spasticity is defined as a velocity - dependent increase in the tonic stretch response with excessive tendon jerk reflexes   and is caused by the reduction of inhibitory impulses on lower motor neurons .
spasticity can cause pain , muscle shortening , and orthopedic malformations , and it can severely interfere with functional abilities and gait pattern .
cerebral palsy is a group of disorders of movement and posture due to a nonprogressive lesion of the developing brain . as a consequence of this definition , its causes are diverse .
selective dorsal rhizotomy ( sdr ) is a neurosurgical treatment that is mainly performed at lumbar level in patients with bilateral spastic paresis . by incomplete transection of the ( sensory ) posterior lumbosacral rootlets
, sdr reduces the excitatory input from the lower limbs that enters the spinal cord . in children with spastic cp
, sdr leads to a more normal gait pattern [ 36 ] , better performance of the activities of daily life [ 7 , 8 ] , and improvement in gross motor function [ 613 ] .
data on functional outcome after sdr in patients with other conditions than spastic cp are limited , though promising .
detailed information about the clinical characteristics of the selected children , other than spasticity alone , is often lacking . medical history and clinical examination
does not always provide sufficient evidence to establish the diagnosis of the underlying disorder in patients with cp .
the quality standards subcommittee of the american academy of neurology and the practice committee of the child neurology society both advise magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) of the brain for all cp patients . in patients with bilateral spastic cp
, the most common mri abnormality is periventricular leucomalacia ( pvl ) , which is characterized by a damage of the periventricular white matter [ 1619 ] .
gray matter lesions , early developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system , and abnormalities of the cerebrospinal fluid space , such as hydrocephalus , are less commonly found [ 1719 ] , and in some children with bilateral spastic cp no abnormalities are found with mri [ 1619 ] . in patients with normal mri findings and bilateral spastic paresis , genetic causes or spinal cord involvement should be considered .
the goal of this study was to identify possible relationships between the mri findings with the level of gross motor function of the patient before sdr and the change in functioning after sdr .
for this purpose , we retrospectively analyzed the mris of the patients who underwent sdr in our clinic .
this study was part of the project :  investigation of long - term effects of sdr in children with spastic diplegia  and was approved by the medical ethical committee of the vu university medical center , amsterdam , the netherlands ( project number 2006/105 ) .
the study population consisted of all the patients who underwent sdr in our clinic between january 1998 and december 2007 .
the patients were selected for sdr according to the criteria shown in table  1 . in our previous study , we only included patients with bilateral spastic cp and documented pvl . in the present study ,
, we included data on patients who underwent pre- and postoperative gross motor function measure ( gmfm-66 ) analysis with a follow - up period of at least 12  months and of whom mri was available for review . 

table  1selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in the vu university medical centercriteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy1.)bilateral spasticity of the lower extremities interfering with walking performance2.)presence of spasticity ( defined as velocity - dependent resistance to passive stretch ) in at least six muscle groups of the lower limbs3.)sufficient force in the quadriceps femoris muscle ( squatting at least seven times ) and the hip extensors ( kneel with extended hips , support for balance allowed)4.)absence of structural orthopedic deformities or contractures at hip , knee , or ankle5.)presence of moderate to good selective motor control in the lower limbs6.)gross motor function classification system ( gmfcs ) level i , ii , or iii7.)good support from parents and rehabilitation setting selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in the vu university medical center selective dorsal rhizotomy was performed by the same neurosurgeon ( wvo ) in all children .
dorsal roots l2-s1 were exposed and separated into different rootlets after laminotomy l2-l5 and opening of the dura .
transection of the rootlets was performed after electro - stimulation , according to palpable muscle contraction and emg response . at most , 50% of the rootlets
to prevent sexual and bladder disturbances , rootlets / fascicles showing electrical response after stimulation of the penis / the clitoris were spared .
the mris were assessed at two different points in time by two investigators  one neuropediatrician ( 8  years of experience in the assessment of mr neuroimaging ; rjv ) and one pediatrician with specialization in pediatric neurorehabilitation ( 2  years of experience in the assessment of mr neuroimaging ; sg ) .
imaging was classified into three diagnostic groups according to the following criteria : periventricular leucomalacia ( pvl ; increased signal intensity of the periventricular white matter in t2 weighted imaging and/or flair ; other abnormalities optional ) ; hydrocephalus ( signs of ventricular dilatation and increased intracranial pressure ) ; normal mri ( see fig .  1a  i ) . in one patient
, the mr abnormalities could not be classified into one of the three diagnostic groups and he was excluded from further data analysis ( patient number 19 , table  2 ; his mri showed delayed myelinisation and slightly enlarged ventricular size but no other white matter abnormalities and there were no signs of increased intracranial pressure ) . in the patients with pvl , we graded the severity of their mri abnormalities based on the work of cioni et al . .
the following items were assessed : ventricular size , evidence and extension of white matter signal intensity , evidence and extension of white matter loss , thinning of the corpus callosum , dimension ( size ) of subarachnoidal space , evidence and size of cysts , and presence of gray matter abnormalities .
the items were scored on a three - point scale , with a score of three indicating the most severe mri abnormalities .
the scores were summed to obtain a total score for each child ( minimal score , 7 and maximal score , 21 ) .
if the two investigators did not agree , the classification and/or scoring were determined by a consensus . 

1a  i mr imaging of three patients with bilateral spastic paresis undergoing sdr . a , d , g midsagittal t1 weighted images .
b , e , h transversal t2 weighted images at the level of the centrum semiovale .
g , h , i transversal t2 weighted imaging at the level of the basal ganglia .
 d  f mr images classified as periventricular leucomalacia showing thinning of the corpus callosum involving the total body ( fig . 
1e ) , a slight ventricular enlargement , and a loss of the occipital white matter ( fig . 
1i ) are enlargedtable  2summary of the characteristics of the patients included in the studycasegenderga ( weeks)bw ( g)age sdr years ( mts)follow - up years ( mts)mri classificationdiagnosisgmfm-66 before sdrgmfm-66 ( mean ) after sdr1f302,0005 ( 7)8 ( 5)pvlpvl50.8553.292f402,5005(7)9 ( 0)pvlpvl47.6849.663f403,4505 ( 8)8 ( 11)pvlpvl54.3855.714m301,6506 ( 8)8 ( 11)pvlpvl46.9148.325f281,2854 ( 11)7 ( 10)pvlpvl50.3254.756m261,0005 ( 3)7 ( 10)pvlpvl64.9867.827m322,5105 ( 1)6 ( 7)pvlpvl54.1560.388m331,2658 ( 9)5 ( 1)pvlpvl47.0955.929m268706 ( 11)3 ( 11)pvlpvl50.0954.3210m267805 ( 4)3 ( 0)pvlpvl52.3262.9811f413,0608 ( 4)5 ( 2)hydrocephaluscongenital hydrocephalus55.6256.3512m271,02010 ( 1)4 ( 5)hydrocephaluscongenital hydrocephalus68.8668.6913m403,3005 ( 9)7 ( 2)normalunknown65.3367.3114m343,1556 ( 11)3 ( 0)normalspinal process76.7585.1515m384,2808 ( 0)2 ( 7)normalunknown82.9989.7016f403,8758 ( 10)1 ( 7)normalhiv - encephalo(myelo)pathy73.6380.4617m394,0406 ( 7)2 ( 0)normalunknown65.9878.3818m403,4606 ( 5)1 ( 1)normalunknown73.6381.9319m373,4003 ( 11)7 ( 1)not classifiedlaurence moon syndrome47.2683.01f female , m male , ga gestational age , bw birth weight , sdr selective dorsal rhizotomy , gmfcs gross motor function classification system , gmfm gross motor function measure , pvl periventricular leucomalacia , g gram , mts months a 
b , e , h transversal t2 weighted images at the level of the centrum semiovale .
g , h , i transversal t2 weighted imaging at the level of the basal ganglia .
 d  f mr images classified as periventricular leucomalacia showing thinning of the corpus callosum involving the total body ( fig . 
1e ) , a slight ventricular enlargement , and a loss of the occipital white matter ( fig . 
1i ) are enlarged summary of the characteristics of the patients included in the study f female , m male , ga gestational age , bw birth weight , sdr selective dorsal rhizotomy , gmfcs gross motor function classification system , gmfm gross motor function measure , pvl periventricular leucomalacia , g gram , mts months all patients had a detailed pre- and postoperative clinical evaluation , including spasticity assessment , range of motion of single joints , gait analysis , and the gmfm . in this study
the gmfm is a criterion - referenced observational measure that was developed to assess children with cp .
the validity , reliability , and responsiveness of the gmfm have been demonstrated in a population of patients similar to the participants in the present study .
for our data analysis , we used the gmfm-66 version , which assesses 66 items covering five gross motor dimensions ( lying and rolling / crawling and kneeling / standing and walking / running / jumping ) and is elaborated to a numerical scale ranging from 0 to 100 .
as outcome parameters we used the mean of all postoperative gmfm-66 scores from 1  year after surgery .
the changes after sdr were expressed as the difference between gmfm-66 score and the preoperative gmfm-66 score ( delta - gmfm-66 ) .
agreement strengths for the kappa values were classified according to landis and koch . for the comparison of the outcome in patients with different mri characteristics , we used nonparametric tests ( kruskal  walis test for group comparison ; post hoc analysis was performed using the mann 
this study was part of the project :  investigation of long - term effects of sdr in children with spastic diplegia  and was approved by the medical ethical committee of the vu university medical center , amsterdam , the netherlands ( project number 2006/105 ) .
the study population consisted of all the patients who underwent sdr in our clinic between january 1998 and december 2007 .
the patients were selected for sdr according to the criteria shown in table  1 . in our previous study , we only included patients with bilateral spastic cp and documented pvl . in the present study ,
, we included data on patients who underwent pre- and postoperative gross motor function measure ( gmfm-66 ) analysis with a follow - up period of at least 12  months and of whom mri was available for review . 

table  1selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in the vu university medical centercriteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy1.)bilateral spasticity of the lower extremities interfering with walking performance2.)presence of spasticity ( defined as velocity - dependent resistance to passive stretch ) in at least six muscle groups of the lower limbs3.)sufficient force in the quadriceps femoris muscle ( squatting at least seven times ) and the hip extensors ( kneel with extended hips , support for balance allowed)4.)absence of structural orthopedic deformities or contractures at hip , knee , or ankle5.)presence of moderate to good selective motor control in the lower limbs6.)gross motor function classification system ( gmfcs ) level i , ii , or iii7.)good support from parents and rehabilitation setting selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in the vu university medical center
selective dorsal rhizotomy was performed by the same neurosurgeon ( wvo ) in all children .
dorsal roots l2-s1 were exposed and separated into different rootlets after laminotomy l2-l5 and opening of the dura .
transection of the rootlets was performed after electro - stimulation , according to palpable muscle contraction and emg response . at most , 50% of the rootlets
rootlets / fascicles showing electrical response after stimulation of the penis / the clitoris were spared .
the mris were assessed at two different points in time by two investigators  one neuropediatrician ( 8  years of experience in the assessment of mr neuroimaging ; rjv ) and one pediatrician with specialization in pediatric neurorehabilitation ( 2  years of experience in the assessment of mr neuroimaging ; sg ) .
imaging was classified into three diagnostic groups according to the following criteria : periventricular leucomalacia ( pvl ; increased signal intensity of the periventricular white matter in t2 weighted imaging and/or flair ; other abnormalities optional ) ; hydrocephalus ( signs of ventricular dilatation and increased intracranial pressure ) ; normal mri ( see fig .  1a  i ) . in one patient
, the mr abnormalities could not be classified into one of the three diagnostic groups and he was excluded from further data analysis ( patient number 19 , table  2 ; his mri showed delayed myelinisation and slightly enlarged ventricular size but no other white matter abnormalities and there were no signs of increased intracranial pressure ) .
in the patients with pvl , we graded the severity of their mri abnormalities based on the work of cioni et al . .
the following items were assessed : ventricular size , evidence and extension of white matter signal intensity , evidence and extension of white matter loss , thinning of the corpus callosum , dimension ( size ) of subarachnoidal space , evidence and size of cysts , and presence of gray matter abnormalities .
the items were scored on a three - point scale , with a score of three indicating the most severe mri abnormalities .
the scores were summed to obtain a total score for each child ( minimal score , 7 and maximal score , 21 ) .
if the two investigators did not agree , the classification and/or scoring were determined by a consensus . 

1a  i mr imaging of three patients with bilateral spastic paresis undergoing sdr . a , d , g midsagittal t1 weighted images .
b , e , h transversal t2 weighted images at the level of the centrum semiovale .
g , h , i transversal t2 weighted imaging at the level of the basal ganglia .
 d  f mr images classified as periventricular leucomalacia showing thinning of the corpus callosum involving the total body ( fig . 
1e ) , a slight ventricular enlargement , and a loss of the occipital white matter ( fig . 
1i ) are enlargedtable  2summary of the characteristics of the patients included in the studycasegenderga ( weeks)bw ( g)age sdr years ( mts)follow - up years ( mts)mri classificationdiagnosisgmfm-66 before sdrgmfm-66 ( mean ) after sdr1f302,0005 ( 7)8 ( 5)pvlpvl50.8553.292f402,5005(7)9 ( 0)pvlpvl47.6849.663f403,4505 ( 8)8 ( 11)pvlpvl54.3855.714m301,6506 ( 8)8 ( 11)pvlpvl46.9148.325f281,2854 ( 11)7 ( 10)pvlpvl50.3254.756m261,0005 ( 3)7 ( 10)pvlpvl64.9867.827m322,5105 ( 1)6 ( 7)pvlpvl54.1560.388m331,2658 ( 9)5 ( 1)pvlpvl47.0955.929m268706 ( 11)3 ( 11)pvlpvl50.0954.3210m267805 ( 4)3 ( 0)pvlpvl52.3262.9811f413,0608 ( 4)5 ( 2)hydrocephaluscongenital hydrocephalus55.6256.3512m271,02010 ( 1)4 ( 5)hydrocephaluscongenital hydrocephalus68.8668.6913m403,3005 ( 9)7 ( 2)normalunknown65.3367.3114m343,1556 ( 11)3 ( 0)normalspinal process76.7585.1515m384,2808 ( 0)2 ( 7)normalunknown82.9989.7016f403,8758 ( 10)1 ( 7)normalhiv - encephalo(myelo)pathy73.6380.4617m394,0406 ( 7)2 ( 0)normalunknown65.9878.3818m403,4606 ( 5)1 ( 1)normalunknown73.6381.9319m373,4003 ( 11)7 ( 1)not classifiedlaurence moon syndrome47.2683.01f female , m male , ga gestational age , bw birth weight , sdr selective dorsal rhizotomy , gmfcs gross motor function classification system , gmfm gross motor function measure , pvl periventricular leucomalacia , g gram , mts months a  i mr imaging of three patients with bilateral spastic paresis undergoing sdr . a , d , g midsagittal t1 weighted images .
b , e , h transversal t2 weighted images at the level of the centrum semiovale .
g , h , i transversal t2 weighted imaging at the level of the basal ganglia .
d  f mr images classified as periventricular leucomalacia showing thinning of the corpus callosum involving the total body ( fig . 
1e ) , a slight ventricular enlargement , and a loss of the occipital white matter ( fig . 
1i ) are enlarged summary of the characteristics of the patients included in the study f female , m male , ga gestational age , bw birth weight , sdr selective dorsal rhizotomy , gmfcs gross motor function classification system , gmfm gross motor function measure , pvl periventricular leucomalacia , g gram , mts months
all patients had a detailed pre- and postoperative clinical evaluation , including spasticity assessment , range of motion of single joints , gait analysis , and the gmfm . in this study , we only report the results of the gmfm .
the gmfm is a criterion - referenced observational measure that was developed to assess children with cp .
the validity , reliability , and responsiveness of the gmfm have been demonstrated in a population of patients similar to the participants in the present study . for our data analysis
, we used the gmfm-66 version , which assesses 66 items covering five gross motor dimensions ( lying and rolling / crawling and kneeling / standing and walking / running / jumping ) and is elaborated to a numerical scale ranging from 0 to 100 .
as outcome parameters we used the mean of all postoperative gmfm-66 scores from 1  year after surgery .
the changes after sdr were expressed as the difference between gmfm-66 score and the preoperative gmfm-66 score ( delta - gmfm-66 ) .
agreement strengths for the kappa values were classified according to landis and koch . for the comparison of the outcome in patients with different mri characteristics , we used nonparametric tests ( kruskal  walis test for group comparison ; post hoc analysis was performed using the mann 
thirty - six patients underwent sdr of whom 32 patients had a brain mri performed before sdr , and 26 mris were available for review . of the patients with available mri , four did not have any preoperative gmfm-66 assessments .
three patients had a gmfm-66 assessment before sdr but with a follow - up period of less than 12  months .
the detailed patient characteristics of the remaining 19 patients are summarized in table  2 .
the mean number of gmfm assessments per patient was 4.9 ( standard deviation ( sd ) 3.5 , range 1 to 12 ) , and the mean follow - up period was 5  years and 4  months ( sd 2  years and 9  months , range 1  year and 1  month to 9  years ) .
the mean age at the time of the operation was 6  years and 10  months ( sd 1  year and 6  months , range 5  years and 9  months to 10  years and1  month ) .
the age at the time of sdr neither correlate with the preoperative gmfm-66 ( rho , 0.328 ; p  =  0.184 ) nor with the postoperative gmfm-66 scores ( rho , 0.336 ; p  =  0.173 ) and the improvement after sdr ( rho , 0.049 ; p  =  0.847 ) .
we diagnosed pvl in ten patients , hydrocephalus in two patients , and no mri abnormalities in six patients .
with respect to the grading of the mr abnormalities , the intrarater agreement was perfect for the frontal and occipital white matter loss , cysts , thinning of the corpus callosum , subarachnoidal space , and gray matter abnormalities ( kappa , 1.0 ) and almost perfect for the ventricular size ( kappa , 0.90 ) and the white matter signal intensities ( kappa , 0.87 ) .
it was perfect for the subarachnoidal space and the gray matter abnormalities ( kappa , 1.0 ) , almost perfect for the ventricular size ( kappa , 0.90 ) , substantial for the occipital white matter loss ( kappa , 0.74 ) , and moderate for the frontal white matter loss ( kappa , 0.45 ) .
kappa statistics could not be calculated for the white matter signal intensities , cysts , and thinning of the corpus callosum as only one of the two observers graded severe abnormalities ( according grade three on the point scale ) . with respect to the white matter signal intensities and the thinning of the corpus callosum
, the observers disagreed in 25% of the scorings , with respect to the cysts there was a disagreement in 36% .
the outcome parameters in patients with different mri classification are summarized in table  3 and in fig . 
the preoperative gmfm-66 scores were significantly higher in patients with normal mri than in patients with pvl ( p  =  0.001 ) .
patients with hydrocephalus had intermediate scores and did not differ significantly from the other groups . in the follow - up measurements ,
the mean gmfm-66 was the highest in patients with a normal mri ( group difference , p  =  0.003 ; difference between pvl and normal , p  =  0.002 ) .
almost no improvement was observed in the patients with hydrocephalus ( group difference p  =  0.030 ; difference between pvl and hydrocephalus , p  =  0.032 ; difference between hydrocephalus and normal mri , p  =  0.046 ) .
there was a significant group difference in age at the time of the operation ( p  =  0.028 ) .
patients with normal mri and patients with hydrocephalus were older at the time of the operation than patients with pvl  for the patients with normal mri this difference was significant ( p  =  0.044 ) . 

table  3differences of gross motor outcome in with patients with different mri classificationnormal mri ( n  =  6)pvl ( n  =  10)hydrocephalus ( n  =  2)total ( n  =  18)p valuemeansdrangemeansdrangemeansdrangemeansdrangegmfm-66 before sdr73.16.765.383.051.95.346.965.062.29.455.668.960.111.546.983.00.002mean gmfm-66 after sdr80.57.667.389.756.35.948.367.862.58.756.368.765.113.048.389.70.003delta - gmfm-667.43.42.012.44.43.21.310.70.30.60.20.75.03.70.212.40.030mri magnetic resonance imaging , pvl periventricular leucomalacia , sd standard deviation , gmfm gross motor function measuresignificant difference with p  <  0.05 ( mann  whitney test ) between normal mri and pvlsignificant difference with p  <  0.05 ( mann  whitney test ) between normal mri and hydrocephalussignificant difference with p  <  0.05 ( mann  whitney test ) between hydrocephalus and pvlfig . 
2box plots of the preoperative gmfm-66 ( white boxes ) and the mean values of all postoperative gmfm-66 measurements ( dashed boxes ) in patients with different mri classification .
note that the largest improvements after sdr were observed in patients with normal mri and that the patients with hydrocephalus did not improve after sdr differences of gross motor outcome in with patients with different mri classification mri magnetic resonance imaging , pvl periventricular leucomalacia , sd standard deviation , gmfm gross motor function measure significant difference with p  <  0.05 ( mann  whitney test ) between normal mri and pvl significant difference with p  <  0.05 ( mann  whitney test ) between normal mri and hydrocephalus significant difference with p  <  0.05 ( mann  whitney test ) between hydrocephalus and pvl box plots of the preoperative gmfm-66 ( white boxes ) and the mean values of all postoperative gmfm-66 measurements ( dashed boxes ) in patients with different mri classification .
note that the largest improvements after sdr were observed in patients with normal mri and that the patients with hydrocephalus did not improve after sdr the scoring of the mri abnormalities in the patients with pvl is summarized in table  4 .
two patients with pvl did not show ventricular enlargement , and eight patients had moderate ventricular enlargement .
nine patients had moderate occipital white matter loss , and one patient had moderate frontal white matter loss .
small cysts were found in one patient , and large cysts were found in two .
four patients had no thinning of the corpus callosum , and six patients had moderate thinning of the corpus callosum .
none of the patients had gray matter abnormalities or an enlargement of the subarachnoidal space .
the mean total score was 10.8 ( sd , 1.1 ; range , 8 to 12 ) .
the ventricular size showed a significant correlation with the preoperative gmfm-66 score ( rho , 0.696 ; p  =  0.025 ) .
however , none of the items in the scoring correlated with the postoperative changes of the gmfm-66 . 

table  4scoring of the mr abnormalities in patients with periventricular leucomalacia ( n  =  10)normalmoderatesevereventricular size2 ( 20%)8 ( 80%)0 ( 0%)white matter signal intensity0 ( 0%)10 ( 100%)0 ( 0%)white matter loss1 ( 10%)9 ( 90%)0 ( 0%)thinning of the corpus callosum4 ( 40%)6 ( 60%)0 ( 0%)cysts7 ( 70%)1 ( 10%)2 ( 20%)gray matter abnormality10 ( 100%)0 ( 0%)0 ( 0%)enlargement of the subarachnoidal space10 ( 100%)0 ( 0%)0 ( 0%)meansdrangetotal score10.81.1812 scoring of the mr abnormalities in patients with periventricular leucomalacia
thirty - six patients underwent sdr of whom 32 patients had a brain mri performed before sdr , and 26 mris were available for review . of the patients with available mri , four did not have any preoperative gmfm-66 assessments .
three patients had a gmfm-66 assessment before sdr but with a follow - up period of less than 12  months .
the detailed patient characteristics of the remaining 19 patients are summarized in table  2 .
the mean number of gmfm assessments per patient was 4.9 ( standard deviation ( sd ) 3.5 , range 1 to 12 ) , and the mean follow - up period was 5  years and 4  months ( sd 2  years and 9  months , range 1  year and 1  month to 9  years ) .
the mean age at the time of the operation was 6  years and 10  months ( sd 1  year and 6  months , range 5  years and 9  months to 10  years and1  month ) .
the age at the time of sdr neither correlate with the preoperative gmfm-66 ( rho , 0.328 ; p  =  0.184 ) nor with the postoperative gmfm-66 scores ( rho , 0.336 ; p  =  0.173 ) and the improvement after sdr ( rho , 0.049 ; p  =  0.847 ) .
we diagnosed pvl in ten patients , hydrocephalus in two patients , and no mri abnormalities in six patients .
with respect to the grading of the mr abnormalities , the intrarater agreement was perfect for the frontal and occipital white matter loss , cysts , thinning of the corpus callosum , subarachnoidal space , and gray matter abnormalities ( kappa , 1.0 ) and almost perfect for the ventricular size ( kappa , 0.90 ) and the white matter signal intensities ( kappa , 0.87 ) .
it was perfect for the subarachnoidal space and the gray matter abnormalities ( kappa , 1.0 ) , almost perfect for the ventricular size ( kappa , 0.90 ) , substantial for the occipital white matter loss ( kappa , 0.74 ) , and moderate for the frontal white matter loss ( kappa , 0.45 ) .
kappa statistics could not be calculated for the white matter signal intensities , cysts , and thinning of the corpus callosum as only one of the two observers graded severe abnormalities ( according grade three on the point scale ) . with respect to the white matter signal intensities and the thinning of the corpus callosum
, the observers disagreed in 25% of the scorings , with respect to the cysts there was a disagreement in 36% .
the outcome parameters in patients with different mri classification are summarized in table  3 and in fig .  2 .
the preoperative gmfm-66 scores were significantly higher in patients with normal mri than in patients with pvl ( p  =  0.001 ) .
patients with hydrocephalus had intermediate scores and did not differ significantly from the other groups . in the follow - up measurements ,
the mean gmfm-66 was the highest in patients with a normal mri ( group difference , p  =  0.003 ; difference between pvl and normal , p  =  0.002 ) .
almost no improvement was observed in the patients with hydrocephalus ( group difference p  =  0.030 ; difference between pvl and hydrocephalus , p  =  0.032 ; difference between hydrocephalus and normal mri , p  =  0.046 ) .
there was a significant group difference in age at the time of the operation ( p  =  0.028 ) .
patients with normal mri and patients with hydrocephalus were older at the time of the operation than patients with pvl  for the patients with normal mri this difference was significant ( p  =  0.044 ) . 

table  3differences of gross motor outcome in with patients with different mri classificationnormal mri ( n  =  6)pvl ( n  =  10)hydrocephalus ( n  =  2)total ( n  =  18)p valuemeansdrangemeansdrangemeansdrangemeansdrangegmfm-66 before sdr73.16.765.383.051.95.346.965.062.29.455.668.960.111.546.983.00.002mean gmfm-66 after sdr80.57.667.389.756.35.948.367.862.58.756.368.765.113.048.389.70.003delta - gmfm-667.43.42.012.44.43.21.310.70.30.60.20.75.03.70.212.40.030mri magnetic resonance imaging , pvl periventricular leucomalacia , sd standard deviation , gmfm gross motor function measuresignificant difference with p  <  0.05 ( mann  whitney test ) between normal mri and pvlsignificant difference with p  <  0.05 ( mann  whitney test ) between normal mri and hydrocephalussignificant difference with p  <  0.05 ( mann  whitney test ) between hydrocephalus and pvlfig . 
2box plots of the preoperative gmfm-66 ( white boxes ) and the mean values of all postoperative gmfm-66 measurements ( dashed boxes ) in patients with different mri classification .
note that the largest improvements after sdr were observed in patients with normal mri and that the patients with hydrocephalus did not improve after sdr differences of gross motor outcome in with patients with different mri classification mri magnetic resonance imaging , pvl periventricular leucomalacia , sd standard deviation , gmfm gross motor function measure significant difference with p  <  0.05 ( mann  whitney test ) between normal mri and pvl significant difference with p  <  0.05 ( mann  whitney test ) between normal mri and hydrocephalus significant difference with p  <  0.05 ( mann  whitney test ) between hydrocephalus and pvl box plots of the preoperative gmfm-66 ( white boxes ) and the mean values of all postoperative gmfm-66 measurements ( dashed boxes ) in patients with different mri classification . note that the largest improvements after sdr were observed in patients with normal mri and that the patients with hydrocephalus did not improve after sdr the scoring of the mri abnormalities in the patients with pvl is summarized in table  4 .
two patients with pvl did not show ventricular enlargement , and eight patients had moderate ventricular enlargement .
nine patients had moderate occipital white matter loss , and one patient had moderate frontal white matter loss .
small cysts were found in one patient , and large cysts were found in two .
four patients had no thinning of the corpus callosum , and six patients had moderate thinning of the corpus callosum .
none of the patients had gray matter abnormalities or an enlargement of the subarachnoidal space .
the mean total score was 10.8 ( sd , 1.1 ; range , 8 to 12 ) .
the ventricular size showed a significant correlation with the preoperative gmfm-66 score ( rho , 0.696 ; p  =  0.025 ) .
however , none of the items in the scoring correlated with the postoperative changes of the gmfm-66 . 
 table  4scoring of the mr abnormalities in patients with periventricular leucomalacia ( n  =  10)normalmoderatesevereventricular size2 ( 20%)8 ( 80%)0 ( 0%)white matter signal intensity0 ( 0%)10 ( 100%)0 ( 0%)white matter loss1 ( 10%)9 ( 90%)0 ( 0%)thinning of the corpus callosum4 ( 40%)6 ( 60%)0 ( 0%)cysts7 ( 70%)1 ( 10%)2 ( 20%)gray matter abnormality10 ( 100%)0 ( 0%)0 ( 0%)enlargement of the subarachnoidal space10 ( 100%)0 ( 0%)0 ( 0%)meansdrangetotal score10.81.1812 scoring of the mr abnormalities in patients with periventricular leucomalacia ( n  =  10 )
the aim of this study was to identify possible relationships between mr characteristics and the level of functioning before and after sdr in patients with bilateral spastic paresis .
we classified the mris in three mri categories : pvl , hydrocephalus , and normal mri and compared the postoperative improvement in the gmfm in the three groups .
the best results were found in the group with normal mri , and the poorest results were found in patients with hydrocephalus .
the poor outcome of patients with hydrocephalus could be a consequence of persistently elevated intracranial pressure , which can be observed in the absence of characteristic symptoms in children with cp . in the present study , both patients with hydrocephalus ( patient 11 and patient 12 ) underwent surgical correction .
patient 12 was diagnosed with hydrocephalus a few months before sdr , and he underwent third ventriculostomy .
unfortunately , there was no follow - up imaging available for either of these patients , and although neither of them showed any clinical evidence of elevated intracranial pressure , it can not be ruled out definitively .
previous studies found greater postoperative improvements after sdr in children with less motor impairment [ 7 , 13 ] .
in contrast , in the three randomized controlled trials comparing functional outcome after sdr , the poorest results were found in the study which included children with the best preoperative gross motor skills [ 9 , 10 ] . in the present study ,
the patients with normal mri had much better preoperative gross motor skills than the patients with pvl and hydrocephalus .
mclaughlin et al . found an inverse correlation between the age at the time of the operation and the postoperative changes in the gmfm .
this could be explained as a consequence of faster spontaneous motor development in early childhood .
however , in our study , not only the children with hydrocephalus ( who showed the poorest outcome ) , but also the children with normal mri ( who showed the best outcome ) were older than the patients with pvl when sdr was performed .
there was no correlation between the age at the time of sdr and outcome . in the patients with pvl , we graded the severity of the mr abnormalities and correlated them with the gross motor abilities . for this purpose , we used a grading scale that has previously been used to describe mr abnormalities in patients with spastic cp [ 20 , 24 ] .
several explanations should be considered : it was difficult to detect cysts in an area with extensive gliosis , there is a difference between the level of experience with brain mri in the two investigators ( 2  years vs 8  years ) .
correlations between ventricular size and gross motor abilities have been described previously in patients with spastic cp .
in contrast to the findings of previous studies [ 20 , 24 , 26 ] , we did not find a correlation between gross motor skills and the total mri score / the thinning of the corpus callosum .
however , the present study was limited to ambulatory patients with gmfcs levels i to iii , and patients with more severe motor handicaps where more severe brain abnormalities could be expected on mri have not been studied .
no correlations were found between the severity of the brain anomalies and the outcome after sdr .
the outcome assessment in the present study consisted in the gmfm-66 which  according to the international classification of functioning , disability , and healths ( icf ) assesses the domain of activity .
however , the other two domains of the icf  body structure and participation  have not been evaluated .
unfortunately , we did not have access to all mri scans and not all patients had a preoperative gmfm assessment
. we could only include data on a small number of patients in our analysis .
notably , the group with hydrocephalus was small and comprised only two patients . therefore , the association between the type of brain lesion and the outcome after sdr needs to be proved in future studies with larger study samples , including the other icf domains  body structure and participation .
we found significant differences in the post - operative changes in the gmfm-66 in patients with different brain mri abnormalities .
the largest postoperative improvement was observed in patients with normal mri , and the poorest outcome was observed in patients with hydrocephalus . in patients with pvl , we could not detect any relation between mri abnormalities and the postoperative improvement in of gross motor function after sdr .
we conclude that mri of the brain can provide additional information for the selection of patients for sdr .
however , the degree of pvl does not provide information about the degree of improvement in gross motor function after sdr .
 purposeto identify mri characteristics that may predict the functional effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy ( sdr ) in children with bilateral spastic paresis.methodswe performed sdr in a group of 36 patients . 
 the gross motor functioning measure-66 ( gmfm-66 ) was applied before and after sdr . 
 available cerebral mris were retrospectively classified into three diagnostic groups : periventricular leucomalacia ( pvl ; n  =  10 ) , hydrocephalus ( n  =  2 ) , and normal ( n  =  6 ) . in patients with pvl , we scored the severity of the mr abnormalities . 
 we compared the changes in the gmfm-66 after sdr in the diagnostic groups . in patients with pvl 
 , we correlated the severity of the mr abnormalities with the changes in the gmfm-66.resultsthe mean follow - up period was 5  years and 4  months ( range , 1  year and 1  month to 9  years ) . 
 the best improvement in gross motor function was observed in patients with normal mri , and the slightest improvement was observed in patients with hydrocephalus . 
 the severity of the pvl did correlate with the gmfm-66 score before sdr but not with the functional effect of sdr.conclusionwe conclude that with respect to gross motor skills , the improvements after sdr are good in patients with no mri abnormalities . in the patients with hydrocephalus , the improvements after sdr were insignificant . in patients with pvl , 
 the improvements were intermediate and did not correlate with the degree of pvl . 
Introduction
Methods and materials
Subjects
Procedure
Neuroimaging
Outcome measure
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical characteristics and level of functioning
Neuroimaging
Discussion
Conclusion