title: Proposta alterada de directiva do Conselho relativa ao ónus da prova nos casos de discriminação baseada no sexo

eurovoc_concepts:
equal pay
gender equality
proof
sexual discrimination
social policy

formats: pdf pdfa1b print

text: COMISSÃO DAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEIAS •Cr •ir •ir «ir* -Cr -ir <r Bruxelas, 14. 05. 1997 COM(97) 202 final 96/0196 (PRT) Proposta alterada de DIRECTIVA DO CONSELHO relativa ao ónus da prova nos casos de discriminação baseada no sexo (apresentada pela Comissão em conformidade com o disposto no n° 2 do artigo 189o-A do Tratado CE) EXPOSIÇÃO DOS MOTIVOS A proposta inicial de Directiva do Conselho relativa ao ónus da prova nos casos de driscriminação baseada no sexo, com base no n° 2 do artigo 2o do Protocolo (N° 14) relativo à política social, anexo ao Tratado, foi submetida pela Comissão ao Conselho em 20 de Setembro de 19961. O principal objectivo prosseguido por esta proposta é adaptar as regras do ónus da prova nos casos de driscriminação baseada no sexo e assegurar que as medidas relativas ao procedimento tomadas a esse respeito pelos Estados-membros se tornem mais eficazes. O Parlamento Europeu e o Comité Económico e Social emitiram o seu parecer em 10 de Abril de 19772 e 27 de Fevereiro de 19973, respectivamente. Ao preparar esta proposta alterada, a Comissão teve em conta as alterações do Parlamento Europeu com vista a reforçar as principais disposições da sua proposta original e, nomeadamente: a) b) c) a definição do conceito de "discriminação indirecta". A proposta alterada está mais em sintonia com a actual jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça; o âmbito de aplicação da Directiva. A proposta alterada actualiza a proposta original e tem em conta a Directiva 96/34/CE relativa ao Acordo-quadro sobre a licença parental celebrado pela UNICE, pelo CEEP e pela CES; a adaptação do ónus da prova. A proposta alterada torna ainda mais visível a ligação com o conceito de discriminação indirecta definido no artigo 2 o da proposta e as circunstâncias em que pode ocorrer uma adaptação do ónus da prova. Esta alteração é apresentada pela Comissão nos termos do n° 2 do artigo 189° A do Tratado. 1 2 3 JO N°C 332, 17. 1. 1996, p. 11. JO N° JO N° 3L Proposta alterada de Directiva do Conselho relativa ao ónus da prova nos casos de discriminação baseada no sexo PROPOSTA DA COMISSÃO PROPOSTA ALTERADA DA COMISSÃO O CONSELHO DA UNIÃO EUROPEIA, O CONSELHO DA UNIÃO EUROPEIA, Tendo em conta o Acordo relativo à política social anexado ao protocolo (n° 14) relativo à política social, anexo ao Tratado que institui e nomeadamente o n° 2 do seu artigo 2, a Comunidade Europeia, Tendo em conta a proposta da Comissão*' > Tendo em conta o parecer do Comité Económico e Social*2) Deliberando em conformidade com o procedimento previsto no artigo 189° C do Tratado CE e em cooperação com Parlamento Europeu, (1) Considerando que, com base no protocolo relativo à política social anexo ao Tratado, os Estados-membros, à excepção do Reino Unido da Grã- Bretanha e da Irlanda do Norte (a seguir designados "Estados-membros"), desejosos de aplicar a Carta Social de 1989, celebraram entre eles um Acordo relativo à política social; direitos fundamentais (2) Considerando que a Carta comunitária dos dos trabalhadores reconhece a importância da luta contra todas as formas de discriminação, as baseadas no sexo, na cor, na raça, nas opiniões e nos credos; que a Comissão adoptou, a 13 de Dezembro de 1995, designadamente O JON°C. (2> JON°C. 3> uma comunicação*1) sobre racismo, xenofobia e anti-semitismo; e direitos mulheres, que (3) Considerando que o ponto 16 da Carta sociais dos comunitária fundamentais trabalhadores, dos relativo à igualdade de tratamento entre prevê, homens nomeadamente, "devem intensificar-se, onde necessário, as acções destinadas a garantir a aplicação do princípio da igualdade entre homens e mulheres, nomeadamente no acesso ao emprego, remuneração, condições de trabalho, protecção social, educação, formação profissional e evolução das carreiras"; (4) Considerando que o Conselho, pese embora a existência de um consenso alargado entre a maioria dos Estados- membros, não pôde deliberar sobre a proposta*2) de directiva relativa ao ónus da prova no domínio da igualdade de remuneração e igualdade de tratamento entre homens e mulheres; (5) Considerando o Parlamento que Europeu, na sua resolução de Janeiro de 1994*3) sobre o Livro Branco "Política Social Europeia", solicitou à uma Comissão proposta de directiva no que respeita ao ónus da prova; apresentasse que (6) Considerando que, nos termos do n° 2 do artigo 3 o do Acordo relativo à política social, a Comissão consultou os parceiros sociais ao nível comunitário sobre a orientação possível de uma acção comunitária em matéria do ónus da prova em casos de discriminação baseada no sexo; O COM(95) 653 final *2) JON°C176, 5. 7. 1988, p. 5 *3) JON°C43, 20. 5. 1995, p. 63 Q comunitária, (7) Considerando que, após essa consulta, a Comissão, entendendo ser desejável uma acção consultou novamente os parceiros sociais sobre o conteúdo da proposta prevista no n° 3 do artigo 3 o do dito acordo, tendo aqueles transmitido à Comissão os respectivos pareceres; (8) Considerando que, no termo desta segunda fase de consulta, os parceiros sociais não transmitiram à Comissão a sua vontade de encetar o processo previsto no artigo 4o do dito acordo, susceptível de conduzir à celebração de um acordo; têm como (9) Considerando que, segundo o artigo Io do acordo, a Comunidade e os Estados- objectivo a membros melhoria das condições de vida e de trabalho; que a aplicação efectiva do princípio da igualdade de tratamento entre mulheres e homens contribui para a realização desse objectivo; (lO)Considerando que o princípio da igualdade foi enunciado pelo artigo 119° do Tratado CE e pela Directiva 75/117/CEE do Conselho, relativa à igualdade de remuneração entre os trabalhadores masculinos e femininos, assim como pela Directiva 76/207/CEE do Conselho, relativa ao acesso ao formação e promoção emprego, à profissionais e às condições de trabalho, pela do Directiva trabalhadores Conselho, relativa aos que actividade uma exercem independente, incluindo a actividade agrícola, bem como à protecção da maternidade, pela Directiva 79/7/CEE do Conselho, relativa à segurança 86/613/CEE masculinos como (lO)Considerando que o princípio da igualdade foi enunciado pelo artigo 119° do Tratado CE e pela Directiva 75/117/CEE do Conselho, relativa à igualdade de remuneração entre os e trabalhadores femininos1, pela assim Directiva 76/207/CEE do Conselho, relativa ao acesso ao emprego, à formação e promoção profissionais e trabalho2, às 86/613/CEE do Conselho, relativa aos trabalhadores que exercem uma actividade independente, incluindo a actividade agrícola, bem como à protecção da maternidade3, pela Directiva 79/7/CEE do Conselho, condições de JO n° L45, 19. 2. 1975, p. 19 (EE 05 F2, p. 52) JO n° L 39, 14. 2. 1976, p. 40 (EE 05 F2, p. 70). JOn°L359, 19. 2. 1986, p. 59. 1 2 3 ^ social, e pela Directiva 86/378/CEE do Conselho, regimes relativa profissionais da segurança social; aos relativa à segurança social4, pela Directiva 86/378/CEE do Conselho, relativa aos regimes profissionais da segurança social5, e pela Directiva 96/34/CE do Conselho, relativa ao Acordo-quadro licença parental celebrado pela UNICE, pelo CEEP e pela CES6; sobre a (ll)Considerando a Directiva que 92/85/CEE do Conselho, relativa à segurança e saúde das trabalhadoras grávidas, puérperas ou lactantes1 no trabalho, contribui igualmente para a realização efectiva do princípio da igualdade de tratamento entre mulheres e homens; que a referida directiva não directivas pode anteriormente referidas em matéria de igualdade de tratamento; e que, como tal, é conveniente que os trabalhadores visados 92/85/CEE beneficiem, nas mesmas condições, da adaptação das regras do ónus da prova; na Directiva prejudicar as à aplicação (12)Considerando que a aplicação efectiva do princípio da igualdade de tratamento de medidas obriga complementares no que respeita aos procedimentos a seguir e às provas a fornecer perante os órgãos de jurisdição órgãos nacionais competentes; outros ou eficaz de (13)Considerando que as partes requerentes ficariam privadas de justiça em qualquer meio fazerem respeitar o princípio da igualdade de de tratamento jurisdição nacional se o facto de fazer prova de uma discriminação aparente não tivesse por efeito impor à parte requerida o ónus de demonstrar que a perante órgão o 4 JO L 6, 10. 1. 1979, p. 24 (EE 05 F2, p. 174). 5. JO n° L 225, 12. 8. 1986, p. 40, com a redacção que lhe foi dada pela Directiva 96/97/CE de 20. 12. 1996 (JO n° L 46 de 17. 2. 1997, p. 20. 6. JO n°L 145, 19. 6. 1996, p. 4. 1 JOn°L348, 28. 11. 1992, p. l 6 sua prática não é, na realidade, discriminatória; (14)Considerando que, em consequência, o Tribunal de Justiça das Comunidades Europeias considerou2 que se impõe a adaptação das regras do ónus da prova sempre que se observe uma aparência de discriminação e que, nos casos em que essa situação se verifique, a aplicação efectiva do princípio da igualdade de tratamento exige que o ónus da prova incumba ao requerido; (15)Considerando a que prova de discriminação é bastante mais difícil trata de discriminação quando se indirecta; que, como tal, é importante definir essa noção; (15)Considerando que a prova de discriminação é bastante mais difícil quando se trata de discriminação indirecta; que, visto que este conceito incorporado no direito não foi nacional de todos os Estados- membros, é importante definir essa noção e fornecer critérios através dos quais se possa determinar se existe ou não discriminação indirecta; (16)Considerando que, em conformidade com os princípios de subsidiariedade e de proporcionalidade enunciados no artigo 3°-B do Tratado CE, o objectivo de uma adaptação adequada das regras do ónus da prova não é suficientemente realizado pelos Estados-membros e que, como tal, se impõe a sua realização ao nível comunitário; que a presente directiva se limita ao mínimo exigido, não excedendo o que é necessário para (16)Considerando que, em conformidade com os princípios de subsidiariedade e de proporcionalidade enunciados no artigo 3o B do Tratado CE, o objectivo de assegurar uma adaptação adequada das regras do ónus da prova suficientemente não realizado pelos Estados-membros e que, como tal, se impõe a sua realização ao nível comunitário; que a presente directiva se limita ao mínimo sido tem 2. Processo C-109/88 Danfoss, acórdão de 17 de Outubro de 1989, Colectânea 1989, p. 3199 (ponto 16); processo C-318/86 Comissão contra França, acórdão de 30 de Junho de 1988, Colectânea 1988, p. 3559 (ponto 27); processo C-127/92 Enderby, acórdão de 27 de Outubro de 1993, Colectânea 1993, p. 1-5535 (pontos 13 e 14); processo C-400/93 Royal Copenhagen, acórdão de 31 de Maio de 1995, Colectânea 1995, p. 1-1275 (ponto 24). y esse fim, exigido, não excedendo o que necessário para esse fim, ADOPTOU A PRESENTE DIRECTIVA: Capítulo 1: Normas gerais Artigo Io Fins aplicação A presente directiva visa garantir uma maior eficácia das medidas adoptadas pelos Estados-membros do para princípio da igualdade de tratamento, que permitam a qualquer pessoa que se lesada pela não aplicação do considere valer da princípio judicialmente direitos, eventualmente após recurso a outros órgãos competentes. igualdade, os fazer seus Artigo 2o Definições Artigo 2o Definições 1. Para efeitos da presente directiva, 1 entende-se por princípio da igualdade de tratamento a ausência de qualquer discriminação baseada no sexo, quer directa indirectamente, nomeadamente pela referência ao estado civil ou familiar. quer Para efeitos da presente directiva, entende-se por princípio da igualdade de tratamento a ausência de qualquer discriminação baseada no sexo, quer directa quer indirectamente, inter alia pela referência ao estado civil ou familiar. 2. Para efeitos do princípio da igualdade 2. referido no n° 1, verifica-se uma indirecta situação de discriminação quando uma disposição, um critério ou uma prática em aparência neutros afecte uma proporção consideravelmente mais importante de pessoas de um sexo, nomeadamente por referência ao estado civil ou familiar, a menos que o objectivo visado pela aplicação dessa disposição, critério ou prática seja objectivamente justificado e que os sejam meios apropriados e necessários. alcançar para o uma Para efeitos do princípio da igualdade referido no n° 1, verifica-se uma indirecta situação de discriminação quando uma disposição, um critério ou uma prática em aparência neutros proporção afecte consideravelmente mais importante de pessoas de um sexo, nomeadamente por referência ao estado civil ou familiar, a menos que o objectivo visado coincida com uma necessidade concreta da empresa ou com um objectivo importante da política social de um Estado-membro, não tenha em si a discriminação baseada no sexo e se razões justifique objectivas, e que os meios para qualquer portanto relação com por fi alcançar tal apropriados e necessários. objectivo sejam Artigo 3° Artigo 3 o Âmbito de aplicação Âmbito de aplicação 1. A presente directiva é aplicável: 1. A presente directiva é aplicável: a) Às situações abrangidas pelas normas a) Às situações abrangidas pelas normas comunitárias seguintes: artigo 119° do Tratado CE e Directivas 75/117/CEE, 79/7/CEE, 76/207/CEE, 86/378/CEE, 86/613/CEE, 92/85/CEE e 96/34/CE; comunitárias seguintes: artigo 119° do Tratado CE e Directivas 75/117/CEE, 76/207/CEE, 79/7/CEE, 86/378/CEE, 86/613/CEE e 92/85/CEE; b) Às situações abrangidas por qualquer norma comunitária relativa ao princípio da igualdade de tratamento, que possa ser adoptada no futuro e que não exclua expressamente a aplicação da presente directiva; c) No âmbito de qualquer procedimento civil ou administrativo relativo ao sector público ou privado que preveja recursos segundo o direito nacional de execução das normas referidas nas alíneas a) e b); 2. A presente directiva não se aplica ao os em se salvo dispuserem penal, processo Estados-membros contrário. Capítulo II: Normas especiais Capítulo II: Normas especiais Artigo 4o Onus da prova Artigo 4o Onus da prova 1. Os Estados-membros, em conformidade com os respectivos sistemas jurídicos, tomarão as medidas necessárias a fim de que: a) Quando uma pessoa que se considere lesada pela não aplicação do princípio da igualdade de tratamento apresentar perante um órgão de jurisdição ou outro órgão competente, elementos de facto que permitam presumir a existência de ao uma discriminação, incumba 1. Os Estados-membros, conformidade com os sistemas tomarão jurídicos, medidas necessárias a fim de que: em respectivos as a) Quando uma pessoa que se considere lesada pela não aplicação do princípio da igualdade de tratamento definido no artigo 2 o apresentar perante um órgão de jurisdição ou outro órgão competente um ou mais elementos de facto que permitam presumir a $ requerido provar que não houve violação do princípio da igualdade de tratamento. A requerente beneficia de qualquer dúvida que possa subsistir; parte existência de uma discriminação directa ou incumba ao indirecta, requerido provar que não houve violação do princípio da igualdade de tratamento. A requerente beneficia de qualquer dúvida que possa subsistir; parte b) Incumba ao requerido, sempre que este aplique um sistema ou adopte uma decisão não transparente, o ónus de provar de a que factores discriminação a qualquer e objectivos discriminação baseada no sexo; se deve a alheios aparência (c) Suprimido. c) A parte requerente não tenha de provar a existência de comportamento indevido do a requerido para demonstrar violação da proibição de discriminação baseada no sexo. 2. A presente directiva não obsta ao direito Estados-membros os imporem um regime probatório mais favorável à parte requerente. de Artigo 5o Procedimentos Os Estados-membros devem introduzir na respectiva ordem jurídica interna as medidas necessárias a fim de que: a) Os outros tribunais órgãos e competentes possam ordenar qualquer medida útil para assegurar a instrução efectiva de todas as queixas de discriminação; saibam ou razoavelmente b) As partes em questão possam ter acesso a todas as informações pertinentes que se se presumam na posse da parte contrária, e que lhes sejam necessárias para fazer valer os seus direitos. Qualquer das apenas os partes deve fornecer elementos cuja divulgação não seja susceptível de seus gravemente prejudicar interesses em outros domínios que não informação de os ,4P os associados ao litígio em questão. Capítulo III - Disposições finais Artigo 6o Informação Os Estados-membros zelarão por que as medidas tomadas para execução da presente directiva, bem como as normas já em vigor levadas ao sobre esta matéria, sejam interessado conhecimento de qualquer através de todos os meios adequados, designadamente por informação nos locais de trabalho. Artigo 7o Artigo 7o Salvaguarda do nível de protecção Salvaguarda do nível de protecção A execução do disposto na presente directiva não constitui motivo suficiente para justificar uma redução do nível geral da protecção dos trabalhadores no domínio por esta abrangido, sem prejuízo do direito que assiste aos Estados-membros de adoptarem, situação, evolução consoante disposições legislativas, regulamentares ou contratuais disposições vigentes à data da notificação da presente directiva, desde que sejam respeitadas as prescrições mínimas nela previstas. diferentes das da a A execução do disposto na presente directiva não constitui motivo suficiente para justificar a não aplicação de medidas de acção positivas ou uma redução do nível geral da protecção dos trabalhadores no domínio por esta abrangido, sem prejuízo do direito que assiste aos adoptarem, Estados-membros consoante situação, disposições legislativas, regulamentares ou contratuais diferentes das disposições vigentes à data da notificação da presente directiva, desde que sejam respeitadas as prescrições mínimas nela previstas. de evolução da a Artigo 8o Execução Artigo 8o Execução adoptarão Estados-membros Os as disposições legislativas, regulamentares e administrativas necessárias para darem cumprimento à presente directiva, o mais tardar até 1 de Janeiro de 2001 e desse facto informarão imediatamente a Comissão. incluirão uma As disposições adoptadas pelos Estados- à membros presente directiva ou serão acompanhadas dessa referência aquando da sua publicação oficial. As modalidades da referência serão referência AA adoptarão Os Estados-membros as disposições legislativas, regulamentares e administrativas necessárias para darem cumprimento à presente directiva, o mais tardar até 1 de Janeiro de 2000 e desse a facto Comissão. imediatamente informarão incluirão uma As disposições adoptadas pelos Estados- referência à membros presente directiva ou serão acompanhadas dessa sua publicação oficial. As modalidades da referência aquando da adoptadas pelos Estados-membros. referência serão adoptadas pelos Estados- membros. desta relativas directiva, O mais tardar dois anos após a data de execução e subsequentemente de três em três anos, os Estados-membros transmitirão à Comissão informações aos progressos realizados na aplicação da presente directiva e às tendências de utilização das disposições da mesma, a fim de permitir à Comissão a apresentar ao Conselho e ao Parlamento Europeu de três em três anos. relatório elaborar um Artigo 9o Destinatários Os Estados-membros são os destinatários da presente directiva. -41 ISSN 0257-9553 COM(97) 202 final DOCUMENTOS PT 04 05 N. ° de catálogo : CB-CO-97-186-PT-C ISBN 92-78-19403-4 Serviço das Publicações Oficiais das Comunidades Europeias L-2985 Luxemburgo A%


title: Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - The energy dimension of climate change

eurovoc_concepts:
EU programme
climate change
energy policy
environmental protection
greenhouse gas

text: COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 14. 05. 1997 COM(97) 196 final COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS THE ENERGY DIMENSION OF CLIMATE CHANGE TABLE OF CONTENTS THE CHALLENGE The commitment to reduce emissions C02 Emission trends The need for policy decisions POTENTIAL AREAS FOR ACTION IN ENERGY POLICY Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving Greater co-operation with economic operators; role of environmental agreements Accelerating the penetration of renewable energy sources Better energy management at local, island and regional level Promoting combined heat and power production initiatives Electricity generation Integration with other policies Technology and Innovation Limiting other greenhouse gas emissions Fiscal instruments and resourcing REQUIREMENTS AND IMPLICA TIONS OF FUTURE POLICY CHOICES ANNEX / 1 2 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 11 11 16 1 COMMISSION COMMUNICATION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS ON THE ENERGY DIMENSION OF CLIMATE CHANGE THE CHALLENGE The commitment to reduce emissions 1. Climate change is a subject of widespread public concern. There is a growing public expectation and political pressure that climate change issues are dealt with in the wider framework of sustainable development. Policy makers have to respond to the need to take action to reduce emissions. The real challenge facing the European Union is to adopt policies which are effective, realistic and implementable. The political commitment to objectives therefore needs to be supported by the political willingness to act. 2. The Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (CQP-3) to be held in Kyoto in December 1997 needs to produce decisions that the Parties and society at targe can accept and can carry out. In the context of the Berlin Mandate, the parties are at present engaged in negotiations aimed at stepping up the commitments of the industrialised countries through the adoption of quantified limitation and reduction objectives within specified time frames such as 2005l, 2010 and 2020, to be achieved by implementing policies and measures. The ultimate goal of these negotiations is to establish a legally binding protocol at the COP-3. 3. The Council conclusions on climate change of 3 March 1997 showed the Community's determination to act, agreement having been reached that the Community will propose that the OECD member countries and the countries with economies in transition (Annex X to the Framework Convention) should commit themselves to a. 15% reduction in their emissions of the main greenhouse gases (C02, CH4 and N2O)2 by 2010, both compared with the reference year 1990. If we consider that CO 2 emissions, assuming the application of current policies and measures, are estimated to increase by some 8% in 2010 compared with 1990, there would be a divergence of more than 20 points over the negotiation position that the Council has set itself. To cover this significant gap, policies and measures will have to be ambitious, in particular in the field of energy, and could lead to a reorientation of society's objectives. It will require genuine political will to bring the necessary policies into being. 4. The decisions that will be taken at the Third Conference of the Parties will therefore have major repercussions, if the targets that will be negotiated are to be achieved. The Council has taken the view that the decisions on the policies and measures to be adopted should be taken at the Council meetings responsible for the Community policies in question. The Commission is in favour of an approach whereby other policies which cut across environmental protection policy are involved in the decision-making process. It intends to produce later this year a broad based Communication on climate change, outlining all the policy implications and actions necessary across a range of policies. This present Communication, dedicated to the energy dimension of climate change, aims to 1 The Council has not yet taken a negotiation position for 2005 2 C02 is the major greenhouse gas in the basket 2 stimulate the Kyoto process debate and focuses on the implications for energy in preparation of a broader Commission Communication covering all relevant sectors to follow in the autumn. The objective is to outline the challenge posed to energy policy makers, identify a number of areas of policy action which may help face this challenge and seek to stimulate a debate as to how the commitments we undertake for emissions reduction can be fulfilled in a cost effective manner. 5. There clearly exists within the Community a political will to achieve a substantial rate of reduction, but the success of this determination will only be demonstrated once the emission reduction figures indicated by the Council have been reached. On the basis of its position in Kyoto, the Union will call upon other Annex I parties to the Convention, namely the industrialised countries and the countries in transition, to make comparable efforts. The Union itself must however also show its political willingness to take the necessary, often difficult, decisions to implement its targets. 6. As a starting point, the contribution of common and co-ordinated policies is necessary both for the Community and for the Member States so that appropriate action can be decided upon in the various Councils dealing with policies and measures in the field of economic instruments, taxation, energy, RTD, industry, transport and agriculture. This communication provides a first analysis of the contribution that the energy sector would need to make in order to achieve the objective agreed upon. Given the extent of the structural changes which could result from the decisions which would be required to implement the Kyoto Protocol, we need to be aware of the fact it will not be through gradual change, but through radical changes in the political choices, that the imperatives of environmental protection and of sustainable economic development could be met. C 02 Emission trends 7. As background for the debate the Commission has recently had a study carried out to analyse how energy trends could evolve if the current situation continues. This pre-Kyoto scenario is designed to examine the necessary scale of policies and measures to achieve a limitation and reduction of greenhouse gases. 3The pre-Kyoto scenario is based on "business as usual" with no new policies and measures to reduce C02 emissions4. With economic growth of over 2% per annum after 1990, this scenario indicates a steady increase in C02 emissions of 8 % between 1990 and 2010 for the European Union as a whole. A sectorial projection of C02 emissions gives the following figures (in millions of tonnes of CO2) : A meeting oil this study was held on 19 March between Member States' energy analysts and the Commission Services. There are other scenarios such as PRIME or BAT which, based on other assumptions and very specific policies and measures indicate that a reduction of 10% in C02 emissions compared to 1990 can be achieved by 2010. Percentage change compared with 199Ù p _ __ """"""""l Î995 "1995 2000 " ™35l0*~™ " Industry j Transports Domestic/Tertiary Electricity/heat production | Energy industry ! Total emissions I ' 626 743 654 1036 141 3200 ' - 10% + 9% - 3% - 5% +7% - 2% - 14% + 22% - 1% - 2% + 9% + 2% - 15% + 39% + 4% + 2% +12% + 8% J „ 8. It should also be noted that global C02 emissions are predicted to increase substantially over the next two decades. This strong CO2 emission increase is due to population growth and industrialisation in Asia, Latin America and Africa. About three quarters of the projected C02 emission increase by 2020 will originate from developing countries. The share of Annex I countries in global emissions of some 70% in 1990 is bound to decrease significantly in the next few decades. By 2020, the contribution of Annex 1 countries to global C02 emissions could be reduced to slightly over 50%. The Union is at present responsible for about 16% of global energy related C 02 emissions with only 6 % of the world population. In a conventional wisdom development this share is bound to decrease to some 12%. In the case of strong policy action, this share would be even lower since most of the action must be undertaken in Annex I countries and the European Community. The global analysis shows that even strong action in the Community can change world trends only to some extent. Co-operation with developing countries is essential. Nevertheless, strong Community action is needed to initiate and support global endeavours. 9. The results of the pre-Kyoto analysis quoted are based on the following main assumptions: - economic growth of 3% p. a. in the next years and over the whole period between 1990 and 2020 average GDP growth of slightly over 2% p. a. ; - continued increased output of heavy industry; - no new policies for influencing energy and transport demand; - price for imported energy rise until 2020; the oil price is assumed at 32 (95)$ / bbl in 2020, with natural gas prices increasing in line with the oil price development, and coal prices increasing at a slower pace; - electricity generation investments determined on the basis of long run marginal costs; the lifetime of nuclear power stations is assumed to be as long as 40 years. As a consequence, • energy intensity is assumed to fall at an average rate of 1. 3 % p. a. between 1990 and 2020. (Energy intensity should improve by 1. 3 % p. a. between 1995 and 2005, by 1. 6 % p. a. over the following 5 years up to 2010, and by 1. 4 % p. a. between 2010 and 2020). • there is no significant carbon intensity reductions. The rate of carbon intensity improvement of 1. 0% p. a. in the first half of the 1990s is not expected to continue. It is assumed that carbon intensity will improve at a rate of only 0. 4 % p. a. between 1995 and 2005, and by 0. 3% in the following 5 years to 2010, there might be a reversal of trends leading to an increase of carbon intensity by 0. 4% p. a. between 2010 and 2020. The need for policy decisions 10. The desired degree of C02 emission reduction determines the scale of the policies and measures to be adopted. With the post 2000 trend as predicted in the pre-Kyoto scenario, achieving a 15% reduction in greenhouse gases by 2010 in the Union will require major energy policy decisions, focusing on reducing energy intensity (in particular through energy management and energy saving) and carbon intensity (in particular by promoting renewables) at constant GDP. 11. There are different combinations of policies and instruments which can be applied in order to reduce greenhouse emissions. Decisions will need to be taken as to the directions that should be taken. The most cost-effective package of measures to achieve the desired environmental result need to be identified. 12. In determining the best of the available options, more specific decisions need to be taken as to what legislative and voluntary measures may be required, whether we should adopt a specific fuel mix strategy, whether to set targets for energy intensity or renewables penetration, and to what extent implementation of the measures wi!l be shared between governments and industry and other economic sectors. 13. We must be aware of the fact that facing this major challenge will require mobilisation of resources. The questions of what are the costs involved and what resources the Union and individual Member States are prepared to allocate need to be addressed. 14. The purpose of this Communication is to stimulate this debate both inside and outside the Community Institutions, as regards specifically the energy sector. There are no easy answers, but the magnitude of the problem of facing anthropogenic climate change must not impede us from searching for the most effective and practicable solutions. In order to provide a basis for discussion on policy decision to be taken, some potential areas of action are presented in this Communication. POTENTIAL AREAS FOR ACTION IN ENERGY POLICY Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving Î5. Energy saving is as a very effective and often "cost-free" way of reducing greenhouse gases. "Unused" energy sources in fact correspond best to the concept of sustainable development. In addition they reduce energy imports and increase security of supply while creating related jobs. Energy consumption does not necessarily have to grow, even if GDP is growing. However, in the pre-Kyoto study, a steady increase in demand is predicted despite the assumption of a fall in energy intensity of 1. 3% between 1995 and 2005, and 1. 6?/o between 2005 and 2010. A proactive energy management policy promoting energy saving and energy efficiency is seeded to realise the often numerous cost free opportunities and to curb this demand growth. This has to be complemented by measures based on the price mechanism. 16. The SAVE programme is an important element of the Community's C02 reduction strategy. The JOULE-THERMIE also supports research and demonstration for new energy saving technology. However, it should be recognised that the obstacles to energy efficiency and energy saving are not mainly technological. That is why under SAVE I a series of legislative proposal were made. A European energy consumption !abelling system for household appliances has been introduced and efficiency standards for boilers, refrigerators and freezers have been set but there is scope for much more action to promote energy saving. Î7. The experience of SAVE shows that the Council has not always been willing to play its role in the adoption of certain energy efficiency legislation and the provision of financial resources commensurate with the energy saving potential in the Community' and the climate change issues. New commitments for emission reductions must lead to serious reflection on how to go well beyond what has been achieved in recent years for energy saving. 18. The Commission has attempted to encourage electricity and gas distribution companies to regard themselves not as suppliers but as service companies; this could lead to significant reduction in energy demand which will be particularly effective in the domestic sector. To this end, the Commission has submitted a proposal for a directive encouraging the use of rational planning techniques in the supply and demand cycle. This has not yet been adopted by Council. Energy undertakings need to be transformed into energy service companies to offer consumers a whole range of energy services which will ultimately save them energy while offering a better quality of service. The Commission will promote the dialogue with the energy supply industry with the view to promoting energy saving services and more efficient energy production. Priority also needs to be given to the concept of efficient and economic energy services in RTD activities, especially for the short and medium terms. Greater co-operation with economic operators; role of environmental agreements 19. While recognising that progress towards energy saving and energy efficiency has been made in recent years by industry, more action is needed, including in the area of environmental agreements. Long-term agreements are tools which should be developed where appropriate. Successfully applied throughout the Union, this instrument could improve energy efficiency and bring about a significant reduction in CO2 emissions. In addition, there is a considerable scope for reducing C02 emissions in the motor vehicles sector and large firms should be encouraged to get involved in this process on a voluntary basis5. Accelerating the penetration of renewable energy sources 20. Although efforts have been made in Europe, and elsewhere, for more than 20 years to encourage the use of renewables, the economic potential available has been far from fully exploited. In November 1996 the Commission published a Green Paper6 on a strategy to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources which are capable of underpinning sustainable development in the long run since they generally do not produce net C 02, they do not entail technological hazards, they are, indigenous energy sources and present many other advantages. 21. The Commission takes the view that a doubling of the share accounted for by these energy sources by 2010 (from 6% to 12%) could be an ambitious but realistic objective. The implications of increasing the share of renewables are analysed for Example : Commitment on the part of FIAT towards the Italian government to reduce by 20 % C02 emissions COM(96) 576 of 20 November 1996. example under the TERES II study, in particular with respect to parameters including C02 emissions, security of supply and employment. With respect to C02 emissions, the "Best Practice Policy" scenario of 12. 5% share of renewables predicts a reduction in C02 emissions of 386 million tonnes per year by 2010 (representing 12% of C02 emissions), calculated using the SAFIRE model. 22. Political determination is needed to take actions which will help increase significantly the share of renewables. Not only would these energy sources make a significant contribution towards limiting our own greenhouse gas emissions, but given the even greater potential in the developing countries, they would also make it possible to ensure the supply of energy with a low environmental impact in areas not yet connected up to energy networks. In the context of the Community programmes, and especially the JOULE-THERMIE programme, several technologies in the field of renewables have been developed and their competitiveness proved (e. g. for biomass, wind energy and photovoltaic energy). Many of the latter are deployed in decentralised integration, it is important that they should also be systems. To increase their market integrated in the centralised systems; this will be facilitated by stepping up demonstration and dissemination activities. 23. The links between agriculture and forestry, environment and energy need to be highlighted. Biomass is an energy source which could make a significant contribution towards the efforts to combat climate change. Agriculture and forestry could help to absorb C02 through the development of carbon sinks which could then be used for energy purposes. Research, technological development and demonstration activities and tax measures should be stepped up so that this option becomes an economic reality through an reinforcement of research, demonstration and dissemination activities, and also by social and economic research activities in the field of market integration process. 24. The continuation of the process of removing barriers to the more widespread use of renewables through harmonisation, standards, and financial assistance for pilot and information schemes are objectives set out in the Commission's new proposal concerning the ALTENER programme. The Council needs to adopt this programme rapidly, and, in order for it to make a valid contribution to the promotion of renewables, sufficient resources must be allocated to the programme. 25. It is important to promote dialogue with the electricity generating companies aiming at achieving an undertaking on their part to produce a non-marginai quantity of electricity from renewable energy sources. Schemes in progress in certain Member States in this area show that this obligation helps to create a climate favourable to the penetration of renewables. Additional consideration also needs to be given to various incentives for promoting renewables. The Commission is reflecting on proposals in this connection, in particular by examining the possibility of guaranteeing a minimum price for these energy sources. 26. The reaction to the Green Paper so far from the vast majority of interested parties supports the Commission's point of view on the need to significantly increase the share of renewables. The Commission will make concrete proposals in the White Paper and Action Plan in preparation. The measures to be taken should be commensurate with the objectives to be set. Member States also need to develop their own national strategies for the promotion of renewable energy sources. Better energy management at island, local, and regional level 27. Greater decentralisation of energy management and increased public involvement will contribute towards better management of global issues and greater control over the increase in energy demand. The June 1996 Habitat II Conference in Istanbul recognised that the bulk of population growth will take place in towns and cities which now account for 75% of the population of the Union and 70% of its energy consumption. This means that attention should increasingly be focused on the problems of energy management in urban centres. The Commission and the Member States should give priority to RTD activities in towns and cities, taking full account of the energy aspects in preparation for the key action of the 5th FP "City of Tomorrow". 28. The local and regional authorities have many powers in the services, housing and transport sectors. As a result of its programme of energy management at regional and local level, which is now part of the SAVE programme, the Commission is encouraging the involvement of elected representatives, alongside the other local partners concerned, by supporting the establishment of energy management agencies in regions, islands and cities. The main role of the Energy agencies is to promote energy saving and renewables. There are also useful networks set up7 whose role should be expanded in order to promote transnational schemes. 29. AH the public contracts awarded by the local and regional authorities in the Union represent an enormous energy saving potential. They should take account of the energy dimension and of climate change. The public authorities could thus play a leading role in the adoption of products entailing less energy consumption and hence producing fewer greenhouse gas emissions. The local and regional authorities could also automatically incorporate energy management principles in their new buildings. Studies have shown that certain public buildings in one and the same area can consume up to four times as much energy as others. 30. There is significant C02 reduction potential to be exploited at the local and regional level. The Committee of Regions could play an important role particularly in promoting energy saving and renewable energy sources alongside the other relevant levels of decision making. Promoting combined heat and power production initiatives 31. The technologies for electricity production and cogeneration has been progressing rapidly, so that considerable efficiency improvements can be expected through the deployment of best available technology. In many cases, such advanced technologies also offer advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness. The Commission is preparing a communication on cogeneration in order to promote its use. There are already many examples in certain Member States which demonstrate the merits of this technologically mature option though there is great variation between Member States as regards its penetration. 32. The synergy between combined heat and power production and district heating or cooling networks needs to be better exploited. The use of biomass in cogeneration is a factor facilitating the penetration of this option. One way of accelerating the introduction of cogeneration is the third party financing (TPF) concept which should be promoted among the financial institutions so that they make greater use of it. In a market economy context, in the long run cogeneration is likely to be developed if there are transparent and fair rules with regard to the quantity and price of the electricity produced; and if the new gas contract situation ensures competitiveness. FEDARENE for regions, ENERGIE CITES for towns and cities, and ISLENET for islands. 33. It is worth noting that even a significant penetration of cogeneration would not be sufficient to avoid an overall increase in C02 emissions. However, the Commission believes that there is scope for cogeneration to contribute to emission reduction Electricity generation 34. Developments in the electricity /heat generation sector are crucial for overall C02 emission trends. This sector not only accounts for about a third of total emissions, but it is capable of limiting C02 despite growing electricity and heat demand. In the Pre-Kyoto scenario, power station C02 emissions are expected to remain close to their 1990 level up to 2010. In addition, the process of establishing transeuropean networks now in progress is intended to ensure optimum utilisation of electricity generation capacities throughout the Union and supply low carbon fuels to regions of Europe in which such products were not hitherto available. 35. However, while there is little scope for fuel switching in the transport sector, the electricity sector offers various possibilities for introducing or maintaining zero carbon fuels or increasing the use of low carbon fuels. C02 policies and measures should consider the role that electricity can play as one of the major elements in the development of innovative means of production, communication and mobility which could abate C02 emissions by reducing carbon intensity and energy intensity. The following table shows in detail the development of C02 emissions from the production of electricity and heat as well as energy intensity and carbon intensity in this sector. Average annual change (% per annum) I 1990-2000 2000-2010 1990-2010 C02 emissions Energy intensity Carbon intensity - 0. 2% -0. 5% - 1. 7% + 0. 3% -1. 5% - 0. 5% +0. 1% -1. 0% - 1. 1% {pre-Kyoto study) The services of the Commission are completing with the European Electricity Supply Industry a major review of the potential contribution of electricity to sustainable development and in particular meeting the challenge of climate change. 36 As a result of technological progress since the industrial revolution there has been a constant improvement in the efficiency of power stations. This improvement should continue or even increase, since there is still an insufficiently exploited theoretical potential. For example, the penetration of clean and efficient natural gas, coal and lignite combustion technologies could improve electricity generating efficiency by 5-10%, resulting in a reduction in fuel costs and a 15-30% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The overall impact will depend to a large extent on the degree of penetration of technologies in the Union and in a large part of the planet which will be making greater use of solid fuel (China, India, ASEAN, etc. ). A Community programme for clean and efficient technologies using solid fuel and other heavy products could be appropriate, 37 Mention needs to be made of the contribution of nuclear energy to limiting greenhouse gases. According to current plans, the installed nuclear capacity in the Community is likely to increase only slightly in the next few years. Between now and 2010, nuclear energy can be expected to continue to contribute, although to a lesser extent, towards limiting the growth of greenhouse gas emissions. After 2010, a number of nuclear power plants will enter the decommissioning phase. The longer term issues concerning nuclear power are outlined in the Commission's Indicative Nuclear Programme. 8 38. There is currently rapid penetration of the electricity sector by natural gas, but this will probably have reached a maximum rate of penetration in 2010. After that in particular for reasons of security of supply, serious consideration will need to be given to this level of penetration. 39. It is clear that the current overall energy consumption is incompatible with the long-term requirements for sustainable development. A significant limitation of tfee use of fossil fuels is required to ensure that the Community can meet its emissions reduction objectives contemplated m the Protocol on the Climate Change Convention. This is by now widely recognised by main international organisations, national governments, and perhaps most importantly, large segments of the energy industry itself. Integration with other policies 40. Since energy demand is dependent on other economic activities, it is important that energy demand management principles should be applied so that, for a given quality of energy service, the increase in demand is as low as possible and efficiency as high as possible. In this context, other policies, in particular agricultural and forestry policy, environmental protection and waste management policy, transport policy, research and development policy, fiscal policy, regional planning policy, and regional and local development policy should gradually incorporate objectives regarding the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the development of carbon sinks. The Commission will provide an overall view in a Communication later in 1997 which will integrate all the measures in relation to climate change in all the policy areas. 41. It is important to consider how the Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund might be used to an even greater extent to provide funding for projects reducing greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in relation to renewable energies and carbon sinks. In addition to energy projectsper se, infrastructure projects could also make a contribution to the action to combat climate change. Future programmes and measures under the Structural Funds need to take account of this. 42. Measures to combat climate change will also entail the creation of jobs in specific related sectors. The Commission in co-operation with Member States should make a detailed study of the job-creation impact of measures to combat climate change. Greater effort should be also made concerning training. For example, the ECDVT (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training) should establish energy management orientated profiles. 43. Where the common agricultural policy (CAP) is concerned, an initiative concerning the use of biomass to produce energy in the context of the reform of the CAP could represent another practical option which is virtually neutral from the point of view of greenhouse gases emissions. Properly thought out, this solution could also contribute towards furthering Improving energy efficiency and developing biofuels in agriculture are also viable solutions which should be studied in greater detail. The development of C02 sinks should also be carried out in those countries where it is needed. the objectives of the CAP. COM(96) 339 of 25 September 1996 - Indicative nuclear programme with the meaning of Article 40 of the Euratom Treaty. iU Technology and Innovation 44. The recent adoption of the Commission proposal for the fifth research and technological development framework programme (FP 5) coincides with the Kyoto Agenda. Close and continuous co-ordination of RTD policy and energy policy is essential. Clean technologies can make a positive contribution, the results of which are lasting. The FP 5, and in particular the key action "systems and advanced energy services" and the current "JOULE-THERMIE" and "Environment and Climate" RTD Programmes, should assign an important role to activities promoting technologies whose energy efficiency and carbon efficiency represent major improvements compared with what is currently available on the market. 45. Efficient and sustainable energy services should be developed through the use of various energy technologies. On the energy supply side, mention can be made of the following: combine cycles, clean coal, fuel cells, renewables (wind, biomass, solar- thermal, solar photovoltaic), new thermodynamic cycles, etc. On the demand side, efforts should continue to be made in the field of new vehicles and engines, improvements in the efficiency of household appliances (in particular cooling equipment), electrotechnical equipment, electronic energy-control devices in the home, development of the City of the Future, etc. Social research, should also be reinforced since not enough attention has yet been paid to examining consumer behaviour when faced with energy choices, in particular the reaction of the public as energy consumers. Limiting other greenhouse gas emissions 46. Apart from C02 emissions, coal-mines are a major source of methane emissions, and natural gas production and distribution inevitably entails gas leakage's. 9 Where emissions due to coal-mining are concerned, preventive techniques are used to a large extent within the Union. This should be disseminated to our partners in the associated. countries. Where natural gas is concerned, it is necessary to tighten up controls with regard to the quality of distribution networks, so as to limit leakage's. In this area, the Commission will encourage voluntary agreements with the gas industry. 10 Here too, it is necessary to increase the transfer of know-how and good practices to third countries. Applied research in the gas production and transportation sector should also be stepped up to bring about improvements which are also economically justified. 47. Although the waste sector is not directly connected with the energy sector, there are sometimes synergies between these sectors. With the abundance of energy sources, this sector can quite easily do without the production of energy from waste. However, waste management is a major concern of local authorities and while giving top priority to recycling, there may remain a final fraction to be landfilled, which will inevitably produce methane emissions. In such cases, landfill gas should be recovered and used to produce energy, or at least burned. Composting the organic faction of waste can also make a significant energy contribution. On the other hand, where economically and environmentally justified, certain waste could be burned with a net energy recovery. In In its communication COM(96)557 final on methane dated 15 November 1996, the Commission proposed various measures that it intends to promote in order to limit such emissions. 10 For example, the gas industry in the Netherlands has concluded a voluntary agreement with the government, undertaking to reduce methane emissions by 10%. 11 the framework of the waste strategy, legislative and technological actions in favour of minimising greenhouse gases emissions will be presented. 48. Last but not least, with regard to emissions of N20, fluidised bed combustion, one of the most promising technologies as regards the clean combustion of solid fuels, produces small quantities of greenhouse gas. In the context of the research programmes, greater importance should be given to understanding the mechanisms giving rise to this gas and means of mitigating it. Several research projects from the "Environment and Climate" programme deal with emissions, atmospheric balances and impacts on climate of greenhouse gases other that C02. Fiscal instruments and resourcing 49. On 12 March 1997 the Commission adopted a proposal for a directive extending the Community system of minimum rates of excise duties to all energy products. By differentiating between renewable energy sources, energy efficiency and innovation, the proposal endorses the approach pursued in this Communication. In addition to restructuring the tax system, it also contributes towards the complex task of internalisation of external costs. The Commission advocated applying this principle in 1993 in its White Paper on growth, competitiveness and employment. 50. If greenhouse gas emissions in the Union are to be reduced by approximately 20% compared with the pre-Kyoto scenario, an ambitious programme of polkies and measures will be required. The experience in certain Member States can provide guidance as to the direction to be taken. Measures such as "green loans" in the Netherlands or "green electricity" purchased by certain consumers in Germany should be examined and made use of, where appropriate, at Community level, as should the French biofuels pilot projects. Another idea was put forward in the Green Paper on a Community strategy for renewable energy sources: a renewable energy credit system. 51. If a major new policy initiative is required, we may need to examine very carefully the merits of mobilisation of funds at the appropriate level so as to provide resources for funds earmarked for energy management and renewables. In 1995 energy expenditure in the Union amounted to over ECU 500 000 million which shows that it should be possible to raise funds to finance at the appropriate level energy management and the penetration of renewables. Consequently, a minimum contribution would be sufficient to raise funds to ensure that the policies and measures adopted post-Kyoto are implemented. Experience in the United Kingdom with regard to non-fossil fuel obligations and the other trials mentioned above justify an examination in the general interest REQUIREMENTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF FUTURE POLICY CHOICES 52. The table below indicates the annual average change in GDP, energy intensity, carbon intensity and C02 emissions, which illustrates the scale of the challenges we face. 1990-2000 2000-2010 1990-2010 GDP growth Energy intensity Carbon intensity CQ2 emissions +2. 1% -1. 0% -0. 90% + 0. 2% {pre-Kyoto study) + 2. 4% -1. 6% -0. 2% +0. 6% : + 2. 2% - 1. 3% -0. 5% +0. 4% | j 12 53. The impact and cost of a commitment at Kyoto of a 15% reduction in greenhouse emissions has not yet been fully assessed. It could however be considerable. As background to the debate on the implications of choices made, it is worth noting that there are several Commission studies, based on different assumptions, exploring the possible scenarios for a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. One of the studies undertaken by the Commission is the "European Energy 2020 study"11, where the "Forum" scenario indicates that considerable changes will need to be made to the current structures in order to achieve an emission reduction of some 6% in 2010. This scenario presented an attractive energy future, especially for the environment and the security of energy supply. 54. It is also worth noting, that in order to achieve the 6% emission reduction under this forum scenario it is assumed that there is a change in the sources of government finances, with a gradual switch in taxation from labour to natural resources, reaching 1,5 of GDP by 2005. Compared to the pre-Kyoto scenario outlined in this Communication, under the Forum scenario the cost of energy in 2010 will be higher. 55. For a Forum scenario to be achieved by 2010, the following are prerequisites: • considerable intensity and efficiency gains in all end-use sectors and in power generation; • a clear decoupling of C02 emissions from GDP growth, because of combined results in energy savings and carbon-free energy supply actions; • new supply structures in power generation, in favour of decentralised generation (heat, renewables, biomass, fuel cells), in biofuel production, in hydrogen production and the market penetration of fuel cell and electric vehicles. • agricultural policy in favour of biomass; • a combination of taxation policy and favourable conditions in capital markets resulting in low discount rates, despite an international environment characterised by low import prices for fuels; 56. An estimation of investment requirements in Forum indicates that more than 391000 MECU investment for electricity generation and refineries would be necessary for the period 1991 to 2010. 57. The example of this Forum scenario shows that there are ways of reducing by some 6% the CO2 emissions in 2010 if we take quite radical measures. This is one of many possible scenarios, mentioned here by way of illustration. This does not imply that the Commission favours the specific policy proposals in any particular scenario. Another scenario using the PRIMES model, indicates that a 10% reduction of C02 emissions by 2010 compared to 1990 can be achieved by a combination of measures. These include promotion of energy efficiency and energy saving, higher penetration of combined heat and power, changes in fuel mix and reduction in fuel consumption in transport. The achievement of 10% emission reduction under this scenario also implies a 10% share of renewable energy sources by 2010. Another ongoing analysis of the Kyoto emission reduction targets, using the PRIMES model, indicates that the application of SEC (95) 2283 of 20/12/95 13 Best Available Technologies, (BAT)^though not enough by itself, can make a significant contribution to emission reduction. 58. The policies and measures that the Community should launch in order to make up the 20% gap between the expected rise in emissions of 8% and a committed reduction of 15% will have to take account of the constraints imposed by the Union's new financial, perspective. The Commission needs to address as a matter of urgency the quantification of the cost - at least on investment - of the current EU negotiation position. 59. The financial implications also need to be examined in the light of their impact on economy both at micro-economic and macro-economic level which will inevitably be examined by the various economic operators involved. The complexity arising from the number of variables will require innovative solutions that should be examined case by case with the parties involved. It will be necessary to develop a methodology which takes account of this multi-dimensional approach (e. g. objective - time frames - instrument - cost), together with reliable evaluation and analysis tools. Certain Member States are already adopting greenhouse gas emissions limitation strategies backed up by specific programmes of policies and measures and an evaluation of costs. It is necessary for all the Member States and the Commission to benefit from this experience, particularly as regards the evaluation of the financial implications and the methodologies adopted. Joint analyses work will be a necessary tool for assessing better the implications of the decisions taken. 60. In the context of the internal market, a sound joint analysis of the energy situation by the Member States and the Commission is also indispensable in order to determine more clearly the issues and solutions related to climate change. For a better definition of policies and measures, it is necessary first of all to have a better understanding of the sectors and actors consuming energy and producing greenhouse gas emissions. Through its research programme, the Commission is developing the capacity to evaluate Policies and Measures taking into account social, economic and scientific aspects of Climate Change (JOULE, Environment and Climate programmes). 61. A stronger energy policy, taking account of its impact on climate change, should be backed up by better co-ordination of all measures directly affecting energy, including those taken in the context of other sectorial policies. The Union needs to demonstrate its ability to adopt a comprehensive strategy. It also needs to involve the economic actors. One of the roles of the Consultative Committee on Energy established by Commission decision will be to look to how the Energy dimension to the Community's climate change strategy can be reinforced by the economic actors. 62. The climate change challenge is by definition an international one. In particular, substantial efforts will need to be undertaken on the part of the Union and the associated States to ensure that energy efficiency in those countries reaches a level comparable to that observed in recent years in the Union. The decisions that will be taken in Kyoto will ultimately have to be applied to the Associated Countries which want to join the Union. One of the objectives for the Central and Eastern European Countries during the current transformation process is to reform their energy sectors. These reforms remain their responsibility. However, co-operation between the Union and these countries has been established in different forms i. e. to promote energy saving and energy efficiency. The efforts made by the countries concerned are of importance in view of their compliance with the acquis communautaire in this area , i. e. emission reductions of greenhouse gases. 14 63. In the context of the structured dialogue of 3 March 1997, the Council and the Environment Ministers of the associated countries of Central and Eastern Europe stressed the importance of close co-operation between them and the Union, in particular in the context of activities implemented jointly and the requisite strengthening of the mechanisms to promote policies to combat climate change and encourage energy efficiency. In this context, it was acknowledged that programmes of technological co operation as INCO-RTD and the JOULE-THERMIE programme should place greater importance on climate change issues, regarding as priority the energy measures foreseen to respond to the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It is also necessary to provide for greater support from the EIB, the EBRD and the World Bank. The Community will focus the structured dialogue on reinforcing efforts to improve Energy efficiency and to the adaptation of the Energy system to reduce emissions. 64. The Union will also need to insist that our industrialised parties make a firm commitment to combat greenhouse gas emissions by agreeing to strong reduction objectives in the future Kyoto Protocol since there can be no question of our European economy suffering the consequences of an unilateral global environmental protection policy while our trading partners could avoid measures influencing energy prices and hence the competitiveness of industry and employment. 65. In the general context of energy relations, the reality of the common challenge in the field of energy between OECD and non-OECD partners requires a response which specifically takes account of the major impacts of energy supply. The Energy Charter Treaty and its protocol on energy efficiency and related environmental aspects could serve as a joint basis for co-operation. Equally, the implementation of the Partnership and Co-operation Agreements with the majority of the countries of the NIS as well as the execution of technical assistance programmes would contribute to energy efficiency and energy saving. Energy co-operation with the developing countries should also incorporate the dimension of climate change policies. To this end, the 3 March 1997 Council recognised that the rules governing joint implementation should be part of the Kyoto Protocol, even if initially it is necessary to await the results of the pilot projects in progress. 66. The initiatives concerning co-operation with the Mediterranean countries should also as soon as possible, focus to a large extent on energy projects and in particular projects relating to renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. This will provide a lasting solution, enabling to adopt and adapt appropriate technologies. In addition, the Committee on Co-operation between the Union and the Gulf Co-operation Council countries reiterated the two parties' interest in this issue on 16 December 1996. The possibilities as regards joint analysis, co-operation and exchange of scientific information and experience were recognised as useful instruments in this area. Their deployment should now be formalised in the context of appropriate programmes. in those countries industry 67. The challenge of climate change is such that the development of policies and measures need to be pursued jointly by the Member States and the Community at Community, national, regional and local level in order to achieve the agreed reduction targets and the burden-sharing decided upon between the Member States. Common policies and measures, or policies and measures requiring co ordination between Member States at Community level, are necessary and will need to be the subject of an integrated approach. But in order to develop this approach, the questions outlined in the first section of this document (para. 10-14) need to be addressed. 15 The Commission wants a strong political signal from the European Parliament and the Council, with the support of the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. It believes that the Community should do all that it can to ensure that the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change in Kyoto in December adopt a protocol that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly through policies adopted and measures taken by all the Annex X parties. But we must be certain that the commitments can be fulfilled, and that the political will and resources required are indeed forthcoming. 16 ANNEX Energy related C02 emissions (mill, t C02) in the Pre-Kyoto Scenario: Assuming no new policy initiatives in the Member States nor at the Community level, C02 emissions would change in the following way 12: M t C 02 percentage change over 1990 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2020 EUR 3200 -2% +2% +6% +8% + 16% Energy related C02 emissions by sector (mill, t C02) percentage change over 1990 1990 626 743 654 1995 2000 2005 2010 2020 - 1 0% -14% -14% -15% -15% + 9% +22% +31% +39% +49% - 3 % - 1% + 2% + 4% + 6% industry transport domestic/tertiary power/heat production 1036 - 5% - 2% +2% + 2% +17% energy branch 141 + 7% +9% + 1 1% +12% +13% total emissions 3200 - 2% + 2% +6% + 8% +16% 12 The EU analysis is based on modelling results with the MIDAS model undertaken by Prof. Capros of the National Technical University of Athens, study commissioned by DG XVII, April 1997 E U: p r e - K y o to s c e n a r i o: d e v e l o p m e nt of G D P, C 02 e m i s s i o n s, g r o ss i n l a nd c o n s um p t i o n, e n e r gy a nd c a r b on i n t e n s i ty 2 00 1990 = 100 G DP e n e r gy c o n s u m p t i on C O 2 em i s s i o ns c a r b on i n t e n s i ty -» e n e r gy i n t e n s i ty 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 E U: p r e - K y o to s c e n a r i o: t o t al e n e r gy c o n s u m p t i on 1 9 90 - 2 0 20 I l l u s t r a t i on of u n d e r l y i ng f a c t o rs f or CO 2 e m i s s i on c h a n ge 2 5 0C 2 250' 2 0CQ 1 7 50 15 0 o 4 10 0 0 g | ?. 5 0 0 j X- energy intensity gains GDP growth u p w a rd p r e s s u re d o w n w a rd p r e s s u re / b a l a n ce E Ur p r e - K y o to s c e n a r i o: p o w e r / h e at p r o d u c t i on 1 9 90 - 2 0 20 I l l u s t r a t i on of u n d e r l y i ng f a c t o rs f or C O: e m i s s i on c h a n ge 1 0 00 upwsirci p r e s s u re d o w'ii v»' Ë r d p r e s s u re / b a l a n ce ISSN 0254-1475 COM(97) 196 final DOCUMENTS EN 12 14 Catalogue number : CB-CO-97-223-EN-C ISBN 92-78-19778-5 Office for Official Publications of the European Communities L-2985 Luxembourg


Zeven mijlpalen in de Europese Geschiedenis.


title: Ψήφισμα σχετικά με την ανακοίνωση της Επιτροπής όσον αφορά την εφαρμογή του κοινοτικού δικαίου για το περιβάλλον (COM(96)0500 C4-0591/96)

eurovoc_concepts:
EU financing
EU law
access to the courts
application of EU law
environmental law
sanction (EU)

formats: html print


title: Beslutning om meddelelse fra Kommissionen om gennemførelse af EF's miljølovgivning (KOM(96)0500 C4-0591/96)


title: Αστικό φόρουμ για την αειφόρο ανάπτυξη : ευρωπαϊκή ενημέρωση για την πόλη: Ένα πειραματικό δίκτυο.

eurovoc_concepts:
EU environmental policy
information
sustainable development
town planning


title: REGULAMENTO (CE) Nº 863/97 DA COMISSÃO de 14 de Maio de 1997 que estabelece os valores forfetários de importação para a determinação do preço de entrada de certos frutos e produtos hortícolas

eurovoc_concepts:
citrus fruit
fruit vegetable
import price


title: PREGUNTA ESCRITA n. 1643/97 del Undine-Uta BLOCH von BLOTTNITZ a la Comisión. Muestras del medio ambiente EURATOM-OIEA

eurovoc_concepts:
EAEC
International Atomic Energy Agency
confidentiality
environmental protection
nuclear non-proliferation
nuclear power station
nuclear safety
sampling

formats: html pdf print

text: 10. 2. 98 ES Diario Oficial de las Comunidades Europeas C 45/69 (98/C 45/83) PREGUNTA ESCRITA E-1640/97 de Undine-Uta Bloch von Blottnitz (V) a la Comisio·n (14 de mayo de 1997) Asunto: Euratom, control de elementos combustibles o·xidos mixtos (MOX) El empleo de combustibles MOX en las centrales nucleares ocasiona numerosos problemas, entre otros factores, porque se trata (segu·n las categor(cid:14)·as de seguridad) de materiales fisionables aptos para la fabricacio·n de armas y, por otra parte, porque las barras de combustible no se diferencian de las de uranio. ¿Cua·l es la opinio·n de la Comisio·n respecto a los problemas particulares de seguridad que plantean los 1. combustibles MOX? ¿De que· manera garantiza la Comisio·n el control de los combustibles MOX en las diferentes instalaciones 2. nucleares europeas? Respuesta del Sr. Papoutsis en nombre de la Comisio·n (2 de julio de 1997) 1. La Comisio·n recuerda que, en lo que se refiere al combustible de o·xidos mixtos (MOX), hay que distinguir entre la fabricacio·n, el transporte y el almacenamiento de elementos de combustible no irradiados, por una parte, y los elementos de combustible irradiado gastados despue·s de haber sido usados en un reactor, por otra. Los elementos de combustible gastado siempre contienen plutonio, independientemente de si proceden de uranio no irradiado o de elementos MOX. Por lo tanto, las verificaciones de Euratom son las mismas en ambos casos. Para la fabricacio·n y almacenamiento de elementos de combustible MOX no irradiados (diferentes de los que contienen u·nicamente uranio) se establecieron unos conceptos espec(cid:14)·ficos para el control de la seguridad con el fin de lograr los objetivos estrictos aplicados al material nuclear que contiene plutonio no irradiado. Las plantas de fabricacio·n de combustible MOX, que cada vez son ma·s complejas y esta·n ma·s automatizadas, dan lugar a mucho trabajo de inspeccio·n, ya que deben ser vigiladas continuamente, y requieren una gran variedad de equipos de medicio·n automa·ticos para alcanzar los objetivos. 2. Teniendo en cuenta el objetivo del control de seguridad, la estrategia de Euratom para controlar la seguridad de las plantas de fabricacio·n de MOX de la Comunidad esta· espec(cid:14)·ficamente adaptada al disen(cid:152)o y la produccio·n de cada instalacio·n particular. Los principales elementos del control de seguridad de Euratom para ese tipo de instalacio·n son las inspecciones frecuentes o continuas y unos equipos de medicio·n especialmente disen(cid:152)ados, calibrados y adaptados al tipo de mediciones y materiales que se manejan en esas plantas. Los elementos de combustible MOX elaborados se miden sistema·ticamente en la planta de fabricacio·n, debido a que las condiciones para realizar esas mediciones son o·ptimas en comparacio·n con la situacio·n en los reactores. Durante el transporte y su almacenamiento en el reactor, el control de los lotes de combustible MOX queda garantizado por el hecho de estar sellados o sujetos a sistemas de control de la seguridad. (98/C 45/84) PREGUNTA ESCRITA E-1643/97 de Undine-Uta Bloch von Blottnitz (V) a la Comisio·n (14 de mayo de 1997) Asunto: Muestras del medio ambiente EURATOM-OIEA El OIEA se propone que la toma de muestras del medio ambiente en las instalaciones nucleares de la Unio·n Europea se convierta en un procedimiento rutinario. En 1996 ya se tomaron muestras del medio ambiente en Rossendorf. Al parecer EURATOM rechaza que el OIEA tome muestras en otras instalaciones nucleares europeas hasta que no se disponga de resultados detallados del ana·lisis. ¿Es cierto que EURATOM no permite realizar nuevas tomas de muestras hasta que no se presenten los 1. resultados del ana·lisis? En caso afirmativo, ¿por que· motivos?


title: 97/568/ΕΚ: Απόφαση της Επιτροπής της 14ης Μαΐου 1997 σχετικά με τη χορήγηση πρόσθετων μεταβατικών περιόδων στο Λουξεμβούργο για την εφαρμογή της οδηγίας 90/388/ΕΟΚ σχετικά με τον πλήρη ανταγωνισμό στις αγορές των τηλεπικοινωνιακών υπηρεσιών (Το κείμενο στη γαλλική γλώσσα είναι το μόνο αυθεντικό) (Κείμενο που παρουσιάζει ενδιαφέρον για τον ΕΟΧ)

eurovoc_concepts:
Luxembourg
application of EU law
competition
liberalisation of the market
national implementing measure
telecommunications

formats: html pdfa1b print


title: WRITTEN QUESTION No. 1642/97 by Undine-Uta BLOCH von BLOTTNITZ to the Commission. IAEA safeguard inspections in the EU

eurovoc_concepts:
EAEC
EU Member State
Germany
International Atomic Energy Agency
United Kingdom
cooperation agreement (EU)
equal treatment
nuclear power station
nuclear safety
nuclear weapon

text: 25. 2. 98 SV Europeiska gemenskapernas officiella tidning C 60/33 (98/C 60/59) SKRIFTLIG FR¯GA E-1642/97 fr(cid:229)n Undine-Uta Bloch von Blottnitz (V) till kommissionen (14 maj 1997) A¤mne: IAEA:s ka¤rna¤mneskontroller i EU Storbritannien till(cid:229)ter IAEA-kontroller t. ex. vid URENCO. I det tyska ka¤rnkraftverket Unterweser a¤r liknande kontroller inte o¤nskva¤rda. Finns det nationella skillnader mellan tillst(cid:229)nd fo¤r IAEA-kontroller inom Europeiska unionen? Om ja, vari best(cid:229)r dessa skillnader, vad beror de p(cid:229) och varfo¤r ombeso¤rjer inte Euratom att IAEA:s kontrollo¤rer bemo¤ts likadant o¤verallt? Svar fr(cid:229)n Christos Papoutsis p(cid:229) kommissionens va¤gnar (22 juli 1997) Kommissionen vill upplysa ledamoten om att Urenco-anla¤ggningen i Fo¤renade kungariket a¤r en anla¤ggning fo¤r anrikning av uran, medan den tyska anla¤ggningen Unterweser a¤r ett kraftverk. Detta inneba¤r att situationen, tekniskt sett, a¤r olika i de b(cid:229)da anla¤ggningarna, vad betra¤ffar sa¤kerhetskontroller. Anrikningsanla¤ggningar kra¤ver ytterst regelbundna eller t. o. m. sta¤ndiga kontroller, medan kraftverk genomg(cid:229)r fa¤rre kontroller, a¤ven om dessa a¤nd(cid:229) genomfo¤rs flera g(cid:229)nger per (cid:229)r. Anla¤ggningen i Unterweser genomgick o¤ver tio kontroller under 1996. De flesta genomfo¤rdes i samarbete med Internationella atomenergiorganet (IAEA). De tekniska meningsskiljaktigheterna med IAEA bero¤r fr(cid:229)gan var MOx-bra¤nsle bo¤r ma¤tas. Kommissionen tilla¤mpar Euratoms sa¤kerhetskontroll och anser att kontrollerna blir mest effektiva om de utfo¤rs i MOx-tillverkningsanla¤ggningarna (i detta fall i Fo¤renade kungariket), medan IAEA fo¤redrar att utfo¤ra ma¤tningarna i ett land som inte fo¤rfogar o¤ver ka¤rnvapen, a¤ven om ma¤tningarna i reaktorer m(cid:229)ste utfo¤ras under vatten. Denna fr(cid:229)ga diskuteras fortfarande. I gemenskapen fo¤religger naturligtvis nationella skillnader betra¤ffande IAEA:s sa¤kerhetskontroller, beroende p(cid:229) huruvida medlemsstaten i fr(cid:229)ga fo¤rfogar o¤ver ka¤rnvapen eller ej. Da¤rfo¤r har tre olika avtal slutits mellan Europeiska atomenergigemenskapen, dess medlemsstater och IAEA fo¤r att genomfo¤ra IAEA:s sa¤kerhets- kontroller i gemenskapen: › INFCIRC/193: avtal mellan gemenskapen, dess medlemsstater som inte fo¤rfogar o¤ver ka¤rnvapen och IAEA, som tra¤dde i kraft den 21 februari 1977. INFCIRC/263: frivilligt avtal mellan gemenskapen, Fo¤renade kungariket och IAEA fo¤r tilla¤mpning av IAEA:s sa¤kerhetskontroller i Fo¤renade kungariket. Avtalet tra¤dde i kraft den 14 augusti 1978 (en grundla¤ggande skillnad mellan detta avtal och INFCIRC/193 a¤r att IAEA:s rutinunderso¤kningar endast tilla¤mpas p(cid:229) anla¤ggningar som va¤ljs av IAEA fr(cid:229)n en fo¤rteckning o¤ver anla¤ggningar som godka¤nns av Fo¤renade kungariket och som omfattar alla civila ka¤rnanla¤ggningar i Fo¤renade kungariket). › INFCIRC/290: Ett frivilligt avtal mellan gemenskapen, Frankrike och IAEA fo¤r tilla¤mpning av sa¤kerhets- kontroller i Frankrike. Avtalet tra¤dde i kraft den 12 september 1981 (dess tilla¤mpningsomr(cid:229)de a¤r begra¤nsat till material som sa¤rskilt va¤ljs ut av Frankrike). Allt civilt ka¤rnmaterial, b(cid:229)de i Frankrike och i Fo¤renade kungariket, omfattas dock av Euratoms sa¤kerhetskontroller i enlighet med Euratomfo¤rdraget. (98/C 60/60) SKRIFTLIG FR¯GA E-1645/97 fr(cid:229)n Marlies Mosiek-Urbahn (PPE) till kommissionen (14 maj 1997) A¤mne: Offentlig anbudsinfordran 228/96 fr(cid:229)n februari 1996 Varfo¤r och p(cid:229) vilken ra¤ttslig grund a¤ndrades villkoren i anbudsinfordran (a¤pplen blev till persikor) efter det 1. att uppdraget tilldelats den italienska firman Trentofrutta? Varfo¤r utfa¤rdades inte n(cid:229)gon ny anbudsinfordran fasta¤n produktgruppen a¤ndrats och det da¤rmed uppst(cid:229)tt 2. helt nya fo¤rutsa¤ttningar?


title: SKRIFTLIG FORESPØRGSEL nr. 1621/97 af Eva KJER HANSEN til Rådet. Mindretals rettigheder

eurovoc_concepts:
Roma
anti-discriminatory measure
fundamental rights
human rights
national minority
protection of minorities
racism
rights of minorities
schooling
xenophobia


title: Komission kertomus neuvostolle, esitetty 23 päivänä marraskuuta 1992 tehdyn neuvoston päätöksen 92/544/ETY 2 artiklan mukaisesti (jäsenvaltioiden liikevaihtoverolainsäädännön yhdenmukaistamisesta annetun neuvoston kuudennen direktiivin 77/388/ETY 17 artiklasta ja 22 artiklan 3, 4 ja 5 kohdasta poikkeavien toimenpiteiden soveltaminen)

eurovoc_concepts:
France
VAT
basis of tax assessment
copyright
derogation from EU law

text: EUROPAAN YHTEISÖJEN KOMMISSIO Bryssel, 14. 05. 1997 KOM(97) 215 lopull. KOMISSION KERTOMUS NEUVOSTOLLE esitetty 23 päivänä marraskuuta 1992 tehdyn neuvoston päätöksen 92/544/ETY 2 artiklan mukaisesti (jäsenvaltioiden liikevaihtoverolainsäädännön yhdenmukaistamisesta annetun neuvoston kuudennen direktiivin 77/388/ETY 17 artiklasta ja 22 artiklan 3, 4 ja 5 kohdasta poikkeavien toimenpiteiden soveltaminen) Ehdotus: NEUVOSTON PÄÄTÖS luvan antamisesta Ranskan tasavallalle jatkaa jäsenvaltioiden liikevaihtoverolainsäädännön yhdenmukaistamisesta 17 päivänä toukokuuta 1977 annetun neuvoston kuudennen direktiivin (77/388/ETY) 17 artiklasta ja 22 artiklan 3, 4 ja 5 kohdasta poikkeavien toimenpiteiden soveltamisesta (Kömmission esittämät) KOMISSION KERTOMUS NEUVOSTOLLE esitetty 23 päivänä marraskuuta 1992 tehdyn neuvoston päätöksen 92/544/ETY 2 artiklan mukaisesti (jäsenvaltioiden liikevaihtoverolainsäädännön yhdenmukaistamisesta annetun neuvoston kuudennen direktiivin 77/388/ETY 17 artiklasta ja 22 artiklan 3, 4 ja 5 kohdasta poikkeavien toimenpiteiden soveltaminen) L I. JOHDANTO Neuvosto antoi 23 päivänä marraskuuta 1992 tehdyllä päätöksellä 92/544/ETY1 Ranskan tasavallalle kuudennen direktiivin 27 artiklan nojalla luvan toteuttaa kyseisen direktiivin 17 artiklan 2 kohdan ja 22 artiklan 3, 4 ja 5 kohdan säännöksistä poikkeavia toimenpiteitä. Tämä lupa oli voimassa 31 päivään joulukuuta 1996. Tämän poikkeuksen avulla voitiin jolla pyrittiin lieventämään sellaisten henkistä omaisuutta tuottavien tekijöiden velvoitteita, jotka saavat suorittamia tekijänoikeusmaksuja. toteuttaa erityisjärjestely, tekijänoikeusjärjestöjen kustantajien, tuottajien ja Erityistoimenpiteet koostuvat tekijöiltä kannettavaan veroon ja tekijöiden vähennysoikeuden muuttamista vakiosummaan perustuvaksi. lähdeverotusjärjestelmän soveltamisesta Edellä mainitun päätöksen 2 artiklassa säädetään, että komissio antaa neuvostolle ehdotuksen soveltamisesta päätöksen kertomuksen poikkeusmenettelyä pidentäväksi päätökseksi. tarvittaessa ja Tämän kertomuksen tarkoituksena on antaa selvitys kyseisen poikkeusluvan soveltamisesta ja tarkastella tämän luvan jatkamista koskevaa pyyntöä, jonka Ranskan tasavalta on esittänyt 14 päivänä helmikuuta 1997 komission pääsihteeristössä saapuneeksi kirjatussa kirjeessä. H. POIKKEUKSEN SOVELTAMINEN 1. Poikkeuksen taustaa Ranska käytti lokakuun 1 päivään 1991 asti kuudennen direktiivin 28 artiklan 3 kohdan b alakohdassa säädettyä mahdollisuutta vapauttaa verotuksesta kirjailijoiden, taiteilijoiden ja taiteellisten teosten esittäjien suorittamat palvelut (mainitun direktiivin liite F, 2 kohta). Pyrkiessään yhdenmukaistamaan arvonlisäverojärjestelmän tavanomaisiin sääntöihin nähden Ranska liitti lokakuun 1 päivästä 1991 alkaen henkisen omaisuuden teosten tekijöiden, esittäjien ja esiintyvien taiteilijoiden suorittamat palvelut arvonlisäveron piiriin. lainsäädäntöään yhteisen Yhteisön arvonlisäveron kantoa koskevien säädösten soveltaminen sellaisenaan osoittautui käytännössä vaikeaksi etenkin henkisen omaisuuden tekijöiden suorittamien palvelujen osalta. Asianomaisen ammatin edustajat nimittäin huomauttivat, että veron soveltaminen heidän tasollaan ei toisi valtion kassaan mitään tuloa, koska esimerkiksi kustantajat ja tuottajat voivat aina vähentää tämän veron, ja verotulon puutteessa uusien kyseisiä tekijöitä koskevien hallinnollisten velvoitteiden ainoa tarkoitus olisi tällöin pelkkä muodollinen mukautuminen yhteisön lainsäädäntöön. 1 EYVL N:o L 351, 2. 12. 1992, s. 32 5 Jotta tekijät saataisiin paremmin hyväksymään arvonlisäverovelvollisuutensa, Ranskan tasavalta otti käyttöön kyseisen erityisjärjestelyn. 2. Järjestelmän keskeiset periaatteet tekijöiltä kannettava arvonlisävero peritään Järjestelmässä henkisen omaisuuden sovelletaan, kun lähdeverotuksena maksavalta tekijänoikeusmaksun maksajana on kustantaja, tuottaja. Järjestelmää sovelletaan siis ainoastaan, jos maksava osapuoli on veroviranomaisten tuntema verovelvollinen. tekijänoikeusjärjestö osapuolelta. Tätä järjestelmää tai Lisäksi 0,80 veroprosenttia sovelletaan tekijänoikeuksiin sen vähennyksen osalta, johon tekijät ovat oikeutettuja. Kyseessä on vakiovähennys, eikä sen ohella sovelleta muita vähennyksiä. Kun yritys maksaa tekijälle tekijänoikeusmaksun, kyseisestä summasta maksetaan valtiolle arvonlisävero, josta vähennetään arvonlisäveroa koskeva vakiovähennys. Tämän järjestelmän soveltamistoimenpiteiden osalta henkisen omaisuuden tekijät on vapautettu laskun laatimista, veroilmoitusta ja veronmaksua koskevista velvoitteista. Lisäksi kukin arvonlisäverojärjestelmän piiriin. tekijä voi luopua tästä järjestelmästä ja siirtyä tavanomaisen 3. Ranskan viranomaisten näkemys tämän erityisjärjestelmän soveltamisesta Ranskan viranomaiset katsovat, että järjestelmä takaa parhaiten arvonlisäveron kantamisen sellaisten henkilöiden osalta, jotka eivät juuri ole perillä liikevaihtoveroa koskevista muodollisuuksista (muusikot, kirjailijat, säveltäjät. ). Lisäksi järjestelmä on laajalti hyväksytty, koska vain 5 prosenttia tekijöistä on päättänyt luopua siitä ja siirtyä tavanomaiseen järjestelmään. Lisäksi Ranskan viranomaiset toteavat, että veroviranomaiset eivät ole todenneet mitään toimintahäiriöitä tätä järjestelmää sovellettaessa. m. KOMISSION KANTA Kuudennen direktiivin 27 artiklassa säädetään mahdollisuudesta ottaa käyttöön tästä tai direktiivistä poikkeavia erityistoimenpiteitä veronkannon yksinkertaistamiseksi tietyntyyppisten veropetosten ja veron kiertämisen estämiseksi. Komissio katsoo, että käyttöön otetulla järjestelmällä voidaan vähentää hallinnollisia velvoitteita hyvin erikoislaatuisen elinkeinon piirissä, ja että kyseiset toimenpiteet vastaavat näin ollen 27 artiklassa säädettyä veronkannon yksinkertaistamisen edellytystä. M Lisäksi henkisen omaisuuden teosten tekijöille tarjottu mahdollisuus valita tavanomainen verotusjärjestelmä sallii heidän käyttää täysin vähennysoikeuttaan sikäli kun he katsovat, että erityisjärjestelyssä sovellettava vakiovähennys ei vastaa heidän erityistilannettaan. Näin ollen komissio katsoo, että on aiheellista jatkaa 27 artiklaan perustuvien erityistoimenpiteiden soveltamista. Luvan voimassaolon osalta komissio huomauttaa, että se on vahvistanut 10 päivänä heinäkuuta etenemiseksi kohti uutta yhteistä arvonlisäverojärjestelmää2. työohjelman asteittaiseksi 1996 Koska viimeinen ehdotuskokonaisuus on tarkoitus esittää vuoden 1999 puolivälissä, komissio arvioi, että poikkeuksellisen toimenpiteen jatkaminen on mahdollista ainoastaan 31 päivään joulukuuta 1999. Olisikin hyödyllistä arvioida tällöin poikkeavan toimenpiteen yhdenmukaisuutta uuden arvonlisäverojärjestelmän piirissä kehitetyn lähestymistavan kanssa. KOM(96) 328 lopullinen, 22. 07. 1996 S Ehdotus: NEUVOSTON PÄÄTÖS luvan antamisesta Ranskan tasavallalle jatkaa jäsenvaltioiden liikevaihtoverolainsäädännön yhdenmukaistamisesta 17 päivänä toukokuuta 1977 annetun neuvoston kuudennen direktiivin (77/388/ETY) 17 artiklasta ja 22 artiklan 3, 4 ja 5 kohdasta poikkeavan toimenpiteen soveltamista (komission esittämä) PERUSTELUT Ranskan tasavalta esitti 14 päivänä helmikuuta 1997 komission pääsihteeristössä saapuneeksi kirjatussa kirjeessä pyynnön saada jatkaa poikkeusta, johon sille myönnettiin lupa 23 päivänä marraskuuta 1992 tehdyllä neuvoston päätöksellä N:o 92/544/ETY1. Edellä mainitun päätöksen 2 artiklassa täsmennetään, että neuvosto voi kyseisen päätöksen soveltamisesta Ranskassa laaditun komission kertomuksen perusteella ja komission ehdotuksesta myöntää luvan jatkaa kyseisen päätöksen soveltamista. Komission kyseisen päätöksen soveltamisesta laatiman kertomuksen päätelmänä on, että on sopivaa jatkaa edellä mainitun päätöksen säännösten soveltamista 31 päivään joulukuuta 1999. Komissio on vahvistanut 10 päivänä heinäkuuta 1996 työohjelman asteittaiseksi etenemiseksi kohti uutta yhteistä arvonlisäverojärjestelmää2, jossa ennakoidaan asteittaista siirtymistä uuteen järjestelmään. Koska viimeinen ehdotuskokonaisuus on tarkoitus esittää vuoden 1999 puolivälissä, on sopivaa rajoittaa luvan voimassaolo 31 päivään joulukuuta 1999, sillä näin on mahdollista arvioida poikkeavan toimenpiteen yhdenmukaisuutta uuden arvonlisäverojärjestelmän osana kehitetyn yleisen lähestymistavan kanssa. Kuudennen arvonlisäverodirektiivin 27 artiklan 3 kohdan mukaisesti Ranskan pyynnöstä on ilmoitettu muille jäsenvaltioille 13 päivänä maaliskuuta 1997 päivätyssä kirjeessä. 1 EYVL N:o L 351, 2. 12. 1992, s. 32 2 KOM(96) 328 lopullinen, 22. 7. 1996 3 Ehdotus: NEUVOSTON PÄÄTÖS luvan antamisesta Ranskan tasavallalle jatkaa jäsenvaltioiden liikevaihtoverolainsäädännön yhdenmukaistamisesta 17 päivänä toukokuuta 1977 annetun neuvoston kuudennen direktiivin (77/388/ETY) 17 artiklasta ja 22 artiklan 3,4 ja 5 kohdasta poikkeavien toimenpiteiden soveltamisesta EUROOPAN UNIONIN NEUVOSTO, joka ottaa huomioon Euroopan yhteisön perustamissopimuksen, ottaa huomioon jäsenvaltioiden liikevaihtoverolainsäädännön yhdenmukaistamisesta - yhteinen arvonlisäverojärjestelmä: yhdenmukainen määräytymisperuste, 17 päivänä toukokuuta 1977 annetun kuudennen neuvoston direktiivin N:o 77/388/ETY1 ja erityisesti sen 27 artiklan, ottaa huomioon 23 päivänä marraskuuta 1992 tehdyn neuvoston päätöksen N:o 92/544/ETY2, ottaa huomioon edellä mainitun päätöksen soveltamista koskevan komission kertomuksen, ottaa huomioon sen perusteella laaditun komission ehdotuksen, sekä katsoo, että kuudennen arvonlisäverodirektiivin 27 artiklan 1 kohdan mukaan neuvosto voi komission ehdotuksesta yksimielisesti päättää antaa jäsenvaltiolle luvan ottaa käyttöön tästä direktiivistä poikkeavia erityistoimenpiteitä tai jatkaa niiden soveltamista veronkannon tai veron kiertämisen yksinkertaistamiseksi estämiseksi, tietyntyyppisten veropetosten taikka Ranskan tasavalta on komission pääsihteeristössä 14 päivänä helmikuuta 1997 saapuneeksi kirjatulla kirjeellä pyytänyt lupaa jatkaa sille aiemmin rajatuksi ajaksi myönnetyn poikkeuksen soveltamista, toisille jäsenvaltioille on ilmoitettu 13 päivänä maaliskuuta 1997 Ranskan hallituksen esittämästä pyynnöstä, 1 EYVL N:o L 145, 13. 06. 1977, s. 1. Viimeksi muutettuna direktiivillä 96/95/EY (EYVL N:o L 338, 28. 12. 1996, s. 89) 2 EYVL N:oL 351,2. 12. 1992, s. 32 kyseisen poikkeuksen soveltamisesta erityistoimenpiteet edellyttämät ehdot, täyttävät edellä mainitun direktiivin 27 artiklan laadittu komission kertomus osoittaa, että soveltamisen komissio on vahvistanut 10 päivänä heinäkuuta 1996 työohjelman3 sekä aikataulun ehdotuksille, joissa ennakoidaan asteittaista etenemistä kohti yhteismarkkinoiden uutta yhteistä arvonlisäverojärjestelmää, koska viimeinen ehdotuskokonaisuus on tarkoitus esittää vuoden 1999 puolivälissä, lupa myönnetään 31 päivään elokuuta 1999 asti, sillä näin on mahdollista arvioida tämän poikkeuksen soveltuvuutta uuden arvonlisäverojärjestelmän osana kehitettyyn yleiseen lähestymistapaan, ja tämä poikkeus ei vaikuta kielteisesti arvonlisäverosta kertyviin Euroopan yhteisöjen omiin varoihin, ON TEHNYT TÄMÄN PÄÄTÖKSEN: KOM(96) 328 lopullinen, 22. 7. 1996 1 artikla Poiketen siitä, mitä direktiivin 77/388/ETY 17 artiklassa ja 22 artiklan 3, 4 ja 5 kohdassa säädetään, Ranskan tasavallalle annetaan joulukuun 31 päivään 1999 asti lupa: - kantaa lähdeverona henkisen omaisuuden teosten tekijöiltä edellytettävä arvonlisävero silloin, kun tekijänoikeusmaksujen maksajina ovat kustantajat, tekijänoikeusjärjestöt tai tuottajat, - soveltaa tekijänoikeusmaksuihin 0,80 prosentin vakiovähennystä, jota kaikilla tekijöillä on oikeus vaatia. Tämä vakiovähennys estää muiden vähennysten soveltamisen. Tämä päätös on osoitettu Ranskan tasavallalle. 2 artikla Tehty Brysselissä Neuvoston puolesta Puheenjohtaja 4o ISSN 1024-4492 KOM(97) 215 lopullinen ASIAKIRJAT FI 06 01 09 Luettelonumero : CB-CO-97-203-FI-C ISBN 92-78-19591-X Euroopan yhteisöjen virallisten julkaisujen toimisto L-2985 Luxemburg


title: QUESTION ECRITE no 1645/97 de Marlies MOSIEK-URBAHN à la Commission. Appel d'offres public 228/96 de février 1996

eurovoc_concepts:
Armenia
Azerbaijan
aid system
award of contract
citrus fruit
economic consequence
fruit juice
fruit product
pip fruit
stone fruit

text: 25. 2. 98 FR Journal officiel des Communaute·s europe·ennes C 60/33 (98/C 60/59) QUESTION E· CRITE E-1642/97 pose·e par Undine-Uta Bloch von Blottnitz (V) a‘ la Commission Objet: Contro(cid:136)les de se·curite· de l(cid:146)AIEA dans l(cid:146)Union europe·enne (14 mai 1997) Le Royaume-Uni autorise des contro(cid:136)les de l(cid:146)AIEA, par exemple aupre‘s d(cid:146)URENCO. Des contro(cid:136)les comparables ne sont pas admis a‘ la centrale nucle·aire allemande d(cid:146)Unterweser. Existe-t-il des disparite·s nationales en ce qui concerne l(cid:146)utilisation des contro(cid:136)les de l(cid:146)AIEA dans l(cid:146)Union europe·enne? Dans l(cid:146)affirmative, quelle est la nature de ces disparite·s, a‘ quoi sont-elles dues et pourquoi l(cid:146)autorite· d(cid:146)Euratom ne veille-t-elle pas a‘ l(cid:146)e·galite· de traitement des contro(cid:136)leurs de l(cid:146)AIEA? Re·ponse donne·e par M. Papoutsis au nom de la Commission (22 juillet 1997) La Commission informe l(cid:146)Honorable Parlementaire que l(cid:146)installation d(cid:146)Urenco au Royaume-Uni est une installation d(cid:146)enrichissement de l(cid:146)uranium, tandis que l(cid:146)installation allemande d(cid:146)Unterweser est un re·acteur de puissance. Du point de vue technique, cela signifie que la situation est diffe·rente pour les contro(cid:136)les de se·curite·. Les installations d(cid:146)enrichissement ne·cessitent des inspections tre‘s fre·quentes ou permanentes, tandis que les centrales sont soumises a‘ des contro(cid:136)les moins fre·quents qui restent toutefois de l(cid:146)ordre de plusieurs par an. A‘ Unterweser, plus de 10 ve·rifications ont e·te· re·alise·es en 1996, la plupart par l(cid:146)Agence internationale de l(cid:146)e·nergie atomique (AIEA). La divergence technique avec l(cid:146)AIEA appara(cid:14)(cid:136)t lorsqu(cid:146)il s(cid:146)agit de mesurer le combustible MOX. Alors que la Commission, qui applique le contro(cid:136)le de se·curite· d(cid:146)Euratom, estime que les ve·rifications sont les plus efficaces si elles sont exe·cute·es aux installations de fabrication de MOX (dans ce cas au Royaume-Uni), l(cid:146)AIEA pre·fe‘re les re·aliser dans un E· tat non dote· d(cid:146)armes nucle·aires, me(cid:136)me si les mesures aux re·acteurs doivent e(cid:136)tre effectue·es sous l(cid:146)eau. Cette question est actuellement de·battue. Il existe en effet des disparite·s nationales dans la Communaute· en ce qui concerne les contro(cid:136)les de se·curite· de l(cid:146)AIEA, selon que le pays est un E· tat dote· d(cid:146)armes nucle·aires ou non. Par conse·quent, pour mettre en (cid:156)uvre les contro(cid:136)les de se·curite· de l(cid:146)AIEA dans la Communaute·, trois accords diffe·rents ont e·te· conclus entre la Communaute· europe·enne de l(cid:146)e·nergie atomique, ses E· tats membres et l(cid:146)AIEA: › INFCIRC/193: accord conclu entre la Communaute·, ses E· tats membres non dote·s d(cid:146)armes nucle·aires et l(cid:146)AIEA, qui est entre· en vigueur le 21 fe·vrier 1977; INFCIRC/263: accord volontaire conclu entre la Communaute·, le Royaume-Uni et l(cid:146)AIEA pour l(cid:146)applica- tion des contro(cid:136)les de se·curite· au Royaume-Uni, qui est entre· en vigueur le 14 aou(cid:136)t 1978 (une diffe·rence fondamentale par rapport a‘ l(cid:146)INFCIRC/193 est que les inspections de routine de l(cid:146)AIEA s(cid:146)appliquent seulement aux installations de·signe·es par l(cid:146)AIEA sur une liste d(cid:146)installations fournie par le Royaume-Uni qui couvre toutes les unite·s nucle·aires civiles britanniques); › INFCIRC/290: accord volontaire conclu entre la Communaute·, la France et l(cid:146)AIEA pour l(cid:146)application des contro(cid:136)les de se·curite· en France, qui est entre· en vigueur le 12 septembre 1981 (son champ d(cid:146)application est limite· aux matie‘res spe·cifiquement de·signe·es par la France). Cependant, toutes les matie‘res nucle·aires civiles en France comme au Royaume-Uni sont soumises aux contro(cid:136)les de se·curite· d(cid:146)Euratom conforme·ment au traite· Euratom. (98/C 60/60) QUESTION E· CRITE E-1645/97 pose·e par Marlies Mosiek-Urbahn (PPE) a‘ la Commission (14 mai 1997) Objet: Appel d(cid:146)offres public 228/96 de fe·vrier 1996 1. Quelles sont les raisons qui ont amene· a‘ modifier les conditions de l(cid:146)appel d(cid:146)offres (remplacement des pommes par des pe(cid:136)ches) apre‘s l(cid:146)adjudication a‘ l(cid:146)entreprise Trentofrutta, et sur quelle base juridique cela s(cid:146)est-il fait? Pourquoi n(cid:146)y a-t-il pas eu un nouvel appel d(cid:146)offres, alors qu(cid:146)il y avait eu changement de la cate·gorie de 2. produits et, partant, des conditions de base?


title: REGULAMENTO (CE) Nº 864/97 DA COMISSÃO de 14 de Maio de 1997 que fixa os direitos de importação no sector do arroz

eurovoc_concepts:
CCT duties
import
rice
third country


title: Decision on the common position adopted by the Council with a view to the adoption of a European Parliament and Council Directive amending Directives 92/50/EEC, 93/36/EEC and 93/ 37/EEC concerning the coordination of procedures for the award of public service contracts, public supply contracts and public works contracts respectively (C4-0038/97 95/ 0079(COD))

eurovoc_concepts:
EU Member State
GATT
award of contract
public administration
services contract
supplies contract
works contract