ophthalmic conditions are common in primary care practice.1 eye signs and symptoms are often the first recognized presentation of common systemic conditions , such as diabetes and hypertension .
while many conditions affecting the eye can be treated , irreversible damage can occur if they are left unrecognized ( eg , diabetic retinopathy , glaucoma).2 despite the prevalence of such conditions , little time is devoted to ophthalmic training in undergraduate medical education.3 a recent study revealed that canada does not have a standardized undergraduate medical education curriculum for medical schools , and that many residents of various specialties report not having confidence in managing ophthalmological cases.5 prior studies have shown that canadian medical students are not comfortable with ophthalmic clinical skills , such as the use of an ophthalmoscope.4,5 a recent study at a public medical school in california demonstrated that 26% of graduating students were  not at all comfortable  with performing screening eye examinations and that 57% were very interested in a skills refresher course in the future.6
this is consistent with a 1995 study which reported that , according to estimation by us primary care program directors , less than 50% of residents have adequate ophthalmic skills at the start of residency , despite 85% feeling that skills like a screening eye examination should be mastered during medical school.3 these findings support the importance of adequate undergraduate ophthalmology training.712 these studies suggest that medical students receive too little ophthalmic training and advocate increasing the exposure to ophthalmic knowledge and skills within the undergraduate medical education curriculum .
the primary goal of our study was to quantify the adequacy of ophthalmic education for medical school graduates in training to be primary care physicians .
our study also aimed to highlight the ophthalmic training requirements of general family practitioners , and propose necessary changes to the canadian medical school curricula accordingly .
all current family medicine residents training at the university of western ontario , including those in postgraduate year ( pgy ) 1 and 2 , were invited to participate in the study .
participants were excluded if they had previously applied to or been enrolled in an ophthalmology residency program .
informed consent was provided by all participants . using a paper - based questionnaire ( see appendix 1 ) ,
subjects were asked to provide information on the following : year of postgraduate training in family medicine residency , country of origin of medical school prior to residency , number of hours of classroom or clinical exposure to ophthalmology during undergraduate medical education , as well as percentage of rotation time involving exposure to ophthalmological conditions during family medicine residency .
subjects were also asked to rate their comfort with respect to managing specific ophthalmology conditions and performing specific ophthalmic clinical skills on a likert scale from 15 ( 1 = not comfortable at all ; 2 = somewhat comfortable ; 3 = moderately comfortable ; 4 = comfortable ; 5 = very comfortable ) .
the conditions and skills asked about in the questionnaire were based on the topics covered in the undergraduate medical education ophthalmology reference text published by the american academy of ophthalmology.13 descriptive statistics were generated using microsoft excel ( microsoft corporation , redmond , wa ) and sas software ( sas institute , cary , nc ) .
the spearman correlation test was performed to identify if there was an association between comfort level and number of hours of ophthalmology education in undergraduate medical education .
descriptive statistics were generated using microsoft excel ( microsoft corporation , redmond , wa ) and sas software ( sas institute , cary , nc ) .
the spearman correlation test was performed to identify if there was an association between comfort level and number of hours of ophthalmology education in undergraduate medical education .
of the 162 family medicine residents in pgy 1 and 2 at the university of western ontario , 54 ( 33.3% ) volunteered to participate in the study .
there was a large variation in the amount of classroom - based ( range 0200 hours ) and clinic - based ( range 0300 hours ) ophthalmology teaching during medical school .
overall , it appears that international medical graduates received more ophthalmology instruction than canadian medical graduates ( p < 0.05 , table 2 ) . the subjects reported that , on average , 6.3%  9.2% of their postgraduate rotations in family medicine involve exposure to eye - related cases ( 6.9%  10.6% for pgy 1 , 5.3%  5.7% for pgy 2 ) .
eighty percent of subjects reported that they were either  somewhat comfortable  or  not comfortable at all  in dealing with ophthalmology - associated conditions .
no subject reported being  very comfortable  with ophthalmology - associated issues ( figures 1 and 2 ) .
there was no statistically significant difference in average comfort level rating from the likert scale between pgy 1 and pgy 2 ( 1.9  0.8 and 2.2  0.8 , respectively ) and between canadian medical graduates and international medical graduates ( 1.9  0.8 and 2.1  0.8 , respectively ) .
the spearman correlation revealed a moderately positive correlation between the hours of classroom instruction received during undergraduate medical education and overall comfort in managing ophthalmology cases ( p = 0.0012 ) .
the hours of clinic instruction alone and combined classroom and clinic instruction revealed small positive correlations , albeit not statistically significant ( table 3 ) .
there was a wide variation in the comfort level of family medicine residents in managing different ophthalmologic conditions ( table 4 ) , as well as in performing relevant ophthalmic clinical skills ( table 5 ) . when comparing the responses of both pgy 1 and pgy 2 in managing or coordinating care of ophthalmology - related issues , the median score differed for 22 of the 52 items .
pgy 1 residents had a higher median score in 16 of all items , and pgy 2 residents higher in six items ( table 4 ) . when asked about their comfort level surrounding various ophthalmologic procedures
, the median scores between pgy 1 and pgy 2 differed in 8 of 21 items .
pgy 1 residents scored higher in three of all items , whereas pgy 2 residents scored higher in five items ( table 5 ) .
there was a large variation in the amount of classroom - based ( range 0200 hours ) and clinic - based ( range 0300 hours ) ophthalmology teaching during medical school .
overall , it appears that international medical graduates received more ophthalmology instruction than canadian medical graduates ( p < 0.05 , table 2 ) .
the subjects reported that , on average , 6.3%  9.2% of their postgraduate rotations in family medicine involve exposure to eye - related cases ( 6.9%  10.6% for pgy 1 , 5.3%  5.7% for pgy 2 ) .
eighty percent of subjects reported that they were either  somewhat comfortable  or  not comfortable at all  in dealing with ophthalmology - associated conditions .
no subject reported being  very comfortable  with ophthalmology - associated issues ( figures 1 and 2 ) .
there was no statistically significant difference in average comfort level rating from the likert scale between pgy 1 and pgy 2 ( 1.9  0.8 and 2.2  0.8 , respectively ) and between canadian medical graduates and international medical graduates ( 1.9  0.8 and 2.1  0.8 , respectively ) .
the spearman correlation revealed a moderately positive correlation between the hours of classroom instruction received during undergraduate medical education and overall comfort in managing ophthalmology cases ( p = 0.0012 ) .
the hours of clinic instruction alone and combined classroom and clinic instruction revealed small positive correlations , albeit not statistically significant ( table 3 ) .
there was a wide variation in the comfort level of family medicine residents in managing different ophthalmologic conditions ( table 4 ) , as well as in performing relevant ophthalmic clinical skills ( table 5 ) . when comparing the responses of both pgy 1 and pgy 2 in managing or coordinating care of ophthalmology - related issues , the median score differed for 22 of the 52 items .
pgy 1 residents had a higher median score in 16 of all items , and pgy 2 residents higher in six items ( table 4 ) . when asked about their comfort level surrounding various ophthalmologic procedures
, the median scores between pgy 1 and pgy 2 differed in 8 of 21 items .
pgy 1 residents scored higher in three of all items , whereas pgy 2 residents scored higher in five items ( table 5 ) .
we were able to achieve a response rate of 33.3% from the entire study population , ie , 54 of 162 university of western ontario family medicine residents .
there was good representation of both canadian medical graduates ( n = 32 ) and international medical graduates ( n = 22 ) , as well as from both pgy 1 ( n = 35 ) and pgy 2 ( n = 19 ) years of residency .
it recommends 4060 hours of ophthalmology exposure during undergraduate medical education.11 nonetheless , a recent survey by welch and eckstein revealed that medical schools in the uk did not comply with the recommended ophthalmology curriculum set out by the international council of ophthalmology.14 compared with the international council of ophthalmology task force recommendation of 4060 hours,11 our study participants received a satisfactory number of hours of both classroom - based ( 27.1  35.1 hours ) and clinic - based ophthalmology instruction ( 39.8  47.1 hours ) .
however , there was a wide variation in the hours of instruction reported , as reflected by the large standard deviations .
residents received from 0200 hours of classroom instruction and 0300 hours of clinic - based instruction on ophthalmology during medical school .
international medical graduates reported a higher amount of ophthalmologic instruction when compared with canadian medical graduates , although there was no significant difference in the average level of comfort in managing ophthalmic diseases between the two groups .
our data suggest the need for standardizing the amount of ophthalmology instruction in undergraduate medical education . despite the amount of ophthalmology instruction in undergraduate medical education meeting the international council of ophthalmology recommendations , most ( 80% ) of the residents in our study felt only  somewhat comfortable  or 
not comfortable at all  in managing ophthalmology conditions . with the exception of dry eyes and conjunctivitis ,
residents felt  moderately comfortable  or less in managing all the specific conditions in our questionnaire . while it may be understandable that residents are not comfortable with all ocular conditions , there are certain diseases with which family medicine physicians should be familiar .
for example , the medical council of canada lists strabismus , pupil abnormalities , and eye redness among its learning objectives for medical students.15 although residents felt comfortable in managing red eye , they only felt  somewhat comfortable  with relative afferent papillary defects , strabismus , and amblyopia .
other conditions which often threaten sight in the emergency setting , such as orbital cellulitis , corneal ulcer , acute angle closure glaucoma , ocular chemical burn , and ischemic optic neuropathy secondary to giant cell arteritis , also had low median scores .
all of these diseases and presenting problems are important to recognize , owing to the high risk of vision loss and diminished quality of life .
 comfortable  with nine of them and  moderately comfortable  with another eight .
somewhat comfortable  in four specific areas , ie , tonometry , prescription of antiglaucoma medications , indications and contraindications for surgical procedures , and explaining common ophthalmological surgical procedures .
emphasis should be placed on getting family medicine residents more familiar and comfortable with using a tonometer , because one of the important learning objectives of the college of family physicians of canada is to perform a focused examination and investigations to evaluate a red eye , including the measurement and evaluation of intraocular pressure.16 a similar study assessing the comfort level of canadian family medicine residents with conditions pertaining to otolaryngology / head and neck surgery also revealed low levels of comfort for important conditions and procedures.17 our results reflect the same phenomenon , ie , primary care trainees are not fully comfortable with assessing or managing some of the commonly encountered subspecialty conditions which often require acute management .
when comparing the different modes of instruction ( classroom versus clinic ) , we found that classroom - based instruction had a positive effect on raising comfort in managing ophthalmological cases . perhaps by standardizing and enriching the undergraduate medical education ophthalmology curriculum in medical schools , or by increasing the percentage of ophthalmology teaching during residency
, trainees will be more confident in handling eye - related cases in the primary care setting .
medical schools may consider utilizing innovative methods of education , such as computer - assisted or web - based learning , which has shown promising effectiveness in subspecialty training.18 further studies will have to be conducted to validate newer approaches to knowledge transfer in medical education .
the questionnaire was administered to residents approximately 12 years following the conclusion of their undergraduate medical training .
however , the responses were consistent with previous studies of undergraduate medical education ophthalmology training in other countries , which suggests validity of the results.3,4,6 our sample was limited in that it represented a selection of residents from a single postgraduate institution , although there was representation of graduates from a broad spectrum of domestic and international medical schools
. it would be interesting to compare the level of comfort of residents in different family medicine residency programs .
despite having received an adequate number of hours of ophthalmological instruction according to recommendations by the international council of ophthalmology , family medicine residents lack comfort in managing ophthalmic conditions .
many of these conditions are common and could result in loss of vision if not treated properly , including cataracts , strabismus , pupil abnormalities , acute angle closure glaucoma , and giant cell arteritis .
these specific conditions should be the focus of educational interventions , such as lectures , computer - assisted learning , continuing medical education , and refresher courses .
furthermore , some residents in our study reported having received an inadequate amount of ophthalmological training during their undergraduate medical education . standardizing undergraduate ophthalmology training in canada
will ensure that medical students are graduating with adequate exposure to the subspecialty.5 as primary care practitioners , family physicians play an important role in managing patients with ocular conditions .
given the rising number of elderly patients , focus needs to be placed on training all physicians , including family physicians , to be aware of signs and symptoms of conditions that can lead to vision loss.19 raising family physicians comfort level with ocular conditions will help facilitate the prompt management of ocular conditions and appropriate referrals to ophthalmologists . standardizing undergraduate ophthalmology training and using effective teaching methods tailored towards primary care should help raise the comfort level of family physicians .
more research is needed to evaluate various educational interventions and their effectiveness in increasing comfort in managing and referring ocular conditions .
 background : this cross - sectional survey assessed the adequacy of ophthalmology teaching in undergraduate medical education and evaluated the comfort level of family medicine residents in diagnosing and managing common ophthalmic conditions.methods:postgraduate year 1 and 2 family medicine residents at the university of western ontario were recruited for this study . 
 the main outcome measures were hours of classroom and clinic - based instruction on ophthalmology during undergraduate medical education , and the comfort level in ophthalmic clinical skills and managing various ophthalmic conditions.results:in total , 54 ( 33.3% ) of 162 family medicine residents responded to the survey . 
 residents reported an average of 27.1  35.1 hours and 39.8  47.1 hours of classroom and clinical ophthalmology instruction , respectively . 
 however , most residents ( 80% ) responded as feeling only  somewhat comfortable  or  not at all comfortable  in assessing and managing common ophthalmic conditions , including ocular emergencies , such as acute angle closure glaucoma and ocular chemical burn . 
 a positive correlation was seen between overall comfort level and hours of classroom instruction ( p < 0.05).conclusion : the number of hours of ophthalmology training received by family medicine residents during medical school meets the international council of ophthalmology task force recommendations . however , family medicine residents appear to be uncomfortable in handling treatable but potentially sight - threatening ocular conditions . 
 standardizing the undergraduate medical education ophthalmology curriculum and increasing hours of ophthalmology training during postgraduate family medicine residency may be useful in bridging this gap in knowledge . 
Introduction
Methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Amount of undergraduate ophthalmology teaching
Overall comfort in managing ophthalmological conditions
Hours of instruction versus comfort level
Management of specific ophthalmic conditions and ophthalmic clinical skills
Discussion
Conclusion