percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( pcnl ) is a widely accepted treatment for urinary calculi > 2 cm or resistant to other modalities .
complications of this procedure are well reported ; however , to our knowledge no mention has occurred in the literature of a retained nephrostomy tube after pcnl .
thus , we will present the management of a retained council tip catheter after pcnl .
a 76-year - old gentleman underwent a pcnl for a 2.2x1.4-cm lower pole calculus via an uneventful upper pole puncture .
incomplete stone fragmentation was obtained using the ultrasonic lithotripter ; therefore , a 24-french council tip nephrostomy tube was placed , the balloon was inflated with 3 ml of sterile water , and the patient was scheduled for a second look nephroscopy when a holmium laser was available .
one week later at the second look nephroscopy , attempts to deflate the catheter balloon were unsuccessful .
after transection of the balloon port valve , attempted passage of a 0.038 movable core bentson guidewire down the balloon port was unsuccessful .
an antegrade nephrostogram outlined the catheter balloon within the renal pelvis ( figure 1 ) . with the c - arm in a vertical orientation ,
an 18-gauge chiba needle ( cook , bloomington in ) was advanced through a puncture site directly over the balloon under fluoroscopic guidance .
the balloon was successfully punctured by the chiba needle with clear efflux through the needle .
contrast was then instilled through the chiba needle to evaluate the integrity of the balloon and exclude the possibility of retained balloon fragments from a ruptured balloon ( figure 2b ) .
flexible nephroscopy was performed to evaluate for balloon fragments , which were not identified , and to remove the lower pole stone .
( a ) chiba needle ( white arrow ) has punctured and drained the catheter balloon .
( b ) contrast injected via chiba needle has filled the catheter balloon ( dark arrow ) and confirmed its integrity .
a retained urethral catheter due to balloon malfunction is a well - recognized urologic complication .
many solutions to this problem have been attempted , including overinflation until rupture , puncture of the balloon via a wire through the balloon port , and puncture of the balloon under ultrasound guidance via a suprapubic or transvaginal route . given this infrequent but known complication of balloon - type cystostomy catheters , it is not surprising that a similar complication occurred in our patient .
our familiarity with the use of the chiba needle and 3-dimensional fluoroscopy for percutaneous renal access facilitated percutaneous puncture of the catheter balloon .
if equipment or experience limits the urologist 's ability to perform this technique , collaboration with an interventional radiologist using conventional c - arm or ultrasound for guidance should be considered .
prevention of a retained catheter due to a balloon - port malfunction requires use of sterile water instead of saline and limiting the time of catheter placement .
malecot tubes have been utilized for nephrostomy drainage , but these tubes are not without difficulties . tissue bridge formation over flanges of the tube has occurred , requiring endoscopic removal .
tubeless pcnl would avoid these issues entirely ; however , the tubeless technique is contraindicated in the face of significant postoperative bleeding , urinary extravasation , ureteral obstruction , or anticipated need for a second - look nephroscopy .
pigtail catheters following pcnl may represent a good alternative for drainage and access , while minimizing the risk of catheter malfunction or retention .
 percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a widely accepted treatment for urinary calculi , but it is not without complications . we present the case of a 76-year - old male with a retained council tip catheter after percutaneous nephrolithotomy . 
 fluoroscopic guidance was used to perform percutaneous puncture of the catheter balloon , and the catheter was removed without complication . 
 advantages of various nephrostomy tube designs and additional measures to prevent this type of complication are discussed . 
INTRODUCTION
CASE REPORT
DISCUSSION