title: Report on the implementation of Regulation (EEC) No 3118/93 laying down the conditions under which non- resident carriers may operate national road haulage services within a Member State (Cabotage)

eurovoc_concepts:
European Economic Area
carriage of goods
carrier
transport market
transport policy

text: COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 04. 02. 1998 COM(1998) 47 final REPORT on the implementation of Regulation (EEC) N° 3118/93 laying down the conditions under which non-resident carriers may operate national road haulage services within a Member State (CABOTAGE) (presented by the Commission) REPORT on the implementation of Regulation (EEC) N° 3118/93 laying down the conditions under which non-resident carriers may operate national road haulage services within a Member State (CABOTAGE) 0. Introduction 0. 1. Cabotage, that is national transport by non-resident hauliers, is a relatively recent phenomena despite being specifically mentioned in Article 75. 1 (b) of the Treaty of Rome. Cabotage authorizations were introduced as from 1 July 1990 under Council Regulation (EEC) N° 4059/89 of 21 December 19891. The initial quota, for the period 1 July 1990 to 30 June 1991, was 15 000 authorizations with each authorization valid for 2 months; however, Member States could ask for the 2-month authorizations to be exchanged for twice as many 1 -month authorizations. Each authorization permitted the haulier to carry out cabotage in one (or several) other Member States during the 2-month (or 1-month) period. The authorization must accompany the tractive unit during it can be transferred between different vehicles belonging to the cabotage operations; same haulier since the authorization only indicates the name of the haulier not the registration plate. 0. 2. Regulation 4059/89 also included a provision for an annual increase of 15% in the size of the quota; an additional increase in the quota was made in 1991 to accomodate the incorporation of the former German Democratic Republic into Germany (Council Regulation (EEC) N° 296/91 of 4 February 1991)2. 0. 3. Under Council Regulation (EEC) N° 3118/93 of 25 October 19933, the cabotage quota was increased to 30 000 authorizations for 1994, the annual increase of the quota was raised to 30% and, more importantly, it was agreed to abolish quotas as from 1 July 1998 (see Article 12. 2 (ibid)). It should also be noted that cabotage quotas have already been abolished between the 3 Benelux countries (actually, this was done at the end of 1992) pursuant to Article 233 of the Treaty of Rome. 1 O. J. N°L 390 of 30. 12. 89, p. 3 2 O. J. N°L36of8. 2. 9I,p. 8 3 O. J. N°L 279 of 12. 11. 93, p. 1 0. 4. The scope of the cabotage regime was extended to the Efta States with the creation of the European Economic Area (EEA)4. The relevant legislation for cabotage, which excluded Austria, came into force on 1 July 1994 (EEA Joint Committee Decision N° 7/94 of 21 March 1994)5. Under this legislation, Community hauliers and hauliers from Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden could carry out cabotage in any EEA State (except Austria). The geographical scope of the cabotage regime remained unchanged when Finland and Sweden joined the European Community on 1 January 1995 as Protocol N° 9 to the Accession Treaty6, only brought Austria into the cabotage regime on 1 J a n u a ry 1997-Finally it should be noted that Liechtenstein joined the cabotage regime on adhesion to the EEA on 1 May 1995 (EEA Joint Committee Decision N° 1/95 of 10 March 95)7. Regulation 3118/93 forsees, in Article 1, paragraph 4, that the Commission 0. 5. should adopt the detailed rules regarding "own account"; this was done through Commission Regulation (EC) N° 792/948, it should be noted, however, that the number of cabotage authorizations remained unchanged. As the use of cabotage authorizations by "own account" operators has been quite small, the "penetration rate of cabotage" has been calculated throughout the period 1990 to 1995 by dividing the "cabotage activity" by the "national transport activity" for just the "hire or reward" operators. This report has four sections; the first section discusses the statistics to be 0. 6. supplied by national authorities and the data actually delivered; the second section is devoted to an analysis of the cabotage statistics up from mid-1990 to the end of 1995 (so as to have an adequate time series to show the development of the use of the cabotage authorizations,); the third section forecasts the main cabotage statistics to mid-1998; the fourth section presents the conclusions. 4 In this report, references to "Efta States" mean "Efta States (except Switzerland)" since Switzerland did not join EEA. 5 O. J. ISTL 160 of 28. 6. 94, p. 1 6 O. J. N° C 241 of 29. 8. 94, p. 3 7 O. J. N°L 86 of 20. 4. 95, p. 58 8 O. J. N°L 92 of 9. 4. 94, p. 13 0. 7. This report-is prepared by virtue of Article 11 of Regulation 3118/93, which requires the Commission to submit a report to the Council on the application of this Regulation every two years. For the sake of completeness and comparability it starts in mid-1990 and is based, for the period from mid-1990 to the end of 1994, on data relating to the. 12 Member States and, for the period after 1. 1. 1995, on data relating to the 15 Member States (except Austria). The Commission considers it useful, in the same report, to consider the application of Regulation 3118/93 also in the framework of the EEA Agreement; thus the report also includes data relating to Finland and Sweden (for the second half of 1994) and Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway (for the second half of 1994 and the whole of 1995). A copy will thus be sent for information to the EEA Council as under the EEA Agreement it is for the EFTA Standing Committee to make its own assessment concerning the EFTA States. 1. Statistics supplied by national authorities 1. 1. Under Regulation 4059/89, each reporting Member State was required to supply data on "days", "tonnes" and "tonne-kilometres" relating to cabotage movements performed by their own hauliers on a quarterly basis with separate data for each (other) Member State where the cabotage was carried out; these requirements apply to the period 1 July 1990 to 31 December 1993. 1. 2. Under Regulation 3118/93, Member States were no longer required to supply information on "tonnes" and "tonne-kilometres" was however still data on "days"; required to be supplied in the same way as previously (see §1. 1). From 1 July 1994, Member States also have to supply information on cabotage carried out in the Efta States; likewise the Efta States have to supply similar data on cabotage. Data reporting requirements relating to Austria only apply as from 1 January 1997. 1. 3 To avoid confusion, the order of countries in which the data was to be supplied was established, for statistical reasons, as follows: Germany (D), France (F), Italy (I), Netherlands (NL), Belgium (B), Luxembourg (L), United Kingdom (UK), Ireland (IRL), Denmark (DK), Greece (GR), Spain (E), Portugal (P), Iceland (IS), Norway (N), Finland (FIN), Sweden (S), Liechtenstein (FL), Austria (A). The beginning of the list corresponds to the original 12 Member States when Regulation 3118/93 came into force, which is in the same order as the "standard order" adopted by EUROSTAT in its publications relating to the "Road Statistics Directive", extracts of which are needed in the analyses that follow. The last part of the list corresponds to the countries in the order in which they joined the cabotage regime. 1. 4. The Commission's Services have extensively analysed the quarterly data on tkm (tonne-kilometres) from the third quarter of 1990 to the fourth quarter of 1995 (and have also briefly examined the quarterly data for 1996 that has already arrived; however, the 1996 data is still far from being complete). While the data on "tonnes" has also been examined, it is not included in this report for the reasons set out in the Report to the Council on the use of 1990/91 road cabotage authorizations (submitted as part of COM(91) 377 final of 22 November 1991)9. The data supplied by the reporting states for the period third quarter of 1990 to 1. 5. fourth quarter of 1995 is complete except as follows: Italy: Italy: third quarter 1990 to third quarter 1992 inclusive; third and fourth quarters 1995; Denmark: all quarters 1994 The missing data, but just the data for tkm, has been estimated; estimated values are generally shown in the tables of this report in italics (note also that forecast values in the tables of this report are shown in bold). This rule is not followed in those tables obtained directly from computer output (Tables 1, 7 and 8). 1. 6. No quarterly data is presented in this report as there are now 22 quarterly periods from the time cabotage was introduced up till the end of 1995; in this report data has been grouped, at least into half year periods and, frequently, on an annual basis. 1. 7. This report also makes use of tkm data on national transport by "hire or reward" hauliers from the "Road Statisics Directive" (Council Directive 78/546/EEC of 12 June 197810 as modified by Council Directive 89/462/EEC of 18 July 1989)»' in order to calculate "penetration rates" for "cabotage" expressed as a % of the corresponding "national transport". The national transport data presented in this report has been taken, where possible, from the information supplied to EUROSTAT by the national statistical authorities; however, it has been necessary to (a) add data from other sources for the "Efta States", (b) adjust data where the time series appear inconsistent (e. g. to estimate backwards to take account of the major upward revision of the German data), (c) adjust data where under-reporting has been quantified by the national authorities (e. g. 30% has been added to the French data) and (d) estimate recent data where this has not yet been supplied to EUROSTAT. 9 O. J. N°C 317 of 7. 12. 91, p. 10 10 O. J. N°L 168 of 26. 6. 78, p. 29 11 O. J. N°L226of 3. 8. 89, p. 8 2. Main results relating to Cabotage Statistics. 2nd half 1990 to 2nd half 1995 inclusive Unless otherwise stated, the results in this section of the Report refer to the whole period (2nd half 1990 to 2nd half 1995 inclusive) and are expressed in tonne-kilometres (tkm); references to the "1st period" mean "2nd half 1990 to 1st half 1994 inclusive" when the cabotage system only covered EU 12; while references to the "2nd period" mean "2nd half 1994 to 2nd half 1995 inclusive" when the cabotage system was extended to the Efta States. The main results are: From a low initial level in the 2nd half 1990 of 176 million (mio) tkm (352 mio 2. 1. tkm on an annual basis), cabotage increased almost 5-fold to 1 677 mio tkm in 1995. The average penetration rate of cabotage in national (hire or reward) markets thus increased from 0. 07% (2nd half 1990) to 0. 26% (1995). 2. 2. The average use of a (2-month) authorization rose from 23 000 tkm (2nd half 1990) to 48 000 tkm (1993), but has since fallen to 35 000 tkm (1994 and 1995); the average use over the whole period was 38 000 tkm. 2. 3. The hauliers from the Benelux have been the most active in the cabotage market; despite having only approximately 25% of the cabotage authorizations, almost 60% of all cabotage was done by Benelux hauliers. Dutch and Belgian hauliers average use of cabotage authorizations was about 95 000 tkm (2 1/2 times the overall average), while for Luxembourg hauliers the average use was 74 000 tkm. In the 2nd period, 35% of all cabotage was done by Dutch hauliers, and the average use surpassed 100 000 tkm. (It should however be noted that hauliers from "geographically small" countries have more incentive to do cabotage not only because their own national markets are so small but also because other national markets are frequently "geographically quite close". In contrast hauliers from "large" countries have little incentive to carry out cabotage in "small" countries even if they are "geographically quite close". ) Other "active" hauliers in the cabotage market were from France (13% of the 2. 4 market and average use of 46 000 tkm), Denmark (7% and 34 000 tkm), and United Kingdom (4% and 20 000 tkm). Hauliers from "newcomer" Sweden (with 7%) exceeded the shares of Denmark and United Kingdom in the 2nd period, the corresponding average use of 55 000 tkm only being surpassed by hauliers from the Benelux. 2. 5 Despite the relatively large number of authorizations allocated to Germany and Italy (14% and 11% respectively) their hauliers were not very active in the cabotage markets achieving only 6% and 4% respectively of the market. These results were also reflected in low average uses of only 17 000 and 13 500 tkm respectively; in the 2nd period, the German average use fell to 11 000. 2. 6 Only 2% of the cabotage was carried out by hauliers from "low labour cost" countries (Greece, Portugal, Spain), despite the fact that hauliers from these 3 countries were allocated some 18% of the cabotage authorizations. Average use of authorizations by Greek, Portuguese and Spanish hauliers have only been 40 tkm, 3 350 tkm and 8 000 tkm respectively. Fears that hauliers from "low labour cost" countries would provide "unfair" competition for hauliers in "high labour cost" countries thus appear to be unfounded. 2. 7. Almost 70% of the cabotage was carried out in Germany, the proportion having risen from 64% (1st period) to 73% (2nd period); the penetration rate (of the German national (hire or reward) market) has risen from almost 0. 2% (2nd half of 1990) to over 0. 8% (1995). 12% of the cabotage was carried out in France, while the proportion carried out 2. 8. in Italy has fallen from 12% (1st period) to 5% (2nd period). 2. 9 Only about 10% of the cabotage was carried out in the remaining states, in 1995. The lowest penetration rates recorded (ignoring Iceland and Liechtenstein where no cabotage has yet been observed) were 0. 007% (Finland), 0. 03% (Denmark) and 0. 04% (Netherlands and United Kingdom). In the 1st period, 5 of the 12 countries had a negative 'balance' of cabotage 2. 10. These were, in mio tkm, Germany (-1643)12, Italy (-220), Spain (-32), Portugal (-17) and Greece (-6); however the negative balances for Italy and Greece must be taken with caution due to the large number of estimates for Italian hauliers and the virtual 'nil' reporting for the Greek hauliers. 2. 11. In the 2nd period, 6 of the 17 countries had a negative balance; these were, in mio tkm, Germany (-1595; i. e. 91-1686), Italy (-44), Spain (-33), Greece (-9), Norway (-4) and Portugal (-3); however it can be seen that only Germany has a substantial negative balance. 12 The negative balance of -1643 mio tkm for Germany is the result of 237 mio tkm (cabotage performed by German hauliers in other Member States) minus 1880 mio tkm (cabotage performed by hauliers from other Member States in Germany) 2. 12. The largest quantity of cabotage carried out by hauliers from one specific state in another specific state was by Dutch hauliers in Germany during both the 1st period (554 out of 2951 mio tkm, i. e. 19% of all cabotage by all hauliers in all states) and the 2nd period (718 out of 2319 mio tkm, i. e. 31%), the "runner up" in both periods was cabotage by Belgian hauliers in Germany (400 mio tkm (i. e. 14%) during the 1st period and 266 mio tkm (i. e. 11%) during the 2nd period). 3. Forecasts of cabotage use from 1996 to 1998 (1st halfl These forecasts only relate to tkm; they are based on an extrapolation of the observed values of "average use of cabotage authorizations" for each reporting state (including 1996 where already communicated by the state concerned, as shown in Table 4) which are generally declining; estimates are thus made for the remaining states for 1996 and for all states for 1997 and 1998 (1st half). These "average use" estimates are then multiplied by the number of (2-month) cabotage authorizations allocated to each state in the period concerned to provide the forecast of total cabotage use for each reporting state. Note that in carrying out this procedure, it was necessary to infer an "average use" for Austrian hauliers, as there are, as yet, no observed values of cabotage statistics for Austrian hauliers. The main results are: 3. 1 Cabotage can be expected to rise from 1677 mio tkm in 1995 to an estimate of 2000 mio tkm in 199613 and to forecasts of 2466 mio tkm in 1997 and 1417 mio tkm in the 1st half of 1998 (2834 mio tkm on an annual basis which is a rise of 70% on 1995). The average penetration rate of cabotage in national (hire or reward) markets can be expected to rise from 0. 26% in 1995 to a forecasted 0. 45% in the 1st half of 1998. The forecasts show that the hauliers from the Benelux will continue to dominate 3. 2. the cabotage market, with an estimated 60% of all cabotage in the 1st half of 1998; Dutch hauliers alone are expected to perform over 35% of all cabotage in the 1st half of 1998. 3. 3. Although no direct forecast has been made concerning "where the cabotage will be carried out"; the proportion of cabotage carried out in Germany can be expected to be 70-75% of all cabotage and would thus be about 1000 mio tkm in the 1st half of 1998 (about 2000 mio tkm on an annual basis); it would then be expected to be about 1. 3% of the German national (hire or reward) market. 13 This estimation was necessary because the Commission has not received from some Member States the complete data for 1996 The largest quantity of cabotage carried out by hauliers from one specific state in 3. 4 another specific state will almost certainly continue to be by Dutch hauliers in Germany; this is expected to be about 33 % of all cabotage by all hauliers in all states in the first half of 1998, i. e. 470 mio tkm (940 mio tkm on an annual basis); it would then be expected to be about 0. 6% of the German national (hire or reward) market. 4. Conclusions Although the number of cabotage authorizations has been raised considerably, 4. 1 the overall influence on the market is very small. This situation is not expected to change abruptly following the abolition of 4. 2 cabotage quotas in mid-1998. The most successful cabotage hauliers are not those from Member States with 4. 3 low labour costs, but those of Member States with very efficient enterprises. LIST OF TABLES List of Tables CABLI. XLS 7,7,97 Table Title Units Periods Excel File Number 1 Cabotage performed BY hauliers from REPORTING State by half year 1000 tkm 11/1990-11/1995 c:\dgvii\summary\nadia1. xls 2 Number of (2-month) authorizations allocated to States Number Varies CABRP1. XLS page 1 3 Cabotage performed BY hauliers from REPORTING State by calendar year CABRPI. X. S 1990-1998 1000 tkm page 2 4 Average use of (2-month] authorizations 1000 tkm 1990-1998 CABRP1. XLS page 3 5 Cabotage performed IN PARTNER State, by calendar year 1000 tkm 1990-1995 CABP9095. XLS page 1 top National (hire or reward) transport, by calendar year Mio tkm 1990-1995 CABP9095. XLS page 1 bottom 6 Penetration Rate of Cabotage in National (hire or reward) transport, by calendar year per 1000 1990-1995 CABP9095. XLS page 2 top Relative Penetration Rate (to overall average) Number 1990-1995 | CABP9095. XLS page 2 bottom 7 Matrix showing Cabotage performed BY hauliers from State x 1000 tkm 1 st Period N State y c:\dgvii\summary\melting. xls 8 Matrix showing Cabotage performed BY hauliers from State x 1000 tkm 2nd Period N State y c:\dgvii\cab. gen\nadia3. xls __ J_ 9 Leading "caboteurs" (ranked list of Cabotage performed BY hauliers from State x IN State y) 1000 tkm 1st & 2nd Periods LECAB. XLS Notes: 1st Period = 11/1990 to 1/1994 inclusive 2nd Period = 11/1994 to 11/1995 inclusive 1/1994 means first half of 1994, etc I 1000 TKM Reporting Member Stat* Etat membra declarant MitgBed- staat da' Draw- nahmar 0 F 1 NL B t UK IRL DK OR E P Q. 3 + Q. 4. 90 Q. 1 + Q^. 91 Q-3 + Q. 4. 91 Q. 1 + Q. 2. 92 Q. 3 + Q. 4. 92 Q. 1 • 0L2. 93 Q. 3 + Q. 4. 93 I Q. 1 + Q. 2. 94 20 361 26 012 9 037 37 804 41 581 14 843 3 4 44 6 760 14 876 0 2 013 67 35 002 S7 24S 17 151 68 580 67 493 25 707 23 162 6 751 27 451 196 3 7 90 1 128 38 958 52 590 16 032 59 699 71 740 22 340 9 657 6 0 06 30 958 0 1 707 2 191 38 788 51 573 19 703 101 899 71 167 35 693 17 973 5 130 33 992 0 5 888 1 511 31 634 46 884 20 813 99 786 7 1 0 76 29 864 16 203 2 371 35 168 0 6 934 1 149 21 790 59 266 2 * 8 77 105 434 145 621 43 607 20 863 1 546 28 403 0 9 196 1 130 21877 65896 20403 120799 88126 36624 19754 3863 30365 0 9974 1489 TOTAL 175 788 333 658 311 878 383 307 361 782 4 6 1 6 31 419170 o 0 F 1 NL B L UK IRL DK OR E P IS N RN S FL Q. 3 + Q. 4. 94 Q. 1 + CL2. 95 a3 + Q. 4. 95 ill 94 - IV 85 27 257 93 320 19443 219 690 122 273 34 773 18 917 7 493 41480 0 15215 2229 0 1419 5099 33099 0 27 496 102072 23 271 279335 164122 62 460 23279 6652 52194 0 10701 4 418 0 2 883 14 014 61679 0 36137 85 524 22 483 309 247 155 716 51891 24 252 7 230 53 614 0 7451 3 948 0 1601 15 988 67 036 21 90890 280 916 65197 808472 442111 149130 66 448 21375 147 288 0 33 367 10 595 0 5903 35099 161 814 21 ' TOTAL 641913 834 576 842 137| 2 318 626 „, _• ™ 28726 78898 18343 130213 114368 43 259 22180 3637 37476 0 22996 3570 503666 IN 90 • II 94 237 036 I 438362 14635* 724 214 671162 251837 133 236 35064 238689 196 62497 12 225 2950 878 H > CO r TABLE 2 CABOTAGE Number of 2-month authorizations 7/90-6/91 2170 1793 1795 1869 1322 616 1124 595 1282 584 1371 777 7/91-6/92 2387 1973 1975 2056 1455 678 1237 655 1411 643 1509 855 7/92-12/92 1314 1086 1087 1131 801 373 681 361 777 355 831 471 1993 2628 2172 2174 2262 1602 746 1362 722 1554 710 1662 942 1994 4452 3681 3685 3834 2715 1264 2309 1224 2634 1200 2814 1597 5 198 296 590 1995 6047 5000 5005 5209 3687 1719 3138 1663 3578 1631 3823 2169 13 514 1794 2354 22 1996 7862 6501 6507 6773 4794 2235 4080 2162 4653 2121 4971 2820 17 669 2333 3061 43 D F 1 NL B L UK IRL DK GR E P IS* N* FIN* S* FL** A 7/90-6/98 1997 10318 8531 8539 8888 6292 2934 5355 2837 6106 2785 6525 3701 23 870 3063 4018 57 4256 1/98-6/98 6707 5546 5552 5778 4090 1909 3482 1845 3969 1811 4243 2406 15 567 1992 2613 37 2767 7/9^M2/95~ 18998 15705 Î572Ï 16361 11582 5396 9851 5220 11236 5123 12010 6811 18 712 2090 2944 22 43885 36283 36319 37800 26758 12474 22768 12064 25964 11840 27749 15738 73 2818 9478 12636 159 7023 Total 15298 16834 9268 18536 32498 47366 61602 85098 55329 341829 139800 Notes: * for 1994: 7/94-12/94 ** for 1995: 5/95-12/95 CABRP1. XLS page 1 31,7,97 11 TABLE 3 CABOTAGE Number of 1000t km performed 7/90-12/90 20361 26012 9037 37804 41581 14843 3444 5760 14876 0 2013 57 1991 73960 109835 33183 128279 139233 48047 32819 12757 58409 196 5497 3319 1992 70322 98457 40516 201685 142233 65557 34176 7501 69160 0 12822 2660 1993 43667 125161 45280 226233 233747 80131 40617 5409 58768 0 19169 2619 1994 55983 172218 37786 350103 236641 78038 41097 11130 78956 0 38211 5799 0 1419 5099 33099 1995 63633 187596 45754 588582 319838 114351 47531 13882 105808 0 18152 8366 0 4484 30000 128715 21 1996 72068 223247 52056 720804 383520 134100 62912 17496 98658 0 24855 9528 0 6690 34995 158675 43 1997 1/98-6/98 7/90-6/98 82544 46949 529487 272992 160834 1376352 59773 33312 888800 520020 453024 261760 356697 3662310 2211577 158436 64260 19859 116014 0 26100 11103 0 9570 42882 87814 34820 11070 63504 0 12729 7218 0 781317 361676 104864 664153 196 159548 50669 0 5670 27833 25896 138872 192864 109746 623099 57 37 158 68096 35971 104067 D F 1 NL B L UK IRL DK GR E P IS* N* FIN* S* FL** A Total 175788 645534 745089 880801 1145579 1676713 1999647 2466374 1417350 11152875 7/90-12/95 327926 719279 211556 1532686 1113273 400967 199684 56439 385977 196 95864 22820 0 5903 35099 161814 21 0 0 5269504 CABRP1. XLS page 2 31,7,97 12 1997 1/98-6/98 7/90-6/98 7/90-12/95 7 29 6 90 64 46 10 6 16 0 3 3 0 10 13 42 1 13 26 12,07 37,93 9,82 96,89 82,65 62,64 15,89 8,69 25,58 0,02 5,75 3,22 0,00 9,88 14,65 49,31 0,99 14,82 17,26 45,80 13,46 93,68 96,12 74,31 20,27 10,81 34,35 0,04 7,98 3,35 0,00 8,29 16,79 54,96 0,95 33 37,69 TABLE 4 CABOTAGE Average Use of 2-month authorizations (in 1000tkm) 7/90-12/90 18,77 29,02 10,07 40,45 62,91 48,19 6,13 19,36 23,21 0,00 2,94 0,15 1991 32,46 58,33 17,60 65,37 100,28 74,26 27,80 20,41 43,38 0,32 3,82 4,07 1992 28,04 47,51 19,53 93,42 93,05 92,07 26,30 10,89 46,65 0,00 8,09 2,96 1993 16,62 57,62 20,83 100,01 145,91 107,41 29,82 7,49 37,82 0,00 11,53 2,78 1994 12,57 46,79 10,25 91,32 87,16 61,74 17,80 9,09 29,98 0,00 13,58 3,63 0,00 7,17 17,23 56,10 1995 10,52 37,52 9,14 112,99 86,75 66,52 15,15 8,35 29,57 0,00 4,75 3,86 0,00 8,72 16,72 54,68 0,95 1996 9,17 " 34,34 8 106,42 80 60 15,42 8,09 21,20 0 5 3,38 0 10 15 52 1 D F 1 NL B L UK IRL DK GR E P IS* N* FIN* S* FL** A 8 32 7 100 72 54 12 7 19 0 4 3 0 11 14 48 1 16 Total 22,98 40,18 42,13 47,52 35,25 35,40 32 29 CABRP1. XLS page 3 31,7,97 13 > TABLE 6 CABOTAGE IN PARTNER STATE NATIONAL TRANSPORT - hire or reward only Parts per 1000 7-12,1990 1,87 0,35 0,60 0,79 2,09 2,96 0,25 0,56 0,46 0,00 0,18 0,20 1991 3,13 0,59 1,04 0,86 2,39 1,17 0,41 1,96 0,45 0,01 0,23 0,26 1992 3,30 0,65 1,04 0,69 2,97 3,12 0,39 1,83 0,33 0,05 0,35 2,65 1993 4,30 1,16 0,96 0,30 1,20 3,71 0,29 1,08 0,65 0,31 0,54 4,74 1994 1995 5,51 7,55 0,87 0,29 1,88 1,94 0,36 f,37 0,14 0,37 0,53 2,52 0 0,22 0,01 0,20 8,41 1,86 0,71 0,42 2,55 4,75 0,39 1,89 0,27 0,67 0,68 2,64 0 0,87 0,07 0,50 0 2,60 31,7,97 -• - ----- 0,71 1,27 1,40 1,66 1,86 CABOTAGE IN PART NATIONAL TRANSPORT vJER STAT e i i TOTAL CABOTAGE 1 TOTAL NATIONAL TRANSPORT 7-12,1990 2,61 0,49 0,84 1,11 2,92 4,14 0,35 0,78 0,65 0,00 0,25 0,28 1991 2,47 0,47 0,83 0,68 1,89 0,93 0,32 1,55 0,36 0,01 0,19 0,20 1993 2,59 0,70 O^ôïT 0,18 0,72 2,23 0,18 0,65 0,39 0,19 0,33 2,85 1992 2,36 0,46 0,75 0,49 2,13 2,24 0,28 1,31 0,23 0,04 0,25 1,90 j 1 1 1 1 1994 2,97 0,83 0,47 0,16 1,01 1,05 0,19 0,71 0,08 0,20 0,29 1,36 0 0,12 0,00 0,11 1 1 - — 1995 3,23 0,71 0,27^ 0,16 0,98 1,83 0,15 0,73 0,10 0,26 0,26 1,01 0 0,34 0,03 0,19 c 1. Partner D F 1 NL B L UK IRL DK GR E P IS N FIN S FL TOTAL Partner D F 1 NL B L UK IRL DK GR E P IS N FIN S FL TOTAL CABP909 5. XLS page 2 31,7,97 15 1000 TKM Cabotage Statistics iii 90 - II94 H > CO r ' 01 >8I>C3 < f c%0 931 ' jf^p " ""! i* 3 181X3 ? 931 - W 1|rM 66C C(k 0 ' S6S Z9I 0 L8L >£C ;s iOl- cc T8 82 ^iSZC " > 8W ?oct zn W 99 6W H %0I %0 %z %3 %0 %0 %0 XI %0 %9 %l %C %9 939 81C \Z >L8l. 9L 660 SC coas 0 S6S0I. Z9CCC 0 883 ZH szciz 8 W 99 octew - %l K)3J •# i - ~ " ^s. • %0 IL H 9L *$•-'< • ? ! « ¥* %0 93SC ! - - -- " ? "* %0 0 XI 599 CL ' • • ' •. %C 6C9 99 • %0 eu 6. , ,> *. - %0 9ZS3 "- %0 9L9Z « •• ; ". '-. %Z 9 S MS K ,^ » "4-? %0 638 i W 3I V frWt ~ 0 - 099 » S CH 0 0 0 0 tzzo !• W 9C 0 0 C8SL 0 0 0 V 0 0 0 0 0 939 « 0 Z k 9t ' W Ct 0 0 0 0 sm 0 9 0 599 CI. < 0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) ( 0 < 0. * ( ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 UOOL i ) ( 1 Ml » 1 r/L 1 S 6 i 6C9S9 0 a Z €t 0 O K/ ' • ' •' 0 9 0 Z99fr W CH-6 0 0 c* 8 0 0 0 0 0 88? £ 0 9ZS3 0 WS C39 99 0 frS 0 0 '•' ' - 3 on C3 919 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <- 9I. 9Z 0 « f :( 638 0 0 0 0 0 CL 0 0 0 L 0 M ? ^0 9 5frZS< ( ) ( 599 J ;s < ) ( ) ( i t ) ( > ( •01 1 >W9 *. V*jf 1 ( $>- 1 %z ' 138 91 i %0 6 Z 3I -V : %S >00 601. L3C9t ' 0 081. C 63 0 63 9 0 fr€ 3 9SC3 0 L 6Z3 1 0 S* sv zv 0 0 0 0 8 6 CI 9 399 C 0 i 500 601- I 3 1 i 39 i a ) * D9C ( 1 ( ;zv < 1 ( 509 LL ( (38 L d L %3 8C6 ; L [Z %cz 0CSS89 k • 13 0CSS89 L3 k L 8C6 0 i-s 0 sc 0 Z88 tS£ 0 L sol. 8tC 063 183 Z6LfrSk 03C83 W S fr 0 33 I L z mi 0 98183k t - 3 6* WSC k 6 £m J b< 3 |BV>. Id s Nld N 81 d 3 ao xa i yi >tn i TABLE 9 Leading Caboteurs 3/94 % 1stpe. Rank iod, 7/90-f tkm 553606 400019 290822 i| 2 3 2ndpe Rank 1 2 3 ^A 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13A 14 riod, 7/94 - tkm 717582 265863 177280 1*%41Q7 lvJ*t l Of 150520 144391 128136 55089 47356 35291 35171 32640 31189 29290 28320 25519 10164 11613 21351 16049 12/95 % 31 11 8 7 1 7 6 6 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 19 13 10 7 8 7 5 6 <1 <1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 6 4 5 8 7 12 11 14 9 10 13 15 16 193433 240584 219131 140892 183789 17527 23194 48705 51624 38935 — 52461 52408 42568 32442 29899 "Relation" NLinD BinD F i nD «»in H B i nF L i nD DKinD 1 in D D in 1 NLinF Fin B Fin E NL in UK UKinF FIN in D Fin I N L i nl B i nl E i nF IRL in UK Total of above 2612039 89 2117011 91 "All relations" 2950878 2318626 LECAB. XLS 7,7,97 18 ISSN 0254-1475 COM(98) 47 final DOCUMENTS EN 07 10 08 06 Catalogue number : CB-CO-98-053-EN-C ISBN 92-78-30743-2 Office for Official Publications of the European Communities L-2985 Luxembourg


title: 98/139/CE: Decisión de la Comisión de 4 de febrero de 1998 por la que se fijan, en el ámbito veterinario, determinadas normas relativas a los controles efectuados in situ en los Estados miembros por expertos de la Comisión (Texto pertinente a los fines del EEE)

eurovoc_concepts:
European Commission
application of EU law
self-employed person
supervisory power
veterinary inspection
veterinary legislation

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text: L 38/10 ES Diario Oficial de las Comunidades Europeas 12. 2. 98 II (Actos cuya publicaci(cid:155)n no es una condici(cid:155)n para su aplicabilidad) COMISI(cid:222)N DECISI(cid:222)N DE LA COMISI(cid:222)N de 4 de febrero de 1998 por la que se fijan, en el (cid:145)mbito veterinario, determinadas normas relativas a los controles efectuados in situ en los Estados miembros por expertos de la Comi- si(cid:155)n (Texto pertinente a los fines del EEE) (98/139/CE) LA COMISI(cid:222)N DE LAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEAS, Visto el Tratado constitutivo de la Comunidad Europea, Vista la Directiva 64/433/CEE del Consejo, de 26 de junio de 1964, relativa a las condiciones sanitarias de producci(cid:155)n y comercializaci(cid:155)n de carnes frescas (1), cuya (cid:156)ltima modificaci(cid:155)n la constituye la Directiva 95/ 23/CE (2), y, en particular, su art(cid:146)culo 12, as(cid:146) como las disposiciones correspondientes de las dem(cid:145)s Directivas y Decisiones en el (cid:145)mbito veterinario y, en particular, las relativas a condiciones de producci(cid:155)n y comercializaci(cid:155)n de productos de origen animal, las que establecen requi- sitos de polic(cid:146)a sanitaria aplicables a los intercambios de animales y de productos de origen animal, las relativas a la detecci(cid:155)n de residuos en los animales y en la carne fresca, las que establecen medidas de lucha o acciones para la erradicaci(cid:155)n de determinadas enfermedades, las relativas a la protecci(cid:155)n de los animales, las que esta- blecen medidas financieras con el fin de erradicar las enfermedades y las referentes a determinados gastos en el (cid:145)mbito veterinario, Considerando que la Comisi(cid:155)n debe adoptar las disposi- ciones generales de aplicaci(cid:155)n por las que se fijen las condiciones en que deben efectuarse, en colaboraci(cid:155)n con los Estados miembros interesados, los controles in situ mencionados en tales Directivas y Decisiones; Considerando que, con ocasi(cid:155)n de los controles in situ contemplados en el art(cid:146)culo 12 de la Directiva 64/ 433/CEE y en el art(cid:146)culo 10 de la Directiva 71/118/CEE (1) DO 121 de 29. 7. 1964, p. 2012/64. (2) DO L 243 de 11. 10. 1995, p. 7. del Consejo (3), de 15 de febrero de 1971, relativa a problemas sanitarios en materia de producci(cid:155)n y comer- cializaci(cid:155)n de carne fresca de aves de corral, cuya (cid:156)ltima modificaci(cid:155)n la constituye la Directiva 96/23/CE (4), la Comisi(cid:155)n puede comprobar, sin previo aviso, la aplica- ci(cid:155)n de lo dispuesto en la Directiva 85/73/CEE del Consejo, de 29 de enero de 1985, relativa a la financia- ci(cid:155)n de las inspecciones y controles veterinarios contem- plados en las Directivas 89/662/CEE, 90/425/CEE, 90/ 675/CEE y 91/496/CEE (5), cuya (cid:156)ltima modificaci(cid:155)n la constituye la Directiva 96/43/CE (6); Considerando que, en la medida en que son necesarios para la aplicaci(cid:155)n uniforme de la legislaci(cid:155)n comunitaria, parece in situ en programas establecidos tras consultar a los Estados miem- bros interesados y celebrar un intercambio de opiniones en el Comit(cid:130) veterinario permanente; adecuado incluir controles los Considerando que esta colaboraci(cid:155)n debe proseguir en los controles in situ y plasmarse adem(cid:145)s en la posibilidad de que los expertos de la Comisi(cid:155)n vayan acompa(cid:157)ados de expertos designados por la Comisi(cid:155)n sometidos a determinadas obligaciones y a los que se les reembolsen los gastos de viaje y estancia; (3) DO L 55 de 8. 3. 1971, p. 23. (4) DO L 125 de 23. 5. 1996, p. 10. (5) DO L 32 de 5. 2. 1985, p. 14. (6) DO L 162 de 1. 7. 1996, p. 1. 12. 2. 98 ES Diario Oficial de las Comunidades Europeas L 38/11 Considerando que, en aras de la eficacia, deben fijarse plazos para el env(cid:146)o por la Comisi(cid:155)n de los resultados de los controles in situ a los Estados miembros en que (cid:130)stos se realizaron, y para la recepci(cid:155)n de comentarios de dichos Estados miembros; Considerando que es necesario garantizar que los Estados miembros correspondientes tengan en cuenta los resul- tados de los controles in situ; Considerando que, en aras de la transparencia, el Parla- mento Europeo, los consumidores y los productores deben recibir, dentro de los l(cid:146)mites fijados por el Tratado y en particular con el debido respeto a la obligaci(cid:155)n de en su art(cid:146)culo 214, secreto profesional cumplida los resultados de controles in situ y sobre las recomendaciones de actua- ci(cid:155)n que de ellos deriven; informaci(cid:155)n sobre establecida los Considerando que conviene establecer asimismo un procedimiento r(cid:145)pido que permita la adopci(cid:155)n de deci- siones comunitarias si es necesario, especialmente en caso de que los controles in situ pongan de manifiesto que existe un grave riesgo para la salud p(cid:156)blica o cuando se compruebe que no se han adoptado las medidas conside- radas indispensables a ra(cid:146)z de esos controles; Considerando que, en aras de la claridad, debe derogarse la Decisi(cid:155)n 96/345/CE de la Comisi(cid:155)n (1); Considerando que las disposiciones de la presente Deci- si(cid:155)n se ajustan al dictamen del Comit(cid:130) veterinario perma- nente, HA ADOPTADO LA PRESENTE DECISI(cid:222)N: Art(cid:146)culo 1 1. La presente Decisi(cid:155)n establece determinadas disposi- ciones relativas a los controles in situ en el (cid:145)mbito veteri- nario efectuados en los Estados miembros por expertos de la Comisi(cid:155)n. A los efectos de la presente Decisi(cid:155)n, se entender(cid:145) por controles in situ en el (cid:145)mbito veterinario (en lo sucesivo denominados «los controles»), las medidas de comproba- ci(cid:155)n e inspecci(cid:155)n necesarias para garantizar que lo dispuesto en la normativa comunitaria se cumple de forma uniforme. Las disposiciones de la presente Decisi(cid:155)n se apli- 2. car(cid:145)n sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto por todo acuerdo cele- brado entre la Comunidad Europea y terceros pa(cid:146)ses en materia de medidas sanitarias aplicables al intercambio de animales y de productos de origen animal. Art(cid:146)culo 2 Los controles se llevar(cid:145)n a cabo en cada Estado miembro. La Comisi(cid:155)n establecer(cid:145) un programa general de control relativo a las normativas pertinentes y lo someter(cid:145) a debate en el seno del Comit(cid:130) veterinario permanente. (1) DO L 133 de 4. 6. 1996, p. 29. Dicho programa general incluir(cid:145) informaci(cid:155)n sobre todas las medidas emprendidas por la Comisi(cid:155)n en el (cid:145)mbito de los controles. Art(cid:146)culo 3 Los programas de control 1. se organizar(cid:145)n y se llevar(cid:145)n a cabo en colaboraci(cid:155)n con el Estado miembro interesado, que designar(cid:145) a tal fin a uno o varios expertos. Tras consultar al Estado miembro interesado, la 2. Comisi(cid:155)n podr(cid:145) aplazar o adelantar determinados controles o efectuar controles adicionales cuando lo considere necesario, especialmente por motivos sanitarios, de protecci(cid:155)n de los animales o en funci(cid:155)n de los resul- tados de controles anteriores. En todo caso, 3. la Comisi(cid:155)n anunciar(cid:145) al Estado miembro interesado el inicio de los programas de control con una antelaci(cid:155)n m(cid:146)nima de diez d(cid:146)as h(cid:145)biles. Art(cid:146)culo 4 1. Adem(cid:145)s de los expertos del Estado miembro que visiten, los expertos de la Comisi(cid:155)n podr(cid:145)n ir acompa- (cid:157)ados por uno o varios de los expertos que figuren en la lista a que se refiere el apartado 2, de uno o varios de los dem(cid:145)s Estados miembros. Cuando se organice un control, el Estado miembro en cuyo territorio vaya a tener lugar podr(cid:145) oponerse a la participaci(cid:155)n de uno de los expertos de otro Estado miembro; esta posibilidad s(cid:155)lo podr(cid:145) ser utilizada una vez. 2. Cada Estado miembro propondr(cid:145) a la Comisi(cid:155)n un m(cid:146)nimo de dos expertos con conocimientos t(cid:130)cnicos espec(cid:146)ficos en (cid:145)reas designadas de competencia y le facili- tar(cid:145) su nombre y apellidos, especialidad, direcci(cid:155)n oficial exacta y n(cid:156)mero de tel(cid:130)fono y de fax. La Comisi(cid:155)n mantendr(cid:145) una lista de dichos expertos y consultar(cid:145) a la autoridad competente del Estado miembro del experto antes de enviar a (cid:130)ste una invitaci(cid:155)n para que acompa(cid:157)e a los expertos de la Comisi(cid:155)n en los controles contemplados en el apartado 1. Cuando un Estado miembro considere que uno de los expertos que ha propuesto debe dejar de figurar en la lista, informar(cid:145) a la Comisi(cid:155)n al respecto. En caso de que, en consecuencia, el n(cid:156)mero de expertos descienda por debajo del m(cid:146)nimo requerido, el Estado miembro propondr(cid:145) a la Comisi(cid:155)n uno o varios sustitutos. Art(cid:146)culo 5 1. Con ocasi(cid:155)n de los controles, el experto o los expertos del Estado miembro designados por la Comisi(cid:155)n se atendr(cid:145)n a las instrucciones administrativas de la Comisi(cid:155)n. 2. La informaci(cid:155)n recogida o las conclusiones emitidas por el o los expertos del Estado miembro durante los controles no podr(cid:145) utilizarse en ning(cid:156)n caso para fines personales ni comunicarse a personas ajenas a los servi- cios competentes de la Comisi(cid:155)n o de los Estados miem- bros. L 38/12 ES Diario Oficial de las Comunidades Europeas 12. 2. 98 3. Los gastos de viaje y de estancia del experto o de los expertos del Estado miembro designados por la Comisi(cid:155)n ser(cid:145)n sufragados de acuerdo con las normas de (cid:130)sta rela- tivas a los gastos de viaje y estancia efectuados por personas que no pertenezcan a la Comisi(cid:155)n y a las que (cid:130)sta recurra para desempe(cid:157)ar la funci(cid:155)n de experto. cautelares de protecci(cid:155)n con arreglo a lo dispuesto en la legislaci(cid:155)n comunitaria en el (cid:145)mbito veterinario. 2. El Estado miembro adoptar(cid:145) las medidas correctoras necesarias para tomar en consideraci(cid:155)n los resultados de los controles efectuados. Art(cid:146)culo 6 1. Los Estados miembros en cuyo territorio se lleven a cabo los controles de acuerdo con la presente Decisi(cid:155)n ofrecer(cid:145)n a los expertos de la Comisi(cid:155)n y a los expertos la Comisi(cid:155)n la ayuda necesaria para designados por cumplir sus funciones. Concretamente, les permitir(cid:145)n, con el mismo derecho que los agentes de la autoridad competente, entrevistarse con cualquier persona que deseen y tener acceso a todos los datos y documentos que precisen, as(cid:146) como a los locales, edificios, instalaciones y medios de transporte, con vistas a la realizaci(cid:155)n de los controles. 2. Durante los controles, los expertos se atendr(cid:145)n a las instrucciones administrativas que deben cumplir los agentes de las autoridades competentes del Estado miembro mencionado en el apartado 1, sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en el apartado 1 del art(cid:146)culo 5. Art(cid:146)culo 7 1. Una vez concluido el control, los expertos de la Comisi(cid:155)n comunicar(cid:145)n oralmente al Estado miembro interesado sus conclusiones y, en su caso, las medidas correctoras que consideren necesarias y su eventual grado de urgencia. La Comisi(cid:155)n confirmar(cid:145) al Estado miembro los resul- tados del control mediante un informe escrito, en un plazo de veinte d(cid:146)as h(cid:145)biles, en la medida en que se haya recibido efectivamente toda informaci(cid:155)n suplementaria solicitada en los controles y no disponible en aquel momento. El Estado miembro interesado comunicar(cid:145) sus observa- ciones en un plazo de veinticinco d(cid:146)as h(cid:145)biles a partir de la recepci(cid:155)n del informe escrito de la Comisi(cid:155)n. No obstante, en caso de emergencia, o si se hubiese detectado un riesgo significativo para la salud o para la protecci(cid:155)n de los animales durante el control in situ, se informar(cid:145) mediante informe escrito al Estado miembro de los resultados de la misi(cid:155)n a la mayor brevedad posible, y en cualquier caso dentro de los diez d(cid:146)as h(cid:145)biles desde el fin de la misi(cid:155)n. El Estado miembro emitir(cid:145) asimismo sus comentarios lo m(cid:145)s r(cid:145)pidamente posible, y en todo caso dentro de los diez d(cid:146)as h(cid:145)biles desde la recepci(cid:155)n del informe escrito de la Comisi(cid:155)n. Cuando informe de los resultados de las misiones, Comisi(cid:155)n respetar(cid:145) en particular art(cid:146)culo 214 del Tratado. la las exigencias del 3. En caso de que, en los controles, los expertos de la Comisi(cid:155)n pongan de manifiesto graves infracciones de la normativa comunitaria en un Estado miembro o en una o varias regiones de ese Estado miembro, este (cid:156)ltimo deber(cid:145) proceder, previa solicitud de la Comisi(cid:155)n, a un examen en profundidad de la situaci(cid:155)n general en el sector. En su caso, el Estado miembro, previa consulta con la Comisi(cid:155)n, podr(cid:145) limitar este examen a la regi(cid:155)n o las regiones que hayan sido objeto del programa de control. El Estado miembro informar(cid:145) a la Comisi(cid:155)n, dentro del plazo que (cid:130)sta fije, del resultado de esos controles y de las medidas adoptadas para subsanar la situaci(cid:155)n. 4. En caso de que, despu(cid:130)s de los controles, el Estado miembro interesado no haya adoptado en el plazo fijado las medidas correctoras adecuadas y, particularmente, en caso de que esos controles hayan puesto de manifiesto que existe un grave riesgo para la salud p(cid:156)blica o animal o para la protecci(cid:155)n de los animales, la Comisi(cid:155)n adop- tar(cid:145) todas las medidas que considere necesarias con arreglo al procedimiento establecido en el art(cid:146)culo 17 de la Directiva 89/662/CEE del Consejo (1). Art(cid:146)culo 8 1. La Comisi(cid:155)n notificar(cid:145) peri(cid:155)dicamente mediante informes escritos a todos los Estados miembros, en el seno del Comit(cid:130) veterinario permanente, los resultados de los controles in situ efectuados en cada Estado miembro y las recomendaciones de actuaci(cid:155)n que de ellos deriven. La Comisi(cid:155)n informar(cid:145) al Parlamento Europeo de dichos resultados y recomendaciones. La Comisi(cid:155)n har(cid:145) asimismo p(cid:156)blicos peri(cid:155)dicamente dichos resultados y recomendaciones. 2. Cuando emprendan las acciones previstas en el presente art(cid:146)culo, la Comisi(cid:155)n y los Estados miembros respetar(cid:145)n en particular las exigencias del art(cid:146)culo 214 del Tratado. Art(cid:146)culo 9 Las medidas previstas en la presente Decisi(cid:155)n ser(cid:145)n reexaminadas antes del 31 de diciembre de 1998, sobre la base de un informe de la Comisi(cid:155)n a los Estados miem- bros. Art(cid:146)culo 10 Queda derogada la Decisi(cid:155)n 96/345/CE. Estas disposiciones se entender(cid:145)n sin perjuicio de las competencias de la Comisi(cid:155)n para adoptar medidas (1) DO L 395 de 30. 12. 1989, p. 13. 12. 2. 98 ES Diario Oficial de las Comunidades Europeas L 38/13 Los destinatarios de la presente Decisi(cid:155)n ser(cid:145)n los Estados miembros. Art(cid:146)culo 11 Hecho en Bruselas, el 4 de febrero de 1998. Por la Comisi(cid:155)n Emma BONINO Miembro de la Comisi(cid:155)n


title: Classement des produits chimiques dans le tarif douanier des Communautés européennes. Volume VII C, 20727-26591.,Classification of chemicals in the customs tariff of the European Communities. Volume VII C, 20727-26591.,Classificazione dei prodotti chimici nella tariffa doganale delle Comunità europee. Volume VII C, 20727-26591.,Indeling van chemische produkten in het douanetarief van de Europese Gemeenschappen. Deel VII C, 20727-26591.,Tarifering af kemiske produkter i toldtariffen for De europæiske Fællesskaber. Bind VII C, 20727-26591.,Tarifierung chemischer Erzeugnisse im Zolltarif der Europäischen Gemeinschaften. Band VII C, 20727-26591.

eurovoc_concepts:
chemical product
classification
common customs tariff
nomenclature