after obtaining approval from the institutional ethical committee , a prospective , cross - sectional , questionnaire - based study was carried out at n. k. p. salve institute of medical sciences and research centre , nagpur , from january 2013 to june 2013 [ iec / nkp sims-84/2013 ] .
the study was conducted on 488 medical students of all batches selected by simple random sampling .
history of sm in the preceding one year from the day of study was noted .
a structured and validated questionnaire was used for the study to collect information regarding age , gender , awareness of sm practice , type of drugs self - medicated , source of information . before starting the study ,
it was pretested on a group of 20 students , 5 students from each batch , who were excluded from final analysis . prior to administrating the questionnaire ,
they were informed that data collected would be anonymous and their participation would be voluntary .
the present study was carried out among 488 mbbs students , of which 230 ( 47.2% ) were males and 258 ( 52.8% ) were females .
the mean age of students was 19.891.41 years ranging from 17 to 24 years . among these 488 students ,
132 ( 27.1% ) , 109 ( 22.3% ) , 131 ( 26.8% ) , and 116 ( 23.8% ) were studying in i mbbs , ii mbbs , iii - i mbbs , and iii - ii mbbs , respectively ( table 1 ) .
we observed that 350 ( 71.7% ) students practiced sm in the preceding one year with 185 ( 52.8% ) female participants outnumbering male participants 165 ( 47.2% ) .
the prevalence of sm varied amongst different years of students , the prevalence increasing from first to final year as depicted in ( table 2 ) . among the self - medicators , the majority followed allopathic system of medicine 318 ( 90.9% ) followed by ayurvedic 18 ( 5.1% ) and homeopathic system of medicine 14 ( 4% ) .
1 and 2 , fever and headache 296 ( 84.5% ) were the most frequently reported illnesses followed by acidity 188 ( 53.7% ) and cough and cold 168 ( 48% ) for which sm was practiced and the commonly used drugs were antipyretics and analgesics 282 ( 80.6% ) and antacids 193 ( 55.1% ) .
as per the frequency of using drugs is concerned , it was on as and when required 261 ( 74.6% ) , monthly 45 ( 12.9% ) , only once 27 ( 7.7% ) and weekly 02 ( 0.6% ) .
route for administration of medicine preferred by students was oral route 328 ( 93.7% ) , topical route 63 ( 18% ) , and inhalational route 6 ( 1.7% ) for sm .
a- fever and headache , b- cough and cold , c- acidity , d- nausea and vomiting , e- diarrhea , f - skin problems and g- ear / eye problems .
a- antipyretics and analgesics , b- antacids , c- antibiotics , d- antihistaminic , e- gastrointestinal ailments , f- skin problems , g- ear / eye drops and h- topical ointment
. we observed that respondents got information about drugs through the reading material 183 ( 52.3% ) followed by previous prescriptions 61 ( 17.4% ) and pharmacist 60 ( 17.4% ) and the reasons for sm quoted by respondents were minor ailments 194 ( 55.4% ) followed by quick relief 87 ( 24.9% ) and urgency 71 ( 20.3% ) as found in figs . 3 and 4 .
the main source for drug procurement was pharmacy without prescription 261 ( 74.6% ) followed by free physician samples 46 ( 13.2% ) and friends / relatives 39 ( 11.2% ) ( table 3 ) .
blue colour represents family members and relatives ( 16.3% ) , red colour represents pharmacist ( 17.1% ) , green colour represents seniors / classmates ( 12.6% ) , purple colour represents reading material ( 52.3% ) , sky blue colour represents previous prescription ( 17.4% ) and orange colour represents media ( 5.4% ) .
blue colour indicates time saving ( 19.7% ) , red colour indicates minor ailments ( 55.4% ) , green colour indicates economical ( 3.5% ) , purple colour reflects confidence in self diagnosis ( 11.2% ) , sky blue colour indicates previous expertise ( 12.3% ) , orange colour represents urgency ( 20.3% ) and light blue colour indicates quick relief ( 24.9% ) .
source for drug procurement we noticed that majority of students 277 ( 79.1% ) read package inserts and labels and followed the instructions written on them .
most of the students were aware about non - prescription medicines 171 ( 48.9% ) , dose and frequency of drugs 303 ( 86.6% ) , adverse effects of medicines used 290 ( 82.9% ) , expiry date 325 ( 92.6% ) , and importance of completing course of medicines 321 ( 91.7% ) which was more among final year students ( 84.8% ) ( table 4 ) .
awareness of various aspects of self - medication we found that 92 ( 26.3% ) students experienced adverse effects of medicines of which , 49 ( 53.3% ) students stopped medications and consulted doctor , 24 ( 26.1% ) students changed medications and started other drugs , and 19 ( 5.4% ) stopped medications .
we noted that 338 ( 96.6% ) students agreed that medical knowledge is necessary for administration of medicine by self .
sm is the utilization of medicines by persons on their own without any proficient medical supervision . in developing countries like india
, most episodes are treated by sm due to easy availability of non - prescription drugs .
it is more likely to be inappropriate without complete knowledge although it is becoming a routine practice nowadays especially by undergraduate medical students .
the present study revealed that 71.7% of students reported sm practices in the preceding one year .
it is very difficult to compare the prevalence of different studies with present study due to different demographic characteristics , different methodology , and different socioeconomic status .
the prevalence of sm varied amongst different years of students and found increasing from first year to final year and the reason might be the knowledge of medicines in final year students which is comparable with the findings of previously conducted studies .
conversely , a study carried out in maharashtra reported more prevalence in first year students . also , the sm practice was found more in female students as compared to male students which is in concordance with previous works , whereas few studies reported similar proportion in both sexes and slightly higher in males as compared to females . among the self - medicators , the majority followed allopathic system of medicine followed by ayurvedic and homeopathic system of medicine which is in conformity with earlier studies , which , might be due to easy access of allopathic medicines .
the reason attributed to the use of other system of medicines have been stated as practice from childhood , earlier prescriptions available for same ailments , easy accessibility , belief in those systems .
the commonest illnesses that led to sm in this study ( fever , headache , acidity ) were also reported similarly in other studies , though it differs from a study carried out in south india which revealed cough and cold as the most common reason .
various researchers revealed antipyretics and analgesics as commonly used drugs for sm which , is in agreement with the present study whereas , the study carried out in a tertiary care medical college of west bengal reported antibiotics to be the most commonly used drugs .
regarding frequency of sm , most of the students had taken medicines on as and when required basis followed by once daily .
majority of students preferred oral route followed by topical and inhalational route for sm which , is in congruence with findings of study conducted in gujarat .
the study group mentioned the most common source of information for sm as reading material followed by previous prescriptions ; this is comparable with previously conducted studies . on the contrary
, other studies revealed the source of information as self decision , seniors , family and friends , and previous prescriptions .
with respect to the source of drug procurement , we observed that the pharmacy and free physician samples were the most common source which is similar to the results of previous studies .
the reason being easy availability and prior relief from the illness by the drug procured from the pharmacy .
though the students have easy accessibility to the physicians the cumbersome procedure of consultation , prescription procurement and then going to the pharmacy increased the practice of sm .
most common reasons for sm reported in our study were minor ailments and quick relief .
these findings are comparable with the findings in literature , however other workers reported previous expertise , lack of time to consult doctor , quick relief , and time saving as common ailments . the observations regarding reading package inserts and labels and following the instructions written on them are in accordance with earlier studies .
our findings regarding awareness of non - prescription medicines are in agreement with the findings of studies carried out in maharashtra and jammu .
the findings of various studies regarding awareness of dose and frequency are comparable with the present study .
findings regarding awareness about expiry date are in accordance with previous studies and that of awareness about importance of completing course of medicines is supported by findings of the study carried out in maharashtra .
majority of the students irrespective of the year of the study reported that they were aware of adverse effects of medicines used by them which , are analogous with the findings of other workers .
findings related to adverse effects of medicines are in agreement with the studies conducted in egypt and india , but differ from previous studies .
majority of students agreed that medical knowledge is necessary for administration of medicine by self which , is in accordance with other studies .
thus our study demonstrates that sm is highly prevalent in medical students of central india .
although the occurrence of sm is more in senior students , junior students who are not yet exposed to facts of drugs are also indulged in same , the reason might be the awareness of drugs due to easy accessibility of information through media .
since sm is at an alarming pace , education of the youth to ensure safe practices is the need of the hour .
though sm is difficult to eradicate , various measures can be taken to discourage such practices .
if action is not taken , the danger of interactions and adverse effects could increase .
for this , we conducted a 3-hour awareness program to educate the students regarding various aspects of sm .
the inputs were basics of pharmacology , adverse effects of drugs , and prescription drugs and its importance .
this will sensitize the students regarding the irrational use of medicines in terms of sm and will also guide in the designing various health education strategies which , are required to educate the students and the community in large .
 the study was undertaken to evaluate various aspects of self - medication in medical students . a prospective , cross - sectional , questionnaire - based study was carried out among 488 medical students selected by simple random sampling from january 2013 to june 2013 . 
 data was collected and analyzed for counts and percentage . 
 students reported self - medication in the preceding one year was 71.7 % and the prevalence was more in final year students . 
 fever and headache were the most frequently reported illnesses , commonly used drugs were antipyretics and analgesics , obtained information through reading material , and reasons quoted were minor ailments and quick relief . 
 majority students agreed that medical knowledge is necessary for administration of medicine by self . 
 self - medication is highly prevalent in medical students , which is quite alarming . 
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION