malnutrition is a common and serious problem among geriatric patients , particularly for those who are diagnosed with lung cancer caused by declined functional reserve of visceral organs , decreased stability of the internal environment , and effects of acute or chronic diseases .
malnutrition can lead to increased risk of surgery , decreased quality of life , increased incidence of postoperative complications , increased fatality rate , and decreased survival rate among elderly lung cancer inpatients.1,2 nutrition support has also been reported to improve the perioperative nutritional status and reduce the severity of postoperative complications in lung cancer.3 in the people s republic of china , the number of elderly lung cancer inpatients is increasing at a rapid rate ; thus , there is a great need to develop a tool that can accurately and effectively assess the nutritional status of these patients . the mini - nutritional assessment ( mna ) is a tool that is widely used in the usa and europe to evaluate patients nutritional status .
this study examines the use of the mna and short - form mna ( mna - sf ) ( with a revised scoring system to better suit the elderly chinese population5 ) in assessing the nutritional status of elderly chinese lung cancer inpatients prior to scheduled surgery .
a total of 180 elderly chinese lung cancer inpatients ( 120 men and 60 women ) aged 60 and older were randomly selected from the tianjin medical university cancer institute and hospital between june 2010 and july 2011 .
the original mna and mna - sf scoring systems developed by guigoz4 were revised to account for differences in height , weight , and dietary behaviors between asian and western populations . for the present study , guigoz s cutoff point of < 17 for malnutrition
was changed to < 19 , thereby modifying the overall scoring system for assessing patients nutritional status ( maximum score = 30 ) , thus : a score  24 would indicate that a patient was well nourished , a score in the range 1923 would indicate that a patient was at risk of malnutrition , and a score < 19 would indicate that a patient was malnourished.5 in addition , the body mass index ( bmi ) ( kg / m2 ) ranges were adjusted to align with the following scores : < 18.50 kg / m = 0 ( vs < 19.00 kg / m = 0 ) , 18.5021.25 kg / m = 1 ( vs 19.0021.00 kg / m = 1 ) , 21.2524.00 kg / m = 2 ( vs 21.0023.00 kg / m = 2 ) , > 24.00 kg / m = 3 ( vs > 23.00 kg / m = 3 ) .
finally , in assessing dietary behaviors , cheese , which is infrequently consumed by the chinese population , was replaced with soy and peanut milk .
the maximum score for the mna - sf is 14 , where a score of 12 or more reflects a well - nourished nutritional status .
patients demographic data , including age , sex , and smoking history ( eg , date started smoking , number of cigarettes smoked per day , date ceased smoking ) , were collected by clinically trained nurses .
anthropometric parameters and biochemical markers were determined based on previous research.5 biochemical markers were provided by clinical laboratories at the tianjin medical university cancer institute and hospital , and reference values of biochemical markers were modified to assess the nutritional status of hospitalized patients .
all protocols used in this study were approved by the tianjin cancer institute and hospital .
all nurses and patients participating in this study were informed about the objectives of the study and signed an informed consent document prior to participating .
spss ( v 17.0 ; ibm , armonk , new york , ny , usa ) software was used to conduct all statistical analyses .
means , standard deviations , cross tabulation , and frequency tables were used as descriptive statistics .
analysis of variance for normally distributed dates and nonparametric methods , such as the wilcoxon two - sample test and the kruskal - wallis test were used to make statistical comparisons .
a total of 180 elderly chinese lung cancer inpatients ( 120 men and 60 women ) aged 60 and older were randomly selected from the tianjin medical university cancer institute and hospital between june 2010 and july 2011 .
the original mna and mna - sf scoring systems developed by guigoz4 were revised to account for differences in height , weight , and dietary behaviors between asian and western populations . for the present study , guigoz s cutoff point of < 17 for malnutrition
was changed to < 19 , thereby modifying the overall scoring system for assessing patients nutritional status ( maximum score = 30 ) , thus : a score  24 would indicate that a patient was well nourished , a score in the range 1923 would indicate that a patient was at risk of malnutrition , and a score < 19 would indicate that a patient was malnourished.5 in addition , the body mass index ( bmi ) ( kg / m2 ) ranges were adjusted to align with the following scores : < 18.50 kg / m = 0 ( vs < 19.00 kg / m = 0 ) , 18.5021.25 kg / m = 1 ( vs 19.0021.00 kg / m = 1 ) , 21.2524.00 kg / m = 2 ( vs 21.0023.00 kg / m = 2 ) , > 24.00 kg / m = 3 ( vs > 23.00 kg / m = 3 ) . finally , in assessing dietary behaviors , cheese , which is infrequently consumed by the chinese population , was replaced with soy and peanut milk .
the maximum score for the mna - sf is 14 , where a score of 12 or more reflects a well - nourished nutritional status .
patients demographic data , including age , sex , and smoking history ( eg , date started smoking , number of cigarettes smoked per day , date ceased smoking ) , were collected by clinically trained nurses .
anthropometric parameters and biochemical markers were determined based on previous research.5 biochemical markers were provided by clinical laboratories at the tianjin medical university cancer institute and hospital , and reference values of biochemical markers were modified to assess the nutritional status of hospitalized patients .
all protocols used in this study were approved by the tianjin cancer institute and hospital .
all nurses and patients participating in this study were informed about the objectives of the study and signed an informed consent document prior to participating .
spss ( v 17.0 ; ibm , armonk , new york , ny , usa ) software was used to conduct all statistical analyses .
means , standard deviations , cross tabulation , and frequency tables were used as descriptive statistics .
analysis of variance for normally distributed dates and nonparametric methods , such as the wilcoxon two - sample test and the kruskal - wallis test were used to make statistical comparisons .
average age of the 180 sample patients was 67.3  5.0 years , with a range of 60~85 years . across all patients
assessed 9% ( n = 17 ) were malnourished ( mna score < 19 ) , 33% ( n = 59 ) were at risk of malnutrition ( mna score 1923 ) , and 58% ( n = 104 ) were well nourished ( mna score  24 ) .
average mna - sf score was 11.5  2.3 with a range of 4 to 15 . among all patients assessed 4% ( n = 7 ) had a bmi of greater than 30
kg / m and 7% ( n = 13 ) had a bmi of less than 20 kg / m . to measure the criterion - related validity of the mna ,
significant correlations were found between bmi and mna scores ( p = 0.000 ) ; mna scores of well - nourished at risk of malnutrition , and malnourished patients ( p < 0.001 ) ; the bmi of well - nourished and malnourished patients ( p < 0.05 ) ; and the calf circumference ( cc ) of well - nourished and at risk of malnutrition patients with malnourished patients ( p < 0.05 ) .
reliability was measured as homogeneity using cronbach s  coefficient and item - to - total score correlations .
significant correlations between total mna score and mna questions were found for all questions with the exception of four related to neuropsychological problems , independence , skin problems , and number of meals eaten per day .
for example , declined food intake was strongly correlated with weight loss during the last 3 months ( r = 0.538 ) , self - perceived nutritional status ( r = 0.485 ) , and self - perceived health status ( r = 0.482 ) .
there was also a strong correlation between self - perceived nutritional status and self - perceived health status .
in contrast , no significant correlations were linked to skin problems , number of meals eaten per day , and neuropsychological problems .
mna questions that had a high number of an assigned score of 0 provided key insights : 99% ( n = 178 ) of patients could consume their food independently , 44% ( 80 ) suffered psychological stress , 26% ( 46 ) consumed low amounts of protein each day , 25% ( 45 ) had a cc < 31 cm , 15% ( 27 ) drank fewer than three cups of water per day , and 13% ( 24 ) consumed fewer than three different types of fruits and vegetables per day .
patients who were well nourished , at risk of malnutrition , and malnourished differed significantly in their responses to anthropometrics , and global , diet , and subjective assessments ( table 3 ) .
this suggests that all four aspects of the mna contribute to the total mna score and the nutritional status of the patients .
average age of the 180 sample patients was 67.3  5.0 years , with a range of 60~85 years . across all patients
assessed 9% ( n = 17 ) were malnourished ( mna score < 19 ) , 33% ( n = 59 ) were at risk of malnutrition ( mna score 1923 ) , and 58% ( n = 104 ) were well nourished ( mna score  24 ) .
average mna - sf score was 11.5  2.3 with a range of 4 to 15 . among all patients assessed 4% ( n = 7 ) had a bmi of greater than 30
kg / m and 7% ( n = 13 ) had a bmi of less than 20 kg / m . to measure the criterion - related validity of the mna ,
significant correlations were found between bmi and mna scores ( p = 0.000 ) ; mna scores of well - nourished at risk of malnutrition , and malnourished patients ( p < 0.001 ) ; the bmi of well - nourished and malnourished patients ( p < 0.05 ) ; and the calf circumference ( cc ) of well - nourished and at risk of malnutrition patients with malnourished patients ( p < 0.05 ) .
reliability was measured as homogeneity using cronbach s  coefficient and item - to - total score correlations .
significant correlations between total mna score and mna questions were found for all questions with the exception of four related to neuropsychological problems , independence , skin problems , and number of meals eaten per day .
for example , declined food intake was strongly correlated with weight loss during the last 3 months ( r = 0.538 ) , self - perceived nutritional status ( r = 0.485 ) , and self - perceived health status ( r = 0.482 ) .
there was also a strong correlation between self - perceived nutritional status and self - perceived health status .
in contrast , no significant correlations were linked to skin problems , number of meals eaten per day , and neuropsychological problems .
mna questions that had a high number of an assigned score of 0 provided key insights : 99% ( n = 178 ) of patients could consume their food independently , 44% ( 80 ) suffered psychological stress , 26% ( 46 ) consumed low amounts of protein each day , 25% ( 45 ) had a cc < 31 cm , 15% ( 27 ) drank fewer than three cups of water per day , and 13% ( 24 ) consumed fewer than three different types of fruits and vegetables per day .
patients who were well nourished , at risk of malnutrition , and malnourished differed significantly in their responses to anthropometrics , and global , diet , and subjective assessments ( table 3 ) .
this suggests that all four aspects of the mna contribute to the total mna score and the nutritional status of the patients .
published findings on the nutritional status of lung cancer inpatients vary greatly in the medical literature .
some studies conclude that there is a high incidence of malnutrition among lung cancer inpatients .
for example , hollaus et al6 and chauhan et al7 found that 10%20% and 30% of patients suffered from malnutrition , respectively .
in contrast , other studies have shown that malnutrition rates are overestimated in lung cancer patients .
jagoe et al reported that severe malnutrition was uncommon among lung cancer patients who were referred for surgery.8 however , in the present study , the incidence rate of malnutrition was found to be 42% among 180 lung cancer inpatients who were referred for surgery .
the malnutrition or cachexia in these patients may have been caused by a slowdown in metabolism due to decreased organic functions , or absorption of the body s nutrients by malignant tumors before metastasis.9 this study also showed that there were significant correlations between mna score and bmi ( p = 0.000 ) ; the mna scores of well - nourished , at risk of malnutrition , and malnourished patients ( p < 0.001 ) ; the bmi of well - nourished and malnourished patients ( p < 0.05 ) ; and the cc of well - nourished and at - risk of malnutrition patients with malnourished patients ( p < 0.05 ) .
secondly , all but four mna questions ( neuropsychological problems , independence , skin problems , and number of meals eaten per day ) were significantly correlated to total mna score .
this shows that the mna is a reliable instrument ( cronbach s  coefficient = 0.698 ) for nutritional assessment .
in addition , well - nourished , at risk of malnutrition , and malnourished patients differed significantly in their responses to mna subgroup questions related to anthropometrics , and global , diet , and subjective assessments ( table 3 ) .
all these findings are supported by existing studies , suggesting that the mna ( with a revised scoring system to better suit the elderly chinese population ) is a valid and reliable diagnostic tool with which to assess the nutritional status of elderly chinese lung cancer inpatients.5,10 no significant correlations were found between total mna score and mna questions related to neuropsychological problems and independence ( table 2 ) .
studies conducted by soini et al10 also found that independence was correlated with total mna score , as nurses or family members helped feed patients .
however , neuropsychological problems were strongly correlated to total mna score in soini and murphy s studies.10,11 the differences between these findings and those of the present study may be due to the fact that , in our study , 99% ( n = 178 ) of patients could consume their food independently .
additionally , in our study , preliminary evaluations were carried out before surgery , and some patients with neuropsychological problems may have been transferred to receive neuropsychological treatment instead of undergoing surgery . as such , the lack of cooperation from patients with neuropsychological problems may increase their risk of postoperative complications and death .
the mna is a valid and reliable diagnostic tool that can be used to identify elderly lung cancer inpatients who are malnourished , as well as those who are at risk for malnutrition .
the high incidence rates of preoperative malnutrition and risk of malnutrition among elderly chinese lung cancer inpatients highlights the need for further investigations to determine the relationship between nutritional status and prognosis of these patients .
 purposethis study assessed the nutritional status of elderly chinese lung cancer inpatients using a revised version of the mini - nutritional assessment ( mna ) tool.patients and methods : the revised version of the mna tool was used to assess the nutritional status of 180 elderly chinese lung cancer inpatients prior to their scheduled surgery between june 2010 and july 2011 . 
 patients demographic data , anthropometric parameters , and biochemical markers were collected and analyzed.resultsamong the 180 inpatients who underwent the mna , 9% were malnourished ( mna score < 19 ) , 33% were at risk of malnutrition ( mna score 1923 ) , and 58% were well nourished ( mna score  24 ) . 
 there was significant correlation between the mna scores of patients who were malnourished , at risk of malnutrition , and well nourished ( p < 0.001 ) , as well as between total mna score and most mna questions . 
 the three patient groups with different nutritional statuses differed significantly in their responses to anthropometrics and global , diet , and subjective assessments.conclusionincidence rates of malnutrition prior to surgery are high among elderly chinese lung cancer inpatients . 
 the revised mna is a valid and reliable tool that can be used to assess and prevent malnutrition among these inpatients . 
Introduction
Material and methods
Participants
MNA/MNA-SF scoring system
Data collection
Ethics
Statistical analysis
Results
Participants
Correlations between total MNA score and MNA questions
MNA questions and their intercorrelations
MNA questions with a high frequency of zero scores
MNA subgroup questions related to anthropometrics, and global, diet, and subjective assessments
Discussion
Conclusion