Many non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from <answer>German</answer> Romanticism, the most obvious influence being the <answer>German</answer> theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. In his seminal lecture "On the Different Methods of Translation" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods that move "the writer toward [the reader]", i.e., transparency, and those that move the "reader toward [the author]", i.e., an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text. Schleiermacher favored the latter approach; he was motivated, however, not so much by a desire to embrace the foreign, as by a nationalist desire to oppose France's cultural domination and to promote <answer>German</answer> literature.
What nationality was Friedrich Schleiermacher?
German