the author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest .
 amphibians are important vertebrates in toxicology often representing both aquatic and terrestrial forms within the life history of the same species . of the thousands of species , only two have substantial genomics resources : the recently published genome of the pipid , xenopus ( silurana ) tropicalis , and transcript information ( and ongoing genome sequencing project ) of xenopus laevis . 
 however , many more species representative of regional ecological niches and life strategies are used in toxicology worldwide . since xenopus species diverged from the most populous frog family , the ranidae , ~200 million years ago , there are notable differences between them and the even more distant caudates ( salamanders ) and caecilians . 
 these differences include genome size , gene composition , and extent of polyploidization . 
 application of toxicogenomics to amphibians requires the mobilization of resources and expertise to develop de novo sequence assemblies and analysis strategies for a broader range of amphibian species . 
 the present mini - review will present the advances in toxicogenomics as pertains to amphibians with particular emphasis upon the development and use of genomic techniques ( inclusive of transcriptomics , proteomics , and metabolomics ) and the challenges inherent therein . 
Conflict of Interest Statement