the purpose of experiment 1 was to clarify 
 whether a smaller balloon catheter can reduce bladder damage .
the purpose of experiments 2 
 and 3 was to determine , if the catheter based on the results of experiment 1 can be used in 
 a nutritional trial requiring daily urine collection . for this purpose , we investigated the 
 effect of catheterization on cows veterinary profiles in experiment 2 and on feeding 
 profiles in experiment 3 .
animals : holstein cows farmed at the tokyo metropolitan agriculture and 
 forestry research center ( ome , japan ) were used for all experiments .
niigata agricultural 
 research institute livestock research center ( sanjo , japan ) and aichi agricultural research 
 center ( nagakute , japan ) were used for experiment 3 .
all cows were individually housed in 
 stalls and had free access to feed and clean , fresh water .
experiment 1 : we investigated two parameters : ( 1 ) the occurrence of 
 catheter - associated hematuria ; and ( 2 ) the macroscopic and microscopic observations of the 
 bladder into which 3 sizes of catheters were inserted .
we inserted a standard balloon catheter ( nb catheter : all 
 silicone foley catheter ; 70 ml , 24 french , straight round tip ; create medic 
 co. , ltd . ,
yokohama , japan ) , a smaller balloon catheter ( xsb catheter : all silicone balloon 
 catheter ; 30 ml , 24 french ; nipro , osaka , japan ) or a small balloon 
 catheter ( sb catheter : norta foley catheter ; 45 ml , 24 french ; 
 bsn medical , hamburg , germany ) into the bladders of 7 cows for each type of catheter .
the 
 catheters remained in place , and the urine samples were collected for 3 consecutive days . 

catheterization was based on multiple techniques [ 5 , 
 10 , 13 , 
 39 ] .
other specific procedures were as follows : all 
 cows were given a caudal epidural anesthetic of 35 ml of 2% lidocaine hcl 
 ( xylocaine injection ; astrazeneca international k.k . ,
after the catheter was inserted , the end of the catheter was connected 
 to the drainage tube .
the end of the drainage tube was connected to a urine collection bag 
 ( a 45 l vinyl bag ) containing 700 ml of 20% ( v / v ) 
 h2so4 .
the drainage tube was closely held with a band and adhesion 
 bond at the inguinal region to prevent the weight of the drainage tube from pulling on the 
 catheter .
the urine collection bag was changed every day . in this study , if a cow showed 
 discomfort , we removed the catheter and stopped any further the use of that particular type 
 of catheter .
catheter - associated hematuria was checked on the first day ( d 1 ) with the day 
 of catheterization as the urine sampling start day , and four days later ( d 4 ) , when the 
 catheter was removed .
urine samples were collected from the end of the drainage tube from 
 the catheter that had been inserted into the bladder on the morning of d 1 and d 4 . the red 
 blood cell count per high - power field at a 400  magnification ( rbc / hpf )
study , catheter - associated hematuria was defined as greater than 50 rbc / hpf , because 90% of 
 catheterized
humans fall under that criterion . for the second parameter , examination of the bladder ,
bladders were harvested after aortic exsanguination under anesthesia induced 
 intravenously with pentobarbital sodium ( somnopentyl injection ; kyoritsu 
 seiyaku , tokyo , japan ) .
each bladder was incised at the median line on the anterior side 
 between the apex of the bladder and the external opening of the urethra .
the inside wall of 
 the bladder was macroscopically examined , and sections were taken from the bladder wall for 
 light microscopic examination as well as an examination of a cross section from the bladder 
 wall .
we examined : ( 1 ) the general condition of each cow in the first trial ; and ( 2 ) 
 incidence of uti in the second trial .
each trial preceded the nutritional trial , conducted 
 between november 2004 and july 2007 , which required the collection of urine . in each trial , 
 catheter insertion and the urine collection period were the same as in experiment 1 , and the 
 catheter used was based on the results of experiment 1 .
specific catheterization procedures were as follows : before cows were 
 milked , the end of the drainage tube was removed from the urine collection bag , which was 
 clamped shut at approximately 20 cm from the end ; then , the end of the drainage tube was 
 sprayed and wrapped in paper towels soaked in 70% ethanol to prevent infection , before the 
 cows were led to the milking parlor .
after 
 milking , the interior of the urine collection bag was sprayed with 70% ethanol ; then , the 
 drainage tube was reconnected to the bag .
urine ph , body temperature , blood values 
 and body weight were measured at the pre - catheter period , one week before catheter insertion 
 ( 1 w ) and during the period that the catheter was in place , between d 1 and d 4 .
urine samples for ph were 
 collected from spontaneous urination by manual stimulation in the groin once at 1 w and 
 from the drainage tube once in the morning of d 4 .
urinary ph was measured immediately after 
 sampling using a ph meter ( model f-22 ; horiba , kyoto , japan ) .
body temperature was recorded 
 with a rectal mercury thermometer twice a day ( 8:30 and 13:30 ) for 3 successive days at 1 w 
 and one day after d 1 ( d 2 ) to d 4 of the catheterized period .
the blood samples were 
 collected from the caudal vein once at 1 w and on d 4 .
the samples were taken using coded 
 heparinized vacuum tubes ( venojectii vp - h100 , terumo co. , ltd . ,
the samples were analyzed immediately after sampling for red blood 
 cell count , hematocrit , hemoglobin content and white blood cell count on a well - calibrated 
 cell counter ( model pc-608 ; erma , tokyo , japan ) .
the total urine samples ( 100 ml ) for urinary creatinine were 
 collected every day for three days from the urine collection bag .
urinary creatinine was determined using a commercial 
 kit analyzer ( creatinine - testwako ; wako pure chemical industries ltd . ,
for the second trial , 13 lactating cows were catheterized a total of 22 times ( 6 cows were 
 catheterized once , 5 cows were catheterized 2 times and 2 cows were catheterized 3 times ) . 
 when cows were catheterized more than once , a minimum interval of five weeks was used 
 between catheterizations .
incidence of uti was checked on d 1 , d 4 , four days ( + d 4 ) and 11 
 days ( + d 11 ) after d 4 ( catheter removal day ) .
cows with a positive urinary bacterial 
 culture result before the start of the trial were excluded .
urine samples on d 1 and d 4 
 were collected once each day from the drainage tube .
the samples on + d 4 and + d 11 were also 
 collected using a sterile nelaton catheter ( urethral catheter ; fujihira industry , tokyo , 
 japan ) once each day .
if a cow developed a uti on d 4 or + d 4 , the cow was treated with 
 antibiotics every five days , and a urine sample was not collected on + d 11 .
one month after 
 final antibiotic administration , urine samples were collected from treated cows and cultured 
 to investigate the progress of the uti .
these samples were collected using the same 
 procedure as on + d 4 and + d 11 .
a uti was defined , if 
 the bacterial colony count for urine samples was greater than 10 
 cfu / ml .
experiment 3 : we explored the effect of different urine collection methods 
  vulva urine cup ( normal method ) or catheter  on feeding profiles .
this experiment 
 preceded the nutritional trial between february 2005 and may 2006 , which required the 
 collection of urine .
this feed was adjusted so as to meet the total digestible nutrient requirements 
 for maintenance and lactation in accordance with the japanese feeding standards for dairy 
 cows .
milking , catheter insertion , catheter type 
 and period of urine collection with catheter or vulva urine cup were the same as in 
 experiment 2 .
eighteen lactating cows were fitted with a vulva urine cup ( sanshin industry , yokohama , 
 japan ) , and catheters were inserted into 14 lactating cows .
the following feeding profiles 
 were measured : body weight , dry matter intake ( dmi ) , milk yield , output of urine and feces , 
 digestibility , urinary total nitrogen and allantoin , nitrogen balance and nitrogen rate . for 
 urine collection with the vulva urine cup ,
the same volume and concentration of 
 h2so4 was used as for the urine collection bag in experiment 2 .
the measuring of dmi and milk yield was 
 the same as in the study by koga et al . .
after feces weight was recorded daily , samples were frozen at 20c until 
 analyzed .
samples of feed , urine and feces were analyzed for total nitrogen in accordance 
 with standard methods .
wet samples were dried for 
 48 hr at 55c , ground and passed through a 1 mm screen .
statistical significance was defined as p<0.05 . 
 in experiment 1 , to determine the effect of balloon size , the occurrence of 
 catheter - associated hematuria was analyzed using fisher s exact two - tailed test . in 
 experiment 2 , to compare the differences before and after the catheterized period , data were 
 analyzed using the wilcoxon test . to determine the differences between catheterized times 
 ( 1 , 2 and 3 times ) ,
the incidence of uti was analyzed using fisher s exact two - tailed test . 
 in experiment 3 , to evaluate the differences in feeding parameters among sampling methods , 
 data were analyzed using with the sas glm procedure .
in every experiment , all cows recovered from anesthesia approximately 3 hr after 
 catheterization .
some cows showed a small amount of urine leakage between the catheter and 
 urinary tract .
no catheter slipped out of any cow 
 at any time during the catheterized period .
however , in experiment 1 , the first of the 7 
 cows who had an xsb catheter inserted manifested discomfort on d 2 , so the xsb catheter 
 inserted into this cow was immediately removed .
the cows with an inserted sb catheter or nb 
 catheter did not show any signs of discomfort .
occurrence of catheter - associated hematuria : urinary red blood cell counts 
 in experiment 1 are presented in table 
 1table 1.results of hematuria testing ( rbc / hpf)catheter groupperiodd1d4cow 1nb<33cow 2nb<345cow 3nb<3>100cow 4nb<3>100cow 5nb<3>100cow 6nb<3>100cow 7nb<3>500cow 8sb<3<3cow 9sb<3<3cow 10sb<3<3cow 11sb<3<3cow 12sb<314cow 13sb<322cow 14sb<336 .
five cows showed catheter - associated hematuria of greater than 100 rbc / hpf in 
 the nb group .
a cow showed less than 3 
 rbc / hpf on d 1 and greater than 500 rbc / hpf on d 2 in the xsb group .
the occurrence of 
 catheter - associated hematuria at three days after catheter insertion was 5/7 ( 71.4% ) in the 
 nb group and 0/7 ( 0.0% ) in the sb group .
the occurrence of catheter - associated hematuria 
 differed significantly between groups ( p=0.030 ) .
1.macro-scale photograph of a bladder in which the catheter was inserted : ( a ) bladder 
 in the nb catheter group , ( b ) bladder in the sb catheter group , ( ab ) apex of bladder , 
 ( ir ) interureteric ridge , ( bn ) bladder neck , ( uc ) urethral crest .
the bladder from the nb 
 group showed bleeding on the interureteric ridge and the urethral crest ; hyperemia had 
 occurred at the bladder apex ( fig .
the 
 bladder from the sb group showed bleeding on the interureteric ridge and the urethral crest ; 
 the bladder neck had blood spots ( fig .
2.micrograph of the cross - section of the sb - catheterized bladder ( hematoxylin  eosin 
 stained ) : ( l ) lamina propria mucosa , ( m ) mucosal epithelium .
the magnification bar represents 10 m . shows a micrograph of the bladder with the sb catheter
bleeding was visible in the 
 lamina propria mucosa in the nb and sb group bladders .
macro - scale photograph of a bladder in which the catheter was inserted : ( a ) bladder 
 in the nb catheter group , ( b ) bladder in the sb catheter group , ( ab ) apex of bladder , 
 ( ir ) interureteric ridge , ( bn ) bladder neck , ( uc ) urethral crest .
micrograph of the cross - section of the sb - catheterized bladder ( hematoxylin  eosin 
 stained ) : ( l ) lamina propria mucosa , ( m ) mucosal epithelium .
general condition : an sb catheter was used in experiment 2 ( see 
 discussion ) . determined items are presented in table 
 2table 2.effect of catheterization on veterinary general conditionsitemsperiodp - valuepre - catheterplacing cathetermedianmedian(mean , range)(mean ; range)urine ph8.708.610.438(8.67 , 8.41 to 8.79)(8.63 , 8.45 to 8.81)body temperature,c38.838.90.250(38.8 , 38.6 to 38.9)(38.9 , 38.7 to 39.1)blood itemsrbc , 
 10/l6226410.438(624 , 534 to 745)(654 , 550 to 799)ht,%29.230.20.844(29.3 , 25.4 to 34.1)(29.3 , 24.3 to 32.8)hb , g / dl10.811.10.688(10.9 , 9.6 to 11.6)(10.6 , 8.3 to 12.0)wbc , 
 10/l87910.688(88 , 67 to 106)(90 , 69 to 109)body weight , kg6576510.156(649 , 582 to 690)(640 , 572 to 687)urinary creatinine , 

mg / ml1.13( , )(1.15 , 0.97 to 1.36)urinary creatinine , mg / kg bw  day21.7( , )(21.4 , 20.4 to 21.9) : no measure .. urinary ph , body temperature , blood values and body weight did not differ 
 between the pre - catheterized period and the catheterized period 
 ( p>0.05 ) .
the daily concentration of urinary creatinine was 1.15  0.16 
 mg / ml and was 21.4  0.7 mg / kg bw per unit of body weight ( coefficient 
 value : 3.3% ) .
the daily excretion of urinary creatinine per unit of body weight was 21.4  0.7 mg / kg bw 
 ( coefficient value : 3.3% ) .
incidence of uti : the incidence of uti did not differ significantly 
 between the catheterized times ( p=1.000 ) . the incidence of uti in 
 experiment 2 is presented in table 3table 3.incidence of uti ( % ) itemperiodd 1d 4+d 4+d 11(n=22)(n=22)(n=22)(n=20)uti0.09.19.10.0a : number of cows on + d 11 did not include 2 cows that developed uti on d 4 and + d 4 . 
 those cows were not examined for uti on + d 11 because they had started antibiotic care 
 after + d 4 .. two cows ( 9.1% ) had a uti on d 4 .
these two cows with uti were also uti 
 positive on + d 4 . other cows without uti on d 4 did not develop uti until + d 4 and + d 11 . 

a : number of cows on + d 11 did not include 2 cows that developed uti on d 4 and + d 4 . 

those cows were not examined for uti on + d 11 because they had started antibiotic care 
 after + d 4 . the bacterial population density in samples from the two cows with uti was greater than 
 10 cfu / ml .
we administered an antibiotic to these two 
 uti - positive cows ( mycillin sol meiji for veterinary use ; meiji seika kaisha ltd . ,
the antibiotic was administered 
 as an intramuscular injection of 20 ml per cow every day for 5 days . 

effect on feeding : an sb catheter was also used in experiment 3 ( see 
 discussion ) .
the effect of different urine sampling methods  vulva urine cup or catheter  
 on feeding profiles is presented in table 
 4table 4.effect of urine sampling method on feeding profilesitemssampling methodp - valuevulva urine cupcatheterbody weight , kg672  16645  320.547dry matter intake , kg / d23.5  0.923.4  1.70.972dry matter intake per body weight , % 3.5  0.13.6  0.30.767milk yield ,
kg / d40.6  1.734.2  3.40.174urine output , kg / d12.0  0.715.0  1.40.139feces output , kg / d55.0  1.951.2  3.80.465digestible ratio of dry matter , % 66.2  1.067.9  2.00.533digestible ratio of nitrogen , % 63.1  1.364.9  2.60.627urinary nitrogen , mg / ml9.5  0.611.9  1.20.145urinary allantoin , mg / ml4.7  0.45.7  0.50.250input and output of nitrogen , g / dintake554.9  22.9540.2  46.30.817milk197.5  7.1170.8  14.40.187feces203.4  8.1188.3  16.50.505urine114.2  10.1173.2  20.40.044retention39.8  15.48.0  31.20.458input and output of nitrogen , % of nitrogen intakemilk36.3  1.431.8  2.90.255feces36.9  1.335.1  2.60.628urine20.5  1.533.0  3.10.006retention6.3  2.60.1  5.20.385 . only the output of nitrogen in urine and urinary nitrogen ( % of nitrogen 
 intake ) differed between sampling methods ( p<0.05 ) .
this study proposes a modified procedure using a small balloon for reducing bladder damage 
 when total urine production must be collected from a cow .
we hypothesized that a balloon 
 catheter smaller than a standard size catheter ( 75 ml ) can reduce bladder 
 damage . to verify this hypothesis
, we inserted three different sizes of balloons ( xsb 
 catheter , sb catheter and nb catheter ) into cows .
once inserted , the catheters remained in 
 place for 3 days as we compared urinary red blood cell counts and observed the bladder 
 macroscopically and microscopically in experiment 1 .
when a catheter was determined in 
 experiment 1 to be useful for daily collection of urine , we proceeded to experiment 2 for 
 examination of veterinary parameters and to experiment 3 for investigation of feeding 
 profiles . comparing size of balloons : in experiment 1 , use of a 30 
 ml balloon catheter was not appropriate as a cow with an inserted xsb 
 catheter showed discomfort .
we speculated that the balloon size was too small for a cow s 
 bladder , so the balloon moved location to the vicinity of the urethra for the period of one 
 day .
discomfort to the cow on d 2 probably occurred , because of the balloon irritating the 
 urethra .
balloon catheters of at least 45 ml did not dislocate to urethra , 
 and thus , no irritation occurred there .
we therefore decided that the use of an xsb catheter 
 should be discontinued in this study when one of the cows with an inserted catheter showed 
 signs of discomfort .
if we had persisted with the use of an xsb catheter during this study , 
 the collection of urine would have failed because of the cows movement due to its discomfort 
 and this study would have been against the animal s welfare .
macroscopic and microscopic observations revealed that bladder walls were bleeding or 
 hyperemic in both nb and sb groups .
1a ) appeared to have heavier bleeding than that from the sb 
 group ( fig .
bleeding was visible in the lamina propria mucosa in the bladders from the nb 
 and sb groups .
the microscopic appearances of the bleeding areas in the bladders were 
 similar for both nb and sb group bladders ; figure 
 2 depicts a micrograph of the bladder from the sb group .
macroscopic and 
 microscopic observations did not proceed for the xsb group , because only one cow could have 
 the xsb inserted and the catheter would not remain in place for three days . bleeding or 
 hyperemic areas in bladders from the nb group and
the occurrence of catheter - associated hematuria was 
 71.4% in the nb group and 0.0% in the sb group ( significantly different between groups , 
 p<0.05 ) .
this demonstrated that the use of sb catheters instead of nb 
 catheters can reduce bladder injury .
however , this evidence is inadequate for interpreting 
 the data from only a single bladder per group .
the observations in this study indicated that 
 the bladders had been injured by catheterization with nb and sb catheters .
it is apparent 
 that catheter - associated hematuria resulted from bladder injury by catheterization .
the 
 occurrence of catheter - associated hematuria was significantly lower in the sb group than in 
 the nb group ( p<0.05 ) , which supports the hypothesis that using a small 
 balloon might decrease damage to bladders .
the difference in volume between the 45 
 ml and the 70 ml balloons is 25 ml .
the surface area of an nb catheter 
 is larger than that of an sb catheter .
we can be sure that an nb catheter has more potential 
 to cause injury to bladder than an sb catheter .
bladders in the nb group have more potential 
 to be injured than bladders in the sb group , because of the larger area and the stronger 
 pressure of the balloon .
although 
 crutchfield   proposed using a 75 
 ml balloon as the standard balloon catheter , we chose to use the nb 
 catheter ( a 70 ml balloon ) because it was difficult to purchase a 75 
 ml balloon catheter .
second , we needed to compare the hematuria data 
 between the nb catheter , xsb catheter and sb catheter .
the data for the xsb catheter were 
 only taken from one cow , and the data on d 4 could not be obtained because of the cow s 
 discomfort .
third , 
 we should compare the hematuria data in this experiment and the normal data .
however , since 
 no normal data related to hematuria in cows are expressed in the rbc / hpf ratio , we must 
 discuss the data of the nb group versus the data of the sb group . in humans , the use of a larger balloon added more weight to the bladder neck .
trauma has been described in catheterized human 
 bladders , causing the proliferation of urinary 
 red blood cells .
experiment 1 clarified that the 
 sb catheter was superior to the nb catheter and that the xsb catheter was not appropriate 
 for cows .
the nb catheter causes trauma to the bladder and hematuria in cattle , as in 
 humans .
general condition : in experiment 2 , all investigated general condition 
 items were not affected between the pre - catheterized period and the catheterized period . the 
 results of urine ph , body temperature and blood values were within the normal reference 
 range .
the daily concentration of urinary 
 creatinine ( 1.15  0.16 mg / ml ) was almost the same as when collected using 
 a vulva urine cup at 8.6  0.6 mg / ml .
the daily excretion of urinary creatinine ( 21.4  0.7 mg / kg bw ) was almost 
 consistent with 21.0  1.9 mg / kg bw   and 
 19.621.2 mg / kg bw . in spite of this , the data 
 in this experiment are slight lower than 22.626.2 mg / kg bw .
when compared with other reports , there was no extreme - difference in the 
 concentration or the excretion of creatinine , indicating that renal function did not 
 deteriorate . from these results
, we can hypothesize that catheterization does not have a 
 negative effect on the general condition of cows .
incidence of uti : in experiment 2 , the incidence of uti with the sb 
 catheter was 9.1% when the catheter remained in place for a period of three days ( 3.0% per 
 catheterized day ) .
the incidence did not increase during + d 4 and + d 11 when cows that had 
 developed uti on d 4 and + d 4 were excluded , demonstrating that uti did not develop after 
 catheters were removed .
moreover , two cows that had shown uti recovered fully , since no 
 bacteria in urine from those cows were detected after administration of antibiotics .
we can therefore conclude the following : the incidence of uti with the sb 
 catheter was 3.0% per catheterized day .
first , 7 of 13 cows were catheterized 
 more than once , when in reality they should have been catheterized only once .
. the incidence of uti did not differ 
 significantly between catheterized times ( p>0.1 ) .
we believed this 
 non - catheterization period cleared up the affects of the catheter insertions upon the cows 
 that had been catheterized more than once .
therefore , the incidence of uti was computed as 
 if 22 cows had been catheterized .
second , uti was defined strictly in terms of the urinary 
 bacterial count in this experiment .
evidence of a relationship 
 between bacteriuria and hematuria was not obtained in this experiment , because hematuria in 
 cows with uti ( bacteriuria positive ) was not monitored .
we assume that a few cows without 
 uti would have a positive hematuria test after catheterization , because of the maximum of 36 
 rbcs / hpf found in urine samples collected using the sb catheter on d 4 in experiment 1 
 ( table 1 ) .
third , the incidence of uti lasted only for a 
 period of three days in this experiment .
the incidence of uti under catheterization for 
 periods of more or less than three days is undefined .
three days catheterization is an 
 appropriate period , because almost all cow catheterization periods reported in the 
 literature were 3 days [ 9 , 21 , 36 , 38 ] ; some other cases comprised 4 days   and 6 days .
moreover , significant 
 risk factors for developing uti were increased during catheterization in humans   and in dogs .
the infecting organisms form a biofilm on the catheter surface , and these 
 encrustations provide a refuge for bacteria that are very resistant to antibiotics .
fourth , the incidence of uti with the nb catheter 
 was not determined . from the result of experiment 1
given the risk of uti with the nb catheter , its use should not be 
 encouraged .
it should be noted that this study is the first to show the incidence of uti in 
 cows .
for that reason , we sought to compare our data against other data , such as those for 
 humans and dogs .
the incidence in this experiment ( 9.1% ) was subequal with studies in 
 humans , 8.7%   and 9.1%   for catheterization over a period of three days .
furthermore , the 
 incidence of uti was 3.0% per catheterized day in this study , which was consistent with the 
 rate in humans , 310% , and in dogs , 4.7% per catheterized day . because the incidence of 
 uti in sb - catheterized cows was not higher than other data
, it is apparent that handlers 
 should not be concerned about the urinary tract infection risk in sb - catheterized cows . before concluding this section
, we note that many studies on the prevention of uti have 
 presented data for humans [ 8 , 32 , 35 , 37 ]
we strongly recommend maintaining the hygienic conditions set forth in the cdc 
 guidelines   and surveying animals to detect uti 
 before and after catheterization .
furthermore , the length of time for catheterizing cows 
 should be as brief as possible in trials to avoid increasing bacterial mobility .
effect on feeding : in experiment 3 , the results of feeding profiles show 
 that feeding data , without the nitrogen output in urine and the urinary nitrogen ( % of 
 nitrogen intake ) , were not influenced by the two types of collection methods  vulva urine 
 cup and catheter .
we can offer little explanation why the nitrogen output in urine and the 
 urinary nitrogen ( % of nitrogen intake ) differed between sampling methods .
urinary 
 creatinine concentration was almost the same as it is when collected using a vulva urine cup 
 ( see general conditions in the discussion ) .
there was no difference in urine output or urinary 
 nitrogen concentration when using either of these sampling methods .
however , the nitrogen 
 output in urine and the urinary nitrogen ( % of nitrogen intake ) did yield higher values when 
 using the catheter as opposed to the vulva urine cup . these differences according to 
 sampling method can be explained by assuming that the degree of urine collection was higher 
 for catheters and thus the loss of urinary nitrogen was lower for catheters .
we suggest that 
 there is a significant difference when using an sb catheter in the detection of urinary data 
 in a nutritional trial .
in addition , since the daily output of urine did not differ between 
 sampling methods , total urine collection during a 3-day catheterized period was successful 
 without urine loss and was useful for total urine collection .
conclusion : results show that a 30 ml balloon catheter is 
 not appropriate for urine collection in cows .
the procedure is more useful than a 
 previous procedure using a 75 ml balloon catheter .
the procedure has three 
 key elements : reduced bladder damage , 9.1% infection ( uti ) risk per three continuously 
 catheterized days and problem - free total urine collection for nutritional trials . in the 
 future ,
accurate total urinary data related to nutrition and feeding can be obtained and 
 considered using this modified procedure which presents a starting point for a new line of 
 research .
 abstractthis study proposed a modified 
 procedure , using a small balloon catheter ( sb catheter , 45 ml ) , for 
 reducing bladder damage in cows . 
 holstein cows and the following catheters were prepared : 
 smaller balloon catheter ( xsb catheter ; 30 ml ) , sb catheter and standard 
 balloon catheter ( nb catheter ; 70 ml , as the commonly used , standard 
 size ) . in experiment 1 , each cow was catheterized . 
 the occurrence of catheter - associated 
 hematuria ( greater than 50 rbc / hpf ) was lower in the sb catheter group ( 0.0% , 
 n=7 ) than in the nb catheter group ( 71.4% , n=7 ; 
 p<0.05 ) . in experiment 2 , 
 general veterinary parameters , urine ph , 
 body temperature and blood values in cows were not affected before or after insertion of 
 sb catheters ( n=6 ) . 
 the incidence of urinary tract infection ( uti ) was 
 3.0% per catheterized day ( n=22 ) . in experiment 3 , feeding profiles , 
 daily excretion of urinary nitrogen ( p<0.05 ) and rate from nitrogen 
 intake in urine ( p<0.01 ) , were higher with use of the sb catheter 
 ( n=13 ) than with the use of the vulva urine cup 
 ( n=18 ) , indicating that using the sb catheter can provide accurate 
 nutritional data . 
 from this study , we concluded that when using an sb catheter , the 
 following results occur ; reduction in bladder damage without any veterinary risks and 
 accuracy in regard to feeding parameters , suggesting this modified procedure using an sb 
 catheter is a useful means of daily urine collection . 
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION