total knee arthroplasty ( tka ) improves joint function in patients with painful joint disease and reduces pain12 ) .
the clinical outcomes of tka have improved over time , and the 10-year revision - free survival rate has been reported to range from 96% to 98%345 ) . however , tka has been found to induce the most severe postoperative pain among all orthopedic surgical procedures , with severe pain during the acute phase thought to cause chronic pain67 ) .
postoperative methods for analgesia after tka include epidural anesthesia , local infiltration analgesia ( lia ) , and femoral nerve block ( fnb)8910 ) .
although epidural anesthesia has good analgesic effects , it limits the use of anticoagulants against lower limb deep venous thrombosis and can lead to adverse events , such as nausea and vomiting .
although both have shown favorable postoperative analgesic effects , they have not been directly compared . moreover , the analgesic effect of these procedures may not be consistent .
lia and fnb differ in their effects on these nerves because lia involves an injection into the entire knee joint , whereas fnb has analgesic effects only in the femoral nerve area . in this study
, under the hypothesis that the analgesic effect of lia would be superior to that of fnb , we compared the analgesic effects of lia and the single - shot fnb after tka and attempted to identify factors associated with their analgesic effects .
this study was approved by the kyoto prefectural university of medicine review board ( erb - c-3 - 2 ) .
the subjects consisted of 66 patients ( 72 knees ; 15 knees in 14 males and 57 knees in 52 females ) who underwent tka for osteoarthritis of the knee at our hospital between december 2012 and august 2014 .
patients were excluded if they had a primary constrained prosthesis , rheumatoid arthritis , osteonecrosis , valgus knee , or underwent surgery with epidural anesthesia .
patients undergoing surgery on odd days received lia and those who underwent surgery on even days received fnb .
lia , consisting of 5 mg of morphine , 150 mg of 0.75% ropivacaine , 0.3 mg of epinephrine , and 4 mg of betamethasone diluted in 50 ml of saline , was administered by the operator after completion of all femoral and tibial osteotomy steps , immediately before cement fixation of the implant .
the lia solution was injected into the tissues around the joint , i.e. , the posterior articular capsule of the knee joint , patellar retinaculum , subcutaneous tissue , and pes anserinus .
using an electric stimulator , single - shot fnb , consisting of 150 mg of 0.75% ropivacaine , was administered by an anesthesiologist under echo guidance to the inguinal region above the femoral nerve upon completion of surgery .
general anesthesia was induced by administration of propofol and fentanyl and maintained with sevoflurane and fentanyl .
surgery was performed using the posterior stabilized ( ps)-type model of nexgen lps - flex ( zimmer , warsaw , in , usa ) or scorpio nrg ( stryker , mahwah , nj , usa ) and the parapatellar approach . as a tourniquet has been reported to reduce early postoperative pain , a tourniquet was applied immediately before fixation of the prosthesis until completion of skin sutures11 ) .
a drainage tube was placed in the knee joint at surgery and removed two days later . on the day after surgery ,
early postoperative ambulation , range of motion training , and quadriceps muscle training were performed in response to pain . whenever possible , parallel bar walking was started on postoperative day 4 .
cane assisted walking was permitted about 2 weeks after surgery and stair climbing at 3 weeks after surgery .
the rescue analgesic consisting of 25 or 50 mg of diclofenac , depending on pain severity , was administered as a suppository .
pain was evaluated from the day of surgery to 5 days after surgery using a visual analogue scale ( vas ) .
the pain vas consisted of a line , 10 cm in length , on which patients indicated current pain from 0 ( no pain ) to 10 ( worst possible pain ) .
other parameters recorded included times ( days ) to 90 of knee joint flexion , parallel - bar walking , and t - cane walking ; range of motion ( flexion and extension ) of the knee joint at the time of discharge ; length of hospital stay ; and adverse events . as one study reported that almost all patients with severe pain had vas scores of > 54 mm , with a mean score of 75 mm12 ) , patients with postoperative vas scores of < 54 for 5 days after surgery were designated as the low vas group , and those with vas scores of 54 at least once were designated as the high vas group .
age , sex ratio , body mass index , preoperative vas , preoperative femorotibial angle ( fta ) , preoperative range of motion of the knee joint ( flexion and extension angles ) , and preoperative knee score were compared within each group ( lia and fnb ) between patients with vas scores of < 54 and those with vas scores of 5413 ) .
the fta was defined as the lateral angle between the femoral axis and the tibial axis .
intraoperative factors compared included operation time , defined as the time from skin incision to the end of wound closure , and blood loss ( intraoperative drainage ) , as measured with gauze and a suction tube .
outcomes in the lia and fnb groups were compared using mann - whitney u tests for vas ; amount of diclofenac sodium used ; numbers of days to achieve 90 knee flexion , initiation of parallel - bar walking , and t - cane walking ; and range of motion ( flexion and extension ) of the knee joint at the time of discharge .
patient characteristics , operation time , and blood loss were compared in the low and high vas groups using mann - whitney u - test .
factors independently associated with high vas were determined by a stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis .
the available data were assessed by a power analysis with an alpha level of 0.05 .
all statistical analyses were performed using ibm spss ver . 21.0 ( ibm co. , armonk , ny , usa ) , with p<0.05 defined as statistically significant .
measurements were expressed as meanstandard deviation . outcomes in the lia and fnb groups were compared using mann - whitney u tests for vas ; amount of diclofenac sodium used ; numbers of days to achieve 90 knee flexion , initiation of parallel - bar walking , and t - cane walking ; and range of motion ( flexion and extension ) of the knee joint at the time of discharge .
patient characteristics , operation time , and blood loss were compared in the low and high vas groups using mann - whitney u - test .
factors independently associated with high vas were determined by a stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis .
the available data were assessed by a power analysis with an alpha level of 0.05 .
all statistical analyses were performed using ibm spss ver . 21.0 ( ibm co. , armonk , ny , usa ) , with p<0.05 defined as statistically significant .
pain vas scores were similar between the lia and fnb groups on days 05 after surgery ( fig .
the mean dosage of diclofenac per patient was significantly lower in the lia group than in the fnb group ( 3445 mg vs. 5645 mg ; p=0.048 ) ( table 1 ) .
times to achieve 90 flexion of the knee joint ( 2.71.3 days vs. 2.31.2 days ; p=0.19 ) , to initiate parallel - bar walking ( 4.11.3 days vs. 3.91.0 days ; p=0.57 ) , to start t - cane walking ( 13.63.9 days vs. 13.94.0 days ; p=0.75 ) , and to discharge ( 36.06.2 days vs. 34.66.9 days ; p=0.39 ) were similar between the lia group and fnb group .
assessment of ranges of motion at discharge showed similar results between the two groups for extension ( 2.03.1 vs. 3.44.5 ; p=0.14 ) and flexion ( 124.611.3 vs. 124.87.4 ; p=0.95 ) .
adverse events in the lia group included nausea in five patients and itching and chest discomfort in one each .
adverse events in the fnb group included nausea in three patients and numbness of the region innervated by the femoral nerve in two .
no patient in either group experienced a serious adverse event , such as respiratory inhibition , infection , nerve palsy , or local anesthetic intoxication .
the low vas group with a high analgesic effect included 37 knees : 25 treated with lia and 12 with fnb ; whereas the high vas group with a low analgesic effect included 35 knees : 19 treated with lia and 16 with fnb ( p=0.24 ) .
the demographic and clinical characteristics of these two groups are summarized in tables 2 and 3 .
a comparison of the lia - treated patients with low and high vas scores showed significant differences in sex ratio and preoperative range of extension ( table 4 ) .
preoperative vas score was similar in the lia group with low and high postoperative vas scores ( 47.131.1 vs. 46.130.1 ; p=0.93 ) .
of these lia - treated patients , two males and 23 females had low vas scores , and six males and 13 females had high vas scores ( p=0.04 ) .
the preoperative ranges of extension in these two subgroups were 5.2 and 9.0 , respectively ( p=0.03 ) , whereas their postoperative ranges of extension were 1.8 and 2.4 , respectively ( p=0.66 ) .
a comparison of the fnb - treated patients with low and high postoperative vas scores showed no significant differences in any demographic or clinical factors .
the available data were assessed by a power analysis with the power ranging from 5.0% to 54.3% ( table 5 ) .
the objective of this study was to compare the analgesic effects of lia and single - shot fnb after tka and to retrospectively examine factors influencing these analgesic effects .
the dosage of diclofenac was significantly lower in the lia group than in the fnb group .
male gender and preoperative limited range of extension were associated with high postoperative vas scores in the lia group , indicating that the postoperative analgesic effects of lia were smaller in patients with more severe flexion contracture before surgery and in male than female patients .
tka is a superior reconstruction method for knee joint function , and long - term outcomes have improved and stabilized over time .
evaluations of the postoperative outcomes of tka have included both long - term survival of the implant as well as patient satisfaction .
patient satisfaction has been reported lower after tka than after total hip arthroplasty due to postoperative pain141516 ) .
several recent studies evaluating the analgesic effects of lia and fnb have reported conflicting results , with one finding that the analgesic effect of lia was superior and the other finding that fnb was superior1718 ) .
this study found equivalent pain vas scores in the two groups , whereas analgesic dosage was lower in the lia group than in the fnb group , suggesting that lia has a greater analgesic effect than fnb .
the superior analgesic effect of lia may be due to the inaccessibility of fnb to the sciatic nerve area .
when combined with sciatic nerve block , however , lia and fnb provided similar pain relief after tka19 ) .
these findings suggest that lia has analgesic effects on areas of both the femoral and sciatic nerves .
severe preoperative pain in females and in young patients were found to predict pain after tka20 ) , but intraoperative factors were not evaluated .
we observed no significant differences in intraoperative factors between groups of patients with low and high vas scores .
although analgesic effect was lower in male than in female patients , analgesia was not significantly associated with age or preoperative pain . in agreement with previous results , we found that pain after tka was more severe in female than in male patients21 ) .
preoperative limitation of extension was significantly more severe in patients with high than low preoperative vas scores who underwent lia .
after surgery , however , extension angle improved to within 5 in both groups , with no significant difference between groups .
these findings suggest that postoperative pain increases as severe preoperative flexion contracture improves after surgery , thus reducing the effect of lia .
flexion contracture has been reported to be caused by contracture of the posterior cruciate ligament ( pcl ) , posterior femoral osteophyte , posterior articular capsule , and musculotendinous tissue , such as the hamstring22 ) .
we used ps - type implants in all knees and resected the pcl during surgery .
the posterior femoral osteophyte was resected when osteotomy was performed on the posterior femoral malleolus , followed by dissection of the posterior articular capsule .
thus , it is unlikely that these treatments contributed to the difference between the two groups in postoperative analgesic effect .
however , musculotendinous tissue posterior to the knee joint , such as the hamstring , was not treated surgically . in patients with severe preoperative flexion contracture
, these tissues were likely stretched markedly after surgery , resulting in severe postoperative pain and reducing the analgesic effect .
this study showed that the dosage of analgesics used after surgery was lower in the lia than in the fnb group and that it is necessary to increase analgesia after tka in male patients and in patients with knees showing flexion contracture .
a cadaver study found that injection of 60 ml india ink infiltrated into posterior knee joint tissue23 ) .
modification of the analgesic method , such as an increase in the volume of posteriorly injected lia , may be necessary for knees with flexion contracture .
primarily , it was underpowered to detect a statistically significant difference between the effects of lia and fnb .
a comparison of the analgesic effects of lia and fnb after tka found that the dosage of concomitantly administered analgesics was lower in the lia group , suggesting that lia was superior to fnb as analgesia after tka .
the postoperative analgesic effect of lia was lower in patients with more severe flexion contracture before surgery and in male than in female patients .
 purposethis study compared the analgesic effects of local infiltration analgesia ( lia ) and femoral nerve block ( fnb ) after total knee arthroplasty ( tka ) and assessed factors associated with analgesia obtained by these two methods.materials and methodsstudy subjects included 66 patients ( 72 knees ) who underwent tka for osteoarthritis of the knee . 
 pain visual analogue scale ( vas ) , the amount of analgesics used , number of days to achieve 90 of flexion of the knee joint , date of initiating parallel - bar walking , range of motion of the knee joint at discharge , and adverse events were investigated.resultsthe vas scores did not differ significantly between two groups , whereas the amount of analgesics used was significantly lower in the lia group . 
 preoperative flexion contracture was significantly more severe in the lia group with high vas compared with low vas . 
 no serious adverse event occurred in the lia or fnb group.conclusionsthe lower analgesic usage in the lia group than the fnb group indicates that the analgesic effect of lia was greater than that of singleshot fnb after tka . 
 there were no serious complications in either group . 
 the postoperative analgesic effect of lia was smaller in patients with severe than less severe preoperative flexion contracture . 
Introduction
Materials and Methods
1. Statistical Analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusions