mr urography ( mru ) can be performed with two different imaging strategies : unenhanced mr urography ( t2w - mru ) , based on heavily t2-weighted fse sequences and contrast - enhanced excretory mr urography ( ce - mru ) , which is performed with a 3d ge t1-weighted sequences following intravenous gadolinium administration .
a heavily t2-weighted sequence , utilizing the single - shot fast spin - echo ( ssfse ) sequence , provides static  hydrographic  images of fluid inside the urinary tract .
it is known to be mainly useful for only evaluating dilated systems , ,   because of its inability to visualize entirely non - dilated ureters .
so that , in routine practice , excretory ce - mru is the technique most commonly used to evaluate the non - dilated collecting system .
low - dose ( 520  mg ) intravenous furosemide administration has been recommended for excretory ce - mru to improve the visualization of the non - dilated upper urinary tract , . to the best of our knowledge
, no recent paper has explored the potential of the repetition of this simple breath hold t2w - mru sequence . our hypothesis was that by using low - dose of furosemide and additional multiple rotations around the ureter may improve the detection of the whole non - dilated ureter as well as mru with intravenous administration of contrast medium and provides a pertinent information .
the purpose of this prospective study was to compare those two types of mru in terms of ureteral visualization in patients with non - dilated ureters , using diuretic administration by means of a direct confrontation of each technique in the same patient .
to the best of our knowledge , there is no paper in the literature concerning this evaluation .
this prospective , single - institution study received approval by our local ethical committee and no written informed consent was necessary .
however all patients were orally informed just before the examination of this additional exploration of their urinary tract regarding to the use of a supplementary drug . during a period of 12 months from april 2012 through april 2013 , among a cohort of 155 patients referred to our mr department for a pelvic with retroperitoneal mr exploration ,
we have selected 126 patients ( extensive endometriosis : 38 patients , various pelvic carcinoma staging : 54 patients , suspicion for retroperitoneal fibrosis : 15 patients , lymph nodes or retroperitoneal masses recurrency : 19 patients ) with bilateral non - dilated ureter who underwent both a 2d t2w - mru immediately followed by an excretory 3d ce - mru .
we have excluded from the study the patients with urinary tract dilatation ( n  =  6 ) or urinary symptoms ( n  =  2 ) , moderate renal deficiency or known allergic reaction to medication ( n  =  6 ) and those who had undergone a previous pelvic surgery ( n  =  15 ) ( fig .
mr examinations were performed on a 3.0  t mr unit ( achieva , philips medical systems , best , the netherlands ) by using the phased array dedicated coil for pelvic and lower abdomen exploration .
the field of view was large enough to cover entirely the retroperitoneum with the exploration of the whole ureter from the uretero pelvic junction to the bladder neck .
each patient was explored in addition to our routine protocol for the clinical context with two breath - hold mru sequences in coronal orientation .
patients were asked to void their bladder before mr examination and received an intravenous antispasmodic medication as glucagon at the dose of 1  mg ( glucagen lab novo nordisk pharmaceutics sa ) at the beginning of the exploration . if no urinary dilatation was observed on the first non - injected routine sequences , the patient received an intravenous injection of furosemide at the dose of 20  mg ( lasilix lab sanofi - aventis ) ( fig .
patients were orally informed of potential side effects such as increased urination at the end of the exploration .
five minutes later a 2d coronal single shot turbo fast se t2-weighted static fluid mru ( t2w - mru ) was performed localized on the right and the left urinary tract with an acquisition time of 5  s. each sequence was repeated nine times with coronal rotations and cine loop registration on each urinary tract . at the end of this first mru sequence , an intravenous injection of 0.2  ml / kg body weight gadolinium - based contrast medium , ( dotarem , guerbet , roissy cdg , france ) followed by a 15  ml saline
five minutes later , coronal excretory phase mr urogram was obtained by means of a 3d breath - hold t1-weighted ge sequence with an acquisition time from 15 to 18  s ( table 1 ) .
maximum - intensity - projection ( mip ) images were processed from the original source images of this excretory mru .
the two types of mru , including original source images and mip reformations available from the workstation , were retrospectively reviewed .
each sequence was evaluated separately and independently by two radiologists ( phh , ga ) with five and three years of experience in abdominal mr imaging , respectively .
disagreements were checked by consensus with a third radiologist ( cr ) with twenty years experienced in that field to find a consensus .
the readings were done in several sessions and in each session ; it was given to each reviewer a random combination of isolated mru with native images and mip .
readers were neither informed of the clinical context nor the radiological report done by the radiologist who was in charge of the examination .
readers evaluated the whole technical image quality with the precise criterion of the presence of disturbing artifacts such as ghosting or pulsation artifacts using a four points subjective scale ( 1  poor , 2  fair , 3  good , 4  excellent ) .
the distension of the ureter on ce - mru was compared with that of obtained on t2w - mru and quoted as higher or equal .
based on visual assessment , readers were asked to score four segments of each ureter .
the lumbar ureter was divided in two segments : a proximal part ( from the pelvic junction to the level of the lower pole of the kidney ) ( pl ) and a distal part ( from the lower pole of the kidney and iliac crest ) ( dl ) .
the pelvic ureter was also checked with two segments : an upper portion from iliac vessels to mid pelvic cavity ( pp ) and an inferior portion from mid pelvic cavity to the bladder ( dp ) .
, readers were asked to evaluate independently one rotation ( chosen as strictly anteroposterior view ) , 6 rotations and finally the entire sequence ( 9 rotations ) . for ce - mru , they were asked to quote the number of entire ureter identified on mip images .
the kappa statistic was used to measure the degree of interobserver agreement for qualitative assessment .
strength of agreement was classified as poor (  value less than or equal to 0.20 ) , fair (  value between 0.21 and 0.40 ) , moderate (  value between 0.41 and 0.60 ) , substantial (  value between 0.61 and 0.80 ) , or excellent (  value between 0.81 and 1.0 ) .
we used the wilcoxon test to compare the scoring of the segmental analysis of our two mru techniques . a p value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant .
this prospective , single - institution study received approval by our local ethical committee and no written informed consent was necessary .
however all patients were orally informed just before the examination of this additional exploration of their urinary tract regarding to the use of a supplementary drug . during a period of 12 months from april 2012 through april 2013 , among a cohort of 155 patients referred to our mr department for a pelvic with retroperitoneal mr exploration ,
we have selected 126 patients ( extensive endometriosis : 38 patients , various pelvic carcinoma staging : 54 patients , suspicion for retroperitoneal fibrosis : 15 patients , lymph nodes or retroperitoneal masses recurrency : 19 patients ) with bilateral non - dilated ureter who underwent both a 2d t2w - mru immediately followed by an excretory 3d ce - mru .
we have excluded from the study the patients with urinary tract dilatation ( n  =  6 ) or urinary symptoms ( n  =  2 ) , moderate renal deficiency or known allergic reaction to medication ( n  =  6 ) and those who had undergone a previous pelvic surgery ( n  =  15 ) ( fig .
mr examinations were performed on a 3.0  t mr unit ( achieva , philips medical systems , best , the netherlands ) by using the phased array dedicated coil for pelvic and lower abdomen exploration .
the field of view was large enough to cover entirely the retroperitoneum with the exploration of the whole ureter from the uretero pelvic junction to the bladder neck .
each patient was explored in addition to our routine protocol for the clinical context with two breath - hold mru sequences in coronal orientation .
patients were asked to void their bladder before mr examination and received an intravenous antispasmodic medication as glucagon at the dose of 1  mg ( glucagen lab novo nordisk pharmaceutics sa ) at the beginning of the exploration . if no urinary dilatation was observed on the first non - injected routine sequences , the patient received an intravenous injection of furosemide at the dose of 20  mg ( lasilix lab sanofi - aventis ) ( fig .
patients were orally informed of potential side effects such as increased urination at the end of the exploration .
five minutes later a 2d coronal single shot turbo fast se t2-weighted static fluid mru ( t2w - mru ) was performed localized on the right and the left urinary tract with an acquisition time of 5  s. each sequence was repeated nine times with coronal rotations and cine loop registration on each urinary tract . at the end of this first mru sequence , an intravenous injection of 0.2  ml / kg body weight gadolinium - based contrast medium , ( dotarem , guerbet , roissy cdg , france ) followed by a 15  ml saline flush was performed .
five minutes later , coronal excretory phase mr urogram was obtained by means of a 3d breath - hold t1-weighted ge sequence with an acquisition time from 15 to 18  s ( table 1 ) .
maximum - intensity - projection ( mip ) images were processed from the original source images of this excretory mru .
the two types of mru , including original source images and mip reformations available from the workstation , were retrospectively reviewed .
each sequence was evaluated separately and independently by two radiologists ( phh , ga ) with five and three years of experience in abdominal mr imaging , respectively .
disagreements were checked by consensus with a third radiologist ( cr ) with twenty years experienced in that field to find a consensus .
the readings were done in several sessions and in each session ; it was given to each reviewer a random combination of isolated mru with native images and mip .
readers were neither informed of the clinical context nor the radiological report done by the radiologist who was in charge of the examination .
readers evaluated the whole technical image quality with the precise criterion of the presence of disturbing artifacts such as ghosting or pulsation artifacts using a four points subjective scale ( 1  poor , 2  fair , 3  good , 4  excellent ) .
the distension of the ureter on ce - mru was compared with that of obtained on t2w - mru and quoted as higher or equal .
based on visual assessment , readers were asked to score four segments of each ureter .
the lumbar ureter was divided in two segments : a proximal part ( from the pelvic junction to the level of the lower pole of the kidney ) ( pl ) and a distal part ( from the lower pole of the kidney and iliac crest ) ( dl ) .
the pelvic ureter was also checked with two segments : an upper portion from iliac vessels to mid pelvic cavity ( pp ) and an inferior portion from mid pelvic cavity to the bladder ( dp ) .
, readers were asked to evaluate independently one rotation ( chosen as strictly anteroposterior view ) , 6 rotations and finally the entire sequence ( 9 rotations ) . for ce - mru , they were asked to quote the number of entire ureter identified on mip images .
the kappa statistic was used to measure the degree of interobserver agreement for qualitative assessment .
strength of agreement was classified as poor (  value less than or equal to 0.20 ) , fair (  value between 0.21 and 0.40 ) , moderate (  value between 0.41 and 0.60 ) , substantial (  value between 0.61 and 0.80 ) , or excellent (  value between 0.81 and 1.0 ) .
we used the wilcoxon test to compare the scoring of the segmental analysis of our two mru techniques .
no patient suffered from any serious side effects of furosemide , especially no sign of allergic reaction was recorded .
a total of 252 ureters were evaluated and 1008 segments were checked . for the assessment of image quality , readers judged both sequences good or excellent for all segments ( score 3 : 35/252 ; 51/252 ; score 4 : 217/252 ; 201/252 for t2w - mru and ce - mru , respectively ) .
comparison of the two sets of images revealed no significant difference with respect to overall image quality ( 3.8    0.5 vs 3.6    0.7 , p value : 0.13 ) .
statistically , the interobserver agreement was excellent with a  correlation coefficient as high as 0.89 for t2w - mru and 0.92 for ce - mru , respectively .
one rotation of t2w - mru was found clearly inaccurate to assess the non - dilated ureter . increasing the number of rotations , significantly improved the visualization of all segments . with 9 rotations and
regard to identification , there were no statistically significant differences in the visualization of the ureteral segments between the two types of mru .
the lumbar distal portion of the ureter was less pertinent for identification on t2w - mru with a sensitivity of 71% vs 78% for ce - mru ( table 2 ) . both segments up and down the pelvic ring have less than excellent identification in both mru techniques by comparison with two others .
a bilateral entirely opacified ureteral column until the vesicoureteral junction was found in 236/252 cases with ce - mru , simulating a mild obstruction . on the contrary , on one rotation of t2w - mru
, it was constantly found at least one segment , indicating that the others were collapsed .
the ureter was visualized as a linear thicker structure than on t2w - mru ( fig .
deviation of the pelvic ureter due to the genital tract was found in 118 ureteral segments equally recognized on both sequences ( fig .
deviations due to ovarian cysts and follicules were easier to diagnose on t2w - mru than on standard t2 sequence .
mru permits an evaluation of the urinary tract without the exposure to ionizing radiation and iodinated contrast medium .
t2w - mru was the first sequence to be proposed to study excretory urinary tract .
its initial relatively low resolution has been improved by the development of heavily t2-weighted turbo spin - echo sequences such as rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement ( rare ) utilizing multiple thin - slices with mip or a thick - slice imaging technique and half - fourier acquisition single - shot turbo spin - echo ( haste ) sequences .
high - resolution thick - slice images can be achieved during a single breath - hold . however , in the literature , t2w - mru is known to have several limitations .
these include the superimposition of hyperintense extraurinary fluid collections on thick slice mru , no functional information and undetectable small stones .
the inability of t2-w mru to fully visualize complete non - dilated ureters is cited as a major negative point in many papers , , , .
finally , t2w - mru has been shown to be a rapid and non - invasive imaging technique which is useful and reliable to reveal hydronephrosis and perirenal high - intensity signals in acute urinary obstruction , , , .
the concept of ce - mru has been developed later . in his initial experimental study , nolte - ernsting et al .   presented the advantages of this imaging technique in retrieving high - spatial - resolution images in non - obstructed urinary tracts .
the use of a paramagnetic contrast agent permits the evaluation of renal excretory function and better visualization of the non - dilated urinary tract .
several papers , , ,   have advocated the need for a diuretic to optimize the endoluminal concentration of gadolinium and to produce accelerated distention .
these authors stated that furosemide initially induces an increase in urine volume resulting in mild distention of the urinary tract , and then there is a dilution effect on the excreted gadolinium .
the limitation of ce - mru is for cases with delayed excretion due to severe obstruction , the long duration of examination for revealing the underlying abnormality increasing patient and personnel inconvenience , . as several previous papers
have shown the superiority of enhanced over unenhanced imaging , ce - mru is becoming in clinical routine practice the technique most commonly used to evaluate the non - dilated collecting system . to our knowledge , in the previous recent literature in adult , there are no clinical studies comparing those two mru techniques in the same patient .
additionally , our evaluation has been focused on the non - dilated ureter , which is considered as being the most difficult task to obtain a visualization of all segments . as the use of low - dose ( 520  mg ) intravenous furosemide administration is essential to perform ct urography
; we have also used this medication at the dose of 20  mg to adequately distend the non - dilated ureter .
in addition , it causes no real additional cost as it has a very low price . this t2w - mru sequence , with its short acquisition time , permits repeated series of breath - hold images in several coronal oblique orientations , thus providing obvious improvement to the use of this sequence previously described by other investigators .
our results attest that furosemide alone is sufficient to distend and visualize all parts . in identifying ureteral segments
our results with t2w - mru were quite similar to those of ce - mru , except for the lower part of abdominal ureter .
image quality was excellent in all patients , and , unlike other investigators , we never have difficulty in removing superimposed fluid - filled bowel loops by changing the orientation by rotations .
a potential advantage of t2w - mru over ce - mru is that it can reveal an ovarian cyst or follicles which cause a deviation of the pelvic ureter .
another advantage might be the evaluation of an inflammatory process , due to the superiority of t2-weighted sequences in revealing edema and a small amount of ascites .
the ability to identify one or two different segment by rotation is an indicator for normal contractions of some parts of the ureter .
this visualization of the peristalsis is a good indicator to affirm that there is no ureteral repercussion for instance of a pelvic mass .
in contrary when using ce - mru , we have commonly found the entire column simulation mild obstruction .
the size of ureter on ce - mru was larger than on t2w - mru with the same dose of diuretic .
we suggest that the contrast medium itself is a significant factor to distend the ureter and produces rapidly an over distended bladder with a risk of false positive diagnosis of mild obstruction .
we could not attribute this aspect to our protocol firstly because patients were asked to void their bladder just before the beginning of the mr examination , secondly because the two sequences were performed without any supplementary delay between them ( 5  min to obtain the excretory phase after gadolinium administration ) .
in addition , t2w - mru has the advantage of obtaining high quality images in a few seconds , without need for multiplanar and mip reconstructions in the contrary of ce - mru . as breath - hold t2w - mru with intravenous diuretic and multiple rotations is sufficient to produce a qualitative study of non - dilated ureter with identification of the peristaltism
, we can speculate that it could be an adequate sequence to detect an initial ureteral involvement before hydronephrosis occurs .
the identification of the same missing segment on all rotations with a persistent non - dilated column above could reflect an abnormal peristaltism indicating a thorough analysis of this localization
. this can be potentially very useful in the cases of extrinsic ureteral involvement such as in endometriosis which is progressive and clinically silent or can be confuse with other symptoms of the disease .
the identification of the same segment on all rotations can be a clue for this initial diagnosis , before the classical appearance of persistent column with gradual tapering or filling defect at the level of obstruction .
however , it needs further investigation to prove that t2-mru can detect initial obstruction , prior to clinical presentation of hydronephrosis .
it could also be used to evaluate potential renal donors or in patients unable to receive gadolinium .
even if our material has an important number of cases , this study has some limitations .
first , there is no data regarding the relative performance of the techniques in a clinical context , but we would like to focus on the ability of t2w - mru to visualize the entire ureter .
second , even if our field of view was large enough to obtain an evaluation of the whole ureter it does not permit a constant evaluation of the renal pelvic cavities , especially for our tallest patients .
however a precise caliceal anatomy or pathology was not the purpose of our mr examinations .
of course , equally to ce - mru , the major drawback of t2w - mru remains its poor sensitivity in detecting calcifications .
the t2w - mru sequence performed with multiple coronal orientations and diuretic administration is sufficient to identify entirely the non - dilated ureter .
our series was large enough to suggest that pelvic mr imaging combined with t2w - mru allows a complete work - up in a single imaging evaluation , especially if gadolinium injection is not necessary or contraindicated .
the authors confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome .
the authors confirm that any aspect of the work covered in this manuscript that has involved human patients has been conducted with the ethical approval of all relevant bodies and that such approvals are acknowledged within the manuscript .
 highlightst2w - mru with multiple orientations and diuretic is sufficient to identify non - dilated ureter.t2w-mru offers information on ureteral contractions and could be proposed to detect initial obstruction before hydronephrosis occurs ( for instance in cases of endometriosis).t2w - mru could also be used to evaluate potential renal donors or in patients unable to receive gadolinium.ce-mru rapidly produces an overdistended bladder with a risk of false positive diagnosis of mild obstruction.ce-mru is less convenient for patients . 
Introduction
Materials and methods
Patient population
MR imaging
Image interpretation
Image analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Conflicts of interest
Ethical approval