patients with end - stage renal disease ( esrd ) , including those who are on peritoneal dialysis ( pd ) , are at much higher risk for mortality than the general population .
several factors such as age , comorbidities including diabetes and cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) , malnutrition / hypoalbuminemia , reduced residual renal function , and inflammation have been associated with high mortality in pd patients ( 1 - 7 ) .
recently , peritoneal membrane transport status has attracted considerable attention as another contributor to decreased survival in these patients .
high transport status , as defined by the increased ratio of creatinine in the dialysate to plasma after a 4-hr dwell ( d / p cr4 ) from a peritoneal equilibration test ( pet ) ( 8) , has been associated with several parameters that in themselves are well - known risk factors for mortality in pd patients .
diabetes , cvd , hypoalbuminemia , poor nutritional status , and inflammation , as well as inappropriate ultrafiltration and large peritoneal protein loss have been shown to be more prevalent in high transporters compared to other peritoneal transporters .
these comorbidities may also play a role in the higher rate of adverse outcomes observed in high transporters ( 3 , 9 - 13 ) .
however , most studies , investigatng the adverse effect of high transport status on outcomes in pd patients , have been performed in the patients who were mainly on continuous ambulatory pd ( capd ) , or in largely prevalent patient population .
the association between high peritoneal transport and the long - term survival among the incident patients treated with automated pd ( apd ) has not been fully explored .
we , therefore , undertook this study to evaluate the impact of peritoneal membrane transport characteristics , as measured by a pet , on mortality in incident patients who were on apd .
we retrospectively analyzed a total of 117 patients who started apd at yonsei university health system from january 1996 to december 2008 and had a pet within 3 months of apd initiation .
this study was approved by the institutional review board ( irb number 4 - 2009 - 0680 ) .
all subjects were given a standard pet using 2.27% glucose pd fluid and were classified into one of the four peritoneal transport types according to the value for d / p cr4 defined by twardowski et al .
( 8) : high 0.81 , high average 0.65 to 0.80 , low average 0.50 to 0.64 , and low < 0.50 .
the data included age , gender , body mass index ( bmi , weight [ kg]/height [ m ] ) , duration of pd , cause of esrd , comorbidities , use of icodextrin , and the patient outcome .
the following laboratory data obtained at the time of pd catheter insertion ( within first week after starting pd ) were considered as baseline : hemoglobin , blood urea nitrogen ( bun ) , serum creatinine , calcium , phosphorus , total cholesterol , uric acid , and albumin concentrations , kt / v urea , percentage of lean body mass ( % lbm ) , normalized protein catabolic rate ( npcr ) , and residual glomerular filtration rate ( gfr ) .
cardiovascular disease was defined as a history of coronary , cerebrovascular , or peripheral artery disease .
coronary disease was defined as a previous history of angioplasty , coronary artery bypass graft , myocardial infarction , or angina .
cerebrovascular disease was defined as a previous transient ischemic attack , stroke , or carotid endarterectomy , and peripheral vascular disease as a history of claudication , ischemic limb loss , and/or ulceration or a peripheral revascularization procedure .
technique failure was defined as transfer to hemodialysis due to peritonitis , ultrafiltration failure , inadequate dialysis , exit and tunnel infection , and mechanical problems .
statistical analyses were performed using spss for windows ver 13.0 ( spss , inc . ,
data were analyzed using student 's t - test , chi - square test , or fisher exact test for comparisons .
patient and technique survival was assessed using life table methods and comparisons were made with kaplan - meier analysis and log - rank tests .
patients were censored at the point of transplantation or if lost to follow - up . to determine risk factors for mortality in apd patients ,
multivariate cox regression was performed , in which we included all of the significant covariates from the univariate analysis .
the mean age of patients was 49.0 yr ( range 20 to 86 yr ) , 70.1% were males , and patients were on pd for a mean period of 27.8 months ( range 3.5 to 155.2 months ) .
chronic glomerulonephritis was the most common cause of esrd ( 34.2% ) , followed by diabetes ( 29.9% ) and hypertension ( 19.7% ) . among the 117 patients , 24 patients ( 20.5% ) were high transporters , and 91 patients ( 77.8% ) used icodextrin .
the baseline mean hemoglobin was 9.61.9 g / dl , and serum albumin was 3.50.6 g / dl .
the baseline kt / v urea and residual gfr were 2.20.6 and 2.93.7 ml / min/1.73 m , respectively .
when the patients were divided into two groups based on a pet , high transporters ( high group ) were significantly older ( p<0.05 ) and had a higher incidence of cvd ( p<0.05 ) compared to non - high transporters ( non - high group ) ( table 2 ) . during the period of study , 66 patients ( 56.4% ) were living on apd , and 20 patients ( 17.1% ) died .
infection ( 50.0% ) was the most common cause of death , with four patients dying of peritonitis , followed by cvd ( 40.0% ) , upper gastrointestinal bleeding ( 8.3% ) , and unknown ( 8.3% ) .
there was a tendency for higher incidence of infection in high group ( 75% vs. 33.3% ) and cvd in non - high group ( 50% vs. 25% ) , but this difference was not statistically significant .
transfer to hemodialysis occurred in 21 patients ( 17.9% ) , mainly due to peritonitis ( 57.1% ) .
other reasons of technique failure were ultrafiltration failure ( 23.8% ) , inadequate dialysis ( 14.3% ) , and noncompliance ( 4.8% ) .
another 9 patient ( 7.7% ) underwent kidney transplantation , and only 1 patient ( 0.9% ) moved to another center .
table 3 presents the differences between survivors ( n=97 ) and non - survivors ( n=20 ) . in non - survival group ,
diabetes ( p<0.001 ) , cvd ( p<0.001 ) , and high peritoneal membrane transport ( p<0.05 ) were more prevalent , and serum albumin level ( p<0.001 ) and residual gfr ( p<0.001 ) at baseline were significantly lower than those observed in the survivor group .
patient survival for years 1 , 3 , and 5 were 85% , 64% , and 35% for high group and 94% , 81% , and 68% for non - high group ( p<0.01 ) .
as shown in table 4 , multivariate cox regression revealed that age ( p<0.01 ) , diabetes ( p<0.05 ) , cvd ( p<0.05 ) , serum albumin level ( p<0.05 ) , and residual gfr ( p<0.05 ) were independently associated with high mortality in patients treated with apd .
however , high transport status was not a significant predictor for mortality in this population when the other covariates were included . estimated mean pure ( death - censored ) and combined ( patient and death - censored ) technique survival were 90.523.1 and 49.813.1 months in high group , and 100.511.9 and 79.110.4 months in non - high group , respectively . cumulative combined technique survival at the end of 1 , 3 , and 5 yr were 76% , 57% , and 16% for high group , and 83% , 66% , and 30% for non - high group . there were no significant differences in the risk of either technique failure between patients in two transport groups .
the mean age of patients was 49.0 yr ( range 20 to 86 yr ) , 70.1% were males , and patients were on pd for a mean period of 27.8 months ( range 3.5 to 155.2 months ) .
chronic glomerulonephritis was the most common cause of esrd ( 34.2% ) , followed by diabetes ( 29.9% ) and hypertension ( 19.7% ) . among the 117 patients , 24 patients ( 20.5% ) were high transporters , and 91 patients ( 77.8% ) used icodextrin .
the baseline mean hemoglobin was 9.61.9 g / dl , and serum albumin was 3.50.6 g / dl .
the baseline kt / v urea and residual gfr were 2.20.6 and 2.93.7 ml / min/1.73 m , respectively .
when the patients were divided into two groups based on a pet , high transporters ( high group ) were significantly older ( p<0.05 ) and had a higher incidence of cvd ( p<0.05 ) compared to non - high transporters ( non - high group ) ( table 2 ) .
during the period of study , 66 patients ( 56.4% ) were living on apd , and 20 patients ( 17.1% ) died . infection ( 50.0% ) was the most common cause of death , with four patients dying of peritonitis , followed by cvd ( 40.0% ) , upper gastrointestinal bleeding ( 8.3% ) , and unknown ( 8.3% ) .
there was a tendency for higher incidence of infection in high group ( 75% vs. 33.3% ) and cvd in non - high group ( 50% vs. 25% ) , but this difference was not statistically significant .
transfer to hemodialysis occurred in 21 patients ( 17.9% ) , mainly due to peritonitis ( 57.1% ) .
other reasons of technique failure were ultrafiltration failure ( 23.8% ) , inadequate dialysis ( 14.3% ) , and noncompliance ( 4.8% ) .
another 9 patient ( 7.7% ) underwent kidney transplantation , and only 1 patient ( 0.9% ) moved to another center .
table 3 presents the differences between survivors ( n=97 ) and non - survivors ( n=20 ) . in non - survival group , diabetes ( p<0.001 ) , cvd ( p<0.001 ) , and high peritoneal membrane transport ( p<0.05 ) were more prevalent , and serum albumin level ( p<0.001 ) and residual gfr ( p<0.001 ) at baseline were significantly lower than those observed in the survivor group .
patient survival for years 1 , 3 , and 5 were 85% , 64% , and 35% for high group and 94% , 81% , and 68% for non - high group ( p<0.01 ) .
as shown in table 4 , multivariate cox regression revealed that age ( p<0.01 ) , diabetes ( p<0.05 ) , cvd ( p<0.05 ) , serum albumin level ( p<0.05 ) , and residual gfr ( p<0.05 ) were independently associated with high mortality in patients treated with apd .
however , high transport status was not a significant predictor for mortality in this population when the other covariates were included .
estimated mean pure ( death - censored ) and combined ( patient and death - censored ) technique survival were 90.523.1 and 49.813.1 months in high group , and 100.511.9 and 79.110.4 months in non - high group , respectively .
cumulative combined technique survival at the end of 1 , 3 , and 5 yr were 76% , 57% , and 16% for high group , and 83% , 66% , and 30% for non - high group .
there were no significant differences in the risk of either technique failure between patients in two transport groups .
these differences can best be classified and determined by the use of a pet , which helps to characterize the relationships among dwell time , solute transport , glucose absorption , drain volume , and net solute clearance ( 14 ) .
patients who have a greater rate of membrane solute transport are classified as high ( or fast ) transporters , and will tend to have enhanced clearance of small solutes , such as urea and creatinine , early in short dwells . however , these patients will have larger peritoneal loss of protein , will be more likely to fluid overload as a result of rapid reabsorption of glucose from the dialysate and subsequent ultrafiltration dysfunction , and will have greater systemic exposure to glucose ( 15 - 19 ) .
in addition , high transporters have been associated with poor nutritional status , more prevalent comorbid diseases , and chronic inflammation ( 3 , 9 - 13 ) .
many conflicting results have been reported on the relationship between high peritoneal transport and mortality in pd patients .
the single - center stroke pd study ( 18 , 19 ) and the multicenter canusa study ( 2 ) found that high transport was associated with worse patient and technique survival independent of other important risk factors , such as age , comorbidities , and residual renal function .
a recent meta - analysis of 20 observational studies ( 20 ) also demonstrated that a higher peritoneal membrane solute transport rate was associated with a higher mortality risk and a trend to higher technique failure .
however , these findings were not confirmed by several other studies including ademex trial which showed that high transport does not have any influence on patient survival in pd patients ( 21 - 23 ) .
furthermore , some investigations have found an association on univariate analysis only , or with morbidity but not mortality ( 24 - 26 ) .
the reasons for these conflicting observations are not clear , but most studies investigating outcomes in pd patients have been performed in patients who were mainly on capd , or included a greater portion of prevalent patients . even though there has been a study , with small number of patients , reporting that apd patients with high peritoneal transport had a lower probability of patient survival
, there is some evidence that apd mitigates the adverse effects of high transport ( 27 ) .
most recently , analysis from the anzdata registry , by far the largest study published to date , has confirmed that peritoneal transport type was only a significant predictor of mortality in patients on capd , not in those on apd ( 28 ) . in another recent single - center observation cohort study ( 29 ) ,
high transport status predicted a higher risk of death in patients who started pd between 1990 and 1997 , but not in patients who started pd between 1998 and 2005 . during the latter vintage , patients were more likely to be treated with apd or icodextrin .
similarly , in the eapos study ( 30 ) of patients receiving apd , transport status had no bearing on increased risk of death at one year .
taken together , it is likely that an increased peritoneal transport rate appears to be less important as a predictor of mortality in apd patients when compared to capd patients . in the present study
, we found that there was a significant difference , as determined by univariate analysis , in mortality between high and non - high transporters .
however , high transport status was confirmed not to be a significant risk factor associated with mortality of the incident apd patients .
this situation was particularly evident when adjusted for age and other comorbidities such as diabetes , cvd , serum albumin level , and residual gfr .
as these are well known risk factors for mortality on pd , it is probable that the association seen in this study between high transporter and mortality is related to the presence of these comorbid conditions .
furthermore , it might be said that the strategies including optimization of the short dwell lengths using apd combined with icodextrin which will result in sustained ultrafiltration and thus prevention of reabsorption in the long dwell have been attributed to minimize the adverse effects of high transport on patient survival in these patients .
it was an observational study based on retrospective data collected from a relatively small sample size .
also we did not include other relevant data representing overall nutritional status and systemic inflammation such as subjective global assessment ( sga ) and other inflammatory markers to fully assess the impact of nutritional and inflammatory status .
finally , the impact of icodextrin - based products on mortality could not be evaluated in this study because most of our patients were using icodextrin . in conclusion
, the present study showed that age , diabetes , cvd , serum albumin level , and residual gfr were independent predictors for mortality in incident pd patients who were on apd .
even though high transport was significantly associated with mortality in the univariate analysis , this association was not an independent risk factor for mortality .
these findings suggest that the proper management of these comorbid conditions , as well as appropriate ultrafiltration by use of apd and/or icodextrin , must be considered as a protective strategy to improve survival in pd patients with high transport .
 we undertook this study to elucidate whether baseline peritoneal membrane transport characteristics are associated with high mortality in incident automated peritoneal dialysis ( apd ) patients . 
 this retrospective study includes 117 patients who started apd at yonsei university health system from 1996 to 2008 and had a pet within 3 months of apd initiation . 
 high transporters were significantly older and had a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease . 
 patient survival for years 1 , 3 , and 5 were 85% , 64% , and 35% for high transporter and 94% , 81% , and 68% for non - high transporter group ( p<0.01 ) . 
 multivariate analysis revealed that age , diabetes , cardiovascular disease , serum albumin level , and residual renal function were independently associated with high mortality in apd patients . in contrast , high transport status was not a significant predictor for mortality in this population when the other covariates were included . 
 even though high transport was significantly associated with mortality in the univariate analysis , its role seemed to be influenced by other comorbid conditions . 
 these findings suggest that the proper management of these comorbid conditions , as well as appropriate ultrafiltration by use of apd and/or icodextrin , must be considered as protective strategies to improve survival in peritoneal dialysis patients with high transport . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
Demographic characteristics and clinical data
Patient outcomes
Patient survival
Technique survival
DISCUSSION