title: 98/140/CE: Décision de la Commission du 4 février 1998 fixant certaines modalités relatives aux contrôles sur place dans le domaine vétérinaire effectués par des experts de la Commission dans les pays tiers (Texte présentant de l'intérêt pour l'EEE)

eurovoc_concepts:
European Commission
health legislation
self-employed person
supervisory power
veterinary inspection
veterinary legislation

formats: fmx4 html pdf print xhtml

text: L 38/14 FR Journal officiel des Communaut(cid:130)s europ(cid:130)ennes 12. 2. 98 D(cid:144)CISION DE LA COMMISSION du 4 f(cid:130)vrier 1998 fixant certaines modalit(cid:130)s relatives aux contr(cid:147)les sur place dans le domaine v(cid:130)t(cid:130)rinaire effectu(cid:130)s par des experts de la Commission dans les pays tiers (Texte pr(cid:130)sentant de l’int(cid:130)r(cid:136)t pour l’EEE) (98/140/CE) LA COMMISSION DES COMMUNAUT(cid:144)S EUROP(cid:144)ENNES, vu le trait(cid:130) instituant la Communaut(cid:130) europ(cid:130)enne, vu la directive 71/118/CEE du Conseil du 15 f(cid:130)vrier 1971 relative (cid:133) des probl(cid:138)mes sanitaires en mati(cid:138)re de produc- tion et de mise sur le march(cid:130) de viandes fra(cid:140)ches de volailles (1), modifi(cid:130)e en dernier lieu par la directive 96/ 23/CE (2), et notamment son article 14, ainsi que les dispositions correspondantes des autres directives dans le domaine v(cid:130)t(cid:130)rinaire concernant les r(cid:138)gles sanitaires et les exigences de police sanitaire requises pour les importa- tions des diff(cid:130)rentes esp(cid:138)ces d’animaux ou de produits d’origine animale, consid(cid:130)rant que la Commission doit arr(cid:136)ter les modalit(cid:130)s g(cid:130)n(cid:130)rales d’application fixant conditions dans lesquelles doivent s’effectuer, en collaboration avec les (cid:144)tats membres, les contr(cid:147)les sur place dans le domaine v(cid:130)t(cid:130)rinaire dans les pays tiers; les relatives certaines modalit(cid:130)s aux consid(cid:130)rant que contr(cid:147)les sur place effectu(cid:130)s par des experts de la Commission doivent (cid:136)tre communes (cid:133) l’ensemble des r(cid:130)glementations dans ledit domaine; que, d(cid:138)s lors, il convient de les (cid:130)tablir dans une seule d(cid:130)cision; que, cependant, la d(cid:130)cision 86/474/CEE de la Commission du 11 septembre 1986 concernant la mise en œuvre des contr(cid:147)les sur place effectu(cid:130)s dans le cadre du r(cid:130)gime applicable esp(cid:138)ces bovine et porcine ainsi que de viandes fra(cid:140)ches (3), reste applicable; aux importations d’animaux des consid(cid:130)rant que le respect de l’ex(cid:130)cution des plans devant (cid:136)tre soumis par les pays tiers conform(cid:130)ment (cid:133) la directive 92/117/CEE du Conseil du 17 d(cid:130)cembre 1992 concer- nant les mesures de protection contre certaines zoonoses et certains agents zoonotiques chez les animaux et dans les produits d’origine animale, en vue de pr(cid:130)venir les foyers d’infection et d’intoxication dus (cid:133) des denr(cid:130)es alimentaires (4), modifi(cid:130)e en dernier lieu par la directive 97/22/CE (5), est v(cid:130)rifi(cid:130) lors des contr(cid:147)les sur place; consid(cid:130)rant que, lors de l’inspection des (cid:130)tablissements agr(cid:130)(cid:130)s ou (cid:133) agr(cid:130)er aux fins de pouvoir exporter des viandes fra(cid:140)ches vers la Communaut(cid:130), les conditions d’abattage doivent (cid:136)tre contr(cid:147)l(cid:130)es, conform(cid:130)ment (cid:133) l’ar- ticle 15 de la directive 93/119/CE du Conseil du 22 (1) JO L 55 du 8. 3. 1971, p. 23. (2) JO L 125 du 23. 5. 1996, p. 10. (3) JO L 279 du 30. 9. 1986, p. 55. (4) JO L 62 du 15. 3. 1993, p. 38. (5) JO L 113 du 30. 4. 1997, p. 9. d(cid:130)cembre 1993 sur la protection des animaux au moment de leur abattage ou de leur mise (cid:133) mort (6); consid(cid:130)rant que, par souci d’efficacit(cid:130), des d(cid:130)lais doivent (cid:136)tre fix(cid:130)s (cid:133) l’envoi par la Commission des r(cid:130)sultats des contr(cid:147)les sur place aux pays tiers dans lesquels ces contr(cid:147)les ont (cid:130)t(cid:130) effectu(cid:130)s; consid(cid:130)rant que, dans la mesure o(cid:151) ils sont n(cid:130)cessaires (cid:133) l’application uniforme de la l(cid:130)gislation communautaire, il appara(cid:140)t appropri(cid:130) d’inscrire les contr(cid:147)les sur place dans des programmes (cid:130)tablis apr(cid:138)s discussion avec les (cid:144)tats membres et (cid:130)change de vues au sein du comit(cid:130) v(cid:130)t(cid:130)ri- naire permanent; consid(cid:130)rant que cette collaboration doit se poursuivre lors des contr(cid:147)les sur place r(cid:130)alis(cid:130)s par les experts de la Commission accompagn(cid:130)s d’experts des (cid:144)tats membres d(cid:130)sign(cid:130)s par la Commission; que les experts des (cid:144)tats membres doivent (cid:136)tre soumis (cid:133) certaines obligations et doivent se voir rembourser leurs frais de voyage et de s(cid:130)jour; consid(cid:130)rant qu’il est n(cid:130)cessaire, apr(cid:138)s tout contr(cid:147)le sur place, d’assurer l’information des (cid:144)tats membres sur les r(cid:130)sultats obtenus et de proposer les mesures ad(cid:130)quates, conform(cid:130)ment (cid:133) la l(cid:130)gislation communautaire; consid(cid:130)rant qu’il convient, par souci de transparence, d’informer le Parlement europ(cid:130)en, les consommateurs et les producteurs, dans les limites du trait(cid:130) et eu (cid:130)gard notamment (cid:133) la n(cid:130)cessit(cid:130) de respecter l’obligation de secret professionnel (cid:130)nonc(cid:130)e (cid:133) son article 214, des conclusions et des recommandations d’action d(cid:130)coulant de ces contr(cid:147)les sur place; l’application de mesures consid(cid:130)rant que l’accord de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce sur sanitaires et phytosanitaires, et notamment son article 8 et son annexe C, paragraphe 1, point d), dispose que la confidentialit(cid:130) de l’information tir(cid:130)e de l’application des proc(cid:130)dures de contr(cid:147)le, d’inspection et d’approbation est respect(cid:130)e de telle fa(cid:135)on que les int(cid:130)r(cid:136)ts commerciaux l(cid:130)gitimes sont prot(cid:130)g(cid:130)s; consid(cid:130)rant que, par souci de clart(cid:130), 134/CE de la Commission (7) doit (cid:136)tre abrog(cid:130)e; la d(cid:130)cision 97/ consid(cid:130)rant que les mesures pr(cid:130)vues par la pr(cid:130)sente d(cid:130)ci- sion sont conformes (cid:133) l’avis du comit(cid:130) v(cid:130)t(cid:130)rinaire perma- nent, (6) JO L 340 du 31. 12. 1993, p. 21. (7) JO L 51 du 21. 2. 1997, p. 54. 12. 2. 98 FR Journal officiel des Communaut(cid:130)s europ(cid:130)ennes L 38/15 A ARR(cid:219)T(cid:144) LA PR(cid:144)SENTE D(cid:144)CISION: Article premier 1. La pr(cid:130)sente d(cid:130)cision fixe certaines modalit(cid:130)s rela- tives aux contr(cid:147)les sur place dans le domaine v(cid:130)t(cid:130)rinaire effectu(cid:130)s par des experts de la Commission, accompagn(cid:130)s par des experts des (cid:144)tats membres, dans les pays tiers. Aux fins de la pr(cid:130)sente d(cid:130)cision, on entend par contr(cid:147)les sur place dans le domaine v(cid:130)t(cid:130)rinaire (ci-apr(cid:138)s d(cid:130)nomm(cid:130)s «contr(cid:147)les») les actions de v(cid:130)rification et d’inspection n(cid:130)cessaires pour v(cid:130)rifier que, sans pr(cid:130)judice du contr(cid:147)le de l’application de la l(cid:130)gislation v(cid:130)t(cid:130)rinaire en vigueur, les garanties sanitaires, de police sanitaire et concernant la protection des animaux offertes par les pays tiers quant aux conditions de production et de mise sur le march(cid:130) peuvent (cid:136)tre consid(cid:130)r(cid:130)es comme au moins (cid:130)quivalentes (cid:133) celles qui sont appliqu(cid:130)es dans la Communaut(cid:130). 2. Les contr(cid:147)les permettent en particulier, conform(cid:130)- ment (cid:133) la l(cid:130)gislation concern(cid:130)e, d’(cid:130)tablir ou de modifier: (cid:190) la liste des pays tiers ou des parties de pays tiers en provenance desquels les (cid:144)tats membres autorisent les importations, (cid:190) les conditions d’importation propres (cid:133) chaque pays sanitaire devant tiers, y compris accompagner tous les envois destin(cid:130)s (cid:133) la Commu- naut(cid:130), certificat tout (cid:190) la liste des (cid:130)tablissements en provenance desquels les (cid:144)tats membres autorisent des importations. 3. Les dispositions de la pr(cid:130)sente d(cid:130)cision s’appliquent sans pr(cid:130)judice des dispositions d’un (cid:130)ventuel accord relatif aux mesures sanitaires applicables au commerce d’animaux vivants et de produits animaux conclu entre la Communaut(cid:130) europ(cid:130)enne et des pays tiers. Article 2 La Commission (cid:130)tablit un programme g(cid:130)n(cid:130)ral de 1. contr(cid:147)les pour tiers r(cid:130)glementations et concern(cid:130)s et le soumet (cid:133) un (cid:130)change de vues au sein du comit(cid:130) v(cid:130)t(cid:130)rinaire permanent. les pays les Le programme comporte des informations sur le contenu et la p(cid:130)riodicit(cid:130) des mesures qui seront prises par la Commission dans le cadre des contr(cid:147)les effectu(cid:130)s. La Commission peut diff(cid:130)rer ou avancer certains 2. contr(cid:147)les ou effectuer des contr(cid:147)les compl(cid:130)mentaires quand elle le juge n(cid:130)cessaire, notamment pour des raisons r(cid:130)sultats de consultation des (cid:144)tats apr(cid:138)s contr(cid:147)les pr(cid:130)c(cid:130)dents, membres au sein du comit(cid:130) v(cid:130)t(cid:130)rinaire permanent. sanitaires, ou en fonction des Article 3 Les experts de 1. (cid:136)tre accompagn(cid:130)s pendant les contr(cid:147)les par un ou plusieurs experts, figurant sur la liste vis(cid:130)e au paragraphe 2, d’un ou de plusieurs autres (cid:144)tats membres. la Commission peuvent 2. Chaque (cid:144)tat membre propose (cid:133) la Commission au moins deux experts sp(cid:130)cialement qualifi(cid:130)s dans certains domaines de comp(cid:130)tence d(cid:130)sign(cid:130)s et lui communique leurs noms, leurs domaines de comp(cid:130)tence, leurs adresses officielles exactes ainsi que leurs num(cid:130)ros de t(cid:130)l(cid:130)phone et de t(cid:130)l(cid:130)copieur. La Commission tient une liste de ces experts et consulte l’autorit(cid:130) comp(cid:130)tente de l’(cid:144)tat membre de l’expert avant d’inviter celui-ci les experts de la accompagner Commission pendant les contr(cid:147)les vis(cid:130)s au paragraphe 1. (cid:133) Si un (cid:144)tat membre estime que l’un des experts qu’il a propos(cid:130)s ne doit plus figurer sur la liste, il en informe la Commission. Si le nombre d’experts tombe de ce fait en dessous du minimum requis, l’(cid:144)tat membre propose un ou plusieurs rempla(cid:135)ants (cid:133) la Commission. Article 4 Lors des contr(cid:147)les, 1. le ou les experts des (cid:144)tats membres qui sont d(cid:130)sign(cid:130)s par la Commission pour accompagner ses experts se conforment aux instructions administratives de la Commission. Les informations recueillies ou les conclusions rendues par ce ou ces experts des (cid:144)tats membres au cours des contr(cid:147)les ne peuvent en aucun cas (cid:136)tre utilis(cid:130)es (cid:133) des fins personnelles ou divulgu(cid:130)es (cid:133) des personnes (cid:130)trang(cid:138)res aux services comp(cid:130)tents de la Commission ou des (cid:144)tats membres. 2. Les frais de voyage et de s(cid:130)jour du ou des experts des (cid:144)tats membres d(cid:130)sign(cid:130)s par la Commission sont pris en charge conform(cid:130)ment (cid:133) ses r(cid:138)gles relatives aux frais de voyage et de s(cid:130)jour expos(cid:130)s par les personnes n’apparte- nant pas (cid:133) la Commission et appel(cid:130)es (cid:133) exercer des fonc- tions d’expert. Article 5 D(cid:138)s la fin du contr(cid:147)le, les experts de la Commission informent oralement le pays tiers de leurs conclusions et, le cas (cid:130)ch(cid:130)ant, des mesures correctrices qu’ils jugent n(cid:130)cessaires et de leur urgence (cid:130)ventuelle. La Commission confirme par un rapport (cid:130)crit les r(cid:130)sul- tats de ces contr(cid:147)les dans un d(cid:130)lai de vingt jours ouvra- bles, dans la mesure o(cid:151) toute information suppl(cid:130)mentaire demand(cid:130)e lors des contr(cid:147)les mais alors non disponible a bien (cid:130)t(cid:130) re(cid:135)ue. Toutefois, en cas d’urgence ou lorsqu’un risque sanitaire important a (cid:130)t(cid:130) mis en (cid:130)vidence au cours du contr(cid:147)le sur place, le pays tiers est inform(cid:130) par un rapport (cid:130)crit des conclusions de la mission aussi rapidement que possible et, dans tous les cas, dans un d(cid:130)lai de dix jours ouvrables (cid:133) compter de la fin de cette mission. L 38/16 FR Journal officiel des Communaut(cid:130)s europ(cid:130)ennes 12. 2. 98 Lorsqu’elle fournit des informations sur les conclusions des missions, la Commission satisfait notamment aux exigences pos(cid:130)es par l’article 214 du trait(cid:130). Ces dispositions sont sans pr(cid:130)judice des pouvoirs qu’a la Commission d’arr(cid:136)ter des mesures conservatoires confor- m(cid:130)ment aux dispositions de la l(cid:130)gislation communautaire dans le domaine v(cid:130)t(cid:130)rinaire. Article 6 1. La Commission informe par des rapports (cid:130)crits les (cid:144)tats membres, au sein du comit(cid:130) v(cid:130)t(cid:130)rinaire permanent, des conclusions et des recommandations d’action d(cid:130)cou- lant des contr(cid:147)les sur place effectu(cid:130)s dans chaque pays tiers. Ces rapports indiquent, le cas (cid:130)ch(cid:130)ant et si la r(cid:130)glementa- tion concern(cid:130)e le pr(cid:130)voit, s’il y a lieu: (cid:190) de modifier l’une des listes mentionn(cid:130)es (cid:133) l’article 1er, paragraphe 2, premier tiret, (cid:190) d’(cid:130)tablir ou de modifier les conditions d’importation vis(cid:130)es (cid:133) l’article 1er, paragraphe 2, deuxi(cid:138)me tiret ou (cid:190) d’(cid:130)tablir ou de modifier la liste des (cid:130)tablissements vis(cid:130)e (cid:133) l’article 1er, paragraphe 2, troisi(cid:138)me tiret. La Commission informe le Parlement europ(cid:130)en de ces conclusions et de ces recommandations. La Commission rend en outre r(cid:130)guli(cid:138)rement publiques ces conclusions et ces recommandations. 2. Lorsqu’ils entreprennent les actions pr(cid:130)vues dans le pr(cid:130)sent article, la Commission et les (cid:144)tats membres satis- font notamment aux exigences pos(cid:130)es par l’article 214 du trait(cid:130). Article 7 Les dispositions de la pr(cid:130)sente d(cid:130)cision sont r(cid:130)examin(cid:130)es avant le 31 d(cid:130)cembre 1998, sur la base d’un rapport de la Commission aux (cid:144)tats membres. Article 8 La d(cid:130)cision 97/134/CE est abrog(cid:130)e. Article 9 Les (cid:144)tats membres sont destinataires de la pr(cid:130)sente d(cid:130)ci- sion. Fait (cid:133) Bruxelles, le 4 f(cid:130)vrier 1998. Par la Commission Emma BONINO Membre de la Commission


title: Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Globalisation and the Information Society - The need for strengthened international coordination

eurovoc_concepts:
Universalism
electronics
mass media
single market
telecommunications

text: COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 04. 02. 1998 COM(1998) 50 final COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PAB&IAMENT, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COIVMTTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION: NEW POLICY CHALLENGES Page 1 2. PROGRESSING TOWARDS THE GLOBAL ELECTRONIC MARKETPLACE 2 2. 1 The emergence of a global electronic marketplace 2. 2 The need for interoperable technical solutions 2. 3 Ensuring market access and competition 2. 4 The need for a consistent legal framework 2. 5 Conclusions: requirements for an international framework 2 4 5 6 9 3. DEFINING THE WAY FORWARD FOR INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION 9 3. 1 Strengthening international coordination 3. 2 Identifying the most urgent issues and ways to tackle them 3. 3 Developing a method of coordination: An International Charter 4. THE NEXT STEPS Glossary 9 10 11 12 A3 1. INTRODUCTION: The European Union has made substantial progress in putting in place the necessary framework conditions for the development of the lnformatfôp*$ociety1 wl% a %k to unleashing its growth and employment potential bringing benefits to all. The dynamism of the Information Society is putting pressure on both public and private sectors to be more flexible and to rapidly take up new challenges. For this reason, the Commission has recently launched a broad consultation to regulatory explore implications of convergence between the telecommunications, and media information technology sectors2. the nature and The present Communication responds to the need for strengthened international coordination in order to create an enabling the global electronic framework marketplace ("on-line" economy) which is a fundamental element of the Information Society. for The European Union has begun to formulate several policy lines on electronic commerce by stimulating the development of an internal market for those services whilst safeguarding public interests (cf. Communications on "A European Initiative in Electronic Commerce"3, "Harmful and Internet"4 and Illegal Content on "Ensuring Security and Trust in Electronic Communication"5, and the Green Paper on "Protection of Minors and Human Dignity in Audiovisual and Information Services6). the the European Union to is In parallel, contributing the development of favourable conditions at international level and for commerce, for instance through the WTO7 communications electronic agreement on basic telecommunication services, the ITA agreement on tariffs for information technology products, and the WIPO agreement on the protection of intellectual property. This policy is based Information on the conviction Society can only be a global one, with the international wide participation of community, developing countries8. that the including the and now initiatives numerous sometimes Many of the Union's partners are actively involved in building a framework for the electronic marketplace. Worldwide there and are regulatory actions at national and regional levels. These activities are not always coordinated reveal Ill-adapted or divergent approaches. fragmented regulation, however, will hinder the development of the "on-line" economy from which business and citizens have much to gain. Decision makers in the public and private sectors are becoming aware of the fact that greater consistency in these national and regional approaches is needed and that this need is becoming increasingly acute. clarifying Against this background, there is a need for the European Union and its Member States to examine their policies with a view to adapting or traditional regulation to the requirements of the "on line" economy. This does not mean delaying legislative activities at Member States or Union level until global rules are settled in the respective fields. Equally it does not mean surrendering national or regional traditions and cultures. What it does require, however, is to engage in an open debate and awareness-raising exercise about the implications of the global electronic marketplace and its particular characteristics on certain rules and their application. Progress should be technology made changes, European regulatory actions, and cooperation at international level on regulatory principles. in parallel between and national 1 See Rolling Action Plan (COM(96)607): wwwJspo. cec. be/infosoc/legreg. html 2 COM (97) 623: www. ispo. cec. be/convergencegp 3 COM(97) 157: www. ispo. cec be/ecommerce. initiat. html * COM(96) 487: www2. echo. lu/legal/ en. /intemet/. communic. html •' COM (97) 503: www. ispo. cec. be/eif 15 COM(96) 483 finai ' wwv/. wto. org Provided it acts quickly and boldly, the European Union has all the potential to make a positive contribution to the shaping of the new environment, drawing on its rich See Communication on "the Information Society and Development: the role of the EU": (COM(97)3£1: «-ww. ispo. cec. be/isad/isad. htnil it that is determined scientific, cultural and social assets. The Union should signal to the international to community contribute its experience and vision to building a fair investments, competition, private sector inclusion, open markets, and social accompanied by appropriate safeguards covering both the wider public interest and the interests of the individual. framework based on This Communication advances views on how to define the key issues that require strengthened international coordination. It does not propose concrete solutions to these issues as such, in particular it is not suggesting thai there is a need for global regulation of the Internet or for the creation of new international organisations. The Communication essentially argues that the time is ripe to seek a better international understanding on how to proceed in the near future to achieve a "friction" free and borderless marketplace while meeting general public interest objectives. in this way, the global community can work together to maximise the potential of the Information Society to stimulate growth and innovation, to create new employment, and to promote social and economic cohesion. To this end, it is proposed to invite experts from industry and other involved parties to a round table meeting in 1998, to initiate a debate at Ministerial level, and to seek an understanding on a method of coordination in the form of an International Charter. 2. PROGRESSING TOWARDS THE GLOBAL ELECTRONIC MARKETPLACE 2. 1 Tha emergence of a global electronic marketplace communications Growth in trans-border traffic over the last two decades has been a striking feature of landscape. the International telephone calls have risen from under 4 billion minutes in 1975 to over 80 billion (estimated9) in 1997 - a growth rate of 15 per cent a year. At the same time, they have contributed over 8 per cent of telecommunications service revenue worldwide. is forecast to continue. This growth International telephone traffic (billions of minutes) 80 60 40 20 — ^jllt l |W |1 \m \u |B (1 [• \m \m \m \m \m (I 1M M M il il M M M il M m M il il M •* oo O) *- oo Oi oo I*» Oi oo O) m f— O) r*- Source: ITU digital recently, in particular mobile More through communications, GSM, are providing global mobility in personal communications. Today, more live than 200 GSM networks are commercial operation 100 countries worldwide serving 55 million users. in over in In the future, new satellite systems will have a major impact on the development of global communications services. The total addressable market for broadband multimedia world-wide is expected to grow steadily from 100 million users up to 330 millions in 2010 of which about 16 per cent (i. e. 50 million users) are forecast to be The captured by satellite systems. cumulative service revenues for satellite ITU of goods and services traded companies over m ïnhmeiWU approach 300 billion ecu These developments are giving rise to the emerging electronic marketplace. Not only is communication itself emerging as a worldwide business, it is also underpinning the globalisation and networking of economic activities. business Companies, are linking configurations in are New information- appearing, particularly including based sectors. establishing worldwide SMEs, networks research, production, assembly and distribution. Services, in particular (e. g. consultancy, banking, insurance, travel, publishing, marketing, sales, advertising, etc. ), can now be produced in one country and exported to another via electronic networks. information services if an emerges. The wide range of activities now technically possible can only be fully exploited international enabling International framework agreements have always played an important role in the development of the communications industry. Figure 1 shows how the character of these international public and private sector arrangements is being progressively extended from mainly technical to commercial and increasingly the communications legal environment evolves. issues as systems over the period 2000-2010 is estimated to be around 110 billion ECU. This considerable growth over recent years has coincided with significant price reductions driven by falling costs snd increasing competition, and the expansion of data networks, in particular the Internet, which will account for a growing proportion of international traffic in coming years. Approximately 100 countries now enjoy Internet access. Recent surveys10 report that there are around 20 million Internet hosts worldwide, and the number of actual internet users is currently estimated to be in the region of 100 million11. It is forecast that this figure will increase to a quarter of a billion users by the year 200. 012. Internet Hosts (Thousands) Source: Network Wizards environment communications Figure 1 below illustrates how the nature of the is changing. The scope of activities possible (e. g. medical, educational, recreational, commercial) and the number of different actors concerned has expanded through liberalisation and the development of new multimedia products and services. Example; Electronic Commerce Electronic commerce definitions may differ and estimates may vary, but nevertheless there are clear indications of strong growth. Estimates published in July 199T* Indicate that business- to-business commerce over the Internet will reach 7 billion ECU in 1997 - a tenfold increase from 1996. In 2002, It is forecast that the value 10 Network Wizards: www. nw. com " www. nua. ie/surveys 12 Global Internet Project: www. gip. org '•' Forrester Research: www. forrester. com Increasing Demand Commercial market-access competitive framework Technical interconnection interoperability frequencies ' Legal jurisdiction liability taxation copyright authentication encryption data protection content consumer protection Increasing Scope of Services Interactive Services (online multimedia) ' Enhanced communications services (video-conf. , e-mail, Internet) Basic Telephony (voice, tax) Telegraphy Past Present Future Figure 1 : Enabling Framework for the global electronic marketplace 2. 2 The need for Interoperable technical solutions Example: Global System far Mobile Communication (GSM) in telecommunications, a Historically, number of international public bodies were set up to oversee agreements on technical issues, the connection and interoperability of national networks, ITU14, standards and frequencies (e. g. ISO15, ETSI16, CEPT17, etc. ). including Example: International interconnection The first telegraph linos did not cross national frontiers because each country used a different system and each had its own telegraph code. Messages had to be handed over at frontiers before being retransmitted over the telegraph network of the neighbouring country. Countries than decided to conclude agreements to interconnect national networks. to to offer users access The ability personal facilities communications wherever they travel in the world would not have been possible had it not been for the conclusion of international accords on standards, frequencies, and "roaming". 14 www. itu. int ,s www. iso. ch "* www. etsi. fr !7 wv/w,ink. fi/cept/englanti/ceptinfo. htm The mobile phone scene in the eariySOs was akin to a car being driven freely around the motorways of Germany, but stopping dead on crossing the border into France. The introduction of GSM - the result of close collaboration between industry, governments and users at an international level (CEPT, ETSI, EU) - opened the way for trans-border mobility or networks, irrespective of their geographical location. "roaming" between different New technological developments are giving rise to new needs. These are linked to issues such as the development of Internet architecture, the frequency and the next requirements of technical generation wireless mobile communications and new satellite and navigational including reconciliation of requirements posed by commercial interest applications, as well as the legal protection of user interfaces for multimedia services. systems, public and of concerned The speed of technological developments combined with the changing role of the that actors standardisation is beginning to follow a different mechanism to that which has operated in télécommunications (public bodies) and in the IT sector (agreements between "big" historically mean players, proprietary leading sometimes to de facto monopolies): a more open and flexible consensus-building process. systems A particularly striking illustration is the "Internet community" (e. g. IETF, W3C, IANA). Unlike the international switched telephone network, which has largely been built up within a formal and institutionalised framework agreed by governments, the Internet has developed according to its own unique user-driven model into a loose federation of interconnected computer It is made up of networks worldwide. groups which are open and follow a more spontaneous organisational model, but are therefore more difficult to define. Example: the domain name system (DNS)18 In an increasingly commercialised Internet, the most coveted domain is ". com", intended for commercial organisations. But ". com" is a non- country-specific generic top level domain that can be used by anyone in the world. The availability of useful names is quickly running out and registering under the narrow confines of ". com" cannot work for much longer. In 1996 there were around 40,000 Today, there are over 4 million. In the future, questions such as who should be responsible for managing the funding, administration, and assigning of domain names in generic Top Level Domains, and how to introduce more competition into the management of the DNS system, will have to be answered. registrations. Because of an open and flexible model, Internet standardisation up to now is quick and agile. Measures to facilitate the continued growth of the Internet as an important feature in global communications this open, user-led will need to approach into account. take 2. 3 Ensuring market access and competition The electronic marketplace will reinforce the ongoing trend towards globalisation, which, as trade figures show, is gathering speed. As a share of world output, trade has more than tripled since 1950 - from 7 per cent to over 22 per cent. Investment, too, has become a powerful force for economic integration with cumulative assets of foreign investment trebled since 1987 - trillion ECU. A significant proportion of trade in money markets takes place on-line. The daily volume of foreign exchange deals worldwide exceeds 1,000 billion ECU19. to over 2. 5 A number of agreements have given an added impetus to these trends, notably within the WTO, through the GATT, GATS and TRIPS agreements, which will in continue to play an promoting trade liberalisation, including the recent agreement on telecommunication services. important role The Internet community is trying to build on open standards that allow both interoperability and competition. Open standards are particularly important with regard to hardware and software tools for Internet use and access. Items such as browser software are in a way the "entry ramps" to the information superhighway, and it is important that they be based on open standards so that all users may have equal access to the Internet. Otherwise proprietary standards and their attendant licensing schemes will control access to content commerce transactions, and will adversely influence licensing and other market behaviour. electronic and 18 As many as 9 different organisations are directly involved in decision-making for the Internet's Domain Name System (IETF, IESG, IAB, ISOC, IANA, FNC, NSF, InterNIC, NSI) and an international debate on its future governance is underway. for One of the the major obstacles development of advanced communication services which are at the basis of the "on line" high economy Dramatic telecommunications reductions in the cost of computing power together with competition are pushing tariffs and giving to a global infrastructure where distance becomes meaningless. costs. rise are The Irrelevance of Distance A transatlantic telephone call now costs just 1. 5 percent of what it cost 60 years ago. And the World Bank predicts that by 2010 the cost will have fallen by another two-thirds, making for instance trans-Atlantic telecommunications increasingly affordable to all. This will allow small businesses and individuals to establish remote presence, beyond the geo-political borders of their physical location. Doing global 19 Financial Times - "The Banker", 27. 11. 97 business is already no longer limited to big multi-national companies but within reach of everyone who, for instance by using the Internet, is able to set up a global business at low costs. and access Falling tariffs will create further dynamism in the electronic marketplace, notably when broadband communications become more affordable. The current limitations of also mobile Internet narrow to communications to be overcome as bandwidth needs quickly as possible. In most cases, the necessary incentives will be provided by competition. and market Therefore effective implementation of agreed WTO rules are crucial. relatively demand 2. 4 Tho need for a consistent legal framework like the As a principle, the legal frameworks of the off-line world will be applied to the on-line world and public interest will also need to be safeguarded in a proportionate manner. However the technical possibilities of open Internet are already networks beginning to put legal structures to the test in various fields of existing law. In some cases, the borderless electronic marketplace and the transmissions which circulate within it may therefore require clarification or adaptation of and enforcement mechanisms. The following illustrative examples aim to demonstrate the diversity of these issues. the specific character of frameworks existing legal The question of how taxes and tariffs should be applied and implemented to electronic commerce is a major issue in this area. For instance, the impact of electronic commerce in the area of indirect taxation needs to be examined. Example: Value-Added Tax The musical content of CDs Is delivered on-line from a country A to a Country B; i. e. no physical goods are sent, the "music" is simply downloaded by the customers. Unlike a hard- copy, it passes from supplier to consumer without being subject to customs controls. Country 8 is unable to collect the VAT unless it is voluntarily declared by consumer. Furthermore, a supplier in country 3 wGuld be obliged to charge VAT on all sales, iewing him ai a disadvantage. To put both suppliers on an equal footing, the tax regime the resident would require modifications which might involve charging VAT on the basis of the location of the customers. the on-line world In some cases, is beginning to expose differences in national laws, even though such differences may be entirely compatible with the markets and activities for which those rules were originally developed. A central legal issue for users of open networks, such as the Internet, is that of identifying which party should be liable for legal violations in the network environment. The current situation is characterised by considerable legal uncertainty to the detriment of some parties. the Moreover, increased use of open electronic networks has also resulted in an increasing number of jurisdictional conflicts between States. The explosive growth in networked communications means that such jurisdictional conflicts are likely to become more and more common. Example: Jurisdiction A company In Country A establishes a site on the Internet by which it sells products. The company's site can be accessed by Internet users in Country B, but it sells no products and otherwise transacts no business there. A consumer in Country B files suit against the company in Country B, claiming that the information on its web site is misleading under the laws of that country. The court in Country B asserts jurisdiction over the company based on its web site being accessible there, forcing the company to defend a costly suit in a foreign country wfth which H otherwise has no ties. 20 in The networking of activities is encouraging the "virtual" mobility of human resources and is giving rise to a more global labour market. this Trans-national work context is likely to have implications with regard to the applicable law for labour- related issues. Adequate mechanisms which can soive disputes regarding trans- border work and which can serve as guidelines for the parties when trans national work is agreed upon may be needed. At the European level, jurisdiction in the field of civil and commercial matters is regulated by the Brussels and Lugano Conventions on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgements in Civil and Commercial matters (1968 and 1988. respectively) Example: labour law A teleworicer employee with residence in Country A, works (or a company established in Country B. What 'iito the legal implications? Technology allows intellectual property to be copied and transmitted worldwide with relative ease. As a result, different levels of legal protection in different countries become more relevant for rightholders and users. Example: copyright the basis of research/teaching Country A provides for a exception to the right of communication to the public (on-line) for teaching and scientific research. Country B does not. A university in Country A includes, the on exception, works protected by copyright in its site without the authorisation of imp right holder. The sip is accessible in Coynfry B. The university therefore Infringes rights which exist in country 8 end in any other country where it is accessible. The university must ensure that it has authorisation, if necessary, in all countries where the site is accessible. Similarly, significant differences in data protection regulation, or the absence of data protection provided at regional and national levels are likely to hinder cross- border electronic trade and deter citizens' use of communications services. Example: date protection22 An individual hi ûout^ryA visits the !. a company based in Country B. the before allowing entry, requires all users to complete an oh-Une questionnaire,^ftftfafi requests the user's personal details ahdviher 21 An improved international commercial and legal framework for intellectual property is emerging through the TRIPS agreement, and the WIPO treaties of December 1996 on Copyright, and on Performances and Phonograms. The Commission has recently adopted a proposal for adirective on copyright and related rights in the Information Society (COM(97)628fin). This directive will complement the existing Community framework on copyright and related rights, which addresses already certain copyright issues related to the Information Society. 22 In the field of data protection, the EU has adopted a directive on the protection of Individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (Directive 95/46/EC) and a Directive concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the telecommunications sector (Directive 97/66/EC). Data protection is also being tackled by the Council of Europe (1981 Convention on Data Protection) and the OECD. daté pà th0 user's We style preferences. No |fte likely uses of lnfc^^0^$. ^j^^4e^4rdkg the^:^^>W0:'éànpany $en sells on the //$$pi§ife ^#;ï--ceÈ|6fe-. *>" many other cWipt$êè. The individual receives unsolicited e-màtl messages and telephone calls from companies wishing to sell their products. The individual knows that under legislation in Country A, they have legal right to object to the use of personal data for such purposes and that there is a national scheme to do so easily and without charge. No such legal right exist in Country B and the individual therefore has no remedy to this problem. Trademark laws are also affected. Oniine advertising with national or supranational trademarks in the absence of agreed principles may also not be without its risks. For example, the limitations of the Internet domain name system are giving rise to legal battles involving national rightholders sharing the same trade mark. Companies are rapidly becoming aware of the great value of easily memorable Internet domain names. Trade marks are territorial, yet names registered under the domain name system are both unique and international. Example: trade marks** Two francophone companies In two different countries have a national Trademark for two different products which includes the name Vitfi&nf. Which company should be able to trade internationally on the internet under the donSatnnattfa Vumont. com"? require commerce As well as challenging existing laws, the technical characteristics of networks and new on-line agreements, for example in the field of security and authentication. Measures will need to provide legal security and trust in the medium and prevent the appearance of "weak links in the chain" in countries where are insufficient24. guarantees security Example: authentication 23 WIPO prepared in 1997 new dispute settlement mechanisms and specific guidelines to solve potential conflicts between, domain names and trademarks. 24 The Telecommunications Council of 1/12/97 asked the European Commission to propose a Directive on "digital signatures". The OECD agreed on "Guidelines for Cryptography Policy" in 1997. The absence of a harmonised approach to Certification Authorities (CA) which can verify the identity and authenticity of correspondents could seriously undermine the development of cross-border trust. Certificates issued by a CA in one country might not be recognised by a CA in another country, especially if one country has foreseen a licensing scheme for CAs and the certificate has been issued by a foreign unlicensed CA. Existing laws and mechanisms providing consumer protection will also need to be clarified. A major inhibitor to consumers is the difficulty the origin of liabilities where products, establishing these products fali short of the advertised quality standards or prove to be unfit for the intended use. locating in Example: consumer protection In th8 electronic market place, a customer could be misled into thinking that he or she was purchasing a product from a firm registered in his or her own country (thereby subject to its laws or regulations) and using the corresponding country code in its domain name, only to find that the product emanated frcm another country, where In fact the company is subject to a different regime of controls. There is also uncertainty concerning the validity of contracts entered into over the network, and redress available when undertaking transactions via the Internet. the means of Example: terms and conditions of contract A consumer in Country A desires to purchase a product from s company in Country 8 over the Internet As part of the on-line offer, the consumer is supposed to accept the company's general terms and conditions, which are quite lengthy, by clicking "OK". The consumer does click OK", but did not read the terms end conditions as he would have had to stay on-line too long. When the product develops a defect, the company defends itself based on the disclaimer of liability in the on line terms and conditions, which the consumer claims should not apply since the law of Country A requires terms and conditions to be of reasonable length and complexity. 25 26 Networks can also be misused for criminal purposes. Examples of such high-tech crime include various forms of computer manipulations, computer sabotage and extortion, computer hacking, computer espionage and software piracy. Fighting hi-tech crime calls for more cooperation. 27 The wide accessibility of content of all kinds also raises issues of public interest with numerous social and cultural, as well as economic implications. Differences in national or regional cultures and moral and ethical codes also give rise to divergent national laws. In the on-line economy, this may lead to situations where a site may contain what one nation regards as indecent or unethical, whilst the same content may legal elsewhere. considered be Example: harmful and Illegal content In an effort to prevent the spread of what it regards as "unsuitable" or "offensive" material in its jurisdiction, Country A decides to make all content of this kind illegal. Country B's content standards are incompatible with Country A's. Should content, for example contained in advertising on certain Internet sites emanating from Country B, be considered "indecent" by authorities in Country A, it may decide to take legal action against information service providers originating in Country B. Authorities in Country 8 might dispute such a charge on the grounds that. H is an infringement of their citizens' fundamental rights to freedom of expression. 2. 5 Conclusions: Requirements for an international framework framework appropriate The global electronic marketplace requires an covering technical, commercial, and legal aspects. This should foster interoperable technical solutions, competitive business practices It does not need to and consistent rules. consist of detailed and harmonised rules on all relevant aspects. 25 At the European level, applicable law to contractual obligations is determined by the Rome Convention on the Law applicable to Contractual obligations of 1980. 26 At the European level, such disclaimers of liability are prohibited by the product liability directive (85/374/EEC) 27 High tech crime was discussed at the G8 Summit in Denver (1997) and at the ministerial meeting in Boston in December 1997. A number of obstacles needing to be addressed by this framework have been identified above. As to their priority, views may differ, but some of the issues can already be recognised today as requiring the urgent and coordinated attention of the international community. Among these priorities issues such as consensus on the Domain Name System, agreement on binding data protection reducing communication costs, rules, taxation, and in providing certainty agreeing on implications of legal electronic authentication. there are the characterises Because of the fast-moving environment which electronic communications and commerce, some of issues may be resolved relatively the soon, others may prove to be significant bottlenecks, whilst others are yet to emerge. The development of an international framework must therefore be based on a forward-looking and flexible approach. The above analysis makes it clear that issues increasingly legal touch upon frameworks. It is increasingly necessary to examine them at a global level as uncertainty surrounding different national these and challenges will hamper further development of the electronic marketplace. responses to the regional Therefore, a broad dialogue on the key authorities, issues public amongst industry, consumers and international organisations should be envisaged. DEFINING THE WAY FORWARD FOR INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION 3. 1 Strengthening international coordination at organisations Already, inter governmental and private sector levels have been mobilised into working towards solutions within a variety of formal and A host of cooperative conferences involving and private governments, international organisations have been held. frameworks. events sector and conference For example, electronic commerce-related issues were discussed during the G7 in Brussels28 ministerial (February 1995), the Midrand conference (May 1996), UNCITRAL adopted a "Model Law" on electronic commerce in 1996, the Bonn Ministerial conference (July 1997)29, the ITU "Telecom Interactive" event in Geneva (September 1997), the ISO Global in Brussels Standards Conference (October 1997), the OECD30 conference in Turku (November 1997), the TABD in Rome (November 1997), the Council of Europe Ministerial conference on Mass (Thessaloniki, December Media Policy 1997) and at (Vancouver November 1997), EU-US (Washington, December 1997), and EU-Japan (Tokyo, January 1998) summits. the APEC Much work has already been achieved within the WTO, notably the GATT, GATS and TRIPS Agreement, which will remain an important motor of trade liberalisation. The successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round of multi-lateral trade negotiations and the recent agreements achieved in information products, technology telecommunications and financial services, have given a new impetus to global trade. They have also demonstrated that many countries share a strong mutual interest in improving trade conditions. As regards the provision of, and access to new information services, however, the trade community faces the challenge of the global ensuring free access to 28 www. i8po. cee. be/g7/g7main. html 26 www2. ectio. lu/bonn/conference. html 30 www. oecd. org through they apply this challenge, the electronic marketplace implementation of competition effective rules. The WTO provides a basis to address in particular through the GATS, in this respect, a debate is currently emerging as to whether there is a need to adjust those provisions when to services provided electronically. The new round of services negotiations scheduled to start before the for year 2000 could have further liberalisation. In addition, the WTO working group on "trade and competition" should eventually lead to the strengthening of competition rules at world-wide level, which would apply across sectors, including electronic communication and commerce. implications Besides the work undertaken in the WTO, ongoing discussions in other fora, such as the OECD, WiPO, ITU, UNCTAD, etc. , as the well as bilateral discussions with Community's major trading partners, such as the United States and Japan, are widely contributing to building consensus on electronic commerce issues. the understandings Although good progress has been achieved, and agreements arrived at within these fora consist either of principles, which are not necessarily compatible, or do not cover all elements of a comprehensive framework. Also, to continue with as wide a participation of the international community as possible, including the developing countries. As chapter 2 shows, there are a growing awaiting number solutions. the process will now need urgent issues of the Since electronic commerce is adding rapidly a new dimension to the global international community economy, should define an appropriate mechanism, which can help the different actors to respond more quickly to new requirements as they arise in a coordinated manner. In this context, they need to answer two questions: Two questions • What are the most urgent obstacles and what are the most effective means to remove them? » What method of coordination is best suited to respond rapidly and effectively to new challenges? 3. 2 Identifying the most urgent issues and ways to tackle them them to address the problems and What is required is an urgent and detailed examination of the priorities, in order to allow the international community in a substantive and coordinated manner. is growing experience amongst There industry, consumer groups, governments. and international organisations, of the key problems needing solutions in order to the global foster electronic marketplace. the development of The difficulty lies in obtaining a consistent approach in view of the number of different groups engaged in parallel activities, which are not always coordinated. One can however observe in many areas an emerging convergence of views on the definition of problems. These include, for instance, requirements from industry for technology neutral proportionate and regulations, groups consumer from seeking adequate data protection, as weli as of consistent competition rules. implementation Opportunities to exchange information can help to identify and solve problems which arise from a lack of sufficient knowledge on applicable frameworks and help to those problems from distinguish which will require the clarification or adaptation of binding or non-binding regulations. them The Commission will support such activities where necessary and possible. In particular, it will use its own fora and planned events as opportunities to contribute to the debate (e. g. expert group meeting in Copenhagen on cryptography in April 1998, Information Society Forum31 - in which major business and social group the interests consultation launched by the Green Paper Initiatives may also be on convergence). inspired by activities such as the Memorandum of Understanding "Open represented are -, 31 www. ispo. cec. be/infoforum/isf. html 10 to Electronic Commerce Access for European SMEs", signed by over 100 organisations32 and open for membership. Furthermore, it will seek to promote an active EU contribution to the consensus building process, both in the private and public sectors. Among the various groups, industry is currently particularly active as it develops new global business structures and services. They are at this stage probably most advanced the in drawbacks of existing rules. confronting invite industry For this reason, in the course of 1998, the Commission will to participate in a round table at expert level (to which experts from Member States, international partners and consumer groups will also be invited), to provide an opportunity for all to present their views in and a more encourage an exchange of information. coordinated manner It is however also important that these views are presented to public policy makers at a global level. For this purpose, it is proposed, in the course of 1998 or early 1999 at the latest, to: (i) either organise a specific International Ministerial Conference; (ii) take advantage of one of the already at international events planned Ministerial level. The outcome of such a meeting could be an understanding on priority issues and how to tackle them. 3. 3 Developing a method of coordination: An International Charter As shown in chapter 2, a number of problems are already visible but, as the global electronic marketplace develops, one can expect many new issues to appear, whilst others may change or even vanish. In addition, there is a growing constellation of actors and bodies involved. Therefore, all actors should examine how they could work together in future. What is not required is to establish an international supervisory authority or a 12 www. eto. org. uk/ttrade/mou/ reach rules. a They should, set of binding forward-looking however, understanding on how best to develop common approaches to problems and their solutions, to develop a sustained method of coordination in which public and private sector interests are adequately represented. This could be agreed multi- laterally in an International Charter. i. e. An International Charter would: be a multi-lateral understanding on a remove method of coordination to obstacles the global electronic for marketplace; be legally non-binding recognise international organisations the work of existing promote the participation of private sector and relevant social groups contribute to transparency33. more regulatory contain An International Charter would not therefore define the key issues to be solved as an such, but understanding on how a process of strengthened international coordination should be organised, with as wide as possible a participation of the international community. The Charter could be agreed by or in the course of 1999. •" The G7 Ministerial Conference in Brussels of February 1995 established the Global Inventory Project. This could develop into a suitable international forum for the exchange of information on legal issues and frameworks relating to the Information Society: www. gip. int II The European Commission will: (i) Discuss with Member States and seek an understanding on the procedure. Such opportunities will arise in the forthcoming Telecom and Gênerai Affairs Councils; (ii) Take advantage of the Commission's mgufar ' contacts with international partners to pursue an open discussion of the concept; (III) foyfte experts from industry and others including international partners to a round table meeting in 1998 to obtain a more comprehensive picture; (iv)seefc to promote an active, EU-wide contribution to the consensus-building process, by both private and public sectors. (v) Invite all interested parties to send by 31 March 1998 their comments to the address: e-mail following eif@bxl. dg13. cec. be. 4. ';. fHii:iiiiiiiSï This Communication sets out: » the need for an international enabling the emerging global framework electronic marketplace; for » a preliminary analysis of emerging obstacles to this framework covering technical, commercial and legal areas; ® a proposal for immediate action to coordinate views on the key obstacles to the most effective means and remove them - building on stronger private sector (including consumer groups) involvement; • a proposai for an international Charter through which parties would agree on a method of coordination between all relevant parties. As indicated, this Communication does not attempt to propose solutions to the specific issues identified nor does it set out to define the respective roles of the relevant international fora. It outlines how improved multi-lateral be coordination developed. The next steps will therefore depend upon the responses the European Commission will receive to its proposals. could \2 APEC (Asia-Pacific Economie Cooperation) ÂFWÊC (Asia Pacific Network Information Center) APT (Asia-Pacific Tefecommunity) ARM (American Registry for Internet Numbers) ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) BfAC (Business and industry Advisory Committee) ChTEL (Comisiôn Interamericana de Telecommunicaciones) DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting Group) EFF (Electronic Frontier Foundation) ETSI (European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute) FNC (Federal Networking Council) GIP (Global Internet Project) gTLD-MoU ( Generic Top Level Domain Memorandum of Understanding) IAE (Internet Architecture Board) IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) IESG (The Internet Engineering Steering Group) IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) INTA (International Trademark Association) InterNIC (Internet Network Information Center> ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) ISOC (Internet Society) ITU (International Telecommunications Union) MERCOSUR (Mercado Comun del Sur) NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) NCC-RIPE (RIPE Network Coordination Center) NSF (National Science Foundation) NSI (Network Solutions Incorporated) OAS (Organisation of American States) OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) PANAFTEL (PanAfrican Telecommunications Network) PATU (Pan-African Telecommunications Union) POC (Policy Oversight Committee) RASCOM (Regional African Satellite Communications Organisation) RIPE (Réseaux IP Européens) TABD (Trans-Atlantic Business Dialogue) 13 UMTS - Forum (Univeral Mobile Telecommunications System - Forum) UN (United Nations) UN/ECA (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa)) UN/ECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) UNDP (United Nations Development Program) UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation) WSC (World Wide Web Consortium) WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organisation) WRC (World Radiocommunications Conference) WTO (World Trade Organisation) 14 ISSN 0254-1475 COM(98) 50 final DOCUMENTS EN 16 11 15 Catalogue number : CB-CO-98-067-HN C ISBN 92-78-30888-9 Office for Official Publications of the European Communities L-2985 Luxembourg