today , implant therapy is regarded as an extremely reliable approach to replace missing teeth .
the introduction of osseointegrated implants in dentistry represented a turning point in dental clinical practice.1 as a general principle in implant surgery implant surfaces should be surrounded by alveolar bone.2 following loss of teeth , natural process of bone resorption occurs.3 sometimes due to prosthetic or anatomical limitations of alveolar ridge , it is not possible to insert implants in bone appropriately.2 and also , while preparing implant sites in narrow ridges , dehiscence or fenestration defects may occur frequently that threaten the survival of implants.4 successful implant treatment depends on sufficient bone volume at the implant surface.5 insufficient amount of supporting bone , will limit the effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants3 and will have an adverse effect on dental implant prognosis.6 several clinical studies have shown that to ensure long term success of implants , at least one millimetre thickness of bone in buccal surface and lingual surface of implant is essential .
if the implant surface is not completely covered with bone , it will result in gingival recession , unpleasant appearance , problems in keeping good oral hygiene and ultimately increases the risk of infection around the implant.7 implants can be placed in alveolar ridges with defects including dehiscence , intraalveolar defects , and fenestration.8 several methods are presented to reconstruct the destroyed alveolar bone which include osteoconduction , osteoinduction and guided bone regeneration ( gbr).6 many surgical techniques are introduced to enhance alveolar bone volume for placing implants that include various grafting techniques , bone - building using emineral method , and expanding the bone and guided tissue regeneration ( gtr).5 among these techniques , gbr is widely used .
gbr procedures performed in dental implants enable clinicians to increase the width and height of defected alveolar ridges or to treat fenestrations and dehiscence around implants .
many researchers have reported predictable results in the simultaneous use of gbr technique when placing implants.7 in most cases of gbr , membranes are supported by protective materials consisting allografts , synthetic materials and xenografts.6 using autograft in augmentation has always been considered as a gold standard , but limited access to autogenous sources , particularly in the areas inside the mouth , prolongation of surgical procedures and bacterial contamination complication have always been considered as the limiting factors in autogenous transplantation . in addition , general surgical risks such as infection , bleeding , pain and swelling , damage to inferior alveolar nerve and the adjacent teeth should also be noted .
therefore , using biomaterials on its own or in combination with autogenous bone is very common.9 dfdba can be named as one of the allograft materials which has osteoinductive potential , because this substance contains some major bone morphogenetic proteins ( bmps ) of donor tissue matrix . against this view
, many recent reports have shown that augmentation with dfdba is not os - teoinductive , because it does not contain the necessary bmps to induce bone formation .
in the united states , emineralised bone matrix ( dbm ) is considered a transplantable tissue and therefore , is regulated primarily by the american association of tissue banks.10 treatment of dehiscence and fenestration lesions with gbr technique and placing of implants simultaneously have predictable results.11 recent clinical studies have proven that the use of bone substitute materials together with placing implants led to successful coverage of pre - exposed implant surfaces.12
this prospective clinical trial animal study was conducted in professor torabinejad dental research centre isfahan university of medical sciences , isfahan , iran .
samples dissection was carried out in the department of materials science and engineering , sharif university of technology , tehran , iran . studied population included three healthy adult iranian dogs that were chosen by convenient method .
inclusion criteria included healthy 2 to 4 years old dogs that held all the teeth . at the beginning of the study ,
after examination to confirm their health and having the required criteria ; seven step vaccination was carried out and the dogs were quarantined for 15 days .
all the mandibular premolars teeth were extracted and then , the area was left to heal for three months . after healing period , the area assessed by periapical radiography in order to ensure full recovery , after preparing two sits on one side of each mandible and three sites on the other side which were more appropriate in terms of size and bone quality to place the implants , dehiscence bone defects , were prepared with dimensions of 5 mm apicocronaly , 4 mm mesiodistaly and 3 mm buccolingual in buccal plate using high - speed handpiece and diamond fissure bur and abundant irrigation .
10 mm periodontal probes were used to measure dimensions of the artificial dehiscence defects ; all measurements were performed by a specialist investigator .
euroteknika implants with 10 mm in length , 4.1 mm in diameter and sla surface ( natea system ) inserted into the prepared sites .
implant stability quotient ( isq ) of each implant was recorded using ostell device ( ostell integration diagnostics , svedalen , sweden ) which was higher than 56 % in all cases , indicating good initial stability of all implants placed .
after that in two lesions , that was chosen in random , dfdba cenobone , hamanand saz baft , iran and in two other lesions dfdba dembone , pacific coast tissue bank , u.s were placed and the fifth lesion was left empty ; finally , they all were covered by collagen membranes ( bicon , usa ) .
both dfdba brands were powder in sahape in 0.5 and 1 grams vials the size of the particles were almost similar and of the existing type to treat small lesions .
dfdba particles were placed in the lesions and were gently pressed against the implant ; the lesion were with particles filled up in a way that all the screws were covered and the primary bone contour was maintained .
then , the grafted material and surrounded bone were covered completely by collagen membrane . moreover ,
the gingival flaps were replaced without stretching to submerge the implant and were stitched by polyglycolic acid sutures ( vicryl ) using simple and interrupted loop sutures .
then , final status of implants were determined by periapical radiography . during the first week after surgery
, animals were examined several times a day to control the health and complications after the operation and also to ensure the sutures are not opened .
the animals mouth was washed twice a day using 0.2 chlorhexidine mouthwashes during the first week and thereafter , once a week . after four months of osseointegration period , dogs were anesthetized and periapical radiographs were taken to observe implants situation within the bone . then , crestal incision was done and the implants were exposed and the value of isq was recorded .
samples were taken and immediately transferred to formaldehyde 10% and kept for 24 hours to be prepared for optical microscope study .
samples were sectioned by with the ground section method using microtome ( accutom-50 cutting machine , copenhagen , denmark ) .
sectioned samples were obtained buccolingualy and parallel to the axis of implants in 100 micron thickness .
sectioned samples prepared with trichro massons staining studied by optical microscope ( olympus , japon ) . using histomorphometric method , the percentage of bone implant contact ( bic ) was cal - culated and type of bone ( lamellar , woven ) was determined at 40 times magnification and recorded by an experienced pathologist using optical microscope . in this method , the area of 2 mm around the implants is evaluated .
spss 11.5 software was used to analyse data , using one - way anova and pearson correlation and regression tests .
average bic in cenobone group ( iranian dfdba ) , dembone group ( american dfdba ) and control group were 77.36%  9.96 ( max 89.1% and min 63.4% ) , 78.91%  11.99 ( max 91% and min 56.3% ) and 71.56%  5.61 ( max 75.8% and min 65.2% ) , respectively .
therewas no significant difference in bic amounts among the three groups ( p = 0.607 ) .
there was not significant difference in the bic amounts among the three groups defects ( p=0.388 ) .
comparison of average bic of lamellar bone , woven bone , cenobone and dembone groups defects and control group is presented in figure 1 .
comparison of average bic of lamellar bone , woven bone , cenobone and dembone groups defects and control group ( lamellar bone p = 0.298 and woven bone p = 0.380 ) . furthermore , there was not meaningful difference in rate of lamellar bone ( p=0.298 ) and woven bone ( p = 0.380 ) formation in defects among the three groups .
the total sample average isq was 70.83%  6.30 ( max 82.5% and min 61.5% ) .
average isq in cenobone group , dembone group and control group were 70.29%  7.74 ( max 82.25% and min 61.5% ) , 72.25%  6.81 ( max 82.5% and min 65.25% ) and 69.08%  2.67 ( max 72% and min 66.75% ) , respectively .
there was no significant difference in isq amounts among the three groups ( p = 0.781 ) .
there was a positive relationship between total sample bic and isq ( p = 0.004 , r = 0.692 ) .
histological view under light microscope showes contact of lamellar new bone with implant in cenobone group magnification x40  massons 's trichrom staning .
histologic view under light microscope showes contact of lamellar new bone with implant in dembone group ( magnification x40  massons 's trichromstaning ) .
results of the current study indicated that adding dfdba ( dembone and cenobone ) to membrane , on its own did not significantly increase the obtained bic and isq amounts .
caplanis and colleagues placed , implants in the alveolar defects which treated with membrane on its own and membrane plus dfdba in dogs , the average bic was about 70%13 which is consistent to our study . and also , the bic obtained in this study is consistent with the findings of von arx and colleagues study14 that placed implants in areas grafted with dfdba and other hybrid materials in dogs and gained a high percentage of bic ( 59% to 75% ) . in this study , adding dfdba to the collagen membrane did not lead to strengthen induction of bone formation , and these findings were consistent with the results of other studies that showed adding dfdba to the membrane on its own did not significantly increase the clinical results obtained with the gbr procedure.151920 there were significant differences between the products of bone banks in terms of induction of bone formation .
some studies found the use of dfdba to have a positive impact to increase bone growth while others considered it not to be beneficial .
schwartz and colleagues have shown that there is a wide variety of dfdba products on the market which have different inductive capabilities.21 these differences may be related to the origin and methods of preparation of dfdba and if the preparation methods were the same in different bone banks , this would be due to individual donors ages and sexs , disease and injury , medical treatment or genetic differences .
also , the variations of time between death and the bone extraction , may result in significant loss of the bone inductive ability .
there are many differences in size and the surface shape of dfdba particles that may affect their inductive ability .
bone cells distinguish different surface shapes and roughness and this will lead to differences in phenotypic diversity.22 in de vicente and colleagues study , the implants which the bone defects around them were filled with dfdba showed similar bic to the implants which their defects had just covered with collagen membranes.23 therefore , adding dfdba did not have any advantages over membrane on its own , which was in line with other studies.15161920242526 in stentz and colleague 's study,26 using dfdba together with membrane in bone defects around implants improved the healing of the bone density . since they had used radiographic method , the obtained information could not determine the value of bic , which is a better evaluating index for outcome of implant treatment and for these reason , they could not show the dfdba efficiency to increase bic .
becker and colleagues27 did not find the use of dfdba beneficial for periodontal regeneration and bone regeneration around implants , while abolfazli and colleagues found the use of dfdba ( cenobone ) beneficial to repair periodontal lesions in two or three walls alveolar bone defects and reported its effect on bone - formation being the same as aotogenous bone graft . in some studies
dfdba was enriched with rhbmp-2 and growth factors and produced better results.2230 the current study results indicated that the relationship between indices of bic and isq was positive and significant . these findings are compatible with huang and colleagues study31 as well as nkenke and colleagues study32 which also found the significant and positive relationship between bic and isq amounts in implants placed in human cadaver bone .
results of this study are coincident with the findings of other researchers in efficiency of using the resonance frequency analysis method to determine the implants stability3133 and showed the resonance frequency analysis is a suitable and reliable method to determine implant stability .
adding dfdba ( dembone and cenobone ) , either the american or iranian type , to membrane on its own did not significantly increase the obtained bic and isq with the gbr procedure .
the resonance frequency analysis is still a suitable and reliable method to determine implant stability .
 background : decalcified freeze - dried bone allograft ( dfdba ) may have the potential to enhance bone formation around dental implants . 
 our aim in this study was the evaluation and comparison of two types of dfdba in treatment of dehiscence defects around euroteknika implants in dogs.methods:in this prospective clinical trial animal study , all mandibular premolars of three iranian dogs were extracted . 
 after 3 months of healing , fifteen sla type euroteknika dental implants ( natea ) with 4.1 mm diameter and 10 mm length were placed in osteotomy sites with dehiscence defects of 5 mm length , 4 mm width , and 3 mm depth . guided bone regeneration ( gbr ) procedures were performed using cenobone and collagen membrane for six implants , the other six implants received dembone and collagen membrane and the final three implants received only collagen membrane . 
 all implants were submerged . 
 after 4 months of healing , implants were uncovered and stability ( implant stability quotient ) of all implants was measured . 
 then , block biopsies of each implant site were taken and processed for ground sectioning and histomorphometric analysis . 
 the data was analyzed by anova and pearson tests . 
 p value less than 0.05 was considered to be significant.results:all implants osseointegrated after 4 months . 
 the mean values of bone to implant contact for histomorphometric measurements of cenobone , denobone , and control groups were 77.36  9.96% , 78.91  11.9% and 71.56  5.61% respectively , with no significant differences among the various treatment groups . 
 the correlation of implant stability quotient and histomorphometric techniques was 0.692.conclusion:in treating of dehiscence defects with gbr technique in this study , adding dfdba did not significantly enhance the percentages of bone - to - implant contact measurements ; and implant stability quotient resonance frequency analysis appeared to be a precise technique . 
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion