knee osteoarthritis ( oa ) is the most common degenerative joint disorder in the elderly and a major public health problem throughout the world .
it is the leading cause of pain and is estimated to be the fourth leading cause of disability among the aging population.1 it increases the risks of morbidity because of loss of functional capacity , including difficulty in walking , inability to perform self - care , transferring , and going up and down stairs .
knee oa not only impairs physical functions but also reduces quality of life.2 in addition , it is the third leading cause of life - years lost due to disability.3 the prevalence of oa is increasing rapidly.4 its prevalence among asian countries ranges from 38.1% to 46.8%.57 in thailand , there was a survey among elderly in the community aged more than 50 years using history of knee pain and x - ray finding .
it was found that the prevalence of knee oa ranged from 34.5% to 45.6%.8 concerning pharmacologic treatment , nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) are the most common prescription for pain relief in oa.9 unfortunately , some patients can not use nsaids due to their adverse effects ( aes ) on the gastrointestinal ( gi ) system , including dyspepsia , ulceration , upper gi bleeding , and perforation of the stomach or duodenum.1012 curcumin is a spice commonly used for a long time as a coloring agent ( yellow ) in many kinds of curry powder in thai food .
evidence from in vitro studies revealed that curcumin has an inhibitory effect on substances involved in the inflammatory pathway , including lipoxygenase , cyclooxygenase ( cox ) , phospholipase , collagenase , elastase , and hyaluronidase.1316 furthermore , curcumin was found to inhibit the activation of free radical activated transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa b and nitric oxide synthase.13 it also reduces the proinflammatory cytokines : eg , tumor necrosis factor alpha , interleukin ( il)-1 beta , il-8 , and matrix metalloproteinase-13.17,18 all of these substances have a major role in the inflammatory joint process .
jackson et al19 reported that curcumin strongly inhibited collagenase and stromelysin expression , suggesting its therapeutic potential for the treatment of arthritis . concerning safety profiles ,
curcumin was demonstrated to be safe , even after high - dose ingestion of up to 8,000 mg / day for 3 months.20,21 nowadays , there is scarce information from clinical trials of curcumin in patients with knee oa . in 2009
, we performed a single - blind randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of 2,000 mg / day of curcuma domestica extracts compared with 800 mg / day of ibuprofen in 107 knee oa patients for 6 weeks.22 there were some limitations in that study , including inadequate sample size , subtherapeutic dosage of ibuprofen ( 800 mg per day ) , a single - blinded assessor , and the unequal frequency of drug intake between the two groups .
we decided to conduct this multicenter study with better design : ie , double - blind randomized controlled trial using a lower dosage of curcumin with a shortened duration to 4 weeks , in order to determine the efficacy and safety of 1,500 mg / day of c. domestica extracts in pain reduction and functional improvement compared with 1,200 mg / day of ibuprofen .
the study protocol was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles stated in the most recent version of the declaration of helsinki . after receiving approval from the institutional review board of eight tertiary hospitals in thailand , including four hospitals in the central , one in the northern , one in the northeastern , and two in the southern regions of thailand
the inclusion criteria were primary knee oa patients according to the american rheumatism association criteria23 who had a numerical rating scale of knee pain of 5 out of 10 and age 50 years . patients who had abnormal liver function or renal function , history of peptic ulcer , allergy to curcumin or ibuprofen , or
the randomization number was generated by computerized method , and the allocation codes were serially concealed in opaque envelops . after being recruited into the study , every subject received a knee x - ray , which indicated severity according to kellgren 
lawrence criteria.24 then , all participants were randomly allocated to receive either 1,200 mg / day of ibuprofen or 1,500 mg / day of c. domestica extracts . for blinding patients and assessors ,
both medications were manufactured by the department of pharmacy , siriraj hospital , bangkok , thailand , in the form of a capsule , to make them identical in appearance .
the treatment codes were kept by a pharmacist who was not involved in the study process .
the patients were asked to take the medication in the form of two capsules after meals three times a day for 4 weeks and not to use other medications during the study . if they had severe pain , they could take tramadol as a rescue medication and were asked to record the amount of drug intake .
the outcomes were evaluated at week 2 and week 4 by the same assessor at each site .
the principal outcomes were the western ontario and mcmaster universities osteoarthritis index ( womac ) , modified thai version,25 and a 6-minute walk distance .
the womac scores were composed of three subscales : ie , womac pain , womac stiffness , and womac function .
the higher score represented more pain , more stiffness , or worse knee functions . for safety concerns ,
compliance of treatment was assessed using pill count at each visit . at the end of the study ,
this study was designed as a noninferiority trial under the assumption of significant difference in womac pain score after treatment of 0.5 point .
we calculated the sample size by using the nquery advisor program , release 6.0 , 2005 ( statistical solutions , boston , ma , usa ) , based on mean change from baseline of our previous study22 of a score of 1.9 with 5% type i error and 20% type ii error , so the sample size of each group would be 180 . in case of a 10% dropout rate , the sample size would be 198 per group .
repeated - measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the change over time of the main outcomes .
the mean score , mean differences of womac scores , and 6-minute walk distance at week 4 were compared between groups using analysis of covariance and the unpaired t - test for noninferiority and equality .
the compliance of drug intake was compared using the t - test for equality . per protocol analysis
was applied for noninferiority study design.26 dried rhizomes of c. domestica were ground into powder .
the turmeric powder was extracted with ethanol and then evaporated at low pressure to obtain ethanol extract in the form of a semisolid containing oleoresin and curcuminoids .
the oleoresin was removed to yield curcuminoids extract ( total curcuminoids content between 75% and 85% ) .
the peak ratio of curcumin to demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin in the extract was determined by high - performance thin - layer chromatography .
the extract ( calculated for 250 mg of curcuminoids ) was filled into a capsule under good manufacturing practices standards .
the turmeric powder was extracted with ethanol and then evaporated at low pressure to obtain ethanol extract in the form of a semisolid containing oleoresin and curcuminoids .
the oleoresin was removed to yield curcuminoids extract ( total curcuminoids content between 75% and 85% ) .
the peak ratio of curcumin to demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin in the extract was determined by high - performance thin - layer chromatography .
the extract ( calculated for 250 mg of curcuminoids ) was filled into a capsule under good manufacturing practices standards .
a total of 524 knee oa patients were screened , but only 367 could be recruited .
one hundred and eighty - two and 185 subjects were randomized to ibuprofen and c. domestica extracts groups , respectively .
only 160 patients in the ibuprofen and 171 in the c. domestica extracts groups completed the study . the reasons for those subjects being lost to follow - up are presented in figure 1 .
there were seven patients in the ibuprofen group and one patient in the c. domestica extracts group who were lost to follow - up due to aes .
the baseline characteristics of participants were no different between the two groups ( table 1 ) .
the study population had a mean age of 60 years , a female predominance ( approximately 90% ) , and a body mass index of 26 kg / m .
three - quarters of them performed knee exercise ( one to seven times / week ) . the womac total , womac pain , womac stiffness , and womac function at baseline scores were higher than 5 out of 10 and were no different between groups .
the 6-minute walk distance was 304 meters and 310 meters in the ibuprofen and c. domestica extracts groups .
lawrence criteria were 138 ( 86.8% ) versus ( vs ) 150 ( 87.7% ) in the ibuprofen and c. domestica extracts groups , respectively , with no difference .
figure 2 presents the changes over time of the mean ( standard deviation ) of womac total , womac pain , womac stiffness , and womac function subscales at week 0 , week 2 , and week 4 of both groups using repeated - measures analysis of variance .
a within - group comparison of womac scores showed decreased scores in both groups , which meant significant improvement from baseline ( p<0.001 ) .
however , the between - group comparison showed no differences in womac scores ( p=0.326 , p=0.531 , p=0.522 , and p=0.278 for womac total , womac pain , womac stiffness , and womac function subscales , respectively ) . concerning the effectiveness of c. domestica extracts in this study ,
the mean , standard deviation , and difference values ( 95% confidence interval [ ci ] ) of womac total score , womac pain , womac stiffness , and womac function subscales at week 4 are presented in table 2 .
all of the womac scores in the c. domestica extracts group seemed to be more than those in the ibuprofen group .
however , after using the noninferiority test , the mean difference ( 95% ci ) of the womac total , womac pain , and womac function subscales at week 4 adjusted by week 0 of the c. domestica extracts group was within 0.5 point , which means that the c. domestica extracts group was noninferior to the ibuprofen group ( p=0.010 , p=0.018 , and p=0.010 , respectively ) , whereas the womac stiffness subscale showed a trend toward significance ( p=0.060 ) .
in addition , the 6-minute walk distance at week 4 was approximately 350 meters , which was no different between the groups ( mean difference and 95% ci were 7.18 meters and 7.01 to 21.38 meters ) .
in addition , the number of subjects with ae occurring during the study was no different between the two groups ( 35.7% in ibuprofen vs 29.7% in the c. domestica extracts group , p=0.222 , table 3 ) .
common aes were dyspepsia , abdominal pain / distension , nausea , loose stool , and pitting edema .
for the numbers of events that occurred , the rate of abdominal pain / distension was significantly lower in the c. domestica extracts group than in the ibuprofen group ( 10.8% vs 18.1% , p=0.046 ) .
however , the rates of dyspepsia , nausea , and pitting edema were higher in the ibuprofen group than in the c. domestica extracts group ( 15.9% vs 11.4% for dyspepsia , 8.2% vs 4.9% for nausea , and 7.1% vs 3.8% for pitting edema ) , but none of these events reached statistical significance .
only the symptom of loose stool was higher in the c. domestica extracts group than in the ibuprofen group , also with no difference ( 11.9% vs 8.8% , p=0.330 ) .
there was no difference in drug compliance between the groups ( 93.8% vs 92.6% in the ibuprofen and c. domestica extracts groups , respectively , p=0.202 ) .
concerning the rescue drug , two ( 1.1% ) and five ( 2.7% ) patients in the ibuprofen group and the c. domestica extracts group used tramadol , but no significant difference was found ( p=0.449 ) .
the patients global assessment and satisfaction at week 4 also was no different between groups ( p=0.665 and p=0.707 , respectively ) .
most subjects ( 96%97% ) were satisfied with the treatment , and two - thirds of them rated themselves as improved in a global assessment ( table 4 ) .
in the past decade , evidence in vitro has revealed the efficacy of curcumin in many aspects , including anti - inflammatory,20,27 antioxidant,28 and anticarcinogenic.2931 we were interested in its anti - inflammatory effect because some patients with knee oa are unable to use nsaids due to their gastrointestinal aes.1012 the mechanism of anti - inflammatory activity of curcumin extracts was demonstrated by the inhibition of many different substances that play a major role in inflammation , including phospholipase , lipoxygenase , cox-2 , leukotrienes , thromboxane , prostaglandins , collagenase , elastase , hyaluronidase , tumor necrosis factor- , il-1 , il-8 , and il-12.1317 in addition , henrotin et al32 found that diferuloylmethane ( the active ingredient of curcumin ) protects chondrocytes by inhibiting il-1 , activator protein-1/nuclear factor kappa b , and matrix metalloproteinase-3 and preventing chondrocyte apoptosis .
lev - ari et al33 reported an in vitro study of curcumin with cox-2 anti - inflammatory agents that showed that it can inhibit cox by reducing prostaglandin e2 level .
milan , italy ) 1,000 mg per day ( containing curcumin 200 mg / day ) combined with nsaids or analgesic drugs for 8 months in 100 knee oa patients with kellgren 
they found that it could significantly improve womac scores and walking distance only in the study group .
however , their study used a low dose of curcumin in combination with nsaids , not a head - to - head comparison between curcumin and nsaids as in our study .
in addition , subjects in their study were young with a mean age of 44 years and mild severity of knee oa ( x - ray grading i  ii )
another study from india reported a comparative trial concerning the efficacy of ra-11 ( artrex , mendar ; bioved pharmaceuticals , inc .
, pune , india ) , the multiplant ayuravej drug that is composed of withania somnifera , boswellia serrata , zingiber officinale , and curcuma longa , in 90 patients with knee oa.35 subjects were randomized to have ra-11 or placebo for 32 weeks .
their results were that knee pain score and womac score significantly decreased ( p,0.05 , p,0.01 ) only in the study group .
this study was different from ours because it used a mixture of drugs and compared with placebo , whereas we chose curcuminoid extracts and compared with an active controlled drug ( ibuprofen ) .
a study from thailand carried out by pinsornsak and niempoog36 in 2012 performed a randomized control trial of the efficacy of 1,000 mg / day of c. longa extract as an adjuvant therapy of diclofenac ( 75 mg / day ) for 3 months in 88 primary knees with oa .
they found no statistical significance between groups in visual analog scale for pain and functions evaluated by knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score.37 that means that c. longa extract does not add more benefit for subjects than those receiving only diclofenac . from our previous study in 2009 , even though there was a trend toward a greater effect in patients receiving c. domestica extracts , we could not definitely conclude that c. domestica extracts were as effective as ibuprofen , because the upper limit of the 95% ci of mean difference in the pain score exceeded the prespecified equivalence limit ( one point ) .
this study adjusted some of the methodology to correct those flaws : ie , the frequency and dosage of c. domestica extracts and ibuprofen ( 1,500 mg / d vs 1,200 mg / d , respectively , divided into three times per day ) , the double - blinded controlled trial , and shortening the duration of drug intake from 6 weeks to 4 weeks due to the better trend of outcomes at week 4 from our previous study.22 in addition , for precision of outcomes , we chose the narrow range of difference ( 0.5 point ) in main outcome after treatment , and we used the t - test for noninferiority to determine effect between groups .
one thing that we have concern about is the dosage of ibuprofen used in the active controlled group . even though ibuprofen at a higher dosage of 1,800 mg per day can be expected to have higher tissue distribution , decrease proinflammatory synovial fluid cytokine levels , and provide better control of knee symptoms , as reported by gallelli et al,38,39 we still chose a daily dose of 1,200 mg ibuprofen in this study .
the reasons were that thai people have a lower average body weight compared with caucasians , and our rheumatologist suggested a daily dosage of 8001,200 mg of ibuprofen in daily practice .
moreover , a higher dosage would increase risk of gi ae , especially melena , as presented in this study .
finally , our results show that the mean differences of all womac scores of the c. domestica group ( except stiffness subscale ) were noninferior to the ibuprofen group , and those values were within a prespecified range of noninferiority limit ( 0.5 point ) .
therefore , we can conclude that c. domestica extracts were as efficacious as ibuprofen in pain reduction and functional improvement . for safety concerns , c. domestica extracts showed safety profiles better than ibuprofen in terms of abdominal pain / distension .
in addition , seven patients in the ibuprofen group were lost to follow - up due to aes , as compared with one patient in the c. domestica extracts group .
cheng et al21 reported that c. domestica extracts can be provided at 2,000 mg / d for 6 weeks or an even higher dose of up to 8,000 mg / d for 3 months without any serious aes .
moreover , the compliance rate of both drugs in this study was more than 90% .
patients global assessment of improvement was approximately 64% in both groups , and more than 95% of both groups were satisfied with the treatment outcomes .
the ae profile was similar but with fewer gi ae reports in the c. domestica extracts group .
 objectiveto determine the efficacy and safety of curcuma domestica extracts in pain reduction and functional improvement.methods367 primary knee osteoarthritis patients with a pain score of 5 or higher were randomized to receive ibuprofen 1,200 mg / day or c. domestica extracts 1,500 mg / day for 4 weeks . 
 the main outcomes were western ontario and mcmaster universities osteoarthritis index ( womac ) total , womac pain , womac stiffness , and womac function scores . adverse events ( aes ) were also recorded.results185 and 182 patients were randomly assigned into c. domestica extracts and ibuprofen groups , respectively . 
 the baseline characteristics were no different between groups . 
 the mean of all womac scores at weeks 0 , 2 , and 4 showed significant improvement when compared with the baseline in both groups . after using the noninferiority test , the mean difference ( 95% confidence interval ) of womac total , womac pain , and womac function scores at week 4 adjusted by values at week 0 of c. domestica extracts were noninferior to those for the ibuprofen group ( p=0.010 , p=0.018 , and p=0.010 , respectively ) , except for the womac stiffness subscale , which showed a trend toward significance ( p=0.060 ) . 
 the number of patients who developed aes was no different between groups . 
 however , the number of events of abdominal pain / discomfort was significantly higher in the ibuprofen group than that in the c. domestica extracts group ( p=0.046 ) . 
 most subjects ( 96%97% ) were satisfied with the treatment , and two - thirds rated themselves as improved in a global assessment.conclusionc . 
 domestica extracts are as effective as ibuprofen for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis . 
 the side effect profile was similar but with fewer gastrointestinal ae reports in the c. domestica extracts group . 
Introduction
Materials and methods
Preparation of 
Results
Discussion
Conclusion