idebenone ( 2-(10-hydroxydecyl)-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methyl - cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione ) ( figure 1 ) is a synthetic analogue of ubiquinone ( coenzyme q10 ) , a known physiological mitochondria 's membrane compound .
idebenone appears to act as a coenzyme q10-like compound exhibiting similarly antioxidant and electron chain transport properties involved in the generation of atp [ 1 , 2 ] .
idebenone has been reported to improve energetic metabolism deficiencies and to relieve neurologic symptoms [ 3 , 4 ] .
initially developed for the treatment of cognitive disturbances and alzheimer 's disease , idebenone is approved as an orphan drug by the food drug and administration ( fda ) and european agencies for the treatments of friedreich 's ataxia , leber 's hereditary optic neuropathy , or duchenne muscular dystrophy [ 57 ] .
reported methods for the determination of ubiquinones are available in biological fluids by a reverse phase hplc with a step extraction procedure , uv detection , and a run time of about 20  min [ 8 , 9 ] .
we report the first reverse phase hplc stability - indicating method for assessing idebenone in pharmaceutical forms using a visible detection , direct injection , and a run time of 3  min . according to the international conference on harmonisation ( ich ) stability guideline ,
idebenone pharmaceutical - quality grade powder was supplied by inresa ( bartenheim , france , lot pr140151b ) .
hplc - grade methanol was provided by merck kgaa ( lichrosolv , darmstadt , germany ) .
a dionex ultimate 3000 system ( thermo scientific , villebon sur yvette , france ) was used for the assay .
this hplc system contained an integrated solvent and degasser srd-3200 , an analytical pump hpg-3200sd , a thermostated autosampler wps-3000tsl , a thermostated column compartment tcc-3000sd , and a diode array detector mwd-3000 .
data acquisition was carried out using in - line chromeleon software ( v6.80 sp2 ) ( thermo scientific ) .
chromatographic separation was achieved at 25c using a nova - pak c18 column ( waters , guyancourt , france ) with 4  m particle size , 4.6  mm internal diameter , and 150  mm length .
the mobile phase of 100% methanol was pumped at a flow rate of 1.0  ml / min .
idebenone stock solution ( 100  mg / ml ) was prepared by accurately weighing 10  g and transferring to 100  ml volumetric flask .
two idebenone 45  mg tablets were crushed to a fine powder in a glass mortar and 5  ml of methanol was added .
the suspension was transferred to a 10  ml volumetric flask and made up to 10  ml with methanol to achieve a final idebenone 9  mg / ml concentration .
calibration standards at 3.0 , 4.0 , 5.0 , 6.0 , 7.0 , and 8.0  mg / ml were freshly prepared using the stock solution .
quality control solutions at 3.5 , 4.5 , and 6.5  mg / ml were prepared extemporaneously .
the method was validated for specificity , linearity , limit of detection ( lod ) , limit of quantification ( loq ) , precision , accuracy , robustness , and the stability - indicating capability .
the specificity was determined by analyzing the chromatograms of tablets in comparison with those obtained for idebenone standard solution aiming at confirming that none of the ingredients interfere with the quantitation of the drug .
the linearity was determined by a least - square linear regression routine using the compound peak area and concentration of the working standard solutions prepared at six concentration levels ( 3.0 , 4.0 , 5.0 , 6.0 , 7.0 , and 8.0  mg / ml ) .
six replicates of each concentration were independently prepared and injected in triplicate into the chromatograph .
the method was evaluated by determination of the correlation coefficient and intercept values according to the ich guidelines .
lod and loq were expressed as 3.3  syx / b and 10.0  syx / b , respectively , where syx is residual variance due to regression and b is the mean slope of the linear regression curves .
the intraday precision was determined by measuring quality control samples of 3.5 , 4.5 , and 6.5  mg / ml of idebenone , injected six times on the same day .
the intermediate ( interday ) precision was estimated by injecting quality control samples prepared at the same concentrations on three different days by different operators .
the accuracy was investigated by using the standard addition method at different levels : 20 , 40 , 80 , 100 , and 120% .
the mean recovery of idebenone of the target concentration ( 4  mg / ml ) was calculated and accepted with 100  2% . to determine the robustness ,
the evaluation of robustness was based on rsd values obtained by changing analytical setting such as isocratic flow rate ( 1.1 to 1.3  ml / min ) , wavelength detection ( 481 to 483  nm ) , temperature of analytical column ( 23 to 30c ) , and composition of mobile phase ( 1 and 2% deionised water ) .
forced degradation studies were carried out to provide some information about the drug stability and to validate the specificity of the idebenone quantification of the assay .
the standard solution of idebenone was exposed to accelerated degradation by alkaline , acid , and oxidative and direct exposure to sunlight conditions . to perform the alkaline hydrolysis ,
2  ml of idebenone stock solution ( 100  mg / ml ) was mixed in a 4  ml tube with 800  l of 1  n sodium hydroxide ( naoh ) for 1  h and maintained in the dark at 50c . after the reaction time , this solution was cooled at room temperature and neutralized with 1  n hydrochloric acid ( hcl ) . the solution was completed with methanol to reach a targeted concentration of 5  mg / ml before injection into the hplc system . the same procedure was used for the acid hydrolysis using 1  n hcl in sample preparation and 1  n naoh for neutralization before hplc assay . to investigate oxidative degradation ,
2  ml of idebenone stock solution was mixed in a 4  ml tube with 1  ml of 3% hydrogen peroxide for 48  h at 50c in the dark .
this solution was completed with methanol to reach a targeted concentration of 5  mg / ml before injection into the hplc system . for the photolytic degradation
, 2  ml of idebenone stock solution was transferred in a 4  ml tube and directly exposed to sunlight for 5 days .
the solution was completed with methanol to reach a targeted concentration of 5  mg / ml .
to achieve a quick and effective separation , idebenone was injected into different mobile phase solutions mixing deionised water and methanol at different proportions . due to the insolubility of idebenone in water
, the various assays demonstrated that the proportion of 100% methanol was more appropriate for the assay and an idebenone elution was observed at 1.70  min .
the optimum drug absorbance was obtained at 480  nm , as there was no interference from excipients present in commercial tablets . a typical chromatogram obtained with the present method
the proposed method was validated by determining its performance characteristics regarding specificity , linearity , lod , loq , accuracy , precision , and robustness .
specificity was estimated by comparing the chromatograms of blank methanol solution , idebenone standard solution , and excipients solution from tablets as per assay method ( figure 3 ) .
the results showed that there was no interference at the retention time of idebenone from the formulation tablet components .
the linearity range of idebenone was demonstrated in the interval of 3.0 to 8.0  mg / ml . the mean linear regression equation obtained was y = 13.093x + 0.581 , where y is the peak area and x is the standard solution concentration in mg / ml .
the correlation coefficient ( r = 0.9987 ) is suitable ( table 1 ) to determine idebenone concentration range of 3.0 to 8.0  mg / ml . lod and loq were 0.031 and 0.047  mg / ml , respectively .
the rsd values were less than 1.0% for all concentrations tested and confirmed the suitable intraday and interday precision of the method .
the percent recoveries of idebenone were good under most conditions except for the flow rate at 1.3  ml / min ( table 4 ) .
as shown in table 5 , alkaline stress led to the faster effect on idebenone degradation with about 17% of idebenone remaining only after 48  h after exposure to acid stress , about 48% of idebenone was degraded showing the critical ph effects on idebenone stability ( table 5 ) .
in oxidative condition , 15% of the drug was degraded whereas in high temperature and direct sunlight conditions , idebenone was found more stable with degradation under 10% ( table 5 ) . at ambient temperature , the drug was stable for at least 15 days .
any peak of product degradation was observed in all stress conditions ( figure 4 ; table 5 ) .
a simple and rapid stability - indicating high - performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of idebenone in pharmaceutical dosage forms .
the analytical method is specific , linear , precise , accurate , and robust for a rapid determination of this drug and can be used for studying the stability and degradation kinetics of idebenone .
 a stability - indicating method was validated for the determination in pharmaceutical forms of idebenone a coenzyme q10-like compound . 
 the assay was achieved by liquid chromatography analysis using a reversed - phase c18 column and a detector set at 480  nm . the optimized mobile phase consisted of isocratic flow rate at 1.0  ml / min for 3  min with methanol . 
 the linearity of the assay was demonstrated in the range of 3.0 to 8.0  mg / ml with a correlation coefficient r2 > 0.998 . 
 the limits of detection and quantification were 0.03 and 0.05  mg / ml , respectively . 
 the intraday and interday precisions were less than 1.0% . 
 accuracy of the method ranged from 98.6 to 101.5% with rsd < 0.6% . 
 specificity of the assay showed no interference from tablets components and breakdown products formed by alkaline , acidic , oxidative , sunlight , and high temperature conditions . 
 this method allows accurate and reliable determination of idebenone for drug stability assay in pharmaceutical studies . 
1. Introduction
2. Material and Method
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusion