one disability that can sufficient to interfere with activities of daily living is non - syndromic hearing loss ( nshl ) ( 1 , 2 ) . people with even mild nshl have problems hearing speech when there is background noise and identifying the sounds sources ( 3 , 4 ) .
nshl is the most common sensory deficit in humans , with an incidence of about 1 in 1,000 newborns .
the prevalence increases during childhood , reaching a rate of 2.7 per 1,000 children before the age of 5 years and 3.5 per 1,000 adolescents .
two thirds of people with nshl worldwide live in developing countries ( 5 , 6 ) . the transmembrane channel - like 1 ( tmc1 ) gene is considered a member of a gene family predicted to encode transmembrane proteins ( 7 , 8) .
mutations in the tmc1 gene have been associated with profound prelingual deafness ( dfnb7/b11 ) and progressive postlingual hearing loss ( dfna36 ) ; thy have been reported in different populations ( 9 ) .
the dfna36 and dfnb7/b11 loci are located on chromosome 9q13 - q21 ( 7 ) .
tmc1 and tmc2 are members of a gene family predicted to encode transmembrane proteins and are located on p13 of chromosome 20 .
the tmc1 gene encodes a sodium sensor and may function as ion transport channel or pump .
tmc1 mrna is specifically expressed in neurosensory hair cells of the inner ear , and it is required for normal function of cochlear hair cells , although the molecular and cellular functions of the tmc1 protein are unknown ( 8) .
since no report has yet determined the frequency of tmc1 gene mutations in the iranian population , the present study was performed to screen and identify the mutations of this gene associated with nshl using polymerase chain reaction 
single - stranded conformation polymorphism ( pcr - sscp ) and heteroduplex analysis ( ha ) .
this experimental study was conducted at the cellular and molecular research center of shahrekord university of medical sciences from february 2011 to january 2012 . in the present study , we investigated the mutations of the tmc1 gene , locus dfnb7/11 , in a cohort of 100 patients with nshl in iran .
the 890 blood samples of families with iranian origin was obtained in ethylene diamine tetra - acetic acid ( edta)-containing tubes ( sarstedt ) from 10 provinces of iran , namely semnan , sistan & baloochestan , fars , khozestan , kohgilooye va boyer ahmad , kordestan , chaharmahal & bakhtiari , booshehr , golestan , and gilan .
finally , 100 patients ( one proband from each family ) were selected ( table 1 ) .
nshl informational questionnaires were filled out for all families . in previous work , these patients had no mutations in the cx26 gene ( 10 ) .
known environmental risk factors such as head trauma and use of ototoxic drugs could affect the study , so families with the possibility of exposure to these factors were excluded from the research .
total genomic dna was extracted from peripheral blood samples of patients using the phenol and chloroform standard procedure ( 11 ) . the quality of extracted genomic dna was quantified by nano - drop 1000 spectrophotometer ( thermo scientific inc . , wilmington , de , usa ) at a wavelength of 260/280
nm according to the method described by sambrook and russell ( 12 ) for gene amplification of exons 7 and 13 of the tmc1 gene by pcr , two sets of overlapping primers were designed due to their length using the gene runner software version 3.0 ( hastings software , inc . , hastings , ny ) , and primer sequences were blasted in the national center for biotechnology information s ( ncbi s ) genbank . the details of the designed primers are shown in table 2 .
mutant primers created by site - directed mutagenesis ( sdm ) as positive control , tmc1-m ( tmc1 mutant primer ) .
site - directed mutagenesis ( sdm ) after gene amplification using the designed specific primers with changes in one nucleotide was used to generate positive control samples .
standard pcr optimization was carried out in a total volume of 50 l reaction in 0.5 ml tubes for each amplicon in a gradient palm cycler ( corbett research , australia ) .
the pcr reaction consisted of 0.2 pm of each primer , 2.5 mm mgcl2 , 200 m dntps mix , 5 m of 10 x pcr buffer ( 200 mm tris - hcl [ ph 8.4 ] , 500 mm kcl ) , 1 unit of taq dna polymerase ( all fermentas , germany ) , and 100 ng of template dna .
pcr temperature programs involved an initial denaturation at 94c for 5 minutes followed by 32 cycles consisting of 50 seconds of denaturation at 94c , 50 seconds of annealing at 57.5c ( exon 7 ) or 60c ( exon 13 ) , 40 seconds of extension at 72c , and a final extension at 72c for 5 minutes .
the pcr amplification products ( 2 l / lane ) were loaded on 8% polyacrylamide gel ( 29:1 acrylamide : bis - acrylamide ) electrophoresis ( page ) in 1 x tbe buffer ( 10.8 g of tris - base 89 mm , 5.5 g of boric acid 2 mm , edta ( ph = 8.0 ) 4 ml of 0.5 m edta ( ph = 8.0 ) , combined all components in sufficient h2o and were stirred to dissolve ) at 85 v for 30 minutes , and the gels were stained using the silver nitrate staining method . for sscp , microtubes containing pcr products were mixed with an equal volume of formamide loading dye , heated to 96c for 15 minutes , and chilled on ice for 5 minutes before loading on the polyacrylamide gel .
the electrophoresis tank was filled by tbe buffer 0.6 x , and tbe 1 x was used in the gel ; electrophoresis was performed with 2.5 - 5% glycerol at 20 w at 4c for 6 - 8 hours .
first , 3 l of edta ( 0.5 m ) was added to 2 l of pcr products .
then , the pcr products were heated at 95c for 3 minutes and slowly cooled to 37c over 40 minutes . after mixing with 6 x triple dye loading buffer at a volume ratio of 1:5 , the pcr products were loaded on page with 10% urea and electrophoresis were performed at 320 v at 10 - 12c for 6 - 8 hours ( table 3 ) . finally , the heteroduplex fragments were visualized using standard silver nitrate staining . the samples containing shift bands on the sscp gel and
after ha were subjected to direct dna sequencing of exons 7 and 13 of the tmc1 gene in an abi 3730xl automated sequencer ( applied biosystems ) by macrogen inc .
for this study , the regional research ethical committee of shahrekord university of medical sciences ( grant number 91 - 3 - 2 , january 2011 ) approved the protocol and informed consent forms .
informed consent was obtained from all hearing loss patients before enrollment in the study based on the declaration of helsinki ( doh ) .
all data were collected in the statistical program for the social sciences software ( spss , inc . ,
the mean difference between groups was calculated using a t test . in this study , a p value of  0.05 was considered statistically significant .
this experimental study was conducted at the cellular and molecular research center of shahrekord university of medical sciences from february 2011 to january 2012 . in the present study , we investigated the mutations of the tmc1 gene , locus dfnb7/11 , in a cohort of 100 patients with nshl in iran .
the 890 blood samples of families with iranian origin was obtained in ethylene diamine tetra - acetic acid ( edta)-containing tubes ( sarstedt ) from 10 provinces of iran , namely semnan , sistan & baloochestan , fars , khozestan , kohgilooye va boyer ahmad , kordestan , chaharmahal & bakhtiari , booshehr , golestan , and gilan .
finally , 100 patients ( one proband from each family ) were selected ( table 1 ) .
nshl informational questionnaires were filled out for all families . in previous work , these patients had no mutations in the cx26 gene ( 10 ) .
known environmental risk factors such as head trauma and use of ototoxic drugs could affect the study , so families with the possibility of exposure to these factors were excluded from the research .
total genomic dna was extracted from peripheral blood samples of patients using the phenol and chloroform standard procedure ( 11 ) . the quality of extracted genomic dna was quantified by nano - drop 1000 spectrophotometer ( thermo scientific inc . , wilmington , de , usa ) at a wavelength of 260/280 nm according to the method described by sambrook and russell ( 12 )
for gene amplification of exons 7 and 13 of the tmc1 gene by pcr , two sets of overlapping primers were designed due to their length using the gene runner software version 3.0 ( hastings software , inc . , hastings , ny ) , and primer sequences were blasted in the national center for biotechnology information s ( ncbi s ) genbank . the details of the designed primers are shown in table 2 .
mutant primers created by site - directed mutagenesis ( sdm ) as positive control , tmc1-m ( tmc1 mutant primer ) .
site - directed mutagenesis ( sdm ) after gene amplification using the designed specific primers with changes in one nucleotide was used to generate positive control samples .
standard pcr optimization was carried out in a total volume of 50 l reaction in 0.5 ml tubes for each amplicon in a gradient palm cycler ( corbett research , australia ) .
the pcr reaction consisted of 0.2 pm of each primer , 2.5 mm mgcl2 , 200 m dntps mix , 5 m of 10 x pcr buffer ( 200 mm tris - hcl [ ph 8.4 ] , 500 mm kcl ) , 1 unit of taq dna polymerase ( all fermentas , germany ) , and 100 ng of template dna .
pcr temperature programs involved an initial denaturation at 94c for 5 minutes followed by 32 cycles consisting of 50 seconds of denaturation at 94c , 50 seconds of annealing at 57.5c ( exon 7 ) or 60c ( exon 13 ) , 40 seconds of extension at 72c , and a final extension at 72c for 5 minutes . the pcr amplification products ( 2 l / lane ) were loaded on 8% polyacrylamide gel ( 29:1 acrylamide : bis - acrylamide ) electrophoresis ( page ) in 1 x tbe buffer ( 10.8 g of tris - base 89 mm , 5.5 g of boric acid 2 mm , edta ( ph = 8.0 ) 4 ml of 0.5 m edta ( ph = 8.0 ) , combined all components in sufficient h2o and were stirred to dissolve ) at 85 v for 30 minutes , and the gels were stained using the silver nitrate staining method .
for sscp , microtubes containing pcr products were mixed with an equal volume of formamide loading dye , heated to 96c for 15 minutes , and chilled on ice for 5 minutes before loading on the polyacrylamide gel .
the electrophoresis tank was filled by tbe buffer 0.6 x , and tbe 1 x was used in the gel ; electrophoresis was performed with 2.5 - 5% glycerol at 20 w at 4c for 6 - 8 hours .
first , 3 l of edta ( 0.5 m ) was added to 2 l of pcr products
. then , the pcr products were heated at 95c for 3 minutes and slowly cooled to 37c over 40 minutes . after mixing with 6 x triple dye loading buffer at a volume ratio of 1:5
, the pcr products were loaded on page with 10% urea and electrophoresis were performed at 320 v at 10 - 12c for 6 - 8 hours ( table 3 ) .
the samples containing shift bands on the sscp gel and after ha were subjected to direct dna sequencing of exons 7 and 13 of the tmc1 gene in an abi 3730xl automated sequencer ( applied biosystems ) by macrogen inc .
for this study , the regional research ethical committee of shahrekord university of medical sciences ( grant number 91 - 3 - 2 , january 2011 ) approved the protocol and informed consent forms .
informed consent was obtained from all hearing loss patients before enrollment in the study based on the declaration of helsinki ( doh ) .
all data were collected in the statistical program for the social sciences software ( spss , inc . ,
the mean difference between groups was calculated using a t test . in this study ,
in this study , blood samples of 100 patients with hearing loss ( mean age 16.5  2.01 years , 49.2% men and 50.8% women , 74.15% married ) were collected from 10 provinces in iran .
the connexin 26 gene is responsible for a large proportion of deafness ( about 14.6% ) , and these patients had no mutations in this gene ( 10 , 13 ) .
extracted dna with a 260/280 nm absorbance ratio of 1.8 - 2 was subjected to gene amplification .
exons 7 and 13 of the tmc1 gene were amplified using the pcr technique with specific and mutated oligonucleotide primers .
after page , fragments with a length of 187 and 250 bp were revealed for exons 7 and 13 , respectively , of the tmc1 gene .
pcr products were used for sscp and ha for investigation of mutations in the sequences .
neither pcr - sscp nor ha showed mutations in exons 7 and 13 of the tmc1 gene ( figures 1 and 2 ) .
line m is a 100 bp dna ladder ( fermentas , germany ) , line 5 is a sample amplified by mutant primers with typical shift ( positive control ) , and lines 2 - 4 and 6 - 13 are deafness patients samples .
all specimens have the same template bands without shifts in the sscp bands and after ha .
line m is a 100 bp dna ladder ( fermentas , germany ) , line 1 is positive control , line 3 is a suspected sample containing different bands compared to other samples , and lines 2 and 4 - 15 are samples from deaf patients . in the present study , to increase the accuracy of the sscp reaction , ha and mutant control ( positive control created by sdm ) were performed .
only a number of suspected fragments in exon 7 showed a different banding pattern , but after sequencing , the mutations were not confirmed ( figure 3 ) .
in various human populations , different dominant ( e.g. , coch , dfna5 , and pou4f3 ) and recessive genes ( e.g. , gjb2 and slc26a4 ) have been reported as the cause of hearing loss worldwide ( 7 , 9 , 14 - 16 ) .
the tmc1 gene is an autosomal recessive gene and a common cause of hearing loss in many countries , such as india , pakistan , algeria , iraq , lebanon , sudan , tunisia , and turkey ( 15 , 17 - 19 ) .
the prevalence of non - syndromic hearing impairment due to tmc1 in the pakistani population is 4.4% , and one study has indicated that the tmc1 protein might have an important function in the k channels of the inner hair cells ( 16 ) .
2002 ) detected a 1.6 kb genomic deletion encompassing exon 14 of tmc1 in a recessive deafness mouse mutant , which lacks auditory responses and has hair - cell degeneration ( 7 ) . in the present study , the association of exons 7 and 13 mutations of tmc1 gene locus dfnb7/11 in deaf patients
after gene amplification , neither sscp nor ha showed mutations in exons 7 and 13 of this gene related to hearing loss in these patients . only a suspected sample in exon 7 had a different banding pattern , but after sequencing , mutations in this exon were not identified .
the strength of this study was the number of samples , as 890 blood samples were provided ; however , due to a lack of financial resources , we chose two exons of this gene . via the molecular analysis of the tmc1 gene in korean patients ,
one study showed that this gene was not the cause of nshl in the korean population ( 20 ) . in our study , as in the research in korea , a relation between the tmc1 gene and nshl in the iranian population was not observed .
( 2005 ) investigated four novel tmc1 ( dfnb7/dfnb11 ) mutations in turkish patients with congenital autosomal recessive nshl ( arnshl ) , and they indicated that tmc1 mutations account for at least 6% ( 4/65 ) of arnshl cases in gjb2-negative turkish families from the northeast and east of turkey ; however , in our study , mutation in exons 7 and 13 of tmc1 gene was not observed ( 14 ) .
in another study in sudan , it was shown that tmc1 mutations contribute to deafness ; this confirmed and extended previous reports on the role of tmc1 in recessive non - syndromic deafness ( 20 , 21 ) .
meanwhile , in the present study on the iranian population , no significant relation between exon 7 and 13 mutations of the tmc1 gene were observed . in pakistan ,
2007 ) identified 10 new families segregating dfnb7/b11 deafness and tmc1 mutations , including three novel alleles ; moreover , they identified a c.100c > t mutation in exon 7 ( 16 ) .
2008 ) identified four new mutations in the tmc1 gene and suggested an additional deafness gene at loci dfna36 and dfnb7/11 in 51 familial of turkish patients with autosomal recessive hearing loss ; these results implied the presence of mutations outside the coding region of this gene , or alternatively , at least one additional deafness - causing gene in this region ( 9 ) .
another study in turkey reported five novel mutations in the tmc1 gene related to arnshl ( 19 ) . in comparison with
the other populations discussed , in a review study in iran by mahdieh et al .
the frequencies and distributions of nshl included gjb2 , gjb6 ( large deletion ) , tecta , slc26a4 , and pejvk mutations .
the researchers indicated that mutations in gjb2 , slc26 , tecta , and pjvk genes have an important role in deafness in iran , and a screening test should be generated for better intervention and diagnostic programs ( 22 ) .
the study of hildebrand et al . in iranian families showed that two families are related to locus dfnb7/11 , and one of them had a c.776 + 1 g > a mutation in exon 7 ( 23 ) . in 2014 , lin et al . identified novel compound heterozygous mutant alleles of tmc1 responsible for arnshl in a tibetan chinese family ( 24 ) ; meanwhile , in the present work , we did not observe a relation with mutations of exons 7 and 13 of the tmc1 gene in iranian nshl .
the findings of the current study indicate that mutations in exons 7 and 13 of tmc1 gene are not related to hearing loss in the iranian population .
therefore , the tmc1 gene may not related to nshl , but further studies investigating related mutations in other parts of this gene in iranian population are necessary and could help in the genetic counseling of patients and design of practical strategies for the management of auditory disorder .
 background : non - syndromic hearing loss ( nshl ) is the most common birth defect and occurs in approximately 1/1,000 newborns . 
 nshl is a heterogeneous trait and can arise due to both genetic and environmental factors . 
 mutations of the transmembrane channel - like 1 ( tmc1 ) gene cause non - syndromic deafness in humans and mice.objectives:the aim of the present study was to investigate the association of tmc1 gene mutations of the locus dfnb7/11 in exons 7 and 13 in a cohort of 100 patients with hearing loss in iran using polymerase chain reaction  single - stranded conformation polymorphism ( pcr - sscp ) , heteroduplex analysis ( ha ) , and dna sequencing.patients and methods : in this experimental study , the blood samples of 100 nshl patients were collected from 10 provinces in iran . 
 these patients had a mean age of 16.5  2.01 years and 74.15% of their parents had consanguinity . 
 dna was extracted from specimens and mutations of exons 7 and 13 of the tmc1 gene were investigated using pcr - sscp . 
 all samples were checked via ha reaction and suspected specimens with shift bands were subjected to dna sequencing for investigation of any gene variation.results:in this study , no mutation was found in the two exons of tmc1 gene . 
 it was concluded from these results that mutations of the tmc1 gene s special exons 7 and 13 have a low contribution in patients and are not great of clinical importance in these iranian provinces.conclusions:more studies are needed to investigate the relationship between other parts of this gene with hearing loss in different populations through the country . 
 more research could clarify the role of this gene and its relation with deafness and provide essential information for the prevention and management of auditory disorders caused by genetic factors in the iranian population . 
1. Background
2. Objectives
3. Patients and Methods
3.1. Sampling
3.2. DNA Extraction
3.3. Gene Amplification
3.4. SSCP Analysis
3.5. Heteroduplex Analysis (HA)
3.6. Sequencing of Amplified Products
3.7. Ethical Approval
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion