these techniques include closed reduction , percutaneous pin reduction , intramedullary pin reduction with elastic stable intramedullary nailing or kirschner - wires ( k - wires ) , and open reduction with or without internal fixation .
our goals for treatment are to avoid incision , reduce the fracture adequately with no reduction loss , and achieve good postoperative function .
we performed a closed reduction with a percutaneous leverage technique and internal fixation method with k - wires to treat angulated radial neck fractures in children .
from january 2011 to april 2013 , we treated 16 cases of angulated radial neck fractures in 12 boys and 4 girls .
the types of fractures categorized by the obrien classification as follows : type i  angulation < 30 ; type ii 
angulation > 60. among our patients , 5 had type ii and 11 had type iii fractures .
the left side was affected in 9 cases , right side was affected in 7 cases .
complications with ulnar olecranon fracture and medial epicondyle fracture were present in 3 cases and 2 cases , respectively . no blood vessel or nerve trauma was evident .
the shortest time from trauma to surgery was 4  hours and the longest time was 6 days .
a 1.6- or 2.0-mm k - wire was inserted from distal to proximal of the elbow percutaneously . in this procedure , the k - wire was inserted into the fracture site .
the k - wire was used to lever the fracture and to orient the proximal part horizontally with the lateral condyle plane .
was attained , two 1.2  mm k - wires were percutaneously inserted from the articular surface through the fracture site to the opposite cortex for fixation ( fig .
the 3 cases with ulnar olecranon fractures were not treated because there was no obvious displacement .
our research was approved by the biomedical research ethics committee of hong hui hospital , xian jiaotong university college of medicine .
( a ) the kirschner wire ( k - wire ) was inserted percutaneously into the fracture site .
( b ) the inserted k - wire was used as a lever to reduce the fracture .
( c ) one 1.2  mm k - wires was percutaneously inserted from the articular surface passing through the fracture site to the opposite cortex .
typical case : femail , 12 years old , and right side . a long - arm cast or brace was used for 3 to 4 weeks after the procedures , with the elbow in 90 of flexion and the forearm in supination .
a 1.6- or 2.0-mm k - wire was inserted from distal to proximal of the elbow percutaneously . in this procedure , the k - wire was inserted into the fracture site .
the k - wire was used to lever the fracture and to orient the proximal part horizontally with the lateral condyle plane .
was attained , two 1.2  mm k - wires were percutaneously inserted from the articular surface through the fracture site to the opposite cortex for fixation ( fig .
the 3 cases with ulnar olecranon fractures were not treated because there was no obvious displacement .
our research was approved by the biomedical research ethics committee of hong hui hospital , xian jiaotong university college of medicine .
( a ) the kirschner wire ( k - wire ) was inserted percutaneously into the fracture site .
( b ) the inserted k - wire was used as a lever to reduce the fracture .
( c ) one 1.2  mm k - wires was percutaneously inserted from the articular surface passing through the fracture site to the opposite cortex .
typical case : femail , 12 years old , and right side . a long - arm cast or brace was used for 3 to 4 weeks after the procedures , with the elbow in 90 of flexion and the forearm in supination .
cases were followed up for an average of 3 years 7 months ( range 2 years 6 months to 4 years 10 months ) .
the postoperative reduction was assessed by roentgenograph within 1 week after surgery . no infection or nerve damage occurred in the short - term follow - up .
no radial head necrosis or synostosis of the proximal ulna and radius was seen in the long - term follow - up .
there was no disclosure of the epiphysis or valgus of the elbow during the follow - up . according to the metaizeau reduction classification ,
12 cases were excellent , and 4 cases were good . according to the metaizeau clinical classification , 14 cases were excellent , and 2 cases were good .
( a ) the preoperative x - ray showed the severe tilt and displacement of radial neck .
( c ) the 2 years later follow - up x - ray picture showed the radial head normal .
most authors agree that fractures with slight angulation should be treated conservatively , but severely angulated fractures ( > 60 ) require further treatment with different methods .
the complications of these fractures reported in children include avascular necrosis , early physeal closure , elbow stiffness , periarticular ossification , and overgrowth of the radius head .
the prognosis was not only related with the angulation of the radial neck fracture , but also with the age of the patient and extent of trauma .
metaizeau suggested that a residual tilt above 10 to 15 at 10 to 12 years of age or 20 to 30 at a younger age could not be remodeled by growth .
additionally , bernstein found that the determination of what constituted a significant angulation vari with the child 's age , with greater angulation degrees acceptable for younger children .
the compression and impaction extends to the lateral side of radial neck upon radial neck fracture .
the redisplacement will be accomplished easily only if it is immobilized by cast as there is no support from the lateral portion of the radial neck for the radius head after reduction .
steinberg reported that 22 cases which occurred redisplacement in whole 28 cases which were immobilized by cast after reduction .
one method uses an elastic stable intramedullary nailing to indirectly reduce and fix the fracture site .
the other method uses an intramedullary k - wire to perform indirect reduction and internal fixation .
the 3rd method uses a percutaneous k - wire to perform direct reduction and internal fixation . in comparing the 3 different methods , some authors recommended closed reduction and elastic intramedullary fixation to treat a fracture of the radius in children .
however , we found that it was difficult to reduce the displaced radius head through rotating the distal part of the elastic intramedullary nail .
this reduction approach usually requires an assistant to manipulate the percutaneous k - wire . it is challenging to fix the radial head with elastic intramedullary nail after a good reduction .
the radial head was easily separated from the fracture site when penetrating with and rotating the nail .
the functional lever arm was too long when the elastic intramedullary nail or intramedullary pin was used to fix the radial head . it was challenging to maintain a good position .
there was no disclosure of the epiphysis or valgus of the elbow during the follow - up .
trauma was minor and there was no interference with the blood supply of the radial head
. there was no postoperative scarring and the patients and their parents were satisfied with outcome .
the insertion site should be carefully selected to avoid damage to the deep branch of the radial nerve .
the k - wires should be appropriately sized , with a diameter no greater than 1.5  mm .
we usually choose 1.2  mm k - wires to prevent damage to the epiphysis .
we recommend the percutaneous leverage technique during closed reduction and internal fixation using k - wires for the treatment of angulated radial neck fractures in children .
this is a simple method with little trauma to the patient and a satisfactory clinical outcome .
 abstractpediatric radial neck fractures are uncommon . severely displaced and angulated fractures usually require treatment . our goals for treatment are to avoid incision , reduce the fracture adequately with no reduction loss , and achieve good postoperative function . 
 we aimed to observe the clinical outcomes of closed reduction with the percutaneous leverage technique and internal fixation with kirschner - wires ( k - wires ) to treat angulated radial neck fractures in children.from january 2011 to april 2013 , we treated 16 cases of angulated radial neck fracture in 12 boys and 4 girls . 
 five fractures were type ii and 11 fractures were type iii using the obrien classification . 
 one k - wire was percutaneously introduced into the fracture site using the leverage technique to attain good reduction . 
 two k - wires were introduced from the proximal to the distal areas of the fracture site . 
 the elbow was immobilized by cast in 90 of flexion and the forearm in supination for 3 to 4 weeks . 
 the k - wires were removed at 3 to 4 weeks postoperatively . 
 all cases were followed up for a mean duration of 3 years 6 months.according to the metaizeau reduction classification , 12 cases were excellent , and 4 cases were good . according to the metaizeau clinical classification , 14 cases were excellent , and 2 cases were good . 
 there was no necrosis of the radial head . 
 there was no infection , radioulnar synostosis , and damage of the radial nerve deep branch . 
 there was no limitation in the pronation and supination functions of the forearm.closed reduction using the percutaneous leverage technique and internal fixation using k - wires is easy to perform . 
 it is encouraged to use this approach as the clinical outcome is good.level of evidence : level iv - retrospective case , treatment study . 
Introduction
Methods
Surgical technique
Results
Discussion
Conclusions