acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery ( sma ) causes extensive intestinal necrosis due to the difficulty of early diagnosis , resulting in poor prognosis , with a high postoperative mortality rate of 65.2% .
recent reports indicate that selective thrombolytic therapy with intraarterial infusion of urokinase is effective for acute sma occlusion diagnosed early after onset .
early thrombolytic therapy can not always induce complete thrombolysis , and even if intestinal necrosis is avoided by administration of initial thrombolytic therapy , indications for additional thrombolytic therapy or the method for monitoring intestinal viability during subsequent follow - up have not been established . in this report , we present a case of acute sma occlusion diagnosed early after onset that was successfully treated by sequential and intermittent thrombolytic therapy by intraarterial urokinase infusion with angiographic evaluation of blood flow , thereby avoiding intestinal resection .
an 82-year - old woman with a past history of atrial fibrillation was admitted to our hospital , complaining of acute epigastric pain and stool with fresh blood .
physical examination was as follows : blood pressure 140/80 , heart rate 70/min , o2 saturation 97% ( room air ) , body temperature 37.2c .
the abdomen was flat and soft , with no apparent tenderness or sign of peritoneal irritation .
laboratory data on admission revealed an elevated wbc count and mildly elevated hepatic enzyme values ( wbc 15,400/mm , crp 0.05 mg / dl , ldh 502 iu / l , ast 57 iu / l , alt 21 iu / l , cpk 113
colonoscopy revealed mildly erosive , edematous mucosa , but no obvious bleeding from the ascending colon to the terminal ileum .
abdominal enhanced ct showed a filling defect in the proximal portion of the sma main trunk , which led to the diagnosis of acute sma occlusion ( fig .
, selective sma angiography was performed , showing complete occlusion of the sma around the first jejunal artery branch .
subsequently , intraarterial bolus infusion of urokinase ( 600,000 iu ) with thrombus suction was performed . as a result ,
however , the thrombus remained , and intramural blood flow of the affected intestine was not visualized , suggesting possible necrosis of the affected intestine ( fig .
a mild ischemic change was observed at the intestinal wall from the jejunum 40 cm distal from the treitz ligament to the ascending colon , but no apparent necrosis .
blood flow in the mesentery was well palpable at the central portion of the sma , while peripheral blood flow was not palpable .
the operation was completed without intestinal resection or direct removal of the thrombus from the sma .
24 h after the laparotomy , a second angiography was performed via the catheter that remained in place after first angiography , because clinical signs such as abdominal pain suggested the progression of intestinal ischemia .
peripheral blood flow was well visualized , and no signs of intestinal necrosis were observed .
thereafter , thrombolysis with urokinase infusion ( 240,000 iu ) and suction of the residual thrombus were performed .
in addition , 36 h after the laparotomy , a third angiography and thrombolysis ( urokinase 240,000 iu ) were performed , showing improvement in peripheral blood flow via the gradual development of collateral blood flow .
follow - up carefully monitored the possible onset of shower embolism by the residual thrombus .
intestinal blood flow was well visualized on ct angiography performed 48 h after laparotomy ( 60 h after the first thrombolytic therapy ) .
the patient began to take food by mouth on the 6th day after laparotomy and was discharged from our hospital 35 days after laparotomy .
early diagnosis and treatment contribute to the improvement of therapeutic results for acute sma occlusion . a delay in diagnosis results in an extremely high mortality rate due to extensive intestinal necrosis ; however , successful resection of necrotic intestine causes short bowel syndrome , severely impairing quality of life .
recent reports indicate that enhanced ct is feasible for early diagnosis of acute sma occlusion .
when acute sma occlusion is suspected from symptom , clinical history and physical findings , enhanced ct plays a role not only in identifying the causal portion , but also in determining the subsequent treatment plan .
early thrombolytic therapy is effective for acute sma occlusion in avoiding extensive intestinal resection . since the first report by jamieson et al .
, reports that support the usefulness of selective thrombolytic therapy via a catheter for angiography have increased .
the  golden hour , the time during which the viability of the ischemic intestine can be preserved , varies , dependent on the portion and extent of occlusion . muneoka et al .  
studied 23 cases of acute sma occlusion treated by selective thrombolytic therapy in japan , and concluded that the golden hour is 5 h for occlusion of the sma main trunk and 12 h for the occlusion of the distal sma .
the goal of thrombolytic therapy is complete thrombolysis , but administration over 48 h increases the risk of complication .
easy bleeding due to fibrinolysis promoted by urokinase and shower emboli induced by the release of residual thrombi are known to be the major complications associated with thrombolytic therapy with urokinase .
careful monitoring during 24 h after the completion of thrombolytic therapy is essential , and emergency laparotomy is mandatory if intestinal necrosis is suspected .
urokinase has no influence during surgery as its half - life in blood is only 16 min . in the present case ,
the thrombus was detected in the sma main trunk by angiography performed 5 h from onset .
therefore , judging that we were within the golden hour , we added urokinase infusion and thrombus suction via the angiography catheter .
however , the thrombus remained left , and visualization of intramural blood flow was poor , therefore , we selected exploratory laparotomy . on the other hand , when no apparent intestinal necrosis is observed during exploratory laparotomy , a clinical consensus concerning the indication of additional thrombolytic therapy or optimal methods for evaluation of intestinal blood flow or viability in the subsequent follow - up is not yet established .
even if intestinal necrosis can be avoided , intestinal ischemia would cause perforation or stricture of the affected intestine . from 1985 to 2007 , 45 cases of thrombolytic therapy for acute sma occlusion were reported in japan .
complete thrombolysis was successful in 28 cases ( 63.6% ) , and 17 cases ( 36.4% ) received laparotomy following thrombolytic therapy . among those 17 patients ,
intestinal resection was performed in 5 cases ( 11.1% ) due to intestinal necrosis ; the remaining 12 cases ( 26.7% ) without intestinal necrosis at laparotomy were thereafter free from intestinal necrosis .
of those 12 patients , 2 received angiographic reevaluation of blood flow and subsequent second - look operation , 3 received embolectomy , and 6 were carefully observed by laboratory examination and physical findings without any invasive treatments . in the present case , we performed thrombolytic therapy with angiographic evaluation of blood flow , sequentially and intermittently , after exploratory laparotomy , which enabled us not only to accurately evaluate intestinal blood flow or viability , but also to avoid a second - look operation . in conclusion ,
sequential and intermittent thrombolytic therapy with meticulous angiographic evaluation of blood flow is effective in the early stage of acute sma . in particular , it is much less invasive than strategies described in previous reports and enables accurate evaluation of intestinal blood flow or viability over the time course .
 acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery ( sma ) causes extensive bowel necrosis , resulting in a poor prognosis with an extremely high mortality rate . 
 an 82-year - old woman was admitted to our hospital with the complaint of abdominal pain . 
 she was diagnosed as having acute sma occlusion by enhanced ct . 
 five hours from onset , the first thrombolytic therapy with urokinase was performed , but failed to complete thrombolysis and recanalization of peripheral blood flow . 
 an exploratory laparotomy following the first thrombolytic therapy showed a mild ischemic change in the affected intestine and mesentery , but no sign of necrosis . 
 after the laparotomy , local thrombolytic therapy with angiographic evaluation of blood flow at 24 , 36 and 48 h from the first thrombolysis was performed . as a result , 
 the residual thrombus disappeared and all branches of the sma became well visualized . 
 the patient was discharged well without a second - look operation or major bowel resection . 
 sequential intermittent thrombolytic therapy with meticulous angiographic evaluation of blood flow is effective for early - stage acute sma occlusion . 
Introduction
Case Report
Discussion