Prior approaches that attempt to overcome the computational bottleneck of error estimation can be classified into two categories: 1) Methods that estimate the range of error: These methods capture the range of the error in approximate computation in terms of its minimum and maximum value, and are primarily based on interval and af.ne arithmetic [11], with modi.cations [3], [10], [12] suitable for asymmetric distributions of errors in approximate circuits.
these approaches are computationally intensive, may lead to storage explosion [10], and often overestimate errors [13].