
 multiple sclerosis ( ms ) is a chronic neurological disease that affects brain and spinal cord .
it is estimated that women are affected three times more than men ( 1 ) . 
 
 ms damages the myelin sheath involving the white matters of central nervous system .
tentorial incisure ( also known as the tentorial notch or incisura tentorii ) refers to an extension of one of the membranes covering the cerebrum which , with the transverse fissure , separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum .
they can detect subclinical lesions and provide information on the function of different parts of the nervous system ( 4 ) . 
 

vestibular evoked myogenic potentials ( vemps ) are short - latency myogenic responses which are evoked by brief pulses of air conducted ( ac ) acoustic signals , bone conducted ( bc ) vibration or electrical stimulus .
vemps are recorded via surface electrodes over surface of muscles such as sternocleidomastoid ( scm ) ( 5 ) .
cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential ( cvemp ) was first described by colebatch et al ( 1992 ) , and now has become an accepted test of vestibular functions . the cvemps are recorded from the scm or trapezius muscles ( 5 ) .
an auditory tone burst stimulation leads to activation of the saccular vestibular neurons , which in turn cause a modulation of tonic muscle activity of the scm muscle .
the measurement of the vemps requires tonic contraction of ipsilateral scm muscle ( 6 ) .
the cvemp response has two main peaks , labeled p13 and n23 ( 7 ) . 
 
 in recent decade vemps
have been recorded from the extraocular muscles ( ocular or ovemp ) ( 8 , 9 ) . in this test
the responses are believed to be originated from the otoliths and they contributed to the linear vestibular 
the primary ovemp projection appears to be crossed and the initial negative peak occurred at about 10 ms . 
 

studies have shown infratentorial plays an important role in the transition , perception and interpretation of vestibular information and also both the vestibule - ocular and vestibulocolic pathways pass from this area .
therefore , the lesions in this region can significantly impact on the balance and cvemp and ovemp .
since the impact of plaque(s ) in the infratentorial on the cvemp and ovemp is not investigated , the aim of this study was to compare cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in multiple sclerosis patients with and without infratentorial plaque(s ) and compare the findings with normal controls . 


 in this cross- sectional study cvemp and ovemp were performed on 15 healthy female subjects with mean age of 31.139.27 years , 17 female patients with definite ms according to the mc donald criteria 2005 , with infratentorial plaque(s ) with mean age of 29.888.93 years and 17 female ms patients with definite ms without infratentorial plaque(s ) with mean age of 30.588.02 years . 
 

mc donald criteria 2005 incorporated magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) into the well - established diagnostic workup that focuses on detailed neurological history and examination and a variety of paraclinical laboratory examinations such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis ( 11 , 12 ) . 
 
 all tests of the present study did from october to december 2013 in tehran university of medical science . 
 

subjects with abnormal audiometric results ( hearing thresholds worse than 20 db hl)(13 ) , with a history of seizures , depression , and head trauma and neck or eye movement limitation like strabismus and cervical arthritis were excluded .
all patients underwent a complete clinical neurological evaluation and brain mri scanning within three weeks .
then patients were divided into two groups consisting of patients with and without infratentorial plaque(s ) . 
 
 to record cvemps ,
subjects were sat on a comfortable chair , turned their head opposite to the side of the stimulated ear in order to flex the scm muscle .
subjects pushing with their jaw against the hand - held inflated cuff to generate a 40 millimeter of mercury cuff pressure ( 14 ) . after cleaning the skin active surface electrode
was placed on the upper half of each scm muscle with a reference electrode over the upper sternum and a ground electrode over central forehead(15 ) ( figure1 ) .
cervical vemps were recorded from ipsilateral scm muscle ( from the stimulated side ) in response to ac 500 hz short tone burst delivered via insert earphones at 95 db nhl . 
 

for each eye the active recording electrode was placed on the infraorbital ridge 1 cm below the center of each lower eyelid and the reference was positioned about 1 - 2 cm below the active one and ground electrode was placed on the sternum ( 16 ) ( fig.1 ) . during recording , the subjects were instructed to look upward at a small fixed target > 2 m from the eyes , with a vertical visual angle of approximately 30- 35 degrees above the horizontal plane ( 17 ) .
contraction of contralateral extraocular muscle was monitored with degree of visual angle ( 18 ) . 
  
electrodes in cvemp and ovemp 
 ocular vemps were recorde d over the contralateral extraocular muscle ( from the stimulated side ) in response to ac 500 hz short tone burst delivered via insert earphones at 95 db nhl .
data were analyzed using one way anova and paired t - test because the distribution of data was normal according to the kolmogrov - smirnov test and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant .
tehran university of medical sciences ethical committee approved this study , and informal consent was obtained from each subjects . 


 the mean latency and amplitude of p13 , n23 , n1 and p1 in all participants have been showed in table 1 . sample of cvemps and ovemps in three groups are shown in fig .
2 . 
   sample of cvemps and ovemps in control group ( a&b ) , in ms patients without infratentorial plaques ( c&d ) and in ms patients with infratentorial plaques ( e&f ) 
 in the control group cvemps and ovemp were recorded from both sides of all participants .
analysis showed no significant differences between the mean latency and amplitude of p13 , n23 , n1 and p1 in right and left side ( p>0.05 ) . 
 
 in multiple sclerosis patients without infratentorial plaques
cvemps were recorded from both sides of all patients but ovemp were recorded from both sides in 64.7% ( n=11 ) patients and recorded from one side in 11% ( n=2 ) patients and not recorded bilaterally in 23.5% patients ( n=4 ) .
statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the mean latency and amplitude of p13 , n23 , n1 and p1 in right and left side ( p>0.05 ) . 
 
 in multiple sclerosis patients with infratentorial plaques
cvemps were recorded from both sides in 59.0% ( n=10 ) of patients and from one side in 17% ( n=3 ) of patients and not recorded in 23.5% ( n=4 ) of patients .
ocular vemps were recorded from both sides in 23.5% ( n=4 ) of patients and recorded from one side in 23.5% ( n=4 ) of patients and not recorded in 52.59% ( n=9 ) of patients .
analysis showed no significant differences between the mean latency and amplitude of p13 , n23 , n1 and p1 in right and left side ( p>0.05 ) . 
 

statistical analysis showed the latency of n1 , p1 and p13 in multiple sclerosis with and without infratentorial plaques were significantly prolonged compared to normal controls ( p<0.001 ) .
also latency of p13 , n23 , n1 and p1 in ms patients with infratentorial plaques were significantly prolonged compared to patients without infratentorial plaques subjects ( p<0.001 ) .
there was no significant difference in the mean amplitude of both ovemp & cvemp between ms patients with infratentorial plaque(s ) and ms patients without infratentorial plaque(s ) ( p>0.05 ) . 


 the aim of the present study was to evaluate cvemp & ovemp in ms patients with and without infratentorial plaques and compare the findings with normal controls . 
 

the latency of n1-p1-p13 were significantly longer in ms patients with and without infratentorial plaque(s ) compared to control subjects and latency of p13-n23-n1&p1 in ms patients with infratentorial plaques were significantly prolonged compared to patients without infratentorial plaques .
prolonged latency of vemps in ms patients has been reported in previous studies ( 18 - 21 ) . only latency of n23peak of ms patient without infratentorial plaque(s ) was not significantly different compared to normal controls probably because of larger normal limits which has been reported in previous studies ( 21 ) .
are not specific for ms and can not help distinguish ms from other etiologies ( 18 , 22 , 23 ) . delays of latency in vemps have been seen in other neurological disease that affecting brainstem such as stroke and tumors(24 ) . 
 

overall in the present study 64.25% had some form of cvemp abnormality and 85.66% had some form of ovemp abnormality in ms patients with infratentorial plaque(s ) . in ms
patients without infratentorial plaque(s ) abnormality of cvemp & ovemp were seen in 18.26% and 45.28% of patients , respectively .
data showed ocular vemps are often abnormal in patients with infratentorial plaques , because ocular vemp pathway passes through the brainstem which is in the infratentorial zone .
the abnormality percentage of ovemps was higher than that of the cvemps in our study in both ms patient groups .
our results showed that ovemps is more sensitive than cvemps in ms(18 , 20 ) . 
 

clinically silent lesions can explain physiologic changes that are not accompanied by physical signs or symptoms .
perhaps small demyelinating lesions not detected by mri can produce slow nerve conduction velocity ( 18 , 19 , 21 , 23 ) .
were seen in 73.43% and ovemp abnormalities were seen in 94.11% of ms patients with infratentorial plaque(s ) . most common abnormality found in ms patients with infratentorial plaque(s ) was absent response and the other abnormality was latency prolongation .
however severe demyelinizing lesions can cause conduction block or desynchronized conduction ( 19 , 21 ) . 
 

there were no statistically significant differences between the mean amplitude of cvemp and ovemp of both ms groups with normal subjects .
this vemp parameter in ms patient is not a proper diagnostic criteria because other variables such as muscle contraction and stimulus intensity can affect it ( 18 , 23 , 25 ) .
amplitudes of vemps responses should not be used alone and should be interpreted together with latency values in ms patients ( 23 ) . 


 findings of the current study showed that abnormality of both cvemp and ovemp in ms patient with infratentorial plaque are more than that of ms patient without infratentorial plaque .
recording both ocular and cervical vemps are appropriate electrophysiological methods assessing the function of both ascending and descending central vestibular pathways in diagnosis , monitoring disease progression and rehabilitation in ms patients . 

 
 background : multiple sclerosis ( ms ) is a chronic neurological disease that affects brain and spinal 
 cord . 
 the infratentorial region contains the cerebellum and brainstem . 
 vestibular evoked myogenic 
 potentials ( vemps ) are short - latency myogenic responses . 
 cervical vestibular evoked myogenic 
 potential ( cvemp ) is a manifestation of vestibulocolic reflex and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic 
 potential ( ovemp ) contributes to the linear vestibular  ocular reflex . 
 the aim of this study was to 
 evaluate cvemp and ovemp in ms patients with and without infratentorial plaques and compare 
 the findings with normal controls . 

 
 methods : in this cross - sectional study , latency and amplitude of cvemp and ovemp were recorded 
 in 15 healthy females with mean age of 31.139.27 years , 17 female ms patients with infratentorial 
 plaque(s ) and mean age of 29.888.93 years , and 17 female ms patients without infratentorial 
 plaque(s ) and mean age of 30.588.02 years . 
 all patients underwent a complete clinical neurological 
 evaluation and brain mri scanning . 
 simple random sampling method was used in this study and data 
 were analyzed using one way anova through spss v22 . 


 
 results : the latency of n1-p1 and p13 in ms participants with and without infratentorial plaques 
 were significantly prolonged compared to normal controls ( p<0.001 ) 
 . additionally latency of p13- 
 n23-n1 and p1 in ms patients with infratentorial plaques were significantly prolonged compared to 
 patients without infratentorial plaques subjects ( p<0.001 ) . 

 
 conclusion : abnormality of both cvemp and ovemp in ms patient with infratentorial plaque are 
 more than that of ms patient without infratentorial plaque . recording both ocular and cervical 
 vemps are appropriate electrophysiologic methods assessing the function of both ascending and 
 descending central vestibular pathways . 
 
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion