until recently , influenza a virus infection in indonesia did not cause much concern for the public due to the mild , self - limiting nature of seasonal influenza .
however , since the outbreaks of avian influenza a ( h5n1 ) in poultry in 2003 and the subsequent fatal human infections in 2005 , the risk of influenza caused alarm worldwide . until the beginning of 2012 , indonesia has 189 human h5n1 cases with a mortality rate at more than 80% . therefore , there is a growing concern that h5n1 became the 
pandemic.1,2 the big influenza pandemics that caused huge death tolls in 1918 , 1957 , 1968 high morbidity in 2009 are still fresh in memory.3 laboratory assessment of influenza virus infection is an essential component for prompt and accurate diagnosis .
however , this task remains difficult to accomplish in indonesia , the largest archipelago in the world with a population of more than 235 million people .
there was a strong need to establish a reliable laboratory network throughout the country to provide prompt and accurate diagnosis of influenza in suspected sufferers . here
, we review our efforts and learnings in establishing a reliable laboratory network for influenza a diagnosis during the avian flu ( h5n1 ) outbreaks .
the republic of indonesia s territory extends 5120 kilometers from east to west , a similar distance as from san francisco to new york in the united states .
the archipelago lies from 6 north latitude to 11 south latitude and from 04 to 141 east longitude and consists of more than 17,500 islands .
the inclusion of indonesia s exclusive economic zone brings the total area to about 7.9 million square kilometers of sea area four times larger than the land area ( 1,992,579 km ) . based on the 2010 census ,
the total population of indonesia is 237,556,363 people , which are unevenly distributed among five major islands ( java , sumatra , kalimantan , sulawesi , and papua ) plus the islands of moluccas , of bali , of west and east nusa tenggara , and thousands of smaller islands .
administratively , the republic of indonesia is divided into 33 provinces with jakarta as the capital city.4 laboratory confirmation is required to establish the etiology of clinical influenza and also allows the genetic characterization of viruses and identification of genetic changes favorable to the emergence of a pandemic strain.5 to monitor the circulation of influenza a virus in indonesia , the indonesian ministry of health ( moh ) initiated a surveillance program in 1975 when the national institute of health research and development ( nihrd ) of the moh became the national influenza center ( nic ) .
this program was supported by wide collaboration among international parties such as usa centers for disease control and prevention ( us cdc ) and national institute of infectious diseases ( niid ) , japan which are the world health organization ( who ) collaborating center under the global influenza surveillance network coordinated by the who .
since then , all evaluation specimens of suspected influenza cases from the nic and us naval medical research unit 2 ( namru-2 ) sentinels were sent to nic and namru-2 laboratories , respectively . since the first h5n1 human case until 2007 , the nic laboratory collaborated with namru-2 laboratory to diagnose specimens from suspected h5n1 cases .
us cdc ( as a who collaborating center ) and hong kong university ( as h5n1 reference laboratory ) have helped with confirmation and characterization of h5n1 viruses isolated from humans in indonesia from 2005 to 2007 .
since human h5n1 infections started being reported in mid-2005 , specimens of suspected cases from all over indonesia that were requested to be confirmed by laboratory diagnostic test substantially increased . with indonesia s geographical and demographic characteristics ,
throat and nose swab specimens sent to jakarta needed 1 to 3 days to arrive .
the limitation on a number of nic laboratory staff who handle many specimens from all over indonesia has also become a concern .
additional laboratories were required to provide timely and accurate diagnosis of influenza a ( h5n1 ) cases throughout indonesia .
it was a real challenge for both central and province / district governments to build and develop an influenza laboratory in every province in indonesia .
to increase timely diagnostic confirmation of influenza a ( h5n1 ) virus infection , the moh decided to establish a laboratory network to facilitate early detection of influenza a ( h5n1).5 in 2007 , the minister of health issued a written policy which assigned 44 laboratories as the diagnostic laboratories for influenza a ( h5n1 ) in indonesia .
these 44 laboratories came not only from the general hospitals under the moh but also from medical schools among universities and other research institutions .
these laboratories were organized as follows : two referral laboratories in jakarta ( nihrd moh / nic and eijkman institute ) ; eight regional labs in eight provinces and 34 subregional labs in 13 provinces .
the two referral laboratories had all the necessary laboratory equipment and had more human resource capabilities than the other laboratories . however , insufficient equipment and reagents stocks in other laboratories were other challenges faced by the network . in 2009 ,
now the organization of the 44 laboratories is simpler since there are only two referral laboratories and 42 designated avian influenza laboratories .
although initially all specimens were sent to the nic laboratory , diagnostic tests can now be performed in many more laboratories within the network.68
the moh collaborated with several donor agencies through who in indonesia to provide diagnostic equipment for all the laboratories within the network in 2006 .
equipment was provided based on the who recommendation for influenza virus detection , ie , real - time polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) and gel - based pcr.8 the referral and regional laboratories should have both real - time and gel - based pcr equipment , while the subregional laboratories have only gel - based pcr equipment .
in addition , a biosafety cabinet type iia was provided in each laboratory . in 2006 , laboratory staff in nihrd received further training for pcr and serology tests from more experienced staff at institutions such as the niid japan and the us cdc in atlanta , georgia , as the who collaborating center for influenza for the region . expert staff from nihrd then trained staff in regional and subregional laboratories in pcr techniques based on the protocol developed by who.8 since 2008 , nihrd has routinely given pcr training to all laboratories .
additional training to accommodate the use of different pcr primers was given when the novel influenza a ( h1 n1 ) pandemic occurred in 2009 .
therefore , specimen collecting and delivery are important . in addition , all health personnel should adopt safe behavior when handling and preparing samples . regarding this safety issue ,
the nihrd also held periodic training in each laboratory on specimen collection , packaging , and delivery based on who guidelines.9 the training is not only provided to the laboratory staff , but also to the staff of hospitals , public health centers and the provincial / district health office . to ensure quality control for specimens , the nihrd regularly carries out external quality control ( qc ) scheme in each laboratory within the network .
the nihrd has developed specific test panels containing h1 , h3 , h5 , h1n1 ( 2009 ) , and influenza b strain , which are sent annually to all laboratories for this purpose .
the nihrd also checks the ribonucleoprotein ( rnp ) for influenza specimens serving as controls for the qc of specimen collection by the health personnel in the laboratory .
lastly , the nihrd made efforts to increase the biosafety and biosecurity of the influenza test by performing assessments of all laboratories .
recommendations were then given to the laboratories that performed to the laboratory standards of biosafety level 2 ( bsl2 ) .
biosafety and biosecurity training of the laboratory personnel is done periodically by the nihrd biosafety and biosecurity team in order to maintain the safety and security of all laboratory personnel .
firstly , the public ignorance of the impact of clinical influenza may cause a low demand for laboratory confirmation of disease etiology.7,10 as we mentioned earlier , influenza a , which commonly manifests as seasonal flu in indonesia , was perceived as a mild condition which does not require laboratory diagnosis .
this situation contributes to the small number of specimens sent to laboratories , which causes underutilization of diagnostic equipment and reagents .
secondly , rotation among health personnel is high so there is a decrease in skilled laboratory staff in many laboratories .
in addition , the low demand for diagnostic confirmation in turn lowers the capability of the laboratory staff to perform pcr screening tests .
thirdly , the need to continuously provide reagent stocks , maintain laboratory equipment , and calibrate the laboratory network is costly and challenging for the moh.11,12 to overcome these problems and improve utilization of network capacity , the nihrd issued a policy to start a stepwise approach to expand some laboratories to include a role as sentinel influenza surveillance laboratories . in 2008
, three laboratories were converted to sentinel laboratories , ie , the microbiology laboratory of hasanuddin university ( makassar , south sulawesi ) , north sumatra islamic university ( medan , north sumatra ) , and diponegoro university ( semarang , central java ) .
the results from these laboratories are considered good and in 2009 , another two laboratories were added as sentinel laboratories , ie , the microbiology laboratory of udayana university ( denpasar , bali ) and the university of indonesia ( jakarta ) .
each laboratory routinely received specimens of influenza - like illness from neighboring areas of the sentinel surveillance laboratories ( figure 1 ) . in this way , the nihrd , together with the help from us cdc , is responsible for maintaining reagent stocks by providing updated primers and probes and calibration of equipment in every sentinel laboratory .
the establishment of a laboratory network for influenza diagnosis in indonesia was initially a response to accelerate influenza a ( h5n1 ) confirmation throughout the archipelago .
maintenance of such networks was partly supported by international partners and was combined with the organization of a sentinel influenza surveillance laboratory network .
diagnosis of other emerging infectious diseases in addition to influenza could be a potential future development of these laboratory networks .
 indonesia has been part of the global influenza surveillance since the establishment of a national influenza center ( nic ) at the national institute of health research and development ( nihrd ) by the indonesian ministry of health in 1975 . when the outbreak of avian influenza a ( h5n1 ) occurred , the nic and us naval medical research unit 2 were the only diagnostic laboratories equipped for etiology confirmation . 
 the large geographical area of the republic of indonesia poses a real challenge to provide prompt and accurate diagnosis nationally . 
 this was the main reason to establish a laboratory network for h5n1 diagnosis in indonesia . 
 currently , 44 laboratories have been included in the network capable of performing polymerase chain reaction testing for influenza a. diagnostic equipment and standard procedures of biosafety and biosecurity of handling specimens have been adopted largely from world health organization recommendations . 
Introduction
Geographical challenges for diagnostic confirmation of avian influenza
Establishment of the influenza A (H5N1) laboratory network
The influenza laboratory network capacity
The challenges of sustaining laboratory network services
Conclusion and future direction