in the last decade , the prevalence of dementia was rapidly growing with a considerable impact on daily live of all involved parties including the broader community . due to the overcrowd in residential care and to emotional restraints in family carers to have their relative with dementia admitted ,
dementia patients are most likely to be cared for at home at least for several years . today , more than 60% of the dementia patients receive home care [ 13 ] . in belgium as well as in other western european countries ,
there is only a restricted admittance to residential care when people suffer from dementia mainly due to the very complex care demands . with an expected increase of dementia prevalence of about 0.5% every five year together with decreasing residential care provisions ,
family carers will become indispensable partner in dementia care   besides , the economic impact of dementia home care exceeds the total costs of home care of other chronically ill patients [ 1 , 3 ] .  
caring for a community - dwelling elder with dementia puts a high burden on family carers [ 6 , 7 ] .
compared to carers of patients with other chronic diseases , carers of patients with dementia are more often confronted with depressive feelings , experience a higher burden and have been shown to be in a worse general health [ 8 , 9 ] .
the negative impact of the care situation is caused by inefficient coping strategies in carers , rather than by the objective workload [ 1013 ] .
however , depressive feelings in the carer are the main direct motive for premature ending of home care , resulting in institutionalization of the dementia patient [ 1416 ] .  
interventions in dementia home care have been reported as highly appreciated but mainly ineffective [ 1719 ] . on average ,
carers attach great value to all kinds of support but finally they do not feel less depressed or burdened .
multidisciplinary , hierarchically structured care programs are mostly addressed to the patient without assessing the carers ' daily needs [ 2022 ] . as a consequence , in spite of the presence of an extensive or sophisticated support system ,
an abrupt end to the home care situation remains more rule than exception [ 15 , 23 ] . in this trial , we tested the hypothesis that the intervention of a care counselor , coordinating home care in a nonhierarchical and quasi - unstructured way during one year , will alleviate carers ' feelings of depression .
will an intervention , consisting in monthly phone calls , a three monthly visit to inventory care needs , organizing formal support and a continuous availability of a care counselor over the course of one year decrease the rate of depression in family carers of community dwelling elder with cognitive decline ?  
the study population was recruited among frail community - dwelling elder , characterized by their carers as cognitively impaired . a local home nursing organization , the white - yellow cross , listed their elder patients with minimum care dependence ( washing , bathing , dressing , transfers and continence ) and labeled as cognitively impaired .
the care dependence corresponds with at least the lowest home care forfeit reimbursed by the social insurance institute and implies the intervention of a nurse at least once daily .
previous research demonstrated that frailty in older people with a cognitive decline sensitively predicts the presence of a dementia syndrome [ 1 , 24 ] .
second , the recruitment strategy was justified by the findings that family carers are reliable indicators of a cognitive decline and that the negative impact of home care is evoked by the relative 's assumption of a dementia state .
, all patients were tested with a mini mental state examinations and those scoring above 22 were excluded . to meet the final inclusion criteria , patients had to be accompanied by a family carer .
exclusion criteria were the absence of minimum care dependence , a severe or terminally ill patient , a definitive institutionalization planned on a short term , no available carer , or an impaired carer .  
the region were recruitment was conducted can be described as a mixed rural - city area of leuven , belgium .
the intervention study was performed in a controlled design with random assignment to intervention or control group .
randomization for an eighty subjects sample was performed in blocks of ten recruited subjects using the software of www.randomization.com .  
the elders were consequently visited by the research assistant after their general practitioners had formally been asked permission to visit their patients .
the involved general practitioners were formally asked permission for these visits by the trial assistant . above
, general practitioners had first been invited to an information session about the objective of the study in collaboration with the local general practitioners network .
not one general practitioner refused cooperation , mainly due to the absence of a need for active involvement .   because study blinding of the subjects in this matter is impossible , the included population was not informed about the exact nature of the trial .
family carers and patients were only asked to participate in interviews with the trial assistant over the course of one year .
the trial assistant who did the baseline and outcome interviews and performed all measurements was blinded for the group assignment of the patients .
the care counselor was a primary care professional with a bachelor degree and was selected on excellence in social and communicative skills and because of her experience in dementia home care .
an extra training included a theoretic guidance through local community services addressing dementia home care provided by a skilled general practitioner .
beside , the care counselor was introduced to the home nursing organization , a local service centre for the elder and the local general practitioners network . during the ongoing of the study and in particular with each new intervention , the care counselor was supervised and given feedback by a skilled general practitioner .
the care counselor was asked to write down an unstructured report on every provided and extra contact with the carer .  
over a course of 12 months , the care counselor guided the family carer in organizing home care . at a first visit ,
additionally , the care counselor arranged a monthly phone call with the family carer and a three monthly visit . during the intervention period twelve phone calls and four home visits were scheduled . additionally , the care counselor was within permanent reach for advice by phone , for adjusting home care or for an extra visit .
no structured or hierarchical care plan was provided but drawn out following the needs of the family carer and patient .
general practitioners were informed about each change in formal or informal home care of their patients .  
subjects in the control group were not guided or visited by the care counselor but were passively directed to the usual care systems .
both the control group and the intervention group were visited six - monthly by the trial assistant interviewing the family carer and the elder relative .   for both groups , an accurate inventory of all support installed outside the reach of the trial
contamination of the effect of the trial intervention by outside support was taken into account in the final analysis .
baseline features were recorded after the informed consent and directly following randomization and repeated after six and twelve months ; see table 3 .
outcome measures and instruments were chosen in accordance with other trials on this topic and based upon the experience with the qualidem study .
primary outcome measure was defined as depression in the family carer and measured by the beck depression inventory with a score of 10 or more implying mild to moderate depression .
secondary outcome measures were coping behavior , anxiety , and burden in the family carer .  
burden was measured with the 14 item zarit burden inventory [ 28 , 29 ] .
this shortened version of the original burden inventory has proved its validity in family caregiving topics .
this subscale points out if subjects are prone to anxiety rather than it does reflect a state of mind during a limited period .  
the patient 's status was measured with the aid of frail , the activities and instrumental activities of daily living , the mini mental state examination for cognitive status , and the neuro psychiatric inventory for behavior .
the symptoms described in this instrument were grouped into four categories : psychotic symptoms , disturbing behaviour , mood swings and neurovegetative alterations ( sleeping and eating problems , fears ) .   additionally , an extensive quantitative assessment of formal and informal care support was made .   finally , for each newly installed care support , the general practitioner was contacted .  
sample size calculations were made with a 95% confidence interval and an estimated change in mean depression scores of 2 units . in anova - analysis
( one way analysis of variables ) a total sample of 46 subjects or 23 in each group was needed to reach a power of 0.9 with a significance level of 0.05 . in logistic regression analysis , including two interaction terms , 80 subjects were needed to reach a 0.9 power with a significance level of 0.05 .  
baseline measures , including the available support , were compared between control and study group by mean differences ( expressed in t - test ) and odds ratios for dichotomized variables .
the effect of the intervention was determined by the evolution of depressive scores in the carer with depression ( 10 ) being the dependent variable .
bivariate analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratio for depression in the intervention versus the control group . in a multiple logistic stepwise regression analysis ,
the influence of the patient and carer features on the prevalence of depression was calculated .
for power reasons , all covariables were sequentially modeled together with the main independent factors .
repeated measures analysis following the hierarchical linear model was used to estimate the mean change differences in depression scores in control and study group over time ( longitudinal ) .
the technique used for this analysis allowed the adequate handling of at random missing data and compared both within as between subject changes .
second , general practitioners were only passively involved and were neither aware of the controlled design of the study .
third , the local and regional support systems remained stable over time which supported the assumption that minor changes in the usual care did not dramatically influenc the intervention effect .  
the medical ethical board of the medical school of the catholic university of leuven granted formal permission for this trial on 27 january 2005 .
permission was given after the reassurance that control and intervention group subjects were not restrained from the usual care systems .
each patient and carer signed a written informed consent at the first visit of the trial assistant .
the consent asked permission for participation in a trial studying the care needs of community dwelling elder with cognitive decline and their family carers .
the ethical board agreed with this strategy on condition that the involved general practitioner was previously informed about each proposed intervention .
if the patient with cognitive decline was not aware of the consequences of study participation , the nearest family member was allowed to sign the informed consent .
over a course of 6 months , 346 inhabitants of the target region were eligible for initial screening .
all these patients were caredependent , visited daily by a home nurse , and living together with a carer .
the drop out ( n = 49 ) was mainly due to a normal cognitive status in the patient , recent hospitalization of the patient , the absence of a carer , or an extreme care depending carer . after this stage , 297 were selected for a home visit by the trial assistant . of these , only 62 patients with their carers were included in the trial .
the most frequent reason of noninclusion was the absence of a carer in home ( n = 127 ) .
carers not living together with the patient were difficult to reach for the simultaneous interviews .
not one of the selected patients had a score higher than 22 on the mini mental state examination .  
shortly after the inclusion phase , two patients died and one patient was hospitalized for a long term .
six and twelve months after inclusion 52 and 46 carers and patients were available for the follow - up interviews . within six months
four patients died , one patient and two carers were hospitalized . within the second half year two additional patients died , one patient and one carer were hospitalized , and two carers refused further participation mainly due to the emotional impact of the interviews .  
baseline characteristics did not significantly differ between control and study group . in the intervention group ,
thanks to the recruitment mechanism all patients were supported by a home nurse . over half of them
however , it should be noted that in the intervention group 10 carers were also caredependent .
most carers mentioned that no interdisciplinary contact moment had been organized .   at baseline ,
one third of all carers showed at least a mild depression as scored on the bdi - scale ( 30.5% ) .
most carers felt seriously overloaded , with a mean score of 12 on the burden screen .
the carers showed a mix of problem - solving , supporting , and emotional coping behavior .
there was no difference in mean scores on these items between the control and intervention group .  
as expected , the patient population was highly care - dependent ( see inclusion criteria ) .
patients showed moderate to high frailty , were limited in performing instrumental tasks of daily living and showed a mild to moderate cognitive decline .
mood swings and disruptive behavior ( screaming , aggressions , etc . ) were present in one third of all patients .
one year after the start of the intervention the odds ratio for depression in the treatment arm versus the control group was 0.16 ( 95% ci 0.030.86 ) .
sequentially , taking each carer characteristic and its interaction terms into account , no significant change in the odds ratio for depression was found when gender and having a relationship were introduced .
lower burden levels are followed by a further reduction in depression prevalence in the intervention group as compared to the depression prevalence in the control group ( p = .06 ) .  
patient characteristics did not change the odds ratio for depression in a significant way except for neuro - vegetative behavioral disturbances .
intervention group carers confronted with this type of behavior are less prone to depression than their colleagues in the control group .   besides the regular phone calls and home visits , the care counselor was contacted only once by a carer .
day care was introduced , two personal alarms , and one offer for extra in - home help were proposed .
three proposals ( two alarms , one day - care stay ) were effectively carried out .
characteristics of these carers and their relatives were not different from average scores at baseline .   in both groups ,
formal care support did not change from baseline to end time , nor was there a difference between intervention and control group ( table 4 ) .
in this randomized intervention trial , we studied the presence of a care counselor , coordinating home care on the dementia family carers ' depression risk rate . at the end of the trial ,
the effect of the intervention on the prevalence of depression remained stable when features of patients and carers were taken into account .
the recruitment strategy based upon carers ' indication of a cognitive decline in their relative combined with a minimum care dependence , proved reliable to detect patients with at least a mild dementia ( mean score on mmse 16/23 ) .
a highly sensitive diagnosis of dementia was not required since the awareness in carers of a cognitive decline of their relative appeared a sufficient criterion to negatively influence the impact of home care .  
ten carers applied for extra support and only one carer called the care counselor outside the provided appointments .
remarkably , it was not the most stressed or loaded carer that applied for an extra intervention .  
most community - dwelling elders with cognitive decline are cared for by a close female relative ( spouse , daughter ) .
carers rate their general health as good although this might be an overestimate due to self - scoring and selection bias .
it is likely that carers rate their health as good but that they are reluctant to admit that they can not offer help . besides
, it should be noted that a small sample of carers was not included at baseline due to health related problems ( n = 16 ) .   at baseline
, both control and intervention group appeared to be comparable on patient carers and formal support features .
one third of the carers seemed at least mildly depressed with a score of ten or more on the bdi .
however , the cutoff score of 10 or more which implies mild to moderate depression on the bdi is debatable
. nevertheless , it was not the purpose of this trial to provide a formal diagnosis of depression but to screen carers at risk of it in a sensitive way .
the most important disadvantage of the bdi is the score deviation in patients with an important somatic disease .
depression was pointed as primary outcome measure in accordance with other publications in this domain and with conclusions drawn from the preceding population survey .
depression , more than burden or anxiety , reflects the mental wellbeing of the carer and appears to be a sensitive predictor of premature ending of home care [ 37 , 38 ] .   beside a depressive mood ,
it is known from other publications that these feelings of being overburdened are rather unrelated to the objective care burden .
the lack of an accessible support system together with inadequate coping strategies and feelings of loneliness , cause carers to feel burdened .
besides , the unpredictable character of dementia and the inherent social isolation make carers very anxious , as reflected in the high scores on the stai - instrument . to cope with this , carers tend to combine a supporting coping behavior with problem solving behaviour , which is known to be an efficient survival strategy .  
the formal support present at baseline reflects a common dementia home care situation . due to the recruitment mechanism
half of the patients were regularly visited by family help , cleaning service , or physiotherapist .
the high cost of paid private help , a personal alarm , day care , and meals on wheels are the reasons the absence of these services in common home care situations .
most patients and carers also considered the monthly visit of their general practitioner as organized care management .
general practitioners play their key role in home care and communicate in an unstructured way with other disciplines , mainly when problems occur [ 40 , 41 ] .  
the in - between groups as well as the over - time comparison of this parameter did not reveal any difference .
one exception was the item  paid private help  with an increase over time .
this observation was due to a new system of reimbursing private home services , introduced by the government .
since no important changes in formal support were noted , a contamination of the trial intervention was not suspected . beside , interference of support installed independently of the trial
both groups were free to apply for extra professional help , which was accurately inventoried .  
only half of these interventions were effectively carried out . in spite of high levels of burden , anxiety and depressive feelings ,
even with the aid of the care counselor , the gap between requesting care support and effectively implementing it in the home care situation still appears to be large . there is some evidence in the literature that carers feel reluctant to appeal for professional help [ 42 , 43 ] . besides getting lost in the labyrinth of support systems
secondly , carers feel shame as well as worries about their cognitively and functionally impaired relative . although the support strategy reported in our trial is not unknown in geriatric and psychiatric setting , only a very limited amount of trials in dementia research were comparable with the design of our study [ 44 , 45 ] .
callahan and colleagues proposed the intervention of a care coordinator concentrating on an extended training of patient and carer .
as compared to the results in our trial , the gains in the carer wellbeing might not justify the socioeconomic costs of training both carer and patient .
the trial on befriending with relatives of dementia patients did not redeem the expectation of improved carer wellbeing .
in contrast with our trial , the amount of visits was reduced to the minimum to avoid the negative feelings related to another professional intruder .
other trials addressing dementia home care related issues by offering a coordinated support used a more hierarchical intervention strategy [ 4648 ] .
carers were expected to run through a fix program integrating different levels of support . only on indication of the carer or
when situations required , the support program was adapted to the actual needs . as appeared in our trial ,
the strength of the study is the randomized design , with homogenous study groups and the extensive inventory of formal and informal home care in both groups .
as compared to other similar trials a major strength is the clean control conditions guaranteed by the subjects ' unawareness of an ongoing intervention . in several trials the control group received , due to ethical concerns , an augmented usual care , were put on a waiting list for treatment , or simply received another active intervention [ 44 , 46 , 49 ] .
another important advantage of this support strategy is the low impact on the carers ' daily living .
there is no burden of attending a training session outdoors and no inconvenient presence of another professional indoors [ 45 , 50 ] .
previously , it has been demonstrated that carers might lack time and supervising volunteers to organize home care during their absence (  services  ) . on the other hand ,
carers report also some extra burden related to the presence of a professional taking over or judging their care - giving tasks .  
as known from other publications on this topic , carers often feel too burdened and report lack of the time to participate in a study .
this means that the included sample of carers could belong to the best surviving group surrounded by an adequate support system .
nevertheless , prevalence of depression and burden in the carer and the amount of formal support is in accordance with the features of a general sample drawn before in a cross - sectional population survey .
consequently , it is defendable to assume that a representative sample of carers and patients was drawn .
most reports on this research issue deal with a selected study population caused by recruitment via day care centers , local departments of the alzheimer society , memory clinics , and service centers for elder people [ 48 , 5053 ] .
a potential bias related to the inclusion of help seeking dyads carer and patient is likely to be present .
evidence exists that this former population is not the most burdened one and handle rather active problem solving strategies [ 54 , 55 ] .
another plausible explanation could be that the intervention is mainly effective in mildly depressive carers . in case
the cutoff point on the depression instrument was lowered to eight , no significant difference was noted between both groups after one year followup .
additionally , the estimated differences of mean depression scores between control and index group appeared not significant . in the range of the baseline moderate or severe depressive carers , no such changes were detected .  
carers do not need to be surrounded with more formal carers , but they want to feel more supported . in terms of policy , this could have some important implications .
instead of inventing new , sophisticated , or complex support mechanisms , home care should become more accessible .
a care counselor , familiar with the local care systems , could guide carers through the difficult pathway of home care . in future
research , this observation should be repeated in larger groups and over a longer period to assess outcomes such as institutionalization and cost of care .
an extended cost analysis should be made to estimate the effect of the intervention on the increasing community costs of dementia home care .
 
 objective . caring for a patient with cognitive decline has an important impact on the general well - being of family caregivers . 
 although highly appreciated , interventions in dementia home care remain mainly ineffective in terms of well - being . 
 consequently , in spite of an extensive support system , abrupt ending of home care remains more rule than exception . 
 method . 
 the hypothesis was that the intervention of a care counselor , coordinating care in quasi - unstructured way during one year , will alleviate caregivers ' feelings of depression . 
 the study population was composed of community - dwelling patients with cognitive decline . 
 a care counselor was at the exclusive disposal of the intervention group . 
 primary outcome measure was caregiver depression . 
 results . finally , depression was 6.25 times less frequent in the intervention group . 
 the actual intervention appeared minimal with only ten applications for more support followed by only three interventions effectively carried out . although caregivers felt burdened and depressed , formal support remained stable . on the other hand , the availability of the care counselor made caregivers feel less depressed with the same amount of support . 
 conclusion . 
 carers do not always need to be surrounded with more professionals , but they want to feel more supported . in terms of policy , this could have some important implications . 
1. Introduction
2. Method
3. Results
4. Discussion