nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) are commonly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and hand.1,2 however , use of nsaids has frequently been accompanied by the occurrence of gastrointestinal,35 cardiovascular,6,7 and renal810 adverse events , which may be more frequent in the elderly population and in people with comorbid conditions , such as hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease.9,11 oral nsaids should be used at the lowest effective dose in patients with osteoarthritis to minimize the potential for adverse events.2 the osteoarthritis research society international guidelines recommend topical nsaids as first - line therapy for patients with osteoarthritis and note that topical nsaids have equivalent efficacy and a lower frequency of adverse events compared with oral nsaids.12,13 the lower systemic availability of topical nsaids compared with oral nsaids14 may be the basis of the lower frequency of adverse events seen with topical nsaids in head - to - head comparisons with oral nsaids.1518 diclofenac sodium 1% gel ( dsg ) is a topical nsaid that is efficacious for the relief of osteoarthritis pain in the hand19 and knee.20,21 data pooled from five randomized , placebo - controlled studies of 12 weeks duration indicated that dsg was well tolerated in patients with hand or knee osteoarthritis who had an elevated risk of gastrointestinal , cardiovascular , or renal adverse events.22 the post hoc analysis reported here was conducted to determine the long - term tolerability of dsg in elderly patients and in patients with an elevated risk of gastrointestinal , cardiovascular , and renal adverse events .
this was a multicenter , open - label , long - term safety study that included patients who completed either of two primary 12-week studies ( continuing patients ) and others who were treatment - naive.23 treatment - naive patients ( males or nonpregnant females ) were aged  35 years and had radiographically confirmed mild to moderate ( kellgren - lawrence grade 13 ) osteoarthritis of the knee , according to american college of rheumatology criteria , for 6 months before screening.24 exclusion criteria for treatment - naive patients included current evidence or history of secondary osteoarthritis ; history of rheumatoid arthritis , other chronic inflammatory disease , or fibromyalgia ; allergy or asthma related to nsaids ; evidence of peptic ulcer or history of gastrointestinal bleeding ; significant injury to the target joint  30 days before screening ; major knee surgery at least one year before screening ; or a significant medical condition that could compromise the patient s medical condition or confound study results , such as severe or uncontrolled renal , hepatic , hematologic , endocrine , cardiovascular , or neurologic disease .
scheduled visits occurred at baseline ( the final visit of the primary study ) , monthly for 6 months , and at month 9 .
this completed one year of treatment in patients continuing from the active treatment groups in the double - blind studies .
patients applied 4 g of dsg to one or both knees for 9 months ( for continuing patients ) or 12 months ( for treatment - naive patients ) .
standard laboratory analyses ( hematology , blood chemistry , urine ) were conducted every 3 months , and vital signs and general physical examination were assessed .
the incidence of adverse events was summarized in the all - treated patient population , which consisted of all patients who received at least one dose of dsg in a primary study or in the extension study .
this included patients from the primary study who did not continue in the long - term safety study .
subpopulations comprised patients < 65 and 65 years of age , patients with or without hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease , and patients with multiple comorbidities . patients with multiple comorbidities were defined as those with combined diagnoses of hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease in their medical history .
because these populations were inadequately powered , only descriptive statistics were used for between - group comparisons .
this was a multicenter , open - label , long - term safety study that included patients who completed either of two primary 12-week studies ( continuing patients ) and others who were treatment - naive.23 treatment - naive patients ( males or nonpregnant females ) were aged  35 years and had radiographically confirmed mild to moderate ( kellgren - lawrence grade 13 ) osteoarthritis of the knee , according to american college of rheumatology criteria , for 6 months before screening.24 exclusion criteria for treatment - naive patients included current evidence or history of secondary osteoarthritis ; history of rheumatoid arthritis , other chronic inflammatory disease , or fibromyalgia ; allergy or asthma related to nsaids ; evidence of peptic ulcer or history of gastrointestinal bleeding ; significant injury to the target joint  30 days before screening ; major knee surgery at least one year before screening ; or a significant medical condition that could compromise the patient s medical condition or confound study results , such as severe or uncontrolled renal , hepatic , hematologic , endocrine , cardiovascular , or neurologic disease .
scheduled visits occurred at baseline ( the final visit of the primary study ) , monthly for 6 months , and at month 9 .
this completed one year of treatment in patients continuing from the active treatment groups in the double - blind studies .
patients applied 4 g of dsg to one or both knees for 9 months ( for continuing patients ) or 12 months ( for treatment - naive patients ) .
standard laboratory analyses ( hematology , blood chemistry , urine ) were conducted every 3 months , and vital signs and general physical examination were assessed .
the incidence of adverse events was summarized in the all - treated patient population , which consisted of all patients who received at least one dose of dsg in a primary study or in the extension study .
this included patients from the primary study who did not continue in the long - term safety study .
subpopulations comprised patients < 65 and 65 years of age , patients with or without hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease , and patients with multiple comorbidities . patients with multiple comorbidities were defined as those with combined diagnoses of hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease in their medical history . because these populations were inadequately powered , only descriptive statistics were used for between - group comparisons .
a total of 583 patients were enrolled in this extension study , which included 291 patients continuing from the primary studies and 292 treatment - naive patients ( figure 1 ) . of these 583 patients
the safety population consisted of 947 patients who received dsg or placebo during the 12-week studies or dsg during the extension study .
this included 578 of the 583 patients enrolled in the extension study , as well as the 369 patients who received at least one dose of dsg in the primary studies but did not continue into the extension study .
five of the patients who enrolled in the extension study received no study drug and were not included in the safety population .
the safety population consisted of 575 patients < 65 years of age and 372 patients  65 years of age .
the percentage of patients who experienced any adverse event was similar for patients in both subgroups ( table 2 ) .
patients aged < 65 years were more likely to experience gastrointestinal adverse events and less likely to experience application site dermatitis compared with patients aged  65 years .
. however , just slightly more than 10% had type 2 diabetes mellitus ( 100/947 ; 10.6% ) and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease ( 97/947 ; 10.2% ) .
the percentage of patients who experienced any adverse event ( table 3 ) was similar between patients with the comorbidities of hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , or cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease ( 61.9%65.5% ) and slightly lower than the adverse event rates of patients without these comorbidities ( 68.2%69.7% ) .
the percentage of patients experiencing gastrointestinal adverse events was similar among patients with comorbid conditions of hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , or cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease ( 7.0%12.4% ) and generally similar to gastrointestinal adverse event rates in patients without these conditions ( 7.9%8.5% ) .
patients with hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , or cardiovascular disease experienced similar rates of cardiovascular adverse events ( 5.0%8.0% ) . slightly lower cardiovascular adverse event rates ( 1.8%2.9% ) were observed in patients without these comorbid conditions .
application site dermatitis occurred at rates of 8.2% to 12.4% among the comorbidity subgroups and the three corresponding groups without comorbidities .
only 1.6% of patients ( 15/947 ) in the safety population had all three comorbid conditions .
no patients in this multiple comorbidity subgroup had gastrointestinal adverse events or application site dermatitis ( table 4 ) .
cardiovascular adverse events ( atrial fibrillation and hypertension ) were experienced by 13.3% ( 2/15 ) of patients in the multiple comorbidity subgroup compared with 3.1% in the other 932 patients .
a total of 583 patients were enrolled in this extension study , which included 291 patients continuing from the primary studies and 292 treatment - naive patients ( figure 1 ) . of these 583 patients
the safety population consisted of 947 patients who received dsg or placebo during the 12-week studies or dsg during the extension study .
this included 578 of the 583 patients enrolled in the extension study , as well as the 369 patients who received at least one dose of dsg in the primary studies but did not continue into the extension study .
five of the patients who enrolled in the extension study received no study drug and were not included in the safety population .
the safety population consisted of 575 patients < 65 years of age and 372 patients  65 years of age .
the percentage of patients who experienced any adverse event was similar for patients in both subgroups ( table 2 ) .
patients aged < 65 years were more likely to experience gastrointestinal adverse events and less likely to experience application site dermatitis compared with patients aged  65 years . almost half the patients ( 438/947 ; 46.3% ) had hypertension
. however , just slightly more than 10% had type 2 diabetes mellitus ( 100/947 ; 10.6% ) and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease ( 97/947 ; 10.2% ) .
the percentage of patients who experienced any adverse event ( table 3 ) was similar between patients with the comorbidities of hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , or cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease ( 61.9%65.5% ) and slightly lower than the adverse event rates of patients without these comorbidities ( 68.2%69.7% ) .
the percentage of patients experiencing gastrointestinal adverse events was similar among patients with comorbid conditions of hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , or cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease ( 7.0%12.4% ) and generally similar to gastrointestinal adverse event rates in patients without these conditions ( 7.9%8.5% ) .
patients with hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , or cardiovascular disease experienced similar rates of cardiovascular adverse events ( 5.0%8.0% ) . slightly lower cardiovascular adverse event rates ( 1.8%2.9% ) were observed in patients without these comorbid conditions .
application site dermatitis occurred at rates of 8.2% to 12.4% among the comorbidity subgroups and the three corresponding groups without comorbidities .
only 1.6% of patients ( 15/947 ) in the safety population had all three comorbid conditions .
no patients in this multiple comorbidity subgroup had gastrointestinal adverse events or application site dermatitis ( table 4 ) .
cardiovascular adverse events ( atrial fibrillation and hypertension ) were experienced by 13.3% ( 2/15 ) of patients in the multiple comorbidity subgroup compared with 3.1% in the other 932 patients .
the safety population consisted of 575 patients < 65 years of age and 372 patients  65 years of age .
the percentage of patients who experienced any adverse event was similar for patients in both subgroups ( table 2 ) .
patients aged < 65 years were more likely to experience gastrointestinal adverse events and less likely to experience application site dermatitis compared with patients aged  65 years .
almost half the patients ( 438/947 ; 46.3% ) had hypertension . however , just slightly more than 10% had type 2 diabetes mellitus ( 100/947 ; 10.6% ) and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease ( 97/947 ; 10.2% ) .
the percentage of patients who experienced any adverse event ( table 3 ) was similar between patients with the comorbidities of hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , or cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease ( 61.9%65.5% ) and slightly lower than the adverse event rates of patients without these comorbidities ( 68.2%69.7% ) .
the percentage of patients experiencing gastrointestinal adverse events was similar among patients with comorbid conditions of hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , or cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease ( 7.0%12.4% ) and generally similar to gastrointestinal adverse event rates in patients without these conditions ( 7.9%8.5% ) .
patients with hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , or cardiovascular disease experienced similar rates of cardiovascular adverse events ( 5.0%8.0% ) . slightly lower cardiovascular adverse event rates ( 1.8%2.9% ) were observed in patients without these comorbid conditions .
application site dermatitis occurred at rates of 8.2% to 12.4% among the comorbidity subgroups and the three corresponding groups without comorbidities .
only 1.6% of patients ( 15/947 ) in the safety population had all three comorbid conditions .
no patients in this multiple comorbidity subgroup had gastrointestinal adverse events or application site dermatitis ( table 4 ) .
cardiovascular adverse events ( atrial fibrillation and hypertension ) were experienced by 13.3% ( 2/15 ) of patients in the multiple comorbidity subgroup compared with 3.1% in the other 932 patients .
this post hoc analysis was conducted following long - term treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis to assess the tolerability of dsg treatment in patient subpopulations with an elevated risk of developing adverse events related to nsaid therapy .
subgroup analyses indicated that dsg was well tolerated in patients  65 years of age ; in patients with comorbid hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , or cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease ; and even in patients with diagnoses of all three comorbidities combined .
the frequency of any adverse event was not increased in these subpopulations compared with patients < 65 years of age or patients without these comorbid conditions .
however , application site dermatitis was more frequently reported among patients  65 years of age compared with patients < 65 years of age .
knee osteoarthritis is a condition that occurs commonly among individuals aged  65 years25 and frequently requires medical intervention .
therapy for patients with osteoarthritis must balance pain relief and potential treatment - related side effects
. this may be particularly challenging in patients who are predisposed to these adverse events , such as the elderly . although nsaids are able to provide analgesia for osteoarthritis , the age - related risks of gastrointestinal,35 cardiovascular,6,7 and renal810 adverse events effectively limit the usefulness of this drug class .
cardiovascular disease26 as well as gastrointestinal disorders27 occur at a higher frequency in the elderly .
medications used to treat comorbid conditions in the elderly have the potential to interact with nsaids , further increasing the risk of adverse events.28 topical nsaids , such as dsg , can provide local pain relief as effectively as oral nsaids,16,18 presumably with more limited systemic exposure , thus reducing the risk of adverse events .
an earlier analysis of pooled data from patients treated for 12 weeks with dsg indicated that the occurrence of most adverse events was similar in patients  65 years of age compared with patients < 65 years of age.22 in that analysis , a higher percentage of patients aged  65 years ( 8.8% ) reported application site dermatitis , compared with patients aged < 65 years ( 5.6%).22 the percentage of patients experiencing adverse events who had hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , or cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease was similar compared with patients who did not have these comorbid conditions.22 the post hoc analysis reported here extends the results of that study and indicates that dsg may be safely used over a longer period to treat knee osteoarthritis in patients at higher risk for the development of adverse events
. the overall rate of adverse events was not increased in patients with hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , or cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease compared with patients without these comorbidities .
likewise , rates of gastrointestinal adverse events and application site dermatitis were not influenced by the presence of the comorbid conditions .
the incidence of cardiovascular adverse events was somewhat higher in patients with these comorbidities , but this is not surprising considering the well known associations between hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease , and the risk of experiencing an adverse cardiovascular event . given that the american heart association advises caution when using nsaids in patients with elevated cardiovascular risk,6 the favorable tolerability of dsg in patients with multiple comorbidities and associated elevated cardiovascular risk is of particular clinical relevance .
it is especially important that dsg was well tolerated by the 15 patients with combined diagnoses of all three comorbid conditions .
this triad of disorders would include patients with metabolic syndrome ( a constellation of cardiovascular risk factors defined by world health organization as glucose intolerance , impaired glucose tolerance , and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus plus two of the following : central obesity , raised plasma triglycerides and/or low hdl - cholesterol , raised arterial pressure , insulin resistance , microalbuminuria , or impaired glucose regulation29 ) .
the incidence of metabolic syndrome is increased in patients with osteoarthritis.30 this post hoc analysis was limited by the small sample size of a number of the subgroups , particularly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease and those in the multiple comorbidity group , thus precluding statistical testing of differences in tolerability between subgroups . also , the protocol of the original study excluded patients with serious or unstable illness ;
thus , some patients seen in clinical practice with hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease may be more ill than those studied in this post hoc analysis .
further studies would be of value that specifically enroll patients with these comorbidities and do not exclude those with more serious illness .
the patients in this study were treated for knee osteoarthritis , and the results can not be extended to patients with osteoarthritis of the hand or other areas .
another limitation is the absence of comparator groups treated with placebo or an oral nsaid .
nevertheless , this study provides clinically relevant data that are important for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and the physicians who treat them .
the results reported here suggest that long - term dsg treatment is safe in patient subpopulations with an elevated risk of nsaid - related adverse events .
dsg may be safely administered as long - term therapy in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis and in patients with comorbid conditions that predispose them to nsaid - related adverse events .
 backgroundadverse events associated with nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) used to treat knee and hand osteoarthritis may be more frequent in certain patient populations . 
 topical nsaids , such as diclofenac sodium 1% gel ( dsg ) , have equivalent efficacy and fewer adverse events compared with oral nsaids . 
 this post hoc analysis assessed the long - term tolerability of dsg in elderly patients and patients with an elevated risk of gastrointestinal , cardiovascular , and renal adverse events.methodspatients  35 years of age with knee osteoarthritis applied dsg ( 4 g ) to one or both knees for 12 weeks during either of two primary studies and for 9 months during a long - term extension study . 
 other patients entered the long - term extension study directly and applied dsg for 12 months . 
 safety was assessed by reported adverse events . 
 subpopulations were defined based on age , or the comorbidities of hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease.resultsthe safety population consisted of 947 patients who received at least one dose of dsg during the primary or extension study . 
 patients aged < 65 years ( 68.2% ) and 65 years ( 67.2% ) experienced any adverse event at similar rates . 
 the percentage of patients who experienced any adverse event was similar between patients with and without hypertension ( 65.5% versus 69.7% , respectively ) , type 2 diabetes mellitus ( 64.0% versus 68.2% ) , or cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease ( 61.9% versus 68.5% ) . among the 15 patients with all three comorbidities , the percentage of patients with any adverse event ( 53.3% ) was less than that of patients who did not have all three comorbidities ( 68.0%).conclusionthese results suggest that long - term dsg treatment is safe in patient subpopulations with an elevated risk of nsaid - related adverse events , such as the elderly and those with the comorbidities of hypertension , type 2 diabetes mellitus , and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease . 
Introduction
Methods and materials
Study design
Treatment and assessments
Statistical analysis
Results
Patients
Safety assessments
Stratification by age < 65 years and 65 years
Stratification by comorbidity
Discussion
Conclusion