advances in imaging technology have continued , and recently there has been increasing interest in the use of standing whole - body stereoradiography ( sr ) when evaluating spinal deformity .
the purported advantages of sr include lack of magnification , lack of parallax distortion , simultaneous two - dimensional ( anteroposterior and lateral ) high - quality imaging of the entire skeleton with lower radiation exposure , as well as capabilities for three - dimensional image reconstruction.2 however , both arms must be forward flexed at the shoulders during sr imaging to reduce obstruction by arm overlapping the thoracic and lumbar regions , and a previous study has found arm positioning , particularly arms flexed with hands touching the clavicle , may change cervical sagittal alignment during xr imaging .
previous studies have demonstrated that arm positioning is an important factor during xr imaging , changing sagittal alignment parameters of the thoracic and lumbar spine.3 
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 8 in fact , park et al found that lateral whole - spine xrs with hands positioned touching the clavicle were associated with a decrease in t1 slope ( t1-s ) , posterior translation of the head , hypolordotic cervical spine , and downward gazing when compared with standing lateral cervical xrs with arms relaxed on either side of the body.9 
  to our knowledge , no study to date has compared cervical sagittal alignment parameters obtained from standing lateral cervical xrs versus lateral whole - body srs .
the purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation and reliability of cervical sagittal alignment parameters measured from lateral cervical xrs compared with lateral whole - body eos srs ( eos imaging , paris , france ) .
we hypothesized that the difference in arm position and in the trajectory of the radiation beam between standard cervical xr and sr would result in a difference for all cervical sagittal alignment parameters .
we retrospectively evaluated adult patients with a primary diagnosis of cervical deformity treated by a single surgeon between january 2010 and december 2014 with both lateral cervical xrs and lateral srs obtained within 1  week of each other . at our institution ,
lateral cervical xrs are routinely obtained with the patient standing , with the arms in a relaxed neutral position , hanging at the side of the body ; this image is compared with srs obtained with eos imaging , which are acquired with patients standing and arms forward flexed at the shoulders .
cervical sagittal alignment measurements were performed using a picture archiving and communications system , with each xr measured side by side on the same computer monitor to allow equal magnification / resolution of the cervical region from the lateral whole - body sr compared with the lateral cervical xr ( fig .
were measured by two independent spine surgeon reviewers on two separate occasions , using the following cervical sagittal alignment parameters : c2c7 sagittal cobb angle ( sca ) , c2c7 sagittal vertical axis ( sva ) , c1c7 translational distance ( c1c7 ) , t1-s , neck tilt ( nt ) , and thoracic inlet angle ( tia ) ( fig .
cobb angle was measured by drawing the angle between a line parallel to the inferior end plate of c2 and a line parallel to the inferior end plate of c7.10 positive values demonstrate kyphotic alignment and negative values , lordotic alignment .
the distance between the vertical plumb line from the center of c2 and the vertical line from the posterosuperior corner of c7 was measured for c2c7 sva .
translational distance was defined by the distance from anterior tubercle of c1 to the vertical line from the posteroinferior corner of c7 to evaluate the horizontal translation of the head position.10 t1-s was defined by the angle between the line parallel to the upper end plate of t1 and the horizontal line.11 nt is the angle formed by the line from the mid - t1 upper end plate to the cranial - most aspect of the midsternum and the vertical line from the cranial - most aspect of the midsternum .
tia was then calculated by the formula tia  =  t1 slope  +  nt.12 
  the measuring parameters from cervical xr and sr were analyzed using r package  irr . 
the intrarater reliability was quantified by intraclass correlation coefficient ( icc ) ( 3 , 1 ) , termed by shrout and fleiss.13 this type of icc is appropriate when study patients are a random sample of the underlying patient population , and a test and retest are only two occasions of interest .
only two variance components are involved : the variance of study subjects and the variance of random errors .
this type of icc is appropriate when both study patients and raters are a random sample from their respectively underlying populations .
three variance components are involved : the variance of the study subjects , the variance of the raters , and the variance of random errors .
icc values of more than 0.75 represent excellent reliability , values between 0.4 and 0.75 represent fair to good reliability , and value less than 0.4 represent poor reliability.14 the relationships between the parameters obtained from xrs and those from srs were compared by correlation analysis ( pearson correlation coefficient ) and paired t test .
a total of 35 ( 12 male , 23 female ) patients , with mean age of 59 years old , were included in the study .
intrarater reliability was excellent for all cervical sagittal alignment parameters in both the xr and sr groups , with icc ranging from 0.799 to 0.994 for xr and 0.791 to 0.995 for sr .
c1c7 demonstrated the highest intrarater icc in both groups ( 0.994 xr , 0.995 sr ) , with nt having the lowest intrarater icc in both groups ( 0.799 xr , 0.791 sr ; table 1 ) .
abbreviations : ci , confidence interval ; icc , intraclass correlation coefficient ; nt , neck tilt ; sva , sagittal vertical axis ; t1-s , t1 slope ; tia , thoracic inlet angle .
note : 95% ci is the 95% upper and lower boundaries for the confidence interval of icc .
icc ( 3 , 1 ) : two random sample components model , two tails .
interrater reliability was excellent for all cervical sagittal alignment parameters in both the xr and sr groups , except nt and tia parameters , which had fair reliability .
interrater icc was highest for sva ( 0.990 ) in the xr group and c1c7 ( 0.978 ) in the sr group , with nt having the lowest interrater icc in both groups ( 0.465 xr , 0.414 sr ; table 2 ) .
abbreviations : ci , confidence interval ; icc , intraclass correlation coefficient ; nt , neck tilt ; sva , sagittal vertical axis ; t1-s , t1 slope ; tia , thoracic inlet angle . note : 95% ci is 95% upper and lower boundaries for the confidence interval of icc
. icc ( 2 , 1 ) : three random sample components model , two tails .
we found excellent correlations between xr and sr measurements for most cervical sagittal alignment parameters , with sca , sva , and c1c7 having r  >  0.90 .
t1-s and tia were between 0.75 and 0.90 , and only nt had an r  <  0.70 .
we found a significant difference between the groups , with sr having lower measurements compared with xr for both sva ( 0.68 cm lower , p  <  0.001 ) and c1c7 ( 1.02 cm lower , p  <  0.001 ) .
there were no differences between the groups for the other cervical sagittal alignment parameters ( sca , t1-s , nt , and tia ; tables 3 and 4 , fig .
icc values of cervical alignment parameters between lateral cervical radiograph and lateral whole - body stereoradiography .
abbreviations : icc , intraclass correlation coefficient ; nt , neck tilt ; sca , sagittal cobb angle ; sva , sagittal vertical axis ; td , translational distance ; tia , thoracic inlet angle .
abbreviations : nt , neck tilt ; sd , standard deviation ; sva , sagittal vertical axis ; t1-s , t1 slope ; tia , thoracic inlet angle .
abbreviations : nt , neck tilt ; sd , standard deviation ; sva , sagittal vertical axis ; t1-s , t1 slope ; tia , thoracic inlet angle .
intrarater reliability was excellent for all cervical sagittal alignment parameters in both the xr and sr groups , with icc ranging from 0.799 to 0.994 for xr and 0.791 to 0.995 for sr .
c1c7 demonstrated the highest intrarater icc in both groups ( 0.994 xr , 0.995 sr ) , with nt having the lowest intrarater icc in both groups ( 0.799 xr , 0.791 sr ; table 1 ) .
abbreviations : ci , confidence interval ; icc , intraclass correlation coefficient ; nt , neck tilt ; sva , sagittal vertical axis ; t1-s , t1 slope ; tia , thoracic inlet angle . note : 95% ci is the 95% upper and lower boundaries for the confidence interval of icc .
icc ( 3 , 1 ) : two random sample components model , two tails .
interrater reliability was excellent for all cervical sagittal alignment parameters in both the xr and sr groups , except nt and tia parameters , which had fair reliability .
interrater icc was highest for sva ( 0.990 ) in the xr group and c1c7 ( 0.978 ) in the sr group , with nt having the lowest interrater icc in both groups ( 0.465 xr , 0.414 sr ; table 2 ) .
abbreviations : ci , confidence interval ; icc , intraclass correlation coefficient ; nt , neck tilt ; sva , sagittal vertical axis ; t1-s , t1 slope ; tia , thoracic inlet angle . note : 95% ci is 95% upper and lower boundaries for the confidence interval of icc .
icc ( 2 , 1 ) : three random sample components model , two tails .
we found excellent correlations between xr and sr measurements for most cervical sagittal alignment parameters , with sca , sva , and c1c7 having r  >  0.90 .
t1-s and tia were between 0.75 and 0.90 , and only nt had an r  <  0.70 . we found a significant difference between the groups , with sr having lower measurements compared with xr for both sva ( 0.68 cm lower , p  <  0.001 ) and c1c7 ( 1.02 cm lower , p  <  0.001 ) .
there were no differences between the groups for the other cervical sagittal alignment parameters ( sca , t1-s , nt , and tia ; tables 3 and 4 , fig .
icc values of cervical alignment parameters between lateral cervical radiograph and lateral whole - body stereoradiography .
abbreviations : icc , intraclass correlation coefficient ; nt , neck tilt ; sca , sagittal cobb angle ; sva , sagittal vertical axis ; td , translational distance ; tia , thoracic inlet angle .
abbreviations : nt , neck tilt ; sd , standard deviation ; sva , sagittal vertical axis ; t1-s , t1 slope ; tia , thoracic inlet angle .
abbreviations : nt , neck tilt ; sd , standard deviation ; sva , sagittal vertical axis ; t1-s , t1 slope ; tia , thoracic inlet angle .
cervical sagittal imbalance remains a complex problem,9 
 15 and optimal imaging to assess cervical sagittal alignment parameters is important during patient evaluation and particularly preoperative planning .
when cervical sagittal imbalance or deformity is identified , additional standing full - length spine xrs are recommended to assess whether other regions of the spine may also have deformity and contribute to global sagittal imbalance .
however , obtaining several separate xrs is often time - consuming with repeated radiation exposure .
recent advances in imaging techniques include full - body sr , which allows low - dose , high - quality imaging of the entire spinal column and pelvis , as well as assessing for concomitant length discrepancy / deformity of the lower extremities and joints ( hips , knees , ankles).16 despite the purported advantages of sr , the difference in arm positioning compared with the standing lateral cervical xr and the effect on cervical sagittal alignment parameters is not completely understood .
our study found most cervical sagittal alignment parameters ( sca , sva , and c1c7 ) measured from lateral cervical xrs and lateral whole - body eos srs had excellent correlation , with excellent intra- and interrater reliability in both groups .
our results regarding sca are similar to a previous report by vidal et al that also found excellent intra- ( icc  =  0.847 to 0.955 ) and interrater ( icc  =  0.846 to 0.954 ) reliability for sca measured on sr imaging , both in the upper cervical spine ( c1c3 ) and lower cervical spine ( c3c7).14 however , this study was performed in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis , and although global sagittal alignment using the c7 plumb line was also found to have excellent reliability , other cervical sagittal alignment parameters were not evaluated .
intra- and interrater reliability were lowest for nt and tia , which had fair reliability .
we postulate the lower reliability for nt and tia was due to poor visualization of the sternum on both imaging techniques , and they may be suboptimal cervical sagittal alignment parameters in the setting of spinal deformity . similarly , there was only fair correlation between the xr and sr groups for nt , which further emphasizes that nt may not be an ideal cervical sagittal alignment parameter .
the most important finding from our study was the significant difference in mean values for both sva and c1c7 between the xr and sr groups .
we found the sr group had a mean sva that was 0.68 cm lower and mean c1c7 that was 1.02 cm lower than the xr group , although there was excellent correlation with r  >  0.900 for both measurements .
the most plausible explanation for our findings is the difference in arm positioning during xr and sr imaging , with forward arm flexion during sr causing the head position to shift posteriorly .
our findings are similar to a previous study by park et al , who evaluated cervical sagittal alignment parameters in 101 asymptomatic adults and found that lateral whole - spine xrs with arms flexed in the hand - touching - clavicle position also resulted in posterior head translation compared with lateral cervical xrs.9 however , the study also found the arm - flexed position in the whole - spine xrs resulted in significantly lower t1-s , cervical hypolordosis , and downward gaze .
our study did not find differences in t1-s or sca ; however , this discrepancy may be explained by the smaller sample size of our study , as well as the difference in studied population between symptomatic adults with cervical deformity versus asymptomatic adults .
we postulate that patients with symptomatic cervical deformity have degenerative changes with less flexibility of the subaxial spine . also
, the forward flexion arm position for sr is not as exaggerated as the whole - spine lateral xr , which requires additional muscle activation / strain with elbow and wrist flexion to touch the clavicles . weaknesses of our study include the retrospective design and the potential for selection bias based on nonconsecutive sampling of patients .
also , changes in pain or worsening deformity over time may have resulted in differences in cervical sagittal alignment parameters ; however , we attempted to reduce this confounding variable by including only patients with xr and sr images obtained less than 1  week apart . also , our study may have had insufficient sample size to avoid type ii error for various cervical sagittal alignment parameters .
based on the findings of our study , we believe sr is a reliable method for determining most cervical sagittal alignment parameters and a viable alternative to lateral cervical xr despite differences in arm position during imaging . however , measurements requiring visualization of the sternum such as nt and tia may not be reliable and do not appear to be optimal cervical sagittal alignment parameters .
also , sr results in slight posterior head translation and subsequently lower sva and c17 translational distance compared with lateral cervical xr and may underestimate regional cervical sagittal alignment parameters in patients with cervical deformity or sagittal imbalance .
the lower radiation exposure using single sr has to be weighed against its higher cost compared with xr .
 study design 
 retrospective analysis.objective 
 to evaluate the correlation and reliability of cervical sagittal alignment parameters obtained from lateral cervical radiographs ( xrs ) compared with lateral whole - body stereoradiographs ( srs).methods 
 we evaluated adults with cervical deformity using both lateral xrs and lateral srs obtained within 1  week of each other between 2010 and 2014 . 
 xr and sr images were measured by two independent spine surgeons using the following sagittal alignment parameters : c2c7 sagittal cobb angle ( sca ) , c2c7 sagittal vertical axis ( sva ) , c1c7 translational distance ( c17 ) , t1 slope ( t1-s ) , neck tilt ( nt ) , and thoracic inlet angle ( tia ) . 
 pearson correlation and paired t test were used for statistical analysis , with intra- and interrater reliability analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficient ( icc).results 
 a total of 35 patients were included in the study . 
 we found excellent intrarater reliability for all sagittal alignment parameters in both the xr and sr groups with icc ranging from 0.799 to 0.994 for xr and 0.791 to 0.995 for sr . 
 interrater reliability was also excellent for all parameters except nt and tia , which had fair reliability . 
 we also found excellent correlations between xr and sr measurements for most sagittal alignment parameters ; sca , sva , and c1c7 had r  >  0.90 , and only nt had r  <  0.70 . 
 there was a significant difference between groups , with sr having lower measurements compared with xr for both sva ( 0.68 cm lower , p  <  0.001 ) and c1c7 ( 1.02 cm lower , p  <  0.001 ) . 
 there were no differences between groups for sca , t1-s , nt , and tia.conclusion 
 whole - body stereoradiography appears to be a viable alternative for measuring cervical sagittal alignment parameters compared with standard radiography . 
 xr and sr demonstrated excellent correlation for most sagittal alignment parameters except nt . 
 however , sr had significantly lower average sva and c1c7 measurements than xr 
 . the lower radiation exposure using single sr has to be weighed against its higher cost compared with xr . 
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Intrarater Reliability
Interrater Reliability
Correlation Analysis XR versus SR
Discussion
Conclusion