selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) , serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors , and noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants are categorized as first - line treatments in many countries , including japan.1,2 thus , health care providers have the opportunity to choose an antidepressant from a variety of first - line treatment options . to select the most appropriate treatment for each patient , it is important for clinicians to be aware of the differences in efficacy between comparable antidepressants at the doses approved in their countries .
one long - standing approach to comparing efficacy has been meta - analysis of several randomized controlled trials that compare widely used treatments.310 however , results have been inconsistent , perhaps partly due to the use of different methodologies .
recent meta - analyses have used mixed treatment comparisons in which both direct and indirect comparisons were used.11,12 duloxetine , a second - generation norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that has demonstrated efficacy , safety , and tolerability in patients with mdd,1316 has been the subject of several recent mixed treatment comparisons . a recent analysis by cipriani et al12 compared the effects of 12 new - generation antidepressants in adults with mdd , and gartlehner et al11 conducted an analysis of 234 studies that included placebo as a comparator . however , these results are not applicable to clinical practice in japan , because they included data from patients taking duloxetine up to 120 mg / day , which is twice the maximum dosage ( 60 mg / day ) approved in japan .
another drawback was the inclusion of patients who took antidepressants not approved or not even available for use in japan .
therefore , it is uncertain whether these results can be applied to daily clinical practice in countries ( eg , japan ) where the approved dosage for duloxetine is 4060 mg / day and ssris are limited to four compounds , ie , paroxetine , sertraline , escitalopram , and fluvoxamine . to the best of our knowledge , there are no meta - analyses that compare the efficacy of duloxetine 60 mg / day with these ssris .
the primary purpose of the current study was to provide clinicians with efficacy results that would allow a comparison of duloxetine 60 mg / day with four approved ssris in japan .
the eli lilly clinical trial database contains all clinical trials of duloxetine for patients with mdd that were conducted by eli lilly or its partners outside of japan .
we reviewed this database and selected randomized controlled trials that included duloxetine and ssri for the acute treatment of mdd .
for the ssri selection , four ssris that were approved in japan for the treatment of mdd ( eg , paroxetine , sertraline , escitalopram , and fluvoxamine as of july 2014 ) were included . as a result ,
a total of four studies ( three studies on duloxetine 40 or 80 mg / day versus paroxetine 20 mg / day and one study on duloxetine 60 mg / day versus escitalopram 10 mg / day ) were selected ( table 1 ) . as a next step ,
patients who received more than the approved daily dose ranges in japan ( duloxetine 80 mg / day ) were excluded from the analysis . no studies meeting the criterion for comparison were excluded .
common inclusion criteria for the included studies ( hmat a , hmat b , hmcv , hmcr ) were as follows : male or female outpatients aged at least 18 years who met dsm - iv ( diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders , 4th edition)17 criteria for nonpsychotic mdd and had a clinical global impression score 4 , a 17-item hamilton rating scale for depression ( hamd17 ) total score 15 , or a montgomery  sberg depression rating scale score 22 .
the hmat study ( groups a and b ) was a multicenter , parallel , double - blind , randomized , placebo - controlled and active comparator - controlled study with a blinded placebo lead - in and placebo lead - out .
the primary objective was to assess mean changes in hamd17 total score from baseline to endpoint ( week 8) .
the treatments were duloxetine 40 or 80 mg / day , paroxetine 20 mg / day , or placebo .
the hmcv study was a multicenter , randomized , double - blind , double - dummy , parallel , active treatment - controlled phase iii trial comparing the efficacy and safety of duloxetine 60 mg / day and paroxetine 20 mg / day for inpatients and outpatients with mdd .
the study included 8 weeks of active treatment followed by a one - week dose - tapering period .
the primary objective of the study was to determine whether duloxetine 60 mg / day was noninferior to paroxetine 20 mg / day in the acute treatment of patients with mdd , as assessed by the baseline - to - endpoint change in hamd17 total score over an 8-week period.13 the hmcr study was a multicenter , randomized , 8-month , placebo - controlled , double - blind study that evaluated the comparative efficacy of duloxetine and escitalopram for patients with mdd.14,15 the primary objective was to compare the onset of antidepressant efficacy for patients taking duloxetine 60 mg / day or escitalopram 10 mg / day .
this objective was evaluated by testing the hypothesis that the percentage of patients taking duloxetine who met onset criteria at week 2 was not inferior to ( or at least as good as ) the percentage of patients taking escitalopram .
the primary endpoint was mean change from baseline in hamd17 total score at week 8 .
secondary endpoints were mean change in hamd17 subscale score , response rate , remission rate , and mean change in hamilton anxiety rating scale ( hama ) total score from baseline to week 8 .
response was defined as a 50% reduction in hamd17 total score from baseline at week 8 .
our analyses included two groups : all randomized patients who had a hamd17 total score 15 and a subgroup of more severe patients who had a hamd17 total score 19 .
this division was included because some studies suggest that patients with severe symptoms may have different treatment needs.4,18 hamd17 items include ( 1 ) depressive mood ; ( 2 ) feelings of guilt ; ( 3 ) suicide ; ( 4 ) early insomnia ; ( 5 ) middle insomnia ; ( 6 ) late insomnia ; ( 7 ) work and activities ; ( 8) psychomotor retardation ; ( 9 ) agitation ; ( 10 ) psychic anxiety ; ( 11 ) somatic anxiety ; ( 12 ) somatic symptoms gastrointestinal ; ( 13 ) general somatic symptoms ; ( 14 ) genital symptoms ; ( 15 ) hypochondriasis ; ( 16 ) weight loss ; and ( 17 ) insight.19 five hamd17 subscales were used for the subgroup analysis : bech ( items 1 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 13 ) and maier ( 1 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ) , comprising items generally considered to be the core symptoms of depression ; retardation ( items 1 , 7 , 8 , 14 ) , evaluating the degree of energy and interest levels ; sleep ( items 4 , 5 , 6 ) assessing the degree of insomnia ; and anxiety / somatization ( items 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 17 ) and hama total score , assessing anxiety.1923 for the analysis of primary and secondary endpoints , missing data were imputed using the last observation carried forward approach .
continuous variables were calculated using analysis of covariance based on last observation carried forward values as follows : one analysis of covariance model was calculated for each study ( counting the groups a and b of the hmat study as two studies ) , with a fixed effect for investigator , treatment , and baseline score as covariates .
effect sizes in each model were calculated using least squares mean differences divided by the standard deviation of the residuals provided by the model of this study .
overall least squares mean estimates and effect sizes were calculated as a weighted mean of the corresponding estimates in all studies , with weights based on within - study variance , assuming a fixed study effect .
the binary outcomes were analyzed using the cochran - mantel - haenszel test adjusted for study .
relative risk is presented with 95% confidence intervals ( ci ) and p - values .
the odds ratio ( or ) was adjusted for the study by calculating the ors within each study and then weighting these ors across studies .
absolute numbers and averages were not adjusted for study and therefore can not be directly compared with the ors .
safety and tolerability measures included patient - reported treatment - emergent adverse events and overall rates of study discontinuation due to adverse events .
reasons for discontinuation from the study were listed and treatment - emergent adverse events were reported using the medical dictionary for regulatory activities terminology .
safety was analyzed by treatment descriptive statistics , and categorical safety measures were evaluated using fisher s exact test .
the eli lilly clinical trial database contains all clinical trials of duloxetine for patients with mdd that were conducted by eli lilly or its partners outside of japan .
we reviewed this database and selected randomized controlled trials that included duloxetine and ssri for the acute treatment of mdd .
for the ssri selection , four ssris that were approved in japan for the treatment of mdd ( eg , paroxetine , sertraline , escitalopram , and fluvoxamine as of july 2014 ) were included . as a result ,
a total of four studies ( three studies on duloxetine 40 or 80 mg / day versus paroxetine 20 mg / day and one study on duloxetine 60 mg / day versus escitalopram 10 mg / day ) were selected ( table 1 ) . as a next step ,
patients who received more than the approved daily dose ranges in japan ( duloxetine 80 mg / day ) were excluded from the analysis . no studies meeting the criterion for comparison were excluded .
common inclusion criteria for the included studies ( hmat a , hmat b , hmcv , hmcr ) were as follows : male or female outpatients aged at least 18 years who met dsm - iv ( diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders , 4th edition)17 criteria for nonpsychotic mdd and had a clinical global impression score 4 , a 17-item hamilton rating scale for depression ( hamd17 ) total score 15 , or a montgomery  sberg depression rating scale score 22 .
the hmat study ( groups a and b ) was a multicenter , parallel , double - blind , randomized , placebo - controlled and active comparator - controlled study with a blinded placebo lead - in and placebo lead - out .
the primary objective was to assess mean changes in hamd17 total score from baseline to endpoint ( week 8) .
the treatments were duloxetine 40 or 80 mg / day , paroxetine 20 mg / day , or placebo .
the hmcv study was a multicenter , randomized , double - blind , double - dummy , parallel , active treatment - controlled phase iii trial comparing the efficacy and safety of duloxetine 60 mg / day and paroxetine 20 mg / day for inpatients and outpatients with mdd .
the study included 8 weeks of active treatment followed by a one - week dose - tapering period .
the primary objective of the study was to determine whether duloxetine 60 mg / day was noninferior to paroxetine 20 mg / day in the acute treatment of patients with mdd , as assessed by the baseline - to - endpoint change in hamd17 total score over an 8-week period.13 the hmcr study was a multicenter , randomized , 8-month , placebo - controlled , double - blind study that evaluated the comparative efficacy of duloxetine and escitalopram for patients with mdd.14,15 the primary objective was to compare the onset of antidepressant efficacy for patients taking duloxetine 60 mg / day or escitalopram 10 mg / day .
this objective was evaluated by testing the hypothesis that the percentage of patients taking duloxetine who met onset criteria at week 2 was not inferior to ( or at least as good as ) the percentage of patients taking escitalopram .
the primary endpoint was mean change from baseline in hamd17 total score at week 8 .
secondary endpoints were mean change in hamd17 subscale score , response rate , remission rate , and mean change in hamilton anxiety rating scale ( hama ) total score from baseline to week 8 .
response was defined as a 50% reduction in hamd17 total score from baseline at week 8 .
our analyses included two groups : all randomized patients who had a hamd17 total score 15 and a subgroup of more severe patients who had a hamd17 total score 19 .
this division was included because some studies suggest that patients with severe symptoms may have different treatment needs.4,18 hamd17 items include ( 1 ) depressive mood ; ( 2 ) feelings of guilt ; ( 3 ) suicide ; ( 4 ) early insomnia ; ( 5 ) middle insomnia ; ( 6 ) late insomnia ; ( 7 ) work and activities ; ( 8) psychomotor retardation ; ( 9 ) agitation ; ( 10 ) psychic anxiety ; ( 11 ) somatic anxiety ; ( 12 ) somatic symptoms gastrointestinal ; ( 13 ) general somatic symptoms ; ( 14 ) genital symptoms ; ( 15 ) hypochondriasis ; ( 16 ) weight loss ; and ( 17 ) insight.19 five hamd17 subscales were used for the subgroup analysis : bech ( items 1 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 13 ) and maier ( 1 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ) , comprising items generally considered to be the core symptoms of depression ; retardation ( items 1 , 7 , 8 , 14 ) , evaluating the degree of energy and interest levels ; sleep ( items 4 , 5 , 6 ) assessing the degree of insomnia ; and anxiety / somatization ( items 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 17 ) and hama total score , assessing anxiety.1923 for the analysis of primary and secondary endpoints , missing data were imputed using the last observation carried forward approach .
continuous variables were calculated using analysis of covariance based on last observation carried forward values as follows : one analysis of covariance model was calculated for each study ( counting the groups a and b of the hmat study as two studies ) , with a fixed effect for investigator , treatment , and baseline score as covariates .
effect sizes in each model were calculated using least squares mean differences divided by the standard deviation of the residuals provided by the model of this study .
overall least squares mean estimates and effect sizes were calculated as a weighted mean of the corresponding estimates in all studies , with weights based on within - study variance , assuming a fixed study effect .
the binary outcomes were analyzed using the cochran - mantel - haenszel test adjusted for study .
relative risk is presented with 95% confidence intervals ( ci ) and p - values .
the odds ratio ( or ) was adjusted for the study by calculating the ors within each study and then weighting these ors across studies .
absolute numbers and averages were not adjusted for study and therefore can not be directly compared with the ors .
safety and tolerability measures included patient - reported treatment - emergent adverse events and overall rates of study discontinuation due to adverse events .
reasons for discontinuation from the study were listed and treatment - emergent adverse events were reported using the medical dictionary for regulatory activities terminology .
safety was analyzed by treatment descriptive statistics , and categorical safety measures were evaluated using fisher s exact test .
at baseline , patients were mostly middle - aged ( mean age 40.842.0 years ) , female ( range 63.8%67.4% ) , with mean hamd17 total scores ranging from 17.6 to 19.0 and mean hama total scores ranging from 14.4 to 15.8 .
the majority of patients were caucasian ; patients from east asia accounted for approximately 30% of duloxetine - treated and ssri - treated patients ( table 2 ) .
completion rates were approximately 70% ( 68.6% for duloxetine - treated patients , 72.3% for ssri - treated patients , and 66.8% for placebo - treated patients ) .
adverse events were common reasons for discontinuation ( duloxetine - treated patients , 8.9% ; ssri - treated patients , 7.1% ; placebo - treated patients , 6.0% ; see table 3 ) .
discontinuation due to lack of efficacy was more likely in placebo - treated patients than in duloxetine - treated or ssri - treated patients ( 13.3% versus 3.2% and 3.2% , respectively ) .
a comparison of the mean changes in hamd17 total , subscale scores and hama total score from baseline at week 8 ( last observation carried forward ) is shown in table 4 ; corresponding effect sizes are shown in figure 1 . in the total population
, no statistically significant differences were found in the mean change in hamd17 total score at week 8 between duloxetine - treated and ssri - treated patients ( 10.08 and 9.69 , respectively ) . however , the differences between duloxetine versus placebo and ssri versus placebo were statistically significant ( p<0.01 ) .
duloxetine and ssri were comparable on most other efficacy measures ; however , duloxetine - treated patients showed a greater mean change from baseline in hamd17 retardation subscale score compared with ssri - treated patients ( least squares mean difference [ 95% ci ] ) ( 0.33 [ 0.60 , 0.07 ] ) .
for the more severe subgroup with hamd17 total scores 19 at baseline , again statistically significant differences were found in mean change in hamd17 total scores at week 8 , but greater efficacy for duloxetine was seen with the bech , maier , and retardation subscale scores compared with ssris : hamd17 bech ( 0.62 [ 1.16 , 0.08 ] ) , hamd17 maier ( 0.65 [ 1.18 , 0.12 ] ) , and hamd17 retardation ( 0.45 [ 0.83 , 0.07 ] ) . in the total population , hamd17 total score effect sizes for duloxetine and ssri versus placebo were comparable ( 0.260 and 0.256 , respectively ) .
these were seen on the retardation subscales for the total population ( 0.337 versus 0.191 , respectively ) in the more severe population ( 0.409 versus 0.154 , respectively ) , and on the bech and maier subscales for the more severe population ( figure 1 ) .
the response rates at week 8 were 42.0% for the duloxetine - treated patients , 44.5% ( n=307 ) for the ssri - treated patients , and 24.4% ( n=77 ) for the placebo - treated patients .
no statistically significant difference was found between the duloxetine - treated and ssri - treated patients ( or 1.05 ; 95% ci 0.801.37 ) .
statistically significant differences were shown for the duloxetine - treated versus placebo - treated patients ( or 1.61 ; 95% ci 1.112.33 ) and the ssri - treated versus placebo - treated patients ( or 1.83 ; 95% ci 1.272.64 ) .
the remission rates at week 8 were 35.2% for the duloxetine - treated patients , 36.1% ( n=249 ) for the ssri - treated patients , and 21.2% ( n=67 ) for the placebo - treated patients .
no statistically significant differences were found at week 8 for the duloxetine - treated versus ssri - treated patients ( or 1.11 ; 95% ci 0.641.92 ) , the duloxetine - treated versus placebo - treated patients ( or 1.53 ; 95% ci 0.743.18 ) , or the ssri - treated versus placebo - treated patients ( or 1.60 ; 95% ci 0.773.33 ) .
the most common treatment - emergent adverse events are summarized in table 5 . among duloxetine - treated patients ,
nausea ( 25.7% ) , dry mouth ( 17.3% ) , dizziness ( 12.6% ) , constipation ( 11.0% ) , and decreased appetite ( 11.9% ) had a higher incidence than in placebo - treated patients , but the rates of these adverse events were similar between duloxetine - treated and ssri - treated patients except for nausea and dry mouth .
at baseline , patients were mostly middle - aged ( mean age 40.842.0 years ) , female ( range 63.8%67.4% ) , with mean hamd17 total scores ranging from 17.6 to 19.0 and mean hama total scores ranging from 14.4 to 15.8 .
the majority of patients were caucasian ; patients from east asia accounted for approximately 30% of duloxetine - treated and ssri - treated patients ( table 2 ) .
completion rates were approximately 70% ( 68.6% for duloxetine - treated patients , 72.3% for ssri - treated patients , and 66.8% for placebo - treated patients ) .
adverse events were common reasons for discontinuation ( duloxetine - treated patients , 8.9% ; ssri - treated patients , 7.1% ; placebo - treated patients , 6.0% ; see table 3 ) .
discontinuation due to lack of efficacy was more likely in placebo - treated patients than in duloxetine - treated or ssri - treated patients ( 13.3% versus 3.2% and 3.2% , respectively ) .
a comparison of the mean changes in hamd17 total , subscale scores and hama total score from baseline at week 8 ( last observation carried forward ) is shown in table 4 ; corresponding effect sizes are shown in figure 1 . in the total population
, no statistically significant differences were found in the mean change in hamd17 total score at week 8 between duloxetine - treated and ssri - treated patients ( 10.08 and 9.69 , respectively ) . however , the differences between duloxetine versus placebo and ssri versus placebo were statistically significant ( p<0.01 ) .
duloxetine and ssri were comparable on most other efficacy measures ; however , duloxetine - treated patients showed a greater mean change from baseline in hamd17 retardation subscale score compared with ssri - treated patients ( least squares mean difference [ 95% ci ] ) ( 0.33 [ 0.60 , 0.07 ] ) .
for the more severe subgroup with hamd17 total scores 19 at baseline , again statistically significant differences were found in mean change in hamd17 total scores at week 8 , but greater efficacy for duloxetine was seen with the bech , maier , and retardation subscale scores compared with ssris : hamd17 bech ( 0.62 [ 1.16 , 0.08 ] ) , hamd17 maier ( 0.65 [ 1.18 , 0.12 ] ) , and hamd17 retardation ( 0.45 [ 0.83 , 0.07 ] ) . in the total population , hamd17 total score effect sizes for duloxetine and ssri versus placebo were comparable ( 0.260 and 0.256 , respectively ) .
these were seen on the retardation subscales for the total population ( 0.337 versus 0.191 , respectively ) in the more severe population ( 0.409 versus 0.154 , respectively ) , and on the bech and maier subscales for the more severe population ( figure 1 ) .
the response rates at week 8 were 42.0% for the duloxetine - treated patients , 44.5% ( n=307 ) for the ssri - treated patients , and 24.4% ( n=77 ) for the placebo - treated patients .
no statistically significant difference was found between the duloxetine - treated and ssri - treated patients ( or 1.05 ; 95% ci 0.801.37 ) .
statistically significant differences were shown for the duloxetine - treated versus placebo - treated patients ( or 1.61 ; 95% ci 1.112.33 ) and the ssri - treated versus placebo - treated patients ( or 1.83 ; 95% ci 1.272.64 ) .
the remission rates at week 8 were 35.2% for the duloxetine - treated patients , 36.1% ( n=249 ) for the ssri - treated patients , and 21.2% ( n=67 ) for the placebo - treated patients .
no statistically significant differences were found at week 8 for the duloxetine - treated versus ssri - treated patients ( or 1.11 ; 95% ci 0.641.92 ) , the duloxetine - treated versus placebo - treated patients ( or 1.53 ; 95% ci 0.743.18 ) , or the ssri - treated versus placebo - treated patients ( or 1.60 ; 95% ci 0.773.33 ) .
the most common treatment - emergent adverse events are summarized in table 5 . among duloxetine - treated patients , nausea ( 25.7% ) , dry mouth ( 17.3% ) , dizziness ( 12.6% ) , constipation ( 11.0% ) , and decreased appetite ( 11.9% ) had a higher incidence than in placebo - treated patients , but the rates of these adverse events were similar between duloxetine - treated and ssri - treated patients except for nausea and dry mouth .
our results show that duloxetine and ssri treatment within their respective approved dosage in japan demonstrated comparable efficacy with regard to overall depressive symptoms
. however , certain hamd17 subscale scores responded differently to duloxetine compared with ssris , and this may clarify the difference in clinical attributes among these antidepressants .
first , when assessing overall efficacy using the mean changes in hamd17 total scores from baseline , both duloxetine and ssri demonstrated greater efficacy than placebo , but did not indicate any significant difference between each other for either the total population ( hamd17 total score 15 ) or the more severe population ( hamd17 total score 19 ) . on the one hand , this is consistent with a prior report by thase et al,4 where all randomized patients across any severity were analyzed and no significant difference in efficacy between duloxetine and ssri was found .
however , on the other hand , this is inconsistent with prior reports that duloxetine 120 mg / day showed greater efficacy than ssris in patients with at least moderately severe depression.4,16 given this and the finding of a modest dose response trend for duloxetine efficacy by mallinckrodt et al16 this inconsistency may be explained by the upper limit on the dosage of duloxetine ( 60 mg / day ) in this study .
second , when assessing energy and interest using retardation subscale scores , duloxetine showed greater efficacy regardless of baseline depression severity ( hamd17 total score 15 or 19 ) .
this is consistent with previous reports by mallinckrodt et al16 and martinez et al.24 furthermore , katz et al25 reported that desipramine ( a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ) demonstrated better efficacy than paroxetine ( an ssri ) on psychomotor retardation symptoms .
these results may be explained by the effect of duloxetine on norepinephrine , which has been shown to be associated with arousal and activity.26 the current results show some inconsistency with a report by cipriani et al in which some ssris were significantly more efficacious than duloxetine .
this is partly due to the different methodologies used in that study and in our current study . in cipriani
et al,12 approximately one third of the comparisons were direct comparisons from randomized controlled trials and many of the pairwise comparisons were based on only one study .
degree of heterogeneity and statistical incoherence ( estimates based on the direct comparisons are not contained in the 95% ci for indirect comparisons ) in the study network were detected .
study conclusions based on direct comparisons were much more conservative than those based on indirect ones . on the other hand ,
the strengths of this database analysis are that it analyzed individual patient data , used the same analysis method and endpoint across studies , and included similar patients .
the adopted database analysis design allowed for a homogeneous patient population , with almost the same inclusion criteria and the exact same endpoint . although our analysis resulted in a comparatively smaller number of studies and patients , it achieved high internal validity and reproducibility .
in addition , direct comparisons of head - to - head data enabled us to avoid the uncertainty of how much the two different evidence levels are weighted when pooling direct and indirect comparisons .
the integrated database only included studies that were conducted by eli lilly or its partners outside japan ; therefore , sponsorship bias can not be fully mitigated .
using this database resulted in inclusion of fewer studies than publication - based meta - analyses ; however , this methodology enabled us to analyze individual patient data that are not available in many publications .
similarly , using this global database resulted in inclusion of caucasians as the majority ( 58.3% ) of the patient population .
another limitation of this meta - analysis is that it only consisted of two ssris ( paroxetine and escitalopram ) although four ssris are available in japan .
furthermore , ssri doses used in this analysis ( paroxetine 20 mg / day and escitalopram 10 mg / day ) were at the lower approved dosage in japan ( 2040 mg / day for paroxetine , and 1020 mg / day for escitalopram ) , whereas the duloxetine doses used in this analysis ( 40 mg / day or 60 mg / day ) were the dosages approved in japan .
further research that includes all available ssris using flexible dosing within their full therapeutic ranges will make it possible to generalize conclusions to the ssri group as a whole .
in addition , the exclusion of patients randomized to duloxetine > 60 mg / day limits the ability to generalize conclusions in some countries with approved dosages above a maximum of 60 mg / day , but this was not within the scope of our analysis .
lastly , in these analyses , no correction for multiplicity was performed , so superiority based on p - values can not be assessed .
the integrated database only included studies that were conducted by eli lilly or its partners outside japan ; therefore , sponsorship bias can not be fully mitigated . using
this database resulted in inclusion of fewer studies than publication - based meta - analyses ; however , this methodology enabled us to analyze individual patient data that are not available in many publications .
similarly , using this global database resulted in inclusion of caucasians as the majority ( 58.3% ) of the patient population .
another limitation of this meta - analysis is that it only consisted of two ssris ( paroxetine and escitalopram ) although four ssris are available in japan .
furthermore , ssri doses used in this analysis ( paroxetine 20 mg / day and escitalopram 10 mg / day ) were at the lower approved dosage in japan ( 2040 mg / day for paroxetine , and 1020 mg / day for escitalopram ) , whereas the duloxetine doses used in this analysis ( 40 mg / day or 60 mg / day ) were the dosages approved in japan .
further research that includes all available ssris using flexible dosing within their full therapeutic ranges will make it possible to generalize conclusions to the ssri group as a whole .
in addition , the exclusion of patients randomized to duloxetine > 60 mg / day limits the ability to generalize conclusions in some countries with approved dosages above a maximum of 60 mg / day , but this was not within the scope of our analysis .
lastly , in these analyses , no correction for multiplicity was performed , so superiority based on p - values can not be assessed .
comparison between duloxetine and ssri demonstrated comparable efficacy within the japan - approved dose range in patients with mdd .
results of the hamd17 subscale analysis indicated that duloxetine might be superior to ssris in improving loss of energy and interest .
 backgroundapproved doses of antidepressants in japan are usually lower than those in the usa and european union , but to date meta - analyses comparing antidepressants have all used the higher doses approved in the usa and european union and often have used indirect comparisons . 
 the purpose of this study was to conduct an integrated database analysis of patient level data to compare the effects of duloxetine with those of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) at the doses approved in japan.methodspooled data were analyzed from four randomized , double - blind , placebo - controlled studies that compared duloxetine at the dose range approved in japan ( 4060 mg / day ) with other ssris ( paroxetine 20 mg / day or escitalopram 10 mg / day ) and placebo in patients with major depressive disorder . in total , 1,694 patients were included in the analysis ( duloxetine , n=688 ; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors , n=690 ; placebo , n=316 ) . 
 the primary outcome measure was the mean change from baseline at week 8 in 17-item hamilton rating scale for depression ( hamd17 ) total and subscale scores.resultsduloxetine and both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were superior to placebo in hamd17 total score at week 8 in both the all - randomized group and the more severe subgroup ( hamd17 total scores 19 ) . 
 duloxetine was superior to ssris in improving the hamd17 retardation subscale score ( least squares mean difference [ 95% confidence interval ] ) : all - randomized group , 0.33 [ 0.60 , 0.07 ] , p=0.015 ; severe subgroup , 0.45 [ 0.83 , 0.07 ] , p=0.020).conclusionwithin the dose range approved in japan for patients with major depressive disorder , duloxetine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors demonstrated comparable overall efficacy , with a possible advantage for duloxetine in improving loss of energy and interest . to the best of our knowledge , this analysis is unique not only in evaluating dosages specific to japan , but also in using individual patient data and the same endpoint across studies to allow for strictly direct head - to - head data comparisons as opposed to pooling direct and indirect comparisons . 
Introduction
Materials and methods
Study selection and data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient demographics and disposition
Efficacy comparison using HAMD
Response
Remission
Safety
Discussion
Limitations
Conclusion