ultrasound guided fine - needle aspiration ( usfna ) is accepted as the least invasive and most accurate method of identifying the nature of thyroid nodules ( 1 , 2 ) . during the procedure , the goal is to obtain the most cellular specimen that represents the target nodule .
published literature revealed substantial variability in usfna specimen cellularity , ranged from 66.4% to 96.6% depending on different specimen obtaining techniques ( 2 , 3 ) . during aspiration , color doppler sonography ( cds )
is usually used to identify the perinodular and intranodular vessels to provide a safe access site and reduce the amount of blood in the aspirate as possible ( 1 ) .
the guidelines for aspiration of thyroid nodules have been published and vascular patterns of thyroid nodules were extensively studied ( 4 ) .
however , the question of placing the needle tip according to the vascular pattern is yet to be answered .
this study was designed to assess whether the hypervascular or hypovascular site of a solid thyroid nodule would reveal more cellular aspirates when usfna is performed under cds guidance .
the study group consisted of patients with thyroid nodules referred to bursa state hospital radiology department for usfna . in our institution ,
institutional review board approved the study protocol and informed consents were obtained from all patients enrolled in the study . between january 2011 and june 2011 , 23 consecutive patients ( 19 females , 4 males ; mean age of 49.7 , 28 - 71 ) referred for usfna with solid nodules greater than 20 mm and clear distinction between hypervascular and hypovascular parts were included in the study prospectively . cystic and degenerated / necrotic nodules
all patients were examined with gray scale thyroid us followed by cds by the same investigator ( u.o . ) with 10 years of relevant experience .
the us unit uses logic 400 pro ( ge medical systems , kyunggi - do , korea ) equipped with 6 - 9 mhz linear transducer .
the size of each nodule was recorded based on its largest diameter . for all nodules , with freehand technique and under direct cds visualization ,
a 25-gauge needle attached to a 20-ml plastic syringe was placed in the targeted part ; the syringe plunger was pulled back by 5 ml .
for hypovascular aspirate , the needle tip was located at least 10 mm to the nearest vessel and as central as possible to the nodule .
the second pass was from the hypervascular site and the needle tip was placed in the most hypervascular part of the nodule as close as possible to the blood vessels whilst avoiding intravascular sampling .
single pass was used for each sample ( hypo- and hypervascular ) and the first pass was from the hypovascular site to avoid potential hemorrhage from adjacent vessels of the hypervascular site . when the needle was placed in the desired site ,
aspiration was made until material reached the hub and the needle tip was kept in place during aspiration without moving in the tissue to avoid any trauma or hemorrhage .  
all samples examined by the same pathologist ( s.a . ) with 12 years of thyroid cytology experience blinded to patient data .
the smears were air - dried , because may - grnwald - giemsa ( mgg ) stain was preferred for detailed analysis of cytoplasm and colloid .
smears were evaluated using the cytological features of smear cellularity , groups or single cells , background features and classified as follows ; score 1 : the number of cell groups less than 5 : inadequate specimen , score 2 : the number of thyrocyte groups between 5 to 10 , score 3 : specimens with more than 10 cell groups .
endothelial cells were also noted as randomly scattered single endothelial cells = 1 and groups of endothelial cells = 2 .
the rate of adequate sampling between hypo- and hypervascular regions was calculated by mcnemar test and the results were further statistically evaluated with weighted kappa and power analysis .
twenty - three nodules ( hypoechoic : 9 , isoechoic : 2 , hyperechoic : 4 , heterogeneous and calcified : 8) in 23 patients ( mean nodule diameter : 35.8 mm ( 20 - 100 mm ) were aspirated .
nineteen had benign cytology and 2 ( 9.5% ) had malignant cells indicative of papillary carcinoma . in two cases
, the specimens did not contain adequate number of cells for pathologic assessment ( table 1 ) .
adequate sampling was limited to 65% ( 15/23 ) of cases when only hypervascular site was used ( figure 1 ) and 83% ( 19/23 ) of cases when only hypovascular site was used .  
when both sites were evaluated together , overall adequate sampling was 91% ( 21/23 ) .
in hypovascular group 17% ( 4/23 ) of aspirates were inadequate compared to 35% ( 8/23 ) in hypervascular group .
the adequate sampling rate between hypo- and hypervascular regions was not statistically significant according to mcnemar test ( p = 0.289 ) ( table 1 ) .
however , the calculated power of this data was 36% ( alpha error 0.05 ) , which was low , limited by the number of patients . adding a sample from hypervascular site to hypovascular aspirate increased the adequate sampling by 8% . for pathological score ,
the weighted kappa for adequate sampling from hypovascular and hypervascular aspirates was calculated as 0,101 p = 0.473 .
thus , when the pathological score of one aspirate was high , the score of the same nodule tends to be low on the other aspirate and vice versa . as a result ,
when both sites were evaluated together , the number of nodules with cell groups more than 10 increased to 16 patients .
the highest pathological score was achieved when both hypo- and hypervascular site aspirates were evaluated together ( table 2 ) .   in hypovascular aspirates , groups of endothelial cells were observed in 17% ( 4/23 ) of the cases , whereas in hypervascular aspirates , groups of endothelial cells were observed in 52% ( 12/23 ) of the cases .
the higher number of endothelial cell groups in hypervascular group did not affect the cytology scores . weighted kappa = 0.101 , p = 0.473 .  
score 1 : the number of cell groups less than 5 , inadequate specimen .  
thyroid nodule vascularity can be easily detected with cds while performing usfna , demonstrating the relative position of needle tip to the vessels .
our study showed that when the first aspirate is taken from the hypovascular site of a solitary nodule , adding a second pass from the hypervascular site would provide more cell groups for the pathological assessment .
therefore , the aspirates from the hypovascular and hypervascular sites of solid nodules are complementary and should be performed consecutively .
in addition , increased number of endothelial cells in the hypervascular site aspirates does not decrease the cytology score of the nodule .  
the biopsy guidelines recommend sampling the solid and viable parts of the tumor instead of cystic , necrotic or more sclerotic parts that may yield inadequate biopsy material .
for example , in the diagnosis of bone tumors , a diligent search for more solid regions or areas of enhancement at mr imaging or ct is considered vital in directing the biopsy to reach viable regions harboring diagnostic tissue ( 5 ) . in patients with prostate disease , choosing the hypervascular site may preclude a positive result that yields carcinoma or inflammation ( 6 ) .
this raises the question of whether sampling from the hypervascular part of a thyroid nodule would yield better cytological results .
colleagues suggested the use of color doppler  mapping  of the nodule immediately before needle aspiration to delineate perinodular flow and larger blood vessels within the nodule to avoid injury during the aspiration biopsy and reduce the amount of blood in the aspirate ( 1 ) . in this study ,
nodules larger than 2 cm were included to demonstrate the hypo- and hypervascular sites separately .
it has been reported that the lowest rate of specimen adequacy was observed among nodules larger than 3 cm due to increased vascularity and the larger size of blood vessels , with resultant bloodstaining of the material ( 3 ) . in accordance with their findings , we observed that if the aspirate is solely from the hypervascular part of a large nodule , adequate sampling is limited to 65% .
however , intravascular sampling and blood staining may be avoided using cds guidance . however , in nodules larger than 2 cm , if the first aspirate is taken from hypovascular site of the nodule , preferring the hypervascular site for the second pass would yield 8% increase in adequate sampling . preferring hypo- or hypervascular sites for aspiration did not yield statistically significant difference for adequate sampling .
thus , we suggest that , instead of avoiding hypervascular sites whilst sampling , cds guidance should be used to avoid intravascular sampling since this approach may reveal better complementary results .   the overall incidence of cancer in patients with thyroid nodules selected for fine needle aspiration is approximately 9.2%-13.0 ( 7 ) . in this series ,
9.5% of the nodules were malignant , probably because only large and solid nodules were investigated in the study .
this is a limitation since there are various different us features proven suspicious for malignancy ( 2 , 7 ) .
larger series including smaller nodules as well as various nodules with us features suggestive of malignancy should be tested to verify the results of this study .
in addition , a different study with additional techniques to take better samples like two consecutive passes from suspicious and/or vascular sites with control groups should be conducted .
the sample size was also limited with insufficient power to demonstrate the superiority of one site to the other and the results of this study should be verified with larger series .   in conclusion , cds may improve aspiration results by enabling determination of the appropriate site .
the aspirates from hypovascular and hypervascular sites of solid nodules are complementary and should be performed consecutively for obtaining higher number of cell groups .
 background : the goal of ultrasound guided fine - needle aspiration ( usfna ) is to obtain most cellular specimen that represents the nodule . 
 however , there is substantial variability in specimen cellularity depending on the obtaining techniques . while performing usfna , it is not clear whether the needle tip should be placed at hypovascular or hypervascular site of the nodule to obtain more cells for cytological analysis.objectives:the aim of the study was to assess whether usfna of the hypovascular or hypervascular site of a thyroid nodule would reveal more cells for cytological analysis.patients and methods : twenty - three consecutive patients with solid thyroid nodules larger than 2 cm were aspirated under color doppler sonography guidance . 
 first pass was from the hypovascular site and the second pass from the hypervascular site . 
 the aspirates were scored from 1 - 3 by cytologist according to number of cell groups.results:when only hypervascular site was used , adequate sampling was limited to 65% of the cases . when both sites were evaluated together , overall adequate sampling was 91% . adding a sample from the hypervascular site to hypovascular aspirate increased the adequate sampling by 8% . 
 the highest pathological score was achieved when both hypo- and hypervascular site aspirates were evaluated together.conclusions:the aspirates from the hypovascular and hypervascular sites of solid nodules are complementary and should be performed consecutively . 
1. Background
2. Objectives
3. Patients and Methods 
4. Results
5. Discussion