over 5.7 million americans have been diagnosed with heart failure , and with the aging population , this number is expected to increase to 8 million by 2030.13 heart failure is the most common diagnosis among hospitalized patients 65 years of age and older and the leading cause of readmissions in the medicare population.46 accompanying the increasing prevalence of heart failure in older adults is the high burden of treatment , which grows in complexity as the disease progresses and exacerbations occur.7,8 older adults with heart failure also have numerous noncardiac comorbidities ( eg , diabetes , chronic pulmonary disease , depression , anemia , chronic kidney disease ) , which further complicate clinical care and amplify treatment burden.911 previous data suggest that on average , patients with heart failure take 6.8 prescription medications per day , resulting in 10.1 doses per day , not including over - the - counter ( otc ) or complementary and alternative medications.12 as a result , polypharmacy ( often defined as the use of five or more medications ) is a pervasive problem in this population , particularly in older adults.1216 considering this high medication burden , it is not surprising that medication nonadherence ranges from 40% to 60% in heart failure patients.5,17 poor adherence to heart failure medications is associated with deleterious clinical consequences and is a major cause of hospital readmissions.15,1721 a better understanding of factors that may contribute to medication nonadherence , such as medication regimen complexity , is urgently needed , particularly in the elderly population .
 medication regimen complexity  is a term used to describe multiple characteristics of a patient s drug regimen , beyond just the number of medications.22 it includes such factors as number of doses per day , number of units per dose , dosage forms , and additional instructions ( eg , take with food).22 high medication regimen complexity has been associated with medication nonadherence , poor quality of life , and increased health - resource utilization ( eg , hospital readmissions).2327 the medication regimen complexity index ( mrci ) was a tool developed and validated by george et al in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to measure prescription medications associated with that disease.22 the tool was subsequently expanded and validated by libby et al to include all medications in a patient s drug regimen ( ie , disease state - specific , other prescription , and otc ) , which is often referred to as patient - level mrci ( pmrci).28,29 the pmrci tool has been used to quantify medication regimen complexity in numerous patient populations , such as geriatric depression ; hospitalized elderly ; residents in long - term care facilities ; hospitalized patients with heart failure ; heart , kidney , and liver transplants ; hiv ; hypertension ; diabetes ; and dialysis , among others.24,2844 although heart failure is a leading discharge diagnosis in older adults and polypharmacy is common in patients with heart failure , to the best of our knowledge medication regimen complexity has not been evaluated in the ambulatory setting for this population . therefore , the purpose of our study was to quantify systematically medication regimen complexity in ambulatory older adults with heart failure using the pmrci tool .
the primary objective was to compare medication regimen complexity in patients with heart failure stratified by age : young - old ( 6074 years of age ) versus old - old ( 7589 years of age ) .
we hypothesized that medication complexity would be higher in the old - old versus the young - old patients , due to progression of heart failure , increasingly impaired physiologic function , and the presence of multiple comorbidities .
the secondary objective was to compare medication regimen complexity in ambulatory older adults based on heart failure etiology , ie , ischemic cardiomyopathy ( iscm ) versus nonischemic cardiomyopathy ( niscm ) .
this cross - sectional study consisted of a retrospective electronic medical record review of men and women 6089 years of age with any clinical diagnosis of heart failure , as reported in the health record . included patients were required to have had at least one visit at the university of colorado hospital advanced heart failure outpatient clinic between october 2014 and august 2015 .
this time frame was chosen to represent the most contemporary heart failure treatment strategies at the time of the study .
patients were excluded if they were 59 years of age and younger , 90 years of age and older , or did not have a clinical diagnosis of heart failure .
patients were also excluded if they had a history of solid organ transplant or hiv , as these could be potential confounders due to known high medication regimen complexity .
the study protocol , including a full waiver of consent , was reviewed and approved by the colorado multiple institutional review board .
standard - of - care clinical data were extracted from the electronic medical record and recorded in a deidentified fashion for this retrospective study .
deidentified medication lists and patient - demographic data were extracted from university of colorado hospital electronic medical records .
medications were grouped into three categories : 1 ) disease - specific ( heart failure - related ) prescription medications , 2 ) other prescription medications , and 3 ) otc medications .
prescription medications identified as disease - specific consisted of ace inhibitors or angiotensin - receptor blockers , -blockers ( eg , carvedilol , metoprolol succinate , bisoprolol ) , diuretics ( eg , furosemide ) , aldosterone antagonists ( eg , spironolactone , eplerenone ) , digoxin , vasodilators ( eg , hydralazine , isosorbide mononitrate or dinitrate ) , intravenous inotropes ( eg , dobutamine or milrinone ) , intravenous vasodilators ( eg , nitroglycerin or nitroprusside ) , and intravenous vasopressors ( eg , norepinephrine , dopamine , or epinephrine).7 examples of other prescription medications were statins , antiarrhythmics , potassium supplements , anticoagulants , antihypertensive agents not specifically indicated for heart failure ( eg , atenolol ) , antidepressants , antianxiolytics , sedative hypnotics , antidiabetic agents , gout medications , thyroid supplements , opioid or nonopioid analgesics , and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease medications .
examples of otc medications were multivitamins , laxatives , calcium supplements , aspirin , fish oils , and herbal products .
medications were counted , and dosage formulations , frequencies , and additional directions were entered into an electronic pmrci tool ( microsoft access database ) , which automatically calculated pmrci scores.28 the electronic pmrci tool is freely available at : http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/pharmacy/research/researchareas/pages/mrctool.aspx .
an overall pmrci score was calculated for each patient , along with subscores for each medication type , ie , heart failure prescription medication , other prescription medication , and otc medication .
the electronic pmrci tool consisted of three sections : dosage forms , dosage frequencies , and additional directions .
a weight of 1 was given to each dosage form of  tablet / capsule  and a frequency of once - daily dosing .
higher weights were assigned relative to the increased level of difficulty of administration ( eg , other dosage forms , other frequencies , and additional instructions ) . in many patients
, medications were encountered that could be categorized as both prescription and otc agents ( eg , omeprazole 20 mg ) .
since most patients in this study were eligible for medicare part d prescription coverage and a majority of plans covered products deemed both prescription and otc , these products were consistently coded under the  other prescription medication  category .
micromedex solutions ( truven health analytics , ann arbor , mi , usa ) and facts & comparisons ( wolters kluwer , philadelphia , pa , usa ) were used to confirm prescription and otc status . in the event that a medication on a patient s list did not contain a corresponding strength or had a missing frequency , the medication was not included in pmrci scoring . as a surrogate for concomitant disease states , each drug
data were analyzed with spss software version 23 ( ibm , new york , ny , usa ) .
descriptive statistics were generated and data expressed as number ( % ) , mean , standard deviation , and/or range .
total and subsection pmrci scores were analyzed as continuous variables , while medication counts were analyzed as both continuous and categorical variables ( ie , 010 medications , 1115 medications , and 16 medications ) .
pearson correlations were used to assess the relationship between variables ( eg , pmrci score and medication count ; pmrci score and sex ) .
data were compared between age groups ( young - old versus old - old ) using general linear model analysis , with heart failure etiology ( niscm versus iscm ) , new york heart association ( nyha ) functional class , and sex as covariates .
data were also compared based on heart failure etiology ( niscm versus iscm ) using general linear model analysis , with nyha functional class and sex as covariates .
this cross - sectional study consisted of a retrospective electronic medical record review of men and women 6089 years of age with any clinical diagnosis of heart failure , as reported in the health record . included patients were required to have had at least one visit at the university of colorado hospital advanced heart failure outpatient clinic between october 2014 and august 2015 .
this time frame was chosen to represent the most contemporary heart failure treatment strategies at the time of the study .
patients were excluded if they were 59 years of age and younger , 90 years of age and older , or did not have a clinical diagnosis of heart failure .
patients were also excluded if they had a history of solid organ transplant or hiv , as these could be potential confounders due to known high medication regimen complexity .
the study protocol , including a full waiver of consent , was reviewed and approved by the colorado multiple institutional review board .
standard - of - care clinical data were extracted from the electronic medical record and recorded in a deidentified fashion for this retrospective study .
deidentified medication lists and patient - demographic data were extracted from university of colorado hospital electronic medical records .
medications were grouped into three categories : 1 ) disease - specific ( heart failure - related ) prescription medications , 2 ) other prescription medications , and 3 ) otc medications .
prescription medications identified as disease - specific consisted of ace inhibitors or angiotensin - receptor blockers , -blockers ( eg , carvedilol , metoprolol succinate , bisoprolol ) , diuretics ( eg , furosemide ) , aldosterone antagonists ( eg , spironolactone , eplerenone ) , digoxin , vasodilators ( eg , hydralazine , isosorbide mononitrate or dinitrate ) , intravenous inotropes ( eg , dobutamine or milrinone ) , intravenous vasodilators ( eg , nitroglycerin or nitroprusside ) , and intravenous vasopressors ( eg , norepinephrine , dopamine , or epinephrine).7 examples of other prescription medications were statins , antiarrhythmics , potassium supplements , anticoagulants , antihypertensive agents not specifically indicated for heart failure ( eg , atenolol ) , antidepressants , antianxiolytics , sedative hypnotics , antidiabetic agents , gout medications , thyroid supplements , opioid or nonopioid analgesics , and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease medications .
examples of otc medications were multivitamins , laxatives , calcium supplements , aspirin , fish oils , and herbal products .
medications were counted , and dosage formulations , frequencies , and additional directions were entered into an electronic pmrci tool ( microsoft access database ) , which automatically calculated pmrci scores.28 the electronic pmrci tool is freely available at : http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/pharmacy/research/researchareas/pages/mrctool.aspx .
an overall pmrci score was calculated for each patient , along with subscores for each medication type , ie , heart failure prescription medication , other prescription medication , and otc medication .
the electronic pmrci tool consisted of three sections : dosage forms , dosage frequencies , and additional directions .
a weight of 1 was given to each dosage form of  tablet / capsule  and a frequency of once - daily dosing .
higher weights were assigned relative to the increased level of difficulty of administration ( eg , other dosage forms , other frequencies , and additional instructions ) . in many patients
, medications were encountered that could be categorized as both prescription and otc agents ( eg , omeprazole 20 mg ) .
since most patients in this study were eligible for medicare part d prescription coverage and a majority of plans covered products deemed both prescription and otc , these products were consistently coded under the  other prescription medication  category .
micromedex solutions ( truven health analytics , ann arbor , mi , usa ) and facts & comparisons ( wolters kluwer , philadelphia , pa , usa ) were used to confirm prescription and otc status . in the event that a medication on a patient s list did not contain a corresponding strength or had a missing frequency , the medication was not included in pmrci scoring . as a surrogate for concomitant disease states ,
each drug was also assigned a therapeutic drug class using micromedex solutions and facts & comparisons .
data were analyzed with spss software version 23 ( ibm , new york , ny , usa ) .
descriptive statistics were generated and data expressed as number ( % ) , mean , standard deviation , and/or range .
total and subsection pmrci scores were analyzed as continuous variables , while medication counts were analyzed as both continuous and categorical variables ( ie , 010 medications , 1115 medications , and 16 medications ) .
pearson correlations were used to assess the relationship between variables ( eg , pmrci score and medication count ; pmrci score and sex ) .
data were compared between age groups ( young - old versus old - old ) using general linear model analysis , with heart failure etiology ( niscm versus iscm ) , new york heart association ( nyha ) functional class , and sex as covariates .
data were also compared based on heart failure etiology ( niscm versus iscm ) using general linear model analysis , with nyha functional class and sex as covariates .
the study included 145 patients ( 64.1% men , 35.9% women , mean age 738 years , range 6189 years ) .
age was categorized as young - old ( 6074 years , n=80 [ 55.2% ] ) and old - old ( 7589 years , n=65 [ 44.8% ] ) .
the racial distribution was 80.7% caucasian , 10.3% african - american , 2.1% asian / pacific islander , and 6.9% other ; 4.8% of patients classified their ethnicity as hispanic .
there were 60 patients ( 41.4% ) with niscm and 85 patients ( 58.6% ) with iscm .
the percentage of patients with nyha functional class i , ii , iii , and iv heart failure was 16.6% , 27.6% , 27.6% , and 28.3% , respectively . in the entire study cohort ,
the mean total medication count was 13.34.8 ( range 230 ) and the mean total pmrci score was 32.114.4 ( range 384 ) .
the percentage of patients taking 010 , 1115 , or 16 total medications was 28% , 43% , and 29% , respectively .
of note , there was only one patient in the cohort taking fewer than five medications .
total medication count was significantly correlated with total pmrci score ( r=0.85 , p<0.001 ) , heart failure etiology ( iscm vs niscm , r=0.19 ; p=0.02 ) , and nyha functional class ( r=0.17 , p=0.04 ) , but not age , sex , or race ( data not shown ) .
similar significant correlations were observed between total pmrci score and heart failure etiology ( r=0.19 , p=0.02 ) and nyha functional class ( r=0.18 , p=0.03 ) .
heart failure prescriptions , other prescriptions , and otc medications accounted for 24% , 50% , and 26% of the total medication count , respectively , and 22% , 56% , and 22% of the total pmrci score , respectively ( table 1 ) .
of the pmrci subsections ( ie , dosage form , dosing frequency , or additional directions ) , dosing frequency accounted for the majority ( 61.6% ) of the total pmrci score .
the most commonly prescribed heart failure medications were -blockers ( 76.6% of patients ) , loop diuretics ( 66.2% of patients ) , aldosterone antagonists ( 60.7% of patients ) , ace inhibitors / angiotensin - receptor blockers ( 57.2% of patients ) , and digoxin ( 32.4% of patients ) .
percentages do not total 100% , as patients could be taking medications from multiple classes .
the most common other prescriptions were statins ( 64.1% of patients ) , anticoagulants ( 51% of patients ) , proton pump inhibitors ( 38.6% of patients ) , potassium supplements ( 28.3% of patients ) , and thyroid supplements ( 27.6% of patients ) . the most common otc medications were aspirin ( 66.9% of patients ) , vitamin d ( 29% of patients ) , multivitamins ( 27.6% of patients ) , calcium ( 20.7% of patients ) , fish oil ( 20.7% of patients ) , and acetaminophen ( 20.7% of patients ) . to address the primary objective ,
medication regimen complexity was compared between young - old versus old - old patients , with heart failure etiology , nyha functional class , and sex as covariates ( table 2 ) .
medication counts and pmrci scores did not differ significantly between the age groups , with the exception of otc pmrci score , which was significantly higher in old - old than young - old patients ( 7.85.8 vs 6.24 , p=0.04 ) . for the secondary objective , medication regimen complexity
was also compared between patients with niscm and iscm , with nyha functional class and sex as covariates ( table 3 ) .
there were more caucasians in the iscm group than in the niscm group ; however , race was not significantly associated with medication counts or pmrci scores , and was thus not included as a covariate in the analysis .
total medication count was significantly higher in patients with iscm than niscm ( 14.14.9 vs 12.24.5 , p=0.008 ) , which was primarily driven by differences in the number of other prescriptions ( 7.33.4 vs 5.73.7 , p=0.008 ) .
total pmrci score was also significantly higher in patients with iscm than niscm ( 34.515.2 vs 28.812.7 , p=0.009 ) .
this was a result of higher other prescription and otc medication pmrci scores in the iscm group than the niscm group .
the frequencies of the other major prescription - drug classes that were significantly higher in patients with iscm vs niscm were statins , calcium channel blockers , antiarrhythmics , nonaspirin antiplatelet agents , and topical corticosteroids ( data not shown ) .
the study included 145 patients ( 64.1% men , 35.9% women , mean age 738 years , range 6189 years ) .
age was categorized as young - old ( 6074 years , n=80 [ 55.2% ] ) and old - old ( 7589 years , n=65 [ 44.8% ] ) .
the racial distribution was 80.7% caucasian , 10.3% african - american , 2.1% asian / pacific islander , and 6.9% other ; 4.8% of patients classified their ethnicity as hispanic .
there were 60 patients ( 41.4% ) with niscm and 85 patients ( 58.6% ) with iscm .
the percentage of patients with nyha functional class i , ii , iii , and iv heart failure was 16.6% , 27.6% , 27.6% , and 28.3% , respectively .
in the entire study cohort , the mean total medication count was 13.34.8 ( range 230 ) and the mean total pmrci score was 32.114.4 ( range 384 ) .
the percentage of patients taking 010 , 1115 , or 16 total medications was 28% , 43% , and 29% , respectively . of note
total medication count was significantly correlated with total pmrci score ( r=0.85 , p<0.001 ) , heart failure etiology ( iscm vs niscm , r=0.19 ; p=0.02 ) , and nyha functional class ( r=0.17 , p=0.04 ) , but not age , sex , or race ( data not shown ) .
similar significant correlations were observed between total pmrci score and heart failure etiology ( r=0.19 , p=0.02 ) and nyha functional class ( r=0.18 , p=0.03 ) .
heart failure prescriptions , other prescriptions , and otc medications accounted for 24% , 50% , and 26% of the total medication count , respectively , and 22% , 56% , and 22% of the total pmrci score , respectively ( table 1 ) .
of the pmrci subsections ( ie , dosage form , dosing frequency , or additional directions ) , dosing frequency accounted for the majority ( 61.6% ) of the total pmrci score .
the most commonly prescribed heart failure medications were -blockers ( 76.6% of patients ) , loop diuretics ( 66.2% of patients ) , aldosterone antagonists ( 60.7% of patients ) , ace inhibitors / angiotensin - receptor blockers ( 57.2% of patients ) , and digoxin ( 32.4% of patients ) .
percentages do not total 100% , as patients could be taking medications from multiple classes .
the most common other prescriptions were statins ( 64.1% of patients ) , anticoagulants ( 51% of patients ) , proton pump inhibitors ( 38.6% of patients ) , potassium supplements ( 28.3% of patients ) , and thyroid supplements ( 27.6% of patients ) .
the most common otc medications were aspirin ( 66.9% of patients ) , vitamin d ( 29% of patients ) , multivitamins ( 27.6% of patients ) , calcium ( 20.7% of patients ) , fish oil ( 20.7% of patients ) , and acetaminophen ( 20.7% of patients ) .
to address the primary objective , medication regimen complexity was compared between young - old versus old - old patients , with heart failure etiology , nyha functional class , and sex as covariates ( table 2 ) .
medication counts and pmrci scores did not differ significantly between the age groups , with the exception of otc pmrci score , which was significantly higher in old - old than young - old patients ( 7.85.8 vs 6.24 , p=0.04 ) . for the secondary objective , medication regimen complexity
was also compared between patients with niscm and iscm , with nyha functional class and sex as covariates ( table 3 ) .
there were more caucasians in the iscm group than in the niscm group ; however , race was not significantly associated with medication counts or pmrci scores , and was thus not included as a covariate in the analysis .
total medication count was significantly higher in patients with iscm than niscm ( 14.14.9 vs 12.24.5 , p=0.008 ) , which was primarily driven by differences in the number of other prescriptions ( 7.33.4 vs 5.73.7 , p=0.008 ) .
total pmrci score was also significantly higher in patients with iscm than niscm ( 34.515.2 vs 28.812.7 , p=0.009 ) .
this was a result of higher other prescription and otc medication pmrci scores in the iscm group than the niscm group .
the frequencies of the other major prescription - drug classes that were significantly higher in patients with iscm vs niscm were statins , calcium channel blockers , antiarrhythmics , nonaspirin antiplatelet agents , and topical corticosteroids ( data not shown ) .
our retrospective study quantified medication regimen complexity in older adults with heart failure in the ambulatory setting using the pmrci tool .
medication regimen complexity did not differ significantly in old - old versus young - old patients . however , total medication counts and pmrci scores were significantly higher in patients with iscm compared with niscm .
this finding is not surprising , as patients with iscm have a greater burden of comorbidities , such as hypertension , angina , diabetes , peripheral vascular disease , renal dysfunction , and hyperlipidemia , compared to those with niscm.45 these comorbidities contribute additional drugs to the pharmacotherapeutic treatment regimen and increase the total pmrci score . together , our data highlight the substantial medication burden associated with heart failure , especially in older adults , and reveal multiple opportunities to address polypharmacy in this population .
polypharmacy is a major risk factor for medication non - adherence , and 72% of the patients in our ambulatory cohort were taking eleven or more medications.5,24 from a public health perspective , this finding is of considerable importance , as the probability of an adverse drug reaction increases to 82% when seven or more medications are prescribed.46 to date , most assessments of medication regimen complexity in heart failure patients have been conducted in the hospital setting.36,38,39 for example , yam et al reported a mean pmrci score and medication count of 35.519 and 12.96.3 , respectively , at the time of hospital admission in a predominantly male ( 97% ) cohort of us veterans with heart failure .
our findings are consistent with these data , and indicate that high treatment burden extends to a more heterogeneous population of heart failure patients ( 64% men ) in the ambulatory setting .
when we compare our findings to pmrci studies in other disease states , older adults with heart failure have higher medication regimen complexity and/or medication counts than patients with heart transplant , depression , hiv , diabetes , and hypertension.28,30,31,33,35 for example , in our previous work with heart transplant recipients , the mean pmrci score was 30.47 and mean medication count was 13.53.2 at 1 year posttransplant.31 therefore , older adults with heart failure are likely to be among the  highest - risk  patients , on par with heart transplant recipients , in terms of medication regimen complexity .
it has been suggested that simpler methods to evaluate medication regimen complexity , eg , medication count , are needed in the clinical setting .
we observed a strong correlation between total medication count and total pmrci score in older adults with heart failure .
however , 28% of the variability in pmrci scores was not explained by medication count alone . as the evaluation of medication complexity continues to be documented in the literature and linked to clinical outcomes , the pmrci may be a useful tool to identify patients for more enhanced medication - therapy management interventions , such as those by a pharmacist.29,47 along these lines , a clinical science statement from the american heart association addressing medications that can exacerbate or cause heart failure suggested that while not currently associated with improved outcomes , the use of medication - complexity tools should be considered in potentially reducing polypharmacy ( class iia , level of evidence c).48 there are several limitations of our study that deserve to be acknowledged .
we retrospectively evaluated medication lists from the electronic medical record ; therefore , we could not assess medication adherence . the retrospective design and electronic data collection also precluded the ability to capture  additional instructions  that were given to the patient verbally or in writing at the time of the clinic visit .
we did not compare pmrci scores between those with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction versus heart failure with preserved ejection fraction , as these classifications were not consistently documented in the clinical notes during the study time period ( eg , recent echocardiograms were not always available in relation to the patient s most recent medication list ) .
along the same lines , our retrospective study included only patients who had a heart failure diagnosis in the electronic medical record , possibly missing qualifying patients who were sick , yet did not have an established heart failure diagnosis .
our study consisted of patients from one heart failure clinic , and may not accurately address prescribing patterns across different clinics or regions .
the study sample size was also relatively small ; however , post hoc power analysis revealed that this sample size provided 80% power to detect a clinically meaningful difference of 2.3 medications between the young - old and old - old groups and a 6.8-point difference in pmrci score , a moderate - to - large effect .
it is important to note that the pmrci tool does not take into account other factors that may contribute to medication regimen complexity in older adults , such as vision impairment , decreased manual dexterity , cognitive impairment , patient - education level , patient perceptions of treatment burden , and socioeconomic status ( eg , insurance coverage).49 while nyha functional class was included as a covariate in statistical analysis , assessment of the severity of other comorbidities and the contribution to medication regimen complexity was not evaluated in this retrospective electronic medical record review .
we also did not assess the relationship between medication regimen complexity and clinical outcomes ( eg , hospitalizations for heart failure ) in this cohort , and further research in this area is warranted .
medication regimen complexity is high in older adults with heart failure , and differs based on disease etiology .
opportunities exist for pharmacists and other health care professionals to address polypharmacy and medication regimen complexity in patients with heart failure , which may include extended counseling for patients and caregivers , frequent patient follow - up , simplification of medication regimens ( eg , evaluation of the necessity of otc agents ) , and clinic - based adherence assessments .
additional studies are needed to address the impact of these interventions on clinical outcomes in older adults with heart failure .
 purposeheart failure prevalence is increasing in older adults , and polypharmacy is a major problem in this population . 
 we compared medication regimen complexity using the validated patient - level medication regimen complexity index ( pmrci ) tool in  young - old  
 ( 6074 years ) versus  old - old  
 ( 7589 years ) patients with heart failure . 
 we also compared pmrci between patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy ( iscm ) versus nonischemic cardiomyopathy ( niscm).patients and methodsmedication lists were retrospectively abstracted from the electronic medical records of ambulatory patients aged 6089 years with heart failure . 
 medications were categorized into three types  heart failure prescription medications , other prescription medications , and over - the - counter ( otc ) medications  and scored using the pmrci tool.resultsthe study evaluated 145 patients ( n=80 young - old , n=65 old - old , n=85 iscm , n=60 niscm , mean age 737 years , 64% men , 81% caucasian ) . 
 mean total pmrci scores ( 32.114.4 , range 384 ) and total medication counts ( 13.34.8 , range 230 ) were high for the entire cohort , of which 72% of patients were taking eleven or more total medications . 
 total and subtype pmrci scores and medication counts did not differ significantly between the young - old and old - old groups , with the exception of otc medication pmrci score ( 6.24 young - old versus 7.85.8 old - old , p=0.04 ) . 
 with regard to heart failure etiology , total pmrci scores and medication counts were significantly higher in patients with iscm versus niscm ( pmrci score 34.515.2 versus 28.812.7 , p=0.009 ; medication count 14.14.9 versus 12.24.5 , p=0.008 ) , which was largely driven by other prescription medications.conclusionmedication regimen complexity is high in older adults with heart failure , and differs based on heart failure etiology . 
 additional work is needed to address polypharmacy and to determine if medication regimen complexity influences adherence and clinical outcomes in this population . 
Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design and population
Medication coding
Data analysis
Results
Patient demographics
Medication regimen complexity in all patients
Comparisons of medication regimen complexity
Discussion
Conclusion