according to the european society of endodontology ( 1994 ) , the assessment of endodontic treatment requires clinical as well as radiological follow - ups at regular intervals .
the radiographic evidence of success is the presence of a normal periodontal ligament space around the root .
if radiographs reveal that a lesion has remained the same or has only diminished in size , the treatment is not considered a success.1,2 it is generally accepted that the outcome of endodontic treatment is positively correlated with the technical quality of the root filling , expected to provide an hermetic seal against bacterial ingress.3,4 however , it has been suggested that the quality of the coronal restoration may also have an impact on the periapical health of root - filled teeth;5,6 when the restoration quality is good , this may allow for a favorable outcome even when the root filling quality is poor.7 attention has been focused on the prevalence and the technical quality of root fillings through the evaluation of intraoral810 or panoramic radiographs.2,11,12 epidemiologic studies have been performed on the root canal morphology in turkish populations.13,14 information about the prevalence and technical standard of root - canal treatment , and the occurence of periapical lesions in turkey are scarce.12,15 moreover , there is only one investigation about quality of root fillings and coronal restorations in turkish population.16 the aim of the present study was to relate the quality of root canal treatment and coronal restorations to the periapical status of root filled teeth in adult turkish population based on radiographic examination .
the sample consisted of 400 subjects , aged 38.7013.80 years , 138 males ( 34.5% ) and 262 females ( 65.5% ) , presenting consecutively as new patients seeking routine dental care in department of oral diagnosis and radiology , faculty of dentistry , marmara university , istanbul , turkey , between 2005 and 2006 .
the criteria for inclusion in the study were that the patients should be attending for the first time .
patients younger than 20 years and patients having less than eight remaining teeth were excluded . all the patients gave written informed consent for the study .
all participants underwent a panoramic radiograph and additional periapical radiographs of endodontically treated teeth were processed .
all panoramic and periapical radiographs were taken with a veraviewpocs hi - sped ( j. morita mfg .
kyoto , japan ) and evolution x 3000 - 2c x - ray unit ( new life radiology srl , italy ) , respectively .
two radiographers using the long - cone paralleling technique , setting of 70 kv , 10 ma , a film - focus distance of 30 cm took all periapical radiographs .
, kg , bissingen , germany ) , kodak medical x - ray processor ( eastman kodak company , rochester , ny , usa ) , general rapid medical developer and fixer ( general a. . ,
the viewing conditions were standardized , using a view - box with fixed light intensity .
the incidence of root fillings was recorded along with the periapical status of all teeth with the exception of third molars .
adequate if the root filling was 2 mm or less from the radiographic apex , when it was more than 2 mm from the apex , it was considered as an 
underfilling and when excess filling was beyond the radiographic apex , it was categorized as an 
adequate if the radiodensity of fill was uniform and appeared to be radiographically adapted to the root - canal walls
 periapical index ( pai ) score ( orstavik et al18 ) , recorded for each one of the roots .
pai scores 1 and 2 signified a nondiseased apical periodontium , and pai scores 3 , 4 , and 5 signified the presence of an apical radiolucency .
the worst score of all roots was taken to represent pai score for multirooted teeth . in case of a root filling
was present , the type of coronal restoration ( crown or filling ) was recorded .
the quality of the restoration was assessed radiographically and classified as inadequate if the restoration was absent or if open margins , overhangs or secondary caries were detectable .
evaluation of the periapical status and the quality of root filling in the present study was made independently by two examiners ( fnp , bg ) using the same examination procedure after a calibration session . for calibration 20
radiographs were used and not included in main study . the cohen s kappa value for inter - examiner agreement of pai - values for all scored teeth was 0.81 .
the inter - examiner agreement scores gave cohen s kappa of 0.68 for quality of filling and crown restoration , 0.83 for adaptation of fillings to canal walls , and 0.86 for length of root fillings .
the data were analyzed with spss ( statistical package for social sciences ) for windows 10.0 statistical package software .
descriptive statistical methods ( mean and standard deviation ) were used for the evaluation of the data .
p values of less than .05 were interpreted as significant , and the level in confidence intervals was 95% .
the sample consisted of 400 subjects , aged 38.7013.80 years , 138 males ( 34.5% ) and 262 females ( 65.5% ) , presenting consecutively as new patients seeking routine dental care in department of oral diagnosis and radiology , faculty of dentistry , marmara university , istanbul , turkey , between 2005 and 2006 .
the criteria for inclusion in the study were that the patients should be attending for the first time .
patients younger than 20 years and patients having less than eight remaining teeth were excluded . all the patients gave written informed consent for the study .
all participants underwent a panoramic radiograph and additional periapical radiographs of endodontically treated teeth were processed .
all panoramic and periapical radiographs were taken with a veraviewpocs hi - sped ( j. morita mfg .
kyoto , japan ) and evolution x 3000 - 2c x - ray unit ( new life radiology srl , italy ) , respectively .
two radiographers using the long - cone paralleling technique , setting of 70 kv , 10 ma , a film - focus distance of 30 cm took all periapical radiographs .
, kg , bissingen , germany ) , kodak medical x - ray processor ( eastman kodak company , rochester , ny , usa ) , general rapid medical developer and fixer ( general a. . , istanbul , turkey ) ) were used in this study .
the viewing conditions were standardized , using a view - box with fixed light intensity .
the incidence of root fillings was recorded along with the periapical status of all teeth with the exception of third molars .
adequate if the root filling was 2 mm or less from the radiographic apex , when it was more than 2 mm from the apex , it was considered as an 
underfilling and when excess filling was beyond the radiographic apex , it was categorized as an 
adequate if the radiodensity of fill was uniform and appeared to be radiographically adapted to the root - canal walls .
periapical index ( pai ) score ( orstavik et al18 ) , recorded for each one of the roots .
pai scores 1 and 2 signified a nondiseased apical periodontium , and pai scores 3 , 4 , and 5 signified the presence of an apical radiolucency .
the worst score of all roots was taken to represent pai score for multirooted teeth . in case of a root filling
was present , the type of coronal restoration ( crown or filling ) was recorded .
the quality of the restoration was assessed radiographically and classified as inadequate if the restoration was absent or if open margins , overhangs or secondary caries were detectable .
evaluation of the periapical status and the quality of root filling in the present study was made independently by two examiners ( fnp , bg ) using the same examination procedure after a calibration session . for calibration 20
the cohen s kappa value for inter - examiner agreement of pai - values for all scored teeth was 0.81 .
the inter - examiner agreement scores gave cohen s kappa of 0.68 for quality of filling and crown restoration , 0.83 for adaptation of fillings to canal walls , and 0.86 for length of root fillings .
the data were analyzed with spss ( statistical package for social sciences ) for windows 10.0 statistical package software .
descriptive statistical methods ( mean and standard deviation ) were used for the evaluation of the data .
p values of less than .05 were interpreted as significant , and the level in confidence intervals was 95% .
a total of 9460 teeth were examined , an average number of 23.634.35 remaining teeth per subject .
the total number of root - filled teeth was 890 ( 9.39% ) ; of which 658 ( 73.9% ) teeth had ap .
apical periodontitis was found in 75.5% of teeth with adequate length of root filling , whereas if the filling was too short or long , periapical lesions were present in 72.8% and 96.2% of teeth , respectively .
there was a significant correlation between the presence of periapical pathology and inadequate root canal fillings ( p<.05 ) .
the relationship between the adaptation of root filling to canal walls and periapical status is shown table 2 .
root filled teeth without voids had ap in 72.9% of cases , whereas if voids were detected , ap was present in 74.7% of the teeth ( p : 0.54 , odds ratio : 1.09 , ci : 0.811.48 ) .
the relationship between the quality of the prosthetic restoration and periapical status is presented in table 3 .
75.9% of the teeth with adequate coronal restorations had ap , whereas if the coronal restoration was inadequate , ap was present in 74.2% of the teeth ( p : 0.70 , odds ratio : 0.91 , ci : 0.581.45 ) .
the relationship between the quality of the filling restoration and periapical status is presented in table 4 .
72.8% of the teeth with adequate filling restoration had ap , whereas if the filling restoration was inadequate , ap was present in 72.3% of the teeth ( p : 0.92 , odds ratio : 0.97 , ci : 0.621.54 ) .
the subjects included in this study were adult patients attending for general dental treatment for the first time .
the recruitment of subjects was the same as those used by others.8,11,17,19,20 there is no information available for this patient population , which makes it difficult to extrapolate the data obtained into the turkish population .
however , the dental faculty attracts a patient population from numerous parts of the city and its surroundings , which eliminates the risk of only including patients previously treated by a limited number of practitioners .
some patients sought care because of the expense of prosthetic treatment , which in general is less at the dental faculty than in the private sector in turkey .
in addition , extraction of teeth due to low socio - economic status gives rise to a limited number of root filled teeth epidemiologically .
patients with eight or fewer remaining teeth were excluded because they often had periodontal disease and it was impossible to determine the role played by the endodontic treatment in the occurrence of a radiographic periapical lesion.17 although studies comparing panoramic and periapical radiographs for detecting periapical lesions indicate similar overall diagnostic accuracy,21,22 panoramic radiographs are claimed to show lower sensitivity when detecting periapical lesions of the anterior teeth and mandibular molars compared with periapical radiographs.23 therefore , there is a possibility for loss of information when endodontic conditions are recorded based on panoramic radiographs only in some studies.2,11,17,2426 however , other epidemiological studies have used a combination of panoramic and periapical radiographs.4,8,9,27 as panoramic radiographs do not reveal details and inter - observer variability is greater with panoramic radiographs.28 in this investigation , therefore , all participants underwent a panoramic and additional periapical radiographs of affected teeth were processed .
criteria for ap vary among studies.2,10,29,30 in recent years , most of the studies on the prevalence of ap have used this index scoring to assess periapical status , so the results of this study can be more appropriately compared with them.4,18,25 therefore , in the present study , the pai was used to assess the periapical status .
the reproducibility of the observer ( cohen s kappa=0.81 ) was acceptable , probably because of prior calibration .
a total of 890 teeth had root fillings , accounting for 9.39% of all teeth .
the prevalence of root - filled teeth in the turkish population was found lower than previously done other studies about different countries ( 34%87%).4,5,9,10,19,27,29 this phenomenon can be explained by the fact that first , the survey population was not representative of the whole country , and secondly , the differences in health care services and socioeconomical factors in the various countries could account for these discrepancies .
in contrast , other studies found the prevalence of root - filled teeth to range between 1.3% and 4.8% , similar to that found in this study.8,17,3032 the quality of endodontic treatment was disappointing .
root filling length was found to be adequate in 24.5% of the teeth and the adaptation of fillings to the canal walls in 27.1% of the teeth . in this respect ,
the data confirm the findings of several other investigators showing poor quality of root canal treatment.8,17,19 apical periodontitis was found in 75.5% of teeth with adequate length of root filling , whereas if the filling was too short or long , periapical lesions were present in 72.8% and 96.2% of teeth , respectively .
tsuneishi et al29 observed apical radiolucency most often in overfilled teeth ( 79.8% ) , followed by adequately filled teeth ( 41.6% ) and then underfilled teeth ( 34.5% ) .
siquera et al33 indicated that poor outcome in case of overfillings is usually associated with concurrent endodontic infection , or as a result of previous overinstrumentation of an infected root canal that propelled infected dentin chips to the periradicular tissues or can be due to a lack of apical seal that allows the traffic of tissue fluids into the canal and of microorganisms and their products towards the periradicular tissues .
in contrast , sunay et al12 reported 90.8% of root - filled teeth with apical periodontitis had inadequate root canal fillings , the majority of them being short of the radiographic apex .
dugas et al4 reported the prevalence of apical periodontitis close to 60% when the root filling was inadequate , regardless of whether the filling was too short or too long consistent with the observations in other studies.17,19,27 in the present study , the relationship between the type of coronal restoration within root filled teeth and the presence of apical periodontitis were investigated .
it is indicated that the technical quality of the coronal restoration may be more important for periapical health than the technical quality of the root filling.34 although some researchers found a significant correlation between the radiographic quality of the coronal restoration and the periapical status of root filled teeth.4,5 on the other hand , hommez et al35 reported that the quality of the coronal restoration did not have a significant influence on the periradicular status when it was combined with the quality of endodontic treatment .
the results of the present study revealed that the quality of the restoration did not significantly affect the treatment outcome .
in the present study , the frequency of endodontically treated teeth was found lower than other studies .
the technical quality of root fillings and restoration in a turkish subpopulation was poor and was consistent with a high prevalence of apical periodontitis .
 objectives : to investigate the quality of root fillings and coronal restorations and their association with periapical status in an adult turkish subpopulation.methods:a total of 400 subjects were examined . 
 panoramic radiographs of all participants and additional periapical radiographs of affected teeth were processed . 
 the frequency of root canal treatment and the periapical status of all root filled teeth were evaluated . 
 the relationship between the radiographic quality of root fillings and coronal restorations was examined by chi - squared statistical analysis.results:a total of 9460 teeth were examined . 
 the total number of root filled teeth was 890 ( 9.39% ) , and 658 ( 73.9% ) had apical periodontitis ( ap ) . 
 there was a significant correlation between the presence of periapical pathology and inadequate root canal fillings ( p<.05 ) . 
 presence of ap in root filled teeth was associated with inadequate adaptation of the filling ( or=1.097 ; p=0.54 ) , and with poor radiographic quality of the coronal restoration ( or=0.91 ; p=0.70 ) , and with poor radiographic quality of the filling restoration ( or=0.97 ; p=0.92 ) . 
 only 24.5% of the root fillings were adequate . 
 the highest percentage of root fillings was found in maxillary right first molars ( 6.9%).conclusions : the results demonstrate a low prevalence of root - filled teeth and poor quality of coronal restorations and root fillings consistent with a high prevalence of apical periodontitis in a turkish subpopulation . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patient selection
Radiographic examination
Radiographic evaluation
Statistical analysis
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS