiva åtgärder. Medlemsstaterna måste därför åta sig att ytterligare förstärka sin inhemska politik för att de skall kunna uppnå sina respektive mål vad gäller minskade utsläpp enligt avtalet om hur utsläppsminskningarna skall fördelas. Gemensamma och samordnade åtgärder på gemenskapsnivå kommer i enlighet med subsidiaritetsprincipen att vara ett viktigt komplement till dessa nationella strategier. Behovet av att förstärka strategierna och åtgärderna Europeiska gemenskapens ledande roll när det gäller att genomföra Kyotoprotokollet kommer att bedömas mot bakgrund av de framsteg som görs under kommande år. Både på medlemsstatsnivå och på europeisk nivå finns det ett antal positiva tecken på att genomförandet av Kyotoprotokollet står högt upp på den politiska dagordningen. 1 KOM (1999) 230. 3 börja kunna Vissa medlemsstater har redan förstärkt sina klimatförändringsstrategier för att de skall om hur utsläppsminskningarna skall fördelas. Många andra medlemsstater håller på att utarbeta sådana nya strategier. De föreslagna åtgärderna gäller alla sektorer och de kommer sannolikt att leda till betydande utsläppsminskningar. sina Kyotoåtaganden uppfylla avtalet enligt Kommissionen har tagit initiativ till viktiga åtgärder. Vissa av dessa åtgärder, som avtalet med biltillverkarna om personbilars energieffektivitet, har slutförts med framgång. Flera nya kommissionsinitiativ kommer att läggas fram, som förslaget till ett direktiv om främjande av förnybara energikällor i samband med den inre elmarknaden, förslaget till ett direktiv om kompletterande bränslespecifikationer för 2005, meddelandet om åtgärder för integrering av frågor om en hållbar utveckling i näringspolitiken, omarbetningen av den gemensamma transportpolitiken, grönboken om stadstransporter, en strategi för tryggad energiförsörjning med en bedömning av samtliga ökad energieffektivitet i gemenskapen och en handlingsplan för förnybara energikällor. energikällors miljökonsekvenser, handlingsplan för en Riktlinjerna om statligt stöd för miljöskydd, som snart skall uppdateras, kommer att främja nya marknadsbaserade incitament i medlemsstaterna. Samtidigt kommer målet att förebygga klimatförändringar att återspeglas i de beslut kommissionen skall fatta i framtiden enligt de nuvarande bestämmelserna när den bedömer medlemsstaternas stödsystem. Framstegen skulle dock ha blivit mycket påtagligare om rådet mer aktivt hade stött vissa centrala förslag, som förslaget om energibeskattning, eller om man hade låtit bli att anta förslagen i en påtagligt mindre ambitiös version, till exempel när det gäller Save- och Altenerprogrammen. Kommissionen vidhåller att energibeskattning är av yttersta vikt inom den övergripande klimatförändringsstrategin och uppmanar rådet att snarast anta förslaget. För att de åtaganden EU gjorde i Kyoto skall kunna uppfyllas måste åtgärderna förstärkas både på medlemsstatsnivå och EU-nivå. Kommissionen kommer därför dels att förstärka gemenskapens strategier och åtgärder, dels att utarbeta ett system för handel med utsläppsrätter inom EU för att förbättra kostnadseffektiviteten när det gäller EU:s genomförandestrategi, bland annat förberedelserna inför tillämpningen av Kyotoprotokollets att öka internationellt sett om man visar sin beslutsamhet att förverkliga båda delarna av Kyotoavtalet. flexibla mekanismer. EU:s trovärdighet kommer Det kommer att bli lättare att förstärka de gemensamma och samordnade strategierna och åtgärderna för alla viktigare sektorer som släpper ut växthusgaser om man integrerar miljöaspekterna i den politik som förs inom olika sektorer, som när det gäller energi, transport, jordbruk, industri, den inre marknaden och utveckling, där strategier har utarbetats eller kommer att utarbetas. Dessutom begärde rådet (miljö) i sina slutsatser från oktober 19992 att kommissionen så snart som möjligt under år 2000 skulle utarbeta en förteckning över prioriterade åtgärder när det gäller klimatförändring och så småningom utarbeta förslag. I detta sammanhang betonade 2 Rådets slutsatser om gemenskapsstrategi när det gäller klimatförändringar, dok. 11654/99, Luxemburg den 12 oktober 1999. 4 rådet att det är viktigt att vidareutveckla de strategier och åtgärder som redan pekats ut i rådets slutsatser från juni 19983. För att tillgodose dessa krav lägger kommissionen nu fram en förteckning över förslag (bilaga 3). Denna till gemensamma och samordnade strategier och åtgärder förteckning är inte uttömmande utan koncentreras på prioriterade åtgärder inom energi-, justeras efter diskussioner i rådet och parlamentet och med anledning av beslut som fattas angående politiken inom olika sektorer, till exempel när det gäller energi, transport, industri och jordbruk. transport- och industrisektorerna. Den kan komma att ta är att det och viktigt hänsyn åtgärder Vid utarbetandet av ett framgångsrikt paket av gemensamma och samordnade strategier som minskningspotential och kostnader för begränsningsåtgärder inom olika politiska områden. I kommissionens meddelande från maj 19994 anges minskningspotentialen transport- och och kostnaderna för ett antal begränsningsåtgärder industrisektorerna, som också återfinns i förteckningen över förslag till gemensamma och samordnade strategier och åtgärder i bilaga 3. När det gäller energieffektivitet inom hushållen och tjänstesektorn finns t. ex. en minskningspotential på 140 miljoner ton koldioxidekvivalenter som kan förverkligas till en kostnad på upp till 50 euro/ton (1997 års priser)5. i energi-, faktorer till Som komplement till ovannämnda strategier och åtgärder finns Kyotoprotokollets s. k. flexibla mekanismer. Även om dessa mekanismer är lovande när det gäller kostnadseffektivitet har man inom EU begränsad erfarenhet av dem. Tillsammans med detta meddelande och som en del i samma paket har kommissionen därför antagit en grönbok om handel med utsläppsrätter för växthusgaser inom EU. Syftet är att informera alla beslutsfattare om detta nya styrmedel och att inleda ett samråd med alla berörda parter. I detta arbete kommer det att bli nödvändigt att se till att de olika delarna i kommissionens förslag till tillvägagångssätt bildar en sammanhängande helhet. Det är av stor vikt att man inom gemenskapen är klar över hur detta kommer att fungera mot bakgrund av den inre marknaden och att man känner till hur handeln med utsläppsrätter påverkar EU:s möjligheter att uppnå det övergripande målet. Från gemenskapens sida kommer man även fortsättningsvis att visa att man tar utvecklingsländernas oro för klimatförändringarna på allvar. Det kommer att fastställas gemenskapsåtgärder för att hjälpa utvecklingsländerna att minska klimatförändringarna och anpassa sig till de negativa konsekvenserna. Efter parternas sjätte konferens måste det tas nya initiativ för att hjälpa de fattigare och mest sårbara utvecklingsländerna av fullt ut Kyotoprotokollet, framför mekanismen för en ren utveckling. tillvara de möjligheter som följer att ta 3 4 5 Rådets slutsatser om gemenskapsstrategi när det gäller klimatförändringar, dok. 9702/98, Bryssel den 19 juni 1998. KOM (1999) 230. KOM (1999)230. 5 Det europeiska klimatförändringsprogrammet Det europeiska klimatförändringsprogrammet är Europeiska kommissionens program för att samla alla berörda parter till samarbete när det gäller förberedelserna inför de gemensamma och samordnade strategierna och åtgärderna för att minska utsläppen av lägga fram förslag till politik vilar hos växthusgaser. Även om rätten att kommissionen har man positiva erfarenheter av att låta flera berörda parter delta i det förberedande arbetet inför sådana förslag. Det europeiska klimatförändringsprogrammet kommer strategier och åtgärder som anges i bilaga 3. främst att behandla de Programmets uppbyggnad, som visas i detalj i bilaga 2, kommer att vidareutvecklas av kommissionen. Det kan konstateras att programmets omfattning till en början kommer att vara begränsad och att det kommer att behandla de mest lovande åtgärderna för att minska utsläppen i syfte att uppnå Kyotomålet på en åttaprocentig minskning. På medellång och lång sikt bör dock programmet bli mer omfattande och genom inbegripa kompetensutveckling övervakning, demonstration av effektiv och miljövänlig teknik samt utbildning. Förberedande arbete på dessa områden kan sedan komma att ligga till grund för konkreta förslag från kommissionen. anpassning, tekniköverföring, internationellt forskning samarbete och som och frågor till Programmet kommer inte att drivas isolerat. Det kommer att skapas och utvecklas för på kopplingar klimatförändringarna, bland annat luftkvalitet, energi och transport, så att dessa program kan fungera tillsammans och förstärka varandra. Genomförandet av strategierna inom de olika sektorerna kommer också att påverka programmet. som har befintliga betydelse områden initiativ Övervakning av framstegen i riktning mot EU:s Kyotomål Kommissionen vill framhålla medlemsstaternas ansvar att utarbeta egna strategier och åtgärder för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser. Åtgärdernas och strategiernas verkan måste kontinuerligt övervakas. Genom rådets beslut 99/296/EG om en övervakningsmekanism för utsläpp av koldioxid och andra växthusgaser i gemenskapen skapas det nödvändiga verktyget för att bedöma strategierna och åtgärderna, men detta behöver utvidgas och förstärkas så att även tillämpningen av de flexibla mekanismerna att övervakningsmekanismen skall kunna fungera väl när det gäller att bedöma om Kyotomålet uppnåtts totalt sett. omfattas. Detta förutsättning för en är 6 Faktiska resultat jämfört med vad resultaten borde vara enligt avtalet om hur utsläppsminskningarna skall fördelas (förutsatt en linjär utveckling från 1990 till 2010 års mål) i procent av 1990 års utsläpp (3 gaser, LUCF (markanvändning, förändring av markanvändning och skogsbruk) ej inkluderat) BILAGA 1 -47,0% 0,5% EU 15 13,4% Spanien (1998 års data) 5,0% 4,8% 0,1% 1,0% 1,5% Grekland (1998 års data) Portugal (1998 års data) 13,9% Irland (1998 års data) Sverige (1998 års data) Finland (1998 års data) Frankrike (1998 års data) Luxemburg (1998 års data) Österrike (1998 års data) Belgien (1997 års data) Nederländerna (1998 års data) 9,3% 12,8% 10,9% 16,8% Danmark (1998 års data) 3,2% Italien (1995 års data) -4,5% -7,5% För. kungariket (1998 års data) Tyskland (1998 års data) -50% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% Figuren visar om en medlemsstat är på rätt väg om man förutsätter att utsläppsbegränsningen är linjär (mellan 1990 och 2010). Ett negativt värde innebär ett resultat som är bättre än det fastställda målet, medan ett positivt värde innebär ett otillräckligt resultat. När det gäller Luxemburg är de totala utsläppen av växthusgaser mycket små (0,3 % av EU:s utsläpp). De stora utsläppsminskningarna har åstadkommits genom en omstrukturering av järn- och stålindustrin. De data som använts är de som årligen överlämnas från medlemsstaterna till kommissionen i enlighet med övervakningsmekanismen (rådets beslut 93/389/EEG, ändrat genom beslut 99/296/EG). Dessa data kommer att föras in i Annual European Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–1998, från Europeiska miljöbyrån. 7 Bilaga 2 CENTRALA INSLAG I DET EUROPEISKA KLIMATFÖRÄNDRINGSPROGRAM SOM EUROPEISKA KOMMISSIONEN SKALL STARTA Mål Det europeiska klimatförändringsprogrammets övergripande mål är att man skall ringa in och utarbeta alla inslag i en europeisk klimatförändringsstrategi som är nödvändiga för genomförandet av Kyotoprotokollet. Det kommer att röra sig om en minskning av utsläppen genom strategier och åtgärder och de flexibla mekanismerna, kompetensutveckling och tekniköverföring, forskning och övervakning samt utbildning. Genom samarbetsinsatser från alla berörda parter, som företrädare för kommissionen, medlemsstaterna, industrin och icke-statliga organisationer, kommer man inom programmet att genomföra det förberedande arbetet för att kommissionen så rådet och Europaparlamentet. småningom skall kunna fram konkreta förslag lägga för Styrkommitté Styrkommittén kommer att bestå av företrädare för samtliga kommissionsenheter som deltar i programmet. Kommittén kommer att ansvara för den övergripande ledningen och samordningen av programmet både när det gäller strategi och organisation. Styrkommittén kommer att inrätta arbetsgrupper för specifika frågor och fastställa deras uppdragsbeskrivning och en tidsplan på grundval av förslag från de berörda generaldirektoraten. Styrkommittén skall sammanträda en gång per månad. Den kommer också regelbundet att informera andra berörda parter och utbyta information med dem. Arbetsgrupper (AG) Arbetsgrupperna kommer att arbeta enligt ett godkänt arbetsprogram, som grundas på den uppdragsbeskrivning och den tidsplan som fastställts av styrkommittén. Arbetsprogrammen kommer framför allt att avse bedömningar av miljökonsekvenser av och kostnader för de strategier som följs och de åtgärder som vidtas samt frågan om överensstämmelse med politiken för integrering i de olika sektorerna. På grundval av dessa bedömningar kan det lämnas rekommendationer till kommissionen (se vidare under Rapporter). representera Europa snarare än en nationell eller Varje arbetsgrupp kommer att vara knuten till en bestämd grupp berörda parter som skall intressekrets. Arbetsgruppernas storlek kommer att vara begränsad och de kommer att bestå av ungefär 15 personer. regional 8 Till en början kommer programmet att inriktas på områdena energi, transport och industri samt de flexibla mekanismerna. Arbetsgrupperna kommer att samlas kring ett antal ämnesområden, och dessa kommer i princip att motsvara den förteckning över förslag till gemensamma och samordnade strategier och åtgärder som kommissionen kommer att överlämna till rådet (miljö) i slutet av mars. I ett senare skede kommer antalet arbetsgrupper att utökas för att täcka in områden som jordbruk, sänkor, avfall, kompetensutveckling och tekniköverföring samt forskning. Arbetsgruppernas arbete kommer att grundas på befintligt underlag istället för att de genomför eget modelleringsarbete. Det har redan gjorts bedömningar av åtgärderna i de olika sektorerna med avseende på miljö och kostnadseffektivitet eller så håller sådana bedömningar på att göras. Arbetsgrupperna kommer att få stöd av de berörda enheterna inom kommissionen. Man kommer att undersöka möjligheterna till stöd från externa konsulter. Rapporter och tidsramar Via sin ordförande kommer varje arbetsgrupp att regelbundet lämna rapporter till styrkommittén. En skriftlig lägesrapport kommer att begäras efter sex månader och en slutrapport efter tolv månader. I slutrapporten kommer slutsatser att läggas fram som behandlar typ, omfattning och innehåll när det gäller de strategier och åtgärder som bör övervägas på gemenskapsnivå. På grundval av detta kommer kommissionen att kunna utarbeta konkreta förslag till strategier med styrmedel såsom tekniska mekanismer. föreskrifter, beskattning, frivilliga flexibla avtal eller 9 Det europeiska klimatförändringsprogrammets uppbyggnad STYRKOMMITTÉ Ledamöter : all DG’s involved Tekniskt och ekonomiskt stöd, bland annat från GD:n ECFIN, Forskning, GFC AG 1 AG 2 AG 3 AG 4 Flexibla mekanismer Energiförsörjning Energiförbrukning Transport AG 5 Industri Ytterligare arbetsgrupper för Kompetensutveckling/ Tekniköverföring Jordbruk Sänkor Avfall Forskning 10 Bilaga 3 Förteckning över förslag till gemensamma och samordnade strategier och åtgärder på området för klimatförändringar ENERGIFÖRSÖRJNING - Vidareutveckling av den inre marknaden för el och gas med hänsyn till miljöaspekter - Tillträde till elnätet för decentraliserad elproduktion; ökning av de förnybara energikällornas andel - Ökad användning av kraftvärmeverk - Minskade metanutsläpp från gruv- och utvinningsindustrin - Uppsamling och bortskaffande av koldioxid i underjordiska reservoarer - Främjande av effektivare och miljövänligare teknik för omvandling av fossila bränslen - Energieffektivitet inom el- och gasdistributionssektorn INDUSTRISEKTORN - Förbättrade normer för energieffektivitet hos elektrisk utrustning - Förbättrade effektivitetsnormer för industriella processer - Förbättrad energieffektivitet för att begränsa koldioxidutsläppen (värmepannor, byggprodukter etc. ) - Fler energitjänster för små och medelstora företag - Utarbetandet av en politisk EG-ram för fluorerade gaser (fluorkolväten, perfluorkarboner, svavelhexafluorid) - Utarbetandet av en politisk EG-ram för handel med utsläppsrätter - Utarbetandet av en ram för frivilliga avtal 11 ENERGIFÖRBRUKNING I HUSHÅLLEN OCH TJÄNSTESEKTORN - Offentlig upphandling av energieffektiv teknik för slutanvändare - Energirevisioner och certifikat över uppvärmningsprestanda - Förbättrade prestanda när det gäller byggnader och belysning - Byggnadskonstruktion och infrastrukturplanering ENERGIFÖRBRUKNING I TRANSPORTSEKTORN - Transportavgifter och ekonomiska styrmedel för flyget - Skatteramar som ett led i strategin beträffande bilars koldioxidutsläpp - Utvidgning av begreppet "miljövänligare bilar" till personbilar och lätta nyttofordon (förbättrade normer för utsläpp och bränsle, ny teknik och nya bränslen) - Den europeiska kampanjen för ett bränsleeffektivare körsätt TRANSPORTPOLITIK OCH INFRASTRUKTUR - Omarbetning av transportpolitiken (järnväg, godstransporter på väg, byte av transportsätt, sjöfart och flyg) - Grönboken om stadstransporter som behandlar det ökande problemet med skatteåtgärder, (där man tar upp bland annat avgifter, trafikstockningar parkeringsåtgärder och förbättrad kollektivtrafik). - Hållbar rörlighet och intermodalitet - Satellitbaserade navigationstjänster (Galileo) AVFALL - Främjande av biologisk hantering av biologiskt nedbrytbart avfall - Omarbetning av direktivet om avloppsslam (86/278/EEG) - Förpackningar och förpackningsavfall 12 FORSKNING - Genomförande av femte ramprogrammet, framför allt det särskilda programmet om energi, miljö och hållbar utveckling - Inrättande av nätverk för FoTU-insatser på EU-nivå, nationell nivå eller annan nivå på området för klimatförändringar INTERNATIONELLT SAMARBETE - Kompetensutveckling i och tekniköverföring till utvecklingsländer genom internationellt samarbete 13


title: eEurope - An Information Society for all - Progress report for the Special European Council on Employment, Economic reforms and social cohesion towards a Europe based on innovation and knowledge Lisbon, 23 and 24 March 2000

eurovoc_concepts:
Europe
information network
information technology
innovation
new technology

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text: COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 8. 3. 2000 COM (2000) 130 final eEurope An Information Society For All PROGRESS REPORT For the Special European Council on Employment, Economic reforms and Social Cohesion – Towards a Europe based on Innovation and Knowledge Lisbon, 23 and 24 March 2000 Contents Introduction 1. Feedback 2. Further analysis 3. The way forward Annex 1. Progress since Helsinki Annex 2 – The eEconomy 2 Introduction The eEurope initiative was launched on 8th December 1999 with the adoption of the Communication ‘eEurope – An Information Society for all’ by the European Commission1. The initiative aims at accelerating the uptake of digital technologies across Europe and ensuring that all Europeans have the necessary skills to use them. It plays a central role in the agenda of economic and social renewal for Europe which the Commission has set out in advance of the special meeting of the European Council in Lisbon. The initiative was motivated by the growing realisation that the application of digital technologies has become the key factor for growth and employment. There is increasing evidence that a ‘new economy’ or e-economy is emerging, mainly driven by the Internet. The European response to these opportunities and challenges has been rather slow, partly because the logic of the traditional industrial economy remains strong in Europe. The Lisbon European Council could change this. By endorsing concrete policy actions it could give a strong signal that European leaders are determined to transform Europe into a dynamic and competitive economy. Much of the impetus for this transformation will come from the market and from the private sector. But public policy matters, notably in establishing a clear regulatory framework, a skilled population and an inclusive information society. No less significantly, Europe needs strong leadership and firm commitment from the very top. The eEurope initiative seeks to stimulate such a development. The initiative was welcomed by the Helsinki European Council on the 10-11th December. The Heads of State and Government invited the Commission, together with the Council, to prepare the eEurope Action Plan for endorsement by the European Council in Feira in June and provide a progress report to the Lisbon Special European Council. This progress report is in response to this request. It is structured in three sections and two annexes. The first section briefly reviews the reactions to eEurope and the inputs received from Member States, industry and other interested actors. The second section summarises further analysis of the development of the new economy in Europe The third section sets out the ‘way forward’ towards an eEurope Action Plan. Annex I addresses progress since the eEurope initiative was launched in December. It provides details on current and planned initiatives which contribute towards achieving the targets in eEurope and sets out what further actions are required. 1 http://europa. eu. int/comm/information_society/eeurope/index_en. htm. 3 Annex II contains an explanatory analysis of the ‘new economy’ or the e-economy, the impact which it is having on Europe and the position of Europe in this development. This analysis underpins the eEurope initiative and provides a strong argument for urgent action. 1. Feedback The eEurope initiative has triggered quite a number of comments and suggestions from various sources. They can be grouped together into reactions from European institutions, the Member States and other interested parties. 1. 1. European Institutions The Council has been invited by the Helsinki European Council to work with the Commission on the Progress Report and the eEurope Action Plan. The European Parliament will adopt its report on eEurope during the plenary session of 13- 17th March. 1. 2. Member States An informal meeting between Member States and the Commission, on the invitation of the Portuguese Presidency, was held on 31st January in Lisbon. Bilateral contacts have also taken place with Member States. In general, they have expressed interest and support for eEurope. Main points were: (cid:1) Several are keen to set priorities and agree some targets already in the Lisbon European Council (e. g. cheaper Internet access and the e-commerce framework). (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) There are some differences of opinion in relation to the order of priorities and suggestions for further priority actions (e. g. content, skills training). All stress that they do not wish to see an additional ‘process’. All expressed the wish for further details as to how the objectives of eEurope could be achieved. Most Member States are developing national initiatives in parallel with eEurope – e. g. Germ@ny goes online2, UK initiative on ‘Information age government3, French initiative on co-regulation of the Interne4. 1. 3. Input from other actors 2 3 4 A private initiative of Deutsche Telecom in co-operation with the German government. See press release, 11. 02. 00. http://www. iagchampions. gov. uk/Strategy. htm. http://www. internet. gouv. fr/francais/textesref/pagsi2/lsi/coregulation. htm. 4 The eEurope mailbox (eeurope@cec. eu. int) was set up to provide a mechanism for discussion and feedback. A wide cross-section of just under 200 interest groups: industry; academia, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), national, regional and local governments and individuals sent inputs. A deadline of 1st February was set to enable inputs to be included in this report. A more extensive analysis has been placed on the eEurope webpage: http://europa. eu. int/comm/information_society/eeurope In terms of the eEurope proposals, it was welcomed as a valuable effort to address what is seen as a key issue for Europe’s future success. There was broad support for the action lines, although different interest groups had differences in emphasis. For example industry stressed the need for a legal framework for e-commerce, while NGOs representing disabled people proposed the mainstreaming of access issues throughout the initiative. Additional issues were also proposed for inclusion, for example access for elderly people and training in digital skills. Correspondents showed strong willingness to contribute towards furthering the aims of the eEurope initiative. Several provided examples of current projects and programmes which address some of the issues covered in the initiative. Some of the suggestions made have already been taken into account in the development of the relevant action lines (e. g. skills shortage, security). In terms of criticisms of eEurope, the most common related to difficulties experienced in accessing the documents, which were not in a format appropriate for visually-impaired people to access. 2. Further Analysis Since the publication of eEurope the level of interest in the impact of Internet and awareness of the ‘new economy’ has increased significantly in Europe. There has been a remarkable level of media attention in all Member States, while several reports and studies from the private and public sector have further underlined the developments described in eEurope. The Commission has undertaken further analysis of currently available data (see annex II) which support the concept behind eEurope. The result of this analysis can be summarised as follows: • The Internet will increase the potential output of the European economy via increased competition and productivity. It could therefore will be instrumental for a successful economic policy in the EU • Europe, in spite of some strengths (e. g. mobile communication) is not sufficiently realising the full potential of the Internet • Europe needs dynamic European capital markets supporting new start-ups, a labour market that supplies a skilled and flexible workforce and competitive product markets which keep down prices. • There are marked differences in uptake of the Internet between Member States. This raises problems for social cohesion as well as economic growth potential, as in a networked economy there are benefits to maximising the number of people connected. 5 This further analysis, together with input from the many different actors underlines the importance that they attach to action in this area. 3. The Way Forward This Progress Report should contribute, together with the Commission’s other inputs, to the discussion at the Lisbon European Council on the objectives of eEurope and the manner in which these can be realised. In view of the urgency of the matter some progress should be made in Lisbon. Therefore, it calls on Member States to agree on firm commitments to move towards these objectives. As concluded by the Helsinki European Council in December a full Action Plan needs to be adopted by June. The eEurope Action Plan should define concrete targets in all eEurope areas and the means to achieve them. In order to follow progress, major efforts will be needed to improve statistical data for the new economy. The Commission will set up a Web page in order to track progress towards the agreed targets which will provide up-to-date, comparative information on key indicators for all Member States, together with international comparisons. Speeding up progress in certain eEurope areas (e. g. education and research networks) also means reassessing priorities. The Commission has already made some progress in two areas. Priorities of eEurope feature prominently in the Work Programme for the IST Programme5, as well as in the negotiating mandates with the Member States for the structural funds national programmes (2000-2006). In the latter the Commission underlined those eEurope objectives which would be eligible for co-financing under the structural funds. The progression and direction of eEurope depends on the outcome of the Lisbon European Council. Therefore, in order to move forward, agreement is needed on the following: a. The priority areas to be targeted, with timetables, in line with those proposed in the Commission’s agenda for economic and social renewal, to promote the rapid emergence of the new economy in Europe, strengthening and building on European values and diversity b. The methodology and procedure to be established for the finalisation of the eEurope Action Plan 5 Information Society Technologies Programme – part of the 5th Framework Programme for Research and Technological development. 6 Annex I Progress on the eEurope action lines since Helsinki 7 1. European youth into the digital age eEurope Targets By the end of 2001: • All schools should have access to the Internet and multimedia resources. • Support services should be made available to all teachers and pupils. • Access to Internet/multimedia in public centres made available, including in less-favoured areas. By the end of 2002: • • Teachers should be equipped and skilled in the use of Internet/multimedia Pupils having access to Internet/multimedia resources in their classroom. By the end of 2003: • All pupils should be “digitally literate” by the time they leave school. Progress made In January 2000, the Commission published a call for a support service6, for a virtual community and partnership in the area of multimedia educational tools, learning technologies, content and services. An open consultation has been addressed to this community, to provide ideas and contributions. Consultative meetings have been arranged with industry and Member States with regard to the activities stemming from both eEurope and the recent report: "Designing Tomorrow's Education. Promoting Innovation with New Technologies"7. On this basis, Member States and the Commission will define concrete actions and means to upgrade school connectivity and access to high quality educational multimedia resources and ensure that the targets for digital literacy can be reached. 'The School of Tomorrow' and 'The Learning Citizen' are key issues addressed within the IST Programme. The Minerva action of the Socrates Programme is addressing these issues strategically from an educational, pedagogical and organisational perspective. Several feed-backs to eEurope consultation remarked that the lack of skilled workers to support the growth of digital industries was a major problem in Europe. Ensuring adequate access to skills training in education will contribute to reducing this skills gap, but other initiatives outside the educational system are also required. In this context the Commission Communication on “Job Strategies in the Information Society”. deals with this issue in detail. It also provides updated information on uptake and best practices in Internet in schools. 6 7 PROMOTEUS – PROmoting Multimedia access to Education and Training in the European Society. COM (2000) 23 Final. Adopted by the Commission on 27. 01. 00. 8 Progress needed Identification and promotion of best practice, including teacher training, teaching practice, Internet integration, and services - should be carried out in a collaborative way. Existing co- operation throughout Europe (e. g. EUN8) should be widened and strengthened. In particular dialogue between industry, the educational sector and users should be stimulated to ensure that technological solutions are made more user-friendly and cost-efficient. National progress in adapting the learning process to the challenges of the information Society will be monitored in the High Level Group on Employment and the Social Dimension of the Information Society. In co-operation with the Member States and on the basis of the current consultation process an initiative will be adopted by the Commission this year in order to ensure that the eEurope targets are reached and to promote the widespread introduction of innovation in education. The development of benchmarking in the context of both designing tomorrow's education and lifelong learning should contribute to this process. The Community Support Framework within the structural funds should contribute to the improvement of the level of connectivity and the effective use of Internet in education. 2. Cheaper Internet access eEurope Targets By the end of 2000: • • • Incumbents should offer unbundled local loops. Leased lines tariffs should be significantly reduced. Licence requirements should be lightened and replaced by general authorisations. By the end of 2001: • Allocation of frequencies for multimedia wireless systems should be established. Progress made On 1 January 2000 the telecommunications market in Portugal was fully liberalised, leaving only Greece with a public monopoly (to be lifted at the latest 1 January 2001). A Recommendation on leased line interconnection pricing has been adopted and the Commission has launched a sector enquiry into this area based on competition law. In January 2000 the Commission held a public hearing (about 550 participants) as part of its review on the future regulatory framework for electronic communications. 8 European Schoolnet. 9 In February 2000, loop unbundling. A public hearing was held on 22 February, with a view to adopting a Recommendation to Member States on provision of unbundled access to the local loop. the Commission published a consultation document on local The Commission has sent a questionnaire to Member States asking for detailed information on fixed wireless access (spectrum availability, licensing conditions, etc. ) On this basis a strategy will be developed on freeing sufficient radio spectrum and the areas where a harmonised approach at EU level is needed. Progress needed The Commission will publish a Communication on the result of the communications review directives will be adopted, by the consultation process. All subsequent proposals for Commission in the first half of the year 2000. Council and European Parliament should deal with these directives as a matter of urgency. The Commission will monitor progress in Member States towards local loop unbundling and publish the results on the eEurope Web site and in the annual telecommunications implementation reports. The impact of the leased line Recommendation will be assessed by the Commission and, if necessary, further regulatory measures will be taken to reduce these tariffs. The public consultation on the telecommunications review showed broad consensus on the proposal to drastically reduce licence obligations. Such measures would reduce “red tape” and support the development of pan-European services. The Commission will further specify its proposals for a future frequency policy, including suggestions on frequencies for fixed wireless multimedia systems. A decision to implement efficient institutional mechanisms for decisions on radio spectrum related issues is required. 3. Accelerating e-commerce eEurope Targets By the end of 2000: • • • • • Ensure that the remaining e-commerce-related directives are in place. Propose changes to the public procurement legislation to enable e-procurement. Encourage alternative consumer redress mechanisms and online dispute settlement. Launch a campaign to help SMEs “go digital. Support the creation of a. eu top-level domain name 10 Progress made There are four e-commerce-related Directives9 and two regulations10 pending in Council and European Parliament. A Common Position has already been reached on the two Directives relating to e-money and a legal framework for e-commerce in Europe. On public procurement, the Commission envisages proposing modifications to existing directives, aimed at enabling and promoting the use of electronic means for information exchange and tendering procedures, by the end of April. The Commission services have begun work on the notions of self-regulation and co- regulation. This work could result in drawing up guidelines, on the basis of broad consultation, which could serve as a reference for codes of conduct in e-commerce. They have also begun work to link existing alternative dispute resolution schemes in a pan-European network (European Extra-Judicial network – EEJ-net) The Commission services are encouraging the establishment of a cross-border complaint network which will cover on-line financial services. Two meetings have already been held with national out-of-Court redress bodies for financial services. Regarding the ‘go digital’ campaign to facilitate the transfer of technical know-how to SMEs, two consultation meetings were held with Member State representatives to develop more concrete proposals. On February 2nd the Commission issued a consultation document on the creation of the. eu Internet top level domain name http://www. ispo. cec. be/eif/InternetPoliciesSite. Progress needed Council and European Parliament, together with the Commission, should make every effort to adopt above mentioned e-commerce related directives as a matter of urgency. Member States should already start to work on their implementation (the success of a parallel approach was demonstrated in the case of telecom liberalisation deadline in 1998). The objective should be to rapidly create a true Internal Market and a favourable environment for e-commerce in the European Union, especially for SMEs. The Commission and the Member States need to strengthen consumer trust in e-commerce by stimulating best business practice (by encouraging development of trustmarks, alternative dispute resolution, codes of conduct and security). Urgent action is needed to encourage appropriate on-line solutions. Once proposed by the Commission, the legal framework for electronic procurement should be rapidly adopted. Public administrations, including the Commission should introduce e- procurement as a matter of priority. The Commission will support the development of e- procurement through the IST research programme e. g. through take-up measures. 9 10 Copyright and related rights, legal aspects of e-commerce, e-money, distance selling of financial services. Jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgements, dual use export control regime. 11 The Commission services are in the process of drafting legislative changes to the value added tax (VAT) regime to ensure equitable treatment of e-commerce. Regarding the. eu proposal, the Commission will report to the European Parliament and Council, as a matter of urgency, on progress and the next steps proposed. 4. Fast Internet for researchers and students eEurope Targets By the end of 2000: • Internet infrastructure for researchers and students should be upgraded. By the end of 2001: • At least one university and one scientific research faculty per country should have a network supporting multimedia communications, rapidly to extended all others. • Students should have access to on-line interactive multimedia lectures Progress made With regard to interconnection of national research and education networks a consultation with a group of experts took place at the end of 1999. The Commission is currently drafting a Commission Decision, based on the requirements document produced by the experts, to launch the research networking activity under the 5th Framework Programme. At the national level, several research and education networks (e. g. The Netherlands, Germany, France) have launched tenders to upgrade their existing facilities to Gigabit/s. In January 2000 the Commission published a Communication entitled “Towards a European Research Area” in which a better use of electronic networks by European scientific communities for research purposes and the creation of virtual centres of excellence are set as strategic objectives. Progress needed The currently planned activity foresees to upgrade the interconnections between national research and education networks to multiple Gigabit/s – to match the aggregated capacity of national networks cross-border collaboration. thereby eliminating bottlenecks which disadvantage In addition to the trans-European research and education networks some of the national networks and access to these networks also need upgrading. The Commission is examining whether and how the Structural Funds could contribute to such an investment. Fast Internet connections are a prerequisite for new applications for students and researchers. They also provide an ideal test-bed for the development of new Internet tools. Progressively campus networks would need to be upgraded to exploit both the faster networks and to offer students and researchers advanced applications. 12 The Commission will support related projects through its research programmes, including the IST programme. In addition every effort must be made to raise awareness among the diverse scientific communities to ensure that they exploit the vast potential of the Internet. Member States should review their funding possibilities to support high speed networking. The Commission will also make every effort to support Member States investments through the Structural Funds. 5. Smart cards for secure electronic access eEurope Targets By the end of 2000: • Organise a “Smart Card Summit”. • Agreement on common specifications for a generalised smart card infrastructure. By the end of 2001: • Begin implementation of the agreed common specifications By the end of 2002: • Extend use to additional applications also needing security and/or mobile access. Progress made in co-operation with the Commission, is in the process of The Portuguese presidency, finalising the agenda and attendance for the Smart Card Summit which will be held in Lisbon (10-11 April 2000, to the Ministerial Conference on the Information and Knowledge Society). The summit will gather high level representatives of the main sectors of activity concerned by smart cards from producers to consumers, including system operators like banks or mass transport. in parallel The participants to the Summit should present a “Smart Card Charter” as an invitation to work on commonalties for smart cards. Its endorsement by the whole European smart card community would actually launch the action on smart cards. The Smart Card Charter is currently in preparation. Progress needed Agreement needs to be sought on the outline of common specifications for a generalised smart card infrastructure. The Commission will make every effort to support the work of industry towards achieving these goals. The Common Specifications should be finalised by end 2000. They will provide the requirements for a basic set of reusable components necessary for most applications. They will clarify the commonalties and the relationships between the applications, they will set usability criteria, they will identify existing or new structures which will contribute to the success of the initiative and they will contain a detailed workplan including a distribution of responsibilities. 13 In 2001, the work will yield detailed specifications defining the implementation of the components in a first set of “core” applications e. g. electronic commerce or mobile telephony. The undertaking will conclude in 2002 with the extension of the detailed specifications to additional applications. 6. Risk capital for high-tech SMEs eEurope Targets By March 2000: • Have a policy review of available instruments to stimulate early stage financing. By the end of 2000: • Propose innovative forms of capital raising. By the end of 2003: • Remove remaining obstacles to an integrated pan-European risk capital market. • Tripling of early stage finance in the European Union. Progress made Recent developments in financial markets indicate that the availability of risk capital and seed capital is increasing in Europe. This progress should be encouraged. The Commission has informally undertaken a preliminary review of its own existing instruments which will form the basis of discussions with Member States on re-assessment and re-orientation. The Communication on Strategies for Jobs in the Information Society presented Member State best practice in this area and suggested some indicators to monitor developments. Progress needed The results of the initial Commission review will be discussed with Member States in the run- up to the Feira European Council. In parallel, all the Community’s instruments should be evaluated against strict criteria by September 2000 and on this basis, the possibility of merging, revamping or dismantling existing schemes must be considered: • Interfaces between the public research programmes and the financial community must be strengthened • Co-ordination within the Commission and with other institutions, e. g. EIB, EIF must be improved. • The Commission’s own management of risk capital schemes should be streamlined, e. g. a one stop shop for all Community risk capital instruments should be set up. New ideas need 14 to be considered, for example micro-credits or supporting audiovisual and content industries. The main goal must be to improve the efficiency of the Internal Market and the interaction between the various instruments. 7. eParticipation for people with disabilities eEurope Targets By the end of 2000: • Review Information Society legislation and standards on accessibility. • Recommendation to take account of people with disabilities in the public procurement of information and communications products and services. By the end of 2001: • commitment to make all public Web sites and their content accessible to people with disabilities. By the end of 2002: • Create centres of excellence in each Member State to develop an EU curriculum in Design-for-All. Progress made site A dedicated Web at http://www. egroups. com/group/eeurope-pwd/ to discuss the eEurope initiative in the area of citizens with disabilities. This Web site has received an enthusiastic response and discussion is on- going. the Portuguese Presidency been has set up by Some informal discussions have taken place with key actors in this field, including organisations of users and the High Level Group on Disability. Current work carried out by CEN on Design-for-All standardisation will be linked to the eEurope initiative. The Communication on Strategies for Jobs in the Information Society indicated opportunities for disabled people to benefit from digital technologies and new ways of working. Progress needed A mechanism must be established to monitor relevant legislation and standards to ensure their conformity with accessibility principles and to harmonise national action. By next June, the Commission will propose a co-ordinated mechanism for monitoring, in consultation with Member States. The Commission will prepare a Communication on how public procurement instruments can positively take account of the needs of people with disabilities in the procurement of digital technology products and services. The European Institutions and the Member States should endorse the existing Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) guidelines, making the design and content of all public Web 15 sites accessible to people with disabilities (www. w3. org/tr/wai-webcontent). Public-private partnerships should be encouraged to ensure widespread web accessibility. The Commission will set up a European network to optimise the interaction among national centres of excellence (either physical or virtual) and encourage the development of curricula in “Design-for-All” for designers and engineers. 8. Health online eEurope Targets By the end of 2000: • convincing cases and best practices of healthcare regional networks should be identified and priorities for medical libraries-on-line set. • Health care informatics standardisation priorities to be implemented by end 2000 By the end of 2003: • Implementation of informatics tools (health cards, health information and education networks) to facilitate citizens active involvement in prevention and treatment of diseases By the end of 2004: • Health professionals and managers to be linked to a telematic health infrastructure Progress made A workshop on user improved user acceptance was held in Greece 10-12 December 1999. A workshop on collaborative on-line libraries for health specialists will be held in Brussels on 28 March 2000. friendliness of health telematic applications for The development of on-line medical libraries, next generation smartcards for health and more user-friendly infrastructures are included in the Work Programme for the IST programme 2000. This will lead to focused projects in these areas. Progress needed The Commission will encourage take-up of health information networks at Member State and trans-national level and will take account of the work done under the Health Monitoring Programme. Member States should implement secure and efficient health telematics systems and services based on standards and pre-standards as adopted by CEN. The Commission will address the wider issues of the implementation of health telematics systems and services, on which citizens have expressed concerns - such as confidentiality of health data, quality of service and liability of service providers (including authenticity of pharmaceutical supply and medical advice). To support this work, research under the Framework Programme should include the issue of info-ethics. 9. Intelligent transport 16 eEurope Targets By the end of 2001: • Full access to and support for localised emergency 112 number calls. By the end of 2002: • New cars sold in Europe to be equipped with active safety-enhancing systems. • Traffic and travel planning information services to cover 50% of larger cities. • Main European networks to have congestion information and management systems By the end of 2004: • Air routes to have infrastructure capable of reducing congestion. Progress made A Workshop was held with industry on deployment of pan-European Emergency Service and a survey launched on the status of the112 number in the Member States. A Recommendation to Member States and industry on ‘Safe and Efficient In-Vehicle Information and Communications Systems’ was adopted on 22nd December 199911. A Recommendation is being prepared on deployment of telematics travel services, which promotes multimodal information services. information The IST Programme has launched a number of projects in the intelligent transport area (especially in active-safety car systems and traffic/travel information domains). GNSS-2 (Galileo – the proposed European satellite navigation system); four definition phase studies are underway sponsored by the Commission and one by the European Space Agency (ESA). Progress needed Member States should implement Efficient In-Vehicle Information and Communication Systems. the above-mentioned Recommendation on Safety and The transport telematics High-Level Group should discuss and agree on actions to accelerate the organisation of location determination and the deployment of travel information and incident management in larger cities and European networks. the introduction of wireless the emergency services, The European-wide introduction of wireless location determination for emergency calls (112) and its standardisation and regulatory implications need to be defined with the Member States and industry. 11 http://www. echo. lu/telematics/transp/transport. html. 17 10. Government online eEurope Targets By the end of 2000: • • • Ensure easy access to at least four essential types of public data in Europe: Ensure consultation and feedback via the Internet on major political initiatives. Ensure that citizens have electronic access to basic interactions Progress made The Commission has begun consultation with Member States to establish the current state of access to public sector information and electronic interactions with play in relation to citizens. The consultation will consider developing a framework to assess progress on access through qualitative and quantifiable criteria. This work will build on best practice examples provided in the Communication on Strategies for Jobs in the Information Society. Better access in practice is being demonstrated by the creation, in the coming weeks of a register of the external correspondence of the Commission President to be made available on the Internet. Additionally an on-line survey was launched with a view to improving the Europa web server and better responding to users’ needs. The eEurope initiative itself was made available for electronic consultation and feedback. With the adoption on 15th February 2000 of the document « Dialogue on Europe », the Commission has decided to open a public debate with citizens on the challenges of European institutional reform. New technologies (Internet, videoconferencing) will enable members of the (see: to http://europa. eu. int/comm/igc2000/dialogue/index_en. htm). dialogue society pursue public civil this and Modifications to existing directives, aimed at enabling and promoting the use of electronic means for information exchange and tendering procedures, will be proposed by the end of April. As part of the White Paper on its internal reform, the Commission decided on 1st March on a set of actions to move towards the e-Commission. The Commission’s intention is to adapt and up-grade its information and communication policy to provide better services for citizens by maximising the use of Internet. Progress needed A High Level Group should be set up to advise on actions (regulatory and non-regulatory) to be taken at European level the Internet enables satisfactory access and dissemination of public data. Such a group, which would form a key element of the follow-up to the Green Paper on ‘Public Sector Information in the Information Society’, should constitute a platform for exchange of information on best practice in that field. to ensure that Public authorities must reconsider their on-line strategy. The Commission will vigorously pursue the actions towards the e-Commission. Building on the results of the above-mentioned 18 survey and best practice examples approaches must be developed. from elsewhere, more effective, citizen-friendly 19 Annex 2 – The eEconomy This annex presents a first analysis of how digital technologies are transforming the old rules that governed a predominantly industrial society to a new set of rules – those of the Information Society. The objective is to provide some elements showing that this transformation to the 'new economy' or the e-economy will provide opportunities for economic growth through exploitation of new activities and by the increased productivity of existing activities. The analysis will highlight the shortcomings of the European economy in grasping these opportunities but also will demonstrate its strengths which can be built on to accelerate the modernisation of the European economy. What is the new economy? The term new economy describes the transformation of economic activities that is taking place as digital information increasingly cheaper and easier. The enormous volume of information is changing the way markets operate, leading to restructuring of businesses and opening up opportunities to create wealth through exploitation of available information. technologies make accessing, processing and storage of There is at present a debate on whether or not these changes are so radical as to merit the label ‘new economy’. This can now be seen every day in European media and policy statements but was originally stimulated in the USA by the exceptional performance of the US economy: 8 years of continuous growth; expansion at over 4% per year in recent years; controlled inflation below 2%; and unemployment less than 5%, in effect, full employment. Supporters of the new economy argue that digital technologies represent a shift of equal importance to the other major technological developments in the history of industrial societies: steam power, electricity and the internal combustion engine. The more sceptical view accepts that information and communication related industries are growing very quickly but not that the same productivity growth is observable in other sectors. In general, the sceptical view is ‘not proven’ rather than ‘not true’. It should be noted that amongst the supporters of the new economy in the US, strong emphasis is put on the need for flexible markets. The role of the Internet in the new economy Digital technologies have been available for more than thirty years and businesses have invested heavily in them over this period. Despite this, overall productivity (‘total factor productivity’) has only recently begun to increase in the US and not yet done so in the EU. Possibly this is because the benefits of technology are only realised when business organisation is restructured to maximise technological advantages and this is necessarily a long-run process. Increased productivity growth in the US began around 1995, a date which coincides with the beginning of the ‘world wide web’ which effectively marked the birth of the Internet as a mass market medium. It has been suggested, although it is difficult to prove, that the Internet 20 allowed the decades of technological accumulation to finally generate higher productivity. This assertion is supported by strong a proiri arguments that the Internet plays a key role in lowering business costs, making markets more efficient and competitive and thereby increasing productivity in the economy. One of the most important features of the Internet and the reason why commentators consider it be the driver of future prosperity is that it’s impact goes far beyond “high-tech” industries and has been felt across all industries and services. Enterprises in all sectors have become e-businesses. Indeed the most successful and fastest growing companies have been the ones that have succeeded in incorporating the Internet throughout their production and distribution chain. The extent to which the Internet can lower costs and increase productivity is shown in the table below and is mainly the result of the following factors: E-commerce reduces the cost of doing business Industry Estimated savings from business-to-business e-commerce Aerospace machining Chemicals Coal Communications Computing Electronic components Food ingredients Forest products Freight transport Health care Life Sciences Machining (metals) Media and advertising Oil and gas Paper Steel 11% 10% 2% 5-15% 11-20% 29-39% 3-5% 15-25% 15-20% 5% 12-19% 22% 10-15% 5-15% 10% 11% Source:GoldmanSachs • Lower input prices: purchasing of intermediate products and services via the Internet brings significant cost savings by reaching more suppliers and creating more competition in tenders. • Lower inventories: reorganisation of companies to incorporate the Internet into just-in- time supply and distribution leads to lower inventories and hence lower costs. • Reduced time to market: the Internet enables companies to cut distribution time by linking orders to production and utilising more efficient distribution services. • Lower transaction costs: financial transactions are cheaper online; customers have wider choice and better product information; corporate networks are increasingly used to cut management costs and improve efficiency. • Greater global reach: new wider markets are opened up from sales by Internet. • Lower market entry costs: it is cheaper to establish a web site than to use traditional forms of marketing. 21 An indicator of the key role of the Internet is the many recent announcements of leading automobile manufacturers, airlines and banks to develop Internet e-commerce strategies and to form alliances with internet service providers. The stock market confirms the benefits of such strategies by increasing the share value of companies when they launch an Internet strategy. There are many examples of new companies that have become world leaders in well established industries such as book retailing or stock brokerage by using the Internet These windows of opportunity are, however, short lived. Market entry soon becomes extremely costly because of the strong branding of certain e-commerce services. Indeed this was one of the motivations for launching the eEurope Initiative. This is a critical time to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the Internet as the chance will soon be lost. In addition to transforming existing businesses, the Internet has been creating new services and hence new jobs in the economy. Electronic commerce, notably business to business e- commerce, is booming and world-wide e-commerce sales are expected to grow 40 times between 1998 and 2003 by which time they will become over 15% of all sales. 12 Predictions of market researchers, which often tend to be optimistic, have even been surpassed. Digital indu stries dom inate the econom y Market capitalisation - Top-100 EU/US companies €9,260 billion €5,094 billion Info. technology Telecoms Internet info. tech. Telecoms Media Other Other U SA EU Source: DG INFSO calculation based on FT stock listings (Dec. 99) 10 0% 9 0% 8 0% 7 0% 6 0% 5 0% 4 0% 3 0% 2 0% 1 0% 0% The Internet and e-commerce are also leading to a surge in new company creation. Confirmation of this can be found in the market capitalisation of Internet companies. The US stock markets, especially the NASDAQ on which many ‘high-tech’ companies are quoted, has experienced exceptional growth. Similar developments are taking place in Europe where markets for fast growth companies have also been established – e. g. Neuer Markt, Nouveau Marché, EASDAQ – although the number of companies listed and the volumes traded are still relatively small compared to NASDAQ. The above chart shows that information and communication companies now make up a In Europe, these significant part of the market capitalisation of Europe and the USA. represent 35% of the market capitalisation of the top 100 European companies. In the USA, the figure is already 50%. A striking difference is that European markets are dominated by communications companies and lack the information technology and Internet stocks that are top of the US rankings. 12 estimates from Electronic Commerce Observatory prepared by Gartner Consulting in co-operation with EITO (European Information Technology Observatory) and the European Commission 22 Successful development of the Internet will inevitably mean transfers of activity both within and between sectors. This has already been the case in sectors such as banking where jobs in local branches have declined as online banking has grown. These transfers reinforce the importance of developing new activities in Europe to ensure there is a net increase in employment. Europe must be strong in growing sectors to prevent jobs been transferred outside the EU. A survey in the USA13 found that in 1999 there were an estimated 2. 3 million Internet-related jobs in the USA. European statistics are not available but the number of Internet jobs is likely to be significantly lower. The Internet therefore provides policy makers with a promising strategy to increase employment. In addition, the capacity of the Internet to restructure the economy demonstrates the need to develop an Information Society for all, for those in older sectors and activities as well as those in the new ones. To summarise, network economies augment productivity which increases the potential output of the economy i. e. the rate of growth that can be achieved without causing inflation. Higher productivity could also lead to a short run decline in employment unless capital, labour and product markets function efficiently and create new activities to turn potential output into actual growth. What is needed is dynamic European capital markets supporting new start- ups, a labour market that supplies a skilled and flexible workforce and competitive product markets which keeps down prices. Where does Europe Stand? The previous section showed that the new economy is built around the Internet. Therefore Europe’s standing in the new economy depends most on its Internet content and usage. Internet Penetration In Europe, 12% of households are connected to the Internet which represents around 20% of the population with online access. Compared to the USA, a useful benchmark for Internet usage, this is relatively low as their penetration rates are 2-3 times higher. Further, as shown in the chart below, Europe is not catching up. There are some exceptions, notably the Nordic countries some of which have higher achieved Internet penetration rates than the USA. The challenge is to increase usage across the EU because the benefits of the new economy will only materialise when the entire single market reaches a critical mass of Internet penetration. Without this, there is a risk of a polarisation with benefits restricted mostly to the advanced countries. Such differences would not only disadvantage those countries with low Internet usage but all of Europe would lose out on the network economies of a large connected population. 13 Center for Research in Electronic Commerce, University of Austin, October 1999. 23 Internet penetration in EU homes (%) (October 1999) EU average: 12% B DK D EL E F IRL I L NL A P FIN S UK US Source: DG INFSO / Gallup / US DoC Internet users per 1,000 people North America Western Europe Worldwide 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1995 1998 2000 2005 Source: Computer Industry Almanac Inc. Internet content The off-line content market is a European strength but its position in on-line content is much less satisfactory The number of European hosts – an indication of European web sites – is less than a third the number in the US. Very few European sites appear in the the most frequently visited rankings, the only exceptions being the sites of European internet service providers. Shortage of venture capital in the EU means there are fewer European start-up companies and fewer services and web sites oriented to the demands of European users. One reason is that Europe has a higher proportion of capital held by institutions going for safe long term investments whereas in the US individuals tend to have a greater say in their portfolios and are more easily able to change the balance of funds and prepared to take risks. This impedes the flourishing of new ideas and new companies that can benefit from the new economy. Internet Access Price The price of Internet access is the key determinant of usage. Country comparisons show that there is a strong relationship between usage price and Internet penetration as shown in the chart. A forthcoming study14 which analysed this relationship concluded “virtually all countries with high access costs have low penetration. ” Therefore, reducing prices through 14 ICT Benchmarking Study, Booz Allen & Hamilton. 24 € increased competition is a priority. Europe has a dynamic fast growing telecommunication 238 bn. in 1999 - up 13. 2% from 199815. Tariffs are falling, industry that had revenues of services are diversifying, customers are offered more choice. Despite these successes, a major concern is to increase competition in the local loop, the last mile of the telephone network that connects users to their local exchange. To let the market work through more competition is preferable to a US style flat rate subsidised system as such price distortions discourage in alternative forms of Internet access16. These alternatives, such as xDSL investment technology which gives ‘always-on’ connection or access via digital TV cables, promise must faster access, which, in the long run may be even cheaper than a dial-up connection using a PC and telephone modem. Internet penetration vs. Access Cost % n i n o i t a r t e n e p t e n r e t n I 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 CAN FIN USA SWE DK NL UK IRE IT CH JAP F A B LUX D ESP P GR 0 20 40 60 80 100 Access Cost in US$ The Internet beyond the PC Up to now, access to the Internet has mainly been by using a PC but this is about to change. Technological developments are leading to wider and simpler access. Small mobile devices are already on the market which can be connected quickly and allow information to be available anywhere, anytime. These devices are just the start. The technology will permit a wide range of new equipment to be linked to the Internet. Examples include in-car travel information systems linked to central congestion data; medical devices that can monitor the body and ‘report’ the results to doctors. Recently, mobile communications have become increasingly important both for voice telephony and as a means of accessing the Internet. The European standard for mobile, GSM, has become a leading world standard. The number of subscribers in Europe is increasing rapidly and is expected to reach 200 million by the end of this year. Mobile subscriptions in Europe have now surpassed those of the USA. Europe also has the advantage of having a digital system which has the potential to become a major platforms for Internet access. This 15 16 Market revenues for telecom services and equipment from EITO 2000. US internet usage benefits from their flat rate local telephone pricing system which permits US users to have access at zero marginal cost. This is only because of their very high cross-subsidies of local call by long distance (the Commission estimates this subsidy to be worth $18bn. annually). 25 is demonstrated by progress in GSM technology, such as GPRS and EDGE, the roll out of the 3rd generation of mobile communications and various wireless local loop technologies. Mobile phone penetration Million subscribers EU mobile liberalisation EU USA 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Source: FT Mobile Communications USA: Cellular Telecoms Industry Association Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants (December 1999) EU average 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 B D K D E L E F IR L I L N L A P FIN S U K U S A Source: FT Mobile Communications USA: Cellular Telecoms Industry Association Social inclusion and the new economy The new economy is the key driver of economic growth and, therefore, social and regional discrepancies in access cannot be ignored. Levels of PC penetration in homes ranged from 11% to 65% (average 33%) and Internet penetration from 3% to 51% (average 12%). 500, are Similarly with income levels: penetration rates for those with an income of less than respectively 10% for PCs and 3% for the Internet. At the other end of the spectrum, the maximum figures, corresponding to an income of over 4,000, are 76% for PCs and 47% for the Internet. Rural areas generally have significantly lower access to PCs and the Internet than urban or metropolitan areas (city centres). € € These wide differences in uptake of the Internet in Europe illustrate the challenges faced in building an inclusive information society for all. However, low levels of Internet usage in some parts of the EU are not just a problem of social cohesion, they also reduce the growth potential of the economy. Network economies increase as the size of the network increases and extending the new economy as widely as possible will increase the potential benefits that can be obtained. Building an inclusive information society is an essential element to the creation of a bigger market, higher incomes and greater potential for growth and wealth. 26 Mobile, PC and Internet penetration in EU homes (%) according to degree of urbanisation 5 0 4 5 4 0 3 5 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5 0 R u r a l U r ba n M e tr o p o lita n m o b ile P C in te rn e t Source: Commission survey by EOS Gallup Mobile, PC and Internet penetration in EU homes (%) according to income level L o w in c o m e M id - L o w M id - H ig h H ig h in c o m e 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 P C I n te r n e t m o b ile Source: Commission survey by EOS Gallup 27


title: Κανονισμός (ΕΚ) αριθ. 503/2000 της Επιτροπής, της 8ης Μαρτίου 2000, για καθορισμό του μέγιστου ποσού της επιστροφής κατά την εξαγωγή της λευκής ζάχαρης για την 30ή τμηματική δημοπρασία που πραγματοποιείται στο πλαίσιο της διαρκούς δημοπρασίας του κανονισμού (ΕΚ) αριθ. 1489/1999

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text: 9. 3. 2000 EL Επίσηµη Εφηµερίδα των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων L 62/17 ΚΑΝΟΝΙΣΜΟΣ (ΕΚ) αριθ. 503/2000 ΤΗΣ ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΗΣ της 8ης Μαρτίου 2000 για καθορισµό του µέγιστου ποσού της επιστροφής κατά την εξαγωγή της λευκής ζάχαρης για την 30ή τµηµατική δηµοπρασία που πραγµατοποιείται στο πλαίσιο της διαρκούς δηµοπρασίας του κανονισµού (ΕΚ) αριθ. 1489/1999 Η ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΩΝ ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΩΝ, Έχοντας υπόψη: τη συνθήκη για την ίδρυση της Ευρωπαϊκής Κοινότητας, τον κανονισµό (ΕΟΚ) αριθ. 2038/1999 του Συµβουλίου, της 13ης Σεπτεµβρίου 1999, περί κοινής οργανώσεως αγοράς στον τοµέα της ζάχαρης (1), και ιδίως το άρθρο 18 παράγραφος 5 δεύτερο εδάφιο, η κατάσταση και η προβλεπόµενη εξέλιξη της αγοράς της ζάχαρης στην Κοινότητα και στη διεθνή αγορά. (3) (4) Μετά από εξέταση των προσφορών, πρέπει να θεσπιστούν για την 30ή τµηµατική δηµοπρασία οι διατάξεις που αναφέ- ρονται στο άρθρο 1. Τα µέτρα που προβλέπονται στον παρόντα κανονισµό είναι σύµφωνα µε τη γνώµη της επιτροπής διαχείρισης ζάχαρης, Εκτιµώντας τα εξής: ΕΞΕ∆ΩΣΕ ΤΟΝ ΠΑΡΟΝΤΑ ΚΑΝΟΝΙΣΜΟ: (1) (2) ∆υνάµει του κανονισµού (ΕΚ) αριθ. 1489/1999 της Επι- τροπής, της 7ης Ιουλίου 1999, περί διαρκούς δηµοπρασίας για τον καθορισµό των εισφορών ή/και των επιστροφών κατά την εξαγωγή λευκής ζάχαρης (2), την εξαγωγή της ζάχαρης αυτής. Κατά τις διατάξεις του άρθρου 9 παράγραφος 1 του κανονι- σµού (ΕΚ) αριθ. 1489/1999, καθορίζεται ένα µέγιστο ποσό επιστροφής κατά την εξαγωγή, κατά περίπτωση, για την εν λόγω τµηµατική δηµοπρασία, αφού ληφθούν υπόψη, ιδίως, Άρθρο 1 Για την 30ή τµηµατική δηµοπρασία λευκής ζάχαρης, που πραγµα- τοποιείται σύµφωνα µε τον κανονισµό (ΕΚ) αριθ. 1489/1999, το ανώτατο ποσό της επιστροφής κατά την εξαγωγή καθορίζεται σε 52,115 EUR/100 kg. Ο παρών κανονισµός αρχίζει να ισχύει στις 9 Μαρτίου 2000. Άρθρο 2 Ο παρών κανονισµός είναι δεσµευτικός ως προς όλα τα µέρη του και ισχύει άµεσα σε κάθε κράτος µέλος. Βρυξέλλες, 8 Μαρτίου 2000. Για την Επιτροπή Franz FISCHLER Μέλος της Επιτροπής (1) ΕΕ L 252 της 25. 9. 1999, σ. 1. (2) ΕΕ L 172 της 8. 7. 1999, σ. 27