familial adenomatous polyposis ( fap ) is a rare cause of colorectal cancer and is caused by a wide spectrum of mutations in the apc gene.1 
 2 fap usually presents with a 100 to 1,000 of precancerous colonic polyps . without colectomy ,
while pathogenic apc mutations have a complete penetrance in the colon , this is not the case in extracolonic manifestations .
gardner and richards first described the association of fap with a variety of extracolonic tumors , especially soft tissue lesions , but also osteomas , thyroid cancer , and hepatoblastoma .
the triad of soft tissue lesions , osteomas , and dental abnormalities in fap patients has therefore been named gardner syndrome.3 
 4 gardner fibromas ( gf ) have been defined only recently as superficial and poorly circumscribed tumor - like lesions , which consist mainly of thick haphazardly arranged collagen bundles with few interspersed spindle cells of fibroblast type.5 
 6 
 7 gf are regarded as a precursor lesion of desmoid tumors which have a more cellular appearance .
both are associated with fap ( although it is unknown whether this is always the case).8 
 9 the most common sites are the back , paraspinal region , and chest wall , but gf may occur in any part of the body .
gf may precede the development of colonic adenomas and therefore lead to an early detection of fap in otherwise asymptomatic patients .
although it is most frequently observed in the first decade of life , with 78% of the cases being diagnosed before 10 years of age,9 neonatal gf has only been reported in a single case report so far.10 in our report , we relate the cases of two patients with neonatal gf and very different findings .
a 7-week - old otherwise healthy boy of nonconsangineous parents presented with a subcutaneous tumor on the left parasternal chest wall immediately after birth .
ultrasound was performed and showed a dense structure lying above rib level measuring 1.4    0.5 cm ( fig .
analysis of the family history revealed no family members with adenomas , fibromas , or colorectal cancer .
1b ) . magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scans at the age of 5.5 and 9 months revealed a tumor size of 4.5    4.0    1.2 and 6.2    5.6    1.8 cm , respectively .
furthermore , the tumor had infiltrated the intercostal space and distal sternum at 9 months , eroding the bone , and was lying adjacent to the pericardium ( fig .
a radical resection was performed with partial resection of the distal sternum , ribs 7 to 9 on the left side and the medial part of the major pectoralis muscle .
closure of the chest wall was possible with insertion of a 5    4 cm goretexpatch ( w. l. gore & associates , inc .
mobilization of major and minor pectoralis muscle as well as the abdominal wall muscles allowed full muscular covering and subsequent primary skin closure .
resection margins were free of tumor except at the inferior end ( cartilaginous part of rib 10 ) .
regular mri scans every 6 months during follow - up showed no recurrence ( fig .
( b ) growing tumor size 5 months after first resection : 4.8    3.5    1.4 cm . 

h&e stain ( 40 ) shows thick haphazardly arranged collagen bundles with few interspersed spindle cells of fibroblast type .
( image courtesy of a. kaiser , md , klinikum nrnberg , institute of pathology ) . 

mri scans of patient a. ( a ) tumor at the age of 9 months .
( b ) tumor site 24 months postoperatively without recurrence . mri , magnetic resonance imaging .
molecular genetic analysis of the apc gene by polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) and subsequent sanger sequence analysis of all coding exons did not show any causative mutation .
in addition , multiplex ligation - dependent probe amplification ( mlpa , kit p043 , mrc - holland , the netherlands ) analysis , which allows for the detection of potential deletions and duplications , showed a large heterozygous deletion affecting most of the apc coding region ( exons 415 [ genbank nm_000038.3 ] , equals exons 718 [ genbank nm_000038.5 ] ) up to the most distal part of the gene ( fragment w ) ( fig .
the deletion was confirmed on a second blood sample and classified as a bona fide pathogenic alteration because of its large size . 

deletion / duplication analysis using multiplex ligation - dependent probe amplification showing monoallelic deletion affecting most of the apc coding region , showing that the gene dose of exon 4 onwards is reduced by 50% and proving the heterozygous deletion of a large portion of apc .
subsequent testing of the parents showed the same apc deletion in the father who had no complaints . after having established the diagnosis he underwent colonoscopy , which led to the diagnosis of cancer of the sigmoid colon .
anal anastomosis , the histological workup verified a pt3 , pn2 ( 11/52 ) , l1 , g2 adenocarcinoma .
the paternal grandmother did not show the familial apc deletion , the paternal grandfather was unavailable for investigation .
the otherwise healthy boy of nonconsangineous parents was diagnosed with a left - sided paravertebral soft tissue tumor measuring 6    3    1 cm at birth . due to
known fap in the father the soft tissue tumor was assumed to be an extracolonic manifestation of fap . because of tumor progression during the next 4 months ( fig .
histology confirmed gf consisting of fatty tissue interspersed with thick collagen bundles , many small blood vessels and some dispersed mast cells .
mri scan 16 weeks after birth tumor size : 8    5 cm .
he developed osteomas of the skull and intestinal polyps were confirmed by colonoscopy but without the necessity for surgical intervention so far .
the father of the boy had developed clinical symptoms of fap at the age of 27 and underwent prophylactic restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch 
anal anastomosis at the age of 28 . within 3 years after surgery he developed severe retroperitoneal desmoid disease leading to hydronephrosis necessitating nephroureterectomy .
after 6 months he underwent a further desmoid tumor resection in the abdominal wall , the attempted resection of a large pelvic desmoid failed due to poor circumscription .
molecular genetic analysis by pcr and sanger sequence analysis of all coding exons showed a heterozygous frameshift mutation c.4393_4394delag , p.ser1465trpfs*3 in exon 15 , segment h ( equals exon 18 , segment h [ genbank nm_000038.5 ] ) of the apc gene leading to introduction of a stop codon at amino acid position 1467 , thereby causing a truncated nonfunctional or functionally impaired apc protein .
a 7-week - old otherwise healthy boy of nonconsangineous parents presented with a subcutaneous tumor on the left parasternal chest wall immediately after birth .
ultrasound was performed and showed a dense structure lying above rib level measuring 1.4    0.5 cm ( fig .
analysis of the family history revealed no family members with adenomas , fibromas , or colorectal cancer .
1b ) . magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scans at the age of 5.5 and 9 months revealed a tumor size of 4.5    4.0    1.2 and 6.2    5.6    1.8 cm , respectively .
furthermore , the tumor had infiltrated the intercostal space and distal sternum at 9 months , eroding the bone , and was lying adjacent to the pericardium ( fig .
a radical resection was performed with partial resection of the distal sternum , ribs 7 to 9 on the left side and the medial part of the major pectoralis muscle .
closure of the chest wall was possible with insertion of a 5    4 cm goretexpatch ( w. l. gore & associates , inc .
mobilization of major and minor pectoralis muscle as well as the abdominal wall muscles allowed full muscular covering and subsequent primary skin closure .
resection margins were free of tumor except at the inferior end ( cartilaginous part of rib 10 ) .
regular mri scans every 6 months during follow - up showed no recurrence ( fig .
( b ) growing tumor size 5 months after first resection : 4.8    3.5    1.4 cm . 

h&e stain ( 40 ) shows thick haphazardly arranged collagen bundles with few interspersed spindle cells of fibroblast type .
( image courtesy of a. kaiser , md , klinikum nrnberg , institute of pathology ) . 

mri scans of patient a. ( a ) tumor at the age of 9 months .
( b ) tumor site 24 months postoperatively without recurrence . mri , magnetic resonance imaging .
molecular genetic analysis of the apc gene by polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) and subsequent sanger sequence analysis of all coding exons did not show any causative mutation .
in addition , multiplex ligation - dependent probe amplification ( mlpa , kit p043 , mrc - holland , the netherlands ) analysis , which allows for the detection of potential deletions and duplications , showed a large heterozygous deletion affecting most of the apc coding region ( exons 415 [ genbank nm_000038.3 ] , equals exons 718 [ genbank nm_000038.5 ] ) up to the most distal part of the gene ( fragment w ) ( fig .
the deletion was confirmed on a second blood sample and classified as a bona fide pathogenic alteration because of its large size . 

deletion / duplication analysis using multiplex ligation - dependent probe amplification showing monoallelic deletion affecting most of the apc coding region , showing that the gene dose of exon 4 onwards is reduced by 50% and proving the heterozygous deletion of a large portion of apc .
subsequent testing of the parents showed the same apc deletion in the father who had no complaints . after having established the diagnosis he underwent colonoscopy , which led to the diagnosis of cancer of the sigmoid colon .
anal anastomosis , the histological workup verified a pt3 , pn2 ( 11/52 ) , l1 , g2 adenocarcinoma .
the paternal grandmother did not show the familial apc deletion , the paternal grandfather was unavailable for investigation .
the otherwise healthy boy of nonconsangineous parents was diagnosed with a left - sided paravertebral soft tissue tumor measuring 6    3    1 cm at birth . due to
known fap in the father the soft tissue tumor was assumed to be an extracolonic manifestation of fap . because of tumor progression during the next 4 months ( fig .
histology confirmed gf consisting of fatty tissue interspersed with thick collagen bundles , many small blood vessels and some dispersed mast cells .
mri scan 16 weeks after birth tumor size : 8    5 cm .
he developed osteomas of the skull and intestinal polyps were confirmed by colonoscopy but without the necessity for surgical intervention so far .
the father of the boy had developed clinical symptoms of fap at the age of 27 and underwent prophylactic restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch 
anal anastomosis at the age of 28 . within 3 years after surgery he developed severe retroperitoneal desmoid disease leading to hydronephrosis necessitating nephroureterectomy .
after 6 months he underwent a further desmoid tumor resection in the abdominal wall , the attempted resection of a large pelvic desmoid failed due to poor circumscription .
molecular genetic analysis by pcr and sanger sequence analysis of all coding exons showed a heterozygous frameshift mutation c.4393_4394delag , p.ser1465trpfs*3 in exon 15 , segment h ( equals exon 18 , segment h [ genbank nm_000038.5 ] ) of the apc gene leading to introduction of a stop codon at amino acid position 1467 , thereby causing a truncated nonfunctional or functionally impaired apc protein .
whereas early childhood gf have been reported and the assumption has been made that there is a strong connection to fap,9 to our knowledge there is only one report of a neonatal onset of gf leading to the diagnosis of fap in an otherwise asymptomatic child.10 in this report the patient 's parents were healthy and had negative genetic testing , so that a de novo mutation is most probable . in contrast , in our patient a , testing of the parents revealed the same mutation in the father and the diagnosis of abundant intestinal polyposis and sigmoid cancer in colonoscopy .
this is to our knowledge the first report of a neonatal gf requiring immediate total proctocolectomy in a parent .
coffin et al noted that 29% of all patients with gf developed this lesion under the age of 1  year , with an onset at 2 months of age.9 it is possible that in this series some gf may have existed unnoticed since birth .
although the overall ( and possibly underestimated ) association rate with fap is as high as 69% in this study , no information is available about relevance of gf as a sentinel lesion for fap in neonatal patients .
viera et al reported two infants with gf which led to previously unrecognized fap in the families.11 in their patients , immunofluorescent staining of -catenin in the tumor , which accumulates in cells with biallelic truncation of apc because of the impairment of apc - mediated degradation of -catenin,4 led to the strong suspicion of underlying fap .
this may well be a future diagnostic tool in evaluating the role of gf in detection of fap.12 
  of note , in our patient a the tumor showed a rapid progression which necessitated extensive surgery , while the lesion remained stable in patient b. although the invasive rapid growth is already a sign of a desmoid tumor , it was histologically still regarded as a gf . it may be discussed if site and type of apc mutations may play a role in disease outcome , since patient a carries a large deletion encompassing most of the apc coding region , whereas patient b has an underlying mutation in the desmoid region of the apc gene.4 screening for somatic apc mutations in the tumor indicating loss of heterozygosity might have been instructive .
the loss of the wildtype allele of apc in the tumor has been shown to be a relatively frequent event in desmoid tumors in adult fap individuals.13 unfortunately , these data are not available in our patients
. however , it is known that trauma or surgery can be a predisposing factor to desmoid development in fap.9 therefore , the possibility that the first surgery triggered the intensive growth of the gf in patient a can not be excluded .
if surgery is performed , a total excision of gf with a wide margin should be aimed for , but can be technically demanding or even impossible because of the poor circumscription or anatomic boundaries . in general , prediction of gf behavior
it has been stated that approximately 5 to 10% appear to resolve spontaneously , 30% undergo cycles of progression and resolution , 50% remain stable after diagnosis , but 10% tend to progress rapidly , growing to massive sizes and infiltrating adjacent tissue.4 it is also known that there is a relationship between frequency of extracolonic manifestations and the position of apc germline mutations in patients with fap.4 
 14 
 15 for example , the risk of developing desmoid tumors is increased in patients with an apc mutation 3 to codon 1399,16 and reaches up to 100% in patients with a mutation in codons 1395 to 1493.17 studies correlating the risk of developing gf with a particular genotype are not available .
nevertheless , surgery is the first - line therapy in fast - growing gf . in older patients with advanced cases with progression into desmoid tumor cytotoxic chemotherapy
may be discussed , but was not considered promising in our case because of the young age and the gf still being considered a benign entity.18 
 19 
  continuous follow - up is mandatory , since early onset of intestinal polyps in children from the age of 4 to 6 years has been reported.20 
 21 
 22 in general , routine colonoscopies have been suggested to start at the age of 10 .
because of the unusual early clinical onset of intestinal symptoms ( bloody stools and  >  75 polyps in colonoscopy ) at the age of 4 years in a previously reported patient with neonatal gf , we recommend early annual routine colonoscopy in patient a starting from the age of 2 years.10 
  since approximately 25% of fap cases are caused by de novo mutations , the development of a gf in a child must raise suspicion of an underlying fap even if the family history is negative . performing a sound genetic testing for fap including sequencing of the complete coding region of the apc gene and quantitative analysis by , for example , mlpa in every child with gf
continuous follow - up is mandatory because of unpredictable growth behavior and early onset of intestinal polyps .
 gardner fibromas ( gfs ) have only recently been described as poorly circumscribed tumor - like lesions , which are exceedingly rare in children . 
 gfs are associated with apc gene mutations and therefore with familial adenomatous polyposis ( fap ) . 
 so far there is only very limited literature on gf in the neonatal period . 
 we present two children with gf diagnosed at birth and subsequent fap with very different clinical courses . in one case , the disease led to extensive surgery of the thoracic wall and detection of fap in the father with the need of immediate proctocolectomy . in the other patient ( with a positive family history for fap ) the disease remained stable . 
 our cases indicate that the diagnosis of gf in the neonatal period requires the exclusion of fap both in the child as well as the parents . 
 since the clinical behavior of gf can not be predicted , continuous monitoring is mandatory . 
 depending on tumor site and growth , individual therapeutic options must be thoroughly considered . 
 surgical resection , if necessary , has to be inevitably total to prevent recurrence . 
Introduction
Patient Information
Patient A
Patient B
Discussion
New Insights and Importance for the Pediatric Surgeon