lateral elbow pain is common with a population prevalence of 1%3%.1 the peak incidence occurs at around 4050 years of age group and in women aged 4246 years , incidence increases to 10%.23 in the uk , the netherlands , and scandinavia , the annual incidence of lateral elbow pain in general practice is 4 - 7/1000 population.345 the term was coined in 1883 as  lawn - tennis elbow.6 inflammatory cells are not found in the tendon tissues ; therefore , nirschl et al . coined the term 
angiofibroblastic tendinosis  to describe this condition.78 its common name , tennis elbow , is somewhat of a misnomer because the condition is often work related and occurs in athletes and nonathletes alike.9 the condition starts as a micro - tear in extensor carpi radialis brevis.10 acute onset of symptoms occurs more often in young athletes ; chronic , recalcitrant symptoms typically occur in older patients.9 conservative measures are undertaken initially because symptoms in most patients improve with time and rest .
those who fail to respond to conservative therapy are considered for surgical treatment.11 the goals of nonoperative treatment are to revitalize the unhealthy pain producing tendinosis tissue.10 nonoperative treatment includes rehabilitative resistance exercise with progression of the exercise program,10 corticosteroid injection,12 autologous blood injection,13 extracorporeal shock wave therapy,14 botulinum toxin injection,15 and hyaluronic acid with chondroitin sulfate injection.16 platelets , an important reservoir of growth factors in the body , play an important role in many processes such as coagulation , immune response , angiogenesis , and the healing of damaged tissues .
numerous proteins are contained in the alpha - granules of platelets : platelet - derived growth factor , transforming growth factor , platelet factor interleukin , platelet - derived angiogenesis factor , vascular endothelial growth factor , epidermal growth factor , insulin - like growth factor , and fibronectin.17 single or multiple injections of platelet - rich plasma ( prp ) have been shown to be of significance in the management of tennis elbow .
randomized controlled trial comparing efficacy of prp with other modalities will validate the usefulness of prp in lateral epicondylitis ( le).18
the study was conducted from august 2013 to may 2015 at our institution after getting ethical committee clearance .
patients in the age group of 2050 years of either sex who were clinically having symptoms suggestive of tennis elbow were included in the study .
patients who had received any previous treatment in the form of local injections of steroid were excluded from the study .
patients who were suffering from symptoms of pain around the elbow due to other reasons such as inflammatory arthropathies , posterior interosseous nerve syndrome , osteochondritis dissecans of elbow , elbow pain referred from cervical spine , or ipsilateral shoulder were excluded from the study .
all patients were subjected to routine blood investigation including the markers for inflammatory arthropathy and radiographic examinations of cervical spine , ipsilateral shoulder , and the elbow under study .
patients clinically diagnosed to have tennis elbow and after excluding all other causes of elbow pain were subjected to ultrasonographic examination of the elbow under study to confirm the diagnosis of tennis elbow .
the findings involve hypoechoic signal from the extensor tendons suggestive of edema of the extensor tendon in all cases .
first group of patients was given autologous prp , the second group was given steroid triamcinolone , and the third group of patients was given normal saline injection as the placebo .
the results were recorded by visual analog scale ( vas ) score and facial pain scale ( fps ) .
the scores were recorded in the prepared pro forma on the day of injection before giving the injection , then after 12 weeks and after 24 weeks .
patients were advised for rest during initial 2 weeks in the form of refraining from strenuous activities by the extremity under study after the injection .
bilateral cases were injected simultaneously , and the postinjection protocol was same . to prepare prp around 15 ml of patient 's blood was obtained by drawing blood through a scalp vein catheter to avoid turbulence while drawing the blood .
the lower halves of the supernatant from all the three tubes are transferred into another plain tube for the second spin .
one milliliter of lower half was taken into a 1 ml syringe having 0.1 ml of calcium chloride . at the end of preparation of prp
the samples were sent for platelet count and the count compared with patient 's platelet count .
the second group was given 1 ml of triamcinolone , and the third group was given 1 ml of normal saline .
the site of injection was 5 mm distal to the lateral epicondyle in the extensor tendons , particularly extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon [ figure 1 ] .
one milliliter of 2% lignocaine with adrenaline was injected at the injection site after giving test dose .
if any resistance was felt during the injection , the needle is withdrawn a bit and again injected .
eighty patients including 49 females and 31 males in the age group of 2040 years with ninety elbows were included in the study .
out of the 49 females with 53 elbows , 18 received prp , 18 received triamcinolone , and 17 received normal saline . out of the 31 males with 37 elbows under study ,
12 received prp , 12 received triamcinolone , and 13 received normal saline . for statistical analysis ,
1 , no . 2 , and no . 3 to represent prp , triamcinolone , and normal saline . kruskal 
wallis test was used to compare the result among all the three groups as shown in tables 1 and 2 .
if we analyze the mean ranks , we can see that the mean ranks in all the three groups are similar on the day of injection for both vas and fps scores . at 12-week followup ,
the vas score mean ranks in prp group and triamcinolone group improved by 33% and 28.5% , respectively [ figures 2 and 3 ] .
similarly , at 12 weeks , the improvements in fps scores were 34% and 23% , respectively , in prp and triamcinolone group .
at 24-week followup , the vas score mean ranks in prp group and triamcinolone group improved by 49% and 5% , respectively .
similarly , at 24 weeks , the improvements in fps scores were 50% and 3% , respectively , in prp and triamcinolone group .
the normal saline group showed worsening of results in vas score and in fps score at 12 weeks and 24 weeks .
hence , the pain scores improved in both prp and triamcinolone group but worsened in the normal saline group at both 12- and 24-week followup . at 24 weeks , the improvement in pain was more with prp than with triamcinolone where most patients had a relapse of pain . kruskal - wallis test to compare the result among all the three groups kruskal - wallis test to compare the result among all the three groups a line diagram showing mean visual analog scale for different time points between groups a line diagram showing mean facial pain scale for different time points between groups we calculated the p values in table 2 which showed that on the day of injection , it is not significant for both vas score ( p = 0.517 ) and fps score ( p = 0.960 ) . hence , on the day of injection , there was no significant difference in pain relief . however , at both 12 weeks and 24 weeks
as both prp and triamcinolone showed improvement in mean ranks , we conclude that prp and triamcinolone showed statistically significant improvement in pain scores than placebo at 12 weeks and 24 weeks .
whitney u test was used to compare vas and fps scores between prp and triamcinolone .
the mean ranks of both vas and fps scores in prp group showed 1.138% and 4% improvement at 12 weeks , and at 24 weeks , 25% and 28% improvement , respectively .
the differences in result were not significant at 12 weeks ( p = 0.955 and 0.496 ) , but at 24 weeks , significant ( p < 0.001 ) for fps scores and for vas scores ( p = 0.001 ) .
mann - whitney u - test ranks of visual analog scale and facial pain scale between platelet - rich plasma as one and triamcinolone as two mann - whitney u - test statistics to compare visual analogue scale and facial pain scale between platelet - rich plasma and triamcinolone ( grouping variable : injection given ) similarly , when we compared the vas and fps scores between prp and placebo with mann 
whitney u test [ tables 5 and 6 ] , we found that the mean ranks of both vas and fps scores in prp group showed 47.4% and 47.19% improvement at 12 weeks , and at 24 weeks , 48.17% and 46.86% improvement , respectively .
however , the mean ranks of both vas and fps scores in normal saline group showed worsening at 12 weeks and at 24 weeks .
the differences in result were significant ( p < 0.001 ) at both 12 weeks and 24 weeks for both vas and fps scores .
mann - whitney u - test ranks to compare visual analogue scale and facial pain scale between platelet - rich plasma as one and placebo as three mann - whitney u - test statistics to compare visual analogue scale and facial pain scale between platelet - rich plasma and placebo ( grouping variable : injection given ) 
 table 7 shows p values among different groups on comparison .
summary of p values among different pairs of groups post hoc analysis was done for the study as shown in figures 2 and 3 , which showed a significant difference between vas and fps scores of prp group than triamcinolone and normal saline group at 24 weeks , but at 12 weeks , the scores were not significant between prp and triamcinolone groups .
consort diagram ( flow chart ) of the study no complications were found in the group receiving prp and placebo .
however , out of thirty elbows given triamcinolone hypopigmentation at the injection site was found in 13 patients with associated subdermal atrophy in 3 patients [ figure 5 ] .
le is the most common cause of lateral elbow pain in adults that is encountered in day - to - day practice by most orthopedic surgeons .
although it is typically a self - limiting process , there are many nonsurgical and surgical treatment options available if le becomes chronic and continues to cause pain.9 with evolution of various nonsurgical options available for treatment of tennis elbow , prp injection has been shown to be a promising option in various multicenter studies . however , there are conflicting reports that state that prp might not be as effective as predicted .
krogh et al . in their study concluded that at 3-month followup , there was no significant reduction in pain in any of the three groups .
the injection of prp was the most painful.19 however , brkljac et al . in their study concluded that an injection of prp improves pain and function in patients suffering from le where conservative management has failed.20 similarly , raeissadat et al . in their study found that prp and autologous whole blood injections are both effective methods to treat chronic le and their efficacy persisted during long term followup .
prp was not superior to awb in long term followup.21 peerbooms et al . in their study
after 1-year followup found that treatment of patients with chronic le with prp reduces pain and significantly increases function , exceeding the effect of corticosteroid injection.22 gosens et al . in their study concluded that treatment of patients with chronic le with prp reduces pain and increases function significantly , exceeding the effect of corticosteroid injection even after a followup of 2 years .
in their study concluded that prp injection can improve pain and lower the risk of complications , whereas autologous blood injection can improve pain , disabilities scores , and pressure pain threshold but has a higher risk of complications.24 in our study , we found that at 12-week followup , the pain relief was better in both prp and corticosteroid injection groups as compared with the normal saline group , but at 24-week followup , the pain relief was maintained better with prp than corticosteroid .
patients who had received steroid were asymptomatic at 3-month followup , but at 6-month followup , 33.33% patients complained of a recurrence of pain symptoms that was more than 50% of the initial vas and fps score . in prp group , only 13.33% of patients were symptomatic with vas score and fps score more than 50% of the initial value .
krogh et al . in their study concluded that the injection of prp was the most painful.19 mishra and pavelko in their study concluded that treatment of patients with chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered prp reduced pain significantly .
they initially injected bupivacaine with epinephrine into the skin and subcutaneous tissue as a local field block and then 0.5 ml directly into the area of maximum tenderness .
then , 23 ml prp was injected using a 22-gauge needle into the common extensor tendon using a peppering technique .
this technique involved a single skin portal and then five penetrations of the tendon.25 in our study , we used 2% xylocaine local infiltration before injection in all three groups and injection was given at the common extensor tendon using peppering technique .
concluded that prp appeared to enable biological healing of the lesion , whereas corticosteroid appeared to provide short term , symptomatic relief but resulted in tendon degeneration.26 park et al . in their study concluded that 1.3%4% people develop hypopigmentation which develops over the initial 14 months after the injection and resolves spontaneously over 630 months .
subcutaneous fat atrophy is known to last for 612 months after corticosteroid injection , and it is known to be reversible and resolved within 1 year.27 our study found that 13 patients out of the thirty patients who received corticosteroid suffered from hypopigmentation at injection site , and three patients suffered from subdermal atrophy .
the limitation of the study is that sample size needed for the study was not calculated .
the efficacy of single injection of prp to relieve the pain of tennis elbow is better than triamcinolone or placebo over a short term followup period .
however , still more studies are required at different centers by different research groups to establish the efficacy of prp over long term followup period , and multicenter randomized controlled trial would further strengthen evidence - based practice in treatment of le or tennis elbow .
 background : lateral elbow pain is common with a population prevalence of 1%3% . 
 the study was a comparative trial to validate the efficacy of single injection of platelet - rich plasma ( prp ) for tennis elbow as compared with single injections of triamcinolone and placebo ( normal saline ) over a short term period.materials and methods : comparative trial with 3- and 6-month followup evaluated with visual analog scale ( vas ) and facial pain scale ( fps ) . 
 our study included a total of eighty patients with unilateral or bilateral tennis elbows . 
 the study population included patients between 20 and 40 years age group belonging to either sex with seventy unilateral and ten bilateral affections for more than 3-month duration . patients suffering from elbow pain due to other problems or those who have received any form of injection were excluded from the study . 
 one milliliter of 2% xylocaine injection was given before injecting the proposed formulation under trial . 
 vas and fps were used for scoring pain . 
 kruskal  
 wallis test and mann  whitney u - tests were used for statistical analyses at 12 and 24 weeks.results:overall , 49 females and 31 males were included with thirty elbows in each group . both the prp and triamcinolone groups had better pain relief at 3 and 6 months as compared to normal saline group ( p < 0.05 ) , but at 6 months followup , the prp group had statistically significant better pain relief than triamcinolone group . in the triamcinolone group , 
 13 patients had injection site hypopigmentation and 3 patients had subdermal atrophy.conclusion:over a short term period , prp gives better pain relief than triamcinolone or normal saline in tennis elbow which needs to be validated over long term period by further studies . 
I
M
R
D
C
Financial support and sponsorship
Conflicts of interest