patients with diabetes are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) compared to normoglycemic controls.1 several additional factors may be associated with this increased risk , including persistent hyperglycemia , untreated hypertension , and dyslipidemia characterized by raised serum triglycerides ( tg ) and low concentrations of high - density lipoprotein cholesterol ( hdl - c).2 the reduction in cardiovascular events produced by statins in patients with diabetes is broadly consistent with that in normoglycemic , dyslipidemic controls . in the collaborative
atorvastatin diabetes study ( cards ) , a primary prevention study in type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) , atorvastatin reduced coronary heart disease events by 36% , stroke by 48% , and mortality by 27%.3 in a meta - analysis of secondary prevention studies in t2 dm , statins reduced cardiovascular events by 28% and strokes by 32%.4 despite this efficacy , a considerable residual cardiovascular risk remains among patients receiving statin therapy.2,5 hypertriglyceridemia ( > 1.7 mmol / l ) alters the composition of atherogenic particles and may make an important pathophysiological contribution to the residual cardiovascular risk.6 indeed , the current european atherosclerosis society consensus statement recommends treating hypertriglyceridemia of 1.7 mmol / l.6 statins , as well as lowering ldl - c , reduce blood triglyceride concentrations by up to 40%.7,8 only a few previous studies have evaluated hypertriglyceridemia in statin - treated patients with t2dm.9,10 however , there is little data evaluating these patients in primary care in the uk .
therefore , this audit assessed the prevalence of residual hyperlipidemia and the potential need for additional lipid - lowering therapy in individuals with t2 dm treated with statins in primary care in the uk .
this cross - sectional , observational study audited all patients with diabetes from the first 40 primary care practices that agreed to participate from an existing panel established by an independent clinical research organization ( quintiles commercial uk limited , bracknell , uk ) .
prescriptions issued were assessed during the preceding 4 months and repeat prescriptions were included . after excluding patients with forms of diabetes other than t2 dm , the patients were stratified according to the european society of cardiology ( esc ) 
feasible  treatment targets in patients with diabetes : total cholesterol ( tc ) of < 4 mmol / l , ldl - c of < 2.0
mmol / l , hdl - c of > 1.0 mmol / l ( male ) or hdl - c > 1.2 mmol / l ( female ) , and fasting tg of < 1.7 mmol / l.11 due to the relatively small numbers of patients receiving combination therapy or monotherapy with lipid - lowering drugs other than statins , this analysis focused on target attainment among patients taking statin monotherapy .
descriptive statistics were performed using microsoft excel 2010 ( microsoft , redmond , wa ) .
due to limitations in the demographic data ( see  discussion  ) , inferential and comparative statistical analyses were not performed .
the audit captured data on 14,652 patients with diagnosed diabetes from 40 practices . on average ,
89.5% ( n = 13,108 ) had t2 dm ( median age : 66 years old , range : 17106 ; 44.7% female ) .
approximately one - fifth ( 22.2% ; 2916 ) of the total t2 dm cohort had not received a prescription for lipid - lowering therapy during the 4 months before the audit .
for example , only around one - fifth were within the target values for total cholesterol and ldl - c . of patients with t2 dm who received lipid - lowering therapy , 94.7% ( 9647 )
approximately half of the patients who received statin monotherapy attained the esc treatment targets for total cholesterol , ldl - c , hdl - c , or tg ( table 3 ) .
indeed , irrespective of the individual statin used , around half of patients receiving statin monotherapy attained the esc treatment targets ( table 2 ) .
table 4 summarizes the dose distribution of each statin in t2 dm patients taking monotherapy .
the audit captured data on 14,652 patients with diagnosed diabetes from 40 practices . on average ,
89.5% ( n = 13,108 ) had t2 dm ( median age : 66 years old , range : 17106 ; 44.7% female ) .
approximately one - fifth ( 22.2% ; 2916 ) of the total t2 dm cohort had not received a prescription for lipid - lowering therapy during the 4 months before the audit .
for example , only around one - fifth were within the target values for total cholesterol and ldl - c .
of patients with t2 dm who received lipid - lowering therapy , 94.7% ( 9647 ) received statin monotherapy , which was usually simvastatin or atorvastatin ( table 2 ) .
approximately half of the patients who received statin monotherapy attained the esc treatment targets for total cholesterol , ldl - c , hdl - c , or tg ( table 3 ) .
indeed , irrespective of the individual statin used , around half of patients receiving statin monotherapy attained the esc treatment targets ( table 2 ) .
table 4 summarizes the dose distribution of each statin in t2 dm patients taking monotherapy .
this large , cross - sectional , observational , systematic audit showed that , first , dyslipidemia is common among people with t2 dm in the uk and , secondly , that lipid concentrations generally and tg in particular remain elevated despite statin monotherapy .
indeed , just over a fifth of t2 dm patients were not receiving lipid - lowering therapy , despite up to approximately 80% of these subjects showing evidence of dyslipidemia ( table 1 ) .
persistent hypertriglyceridemia was common , occurring in half of those on statin monotherapy ( table 2 ) .
this audit is , as far as the authors are aware , the first large study performed solely from the perspective of primary care in the uk that assesses triglyceride concentrations in patients with t2 dm receiving statin monotherapy .
the results confirm the findings of the dyslipidemia international study ( dysis ) , which stratified patients according to the presence or absence of cvd . in patients with diagnosed cvd
, 37.5% did not reach the ldl - c target , 38.3% were not at the hdl - c target , and 49.1% did not achieve the triglyceride target . among patients without cvd ,
the proportions were 45.0% , 30.4% , and 44.8% respectively . only around a quarter ( 25.2% and 25.8% with and without cvd , respectively ) achieved all three targets.9 in another study , 20.9% of 182 patients with t2 dm taking statins showed hypertriglyceridemia ( 2.3
< 2.5 mmol / l ( 13.7% ) , ldl - c < 2.0 mmol / l ( 8.8% ) , and hdl - c  0.9 mmol / l ( 6.0%).10 in the present study , simvastatin 40 mg was the most frequently prescribed statin dose .
however , 35.2% of simvastatin users took 20 mg or less , 24.7% of atorvastatin users took 10 mg , 28.2% of pravastatin users took 20 mg , and 72.2% of rosuvastatin users took 10 mg or less ( table 4 ) .
for example , simvastatin was the most widely prescribed statin in the dysis , in which the most common regimen was 2040 mg / day simvastatin equivalent.9 in a swedish study , 76% of simvastatin users took 20 mg or less , 48% of atorvastatin users took 10 mg , 55% of pravastatin users took 20 mg , and 76% of rosuvastatin users took 10 mg or less.12 the cross - sectional nature of the present audit and lack of clinical detail about each patient precluded an examination of any dose  response relationship with statins or ascertaining of whether the low dose was clinically justified ( eg , due to concurrent conditions or adverse events ) .
nevertheless , the data and previous studies suggest that a considerable proportion of patients receives low doses of statin and , as a result , may be undertreated .
as such , there may be scope to intensify statin regimens in many t2 dm patients with dyslipidemia who are managed in primary care .
the major limitation of this study is the absence of any information regarding the possible contribution made by potential confounders ( such as coexisting obesity , dietary issues , secondary hypertriglyceridemia , impaired renal and hepatic function , and suboptimal glycemic control ) to the suboptimal management of triglyceride levels .
for example , more potent statins ( atorvastatin , rosuvastatin , and pitavastatin ) produce a  robust lowering  of tg , especially at high doses and in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.13 however , in this audit , a numerically smaller proportion of patients receiving more potent statins ( atorvastatin and rosuvastatin ) attained the treatment targets than those taking simvastatin .
similarly , the nature of the audit meant that we could not ascertain whether the subjects had relatively treatment - resistant dyslipidemia or were in the titration phase , or whether there were any differences between patients receiving statins and the group that did not receive any lipid - lowering medication .
moreover , we could not correlate hba1c levels or compliance with hypoglycemic medication with use of statins or triglyceride levels .
however , the present study is based on data from a large number of patients and , therefore , probably accurately represents the proportions of people with t2 dm who attain lipid targets currently in uk primary care . as such , the audit underscores the need to ascertain the reasons why patients failed to attain the treatment targets and to consider intensified intervention .
the esc guidelines specify treatment targets based on fasting triglyceride levels . however , the audit was unable to ascertain whether triglyceride levels were measured in the fed or fasting state .
however , postprandial lipids , partially hydrolyzed chylomicron , and very - ldl remnants apparently accelerate atherogenesis by exacerbating endothelial dysfunction , augmenting numbers of atherogenic small ldl particles , and promoting thrombosis and inflammation .
arguably , therefore , postprandial tg more accurately predict vascular risk than fasting levels.14 as a result , both fed and fasting hypertriglyceridemia are associated with increased cvd risk .
the high prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia identified in this audit suggests that tg are often undertreated .
numerous secondary causes  including hypothyroidism , renal impairment , hepatic inflammation , and poor glycemic control  may increase tg and should be diagnosed and managed.15 however , in this study , the number of patients who had secondary hypertriglyceridemia and the extent to which concurrent conditions influenced the likelihood of attaining the treatment targets could not be assessed . despite these caveats , the results of the present study have implications for management .
for example , clinicians should continue to emphasize that all patients should follow dietary advice and exercise regularly to improve glycemic control and lipid profiles , as well as implementing interventions to optimize compliance with lifestyle changes , and lipid - lowering and other medications .
the audit showed that relatively few patients with t2 dm received statins in combination with ezetimibe , fibrate , omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids , or nicotinic acid .
as many patients show dyslipidemic profiles that are associated with an increased risk of cvd despite statin treatment , clinicians need to consider intensifying statin regimens , offering additional lipid - modifying therapies generally , or regimens specifically aimed at lowering tg levels ( such as pharmaceutical grade , highly purified omega 3-acid ethyl esters ) , particularly to improve the management of diabetic dyslipidemia .
t2 dm patients managed in uk primary care commonly show persistent lipid abnormalities . in this study , over a fifth of t2 dm patients were found to be not receiving lipid - lowering therapy .
clinicians need to implement interventions to optimize compliance with lipid - lowering and other medications .
clinicians also need to consider intensifying statin regimens , prescribing additional lipid - modifying therapies , and specific treatments aimed at triglyceride lowering to improve dyslipidemia control in statin - treated patients with t2 dm .
 purposethis paper reports the results of an audit that assessed the prevalence of residual hypertriglyceridemia and the potential need for intensified management among patients with statin - treated type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) in primary care in the uk.patients and methodsa cross - sectional , observational , systematic audit of patients with diagnosed diabetes from 40 primary care practices was undertaken . 
 the audit collected basic demographic information and data on prescriptions issued during the preceding 4 months . 
 t2 dm patients were stratified according to the proportion that attained european society of cardiology treatment targets.resultsthe audit collected data from 14,652 patients with diagnosed diabetes : 89.5% ( n = 13,108 ) of the total cohort had t2 dm . 
 of the people with t2 dm , 22.2% ( 2916 ) were not currently receiving lipid - lowering therapy . 
 up to approximately 80% of these people showed evidence of dyslipidemia . among the group that received lipid - lowering therapy , 94.7% ( 9647 ) were on statin monotherapy , which was usually simvastatin ( 69.5% of patients receiving statin monotherapy ; 6707 ) . 
 the currently available statins were prescribed , with the most common dose being 40 mg simvastatin ( 44.2% ; 4267 ) . 
 irrespective of the statin used , around half of the patients receiving statin monotherapy did not attain the european society of cardiology treatment targets for triglycerides , low - density lipoprotein , high - density lipoprotein , and total cholesterol.conclusiont2dm patients managed in uk primary care commonly show persistent lipid abnormalities . 
 clinicians need to optimize compliance with lipid - lowering and other medications . 
 clinicians also need to consider intensifying statin regimens , prescribing additional lipid- modifying therapies , and specific treatments aimed at triglyceride lowering to improve dyslipidemia control in statin - treated patients with t2 dm . 
Introduction
Patients and methods
Results
Study population
Patients with T2DM who were not currently receiving lipid-lowering therapy
Patients with T2DM who received lipid-lowering therapy
Discussion
Conclusion