the treatment of chronic hepatitis c ( chc ) has evolved in the last 15 years from monotherapy with interferon alpha ( ifnalpha ) to the combination treatment with pegylated ifn ( peg - ifn ) plus ribavirin for 24 - 48 weeks . up to now , several viral , host and drug - related reactions in response to ifnalpha - based therapy have been identified .
recent studies suggest that liver inflammation in chc is controlled by several mechanisms , including host regulatory immune responses and viral polypeptides interacting with cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity .
it is well known that cutaneous side effects of treatment with ifnalpha alone or ifnalpha plus ribavirin in patients with chc have been widely reported , beyond the fact that the virus itself can cause skin lesions . however , the cutaneous side effects during therapy of chc are of inflammatory type with local erythema , edema and , much less frequently , necrosis at the injection skin sites . by contrast ,
skin side effects of such drugs have few data available in the literature , although the number of reports has been increasing in the last years , including cosmetic filler site injections .
roughly one half of these patients had cutaneous findings , either alone or with systemic involvement .
more recently there have been reported dermatological diseases in patients receiving the combination of ifn / ribavirin or ifn / ribavirin / amantadine for the treatment of chc .
a 44-year - old man with chc genotype 1a and a viral load of hcv > 800,000 iu / ml , a2-f1 on liver biopsy according to metavir criteria , was treated for the hepatic disease .
peg - ifnalpha-2b 1.5 g / kg weekly and 1,000 mg of ribavirin daily was introduced . in the 40th week
the patient reported sudden intense pain , pruritus , erythema and skin hypertrophy in the left deltoid area over the seahorse tattoo and in a scar on his face ( fig .
1 ) . a skin biopsy on the scar and tattoo showed granulomatous dermatitis ( fig .
chest x - ray was normal and the level of angiotensin enzyme converter was 50 iu / ml ( range 18 - 55 iu / ml ) .
we intend to call attention especially to dermatologists to the possibility of a granulomatous tattoo reaction as a side effect during chc treatment with peg - ifnalpha-2b plus ribavirin . until now
, eight cases of sarcoidosis as a complication of ifn therapy in chc have been reported in the english language literature .
the most relevant topic in this case is the occurrence of disease on a tattoo area .
six months later retreatment using peg - ifnalpha-2a 180 g once a week plus ribavirin 1,000 mg daily was tried . in the 6th week , cutaneous symptoms relapsed in an unbearable way .
the patient did not accept to continue therapy , since hydrocortisone cream was prescribed again but no satisfactory pruritus and pain improvement was noticed . a prompt regression of skin reaction occurred after stopping therapy .
sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology and whose epidemiology suggest a genetic tendency face to infectious agents being supposed to result of immune system deregulation leading to non - caseating granulomas as an immune reaction to an unknown persistent antigenic stimulus .
ifn has been linked to pulmonary macrophage activation , a characteristic feature of sarcoidosis which has been assumed an exaggerated t helper 1 ( th-1 ) immune response to a variety of exogenous antigens .
it seems very likely that a potent immunoregulatory protein for th-1 response such as ifn may induce the disease . in january 2003 the eighth case of ifn - related sarcoidosis was reported with a review of the literature .
chest x - ray revealed hilar lymphadenopathy in three patients , with reticulonodular shadows in another three , while the patient with only cutaneous involvement had a normal chest x - ray .
the case we report presented with cutaneous sarcoidosis during chc therapy and spontaneous regression of the lesions was noted with treatment discontinuation .
we intend to emphasize , especially to dermatologists , the risks of a granulomatous tattoo and other cutaneous sites during chc treatment with peg - ifnalpha-2b plus ribavirin .
thalidomide has been also shown to have specific activity to the inflammatory mediators of sarcoidosis and to be an alternative beneficial therapy .
 the treatment of chronic hepatitis c ( chc ) has evolved in the past 15 years and combination of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin is its current standard therapy . however , several side effects are commonly observed and frequently lead to transient or definitive interruption of treatment . 
 although sarcoidosis in its systemic or cutaneous form is a very rare side effect in such circumstances , some cases have been reported even with conventional interferon . 
 this brief review of the literature and description of a case of sarcoidosis occurring in a tattoo and a scar patient 's face , during treatment with pegylated interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin , is an educative report directed in special to dermatologists . 
 the lesion improved after drug interruption and recurred after retreatment with pegylated interferon alpha-2a . 
 we conclude that this side effect must call the attention of doctors to seek for the diagnosis and therapy as soon as possible in such circumstances . 
 no differences were noticed neither with alpha-2a nor alpha-2b pegylated interferon employment . 
Introduction
Case Report
Discussion