a close relationship between tmj and structures of the middle ear110 has been explained by the presence of the anterior mallear ligament ( aml ) , the sphenomandibular ligament ( sml ) and the discomallear ligament ( dml).2,3,8,1113 in the past , aml was accepted as an initial ligament lying between the middle ear and articular disc ( ad ) of tmj.13 however , further investigations discovered that two distinct ligaments form the aml.12 the anatomic relations and functional properties of dml , aml , and sml are described comprehensively in well - documented studies.5,8,12,14 on the other hand , different opinions exist about histological characteristics of these ligaments.6,8,9,12,1417 various investigators have recognized aml to be consisted of muscular fibers , fibrotic tissue bands , fibro - elastic bands and
lastly collagenous fibers since the last century.3,6,14,16,17 the dml is a free ligament , lying between the malleus and the tmj,5,8,12,18 which was shown to have a total structural difference from the aml.19 these ligaments were exposed to various traction and stretching tests in the cadaveric studies to discover whether they were responsible for mallear mobility by experimental simulation of discal or condylar translation.6,9,1719 a number of researches supposed that these ligaments were comprised of collagenous fibres9,12 whereas the others supported that only fibro - elastic fibres could transmit traction forces of tmj and cause mobility of the mallear ossicle.6,8 for that reason , we conducted a histological study on the ligaments between the ad and the malleus to clarify the weight of histological properties on mobility of the mallear ossicle in the middle ear .
15 adult skulls , fixed in a formalin solution , with undamaged tmjs were used in the presented study .
the cadavers were obtained from gulhane military medical academy , department of anatomy , ankara , turkey .
then malleus and incus were explored by entering middle ear cavity through the arcuate eminence . with protection of malleus and incus , petrous part of the temporal bone
the components of middle ear , the ligaments lying anterior to malleus , the ad , and the capsule were explored .
anterior surface of the petrous part was removed subsequently to follow posteromedial section of tmj .
little forceps were used to collect bone remnants . by this way , posteromedial and retrodiscal tissues of tmj were completely exposed .
aml and dml were excised and the intact ones were processed for histologic examination to evaluate their histologic structure and relations with surrounding tissues .
the ligaments , which were already fixed in 10% buffered formal - saline solution were sectioned longitudinally ( 710 m thickness ) for examination under light microscopy .
the sections were stained with verhoff s van gieson s stain ( vvg ) ( for elastic fibres ) .
the sections were visualised at x2.5 and x10 magnifications under a leica dmi 6000 microscope ( leica , germany ) using the software leica application suite ( leica , germany ) .
by vvg stain , the elastic fibres are observed in blue colour and the collagen fibres in red colour .
histologically , the sml and the aml were composed of collagen bundles and fibrocytes between them .
the collagenous fibres were running as filaments in some part of the stained specimens , or they were dispersed in denser fashion as thick bands ( figure 1 ) .
however , no evidence of elastic fibres was found in none of the examined sections .
nuclei of fibrocytes and collagenous filaments straddling perpendicularly were observed clearly in the thicker collagenous bands .
in addition , lumens of capillary vessels were observed particularly between collagenous bands ( figure 1 ) .
the dml was constituted of rich collagenous fibres in analysed sections ( figures 3 and 4 ) .
interestingly , one specimen , that was harvested between petrotympanic fissures and at the insertion sites of dml to articular disc - capsular ligament unit , contained elastic fibres dispersed as cotton - bowls amid the collagenous filaments ( figures 3 and 4 ) .
however , no evidence of elastic structure was found in the part of the dml spanning between the malleus and petrotympanic fissure .
the collagenous fibres were running as filaments in some part of the stained specimens , or they were dispersed in denser fashion as thick bands ( figure 1 ) .
however , no evidence of elastic fibres was found in none of the examined sections .
nuclei of fibrocytes and collagenous filaments straddling perpendicularly were observed clearly in the thicker collagenous bands .
in addition , lumens of capillary vessels were observed particularly between collagenous bands ( figure 1 ) .
the dml was constituted of rich collagenous fibres in analysed sections ( figures 3 and 4 ) .
interestingly , one specimen , that was harvested between petrotympanic fissures and at the insertion sites of dml to articular disc - capsular ligament unit , contained elastic fibres dispersed as cotton - bowls amid the collagenous filaments ( figures 3 and 4 ) .
however , no evidence of elastic structure was found in the part of the dml spanning between the malleus and petrotympanic fissure .
mammalian meckel s cartilage , which is derived from the first brachial arch , consists of calcified and uncalcified segments.20 it is well known that the anterior portion that is anterior to the mental foramen and the auricular portion of meckel s cartilage contribute to bone formation of the mandible , the malleus and incus by endochondral ossification.20 by contrast , the midportion of meckel s cartilage , in the soft tissue , eventually forms the sml.21 aml and dml were demonstrated , in many studies , lying from malleus to petrotympanic fissure.8,12,14 such a relationship of the ligaments with adjacent anatomic structures set a hypothesis about possible damage to the middle ear ossicles and the tympanic membrane.12,19 that hypothesis was based on the fact that mallear movement would be responsible for such a dilemma that might be caused by invasive tmj surgery or anterior displacement of the ad.19,22 another hypothesis for this phenomenon was role of extreme distraction of mandibular ramus that incorporated in stretching of aml by intense traction of sml.19 the previous studies mentioned that application of strain forces on dml caused mobility of mallear ossicle.6,9,23 mallear movement by sml stretching was observed in specimens among 50 cadavers.12 kim stretched dml and found no movement ; in contrary , noteworthy mobility of the malleus was obtained by aml stretching.17 the same findings were proved in our studies in which we detected movement in one third of 15 cadavers.19 in the light of these studies , histologic properties of these ligaments were thought to have a possible role on the mallear movement . at the same time
the stretching tests are partially doubtful , since the adherences or the bony impingements in the petrotympanic fissure are removed during cadaveric dissections to free these ligaments .
therefore , the reported studies may be suspicious to some extent since mallear movement would not have occurred unless full unearthing or bony dissection for these ligaments was accomplished in the middle cranial fossa . that important fact made us to investigate the ligaments histologically to establish a theory for explaining mallear movement by grounds of the previous stretching tests and histological properties of the filaments .
the most recent view about histologic properties of aml and dml was that they consisted of collagenous filaments.15 in our study , we found exactly the same findings .
the elastic fibres were dispersed throughout the stroma of ligament as cotton - bowl appearance .
the ligaments of any filament composition connected to the malleus can initiate mallear mobility without taking into account the adherences in the petrotympanic fissure .
however , the abundant elastic fibres in the dml may be responsible for compensation of strain forces on this ligament and may reflect minor forces to the mallear head .
the collagenous ligaments are lacking such a compensatory mechanism and may reproduce major movement of malleus by direct transformation of strain forces .
this hypothesis could be accepted when histological characteristics of the ligaments are judged . accordingly , the same mechanism was observed in the first part of this study that covered anatomic and functional aspects of these ligaments .
the aml forms  pulling  effect on the structures which it is inserting by initiation and termination of a traction force .
theoretically , this special configuration is not expected to form the same strain forces as the aml does which means that the dml has a less disimpaction effect on the malleus .
 objectivesto examine histological aspects of the ligaments between the middle ear and temporomandibular joint and suppose a theoretical role of their structural characteristics on mobility of mallear ossicle.methodsthe ligaments were obtained by microdissection of middle cranial fossa on both sites of 15 cadavers fixed in formalin solution and were sectioned longitudinally ( 710 m thickness ) . 
 the sections were stained with verhoff s van gieson s stain ( vvg ) for demonstration of elastic fibers and visualized at x2.5 and x10 magnifications under light microscopy.resultsanterior mallear ligament ( aml ) and sphenomandibular ligaments ( sml ) were consisted of collagen fibres in analyzed specimens . 
 the discomallear ligament ( dml ) was constituted of rich collagenous fibres . 
 one specimen of dml harvested between petrotympanic fissure and retrodiscal - capsular intersection site contained elastic fibers dispersed in cotton - bowl appearance between collagen fibers . in the light of functional tests performed in previous studies 
 , it could be extrapolated that presence of elastic fibers in the dml may prevent excessive forces conducted to mallear head by elongation of elastic fibers.conclusionscollagenous fibres have no ability to stretch along their axis which may lack compensatory mechanism to prevent mallear head mobility . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
AML and SML
DML
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS