records were collected between november 2004 and february 2010 , 
 from 197 client - owned dogs with documented pulmonary edema .
we evaluated the records of the first onset of pulmonary edema ( dyspnea , cough and tachypnea ) in dogs with mitral regurgitation , retrospectively .
dogs were 
 included , if they had been diagnosed with mmvd via a 2-d echocardiographic examination which showed thickening of the mitral valve leaflets , + / evidence of 
 chordal rupture and left ventricular and left atrial dilatation within the first 3 days of hospitalization .
measurements , including fractional shortening   and the la / ao ratio , were obtained from the right parasternal short axis using the 2d view .
thoracic radiographs ( standard lateral 
 and dorsal  ventral ( dv)/ventral  dorsal ( vd ) views ) had to be taken within the initial 3 days of hospitalization for chf to verify the presence of pulmonary edema . 

the patients were required to have current radiographic evidence of pulmonary edema and cardiomegaly ( vertebral heart score ( vhs ) 10.5 ) . during the initial hospitalization period for stabilization of the left side chf ( l - chf ) ,
dogs were excluded from the study , if they died without responses to acute therapy during the initial onset of pulmonary edema . after treatment and recovery of chf ,
the dogs were treated with a combination of diuretics , aceis , digoxin , pimobendan , antiarrhythmics as needed and cough 
 suppressants .
the dogs were divided into one of the following treatment groups for the study : conventional therapy group ( n=84 ) : aceis administered according to the manufacturer s recommended dosages , furosemide ( 2 mg / kg q12hr ) or other loop diuretics at 
 the manufacturer s recommended dosages , and other drugs as needed .
low dose pimobendan ( low - pimo ) group ( n=49 ) : aceis administered according to the manufacturer s recommended dosages , furosemide ( 2 mg / kg q12hr ) or other loop 
 diuretics at the manufacturer s recommended dosages , pimobendan at half the manufacturer s recommended dose ( 0.13 mg / kg [ range 0.050.19 mg / kg ] ) q12hr , and other 
 drugs as needed .
standard dose pimobendan ( standard - pimo ) group ( n=64 ) : aceis administered according to the manufacturer s recommended dosages , furosemide ( 2 mg / kg q12hr ) or 
 other loop diuretics , pimobendan at the recommended dose ( 0.24 mg / kg [ range 0.200.48 mg / kg ] ) q12hr , and other drugs as needed .
the dogs were followed individually , and drug dosages were adjusted according to the needs of each patient . however , neither the aceis nor the pimobendan dosages 
 ( low or standard dose ) were changed .
seventy dogs ( 29 from the low - pimo group and 41 from the standard - pimo group ) were treated with pimobendan immediately after the initial onset of pulmonary 
 edema .
eleven dogs ( eight from the low - pimo group and three from the standard - pimo group ) were treated with pimobendan more than 1 month after initial onset of 
 pulmonary edema .
thirty - two dogs ( 12 from the low - pimo group and 20 from the standard - pimo group ) were treated with pimobendan after the reoccurrence of pulmonary 
 edema .
the primary endpoint was defined as death resulting from an underlying mitral regurgitation , i.e. , death at home with signs of fatal pulmonary edema , or sudden 
 cardiac death likely to have been caused by a fatal arrhythmia or rehospitalization with l - chf and severe pulmonary edema considered unmanageable following up 
 to 3 days of intensive therapy , leading to euthanasia . survival was calculated as the number of days from the first occurrence of l - chf until the verified day 
 of all cause death .
the secondary endpoint of the study was defined as the reoccurrence ( second episode ) of clinical and radiographic signs of l - chf .
additionally , a log - rank test 
 was used to evaluate whether the reoccurrence of pulmonary edema was associated with a worse prognosis .
age , body weight , grade of heart murmur , vhs , la / ao and fs are expressed as the mean  standard deviation .
statmate iii ( statmate iii , atms , co. , ltd . , tokyo , 
 japan )
all continuous baseline variables were compared using bartlett s test and one - way 
 analysis of variance ( one - way anova ) . for categorical data , a  or fisher
the kaplan - meier method was used to estimate the 
 median time to end point for each treatment group and to plot time to event curves .
a log - rank test was used to determine whether there were any significant 
 differences between each group .
the primary endpoint was defined as death resulting from an underlying mitral regurgitation , i.e. , death at home with signs of fatal pulmonary edema , or sudden 
 cardiac death likely to have been caused by a fatal arrhythmia or rehospitalization with l - chf and severe pulmonary edema considered unmanageable following up 
 to 3 days of intensive therapy , leading to euthanasia . survival was calculated as the number of days from the first occurrence of l - chf until the verified day 
 of all cause death .
the secondary endpoint of the study was defined as the reoccurrence ( second episode ) of clinical and radiographic signs of l - chf .
additionally , a log - rank test 
 was used to evaluate whether the reoccurrence of pulmonary edema was associated with a worse prognosis .
age , body weight , grade of heart murmur , vhs , la / ao and fs are expressed as the mean  standard deviation .
statmate iii ( statmate iii , atms , co. , ltd . , tokyo , 
 japan )
all continuous baseline variables were compared using bartlett s test and one - way 
 analysis of variance ( one - way anova ) . for categorical data , a  or fisher
the kaplan - meier method was used to estimate the 
 median time to end point for each treatment group and to plot time to event curves .
a log - rank test was used to determine whether there were any significant 
 differences between each group .
the most commonly recruited breeds were shih tzu ( n=49 ) , maltese ( n=36 ) , chihuahua ( n=18 ) , cavalier 
 king charles spaniel ( n=12 ) , yorkshire terrier ( n=11 ) , miniature dachshund ( n=8 ) , toy poodle ( n=7 ) and pomeranian ( n=7 ) . there were 15 additional breeds and 34 
 mixed - breed dogs .
the median age at initial presentation was 11.8 years ( range , 4.918.1 years ) , and the median body weight was 6.1  3.7 kg ( range , 1.521.1 
 kg ) .
there were no statistically significant differences in the signalment , physical examination , heart size or echocardiographic findings between the 3 groups 
 at initial presentation .
( table 1table 1.initial clinical data from dogs in the three treatment groupsconventional grouplow - dose pimobendan groupstandard - dose pimobendan groupp - valueage ( years)11.7  2.511.8  2.511.9  2.50.89body weight ( kg)5.9  3.86.1  3.66.5  3.70.68sex ( m / nm / f / nf ) ( % ) 42/12/12/1828/4/12/534/11/10/90.35(50/14/14/22)(57/8/25/10)(53/17/16/14)grade of heart murmur4.2  0.84.0  0.64.0  0.70.23thoracic radiographyvhs ( v)11.9  1.111.9 1.012.1 0.80.40echocardiographyla / ao2.3  0.62.4  0.42.1  0.40.08fs ( % ) 47.2 10.147.7  9.945.5  7.80.53presence of tr ( % ) 3826510.09 m , male ; nm , neutered male ; f , female ; nf , neutered female . ) .
m , male ; nm , neutered male ; f , female ; nf , neutered female . there was a significant difference in the number of dogs in the low - pimo group ( 28/49 : 57% ) treated with spironolactone compared to the standard - pimo group 
 ( 16/64 : 25% ) and the conventional group ( 5/84 : 6% ) ( p<0.001 ) .
there were significantly fewer dogs ( p<0.01 ) treated with 
 bronchodilators in the standard - pimo group ( 9/64 : 14% ) than in the low - pimo ( 15/49 : 31% ) and conventional ( 31/84 : 37% ) groups .
150 dogs ( 76% ) died spontaneously of cardiac related causes , 2 dogs ( 1% ) were 
 euthanized for cardiac related causes , 5 dogs ( 3% ) died of renal failure , and 1 dog ( 0.5% ) died from a neoplasm .
thirty - nine dogs ( 21% ) were censored , because 
 37 dogs ( 19% ) were alive at the termination of the study and 2 dogs ( 1% ) had received mitral valve repair surgery . in both of the groups administered pimobendan , the survival times were significantly prolonged compared to the conventional group ( p<0.001 ) 
 ( fig .
1.kaplan-meier survival curve . in both of the groups administered pimobendan , the survival times were significantly longer than those in the conventional 
 group . ) .
the median survival times for the standard - pimo , low - pimo and conventional groups were 334 , 277 and 136 days , and the 1-year survival rates were 46% , 
 37% and 23% , respectively .
there was no significant difference between the standard- and low - pimo groups . kaplan - meier survival curve . in both of the groups administered pimobendan ,
thirty - two dogs ( 12 from the low - pimo group and 20 from the standard - pimo group ) were excluded from the analysis , because pimobendan was initiated after the 
 reoccurrence of pulmonary edema .
the reoccurrence rates of pulmonary edema for the standard - pimo , low - pimo and conventional groups were 43% ( 19/44 ) , 59% ( 22/37 ) 
 and 62% ( 52/84 ) , respectively .
the standard - pimo group showed a significant reduction in the reoccurrence of pulmonary edema compared to the low - pimo and 
 conventional groups .
the death rates from the reoccurrence of pulmonary edema were as follows : standard ( 9% ) , low ( 11% ) and conventional ( 24% ) therapy .
thus , 
 the inclusion of pimobendan in addition to conventional therapy for chf was negatively correlated to death as a result of reoccurring pulmonary edema .
the group that had reoccurrence of pulmonary edema ( n=93 ) had significantly shorter survival times compared with the group that had non - reoccurrence ( n=72 ) 
 ( p<0.05 ) .
the most commonly recruited breeds were shih tzu ( n=49 ) , maltese ( n=36 ) , chihuahua ( n=18 ) , cavalier 
 king charles spaniel ( n=12 ) , yorkshire terrier ( n=11 ) , miniature dachshund ( n=8 ) , toy poodle ( n=7 ) and pomeranian ( n=7 ) . there were 15 additional breeds and 34 
 mixed - breed dogs .
the median age at initial presentation was 11.8 years ( range , 4.918.1 years ) , and the median body weight was 6.1  3.7 kg ( range , 1.521.1 
 kg ) .
there were no statistically significant differences in the signalment , physical examination , heart size or echocardiographic findings between the 3 groups 
 at initial presentation .
( table 1table 1.initial clinical data from dogs in the three treatment groupsconventional grouplow - dose pimobendan groupstandard - dose pimobendan groupp - valueage ( years)11.7  2.511.8  2.511.9  2.50.89body weight ( kg)5.9  3.86.1  3.66.5  3.70.68sex ( m / nm / f / nf ) ( % ) 42/12/12/1828/4/12/534/11/10/90.35(50/14/14/22)(57/8/25/10)(53/17/16/14)grade of heart murmur4.2  0.84.0  0.64.0  0.70.23thoracic radiographyvhs ( v)11.9  1.111.9 1.012.1 0.80.40echocardiographyla / ao2.3  0.62.4  0.42.1  0.40.08fs ( % ) 47.2 10.147.7  9.945.5  7.80.53presence of tr ( % ) 3826510.09 m , male ; nm , neutered male ; f , female ; nf , neutered female . ) .
m , male ; nm , neutered male ; f , female ; nf , neutered female . there was a significant difference in the number of dogs in the low - pimo group ( 28/49 : 57% ) treated with spironolactone compared to the standard - pimo group 
 ( 16/64 : 25% ) and the conventional group ( 5/84 : 6% ) ( p<0.001 ) .
there were significantly fewer dogs ( p<0.01 ) treated with 
 bronchodilators in the standard - pimo group ( 9/64 : 14% ) than in the low - pimo ( 15/49 : 31% ) and conventional ( 31/84 : 37% ) groups .
150 dogs ( 76% ) died spontaneously of cardiac related causes , 2 dogs ( 1% ) were 
 euthanized for cardiac related causes , 5 dogs ( 3% ) died of renal failure , and 1 dog ( 0.5% ) died from a neoplasm .
thirty - nine dogs ( 21% ) were censored , because 
 37 dogs ( 19% ) were alive at the termination of the study and 2 dogs ( 1% ) had received mitral valve repair surgery .
in both of the groups administered pimobendan , the survival times were significantly prolonged compared to the conventional group ( p<0.001 ) 
 ( fig . 1fig .
1.kaplan-meier survival curve . in both of the groups administered pimobendan , the survival times were significantly longer than those in the conventional 
 group . ) .
the median survival times for the standard - pimo , low - pimo and conventional groups were 334 , 277 and 136 days , and the 1-year survival rates were 46% , 
 37% and 23% , respectively .
there was no significant difference between the standard- and low - pimo groups . kaplan - meier survival curve . in both of the groups administered pimobendan ,
thirty - two dogs ( 12 from the low - pimo group and 20 from the standard - pimo group ) were excluded from the analysis , because pimobendan was initiated after the 
 reoccurrence of pulmonary edema .
the reoccurrence rates of pulmonary edema for the standard - pimo , low - pimo and conventional groups were 43% ( 19/44 ) , 59% ( 22/37 ) 
 and 62% ( 52/84 ) , respectively .
the standard - pimo group showed a significant reduction in the reoccurrence of pulmonary edema compared to the low - pimo and 
 conventional groups .
the death rates from the reoccurrence of pulmonary edema were as follows : standard ( 9% ) , low ( 11% ) and conventional ( 24% ) therapy .
thus , 
 the inclusion of pimobendan in addition to conventional therapy for chf was negatively correlated to death as a result of reoccurring pulmonary edema .
the group that had reoccurrence of pulmonary edema ( n=93 ) had significantly shorter survival times compared with the group that had non - reoccurrence ( n=72 ) 
 ( p<0.05 ) .
pimobendan is frequently added to the conventional treatment regimen in dogs with clinical signs associated with mmvd
. however , there has been no study 
 documenting the efficacy of pimobendan in combination therapy .
we retrospectively investigated the survival times after the initial onset of pulmonary edema in 
 dogs with mmvd .
the present study compared the impact of two different dose ranges of pimobendan with the efficacy of conventional treatment .
the prognosis of dogs diagnosed with severe mitral regurgitation is very poor , and the median survival time is less than 7 months [ 5 , 19 ] .
therefore , the efficacy of new treatment regimens was evaluated by observing whether there was an 
 increase in survival times . in the present study , the median survival times for the standard - pimo , low - pimo and conventional groups were 334 , 277 and 136 days , 
 respectively .
this study showed that pimobendan administered in addition to conventional treatment increased the survival of dogs with chf due to mmvd by 2.5 
 times .
these results are consistent with previously reported studies that have examined the effects of pimobendan monotherapy . at similar doses ,
although it is difficult to directly compare previous 
 studies due to the differences in study criteria , our data suggest that the combination therapy of pimobendan with conventional treatment ( including aceis ) is 
 more effective than conventional therapy alone ( including aceis ) .
a previous study suggested that pimobendan may increase mr under clinical conditions and may induce ventricular hypertrophy .
another study reported that pimobendan may worsen valve regurgitation in dogs with asymptomatic mmvd compared to aceis .
the efficacy of pimobendan in asymptomatic dogs with mmvd still needs to be 
 confirmed . in our study , symptomatic dogs with mmvd demonstrated a longer survival time when on either the standard dose or low dose pimobendan .
the clinical 
 signs associated with high - dose ( 2.621.3 mg / kg ) pimobendan toxicosis have been reported   and include cardiovascular 
 abnormalities , such as severe tachycardia , hypotension and hypertension . however , these adverse effects of pimobendan were not observed in any of the dogs in this 
 study .
the other drugs did not show any influence on the survival time in the multivariate analysis .
previous reports have indicated the effectiveness of aceis as a 
 medical treatment for mmvd [ 2 , 11 ] , and the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of 
 canine chronic valvular heart disease recommend the use of diuretics and aceis in the treatment of chf . at present , 
 these medications make up the standard drug treatment regimen for dogs with chf .
aceis and loop diuretics were used in the treatment of many dogs in this study . 

thus , the current study is important in clarifying the efficacy of combining pimobendan with other conventional therapies .
the positive inotropic effect of digoxin leads to increased oxygen consumption by 
 the myocardium , however , studies on the effect of combined pimobendan and digoxin therapy have not yet been published .
spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist 
 that has a positive effect on survival in dogs with naturally occurring mr caused by mmvd .
our study does not address the effect of combination therapy with 
 pimobendan and digoxin or aldosterone antagonists , such as spironolactone or torsemide , and further studies are required to address the impact of combined 
 pimobendan and concomitant drug therapy .
our study showed that the reoccurrence 
 rate of pulmonary edema was associated with a shorter survival time .
the present study investigated the efficacy of combination therapy including pimobendan to 
 reduce the reoccurrence of pulmonary edema .
we found that the standard dose range of pimobendan ( 0.200.48 mg / kg ) was associated with a significantly lower rate 
 of reoccurrence of pulmonary edema compared to conventional treatment .
these data are consistent with the fact that pimobendan reduces left atrial diameter   and left atrial pressure .
the positive inotropic effects of pimobendan have 
 been observed using 0.1 mg / kg administered orally , and pimobendan was administered at this concentration . in addition , 
 a higher dose ( 0.5 mg / kg ) of pimobendan has been shown to decrease left atrial pressure to a higher degree .
this retrospective study supports the benefits of adding the standard dose ( 0.25 mg / kg q12hr ) 
 of pimobendan to a conventional therapy regimen to reduce pulmonary edema and improve disease prognosis .
this was a retrospective study , and therefore , we did not have any control over the composition and dosage 
 of the conventional treatment or of the dosage and timing of pimobendan introduction into the treatment regimen .
these factors brought considerable variability 
 into the analysis of the combination treatment . nonetheless , this study confirmed the benefits of pimobendan and supports the use of standard - dose pimobendan and 
 combination therapy over conventional treatment .
another limitation in this study is that sodium intake in each individual patient was not measured . in conclusion ,
pimobendan in combination with conventional therapy significantly prolongs the survival time after the initial onset of pulmonary edema in dogs 
 with chf caused by mmvd .
 the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pimobendan with conventional therapies on survival and reocurrence of pulmonary edema in dogs with 
 congestive heart failure ( chf ) caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease ( mmvd ) . 
 records of 197 client - owned dogs from 14 veterinary hospitals were included in 
 this study . 
 dogs were administered conventional treatments with or without pimobendan . 
 sixty - four dogs received a standard dose of pimobendan ( 0.200.48 mg / kg 
 every 12 hr ( q12hr ) ) , 49 dogs received a low dose of pimobendan ( 0.050.19 mg / kg q12hr ) , and 84 dogs received conventional therapy alone . 
 dogs in the 
 standard - dose and low - dose pimobendan groups had significantly longer median survival times than dogs in the conventional group ( 334 , 277 and 136 days , 
 respectively ; p<0.001 ) . 
 the reoccurrence rate of pulmonary edema in the standard - dose group was significantly lower than in the low - dose and 
 conventional groups ( 43% , 59% and 62% , respectively ; p<0.05 ) . combination of pimobendan with a conventional treatment regimen significantly 
 prolonged survival time after an initial episode of pulmonary edema in dogs with chf caused by mmvd . 
 there was no difference in survival between dogs 
 administered standard and low doses of pimobendan , but pimobendan did prevent the reoccurrence of pulmonary edema in a dose - dependent manner . 
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Endpoints of the study
Statistical analysis
RESULTS
Population characteristics
Impact of pimobendan combination therapy on the survival rate
Impact of pimobendan combination therapy on the reocurrence of pulmonary edema
DISCUSSION