the surgical extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar is one of the most common procedures performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons .
most mandibular third molars are impacted in the mandibular ramus area near the second molar , and the level of difficulty of extraction is classified according to the degree of impaction , position in the mandibular ramus , and angulation of the long axis of teeth . usually , a third molar impacted far away from its original site is affected by a cyst or a tumor .
only a few cases of ectopic mandibular third molar in the region of pterygomandibular space without association of cystic lesion -- such as odontogenic keratocyst and dentigerous cyst -- have been reported1,2 .
we report a case of mandibular third molar located in the pterygomandibular space that seems to have been displaced by neither cyst nor tumor .
a 46-year - old male patient visited the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery , seoul national university dental hospital , complaining of swelling and pain in the right preauricular region .
he was previously told by a general dentist at a local clinic that he had a malposed tooth in the right mandible and was advised not to have the tooth extracted until symptoms appear .
a panoramic radiograph showed a third molar located high in the ascending ramus of the right mandible.(fig .
1 ) to identify the exact location of the tooth , computed tomography ( ct ) was taken , showing the third molar in the pterygomandibular space associated with a radiolucent lesion.(fig .
2 ) the radiolucent lesion was evaluated as cystic lesion such as odontogenic keratocyst or dentigerous cyst or secondary inflammation accompanied by soft tissue involvement .
an incision was made over the right external oblique ridge and extended from the second molar to the posterosuperior mandibular ascending ramus .
subperiosteal dissection was done superiorly , exposing the anterior border of the ramus from the retromolar area almost to the tip of the coronoid process .
medial subperiosteal dissection proceeded posteriorly , exposing the lingula and inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle up to the condyle neck .
3 ) the tooth was easily removed from the area between the lingula and the sigmoid notch .
4 ) sharp areas were smoothened , with the site curetted and cleaned with sterile saline solution .
a small follicular space enveloping the crown of the tooth was also identified , suggesting inflamed granulation tissue.(fig .
5 ) a connection to the periodontal space of the mandibular second molar was detected . in view of the sclerotic change of the underlying mandible ( fig .
3b ) , we assume that there had been prolonged communication with the oral cavity .
several studies have reported ectopic mandibular third molar in the mandibular ramus3,4 , mandibular condyle5 - 7 , and coronoid process8 .
an aberrant eruption pattern has been suggested to occur when the tooth has been displaced by a lesion , usually an odontogenic cyst3,10,11 .
dentigerous cyst is the most common benign lesion related to impacted mandibular third molar12 . over time , the pressure exerted by the intracystic fluid on the occlusal aspect of the third molar may cause its displacement , sometimes from its original location3,4,13 . in the present case ,
the mandibular third molar was not displaced by a cystic lesion but by an uncertain cause .
the development of the tooth germ in an aberrant position or aberrant tooth germ eruption pattern may be the most likely etiology .
otherwise , primary and total dislocation of tooth base may be the cause8 . in the process of mandibular skeletal growth
, bone is typically added along the posterior ramus border and resorbed along the anterior border ; mandibular condyle develops as a result of bone apposition in the posterior ramus14 . in this case
, the presence of dental caries implies that tooth dislocation occurred after its exposure to the oral cavity .
keros and susi8 reported the ectopic mandibular third molar in the coronoid process and assumed that the bone forming the mandibular base in childhood may shift to the region beneath the coronoid process in adulthood , with the ectopic mandibular third molar embedded .
following the normal growth pattern , the third molar crown moved upward , eventually reaching the coronoid process of the mandible in non - inverted state . nonetheless , the etiology of ectopic impaction and migration of tooth is still unclear .
peck15 reported that the intraosseous migration of impacted mandibular tooth is related to genetic determinants .
according to marks and schroeder16 , regional disturbance in the dental follicle might lead to local defective osteoclastic function , with an abnormal eruption pathway being formed .
sutton17 believed that an abnormally strong eruption force or a change affecting the crypt of the tooth germ might lead to erroneous eruption .
when teeth are located near the mandibular condyle , the preauricular approach can be used .
the approach has the advantage of good exposure of the surgical site but may result in complications such as extraoral scar , damage to temporomandibular joint , and facial nerve injury11 .
the intraoral approach may avoid these problems , but access to and view of the severely displaced tooth may be limited ; thus making the surgery difficult . in this case , the impacted tooth was located on the lingual side of the pterygomandibular space , and the surgery was performed using the intraoral approach . during the surgery , the inferior alveolar nerve should be protected . moreover ,
excessive grinding of the coronoid process or mandibular condyle should not be done to prevent fracture .
nowadays , most third molar extractions are performed when the patients are in their twenties , so the dislocation becomes rarer .
moreover , there may be patients with ectopic tooth without clinical symptoms , not knowing that they have a dislocated tooth .
therefore , annual panoramic radiograph taking from childhood is recommended for the early detection of ectopic third molar and its pathologic changes such as cyst formation and infection .
impacted teeth diagnosed upon routine radiographic examination -- and which are not associated with any pathology -- usually do not require treatment , but they should be removed to prevent cyst formation , infection , and weakening of the bone predisposing to fracture7 . the surgical extraction of the ectopic third molar should be carefully planned and performed to minimize complications induced by surgery .
 impacted mandibular third molars are located between the second mandibular molar and mandibular ramus . 
 however , ectopic mandibular third molars with heterotopic positions are reported in the subcondylar or pterygomandibular space . 
 the usual cause of malposition is a cyst or tumor , and malposition without a pathology is rare . 
 this case report described an impacted mandibular third molar in the pterygomandibular space without any associated pathology . 
I. Introduction
II. Case Report
III. Discussion