impacted third molars are developmental pathological medical deformities characteristic of modern civilization accounting for 98% of all impacted teeth .
studies have shown that there is significant deterioration in oral health related quality of life such as trismus , swelling , pain and delayed healing of extraction socket in the immediate post - operative periods following third molar surgery . economically , much fund is being spent on analgesics and antibiotics to reduce the post - operative morbidity associated with lower third molar surgery .
few studies have been devoted to the influence of operative techniques on the post - operative course .
one of the factors most linked to the intensity of pain and swelling is the technique of closure of the socket after surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molar .
two types of closure techniques namely the primary ( total ) and secondary ( partial ) closure techniques have been studied .
primary closure technique is the complete closure of extraction socket by way of repositioning of the flaps by sutures aimed at wound healing by primary intention .
primary closure is derived from the basic surgical principle and is still widely practiced in nigeria .
osunde et al . , in their study have reported that primary closure of the wound prevents drainage of the latter , worsening the post - operative pain and swelling
. however , other authors report that with this technique , complete wound healing is achieved and contamination from the oral cavity is avoided .
some of the secondary closure techniques explored in the literature range from the use of drains , single sutures to sutureless techniques .
drains commonly used in oral and maxillofacial surgery are the gauze drains , suction drains and simple rubber drains .
, evaluating the effect of locally applied gauze drain impregnated with chlortetracycline ointment in mandibular third molar surgery concluded that there was a reduction in post - operative alveolitis but had no beneficial effect on pain , swelling and trismus .
this finding was supported by de brabander and cattaneo following use of gauze drain partially submerged into the socket .
however , other investigators using penrose drains or small tube drains concluded that there was a significant reduction in swelling and trimus though pain reduction was minimal .
the use of drains have been associated with complications such as tissue reaction to drain materials , irritation and erosion of adjacent structures , creation of dead space about the drain itself and potentiation of infection in clean wounds . the use of single suture and sutureless techniques to achieve secondary closure following third molar surgery have been reported .
these emerging techniques have the advantages of reducing the operative time and less tissue manipulation .
pain , swelling and trismus are reported to be significantly reduced within the first 48 h of surgery .
however , sutureless technique might only be limited to cases in which minimal incisions are used for third molar surgery .
the creation of a  window  by way of mucosa excision as advocated by dubois et al . , raises questions as to the rationale for sacrificing normal tissue .
studies by rakprasitkul and pairuchvej , have reported that the duration of surgery is 4 min longer for secondary closure technique compared with primary closure .
this increase in length of surgical intervention has been found to lead to increase pain , swelling and trismus following lower third molar surgery .
thus , there is the need for a secondary closure technique that may ameliorate these observed setbacks .
this study is aimed at comparing the effect of primary closure or dressing on post - operative morbidity after lower third molar surgery .
it is hoped that the outcome of this study would provide the oral and maxillofacial surgeon a better alternative to ameliorate post - operative morbidity sequel to third molar surgery as well as improving patient 's quality of life and disposition to surgery .
this study was a prospective randomized clinical trial with subjects drawn from consecutive patients attending the oral and maxillofacial surgery department of the university of benin teaching hospital , benin , edo state , nigeria for impacted mandibular third molar surgery .
all patients ( 18 - 45 years ) who met the national institute of health criteria ( nih , 1980 ) were recruited .
those patients with missing central incisors in either of the jaws were however excluded in order to standardized measurement of maximum inter - incisal distance during opening .
permission to conduct this study was sought from the ethics committee of the hospital , while written informed consent from the individual patient to participate in the study was also obtained .
the study population was randomly divided into two equal groups - group a had primary closure only while group b had whitehead 's varnish dressing in the socket .
a study population of 80 cases based on calculated sample size was drawn into a pool of 80 cards .
the 80 cards were divided into two equal groups of 40 cards - 40 cards group a and 40 cards group b. to match for gender , 45 females and 35 males were recruited and the first patient in each gender group was made to ballot which type of closure technique would be instituted through the toss of a coin .
patient 's maximum mouth opening from the maxillary central mesioincisal edge to the mandibular central mesioincisal edge was measured in centimeters using vernier callipers as described by ustun et al .
reported by weupert et al . , and chukwuneke et al . , was used [ figure 1 ] .
the first measurement was taken from the tragus to the pogonium and the second measurement was taken from the tragus to the labio - angular commissure .
t - tragus , c - commisure , p - pogonium all the surgical procedures were performed by the same surgeon using the guttering technique . a local anesthetic agent ( 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 adrenalin )
was administered to all patients using a dental syringe and a 3.5 cm long 27 gauge dental needle through an intraoral approach . a full thickness
three sided buccal mucoperiosteal flap was made and reflected with an anterior relieving incision running from the buccal sulcus to the midpoint of the first or second molar depending on the nature of impaction and continued through the gingival sulcus of the second molar .
the posterior incision was made distally and laterally over the external oblique ridge in the retromolar ascending ramus area .
bone was removed using a round bur ( carbide no : 8) in a high speed straight hand piece under constant irrigation with sterile normal saline solution .
the delivery of the tooth was carried out with tooth division done where indicated . in line with predetermined closure techniques for each patient
those requiring dressing had the distal incision over the patient 's oblique ridge sutured and a small whitehead varnish ( medex uk - east - anglia ) dressing was also sutured to the apex of the flap .
for patients indicated for primary closure , the anterior and distal relieving incisions were sutured using 3/0 silk to ensure total closure of socket .
the duration of the procedure was recorded from the time of first incision to the placement of the last suture by an assistant using a stopwatch on the instruction of the operating surgeon .
all patients were administered prophylactically , 500 mg amoxicillin and 200 mg metronidazole 8 hourly per oral for 5 days except in two patients that had a history of allergy to penicillins who had to be given 250 mg erythromycin 6 hourly .
diclofenac potassium ( 50 mg twice daily ) was administered orally as the analgesic for 5 days .
post extraction instructions were given and all patients were given an appointment to report in the clinic on the 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 and 7 day for evaluation of post - operative morbidity .
evaluation of facial swelling and mouth opening was done by a colleague who had been trained on assessment techniques and was oblivious of the type of closure technique employed for each patient .
post - operative measurements of facial swelling and mouth opening on the 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 and 7 day for all patients was carried out .
the pre - operative value was subtracted from the post - operative values to ascertain the degree of change if any .
post - operative pain assessment was determined by patients using the visual analogue scale ( a 10 cm baseline scale where 0 cm was no pain and 10 cm was worst possible pain ) on the 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 and 7 day post - operatively .
the data that was recorded in the proforma designed for the study was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences ( spss , version 17 ; spss , chicago ) .
results were analyzed using student 's t - test and significance level was set at p < 0.05 and adopted power of 95% .
there were however 8 dropouts ( 5 from group a and 3 from group b ) due to failure to keep an appointment .
the study with a mean age of 25.1  4.6 years ( range 19 - 39 years ) .
the mean duration of surgery for primary closure was 30.5 min ( range , 20 - 36 min ) and for dressing , it was 32.1 min ( range 28 - 40 min ) .
the difference in mean pain score was not statistically significant ( p = day 1 0.061 ; day 2 0.082 ; day 3 0.086 ; day 4 0.082 ; day 5 0.796 ) between the study groups .
however , the mean pain scores for patients in group b ( dressing ) was consistently lower than those in group a ( primary closure ) for the corresponding days of post - operative pain evaluation [ figure 2 ] .
post - operative pain according to time - point and technique employed table 1 shows that the mean facial swelling between the two groups measuring the tragus - commissure ( tc ) distance was statistically significant for the 1 and 2 day post - operatively ( p = 0.010 and 0.010 respectively ) .
similarly , tragus - pogonium ( tp ) mean measurements were significant only on the 2 day .
this was similar to the combined measurements of tc + tp which were also statistically significant on the 2 day ( p = 0.020 ) .
the mean facial swelling was less in patients that had secondary closure compared to those with primary closure in the three degrees of measurements .
there was also an observed decrease in mean facial swelling to pre - operative values during the course of post - operative evaluation [ figure 3 ] .
comparison of primary closure ( group a ) or dressing ( group b ) on post - operative swelling after third molar surgery post - operative swelling according to time - point and technique used table 2 shows a higher mean reduction in mouth opening for patients who had primary closure ( group a ) compared with those who had dressing ( group b ) .
the differences in the mean reductions were statistically significant on the second and third post - operative days ( p = 0.010 and 0.012 respectively ) .
comparison of primary closure ( group a ) or dressing ( group b ) on post - operative trismus after third molar surgery
the difference in mean pain score was not statistically significant ( p = day 1 0.061 ; day 2 0.082 ; day 3 0.086 ; day 4 0.082 ; day 5 0.796 ) between the study groups .
however , the mean pain scores for patients in group b ( dressing ) was consistently lower than those in group a ( primary closure ) for the corresponding days of post - operative pain evaluation [ figure 2 ] .
table 1 shows that the mean facial swelling between the two groups measuring the tragus - commissure ( tc ) distance was statistically significant for the 1 and 2 day post - operatively ( p = 0.010 and 0.010 respectively ) .
similarly , tragus - pogonium ( tp ) mean measurements were significant only on the 2 day .
this was similar to the combined measurements of tc + tp which were also statistically significant on the 2 day ( p = 0.020 ) .
the mean facial swelling was less in patients that had secondary closure compared to those with primary closure in the three degrees of measurements .
there was also an observed decrease in mean facial swelling to pre - operative values during the course of post - operative evaluation [ figure 3 ] .
comparison of primary closure ( group a ) or dressing ( group b ) on post - operative swelling after third molar surgery post - operative swelling according to time - point and technique used
table 2 shows a higher mean reduction in mouth opening for patients who had primary closure ( group a ) compared with those who had dressing ( group b ) .
the differences in the mean reductions were statistically significant on the second and third post - operative days ( p = 0.010 and 0.012 respectively ) .
comparison of primary closure ( group a ) or dressing ( group b ) on post - operative trismus after third molar surgery
surgery of impacted third molars can lead to immediate post - operative pain and discomfort .
various researches have been carried out especially in the developed countries to finding ways of ameliorating these morbidities to their barest minimum .
one of the measures used was comparing the efficacy of primary and secondary closure post - operatively .
most studies are of the opinion that post - operative sequelae were less with secondary closure while others claim there is no statistical difference to advocate one over the other .
mean pain score as assessed using the visual analogue scale showed that the pain score for each day of the evaluation was higher in those who had primary closure .
however , it was noteworthy that the difference in pain score observed was not statistically significant between the study populations .
this agrees with the findings of chukwuneke et al . and chaudhary et al . who found no significant difference between primary and secondary closure techniques with respect to pain .
in evaluating the closure techniques on post - operative swelling , the use of secondary closure technique had a statistical differential between the techniques in the post - operative measures of tragus to commissure on the 1 and 2 day , tragus to pogonium on the 2 day and on the summation of the two measurements on the 2 day .
these outcomes were similar to those of dubois et al . , who reported greater swelling when surgical wound healed by first intention .
the findings of statistical difference on the 2 day of evaluation could be attributed to prevention of drainage of the wound by primary closure leading to worsening of post - operative pain and swelling as suggested by flynn et al . however , de brabandar and caltaneo reported no differences between the two groups of patients subjected to both closure techniques .
there was a significant reduction in limitation of mouth opening in the cohort that had secondary closure .
the findings of this study showed that the degree of post - operative reduction in trismus is associated with reduction in post - operative swelling for patients who had dressing .
this observed reduction in trismus following the use of dressing has been attributable to the reduction in post - operative edema as supported by studies by carrillo et al .
, reviewing the role of intra - alveolar dressing on post - operative morbidity following third molar surgery reported that its primary function is to preserve vital coagulum within the socket and thus prevent infection .
the authors reported that dressing also acts as a space - occupying agent which is gradually displaced or absorbed as the coagulum vitalizes .
the space - occupying effect places less demand on the coagulum to be vitalized throughout its entire extent .
the authors observed a marked reduction in post - operative inflammatory complications such as pain and swelling though the reason for this was not known .
we observed a significant reduction in post - operative swelling and trismus in subjects that had dressing of the sockets compared with those with primary closure . though the effect on pain reduction was better with dressing of the socket , it was not statistically significant
. furthermore , in the light of the observed drawbacks in other techniques of secondary closure , dressing provides a simple cost - effective means of improving patient 's quality - of - life following third molar surgery .
 objective : the aim of the following study is to determine the effect of primary closure or dressing on post - operative morbidity after impacted lower third molar surgery.materials and methods : this was a randomized clinical study of 72 patients who had surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars . the subjects were divided into two groups of a and b. group a had total closure ( primary closure ) and group b had whitehead varnish dressing of the socket . 
 pain , swelling and trismus were evaluated pre - operatively using visual analogue scale , flexible tape measuring method and inter - incisal distance measurement with vernier callipers respectively as well as post - operatively on 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 5th and 7th day.results:the study participants consisted of 27 males and 45 females in a ratio 1:1.7 . with a mean age of 24.7  4.9 years ( range 19 - 33 years ) for group a and 25.5  4.3 years ( range 20 - 39 years ) for group b. post - operative pain was not significantly affected by the closure techniques ( p > 0.05 ) . 
 dressing was found to significantly reduce the degree of swelling and trismus peaking on the 2nd day ( p = 0.0207 and p = 0.010 respectively).conclusion : the use of dressing was more effective than primary closure to reduce the degree of swelling and trismus though its effect on post - operative pain reduction was not significant . 
I
M
R
Pain assessment
Facial swelling
Trismus
D
C