a report from taiwan showed that central nervous system infection and previous strokes are the two most common causes of se,4 while antiepileptic drug ( aed ) withdrawal and alcohol - related causes were leading causes of se in western countries.5 factors associated with poor outcomes of se were related to comorbid complications such as metabolic disorders , cerebrovascular disease , and hypoxemia as shown in systematic reviews.6,7 a report from thailand did not find any significant predictors for se.2 unlike in western countries , there are limited data on predictors of se outcomes in thailand and other asian countries . here
, the study was aimed to determine whether any factors associated with initial laboratory findings or treatment of se had influences on outcomes at discharge .
this study retrospectively reviewed charts of adult patients who were at least 15 years old and diagnosed as se at khon kaen hospital from october 1 , 2010 to september 30 , 2012 .
khon kaen hospital is the tertiary care hospital located in the northeastern part of thailand .
patients were categorized into two groups by type of discharge status and neurological outcomes ; good or poor outcomes .
good outcomes were defined by improvement at discharge and absence of neurological deficits , while poor outcomes were defined by : not being improved at discharge ; being discharged against advice ; death ; or presence of a neurological deficit .
descriptive statistics were used to detect significant differences between patients with good and poor outcomes .
univariate logistic regression analysis was applied to calculate the crude odds ratios ( ors ) of individual variables for having poor outcomes .
all variables with p<0.20 in univariate analysis were included in subsequent multivariate logistic regression analysis .
the study protocol was approved by an institutional review committee , khon kaen university ( he 561217 ) .
the mean age ( standard deviation [ sd ] ) of all patients was 53.28 years ( 15.92 ) .
epilepsy ( 24.64% ) and hypertension ( 23.22% ) were the two most common comorbid diseases . generalized tonic 
clonic seizure was the most common type of se ( 179 patients ; 94.71% ) .
acute stroke was the most common cause of se in 33 patients ( 15.64% ) .
the mean ( sd ) numbers of aeds used were 2.05 ( 1.56 ) and the mean ( sd ) length of stay was 5.12 days ( 6.75 ) .
there were 104 patients ( 49.29% ) who developed complications after se and the most common complication was aspiration pneumonia ( 53 patients ; 25.12% ) . at discharge
, there were 120 patients ( 56.87% ) who had good outcomes , while 91 patients ( 43.13% ) had poor outcomes categorized by : death ( 29 patients ; 13.74% ) ; not improved or discharged against advice ( 55 patients ; 26.07% ) ; and presence of neurological deficits ( 7 patients ; 3.32% ) .
most clinical factors at initial presentation were comparable between those who had good and poor outcomes at discharge ( tables 2 and 3 ) . those who had poor outcomes had more se occurrences in hospital ( 30.77% versus 3.33% ) , a lower glasgow coma scale ( 7.97 versus 9.78 ) , higher plasma glucose ( 203.11 versus 159.26 mg / dl ) , lower serum albumin ( 2.73 versus 3.52
u / l ) , and higher total bilirubin ( 1.84 versus 1.04 mg / dl ) than those with good outcomes .
the serum electrolytes , except for potassium and phosphate levels , were also statistically different between those who had good and poor outcomes ( table 3 ) . in the final model of multivariate analysis ,
only plasma glucose was significantly associated with poor outcomes with an adjusted or of 1.012 ( 95% confidence interval of 1.003 and 1.021 ) . regarding treatment and treatment outcomes ,
those with poor outcomes had a higher proportion of recurrent se ( 42.86% versus 10.83% ) and longer duration of respirator use ( 4.18 versus 1.83 days ) as shown in table 4 .
this study showed two important findings : poor discharge status of se in a tertiary care hospital was 43.13% and the discharge status of se patients was associated with initial plasma glucose levels .
an increase of 1 mg / dl of plasma glucose increased the risk of having poor discharge status by 1.2% .
a previous study from singapore also showed that in se patients with a hyperglycemia equal to or more than 7
mmol / l ( 126 mg / dl ) , these levels were associated with poor outcomes of se.8 in animal models , hyperglycemia causes hippocampal damage and also aggravates seizures.9,10 therefore , glucose control may be important in se patients , particularly in asian populations .
two studies from switzerland did not have findings similar to this study.11,12 hyperglycemia was , however , shown to be associated with poor outcome in acute ischemic stroke.13 some factors such as serum albumin or aspartate aminotransferase were significantly different between the good and poor se outcomes by univariate logistic analysis or descriptive statistics . both factors , however , were not statistically significant in the multivariate logistic regression analysis .
these results implied that only plasma glucose was an independent factor or predictor for se outcome .
the population of this study may be different from other previous studies in terms of causes of se . in the current study , acute stroke , alcohol related causes , and septic encephalopathy accounted for 41.23% of the entire subjects . unlike in western populations
the previous study from thailand found that the mortality rate of se was 35%,2 while refractory se may have a mortality rate of 50%.14,15 the poor outcome rate of this study was 43.13% .
the poor discharge statuses were one of the following : death ; not improved or discharged against advice ; or presence of a neurological deficit .
the strengths of this study were the quite - large sample size and different causes of se as compared with previous studies.11,12 there are some limitations .
retrospective data collection may not have complete data , particularly laboratory findings such as hba1c levels or history of previous medications that may affect plasma glucose levels such as steroid use
. also noted was that the population in this study was mostly not refractory se ; only three and two patients had received midazolam and propofol , respectively .
the results of this study may apply only to asian populations or other countries in southeast asia .
 backgroundstatus epilepticus ( se ) is a serious neurological condition and has high a mortality rate . 
 data on importance of factors associated with poor outcomes in asian or thai populations are limited.methodsadult patients diagnosed as se at khon kaen hospital , thailand from october 1 , 2010 to september 30 , 2012 were enrolled . 
 patients were categorized as good or poor outcomes at discharge . 
 good outcomes were defined by improvement at discharge and absence of neurological deficits , while poor outcomes were defined by : not being improved at discharge ; being discharged against advice ; death ; or presence of a neurological deficit . 
 clinical factors were compared between both groups.resultsduring the study period , there were 211 patients diagnosed as se . 
 of those , 130 patients were male ( 61.61% ) . 
 the mean age of all patients was 53.28 years . 
 acute stroke was the most common cause of se in 33 patients ( 15.64% ) . at discharge 
 , there were 91 patients ( 43.13% ) who had poor outcomes . 
 only initial plasma glucose levels were significantly associated with poor outcomes with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.012 ( 95% confidence interval of 1.003 and 1.021).conclusioninitial plasma glucose is associated with poor discharge status in patients with se . 
Introduction
Materials and methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusion