, poor wound healing may retard return to work or daily activities.5 during the early period after hemorrhoidectomy , patients usually need analgesics medication to relieve postoperative pain and discomfort.6 sitz bath with warm water was well accepted as a safe postoperative care after anal surgery and routinely utilized to relieve postoperative pain and promote wound healing during the posthemorrhoidectomy period.7,8 however , recent studies have revealed that warm sitz bath did not relieve pain , promote wound healing or reduce consumption of analgesics after anal surgery but offered only a significant relief in anal burning and a marginally higher satisfaction score.9,10 traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) has been used to treat hemorrhoids for centuries in our country.11 therefore , chinese herbal decoction , xiaozhi decoction ( xzd ) , was added into sitz bath as posthemorrhoidectomy care in our clinical practice due to its positive effect on pain relief .
the aim of the current prospective study was to clarify the efficacy of sitz bath with xzd as postoperative care for patients who underwent hemorrhoidectomy .
between may 2013 and march 2015 , 315 patients who underwent open hemorrhoidectomy in the first people s hospital affiliated to huzhou normal college were included in this prospective study . according to the computer - based sequential method
, 160 patients were randomly assigned to accept sitz bath with warm water after hemorrhoidectomy ( control group ) and 155 patients were randomly assigned to accept sitz bath with xzd ( xzd group ) after hemorrhoidectomy .
inclusion criteria were as follows : 1 ) age between 18 and 75 years and 2 ) indication for hemorrhoidectomy : symptomatic iii and iv degree hemorrhoids .
patients who had associated fistula , anal fissure , inflammatory bowel disease , perineal skin inflammation , proctitis , pregnancy , previous anorectal surgery or allergy to the decoction were excluded from this study .
this study was approved by the ethics committee for medical research of the first people s hospital affiliated to huzhou normal college and was performed on the basis of the declaration of helsinki and  good clinical practice  guidelines .
, metronidazole tablets were administrated at a dose of 250 mg , twice a day for 1 week .
analgesic tablets containing a combination of tramadol hydrochloride 37.5 mg and paracetamol 325 mg ( ultracet ; xian janssen pharmaceutical ltd .
, xian , people s republic of china ) were prescribed as needed but not more than four tablets each day .
sitz bath was begun on postoperative day ( pod ) 1 and lasted for 7 days .
patients accepted sitz bath for 15 min each time , twice a day , once in the morning after defecation and another just before bedtime .
patients in the control group accepted sitz bath with warm water alone , while in the xzd group 100 ml of xzd was added into the warm water .
the composition of xzd ( table 1 ) consisted of flos chrysanthemi indici 10.0 g , radix sophorae flavescentis 10.0 g , herba taraxaci 10.0 g , mirabilitum 10.0 g , rhizoma corydalis 10.0 g , olibanum 10.0 g , myrrha 10.0 g , galla chinensis 10.0 g , radix et rhizoma rhei 7.5 g , flos carthami 5.0 g and radix glycyrrhizae 3.0 g. all the herbs were decocted in 1000 ml of water and finally condensed into 100 ml of decoction . patients were monitored and discharged within 72 hours after surgery .
postoperative pain at 12 hours after surgery and on pods 1 , 2 , 7 , 14 and 28 was evaluated by visual analog scale ( vas ) scored 0 ( no pain ) to 10 ( very severe pain ) .
pain on defecation on pods 1 , 2 , 7 , 14 and 28 was also recorded using the vas .
the number of analgesic tablets consumed by each patient per day was also recorded and analyzed .
the measurement data were represented as mean  sd and were compared using two - sample t - test .
ridit analysis was used to compare the distributions of ranked data , such as the degree of hemorrhoids , posthemorrhoidectomy and analgesic consumption of the two groups .
spss 21.0 ( ibm china investment co. ltd . , beijing , people s republic of china ) statistical software was adopted for data analyzing . a p - value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant .
between may 2013 and march 2015 , 315 patients who underwent open hemorrhoidectomy in the first people s hospital affiliated to huzhou normal college were included in this prospective study . according to the computer - based sequential method
, 160 patients were randomly assigned to accept sitz bath with warm water after hemorrhoidectomy ( control group ) and 155 patients were randomly assigned to accept sitz bath with xzd ( xzd group ) after hemorrhoidectomy .
inclusion criteria were as follows : 1 ) age between 18 and 75 years and 2 ) indication for hemorrhoidectomy : symptomatic iii and iv degree hemorrhoids .
patients who had associated fistula , anal fissure , inflammatory bowel disease , perineal skin inflammation , proctitis , pregnancy , previous anorectal surgery or allergy to the decoction were excluded from this study .
this study was approved by the ethics committee for medical research of the first people s hospital affiliated to huzhou normal college and was performed on the basis of the declaration of helsinki and  good clinical practice  guidelines .
, metronidazole tablets were administrated at a dose of 250 mg , twice a day for 1 week .
analgesic tablets containing a combination of tramadol hydrochloride 37.5 mg and paracetamol 325 mg ( ultracet ; xian janssen pharmaceutical ltd .
, xian , people s republic of china ) were prescribed as needed but not more than four tablets each day .
sitz bath was begun on postoperative day ( pod ) 1 and lasted for 7 days .
patients accepted sitz bath for 15 min each time , twice a day , once in the morning after defecation and another just before bedtime .
patients in the control group accepted sitz bath with warm water alone , while in the xzd group 100 ml of xzd was added into the warm water .
the composition of xzd ( table 1 ) consisted of flos chrysanthemi indici 10.0 g , radix sophorae flavescentis 10.0 g , herba taraxaci 10.0 g , mirabilitum 10.0 g , rhizoma corydalis 10.0 g , olibanum 10.0 g , myrrha 10.0 g , galla chinensis 10.0 g , radix et rhizoma rhei 7.5 g , flos carthami 5.0 g and radix glycyrrhizae 3.0 g. all the herbs were decocted in 1000 ml of water and finally condensed into 100 ml of decoction .
postoperative pain at 12 hours after surgery and on pods 1 , 2 , 7 , 14 and 28 was evaluated by visual analog scale ( vas ) scored 0 ( no pain ) to 10 ( very severe pain ) .
pain on defecation on pods 1 , 2 , 7 , 14 and 28 was also recorded using the vas .
the number of analgesic tablets consumed by each patient per day was also recorded and analyzed .
the measurement data were represented as mean  sd and were compared using two - sample t - test .
ridit analysis was used to compare the distributions of ranked data , such as the degree of hemorrhoids , posthemorrhoidectomy and analgesic consumption of the two groups .
spss 21.0 ( ibm china investment co. ltd . , beijing , people s republic of china ) statistical software was adopted for data analyzing .
no statistical difference was found in baseline characteristics between the two groups , in terms of age , gender , body mass index ( bmi ) , hemorrhoidal disease duration , operation duration or degree of hemorrhoids ( table 2 ) .
postoperative pain did not differ between the two groups at 12 hours after surgery ( xzd group : 7.241.08 vs control group : 7.321.17 , p=0.5291 ) or on pod 1 ( xzd group : 5.801.01 vs control group : 5.750.98 , p=0.6560 ) .
moreover , no significance was found in pain on defecation on pod 1 between the two groups ( xzd group : 4.191.04 vs control group : 4.221.12 , p=0.8057 ) .
after initiation of sitz bath with xzd , postoperative pain score of the xzd group decreased and was significantly lower on pod 2 ( 6.041.11 vs 6.331.14 , p=0.0229 ) , pod 7 ( 3.350.75 vs 4.220.87 , p=0.0000 ) and pod 14 ( 2.870.64 vs 3.640.77 , p=0.0000 ) than that of the control group ( figure 1 ) .
similarly , patients in the xzd group experienced significantly less pain on defecation on pod 2 ( 5.021.34 vs 5.431.56 , p=0.0130 ) , pod 7 ( 3.081.17 vs 3.521.29 , p=0.0017 ) and pod 14 ( 2.310.85 vs 2.680.99 , p=0.0004 ) than those of the control group ( figure 2 ) . as a result of reduced posthemorrhoidectomy pain by the xzd , patients in the xzd group consumed significantly less analgesic medication on pod 2 ( p=0.0136 ) , pod 7 ( p=0.0074 ) and pod 14 ( p=0.0046 ) than the control group ( table 3 ) .
no statistical difference was found in baseline characteristics between the two groups , in terms of age , gender , body mass index ( bmi ) , hemorrhoidal disease duration , operation duration or degree of hemorrhoids ( table 2 ) .
postoperative pain did not differ between the two groups at 12 hours after surgery ( xzd group : 7.241.08 vs control group : 7.321.17 , p=0.5291 ) or on pod 1 ( xzd group : 5.801.01 vs control group : 5.750.98 , p=0.6560 ) .
moreover , no significance was found in pain on defecation on pod 1 between the two groups ( xzd group : 4.191.04 vs control group : 4.221.12 , p=0.8057 ) .
after initiation of sitz bath with xzd , postoperative pain score of the xzd group decreased and was significantly lower on pod 2 ( 6.041.11 vs 6.331.14 , p=0.0229 ) , pod 7 ( 3.350.75 vs 4.220.87 , p=0.0000 ) and pod 14 ( 2.870.64 vs 3.640.77 , p=0.0000 ) than that of the control group ( figure 1 ) .
patients in the xzd group experienced significantly less pain on defecation on pod 2 ( 5.021.34 vs 5.431.56 , p=0.0130 ) , pod 7 ( 3.081.17 vs 3.521.29 , p=0.0017 ) and pod 14 ( 2.310.85 vs 2.680.99 , p=0.0004 ) than those of the control group ( figure 2 ) . as a result of reduced posthemorrhoidectomy pain by the xzd , patients in the xzd group consumed significantly less analgesic medication on pod 2 ( p=0.0136 ) , pod 7 ( p=0.0074 ) and pod 14 ( p=0.0046 ) than the control group ( table 3 ) .
hemorrhoidectomy is a standard treatment for extensive hemorrhoids and usually causes significant postoperative pain which would harm postoperative quality of life.12 posthemorrhoidectomy pain is mainly caused by surgical incision per se and tissue inflammation related to bacterial infiltration of the wound.13 in the first few hours after hemorrhoidectomy , wound inflammation is the primary cause of pain , while during the days after hemorrhoidectomy bacterial infiltration mainly causes the posthemorrhoidectomy pain .
another factor of posthemorrhoidectomy pain could be spasm of the internal sphincter which is always aggravated by wound inflammation , swelling and infection during the pods.14 in our clinical practice , sitz bath with xzd was routinely performed after hemorrhoidectomy and was found effective for pain relief and wound healing . in its composition ,
theoretically , the xzd could not only directly relieve postoperative pain but also diminish the major adverse factors such as wound inflammation , swelling and infection which cause postoperative pain after hemorrhoidectomy . in the current study
, we found that patients in the xzd group experienced significantly less postoperative pain and pain on defecation and consumed less analgesic medication than those in the control group on pods 2 , 7 and 14 .
the chinese herbal decoction , xzd , could effectively relieve postoperative pain and reduce analgesic medication after hemorrhoidectomy .
because of the open - label nature and small sample size of this study , further double - blind , placebo - controlled studies with larger sample size are required to verify our results . in addition
, more investigation is needed to figure out the potential mechanisms of therapeutic effects of xzd .
 objectivethe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of xiaozhi decoction ( xzd ) on posthemorrhoidectomy pain and analgesic medication consumption.methodsfrom may 2013 to march 2015 , 315 patients who underwent open hemorrhoidectomy in our hospital were enrolled in this study , of whom , 160 patients were randomly assigned to accept sitz bath with warm water after hemorrhoidectomy ( control group ) and 155 patients were randomly assigned to accept sitz bath with xzd ( xzd group ) after hemorrhoidectomy . 
 postoperative pain at 12 hours after surgery and on postoperative days ( pods ) 1 , 2 , 7 , 14 and 28 was evaluated by visual analog scale ( vas ) . 
 pain on defecation on pods 1 , 2 , 7 , 14 and 28 was also recorded using the vas . 
 the consumption of analgesics was also analyzed.resultsno significant difference was found in baseline characteristics between the two groups . 
 postoperative pain score of the xzd group was significantly lower on pod 2 ( 6.041.11 vs 6.331.14 , p=0.0229 ) , pod 7 ( 3.350.75 vs 4.220.87 , p=0.0000 ) and pod 14 ( 2.870.64 vs 3.640.77 , p=0.0000 ) than that of the control group . 
 similarly , patients in the xzd group experienced significantly less pain on defecation on pod 2 ( 5.021.34 vs 5.431.56 , p=0.0130 ) , pod 7 ( 3.081.17 vs 3.521.29 , p=0.0017 ) and pod 14 ( 2.310.85 vs 2.680.99 , p=0.0004 ) . 
 patients in the xzd group consumed significantly less analgesic medication on pod 2 ( p=0.0136 ) , pod 7 ( p=0.0074 ) and pod 14 ( p=0.0046 ) than the control group.conclusionxzd could effectively relieve postoperative pain and reduce analgesic medication consumption after hemorrhoidectomy . 
Introduction
Methods
Patients
Treatment
Outcome measurements and follow-up
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Posthemorrhoidectomy pain
Discussion
Conclusion