helicobacter pylori ( h. pylori ) causes a long - term infection of the human gastric and duodenal mucosa ( 1 ) .
mucosal colonisation predisposes for peptic ulcer disease , atrophic gastritis and distal ( antral ) stomach cancer ( 2 ) , with various effects on gastric acid secretion . genetic variability of h. pylori is high ( 3 ) .
several genes have been identified that may play a role in the pathogenicity ( 4 , 5 ) .
most important is the cytotoxin - associated gene a ( caga ) , which is associated with peptic ulcer disease ( 6 ) , and intestinal type adenocarcinoma of the stomach ( 7 ) .
patients with duodenal ulcer often have high basal gastrin levels , high peak acid output and high 24-hour intragastric acidity ( 8 - 10 ) .
in contrast , patients with h. pylori - associated gastric ulcer often have hypochlorhydria ( 11 ) .
several reports suggest that the prevalence of h. pylori and especially the most pathogenic form  caga might be lower in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ) , including barrett s oesophagus ( be ) than in the rest of the population ( 12 , 13 ) .
one explanation for the negative association between mucosal colonisation with h. pylori and gerd is the effect of h pylori on acid production , since extensive gastritis involving the corpus may lower acid secretion by impairing parietal function .
the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of h. pylori infection and its possible protective role in the appearance of gerd and its progression to be .
the time of investigation was june 2009december 2011 . in this prospective study , from 120 patients , 70 patients were with gerd , and 50 patients with be .
all the patients were interviewed for their age , sex , reflux symptoms , chronicity , medications used , the presence of h. pylori infection , weight , family history , smoking .
endoscopic reflux changes was performed , according to los angeles ( la ) classification ( 14 , 15 , 16 ) . diagnosis of infection with h. pylori was making by biopsy for hut test ( astra zeneca gmbh ) .
histological processing was performed in the institute of pathology in prishtina and skopje . during the recognition of intestinal metaplasia by biopsy
, especially goblet cells can facilitate the use of alcian blue stain of ph 2.5 ( 17 , 18 , 19 ) .
dysplasia is categorized as : low and high based on cytological and histological architectural abnormalities ( 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ) .
the study included patients with positive anamnestic data , endoscopic findings positive for the presence of erosive gastroesophageal disease , which last month did not receive any ppi treatment , or nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs .
the study excluded patients who did not have typical anamnestic data for gastroesophageal reflux disease , those who have gastroesophageal erosive changes during endoscopy , and patients with pre - existing histopathological proven esophageal adenocarcinoma the results were processed by modern statistical methods .
this study included 50 patients with be , 70 patients with gerd and 50 healthy persons or persons with ulcer of the duodenum , as a control group .
( sd  10.8 yr . ) in the gerd group average age was 40.8 years .
( sd  13.5 yr . ) , whereas in control group average age was 42.1 years .
the age difference between groups was significant ( one way anova f = 13.91 , p < 0.001 ) . among patients with
be , the most represented age group was 50 - 59 years , in the gerd - group the most representd age group was from 40 - 49 years .
in all groups included in this study , men were more represented than women . in the group with
be 78.0% were men , in the group with gerd 64.3% , and in the control group 60.0% .
however , the difference was not statistically significant ( 2-test = 4.08 , p = 0.130 ) .
average body height of respondents in group be was 174,8 cm ( sd  8,2 cm ) , in the gerd group it was 168,5 cm ( sd  8,9 cm ) and among patients of the control group it was 170 , 4 cm ( sd  9,5 cm ) .
the difference was stetistically significant ( one way anova f = 7.45 , p < 0.001 ) .
patients in group be were higher than those of group gerd ( be vs gerd p < 0,001 ) , and also higher than the control group ( be vs control group : p < 0,05 ) , and between the average heights of gerd group and the control group , the difference was not statistically significant ( gerd vs. g control .
. patients in group be smoked larger number of cigarettes ( 60% ) than patients in the group with gerd ( 37,1% ) , as well as comparing to patients of the control group ( 50.0% ) .
the difference was statistically significant ( 2 = 6.26 , ss = 2 p = 0.044 ) . regarding alcohol consumption , the difference was not significant ( 2 = 0.316 , ss = 2 , p = 0.854 ) .
as for the level of education , the difference was significant ( 2 = 6.48 , ss = 2 , p = 0.039 ) and the family history showed a significant difference ( 2 = 9.44 , ss = 2 , p = 0.009 ) . patients in be group ( 4.0% ) received less medications than patients in the gerd group ( 5.7% ) , as well as comparing to the control group ( 14.0% ) .
patients in be group and gerd group had higher bmi , in comparison with patients of the control group ; one way anova obtained a significant difference ( one way anova f = 23,27 , p < 0.001 ) . also in patients from
be group , average value of bmi was higher than in patients of gerd group ( be vs. gerd .
, p < 0.001 ) , and in both groups bmi was higher than in patients of the control group ( be vs control g. p < 0.001 , gerd vs. g control .
the difference between the duration of symptoms was significant ( one way anova f = 161.5 , p < 0.001 ; be vs. gerd p < 0.001 , be vs. g control .
it was concluded that hiatal hernia was more common in the group with be , with a statistically significant difference ( 2-test = 15.1 , p < 0.001 ) . in patients included in the study
h. pylori infection was present in 16.0% of patients . in gerd group , h. pylori infection was present in 42.9% , and in patients of the control group , in 52.0% of cases .
so , in be group , the prevalence of h. pylori infection showed less significant difference , compared to the control group ( be vs. control group , -test = 12.87 , p = 0.003 ) and in gerd group ( be vs. gerd ; 2-test = 8.52 , p = 0.0035 ) . between gerd group and the control group
-test = 0.64 , p = 0.421 , ( table 1 , figure 1 ) .
prevalence of infection with h. pylori in patients with be and gerd the prevalence of infection with h. pylori in patients with be vs. patients with gerd presence of infection with h. pylori by endoscopic type be regarding endoscopic type of be and the presence of infection with h. pylori , there was no significant difference ( fisher exact test , p = 0.665 ) .
infection with h. pylori was present in 17.9% of patients with ssbe and 9.1% of patients with lsbe
the management of gerd and be remains a challenging problem and this is partly due to a limited knowledge of its natural history .
the relationship between gerd , be and h. pylori is very complex ( 1 ) .
there might also be connection between prolonged proton pump inhibition and the rate of progression to atrophic gastritis , leading to hypochlorhydria ( 12 , 13 , 14 ) .
h. pylori , in contrary to overweight and hiatal hernia , may interact with the risk of be rather in physiological aspect , than anatomically .
h. pylori can reduce the risk for be by possible reduction of acidity in the stomach by the action of urease .
the fact that h. pylori may protect against be is contrary to the established status of risk factors for peptic ulcer and gastritis .
h. pylori infection was present in 16.0% of patients in be group , comparing to 42.9% of patients in the group with gerd , and to 52.0% of cases in the control group .
results from one study ( 28 ) showed low prevalence of h. pylori infection in patients with be ( 12% ) .
data from the literature also showed low prevalence of h. pylori infection in these patients . in the same study , of 251 patients who underwent endoscopy ,
caga + h. pylori was present in 44% of examinations , 36% of 36 patients with gerd .
20% of 10 patients with ssbe , and in 0% of 18 patients with lsbe .
a limitation in our study was lacking of the laboratory method for determination of caga + types of h. pylori .
h. pylori infection may be associated with increased acid secretion , but in contrast with achlorhydria resulting in atrophic gastritis , depending on the bacterial species and the inflammatory response that causes it .
studies showing that h. pylori negative patients have more severe esophagitis compared with h. pylori positive , suggesting that this bacterium may have a protective role in patients with gerd .
in fact , infection with h. pylori can induce atrophy and thus reduction of acidic secretion , which ultimately results in reduced risk of developing gerd .
in contrast , the eradication of h. pylori infection may result in normal acid production and exacerbation of gerd .
however , recent clinical studies can not provide strong enough evidence for a possible role of h. pylori infection in the development of gerd and erosive esophagitis . in clinical practice ,
since h. pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer , existing guidelines recommend its eradication , regardless of the potential effect on gerd ( 28 , 29 ) .
h pylori , in particular the caga phenotype , through gastritis and associated hypochlorhydria might be a protective factor against gerd and its complications ( 30 ) . in recent years
it has become clear that a significant number of patients will develop reflux oesophagitis after apparently successful eradication ( 30 ) .
the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the declining infection rates of h. pylori in the general population have led to a rise in the occurrence of gerd and associated oesophageal adenocarcinoma .
the prevalence of caga phenotype was also lower in patients with complicated gerd ( such as be ) , than in the rest of population ( 31 ) .
* the prevalence of h. pylori infection in patients with be was lower in comparison with patients with gerd and with control group ( p < 0.01 ) . *
the prevalence of h. pylori infection in patients with be , especially those with lsbe was very low , which indicates the possible protective role of this microorganism .
h. pylori infection was present in 17.9% of patients with ssbe and in 9.1% of patients with lsbe , p = 0665 ) .
 abstractintroduction and aim : the role of helicobacter pylori in esophageal disease has not been clearly defined . to clarify this issue 
 , we analyzed 120 patients with histologically confirmed esophageal disease.material and methods : in this prospective study , 120 patients who underwent upper endoscopy examination were included ; among them 70 patients with clinically , endoscopically and histologically confirmed gerd , and 50 patients with be . 
 this investigation was performed in the clinic of gastrohepatology in prishtina , during the period : june 2009december 2011 . 
 each patient was investigated for h. pylori infection , by performing biopsy for hut test.results:in be group , h. pylori infection was present in 16.0% of patients . in gerd group , 
 h. pylori infection was present in 42.9% , and in patients of the control group , in 52.0% of cases . 
 so , in be group , the prevalence of h. pylori infection showed less significant difference , compared to the control group ( p = 0.003 ) and in gerd group ( p = 0.0035 ) . between gerd group and the control group 
 there was no significant difference ( gerd vs. g control . 
 p = 0.421).conclusion : the prevalence of h. pylori infection in patients with be ( 16% ) was lower in comparison with patients with gerd ( 42.9% ) and with control group ( p < 0.01 ) . 
 the prevalence of h. pylori infection in patients with be , especially those with lsbe ( 9.1% ) was very low , which indicates a possible protective role of this microorganism . 
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
3. RESULTS
4. DISCUSSION
5. CONCLUSION