a major change associated with human aging is a progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass ( smm ) , which is a downward spiral that may lead to decreased strength and function .
age - related decline in physical fitness is related to many problems in the elderly population . according to previous epidemiological studies on the elderly ,
physical performance may be related to maintenance of physical fitness , improvement of life motivation , quality of life ( qol ) , and nutrition.14 sterberg et al suggested that a lack of occlusal support was related to general physical muscle weakness.5 this study was based on three 70-year - old cohorts ( n=1,380 ) .
furthermore , yamaga et al reported that dental occlusion is associated with dynamic strength of the lower extremities , agility , and balance in the elderly.6 this sample consisted of 591 individuals aged 70 years and 158 aged 80 years selected from the registry of residents in niigata city , japan .
, walking speed is very important in qol ; however , there have been no reports on the relationship between walking speed and oral condition .
sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of smm and strength , with a risk of adverse outcomes such as physical disability , poor qol , and death.7,8 the european working group on sarcopenia in older people ( ewgsop ) recommends using the presence of both low muscle mass and muscle function ( strength or performance ) for the diagnosis of sarcopenia .
the age - dependent loss of smm begins at ~40 years of age and becomes prominent after 50 years of age in japanese adults.9 some studies have suggested that an exercise habit in middle - aged people was a protective factor against sarcopenia in older age and is effective for maintaining muscle strength and physical performance in older age.10,11 from the national dental survey , the prevalence of periodontitis in those aged 4045 and 5559 years was 25.6% and 47.0% , respectively.12 decline in the number of teeth and the muscle mass and its function begins from 40 years of age ; however , several epidemiological studies have identified relationships between oral conditions and physical performance parameters in community - dwelling older adults .
however , few reports have studied the relationship between the number of teeth and the muscle mass and its function related to diagnosis of sarcopenia after the age of 40 years .
therefore , the aim of this study was to validate the relationship between muscle mass and its function ( timed 10 m walk test , hand grip strength , and smm of the whole body ) and oral function ( the number of teeth and dental occlusion ) after 40 years of age in a community - dwelling population in japan after adjusting for explanatory variables such as age , body mass index ( bmi ) , diabetes , hypertension , cardiovascular disease , stroke , serum albumin concentration ( g / dl ) , smoking status , habitual alcohol intake , marital status , level of education , and exercise habits .
the subjects comprised of 607 volunteers ( 222 males and 385 females , all 40 years ) who participated in the iwaki health promotion project in 2013 .
exclusion criteria for our study were medical history of cancer , stroke , and ischemic heart disease .
subjects with incomplete data were excluded from the study . eventually , 552 participants ( 198 males and 354 females ) were included in our study .
this study was approved by the ethics committee of hirosaki university school of medicine , and all subjects had provided written informed consent before participating in the study .
the demographic data ( age , sex , education level , and marital status ) , lifestyle ( smoking and drinking ) , and medical history were obtained from self - report questionnaires and interviews . for exercise habit ,
the participants were instructed to choose from the following five items : none , 1 day / week , 23 days / week , 45 days / week , 6 days / week , or every day .
the height and weight of the subjects were measured , and their bmi was calculated using the following equation : bmi ( kg / m ) = weight ( kg)/(height [ m ]  height [ m ] ) . in previous studies ,
serum albumin concentration ( g / dl ) was considered for confounding factor because it represents nourishment.2,6 nonfasting blood samples were obtained , and plasma concentrations of albumin were measured using standard assay procedures in conjunction with a completely automated system ( srl ltd . ,
dental examinations were conducted by trained and experienced dentists under artificial lighting , with both the dentist and the subject in seated position .
the teeth present were defined as healthy , carious , or treated . according to the records of dental examinations ,
the subjects were divided into three classes based on the eichner index , which was used as an indicator of occlusal condition.13 the eichner index is based on existing natural tooth contact between the maxilla and the mandible in the bilateral premolar and molar regions ( presence of tooth contact was defined as the presence of a natural tooth on the maxilla and corresponding mandible , including wisdom teeth , but excluding the remaining roots or root caps ) .
class b represents the contact in one to three zones or in the frontal region only .
each subject was instructed to walk at a comfortable , normal pace for 16 m measured.14 however , only the 10 m in between were timed using a stopwatch to eliminate the effects of acceleration and deceleration.15,16 the starting and stopping of the performance time coincided with the toes of the leading foot crossing the 3 and 13 m mark , respectively .
maximum hand grip strength was measured in both the dominant and nondominant hands using a digital dynamometer ( tkk5401 grip - d ; takei scientific instruments company limited , niigata , japan ) .
measurements of the smm of the whole body ( kg ) were obtained from the bioelectrical impedance analysis of each participant using a tanita mc-190em body composition analyzer ( tanita corporation , tokyo , japan ) , which uses an eight - point tactile electrode impedance meter .
participants were instructed to stand upright on the electrodes and grasp the handles of the analyzer , and then to slightly abduct their arms and remain still during the measurement . the participant s smm ( kg )
was computed through proprietary algorithms and was displayed on the analyzer s control panel and recorded .
the body weight ( kg ) of the participants was automatically determined when they stood on the electrodes of the scale platform .
multiple linear regression analyses were performed with the measures of muscle mass and its function as objective variables and the measures of the number of teeth , age , bmi , diabetic and hypertensive readings , serum albumin concentration ( g / dl ) , smoking status , habitual alcohol intake , marital status ( living vs not living with a spouse ) , level of education , and exercising habits as explanatory variables .
the relationship between the eichner index and the muscle mass and its function was analyzed using analysis of covariance , after adjusting for explanatory variables .
spss for windows ( v22 ; ibm corporation , armonk , ny , usa ) was applied for the statistical analysis .
the subjects comprised of 607 volunteers ( 222 males and 385 females , all 40 years ) who participated in the iwaki health promotion project in 2013 .
exclusion criteria for our study were medical history of cancer , stroke , and ischemic heart disease .
subjects with incomplete data were excluded from the study . eventually , 552 participants ( 198 males and 354 females ) were included in our study .
this study was approved by the ethics committee of hirosaki university school of medicine , and all subjects had provided written informed consent before participating in the study .
the demographic data ( age , sex , education level , and marital status ) , lifestyle ( smoking and drinking ) , and medical history were obtained from self - report questionnaires and interviews . for exercise habit ,
the participants were instructed to choose from the following five items : none , 1 day / week , 23 days / week , 45 days / week , 6 days / week , or every day .
the height and weight of the subjects were measured , and their bmi was calculated using the following equation : bmi ( kg / m ) = weight ( kg)/(height [ m ]  height [ m ] ) . in previous studies ,
serum albumin concentration ( g / dl ) was considered for confounding factor because it represents nourishment.2,6 nonfasting blood samples were obtained , and plasma concentrations of albumin were measured using standard assay procedures in conjunction with a completely automated system ( srl ltd . ,
dental examinations were conducted by trained and experienced dentists under artificial lighting , with both the dentist and the subject in seated position .
the teeth present were defined as healthy , carious , or treated . according to the records of dental examinations
, the subjects were divided into three classes based on the eichner index , which was used as an indicator of occlusal condition.13 the eichner index is based on existing natural tooth contact between the maxilla and the mandible in the bilateral premolar and molar regions ( presence of tooth contact was defined as the presence of a natural tooth on the maxilla and corresponding mandible , including wisdom teeth , but excluding the remaining roots or root caps ) .
class b represents the contact in one to three zones or in the frontal region only .
each subject was instructed to walk at a comfortable , normal pace for 16 m measured.14 however , only the 10 m in between were timed using a stopwatch to eliminate the effects of acceleration and deceleration.15,16 the starting and stopping of the performance time coincided with the toes of the leading foot crossing the 3 and 13 m mark , respectively .
maximum hand grip strength was measured in both the dominant and nondominant hands using a digital dynamometer ( tkk5401 grip - d ; takei scientific instruments company limited , niigata , japan ) .
measurements of the smm of the whole body ( kg ) were obtained from the bioelectrical impedance analysis of each participant using a tanita mc-190em body composition analyzer ( tanita corporation , tokyo , japan ) , which uses an eight - point tactile electrode impedance meter .
participants were instructed to stand upright on the electrodes and grasp the handles of the analyzer , and then to slightly abduct their arms and remain still during the measurement . the participant s smm ( kg ) was computed through proprietary algorithms and was displayed on the analyzer s control panel and recorded .
the body weight ( kg ) of the participants was automatically determined when they stood on the electrodes of the scale platform .
multiple linear regression analyses were performed with the measures of muscle mass and its function as objective variables and the measures of the number of teeth , age , bmi , diabetic and hypertensive readings , serum albumin concentration ( g / dl ) , smoking status , habitual alcohol intake , marital status ( living vs not living with a spouse ) , level of education , and exercising habits as explanatory variables .
the relationship between the eichner index and the muscle mass and its function was analyzed using analysis of covariance , after adjusting for explanatory variables .
spss for windows ( v22 ; ibm corporation , armonk , ny , usa ) was applied for the statistical analysis .
timed 10 m walk test , hand grip strength , smm , and bmi were greater in males compared with females .
diabetes mellitus , smoking status , habitual alcohol intake , and marital status were significantly different between males and females .
table 2 presents the results of the multiple linear regression analyses between the number of remaining teeth and the muscle mass and its functions . after adjusting for confounding factors ,
the number of teeth was shown to be an independent risk factor for the timed 10 m walk test ( in females ) and smm ( in males ) .
table 3 shows the results of the analysis of covariance with adjustment for confounding factors and reveals that the timed 10 m walk test was significantly correlated with the eichner index ( classes a and c in females were correlated ) .
timed 10 m walk test , hand grip strength , smm , and bmi were greater in males compared with females .
diabetes mellitus , smoking status , habitual alcohol intake , and marital status were significantly different between males and females .
table 2 presents the results of the multiple linear regression analyses between the number of remaining teeth and the muscle mass and its functions . after adjusting for confounding factors ,
the number of teeth was shown to be an independent risk factor for the timed 10 m walk test ( in females ) and smm ( in males ) .
table 3 shows the results of the analysis of covariance with adjustment for confounding factors and reveals that the timed 10 m walk test was significantly correlated with the eichner index ( classes a and c in females were correlated ) .
the present cross - sectional study investigated the occlusal condition and its correlation with physical condition and muscle mass in a community - dwelling japanese population .
because the participants in this study lived in the tohoku region , most of them were engaged in agriculture .
physical fitness of individuals in the rural area may be higher than that of individuals in the urban area . in females ,
the number of teeth present showed a negative correlation with the timed 10 m walk test , and the timed 10 m walk of females in class a was faster than those in class c. thus , decline in the number of teeth and occlusal support region may be the risk factors for lower speed in the timed 10 m walk test .
this mechanism can be explained by the decreased mastication due to the limited number of teeth , resulting in reduced stimulation of the nerve center through the periodontal membrane that caused a reduction in physical functions such as ambulatory speed .
kawakubo et al assessed the effect of teeth clenching on the force of hand grip and cortical activity during the occurrence of facilitatory effects using functional magnetic resonance imaging.17 they suggested that occlusal function may affect the function of remote muscles through cortical activation , which supported the findings listed previously in this study . in contrast , when ambulatory speed is slower , physical function and muscle mass may decrease , causing poor oral hygiene , resulting in loss of teeth .
lower muscle mass is considered to influence qol because it is associated with increased risk of mobility loss . according to the ewgsop
, buchner et al showed that small changes in physiological capacity may have substantial effects on physical performance in frail adults , while large changes in physiological capacity have little or no effect in healthy adults.18,19 some researchers have suggested that timed usual gait provides a predictive value for the onset of disability , severe mobility limitation , and mortality.20,21 another study reported that lifestyles of elderly persons with 20 remaining teeth tend to be more active than those with < 20 remaining teeth , which supports the findings of this study.22 considering the care of the elderly and frailty of daily life , timed usual gait is more important than muscular strength .
this study showed that the number of teeth and occlusal condition were related to the results of the timed 10 m walk test .
therefore , worsened mastication function may be a predictor of frailty or severe movement restrictions and even death .
in contrast to females , the number of teeth did not show significant correlations with the timed 10 m walk in males ( p=0.088 ) , whereas it showed positive correlation with total muscle mass .
poor mastication function caused by loss of teeth and limited occlusal support region influence the amount of food intake and its quality . in particular , in case of periodontal disease , chronic inflammation , producing inflammatory cytokines ,
results in loss of muscle mass throughout the body.2326 loss of muscle mass affects certain physical functions ( eg , brushing teeth and gargling ) that are associated with maintaining dental hygiene , which may worsen the periodontal diseases .
furthermore , a previous epidemiological study reported that in persons aged 4079 years , the total smm decreased by 10.8% in males and 6.4% in females ; the percentage of the total smm was greater in males than in females.9 furthermore , tanimoto et al investigated the influence of age on muscle mass by estimating the muscle mass of the upper and lower limbs , trunk , and whole body in 4,003 community - dwelling japanese elderly and found that muscle mass of the lower limbs was the first to be affected and showed the greatest decrease.27 however , loss of muscle due to aging needs to approach a certain level to affect the ambulatory speed of a person.28 thus , reduced muscle in lower limb in males was not considered to have affected the ambulatory speed in this study , mainly due to the presence of greater muscle mass in males than in females . in brief
, they have enough muscle in the lower limb to overpower the high decrease rate of muscle mass with age in males , resulting in no apparent changes in their walking . for both females and males , decreased number of teeth caused reduced total muscle mass and ambulatory speed and suggested lower qol .
however , preventing teeth loss may be more important in females because they showed greater decrease in ambulatory speed , which is closely associated with qol .
first , the study design was cross - sectional , which did not enable identifying the detailed causal connections among the measured items .
second , the total smm measurement was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis in this study , which was not the method recommended by the ewgsop for its assessment .
third , several potential confounding factors , such as socioeconomic level and use of dentures , were not assessed in this study .
this was largely due to the fact that the socioeconomic statuses of individuals are considered a part of personal information in japan , and thus , we were unable to include it in this study .
fourth , all participants in this study were volunteers who showed interest in their own health , who may have been healthier than other local residents . in brief ,
the muscle mass and its function and the number of teeth of those who did not participate in this study may differ from the subjects of this study .
finally , due to our relatively small sample size , we were unable to exclude beta error as the cause of our failure to detect associations between the number of teeth and the muscle mass and its functions .
the authors believe that prevention of teeth loss is important for maintaining muscle strength and its function in people aged 4079 , especially for walking ability .
this cross - sectional study on a japanese community - dwelling population revealed relationships between partial oral conditions and the muscle mass and its function .
however , the interpretation of our results was hampered by a lack of data , including those on socioeconomic status and longitudinal observations .
therefore , future research exploring teeth loss and the muscle mass and its function is warranted .
 purposedecline in the number of teeth and physical fitness begins from 40 years of age ; however , several epidemiological studies have identified relationships between oral conditions and physical performance parameters in community - dwelling elderly population . 
 the aim of this study was to validate the relationship between the muscle mass and its function and oral conditions ( number of teeth and dental occlusion ) after 40 years of age in a community - dwelling population in japan.materials and methodsthe subjects comprised of 552 volunteers ( 198 males and 354 females , 4079 years ) who participated in the iwaki health promotion project in 2013 . 
 multiple linear regression analyses were performed with the measures of the muscle mass and its function as objective variables and the measures of the number of teeth , age , body mass index , medical history , serum albumin concentration , smoking status , habitual alcohol intake , marital status , education levels , and exercising habits as explanatory variables . 
 the relationships between the eichner index and the muscle mass and its function were analyzed using analysis of covariance , with adjustment for confounding factors.resultsafter adjusting for confounding factors , the number of teeth was shown to be an independent risk factor for the timed 10 m walk test ( in females ) and the skeletal muscle mass of the whole body ( in males ) . 
 the results also revealed that the timed 10 m walk test was significantly correlated with the eichner index ( classes a and c in females were correlated).conclusionthis cross - sectional study on a japanese community - dwelling population revealed relationships between oral conditions and the muscle mass and its function . 
 however , the interpretation of our results was hampered by a lack of data , including those on socioeconomic status and longitudinal observations . 
 future research exploring teeth loss and the muscle mass and its function is warranted . 
Introduction
Materials and methods
Participants
Oral examination
Timed 10 m walk test
Hand grip strength
SMM of the whole body
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Relationship between number of remaining teeth and physical fitness
Relationship between the dental occlusion and the muscle mass and its function
Discussion
Limitations
Conclusion