arachidonic acid ( aa ) within the cell membrane is metabolized by the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase ( 5-lo ) to produce leukotrienes.1,2 the 5-lo activating protein ( flap ) binds to 5-lo in this process , enabling transfer of aa to 5-lo .
aa metabolism produces leukotriene a4 ( lta4 ) , which is subsequently converted to either ltb4 or the cysteinyl leukotrienes ( cyslts ) ltc4 , ltd4 , and lte4 .
cyslts bind to cyslt1 and cyslt2 receptors , causing bronchoconstriction and eosinophilic inflammation , while ltb4 promotes the chemotaxis and activation of immune cells including neutrophils and lymphocytes through blt1 and blt2 receptors .
aa metabolism by 5-lo also produces 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ( 5-hete ) , which is further metabolized to 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid ( 5-oxo - ete ) ; this activates neutrophils and eosinophils.3 cyslts levels are elevated in the lungs of patients with asthma.4,5 cyslt receptor antagonists are used for the treatment of asthma,1 but do not inhibit ltb4 or 5-hete activity .
the 5-lo inhibitor zileuton is approved for the treatment of asthma , but the doses used in clinical practice only partially inhibit leukotriene production , and the therapeutic index is limited by side effects.1 there is no available drug that completely inhibits the actions of all of the mediators produced by the 5-lo pathway .
gsk2190915 is a novel potent flap inhibitor currently in development for the treatment of asthma ( the flap pathway is detailed in figure 1).6 it inhibits pulmonary cyslts and ltb4 production in animal models,8 and inhibits ltb4 production by whole blood stimulated ex vivo and urine lte4 excretion in healthy subjects.9 the inhaled allergen challenge model is widely used to characterize potential new treatments for asthma ; inhibition of the early asthmatic response ( ear ) demonstrates the ability to prevent acute allergic bronchoconstriction , whereas inhibition of the late asthmatic response ( lar ) suggests effective anti - inflammatory properties.7,1015 we have recently shown that gsk2190915 100 mg daily inhibits both the ear and lar in subjects with mild asthma.7 other flap inhibitors also attenuate both the ear and lar.12,13 the therapeutic dose of a new treatment for asthma is usually established by assessing its effect on pulmonary function tests and symptoms .
such studies require large numbers of subjects to discriminate between doses.16,17 we have employed an alternative approach ; we used the ear to study the dose response effects of gsk2190915 in subjects with asthma .
we have previously reported that gsk2190915 100 mg inhibits the ear,7 but have not reported the effects of lower doses .
we knew that gsk2190915 50 mg almost completely suppresses urinary lte4 levels in healthy subjects , whereas 10 mg causes incomplete suppression , ranging from 40% to 60%.9 therefore , we chose to assess the effect of gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg on the ear in subjects with mild asthma , and to compare the results with those of the effect of gsk2190915 100 mg daily on the ear from our previously reported study.7
nineteen nonsmoking subjects , aged 18 to 55 years , with mild asthma were recruited .
males and females of non - childbearing potential were included ; females of childbearing potential were not included as the appropriate reproductive toxicology studies had not been conducted at the time of the study .
other inclusion criteria were : body mass index within the range 18.535.0 kg / m ; forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( fev1 ) > 70% predicted ; current nonsmoker with a pack history of 10 pack years ; current asthma treatment with an inhaled short - acting beta agonist only ; no use of inhaled corticosteroids for at least 1 month before screening ; and asthma diagnosis confirmed by provocative methacholine or histamine concentration causing a 20% fall in fev1 ( provocative concentration 20 [ pc20 ] ) < 8 mg / ml ( or < 60 mg / ml for adenosine monophosphate challenge ) within 6 months before screening or at the screening visit .
subjects were required to demonstrate an ear at screening , defined as a fall in fev1 of at least 20% from baseline during the 2 hours after allergen challenge .
exclusion criteria were : a respiratory tract infection and/or asthma exacerbation within 4 weeks of randomization ; and the possibility of symptoms of hay fever at any time during the study .
the study received ethical and regulatory approval before commencement ( gsk study number lpa112356 ; clinicaltrials.gov : nct00812773 ) . written informed consent
was obtained from each subject , and the study was conducted in accordance with the international conference on harmonization good clinical practice guideline and declaration of helsinki .
the design was double - blind , three - way crossover , in three centers in the united kingdom .
eligible subjects received gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg and matching placebo solutions by mouth with 100 ml water , once - daily for 3 days , in randomized order .
allergen challenge was performed at 2 hours after the third dose in each treatment period ( day 3 ) .
treatment periods were separated by a minimum 14-day washout , to allow time for recovery from any allergen - induced hyperresponsiveness , which can persist for 2 weeks in subjects who have a lar in addition to an ear .
the 14-day washout also exceeds five half - lives of gsk2190915 ( t1/2 ~20 hours ) .
there was a follow - up visit 521 days after the last dose of treatment .
skin prick tests were performed on the volar aspect of the forearm using solutions of grass mix , house dust mite , and cat hair ( alk abell , hrsholm , denmark ) .
a wheal of at least 3 mm diameter compared with the negative control solution ( sodium chloride 0.9% ) was deemed positive .
generally , the allergen that produced the largest positive response was used for the allergen challenge test at screening , using incremental doses as described previously.7 allergen challenge at screening was stopped when a 20% decrease in fev1 was observed , indicating a positive ear .
the cumulative inhaled allergen dose that had produced an ear at screening was subsequently administered as a single bolus dose on day 3 of each treatment period .
fev1 was recorded every 5 minutes until 20 minutes , then at 30 , 45 , 60 , 90 , and 180 minutes after bolus allergen challenge .
subjects with no documented result for methacholine , histamine , or adenosine monophosphate challenge within 6 months of screening completed a methacholine challenge at the screening visit to confirm study eligibility .
fev1 was recorded before and after the inhalation of five breaths of nebulized phenol - saline control to ensure that the control did not cause a fall in fev1 > 10% from the pre - saline measurement .
subjects then proceeded to inhale methacholine ( provocholine ; methapharm europe , geneva , switzerland ) , starting at a concentration of 0.0625 mg / ml , and increasing two - fold until the pc20 was reached .
the concentration of methacholine did not exceed 8 mg / ml . subjects were monitored until lung function returned to within 10% of resting fev1 .
a 3 ml blood sample was taken on day 3 at 2 hours after dosing , and plasma was separated by centrifugation ( 4c , 1,500  g , 15 minutes ) , then stored ( 20c ) for subsequent analysis of gsk2190915 ( lower limit of qualification of 5 ng / ml ) by a validated method based on protein precipitation , followed by high - performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis , as described previously.9 adverse events ( aes ) , clinical laboratory tests , physical examination , vital signs , 12-lead electrocardiogram , and pulmonary function tests , were recorded throughout the study .
study completion by at least 16 subjects provided at least 90% power to detect a 40% attenuation of the placebo response in the minimum fev1 absolute change from baseline within the 2-hour period following allergen challenge on day 3 ; using a two - sided 5% significance level , assuming a within - subject standard deviation of 0.27 l and a mean placebo response of 0.87 l. the primary endpoint was the minimum fev1 absolute change from baseline within the 2-hour period after allergen challenge on day 3 of each treatment .
the change from allergen challenge baseline fev1 over time on day 3 was analyzed using a repeated - measures model ( including time point , period , treatment , treatment - by - time ) .
the minimum fev1 absolute change from baseline within the 2-hour period following allergen challenge on day 3 was analyzed using a mixed - effects model ( including period , treatment , and covariates for pre - dose fev1 on day 1 ) .
a similar analysis was performed for the weighted mean fev1 within the 2-hour period after allergen challenge on day 3 .
nineteen nonsmoking subjects , aged 18 to 55 years , with mild asthma were recruited .
males and females of non - childbearing potential were included ; females of childbearing potential were not included as the appropriate reproductive toxicology studies had not been conducted at the time of the study .
other inclusion criteria were : body mass index within the range 18.535.0 kg / m ; forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( fev1 ) > 70% predicted ; current nonsmoker with a pack history of 10 pack years ; current asthma treatment with an inhaled short - acting beta agonist only ; no use of inhaled corticosteroids for at least 1 month before screening ; and asthma diagnosis confirmed by provocative methacholine or histamine concentration causing a 20% fall in fev1 ( provocative concentration 20 [ pc20 ] ) < 8 mg / ml ( or < 60 mg / ml for adenosine monophosphate challenge ) within 6 months before screening or at the screening visit .
subjects were required to demonstrate an ear at screening , defined as a fall in fev1 of at least 20% from baseline during the 2 hours after allergen challenge .
exclusion criteria were : a respiratory tract infection and/or asthma exacerbation within 4 weeks of randomization ; and the possibility of symptoms of hay fever at any time during the study .
the study received ethical and regulatory approval before commencement ( gsk study number lpa112356 ; clinicaltrials.gov : nct00812773 ) . written informed consent
was obtained from each subject , and the study was conducted in accordance with the international conference on harmonization good clinical practice guideline and declaration of helsinki .
the design was double - blind , three - way crossover , in three centers in the united kingdom .
eligible subjects received gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg and matching placebo solutions by mouth with 100 ml water , once - daily for 3 days , in randomized order .
allergen challenge was performed at 2 hours after the third dose in each treatment period ( day 3 ) .
treatment periods were separated by a minimum 14-day washout , to allow time for recovery from any allergen - induced hyperresponsiveness , which can persist for 2 weeks in subjects who have a lar in addition to an ear .
the 14-day washout also exceeds five half - lives of gsk2190915 ( t1/2 ~20 hours ) .
there was a follow - up visit 521 days after the last dose of treatment .
skin prick tests were performed on the volar aspect of the forearm using solutions of grass mix , house dust mite , and cat hair ( alk abell , hrsholm , denmark ) .
a wheal of at least 3 mm diameter compared with the negative control solution ( sodium chloride 0.9% ) was deemed positive .
generally , the allergen that produced the largest positive response was used for the allergen challenge test at screening , using incremental doses as described previously.7 allergen challenge at screening was stopped when a 20% decrease in fev1 was observed , indicating a positive ear .
the cumulative inhaled allergen dose that had produced an ear at screening was subsequently administered as a single bolus dose on day 3 of each treatment period .
fev1 was recorded every 5 minutes until 20 minutes , then at 30 , 45 , 60 , 90 , and 180 minutes after bolus allergen challenge .
subjects with no documented result for methacholine , histamine , or adenosine monophosphate challenge within 6 months of screening completed a methacholine challenge at the screening visit to confirm study eligibility .
fev1 was recorded before and after the inhalation of five breaths of nebulized phenol - saline control to ensure that the control did not cause a fall in fev1 > 10% from the pre - saline measurement .
subjects then proceeded to inhale methacholine ( provocholine ; methapharm europe , geneva , switzerland ) , starting at a concentration of 0.0625 mg / ml , and increasing two - fold until the pc20 was reached .
the concentration of methacholine did not exceed 8 mg / ml . subjects were monitored until lung function returned to within 10% of resting fev1 .
a 3 ml blood sample was taken on day 3 at 2 hours after dosing , and plasma was separated by centrifugation ( 4c , 1,500  g , 15 minutes ) , then stored ( 20c ) for subsequent analysis of gsk2190915 ( lower limit of qualification of 5 ng / ml ) by a validated method based on protein precipitation , followed by high - performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis , as described previously.9
adverse events ( aes ) , clinical laboratory tests , physical examination , vital signs , 12-lead electrocardiogram , and pulmonary function tests , were recorded throughout the study .
study completion by at least 16 subjects provided at least 90% power to detect a 40% attenuation of the placebo response in the minimum fev1 absolute change from baseline within the 2-hour period following allergen challenge on day 3 ; using a two - sided 5% significance level , assuming a within - subject standard deviation of 0.27 l and a mean placebo response of 0.87 l. the primary endpoint was the minimum fev1 absolute change from baseline within the 2-hour period after allergen challenge on day 3 of each treatment .
the change from allergen challenge baseline fev1 over time on day 3 was analyzed using a repeated - measures model ( including time point , period , treatment , treatment - by - time ) .
the minimum fev1 absolute change from baseline within the 2-hour period following allergen challenge on day 3 was analyzed using a mixed - effects model ( including period , treatment , and covariates for pre - dose fev1 on day 1 ) .
a similar analysis was performed for the weighted mean fev1 within the 2-hour period after allergen challenge on day 3 .
nineteen subjects ( 18 males and 1 female , mean age 35 years , mean fev1 3.80 l , mean fev1 predicted 92.8% ) were enrolled in the study ( patient demographics and characteristics are shown in table 1 ) .
the mean fev1 percentage fall from baseline during the screening allergen challenge was 33.4% ( range 20.8% to 56.5% ) .
all available data from subjects who received at least one dose of study medication were included in the analysis of efficacy , pharmacokinetics , and safety .
figure 2 shows the time profile of the ear after treatment with gsk2190915 and placebo on day 3 following allergen challenge ; gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg attenuated the placebo response in a dose - dependent manner .
the primary endpoint analysis of minimum fev1 absolute change from baseline showed statistically significant attenuation of the fall in fev1 for gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg compared with placebo ( figure 3 ) ; the mean treatment differences were 0.21 l ( 95% confidence interval [ ci ] 0.04 l , 0.38 l ) and 0.41 l ( 95% ci 0.24 l , 0.58 l ) , respectively , corresponding to a mean attenuation of 18.6% and 36.0% of the placebo response to allergen challenge , respectively .
there was a significant difference between gsk2190915 50 mg and 10 mg in the minimum fev1 absolute change from baseline ; the mean treatment difference was 0.20 l ( 95% ci 0.03
l , 0.36 l ) . compared with placebo , gsk2190915 50 mg , but not gsk2190915 10 mg , significantly attenuated the weighted mean fev1 absolute change from baseline ( figure 3 ) .
the mean treatment differences were 0.12 l ( 95% ci 0.01 l , 0.24 l ) and 0.30 l ( 95% ci 0.18
l , 0.43 l ) for gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg compared with placebo , respectively , corresponding to mean attenuation of 21.5% and 56.2% of the placebo response , respectively . on day 3 , at 2 hours after dosing with gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg , the mean ( 95% ci ) plasma concentrations were 83.4 ng / ml ( 62.3 , 104.5 ) and 418.9 ng / ml ( 311.0 , 526.7 ) , respectively .
there were 19 mild - to - moderate aes ( table 2 ) , all of which resolved spontaneously .
eight were deemed at least possibly related to treatment ; of those eight , four occurred on gsk2190915 10 mg , one on gsk2190915 50 mg , and three on placebo .
one subject had high fasting blood glucose before dosing on day 1 of the first treatment period , which was not noted until after dosing and could not have been due to treatment .
a second subject had a flu - like illness during the third treatment period ( placebo ) , and was withdrawn as it was not considered safe to perform the allergen challenge .
a third subject received gsk2190915 50 mg during the first treatment period and subsequently completed a 25-day washout period .
alanine aminotransferase ( alt ) was increased in his pre - dose sample from the second treatment period .
he received a single gsk2190915 10 mg dose before being withdrawn from the study ; subsequent monitoring showed a decline in alt .
nineteen subjects ( 18 males and 1 female , mean age 35 years , mean fev1 3.80 l , mean fev1 predicted 92.8% ) were enrolled in the study ( patient demographics and characteristics are shown in table 1 ) .
the mean fev1 percentage fall from baseline during the screening allergen challenge was 33.4% ( range 20.8% to 56.5% ) .
all available data from subjects who received at least one dose of study medication were included in the analysis of efficacy , pharmacokinetics , and safety .
figure 2 shows the time profile of the ear after treatment with gsk2190915 and placebo on day 3 following allergen challenge ; gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg attenuated the placebo response in a dose - dependent manner .
the primary endpoint analysis of minimum fev1 absolute change from baseline showed statistically significant attenuation of the fall in fev1 for gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg compared with placebo ( figure 3 ) ; the mean treatment differences were 0.21 l ( 95% confidence interval [ ci ] 0.04 l , 0.38 l ) and 0.41 l ( 95% ci 0.24 l , 0.58 l ) , respectively , corresponding to a mean attenuation of 18.6% and 36.0% of the placebo response to allergen challenge , respectively .
there was a significant difference between gsk2190915 50 mg and 10 mg in the minimum fev1 absolute change from baseline ; the mean treatment difference was 0.20 l ( 95% ci 0.03
l , 0.36 l ) . compared with placebo , gsk2190915 50 mg , but not gsk2190915 10 mg , significantly attenuated the weighted mean fev1 absolute change from baseline ( figure 3 ) .
the mean treatment differences were 0.12 l ( 95% ci 0.01 l , 0.24 l ) and 0.30 l ( 95% ci 0.18
l , 0.43 l ) for gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg compared with placebo , respectively , corresponding to mean attenuation of 21.5% and 56.2% of the placebo response , respectively .
on day 3 , at 2 hours after dosing with gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg , the mean ( 95% ci ) plasma concentrations were 83.4 ng / ml ( 62.3 , 104.5 ) and 418.9 ng / ml ( 311.0 , 526.7 ) , respectively .
there were 19 mild - to - moderate aes ( table 2 ) , all of which resolved spontaneously .
eight were deemed at least possibly related to treatment ; of those eight , four occurred on gsk2190915 10 mg , one on gsk2190915 50 mg , and three on placebo .
one subject had high fasting blood glucose before dosing on day 1 of the first treatment period , which was not noted until after dosing and could not have been due to treatment .
a second subject had a flu - like illness during the third treatment period ( placebo ) , and was withdrawn as it was not considered safe to perform the allergen challenge .
a third subject received gsk2190915 50 mg during the first treatment period and subsequently completed a 25-day washout period .
alanine aminotransferase ( alt ) was increased in his pre - dose sample from the second treatment period .
he received a single gsk2190915 10 mg dose before being withdrawn from the study ; subsequent monitoring showed a decline in alt .
we have shown that 50 mg administered once - daily had a significantly greater effect than 10 mg once - daily .
gsk2190915 50 mg once - daily for 3 days caused 36% and 56% mean attenuation of the minimum and weighted mean fev1 change from baseline , respectively , in subjects with mild asthma ; both changes were statistically significant . in our previously reported study,7
gsk2190915 100 mg once - daily caused 33% and 63% mean attenuation of the minimum and weighted mean fev1 change from baseline compared with placebo , respectively .
thus , 50 and 100 mg had very similar effects , suggesting both of the doses were at the top of the dose response curve for ear .
as the 50 mg dose was shown to have a similar effect on ear to that reported with a 100 mg dose,7 it would be of interest to assess whether the lower doses of gsk2190915 used in this study also protect against lar .
assessment of other efficacy outcomes , such as airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine , and airway or blood markers of inflammation , would also have been useful .
however , such assessments would have required a more complex study design ; as the priority of the study was to measure the dose response effect on the ear , additional assessments were not included .
the effect of gsk2190915 50 mg and 100 mg once - daily on the ear is similar to that previously reported for the clinical dose of the leukotriene antagonist montelukast.10,11 furthermore , this effect is also similar to that observed in studies using flap inhibitors.12,13 these studies confirm the role of cyslts in acute allergic bronchoconstriction ; however , it would be useful to compare the magnitude of the effect of the gsk2190915 50 mg dose with other classes of drugs , although such studies have not been performed to date .
compared with placebo , gsk2190915 10 mg once - daily for 3 days caused 18% and 21% mean attenuation of the minimum and weighted mean fev1 change from baseline , respectively ; only the minimum mean change was significantly different from placebo .
the effects of gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg doses on the ear correlate well with those of the same doses on urinary lte4 suppression in healthy subjects;9 10 mg suppressed lte4 by 40% , and 50 mg suppressed lte4 almost completely .
we did not include urine lte4 in this study ; however , the plasma concentrations were similar to those in healthy volunteers.9 the data suggest that the use of urine lte4 measurements to assess the effects of drugs on leukotriene production could be a good predictor of the likely effects on allergic bronchoconstriction . in our previously reported study on asthma ,
the geometric mean peak concentration ( cmax ) for 100 mg of gsk2190915 was 671 ( 95% ci : 494 , 910 ) ng / ml,7 compared with the observed cmax values for 10 mg ( 83.4 [ 95% ci : 62.3 , 104.5 ] ng / ml ) and 50 mg ( 418.9 [ 95% ci : 311.0 , 526.7 ] ng / ml ) doses in this study .
these dose - related increases in gsk2190915 pharmacokinetics in patients with asthma have also been observed in healthy subjects using gsk2190915 doses up to 1,000 mg .
ideally , we could have studied more doses of gsk2190915 in the current study , but there is a limit to the number of allergen challenges that subjects with asthma are willing to tolerate .
we therefore chose not to include a dose of 100 mg , but to use results from our previously reported study7 for comparison .
although the two studies used different subjects , they all had mild asthma , the procedure for allergen challenge was identical , the clinical sites were the same , the two studies were conducted at the same time , and the inclusion criteria were the same , except that subjects in our previously reported study were also required to have a lar
in retrospect , a dose between 10 mg and 50 mg would have yielded useful information about the therapeutic dose .
nevertheless , the ear data from our previous7 and current studies provide a guide for doses that can be included in larger and longer dose - ranging studies on clinical endpoints such as lung function and asthma control .
while allergen challenge studies of more than one dose have been conducted with other drugs such as inhaled corticosteroids , these studies have included both the ear and lar .
we are unaware of any other studies that have used the ear alone to study the dose  response effects of novel drugs .
we have demonstrated that the ear is a model that can be used in relatively small numbers of subjects to define the dose  response effects .
this approach is faster and more efficient than alternatives such as longer studies of fev1 . in general , gsk2190915 was well - tolerated in this short study .
of the three subjects who were withdrawn from the study because of aes , two had abnormal blood results in pre - dose blood samples and the other was withdrawn during placebo treatment .
studies with longer duration of dosing and larger numbers of subjects are required to define the potential adverse effects of gsk2190915 .
in conclusion , gsk2190915 caused dose - dependent attenuation of the ear response to inhaled allergen .
gsk2190915 50 mg attenuated the ear similarly to gsk2190915 100 mg in our previous study,7 suggesting that 50 mg is at the top of the dose  response curve .
this study shows how the ear can be used to assess the therapeutic dose of a new treatment for allergic asthma .
 backgroundgsk2190915 , a 5-lipoxygenase activating protein inhibitor , inhibits the production of cysteinyl leukotrienes and leukotriene b4 and 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid . 
 we have previously reported that gsk2190915 100 mg daily inhibits early and late asthmatic responses to inhaled allergen ; the effects of lower doses have not been reported . 
 this study assessed the dose  response effects of gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg on the early asthmatic response ( ear ) to inhaled allergen.methodsnineteen subjects with mild asthma and an ear were enrolled in a randomized , double - blind , three - way crossover study of gsk2190915 10 mg , 50 mg , and placebo orally once - daily for 3 days . 
 allergen challenge was performed 2 hours after the third dose.resultscompared with placebo , gsk2190915 10 mg and 50 mg caused significant , dose - dependent attenuation of the minimum forced expiratory volume at 1 second ( fev1 ) absolute change from baseline ; mean treatment differences were 0.21 l ( 95% confidence interval [ ci ] 0.04 l , 0.38 l ) and 0.41 l ( 95% ci 0.24 l , 0.58 l ) , respectively . 
 gsk2190915 50 mg was more effective than 10 mg ; mean difference between treatments was 0.20 l , ( 95% ci 0.03 
 l , 0.36 l ) . compared with placebo , gsk2190915 50 mg , but not 10 mg , 
 significantly inhibited the weighted mean fev1 absolute change from baseline.conclusiongsk2190915 50 mg attenuated the ear similarly to gsk2190915 100 mg in our previous study , suggesting 50 mg is at the top of the dose  response curve . 
 gsk2190915 10 mg is a suboptimal dose . 
 the ear can be used to assess the therapeutic dose of a new treatment for asthma . 
Introduction
Materials and methods
Subjects
Study design
Allergen challenge
Methacholine challenge
Pharmacokinetics
Safety
Statistical analysis
Results
Subject demographics
Efficacy
Pharmacokinetics
Safety
Discussion
Conclusion