the study recruited 67 individuals with type 1 diabetes during routine appointments at the norwegian diabetic centre .
inclusion criteria were 1 ) age 18 to 60 years ( inclusive ) , 2 ) type 1 diabetes ( > 15-year duration ) , and 3 ) normo- or microalbuminuria . all patients provided written informed consent .
the study , which was approved by the regional ethics committee and the norwegian medicines agency , was conducted as a parallel , randomized , double - blind , placebo - controlled prospective trial of 24-month duration .
patients in the active group were given 300 mg benfotiamine per day ( benfogamma , wrwag pharma gmbh ) .
we selected patients with type 1 diabetes of > 15-year duration ( mean 31-year duration ) because we previously showed that these patients have reduced nerve conduction velocity ( ncv ) even if they do not have marked clinical neuropathy ( 6 ) .
nerve conduction studies ( ncs ) were performed with keypoint machines ( medtronic , denmark ) using surface electrodes with > 45-min acclimatization ( room temperature 2224c ) .
abnormal ncs were defined as one or more abnormal z score in two or more nerves , based on sural nerve amplitude ( antidromic stimulation ) , tibial and peroneal ncv , tibial amplitude , increased f - wave minimum latency ( f - min ) , and absent f - waves ( only considered abnormal in tibial nerve ) .
f - wave persistence ( n f - waves / n of stimuli ) was based on 20 consecutive stimulations .
heart - rate response to deep breathing ( 6 breaths / min ; supine position ) relative to the mean heart rate during the same minute and the immediate heart - rate response to standing ( 30:15 ratio ) was also calculated . for clinical assessments ,
peripheral neuropathy was assessed by the diabetic neuropathy symptom score ( dns ) ( 7 ) and the neuropathy disability score ( nds ) ( 8) . this included examination of the ankle reflex , vibration sensation using a 128-hz tuning fork , and pinprick sensation of the great toe .
we assessed cutaneous pressure perception using a 10-g semmes - weinstein monofilament at four validated plantar sites .
blood samples were drawn after an overnight fast ( 0800 and 1000 h ) , prepared within 1 h , and kept frozen at 80c for batch analysis ( except thiamine derivatives and routine analyses ) .
means ( 95% cis ) are given for continuous normally distributed data and medians ( quartiles ) for highly skewed data .
differences between groups over 24 months were tested by two independent sample t tests or mann - whitney u tests .
power calculations based on our primary end point ( peroneal ncv ) indicated that at least 55 patients would be required ( standardized difference 0.75 ; 80% power , 5% significance level ) .
changes from baseline to 24 months within each group were tested by paired t tests for normally distributed data ; otherwise , wilcoxon was used .
means ( 95% cis ) are given for continuous normally distributed data and medians ( quartiles ) for highly skewed data .
differences between groups over 24 months were tested by two independent sample t tests or mann - whitney u tests .
power calculations based on our primary end point ( peroneal ncv ) indicated that at least 55 patients would be required ( standardized difference 0.75 ; 80% power , 5% significance level ) .
changes from baseline to 24 months within each group were tested by paired t tests for normally distributed data ; otherwise , wilcoxon was used .
no significant differences were found between the benfotiamine and placebo groups in any biochemical or neurophysiologic variable at baseline ( supplementary table 1 ) .
of the 59 patients who completed the study , 56% had abnormal ncs ( based on stringent neurophysiologic assessment ) , and 16% had probable diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy ( clinical evaluation of both signs and symptoms ) at baseline ( supplementary table 1 ) .
no changes outside of the normal reference ranges were detected in safety parameters ( data not shown ) .
we found a marked increase in thiamine and thiamine diphosphate in all patients who received benfotiamine ( table 1 , both p < 0.001 ) .
diastolic blood pressure ( dbp ) was also significantly increased in the benfotiamine group ( p < 0.01 ) and was significantly different from the change in the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) .
we found a significant increase in serum folate in the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) , which was significantly different from the change in the benfotiamine group ( p < 0.05 ) .
changes from baseline to 24 months in the placebo and benfotiamine group ( per - protocol analysis ) no significant differences were noted in changes between the groups for peroneal ncv or any other nerve conduction parameter ( table 1 ) .
peroneal nerve f - wave persistence ( p < 0.05 ) and amplitude ( p = 0.01 ) as well as tibial nerve f - wave persistence ( p < 0.05 ) were significantly reduced in the benfotiamine group .
whereas 56% of all patients had abnormal ncs at baseline , 64% had abnormal scores at 24 months ( four patients in the benfotiamine and one in the placebo group went from normal to abnormal ncs , data not shown ) . there were no significant differences in changes between the groups in any of the inflammatory markers ( table 1 )
no significant differences were found between the benfotiamine and placebo groups in any biochemical or neurophysiologic variable at baseline ( supplementary table 1 ) .
of the 59 patients who completed the study , 56% had abnormal ncs ( based on stringent neurophysiologic assessment ) , and 16% had probable diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy ( clinical evaluation of both signs and symptoms ) at baseline ( supplementary table 1 ) .
no changes outside of the normal reference ranges were detected in safety parameters ( data not shown ) .
we found a marked increase in thiamine and thiamine diphosphate in all patients who received benfotiamine ( table 1 , both p < 0.001 ) .
diastolic blood pressure ( dbp ) was also significantly increased in the benfotiamine group ( p < 0.01 ) and was significantly different from the change in the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) .
we found a significant increase in serum folate in the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) , which was significantly different from the change in the benfotiamine group ( p < 0.05 ) . changes from baseline to 24 months in the placebo and benfotiamine group ( per - protocol analysis ) no significant differences were noted in changes between the groups for peroneal ncv or any other nerve conduction parameter ( table 1 ) .
peroneal nerve f - wave persistence ( p < 0.05 ) and amplitude ( p = 0.01 ) as well as tibial nerve f - wave persistence ( p < 0.05 ) were significantly reduced in the benfotiamine group .
whereas 56% of all patients had abnormal ncs at baseline , 64% had abnormal scores at 24 months ( four patients in the benfotiamine and one in the placebo group went from normal to abnormal ncs , data not shown ) . there were no significant differences in changes between the groups in any of the inflammatory markers ( table 1 )
no changes outside of the normal reference ranges were detected in safety parameters ( data not shown ) .
we found a marked increase in thiamine and thiamine diphosphate in all patients who received benfotiamine ( table 1 , both p < 0.001 ) .
diastolic blood pressure ( dbp ) was also significantly increased in the benfotiamine group ( p < 0.01 ) and was significantly different from the change in the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) .
we found a significant increase in serum folate in the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) , which was significantly different from the change in the benfotiamine group ( p < 0.05 ) . changes from baseline to 24 months in the placebo and benfotiamine group ( per - protocol analysis )
no significant differences were noted in changes between the groups for peroneal ncv or any other nerve conduction parameter ( table 1 ) .
peroneal nerve f - wave persistence ( p < 0.05 ) and amplitude ( p = 0.01 ) as well as tibial nerve f - wave persistence ( p < 0.05 ) were significantly reduced in the benfotiamine group .
whereas 56% of all patients had abnormal ncs at baseline , 64% had abnormal scores at 24 months ( four patients in the benfotiamine and one in the placebo group went from normal to abnormal ncs , data not shown ) .
there were no significant differences in changes between the groups in any of the inflammatory markers ( table 1 ) .
peroneal f - wave persistence and amplitude in addition to tibial nerve f - wave persistence and heart - rate response to standing were significantly reduced in the benfotiamine group , which may indicate a slight deterioration of nerve function .
however , we did not find any significant differences between the benfotiamine and placebo group .
the difference between the current study and former studies that reported a positive effect of benfotiamine may be related to differences in the investigated populations .
symptomatic polyneuropathy was not an inclusion criterion in the current study ( symptom scoring was not meaningful because most patients were asymptomatic ) .
however , because the former studies did not report neurophysiologic function , we can not exclude that the reported effect was related to symptom reduction and not improved nerve function per se . in support of this view
, benfotiamine has been reported to have an antinociceptive effect in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models ( 9 ) . in conclusion , despite a marked improvement in thiamine status , long - term high - dose benfotiamine had no significant effect on peripheral nerve function or inflammatory markers in patients with type 1 diabetes .
 objectiveto study the effects of long - term oral benfotiamine supplementation on peripheral nerve function and soluble inflammatory markers in patients with type 1 diabetes.research design and methodsthe study randomly assigned 67 patients with type 1 diabetes to receive 24-month benfotiamine ( 300 mg / day ) or placebo supplementation . 
 peripheral nerve function and levels of soluble inflammatory variables were assessed at baseline and at 24 months.resultsfifty-nine patients completed the study . 
 marked increases in whole - blood concentrations of thiamine and thiamine diphosphate were found in the benfotiamine group ( both p < 0.001 vs. placebo ) . 
 however , no significant differences in changes in peripheral nerve function or soluble inflammatory biomarkers were observed between the groups.conclusionsour findings suggest that high - dose benfotiamine ( 300 mg / day ) supplementation over 24 months has no significant effects upon peripheral nerve function or soluble markers of inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes . 
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Statistics
RESULTS
Study completion and baseline characteristics
Changes from baseline within each group and between the randomized groups
Biochemical variables.
Nerve conduction variables.
Soluble inflammatory markers.
CONCLUSIONS