000150 , vidhyasom , thailand ) , doxycycline hyclate ( batch no . 20071121 , huashu pharmaceutical corporation . ,
n - methyl-2-pyrrolidone ( nmp ) ( fluka , new jersey , usa ) was used as received .
sabouraud dextrose agar ( sda ) , sabouraud dextrose broth ( sdb ) , tryptic soy agar ( tsa ) , and tryptic soy broth ( tsb ) ( difco , usa ) were used as media for antimicrobial test .
the 20% w / w lutrol f127 aqueous solutions were prepared by the cold method as described previously .
briefly , lutrol f127 was slowly added to cold water containing different amounts of nmp ( 4 ) .
each of dispersions was left in a refrigerator for 24 h at 4 until the solution was clear . to manipulate the various formulation properties , zno and dh
the systems containing lutrol f127 ( 20% w / w ) , dh ( 5% w / w ) , and different amount of zno were also prepared .
the thermal properties of prepared systems were analyzed by a differential scanning calorimetry ( pyris sapphrie dsc , standard 115v , perkin elmer instruments , japan ) .
samples ( 5 - 7 mg ) were accurately weighed into aluminum pans and sealed .
the heating rates were 5 and 10/min under nitrogen purge at the temperature of 30 - 300. normally , an abrupt change in the storage modulus or viscosity reflects the sol - gel transition .
therefore , the textural analysis of 150 ml prepared systems was done using a ta.xt2i texture analyzer ( charpa techcenter , godalming , stable micro systems ltd . , uk ) equipped with a 5 kg load cell and texture expert software .
the sol - gel transition temperature of lutrol f127 gels containing various ingredients was determined from oscillating measurements at 1 hz and heated in a temperature controllable water bath from 4 to 45 at a heating rate of 1/min .
the sol - gel transition temperature was calculated by  time cure test  obtained by plotting the g as a function of temperature .
the gelling temperature was defined as the point where the g was halfway between g for the solution and g for the gel as mentioned previously .
the ease with which gel systems containing samples could be expelled after filling into syringes and through their fitted needles was measured using a texture analyzer in compression mode .
a sample was filled into a 1 ml syringe and was held up with a clamp at the upper probe of the texture analyzer .
a constant force of 0.1 n was applied to the base and the distance required to expel the contents for a barrel length of 20 mm was measured .
all of the experiments were triplicately done ( n=3 ) at temperatures of 4 and 20. force displacement profiles were performed , which the force at a distance of 10 mm was selected to indicate the syringeability as the force to expel the sample during drug administration .
antimicrobial activities of prepared dh and zno - dh gels were determined using agar cup diffusion method .
the standard microbes used in this study were s. aureus ( atcc 6538p ) , e. coli ( atcc 10536 ) , and c. albicans ( atcc 17110 ) .
the actively growing broth culture of microbes was prepared and the turbidity was adjusted to obtain 10 cells / ml approximately .
then the swab was spread onto the agar plate in three directions to ensure that the plate area was completely covered and the spread culture was dried at ambient condition .
the prepared gels were filled into the cylinder cup and incubated at 37 for 24 h. the antimicrobial activities were measured as the diameter ( cm ) of clear zone for growth inhibition .
one gram of gel was put in a dialysis tube ( mw cutoff , 6000 - 8000 ) .
the dialysis tube was then placed in a glass bottle containing 100 ml phosphate buffer ph 7.2 , maintained at 37 , and stirred at 100 rpm .
release medium of each sample ( 10 ml ) was collected periodically and replaced with fresh dissolution medium .
the concentration of dh was determined using a uv / vis spectrophotometer ( perkin - elmer , germany ) at 349 nm ( n=3 ) .
the analysis of drug release from these developed systems was done following a previous report .
samples after dissolution test were freeze dried using the freeze dryer ( triad labconco , kansan city , mo , usa ) for 48 h until the samples were dried to avoid the collapse of porous structures . the dried sample was placed on a double adhesive carbon that adhered to an aluminum foil which was stuck on metal stub before being sputter - coated with gold using the sputter coater ( cressington 108 , cressington scientific instruments , watford , england ) prior to testing .
micrographs were taken with sem ( maxim 200 camscan , cambridge , england ) at an accelerating voltage of 15 kv .
the morphology of samples was observed for the porosity of pore structure , surface structure , and drug crystalline .
the samples containing zno were also prepared as with the above mentioned method before observing with sem by both routine secondary electron imaging ( sei ) and backscattered electron imaging ( bei ) modes .
the 20% w / w lutrol f127 aqueous solutions were prepared by the cold method as described previously .
briefly , lutrol f127 was slowly added to cold water containing different amounts of nmp ( 4 ) .
each of dispersions was left in a refrigerator for 24 h at 4 until the solution was clear . to manipulate the various formulation properties , zno and dh
the systems containing lutrol f127 ( 20% w / w ) , dh ( 5% w / w ) , and different amount of zno were also prepared .
the thermal properties of prepared systems were analyzed by a differential scanning calorimetry ( pyris sapphrie dsc , standard 115v , perkin elmer instruments , japan ) .
samples ( 5 - 7 mg ) were accurately weighed into aluminum pans and sealed .
the heating rates were 5 and 10/min under nitrogen purge at the temperature of 30 - 300.
normally , an abrupt change in the storage modulus or viscosity reflects the sol - gel transition .
therefore , the textural analysis of 150 ml prepared systems was done using a ta.xt2i texture analyzer ( charpa techcenter , godalming , stable micro systems ltd . , uk ) equipped with a 5 kg load cell and texture expert software .
the sol - gel transition temperature of lutrol f127 gels containing various ingredients was determined from oscillating measurements at 1 hz and heated in a temperature controllable water bath from 4 to 45 at a heating rate of 1/min .
the sol - gel transition temperature was calculated by  time cure test  obtained by plotting the g as a function of temperature .
the gelling temperature was defined as the point where the g was halfway between g for the solution and g for the gel as mentioned previously .
the ease with which gel systems containing samples could be expelled after filling into syringes and through their fitted needles was measured using a texture analyzer in compression mode .
a sample was filled into a 1 ml syringe and was held up with a clamp at the upper probe of the texture analyzer .
a constant force of 0.1 n was applied to the base and the distance required to expel the contents for a barrel length of 20 mm was measured .
all of the experiments were triplicately done ( n=3 ) at temperatures of 4 and 20. force displacement profiles were performed , which the force at a distance of 10 mm was selected to indicate the syringeability as the force to expel the sample during drug administration .
antimicrobial activities of prepared dh and zno - dh gels were determined using agar cup diffusion method .
the standard microbes used in this study were s. aureus ( atcc 6538p ) , e. coli ( atcc 10536 ) , and c. albicans ( atcc 17110 ) .
the actively growing broth culture of microbes was prepared and the turbidity was adjusted to obtain 10 cells / ml approximately .
then the swab was spread onto the agar plate in three directions to ensure that the plate area was completely covered and the spread culture was dried at ambient condition .
the prepared gels were filled into the cylinder cup and incubated at 37 for 24 h. the antimicrobial activities were measured as the diameter ( cm ) of clear zone for growth inhibition .
one gram of gel was put in a dialysis tube ( mw cutoff , 6000 - 8000 ) .
the dialysis tube was then placed in a glass bottle containing 100 ml phosphate buffer ph 7.2 , maintained at 37 , and stirred at 100 rpm .
release medium of each sample ( 10 ml ) was collected periodically and replaced with fresh dissolution medium .
the concentration of dh was determined using a uv / vis spectrophotometer ( perkin - elmer , germany ) at 349 nm ( n=3 ) .
the analysis of drug release from these developed systems was done following a previous report .
samples after dissolution test were freeze dried using the freeze dryer ( triad labconco , kansan city , mo , usa ) for 48 h until the samples were dried to avoid the collapse of porous structures . the dried sample was placed on a double adhesive carbon that adhered to an aluminum foil which was stuck on metal stub before being sputter - coated with gold using the sputter coater ( cressington 108 , cressington scientific instruments , watford , england ) prior to testing .
micrographs were taken with sem ( maxim 200 camscan , cambridge , england ) at an accelerating voltage of 15 kv .
the morphology of samples was observed for the porosity of pore structure , surface structure , and drug crystalline .
the samples containing zno were also prepared as with the above mentioned method before observing with sem by both routine secondary electron imaging ( sei ) and backscattered electron imaging ( bei ) modes .
the critical micellization temperature ( cmt ) was taken as the onset of the endothermic peak .
there were endothermic peaks appearing for the systems containing 60 and 80% w / w nmp ( fig .
the cmt and gelation temperature of lutrol f68 and lutrol f127 were found to interconnect and influenced by cosolutes , such as electrolytes and hydrophobic substances .
both cmt and gelation temperature increased upon diluting the system with water , and decreased with an increasing ph of the system due to the solubility reduction of active ingredients .
the ratio between two block copolymers presented in the system had an impact on cmt and the gelation temperature , resulting in a decrease of onset temperature of both processes with an increased lutrol f127
dsc thermograms of systems containing 20% w / w lutrol f 127 and different amount of nmp with heating rate of 10/min ( a ) and 5/min ( b ) . from top
to bottom thermograms represents 0 , 10 , 20 , 30 , 50 , 60 and 80% nmp in both figures .
practically , the texture analysis could provide the informative data on the dynamic properties , such as the g and the viscous modulus ( g  ) .
the sol - gel transition temperature for the lutrol f127 systems is shown in fig .
2 . the g was notably low for a solution and increased drastically with temperature as a result of gel formation as previously reported .
when the sol - gel transition occurred g became independent of further increase in temperature .
the sol - gel transition temperature of the lutrol f127 system containing 5% w / w dh and 20% w / w nmp was about 28 whereas it was decreased with increasing zno amount .
the results indicated the change of sol - gel transition which was similar to those where a sol - gel transition was determined by the visual method .
storage modulus ( g ) of different systems : lutrolr f127 20% ---- ; lutrolr f127 20% + 5%dh + 20%nmp ---- ; lutrolr f127 20% + 5%dh + 20%nmp + 1%zno ---- and lutrolr f127 20% + 5%dh + 20%nmp + 5%zno ----- syringeability of various lutrol f127 systems was examined to determine the effects of the incorporated excipient and temperature on the force required to expel the product .
the syringeability was tested at the storage temperature ( 4 ) and expelled temperature ( 20 ) .
the syringeability of system 1 was 7.110.14 n at 4 and 13.681.49 n at 20 , which was a two fold increase in resistance to syringing over this temperature range .
when the 5% w / w dh was added into lutrol f127 system ( system 2 ) , the syringeability was increased to 8.650.48 n at 4 and 17.311.77 n at 20 that were slightly higher than those of system 1 .
the syringeability of the 20% w / w lutrol f127 system containing 5% w / w dh and 20% w / w nmp ( system 3 ) were 17.150.54 n and 21.211.37 n at 4 and 20 , respectively .
n at 4 and 25.792.30 n at 20. the syringeability correlated well with the rheology results indicating that the added zno increased shear stress of the dh - lutrol f127 systems .
therefore , the addition of dh , zno , and nmp affected the syringeability of systems .
these results corresponded to the experiment previously determining the rheology of poloxamer for ophthalmic use .
syringeability of various systems antimicrobial activities of 20% w / w lutrol f127 gels containing dh are shown in fig .
3 . the inhibition zone diameter against c. albicans of the gel base containing 20% w / w nmp was 1.80.1 cm , whereas the gel base with or without 20% w / w nmp did not exhibit the inhibition zone against s. aureus and e. coli , indicating that the addition of 20% w / w nmp could promote the antifungal activity against c. albicans .
the addition of nmp into the gel system increased the inhibition zone against c. albicans ; therefore , nmp enhanced the antifungal activity of dh .
the solubility parameter of nmp is similar to that of ethanol and dmso ; therefore , it could solubilize the lipid in fungal cell membrane and enhance the drug penetration .
inhibition zone diameter of 20% w / w lutrol f 127 gel containing different concentrations of dh .
inhibition zone diameter of 20% w / w lutrol f 127 gel containing different concentrations of dh obtained from the agar diffusion method against s. aureus  ; e. coli  and c. albicans  ( solid symbols represent the prepared gel without nmp , and open symbols represent the prepared gels with 20% w / w nmp ) ( n = 3 ) . effect of zno on the antimicrobial activity of dh gels is shown in fig .
inhibition zone diameters against s. aureus and e. coli of dh gels with or without nmp were not different whereas 20% w / w nmp could enhance the antifungal activity against c. albicans .
the inhibition zone of the prepared gel containing 0.5% w / w zno were lower than that without zno and indicated that the diffusion of dh from gel was decreased with zno . for s. aureus ,
the inhibition zone of dh - lutrol f127 gel decreased as amount of zno was increased , whereas the inhibition zone of the prepared gel with 20% nmp did not depend on the zno amount .
for e. coli and c. albicans , the inhibition zone of the dh - lutrol f127 gel with or without 20% w / w nmp decreased when the amount of zno were increased .
these results showed that the amount of zno affected the diffusion of drug from gels .
this species could attach either to the tricarbonyl methane or the phenol diketone area of this drug molecule .
therefore , the drug release depended on the dissociation of this complex which retarded the drug diffusion into the agar of antimicrobial test and also prolonged drug release in dissolution study as presented in our previous work .
the prolongation of drug release with zno and better antimicrobial activity were the properties of systems for sustaining dh .
inhibition zone of 5% w / w dh gels containing different zno concentrations with and without nmp .
inhibition zone of 5% w / w dh gels containing different zno concentrations with and without nmp against s. aureus  e. coli  and c. albicans  ( open symbols show the prepared gel with nmp .
surface and cross section morphology of the prepared systems after dissolution test were characterized using sem .
digital images acquired in a sem could be obtained by sei mode or bei mode .
the sei mode is generally used for imaging the surfaces of structures . in the bei mode ,
the obtained image contrast depends on the atomic number of the structure under the electron beam .
the higher the average atomic weight the brighter the region will appear in the image .
freeze - drying technique was utilized for preparing samples to maintain the porous structure without any collapse during water sublimation .
the sem images of lutrol f127 dried gel containing 5% w / w dh and different amounts of zno at different magnifications are shown in figs .
the porous surface was evident for 20% w / w lutrol f127 system ( fig .
the enlarged images of the surface of the wall were found at magnification 100 and 350 which the porous structure was more evident .
the structures of 20% w / w lutrol f127 systems were notably different from those of systems comprising dh .
the structure of the dh - lutrol f127 system contained the interconnected pores , whereas the wall surface was smooth ( fig .
the pores were decreased with an increased zno contents and the porous structure was more compact and smaller .
this was explained with entanglement between zno and lutrol f127 being enhanced by increasing zno content . for samples of 0.5 , 1.0 ,
2.0 , 5.0 , and 10.0% w / w zno content , the sem micrographs were further magnified to clarify their structure as presented in figs .
the addition of aerosil could transform the structure of poloxamer system from the cubic into the hexagonal phase .
therefore , this study suggested that increasing the zno amount could decrease the size of the interconnected pores and increase the compactness of the wall surface .
topography from bei mode of sem analysis revealed the distribution of zno particles in freeze - dried structure .
the denser zno particles were evident in the system containing higher amount of this compound .
sem micrographs of the dried gel systems ; 20% w / w lutrol f127 system ( a ) and 5% w / w dh - lutrol f127 systems ( b ) containing with 0.5% w / w zno ( c ) and 1.0% w / w zno ( d ) with different magnifications ( 20x ( sei ) , 100x ( sei ) and 350x ( sei ) ) .
the white bar presented 1 mm ( left ) , 200 m ( center ) and 60 m ( right ) .
sem micrographs of 20% w / w lutrol f127 systems containing 5% w / w dh and different amount of zno .
lutrol f127 systems containing 5% w / w dh and different amount of zno with different magnifications ( 20x ( bei ) , 100x ( bei ) and 100x ( sei ) ) ; ( a ) 2% w / w zno ( b ) 5% w / w zno and ( c ) 10% w / w zno .
the white bar presented 1 mm ( left ) and 200 m ( center and right ) .
the sem photographs of cross - sectional morphology of lutrol f127 dried gel containing 5% w / w dh , 20% w / w nmp and different amount of zno after release test for 216 h in phosphate buffer ph 7.2 at different magnifications are shown in fig .
the structure of lutrol f127 dried gel seemed fragile and the pore surface was reduced .
lutrol f127 has a molecular weight of 12 600 , which could not diffuse passing the dialysis tube ( mw cutoff : 6000 - 8000 ) . therefore
lutrol f127 systems containing 20% w / w nmp , 5% w / w dh and different amount of zno after release test in phosphate buffer ph 7.2 .
lutrol f127 systems containing 20% w / w nmp , 5% w / w dh and different amount of zno after release test for 216 hours in phosphate buffer ph 7.2 with different magnifications ( 20x ( sei ) , 100x ( sei ) and 350x ( sei ) ) ( a ) 0.5% w / w zno ( b ) 1% w / w zno ( c ) 2% w / w zno and ( d ) 5% w / w zno .
the white bar presented 1 mm ( left ) , 200 m ( center ) and 60 m ( right ) .
the physical properties of the gel systems depended on the ingredients added into the systems .
the sol - gel transition temperature of the lutrol f127 system containing 5% w / w dh and 20% w / w nmp was about 28 and decreased as the zno amount was increased .
the syringeability of dh - lutrol f127 system was increased as increasing the amount of zinc oxide .
however , their syringeability decreased when the temperature was decreased . the inhibition zones against s. aureus , e. coli , and c. albicans were smaller since zno delayed the diffusion and prolonged the dh release .
the morphology of freeze - dried lutrol f127 system showed the interconnected pores with small porosity on their surfaces , whereas the addition of dh changed the structure of lutrol f127 that was the interconnected pores and the surfaces was smooth .
the sizes of interconnected pores decreased with increasing zno content and the structure was more compact and smaller .
however , the structure of the lutrol f127 system comprising zno after studying dh release was the interconnected pore .
 to characterize the thermal behavior and texture analysis of doxycycline hyclate thermosensitive gels developed for periodontitis treatment containing zinc oxide prepared by using poloxamer ( lutrol f127 ) as polymeric material and n - methyl pyrrolidone was used as cosolvent . 
 the thermosensitive gel comprising doxycycline hyclate , lutrol f127 , and n - methyl pyrrolidone were characterized for the thermal behavior and texture analysis . the topography of the system after the dissolution test was characterized with scanning electron microscope . 
 differential scanning calorimetric thermogram exhibited the endothermic peaks in the systems containing high amount of n - methyl pyrrolidone in solvent . 
 the sol - gel transition temperature of the systems decreased as the zinc oxide amount was increased . 
 the addition of doxycycline hyclate , zinc oxide , and n - methyl pyrrolidone affected the syringeability of systems . 
 the addition of zinc oxide into the doxycycline hyclate - lutrol f127 systems decreased the diameter of inhibition zone against staphylococcus aureus , escherichia coli , and candida albicans since zinc oxide decreased the diffusion and prolonged release of doxycycline hyclate . from scanning electron microscope analysis , the porous surface of 20% 
 w / w lutrol f127 system was notably different from that of gel comprising doxycycline hyclate which had interconnected pores and smooth surfaces . 
 the number of pores was decreased with increasing zinc oxide and the porous structure was smaller and more compact . 
 therefore , the addition of zinc oxide could increase the syringeability of doxycycline hyclate - lutrol f127 system with the temperature dependence . 
 zinc oxide decreased inhibition zone against test microbes because of prolongation of doxycycline hyclate release and reduced size of continuous cells . 
 furthermore , zinc oxide also increased the compactness of wall surfaces of lutrol f127 . 
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of Lutrol
Differential scanning calorimetry:
Texture analysis:
Syringeability:
Antimicrobial studies:
Determination of surface or morphology of systems:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION