sepsis is the systemic inflammation caused by infection with bacteria , viruses , fungi , parasites , or toxic products , and has become one of the leading causes of mortality in children . in developed countries ,
the mortality rate of pediatric sepsis is about 210% and is as high as 50% in developing countries .
pediatric sepsis usually leads to tachycardia , tachypnea , peripheral vasodilation , fever or hypothermia , and even multiple organ dysfunction syndrome ( mods ) .
frequently - used applications in pediatric sepsis treatment concentrate on maintaining metabolic , circulatory , and respiratory stabilities , and antimicrobial agents , as well as surgical and adjunctive therapies such as nitric oxide and corticosteroids , which show great benefits in the outcome of pediatric sepsis treatment .
acute kidney injury ( aki ) is a severe consequence of sepsis and mods , and about 1527% of aki in children is generated from pediatric sepsis .
the pathophysiology of septic aki is related to the altered global renal blood flow , as well as the comprehensive effects of inflammation , microvasculature blood flow , and bioenergetics factors .
for example , glomerular endothelial injury during aki progression in a lipopolysaccharide - induced mouse sepsis model is closely related to tumor necrosis factor and receptor 1 . due to the increased risk of mortality caused by septic aki , it is imperative to explore effective therapies for controlling aki in pediatric sepsis .
baicalin is one of the flavonoid constituents in scutellaria baicalensis georgi , a kind of perennial herb with protective effects against diseases like hydrogen peroxide - induced oxidative stress and cerebral ischemia injury [ 911 ] .
specifically , baicalin has been revealed to protect against oxidants , anxiety , acute hepatic injury , experimental periodontitis , and sepsis .
it also alleviates reperfusion - induced damage to the myocardium , the mechanism of which may be associated with its anti - apoptotic roles . moreover
, a recent study found that baicalin can inhibit inflammation and cell apoptosis , which allows it to protect against ischemia - reperfusion injuries in the kidney .
however , few studies have investigated the role of baicalin in septic aki or pediatric sepsis .
this study aimed to uncover the effects of baicalin in treating aki in pediatric sepsis patients .
the baicalin adjunctive therapy was tested in pediatric sepsis patients , after which the effect was compared based on the renal function assessment from bun and serum creatinine ( cr ) .
we also performed experiments in the cecal ligation and puncture ( clp)-induced mouse sepsis model to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of baicalin in septic aki .
this study lays the foundation for future application of baicalin in adjunctive therapies for aki in pediatric sepsis .
a total of 50 pediatric sepsis patients ages 14 years were selected from the patients hospitalized from november 2013 to october 2015 .
all 50 patients were diagnosed with pediatric sepsis based on the diagnostic standard proposed in 2005 , and with aki at the same time according to the criteria of aki proposed by acute kidney injury net ( akin ) .
the following conditions were excluded : patients with kidney injuries caused by prerenal or postrenal factors , and patients with a history of renal diseases such as acute or chronic renal failure .
the 50 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups : control and baicalin , each group containing 25 patients .
no significant difference existed in the age between the 2 groups ( 2.580.17 and 2.460.20 ) .
patients in the control group received basic treatment , and those in the baicalin group received basic treatment plus oral baicalin ( inner chengzi pharmaceutical , chifeng , china ) according to the manufacturer s instructions .
the blood samples were collected 1 day before treatment and 15 days after treatment for bun and cr detection by the hospital .
these procedures were approved by our local ethics committee and were performed according to the instructions of the hospital .
clp was performed on male c57bl/6 mice ( spf , age 810 weeks , weight 2226 g ) ( vital river laboratories , beijing , china ) to induce a septic aki model based on the method in a previous report .
thirty individuals were randomly divided into 3 groups : sham , clp , and clp + baicalin .
the cecum was ligated at 1 cm to the distal end , and double punctures were made to extrude feces into the abdominal cavity .
then the cecum was relocated to the abdominal cavity , and the abdomen was closed .
the mice were resuscitated by intraperitoneal injection of 0.9% saline ( 24 ml / kg ) .
mice in the clp + baicalin group were intragastrically administrated with baicalin 200 mg/(kgd ) ( pureone biotechnology , shanghai , china ) for 6 days , after which all the mice were anesthetized and killed for blood and renal tissue sampling .
cell apoptosis in the mouse renal tissue was detected by tdt - mediated dutp nick - end labeling ( tunel ) method with the in situ cell death detection kit , pod ( roche , basel , switzerland ) according to the manufacturer s instructions .
briefly , the renal tissue of each mouse was embedded in paraffin and cut into 5-m slices .
fresh tunel mix ( 50 l ) was added to the slices for 1-h incubation at 37c in the dark .
then , 50 l of converter - pod was added for incubation of 30 min at 37c in the dark , after which 50 l of diaminobenzidine was added to develop positive signals in the dark for 10 min .
the slices were washed in phosphate - buffered saline ( pbs ) 3 times between steps , each time lasting 5 min .
slices were then dehydrated , mounted , and observed with an optical microscope ( olympus , tokyo , japan ) .
total rna samples of the mouse renal tissue were extracted by trizol ( invitrogen , carlsbad , ca ) according to the manufacturer s instructions .
dna contamination was removed by dnase i ( invitrogen ) and then the quality and quantity of rna samples were examined by nanodrop 2000 ( thermo scientific , carlsbad , ca ) . for each mouse ,
1 g of total rna was used for reverse transcription catalyzed by superscript ii reverse transcriptase ( invitrogen ) . then the synthesized complementary dna ( 20 ng )
was used in qrt - pcr on the quantstudio 6 flex realtime pcr system ( applied biosystems , carlsbad , ca ) with the specific primers for mouse bax ( fw : 5-tgttt gctga tggca acttc-3 and rv : 5-gatgg ttctg atcag ctcgg-3 ) and bcl2 ( fw : 5-gtaga agagg gtgtg acagc-3 and rv : 5-agcac tgact ctggg atcgc-3 ) .
data were analyzed by the 2 method with gapdh ( fw : 5-tcaac agcaa ctccc actct tcca-3 and rv : 5-accct gttgc tgtag ccgta ttca-3 ) as an internal control .
protein samples of mouse renal tissue were extracted by m - per mammalian protein extraction reagent ( thermo scientific ) and quantified by bio - rad protein assay ( bio - rad , hercules , ca ) according to the manufacturers instructions .
the protein samples were separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes .
the blots were blocked in 5% skim milk for 2 h at room temperature and then incubated in rabbit monoclonal primary antibodies for bax and bcl2 ( ab32503 and ab32124 , abcam , cambridge , uk ) overnight at 4c .
after washing in pbs 5 times , the blots were incubated in goat anti - rabbit horse - radish peroxidase - conjugated secondary antibody ( ab6721 ) for 1 h at room temperature .
ecl plus western blotting substrate ( thermo scientific ) was used to develop positive signals .
comparison between groups was performed with one - way analysis of variance and t test in spss 20 ( ibm , new york , ny ) .
a total of 50 pediatric sepsis patients ages 14 years were selected from the patients hospitalized from november 2013 to october 2015 .
all 50 patients were diagnosed with pediatric sepsis based on the diagnostic standard proposed in 2005 , and with aki at the same time according to the criteria of aki proposed by acute kidney injury net ( akin ) .
the following conditions were excluded : patients with kidney injuries caused by prerenal or postrenal factors , and patients with a history of renal diseases such as acute or chronic renal failure .
the 50 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups : control and baicalin , each group containing 25 patients .
no significant difference existed in the age between the 2 groups ( 2.580.17 and 2.460.20 ) .
patients in the control group received basic treatment , and those in the baicalin group received basic treatment plus oral baicalin ( inner chengzi pharmaceutical , chifeng , china ) according to the manufacturer s instructions .
the blood samples were collected 1 day before treatment and 15 days after treatment for bun and cr detection by the hospital .
these procedures were approved by our local ethics committee and were performed according to the instructions of the hospital .
clp was performed on male c57bl/6 mice ( spf , age 810 weeks , weight 2226 g ) ( vital river laboratories , beijing , china ) to induce a septic aki model based on the method in a previous report .
thirty individuals were randomly divided into 3 groups : sham , clp , and clp + baicalin .
the cecum was ligated at 1 cm to the distal end , and double punctures were made to extrude feces into the abdominal cavity .
then the cecum was relocated to the abdominal cavity , and the abdomen was closed .
the mice were resuscitated by intraperitoneal injection of 0.9% saline ( 24 ml / kg ) .
mice in the clp + baicalin group were intragastrically administrated with baicalin 200 mg/(kgd ) ( pureone biotechnology , shanghai , china ) for 6 days , after which all the mice were anesthetized and killed for blood and renal tissue sampling .
cell apoptosis in the mouse renal tissue was detected by tdt - mediated dutp nick - end labeling ( tunel ) method with the in situ cell death detection kit , pod ( roche , basel , switzerland ) according to the manufacturer s instructions .
briefly , the renal tissue of each mouse was embedded in paraffin and cut into 5-m slices .
fresh tunel mix ( 50 l ) was added to the slices for 1-h incubation at 37c in the dark .
then , 50 l of converter - pod was added for incubation of 30 min at 37c in the dark , after which 50 l of diaminobenzidine was added to develop positive signals in the dark for 10 min .
the slices were washed in phosphate - buffered saline ( pbs ) 3 times between steps , each time lasting 5 min .
slices were then dehydrated , mounted , and observed with an optical microscope ( olympus , tokyo , japan ) .
total rna samples of the mouse renal tissue were extracted by trizol ( invitrogen , carlsbad , ca ) according to the manufacturer s instructions .
dna contamination was removed by dnase i ( invitrogen ) and then the quality and quantity of rna samples were examined by nanodrop 2000 ( thermo scientific , carlsbad , ca ) . for each mouse ,
1 g of total rna was used for reverse transcription catalyzed by superscript ii reverse transcriptase ( invitrogen ) .
then the synthesized complementary dna ( 20 ng ) was used in qrt - pcr on the quantstudio 6 flex realtime pcr system ( applied biosystems , carlsbad , ca ) with the specific primers for mouse bax ( fw : 5-tgttt gctga tggca acttc-3 and rv : 5-gatgg ttctg atcag ctcgg-3 ) and bcl2 ( fw : 5-gtaga agagg gtgtg acagc-3 and rv : 5-agcac tgact ctggg atcgc-3 ) .
data were analyzed by the 2 method with gapdh ( fw : 5-tcaac agcaa ctccc actct tcca-3 and rv : 5-accct gttgc tgtag ccgta ttca-3 ) as an internal control .
protein samples of mouse renal tissue were extracted by m - per mammalian protein extraction reagent ( thermo scientific ) and quantified by bio - rad protein assay ( bio - rad , hercules , ca ) according to the manufacturers instructions .
the protein samples were separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes .
the blots were blocked in 5% skim milk for 2 h at room temperature and then incubated in rabbit monoclonal primary antibodies for bax and bcl2 ( ab32503 and ab32124 , abcam , cambridge , uk ) overnight at 4c .
gapdh ( ab181602 ) was used as an internal control . after washing in pbs 5 times ,
the blots were incubated in goat anti - rabbit horse - radish peroxidase - conjugated secondary antibody ( ab6721 ) for 1 h at room temperature .
ecl plus western blotting substrate ( thermo scientific ) was used to develop positive signals .
comparison between groups was performed with one - way analysis of variance and t test in spss 20 ( ibm , new york , ny ) .
in the treatment of 50 pediatric sepsis patients , 25 received adjunctive therapy of oral baicalin for 15 days and the other 25 patients received only basic therapies .
results showed that both bun and cr levels in the serum of the control group did not changed greatly after basic therapies ( p=0.2842 and 0.2135 , figure 1a , 1b ) , while those of the baicalin group were significantly decreased after baicalin adjunctive therapy ( p=0.0191 and 0.0077 ) .
it could be inferred based on the 2 indexes that the renal functions of the baicalin group were improved , possibly due to the baicalin adjunctive therapy .
we next performed experiments in the mouse model to analyze the function of baicalin in septic aki .
mice in the clp group showed significantly elevated bun and cr levels ( p=0.0001 and 0.0013 , figure 2a , 2b ) , suggesting that the kidney injury occurred after clp . both bun and cr levels
were significantly decreased in the clp + baicalin group ( p=0.0181 and 0.0225 ) , indicating that baicalin treatment effectively alleviated kidney injury in the clp - induced mouse sepsis model .
the possible mechanism of baicalin in protecting against septic kidney injury of the mouse model was investigated from changes in cell apoptosis .
tunel assay showed more apoptotic cells in the clp group compared to the sham group , and baicalin treatment reduced apoptotic cell numbers ( figure 3a ) , with significant differences between groups ( p=0.0087 and 0.0359 , figure 3b ) .
thus , baicalin had suppressive effects on renal cell apoptosis in the clp - induced mouse model .
bax and bcl2 , 2 factors indicating cell apoptosis , were detected at both mrna and protein levels to verify the changes in renal cell apoptosis .
qrt - pcr results showed that bax mrna level was significantly elevated in the clp group ( p=0.0108 ) and then was down - regulated by baicalin treatment ( p=0.0256 , figure 4a ) .
bcl2 mrna level showed the opposite changing pattern to bax , with significant differences between groups ( p=0.0004 and 0.0069 , figure 4b ) .
protein level changes of the 2 factors were consistent with their mrnas , as shown by western blot analysis ( figure 4c ) . since up - regulated bax and down - regulated bcl2
are usually correlated with promoted cell apoptosis , these results further confirmed that clp induced renal cell apoptosis and that baicalin suppressed apoptosis in the mouse sepsis model .
in the treatment of 50 pediatric sepsis patients , 25 received adjunctive therapy of oral baicalin for 15 days and the other 25 patients received only basic therapies .
results showed that both bun and cr levels in the serum of the control group did not changed greatly after basic therapies ( p=0.2842 and 0.2135 , figure 1a , 1b ) , while those of the baicalin group were significantly decreased after baicalin adjunctive therapy ( p=0.0191 and 0.0077 ) .
it could be inferred based on the 2 indexes that the renal functions of the baicalin group were improved , possibly due to the baicalin adjunctive therapy .
we next performed experiments in the mouse model to analyze the function of baicalin in septic aki .
mice in the clp group showed significantly elevated bun and cr levels ( p=0.0001 and 0.0013 , figure 2a , 2b ) , suggesting that the kidney injury occurred after clp .
both bun and cr levels were significantly decreased in the clp + baicalin group ( p=0.0181 and 0.0225 ) , indicating that baicalin treatment effectively alleviated kidney injury in the clp - induced mouse sepsis model .
the possible mechanism of baicalin in protecting against septic kidney injury of the mouse model was investigated from changes in cell apoptosis .
tunel assay showed more apoptotic cells in the clp group compared to the sham group , and baicalin treatment reduced apoptotic cell numbers ( figure 3a ) , with significant differences between groups ( p=0.0087 and 0.0359 , figure 3b ) .
thus , baicalin had suppressive effects on renal cell apoptosis in the clp - induced mouse model .
bax and bcl2 , 2 factors indicating cell apoptosis , were detected at both mrna and protein levels to verify the changes in renal cell apoptosis .
qrt - pcr results showed that bax mrna level was significantly elevated in the clp group ( p=0.0108 ) and then was down - regulated by baicalin treatment ( p=0.0256 , figure 4a ) .
bcl2 mrna level showed the opposite changing pattern to bax , with significant differences between groups ( p=0.0004 and 0.0069 , figure 4b ) .
protein level changes of the 2 factors were consistent with their mrnas , as shown by western blot analysis ( figure 4c ) . since up - regulated bax and down - regulated bcl2
are usually correlated with promoted cell apoptosis , these results further confirmed that clp induced renal cell apoptosis and that baicalin suppressed apoptosis in the mouse sepsis model .
this study performed investigations in pediatric sepsis patients and in a clp - induced mouse sepsis model to reveal the role of baicalin in aki of pediatric sepsis .
baicalin adjunctive therapy in the patients and treatment in the mouse model decreased bun and cr levels .
further histological and expression analyses suggested the suppressive function of baicalin in renal cell apoptosis .
the 50 pediatric patients participating in this study were chosen from pediatric sepsis patients diagnosed with aki , and the mouse model induced by clp was detected with elevated bun and cr levels , which suggested potential kidney injury .
previous studies using mouse sepsis models used various baicalin treatment methods , including topical application on the mouse skin to analyze the effect of baicalin on epidermis , intraperitoneal injection to investigate the role of baicalin in mammary glands , and baicalin - containing diets to study liver injury , inflammation in the kidney , and lung carcinoma [ 22,2729 ] . in these studies ,
the dose of baicalin was usually 100200 mg/(kgd ) , and the duration ranged from 3 to 50 days .
thus , in the present study we chose to perform baicalin treatment in the model mouse via intragastric administration of 200 mg/(kgd ) for 6 days , and the significantly elevated bun and cr levels in the clp group compared to the sham group indicated that this treatment method effectively induced kidney injury in the mouse sepsis model .
clinical trials with baicalin adjunctive therapy have focused on its protective roles in ulcerative colitis , hepatic fibrosis , and diabetes mellitus [ 3032 ] , and several studies have investigated the potential of baicalin in treating patients with early diabetic nephropathy , in which baicalin inhibits aldose reductase activity and reduces urinary albumin excretion rate and the blood 2-microglobulin .
the present study further discovered the protective role of baicalin against aki in pediatric sepsis patients , which was reflected in the reduced bun and cr levels .
moreover , the experiments in the mouse model confirmed that baicalin treatment in a sepsis animal model could improve renal functions .
these findings show the potential of using baicalin to attenuate aki in pediatric sepsis patients , but the proper dosage and possible complications need to be assessed in future research .
tunel results showed that baicalin treatment in the mouse model significantly suppressed renal cell apoptosis , and western blot and qrt - pcr analyses indicated consistent changes in the expression of bax and bcl2 .
a similar mechanism has been reported in mouse mammary glands , where baicalin inhibits cell apoptosis via regulating bax and bcl2 .
in addition , baicalin inhibits hepatocyte apoptosis in mouse kidney injury induced by concanavalin a ; therefore , suppressing renal cell apoptosis is likely to be one of the mechanisms by which baicalin attenuates septic kidney injury .
however , the anti - proliferative role of baicalin has also been reported in studies on lung cancer and mouse embryonic stem cells , and it is converted to baicalin by intestinal gut flora to act as a pro - apoptotic and anti - proliferative substance .
baicalin is capable of promoting neuronal differentiation , and thus may benefit therapies for parkinson and alzheimer diseases .
we speculate that there are multiple potential mechanisms behind the effects of baicalin in various diseases ; therefore , it is necessary to uncover the detailed mechanisms in order to optimize use of baicalin to control aki in pediatric sepsis patients .
the investigations of baicalin in pediatric sepsis patients and the clp - induced mouse sepsis model reveal the protective role of baicalin against aki in pediatric sepsis .
baicalin can inhibit renal cell apoptosis , which may be one of its functional mechanisms .
this study provides a potential adjunctive therapy for treating aki in pediatric sepsis , and future research will concentrate on more detailed mechanisms of baicalin .
 backgroundpediatric sepsis has high morbidity in children , may lead to acute kidney injury ( aki ) , and further aggravate the disease . 
 baicalin is a kind of flavonoid in scutellaria baicalensis georgi and has been reported to protect against several diseases , but its roles in septic aki remain unclear . 
 this study aimed to uncover the effects of baicalin in aki during pediatric sepsis.material/methodsblood urea nitrogen ( bun ) and serum creatinine ( cr ) levels were detected in 50 pediatric patients , who underwent basic therapy with or without baicalin adjunctive therapy . 
 mouse sepsis models were constructed by cecal ligation and puncture ( clp ) and treated with baicalin intragastrically , after which bun and cr examination , tunel apoptosis assay , and expression analyses of bax and bcl2 were performed.resultsbaicalin adjunctive therapy significantly decreased bun and cr levels in pediatric sepsis patients ( p<0.05 ) . 
 clp led to elevated bun and cr levels in the mouse model ( p<0.01 ) , indicating kidney injury accompanied by sepsis . 
 baicalin decreased bun and cr levels ( p<0.05 ) , and reduced the apoptotic cell percent in the renal tissue ( p<0.05 ) of the clp model . 
 it inhibited bax and promoted bcl2 in the renal tissue , which was consistent with cell apoptosis changes.conclusionsbaicalin is capable of suppressing renal cell apoptosis and protecting against aki in pediatric sepsis . 
 this study provides a potential adjunctive therapy for treating aki in pediatric sepsis , and further research is necessary to reveal its deeper mechanisms . 
Background
Material and methods
Sample collection
Animal model
TUNEL assay
qRT-PCR
Western blot
Statistical analysis
Results
Baicalin attenuates AKI in pediatric sepsis patients
Baicalin improves renal functions in the CLP-induced mouse model
Baicalin inhibits renal cell apoptosis
Discussion
Conclusions