using cluster sampling , 337 free - living elderly subjects ( 193 females and 144 males ) were entered in a cross - sectional designed study in shiraz ( iran ) .
the study population was divided into regional clusters based on regional municipality ; and , a random sample of these clusters was selected .
exclusion criteria were dementia , psychotic disorders and inability to participate in anthropometric measurements . demographic questionnaire and 24hour food recall were completed based on interviews performed by a trained dietitian .
anthropometric indices , including height , weight , mid - arm circumference ( mac ) , waist circumference , and hip circumference were measured in standard situation and body mass index , waist - hip ratio ( whr ) , waist to height ratio ( whtr ) were calculated .
following structured diagnostic interview by a psychologist , depressive signs were evaluated using the geriatric depression scale ( gds ) .
the nutritional status of subjects was determined using mini - nutritional assessment ( mna ) scores questionnaire via an interview conducted by a trained dietitian .
the mna is an internationally validated assessment and screening tool that can be used in elderly subjects to identify malnourished patients and those at risk of malnutrition ( 1415 ) . in the mna , according to screening segment , if the score of patient is 12 or more , the patient is not at risk of malnutrition and there is no need to complete the rest of the questionnaire .
however , if the score is 11 or less , the patient may be at risk and the full mna form should be completed .
based on final scores , patients will classify into three groups : at risk of malnutrition , malnourished , and well nourished ( 16 ) . to screen the elderly patients at risk of depression ,
this tool has been validated in iran ( 17 ) . in the gds , according to screening part , if the score of patient is 8 points or less , the patient is not at risk ( 17 ) .
continuous variables are reported as means  sds and categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages .
differences in nutritional status in various layers of the categorical variables were analyzed by the chi - square test .
for comparison of qualitative variables in the two groups ( depressed and non - depressed )  chi squared test  was used .
moreover , means of quantitative variables including body mass index , triceps skin folds , mac , waist , calf , and total body fat were compared between the two groups by means of independent sample t - test .
pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for linear relations between total gds scores as well as mna scores and continuous variables such as total body fat , measures of bmi , triceps skin - folds , mac , calf , and waist circumference .
continuous variables are reported as means  sds and categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages .
differences in nutritional status in various layers of the categorical variables were analyzed by the chi - square test .
for comparison of qualitative variables in the two groups ( depressed and non - depressed )  chi squared test  was used .
moreover , means of quantitative variables including body mass index , triceps skin folds , mac , waist , calf , and total body fat were compared between the two groups by means of independent sample t - test .
pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for linear relations between total gds scores as well as mna scores and continuous variables such as total body fat , measures of bmi , triceps skin - folds , mac , calf , and waist circumference .
total of 337 elderly subjects participated in this study . the participants mean age  sd was 63.1 i 8.1 years ( 64.4  8.0 in male subjects and 62.1  8.1 in females ) .
demographic variables in the study of depression in elderly subjects total number of subjects was 337 elderly anthropometric variables in elderly subjects with depressive symptoms compared to elderly subjects with no depressive symptoms are listed in table 2 . 
 
anthropometric variables in the elderly with depressive symptoms ( based on gds scores ) in comparison with the elderly with no depressive symptoms gds : geriatric depression scale for comparison of qualitative variables  chi squared test  and for comparing means of quantitative variables between two groups  independent sample t - test  was used .
bmi was categorized as normal weight ( < 24.0 kg / m2 ) , overweight ( 24.0 to 27.9 kg / m2 ) , or obese ( 28.0 kg / m2 ) .
mid - upper arm circumference significant differences between two groups ( p  0.05 ) nutritional status ( base on mna ) in elderly subjects with depressive symptoms in comparison with elderly subjects with no depressive symptoms is demonstrated in table 3 . 
 
nutritional status ( base on mna ) in elderly subjects with depressive symptoms ( based on gds scores ) comparing to elderly subjects with no depressive symptoms mna : mini - nutritional assessment data of nutritional status is missing for three participants .
very significant difference between two groups ( p 0.0001 ) according to gds , 43.62% of the subjects were depressed , and women were more depressed than men ( 27.9% vs. 15% , respectively ) .
people living in urban areas were more depressed than rural areas ( 39.46% vs. 3.85% respectively ) .
subjects with less than twelve years of education were more depressed than those with more than twelve years of education ( 31.45% vs. 12.16% respectively ) . according to mna ,
forty three percent of women were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition compared to 25.7% of men ( p=0.004 ) .
percent of malnutrition or risk of malnutrition was higher in urban subjects compared to rural subjects ( 33.53% vs. 2.07% respectively ) , and it was also higher among subjects with less than 12 years of education compared to those with more than 12 years of education ( 25.8% vs. 9.79% respectively ) .
about 48% of the subjects with severe and mild depression were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition .
gds had a significant negative dependence with the mna for the entire sample ( r=-0.58 , p - value<0.0001 ) .
moreover , the mean gds scores differed significantly between men and women ( p - value<0.05 ) , and the prevalence of depression was higher among women .
malnutrition and depression are both complicated and correlated so that depression may lead to appetite loss and under nutrition . on the other hand , malnutrition may deteriorate depression and apathy ( 13 , 1819 ) .
it is not well known whether depression cause malnutrition or poor nutritional status leads to depressive disorders .
de wit and colleagues ( 20 ) reported a significant u - shaped trend in the association between bmi and depression .
they found more depression among obese subjects , less depression among normal weigh participants and again higher trends of depression among underweight subjects ( 20 ) .
the mna tool is a well validated and effective way of assessing the nutritional status in old patients .
estimation of an individual 's malnutrition risk is the aim of the mna ( 21 ) .
there is unanimity among nutritionists and researchers about the usage of this questionnaire for early detection of malnutrition in elderly subjects ( 2223 ) .
appetite , nutritional behavior and dietary intake are highly affected by depression in elderly population ( 24 ) .
german l. ( 25 ) and colleagues found that mna scores were significantly lower among depressed patients as compared with non - depressed , indicating a higher risk for under- nutrition among depressed people .
the main difference of the present research with previous works is examining the association of anthropometric indices with depression as a control for mna and nutritional status in old subjects .
depression and bmi are inversely associated with each other ( 26 ) which reveal greater physiologic , functional and mental preservation from amounts of muscle mass and greater exercise that protect patients against depressive symptoms ( 27 ) .
this is reflected in our study by statistically significant more triceps skin - folds and total body fat in depressed participants .
the prevalence of malnutrition and depression in old inpatient population was much more than free living and family supported old subjects ( 25 ) which reveal the role of family support on nutritional and mental status ( 28 ) . in contrary to our results , some studies ( 2930 ) have reported that depressive symptoms and malnutrition in rural areas are higher than urban areas .
this might be a result of significantly different numbers of urban and rural participants ( 311 vs. 26 respectively ) in our study . as found by previous studies ( 3133 ) ,
one rational for this phenomenon is that depression may be induced by incorrect body image and periodic weight loss dieting and/or more eating disorders among women .
although the current study was not designed to find any causal relationship between nutritional status and depression , future cohort studies may be able to elucidate this issue .
the main limitation of this study was lack of a control group . we highly recommend a case - control designed study in this field .
the results of the present study revealed a high prevalence of depression and malnutrition among the elderly .
therefore , households and nursing homes that provide care for the female elderly should pay close attention to their nutritional status and depressive disorder at the same time .
the mechanism of this association needs further elucidations , and future studies are needed to evaluate the extent these nutritional disturbances are reversible .
 objectivemalnutrition and depression are highly prevalent in the elderly and can lead to unfavorable outcomes . 
 the aims of the current study were to determine the association between malnutrition and depression and also to find any correlation of depression with some anthropometric indices in free living elderly.methodin this cross - sectional study , 337 elderly subjects ( 193 females ) were selected using cluster sampling . 
 depressive symptoms and nutritional status were determined by the geriatric depression scale ( gds ) and the mini - nutritional assessment ( mna ) scores questionnaires , respectively . 
 anthropometric indices were measured all in standard situations . 
 chi squared test and t - test were used when necessary . 
 pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for linear relations between variables.resultsof all the total subjects , 43.62% were depressed ; and of whom , 48.01% were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition . 
 gds had a significant negative dependence with the mna for the entire sample ( r=-0.58 , p < 0.0001 ) . 
 however , there was no significant correlation between age and gds or mna scores . 
 moreover , the mean gds scores differed significantly between men and women ( p < 0.05 ) , and women were more depressed than men ( 27.9% vs. 15% , respectively ) . 
 the elderly subjects living in urban areas were more depressed than those living in rural areas ( 39.46% vs. 3.85% respectively).conclusionthe results of the present study revealed a high prevalence of depression and malnutrition among old subjects . 
 moreover , depression was associated with worsening of nutritional status . 
 the mechanism of this association needs further study . 
Material and Methods
Statistical Analysis
Result
Discussion
Limitations
Conclusion
Conflict of interest