calcineurin inhibitor ( cni-)-based immunosuppressive therapy is mainly used to prevent acute rejection episodes ( ares ) in patients after heart transplantation ( htx).1,2 referring to current international society for heart and lung transplantation registry data , the use of cyclosporine a ( csa ) decreased in recent years , and accordingly , tacrolimus ( tac ) has become the predominant cni in patients after htx , as tac is more effective in avoiding ares.1,37 given the improved patient mortality during the last decades , possible toxic effects of immunosuppression , especially nephrotoxicity , have to be considered more carefully.8 in addition , prevention of severe renal dysfunction becomes all the more important , as heart transplanted patients receiving long - term dialysis have adverse survival rates.9,10 for this reason , this study was initiated to compare both cni immunosuppressive regimens regarding renal function within the first 2 years after htx in patients continuously receiving the primarily applied cni regimen .
primary endpoint was change in renal function assessed by modification of diet in renal disease ( mdrd ) equation during the first 2 years after htx .
in addition , we compared patients receiving conventional tacrolimus ( ctac ) with patients receiving extended - release tacrolimus ( etac ) regarding renal function .
all human studies were reviewed by the ethics committee of the university of heidelberg and have been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 2008 declaration of helsinki .
a total of 150 patients who were continuously receiving the primary applied cni within first 2 years after htx were retrospectively analyzed .
inclusion criteria included cni - based immunosuppression without change of primarily applied cni within the first 2 years after htx ( per protocol analysis ) .
exclusion criteria were external follow - up and death within first 2 years after transplantation .
patients underwent htx between may 1998 and october 2010 at the heidelberg heart transplantation center in germany .
all patients received routine follow - up visits according to center standard , including physical examination , and routine laboratory analysis , including immunosuppressive drug monitoring .
routine follow - up visits were performed monthly after primary discharge after htx until month 6 , bimonthly from month 6 to month 12 , and every 3 months in the second year after transplantation .
renal function was analyzed by mdrd equation and serum creatinine levels.11 for the purpose of the present study , renal function tests immediately after htx as baseline value and at months 6 , 12 , and 24 after htx were analyzed . referring to the national kidney foundation ,
patients were divided into three groups , based on estimated glomerular filtration rate ( egfr ) , assessed by mdrd equation.12 in group 1 , egfr was < 30 ml / minute/1.73 m , in group 2 , egfr was 30 and 60 ml / minute/1.73 m , and in group 3 , egfr was > 60 ml / minute/1.73 m. in subgroup analysis , patients renal function was analyzed according to primarily applied tac formulation .
laboratory analysis was performed during routine follow - up visits , including complete blood count , liver function tests , blood glucose levels , and blood lipid profile .
immunosuppressive medication was applied and monitored according to the center s routine protocol . in line with the center s routine protocol ,
target levels of immunosuppressive drugs were reduced during the study period.13 in general , cni therapy was part of a dual immunosuppressive regimen . in 2001 ,
steroids were routinely applied during the first half year after htx and were tapered whenever possible .
numerical data were expressed as mean value  standard deviation or were described as absolute numbers or percentages .
analyses of differences in groups were detected using t - test for continuous data and chi - square - test for categorical data . to detect significant deterioration of renal function within groups between study visits , mcnemar s test was used .
a total of 150 patients who were continuously receiving the primary applied cni within first 2 years after htx were retrospectively analyzed .
inclusion criteria included cni - based immunosuppression without change of primarily applied cni within the first 2 years after htx ( per protocol analysis ) .
exclusion criteria were external follow - up and death within first 2 years after transplantation .
patients underwent htx between may 1998 and october 2010 at the heidelberg heart transplantation center in germany .
all patients received routine follow - up visits according to center standard , including physical examination , and routine laboratory analysis , including immunosuppressive drug monitoring .
routine follow - up visits were performed monthly after primary discharge after htx until month 6 , bimonthly from month 6 to month 12 , and every 3 months in the second year after transplantation .
renal function was analyzed by mdrd equation and serum creatinine levels.11 for the purpose of the present study , renal function tests immediately after htx as baseline value and at months 6 , 12 , and 24 after htx were analyzed . referring to the national kidney foundation ,
patients were divided into three groups , based on estimated glomerular filtration rate ( egfr ) , assessed by mdrd equation.12 in group 1 , egfr was < 30 ml / minute/1.73 m , in group 2 , egfr was 30 and 60 ml / minute/1.73 m , and in group 3 , egfr was > 60 ml / minute/1.73 m. in subgroup analysis , patients renal function was analyzed according to primarily applied tac formulation .
laboratory analysis was performed during routine follow - up visits , including complete blood count , liver function tests , blood glucose levels , and blood lipid profile .
immunosuppressive medication was applied and monitored according to the center s routine protocol . in line with the center s routine protocol ,
target levels of immunosuppressive drugs were reduced during the study period.13 in general , cni therapy was part of a dual immunosuppressive regimen . in 2001 ,
steroids were routinely applied during the first half year after htx and were tapered whenever possible .
numerical data were expressed as mean value  standard deviation or were described as absolute numbers or percentages .
analyses of differences in groups were detected using t - test for continuous data and chi - square - test for categorical data . to detect significant deterioration of renal function within groups between study visits , mcnemar s test was used .
seventy - eight patients ( 52.0% ) received a csa - based immunosuppressive regimen , and 72 patients ( 48.0% ) received a tac - based immunosuppressive therapy continuously during the first 2 years after htx . within the tac group ,
29 patients ( 40.3% ) received a ctac - based de novo regimen , and 43 ( 59.7% ) patients received an etac immunosuppressive regimen ( as soon as oral uptake was possible ) . in each subgroup , five patients changed their primarily applied immunosuppressive regimen from ctac to etac , respectively etac to ctac .
regarding age at htx , no statistically significant differences between the groups were detectable ( p = not statistically significant [ ns ] ) .
however , in patients receiving a tac - based immunosuppressive regimen , ischemic time was significantly longer ( p<0.0001 ) , donors were older ( p<0.0001 ) , percentage of male donors was lower ( p=0.0037 ) , and
sex mismatch was higher ( p=0.038 ) . further analysis of diagnoses leading to htx detected a significantly higher percentage of patients transplanted due to coronary heart disease in the csa group ( p=0.0134 ) ; all other principal diagnoses leading to htx did not differ statistically significantly between both groups ( all p = ns ) .
regarding concomitant medication , no statistically significant differences regarding use of statins was seen between groups 2 years after htx ( p = ns ) .
analysis of renal function referring to egfr by mdrd equation is shown in figure 1 .
renal function during the study period according to serum creatinine levels is described in figure 2 .
analysis of renal function at each visit with regard to egfr detected no statistically significant differences between patients receiving tac and patients receiving csa ( all p = ns ; table 2 ) .
a significant decrease of egfr during the study period was detectable in both groups ( csa group , 2 years after htx vs baseline , p<0.0001 ; tac group , 2 years after htx vs baseline , p=0.0094 ) .
mcnemar s test detected a significant accumulation of patients with deterioration of renal function in the first half year after htx among patients receiving csa ( p=0.0004 ) . in patients receiving tac , no significant accumulation of patients with deterioration of renal function during the first 2 years after htx was detectable ( all p = ns ) .
figures 3 and 4 show the composition of both cni groups referring to egfr at performed study visits . within the first 2 years after transplantation ,
serum creatinine increased significantly in csa patients ( 2 years after htx vs baseline p<0.0001 ) , whereas in patients receiving tac , serum creatinine did not differ significantly from baseline values ( p = ns ) . at baseline ,
serum creatinine in patients receiving csa was significantly lower ( csa , 1.120.53 mg / dl ; tac , 1.470.94 mg / dl ; p=0.0066 ) .
starting from month 6 after htx , serum creatinine levels in patients receiving csa and patients receiving tac did not differ statistically significantly ( all p = ns ) .
analysis of serum electrolytes , that is , serum sodium and serum potassium , detected no statistically significant differences between both cni regimens ( all p = ns ) .
changes within both study groups regarding egfr , serum creatinine , and electrolytes versus baseline values are given in table 2 .
analyzing egfr in tac subgroups detected no statistically significant differences between patients primarily receiving an etac or patients receiving a ctac immunosuppressive regimen at all performed study visits ( all p = ns ) . at baseline , egfr in patients receiving ctac treatment was 71.6241.17 ml / minute/1.73 m versus 70.1639.28 ml / minute/1.73 m
after the study period , egfr was 57.4627.64 ml / minute/1.73 m in patients receiving ctac versus 57.7123.25 ml / minute/1.73 m in patients receiving etac ( p = ns ) .
analysis of serum creatinine detected no statistically significant differences between patients receiving ctac and patients receiving etac at performed study visits ( all p = ns ) .
no statistically significant differences between patients receiving csa- and tac - based therapy were found regarding serum triglycerides and high - density lipoprotein at baseline and during the study period ( all p = ns ) .
in contrast to patients receiving csa , within the patients receiving tac , a significant reduction of serum triglyceride levels during the study period was observed ( 2 years after htx vs baseline , p=0.0031 ) .
analysis of serum cholesterol levels detected no significant differences within the first year after htx .
beginning at month 12 after transplantation , statistically significant differences regarding blood cholesterol levels were seen between both groups ( month 12 after htx , p=0.0002 ; month 24 after htx , p=0.0252 ) .
however , a significantly lower blood cholesterol level was detected in both cni groups 2 years after htx versus baseline values ( patients receiving csa : 2 years after htx vs baseline , p=0.0010 ; patients receiving tac : 2 years after htx vs baseline , p=0.0003 ) .
two years after htx , high - density lipoprotein levels were significantly lower in both groups ( csa : 2 years vs baseline , p=0.0004 ; tac : 2 years vs baseline , p=0.0002 ) , low - density lipoprotein was continuously higher in patients receiving csa at all performed study visits . except from month 6 after htx ,
serum glucose did not differ significantly between patients receiving csa and patients receiving tac ( p=0.0169 ) .
analyzing liver function enzymes detected continuously higher values of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase at all performed study visits in patients receiving tac .
in addition , gamma - glutamyl - transferase was significantly higher in patients receiving a tac - based immunosuppressive regimen , and a higher serum bilirubin level was detected in patients with de novo csa therapy during study period ( all p<0.0001 ) . with regard to blood pressure profile ,
no statistically significant differences between groups were seen during the first year after htx ( all p = ns ) .
beginning in month 12 after htx , systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in patients receiving csa .
immunosuppressive drug trough levels are described in table 4 , and applied doses of immunosuppression are described in table 5 .
no statistically significant differences regarding immunosuppressive drug trough levels were found between the ctac and etac groups ( all p = ns ) . only at baseline ,
patients receiving etac received significantly higher tac doses ( etac : 11.714.71 mg ; ctac : 8.143.13 mg ; p=0.0002 ) .
seventy - eight patients ( 52.0% ) received a csa - based immunosuppressive regimen , and 72 patients ( 48.0% ) received a tac - based immunosuppressive therapy continuously during the first 2 years after htx . within the tac group ,
29 patients ( 40.3% ) received a ctac - based de novo regimen , and 43 ( 59.7% ) patients received an etac immunosuppressive regimen ( as soon as oral uptake was possible ) . in each subgroup , five patients changed their primarily applied immunosuppressive regimen from ctac to etac , respectively etac to ctac .
regarding age at htx , no statistically significant differences between the groups were detectable ( p = not statistically significant [ ns ] ) .
however , in patients receiving a tac - based immunosuppressive regimen , ischemic time was significantly longer ( p<0.0001 ) , donors were older ( p<0.0001 ) , percentage of male donors was lower ( p=0.0037 ) , and
sex mismatch was higher ( p=0.038 ) . further analysis of diagnoses leading to htx detected a significantly higher percentage of patients transplanted due to coronary heart disease in the csa group ( p=0.0134 ) ; all other principal diagnoses leading to htx did not differ statistically significantly between both groups ( all p = ns ) .
regarding concomitant medication , no statistically significant differences regarding use of statins was seen between groups 2 years after htx ( p = ns ) .
analysis of renal function referring to egfr by mdrd equation is shown in figure 1 .
renal function during the study period according to serum creatinine levels is described in figure 2 .
analysis of renal function at each visit with regard to egfr detected no statistically significant differences between patients receiving tac and patients receiving csa ( all p = ns ; table 2 ) .
a significant decrease of egfr during the study period was detectable in both groups ( csa group , 2 years after htx vs baseline , p<0.0001 ; tac group , 2 years after htx vs baseline , p=0.0094 ) .
mcnemar s test detected a significant accumulation of patients with deterioration of renal function in the first half year after htx among patients receiving csa ( p=0.0004 ) . in patients receiving tac , no significant accumulation of patients with deterioration of renal function during the first 2 years after htx was detectable ( all p = ns ) .
figures 3 and 4 show the composition of both cni groups referring to egfr at performed study visits . within the first 2 years after transplantation ,
serum creatinine increased significantly in csa patients ( 2 years after htx vs baseline p<0.0001 ) , whereas in patients receiving tac , serum creatinine did not differ significantly from baseline values ( p = ns ) . at baseline ,
serum creatinine in patients receiving csa was significantly lower ( csa , 1.120.53 mg / dl ; tac , 1.470.94 mg / dl ; p=0.0066 ) .
starting from month 6 after htx , serum creatinine levels in patients receiving csa and patients receiving tac did not differ statistically significantly ( all p = ns ) .
analysis of serum electrolytes , that is , serum sodium and serum potassium , detected no statistically significant differences between both cni regimens ( all p = ns ) .
changes within both study groups regarding egfr , serum creatinine , and electrolytes versus baseline values are given in table 2 .
analyzing egfr in tac subgroups detected no statistically significant differences between patients primarily receiving an etac or patients receiving a ctac immunosuppressive regimen at all performed study visits ( all p = ns ) . at baseline , egfr in patients receiving ctac treatment was 71.6241.17 ml / minute/1.73 m versus 70.1639.28 ml / minute/1.73 m
after the study period , egfr was 57.4627.64 ml / minute/1.73 m in patients receiving ctac versus 57.7123.25 ml / minute/1.73 m in patients receiving etac ( p = ns ) .
analysis of serum creatinine detected no statistically significant differences between patients receiving ctac and patients receiving etac at performed study visits ( all p = ns ) .
no statistically significant differences between patients receiving csa- and tac - based therapy were found regarding serum triglycerides and high - density lipoprotein at baseline and during the study period ( all p = ns ) .
in contrast to patients receiving csa , within the patients receiving tac , a significant reduction of serum triglyceride levels during the study period was observed ( 2 years after htx vs baseline , p=0.0031 ) .
analysis of serum cholesterol levels detected no significant differences within the first year after htx .
beginning at month 12 after transplantation , statistically significant differences regarding blood cholesterol levels were seen between both groups ( month 12 after htx , p=0.0002 ; month 24 after htx , p=0.0252 ) .
however , a significantly lower blood cholesterol level was detected in both cni groups 2 years after htx versus baseline values ( patients receiving csa : 2 years after htx vs baseline , p=0.0010 ; patients receiving tac : 2 years after htx vs baseline , p=0.0003 ) .
two years after htx , high - density lipoprotein levels were significantly lower in both groups ( csa : 2 years vs baseline , p=0.0004 ; tac : 2 years vs baseline , p=0.0002 ) , low - density lipoprotein was continuously higher in patients receiving csa at all performed study visits . except from month 6 after htx ,
serum glucose did not differ significantly between patients receiving csa and patients receiving tac ( p=0.0169 ) .
analyzing liver function enzymes detected continuously higher values of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase at all performed study visits in patients receiving tac .
in addition , gamma - glutamyl - transferase was significantly higher in patients receiving a tac - based immunosuppressive regimen , and a higher serum bilirubin level was detected in patients with de novo csa therapy during study period ( all p<0.0001 ) . with regard to blood pressure profile ,
no statistically significant differences between groups were seen during the first year after htx ( all p = ns ) .
beginning in month 12 after htx , systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in patients receiving csa .
immunosuppressive drug trough levels are described in table 4 , and applied doses of immunosuppression are described in table 5 .
no statistically significant differences regarding immunosuppressive drug trough levels were found between the ctac and etac groups ( all p = ns ) . only at baseline ,
patients receiving etac received significantly higher tac doses ( etac : 11.714.71 mg ; ctac : 8.143.13 mg ; p=0.0002 ) .
the primary endpoint of our study was to evaluate the nephrotoxic effects of a tac- or csa - based immunosuppressive regimen in patients after htx . to detect possible effects caused by cni
, we only analyzed the data of patients who received the same cni , that is , csa or tac , for 2 years after htx . analyzing renal function by means of serum creatinine detected a significant deterioration of renal function in patients receiving csa as their baseline immunosuppressive regimen within the first 2 years after htx ( 2 years after htx vs baseline , p<0.0001 ) . in patients receiving tac ,
no statistically significant deterioration of renal function measured by serum creatinine was detectable ( 2 years after htx vs baseline , p = ns ) .
as the mdrd equation is a more appropriate marker to assess renal function than serum creatinine , we used the mdrd equation to analyze renal function more precisely in our study cohort.11 analyzing renal function according to the mdrd equation detected a significant decrease of egfr , both in patients receiving csa and in patients receiving tac . on the basis of egfr , we divided both cni groups into three subgroups to analyze the composition of both groups at performed study visits . to detect a significant shift of patients with deterioration of renal function between study visits
in contrast to recently published data reporting similar nephrotoxic effects of both cnis , we detected significant deterioration of renal function in patients receiving csa.6,1416 our data underline data reporting better renal function of tac - based immunosuppression , as a significant accumulation of patients with deterioration of renal function was only seen in patients receiving csa immunosuppressive treatment within the first 6 months after htx.4,17 between all other study visits , a significant shift of patients receiving csa with deterioration of renal function was not seen ( all p = ns ) . analyzing patients receiving tac by mcnemar
data comparing etac and ctac are rarely published ; however , in contrast to recently published data in patients after renal transplantation , no significant differences regarding renal function in patients receiving either etac or ctac therapy were found in our study cohort.18 to clarify the effects on renal function of both tac regimes , randomized controlled studies should be initiated .
the importance of local renal factors , for example , variability in p - glycoprotein and cyp3a4/5 expression or activity , older kidney age , salt depletion , the use of nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs , and genetic polymorphisms in genes such as tgf- and ace , in comparison with systemic exposure to cnis , for susceptibility to cni - induced nephrotoxicity has been previously published.19 in addition , the effects of comedication ( eg , ace - inhibitors , amlodipine ) , cni avoidance and dose minimization , and simultaneous injection of anti - tgf- antibodies have to be taken into account.2026 cholestasis and hepatotoxic effects in patients receiving a tac - based medication have already been detected in previously published case reports ; however , both cnis are suspected to cause cholestasis.2729 in line with previously published data , blood cholesterol levels and systolic blood pressure values were significantly higher in patients receiving csa.7,14,15,30 higher systolic blood pressure may partly be explained by a higher sympathetic tone caused by vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles.31,32 our retrospective study was performed as a single - center study , and patients were followed up according to the center s specific routine follow - up care .
moreover , we only considered patients without change of cni immunosuppressive regimen to analyze specific cni effects on renal function . a possible era effect can not be ruled out , given the long follow - up period .
our retrospective study was performed as a single - center study , and patients were followed up according to the center s specific routine follow - up care .
moreover , we only considered patients without change of cni immunosuppressive regimen to analyze specific cni effects on renal function . a possible era effect can not be ruled out , given the long follow - up period .
the superior rejection profile of the tac - based immunosuppressive regimen had already been demonstrated previously.7 in addition , our data detect the favorable effects of a tac - based immunosuppression with respect to nephrotoxicity , as csa immunosuppressive therapy was associated with a significant deterioration of renal function ( mcnemar s test ) , especially in the first 6 months after htx , when high immunosuppressive drug trough levels are needed to prevent ares .
given the increasingly older htx recipients , with a multitude of comorbidities , preservation of renal function is of eminent interest .
therefore , in our opinion , a tac - based immunosuppressive regimen is favorable after htx .
 backgroundnephrotoxicity is a serious adverse effect of calcineurin inhibitor therapy in patients after heart transplantation ( htx).aimin this retrospective registry study , renal function within the first 2 years after htx in patients receiving de novo calcineurin inhibitor treatment , that is , cyclosporine a ( csa ) or tacrolimus ( tac ) , was analyzed . in a consecutive subgroup analysis , renal function in patients receiving conventional tacrolimus ( ctac ) was compared with that of patients receiving extended - release tacrolimus ( etac).methodsdata from 150 htx patients at heidelberg heart transplantation center were retrospectively analyzed . 
 all patients were continuously receiving the primarily applied calcineurin inhibitor during the first 2 years after htx and received follow - up care according to center practice.resultswithin the first 2 years after htx , serum creatinine increased significantly in patients receiving csa ( p<0.0001 ) , whereas in patients receiving tac , change of serum creatinine was not statistically significant ( p = not statistically significant [ ns ] ) . 
 mcnemar s test detected a significant accumulation of patients with deterioration of renal function in the first half year after htx among patients receiving csa ( p=0.0004 ) . in patients receiving tac , no significant accumulation of patients with deterioration of renal function during the first 2 years after htx was detectable ( all p = ns ) . 
 direct comparison of patients receiving ctac versus those receiving etac detected no significant differences regarding renal function between patients primarily receiving ctac or etac treatment during study period ( all p = ns).conclusioncsa is associated with a more pronounced deterioration of renal function , especially in the first 6 months after htx , in comparison with patients receiving tac as baseline immunosuppressive therapy . 
Introduction
Patients and methods
Patients
Renal function
Routine laboratory testing and immunosuppressive drug-level monitoring
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient demographic and baseline characteristics
Renal function and serum electrolytes
Laboratory evaluation and physical data
Immunosuppressive regimen and measured drug levels
Discussion
Limitations
Conclusion