refractory ascites can occur in patients with conditions such as liver cirrhosis , congestive heart failure , nephrotic syndrome , and lupus serositis1 and in many cases cause abdominal discomfort and respiratory distress to the patient .
the treatments for refractory ascites , eg , bed rest , salt and water restriction , diuretics , intravenous administration of albumin , and repeated paracentesis , are usually unsatisfactory .
several procedures based on the reinfusion of ascitic fluid have been performed for ascitic fluid removal.28 this report introduces the procedure flow control reinfusion of ascites into the dialyzer during hemodialysis ( hd ) ( figure 1a ) , by which a 34-year - old lupus patient with massive ascites , respiratory distress , and acute renal failure ( arf ) , who did not respond to diuretics , repeated paracentesis with intravenous albumin infusion , and hd , was successfully treated .
prophylactic fresh frozen plasma infusion , sequential ultrafiltration , and reduced dialysate temperature during hd in previous treatments did not prevent intradialytic hypotension . the patient s symptoms were remedied by seven sessions of flow control reinfusion of ascites during hd ( figure 1b , c ) .
a 34-year - old female with systemic lupus erythematosus was admitted due to progressive lower leg edema , massive ascites , and nausea after treatment of bed rest , salt and water restriction , diuretics , intravenous administration of albumin and methylprednisolone , and repeated paracentesis for 2 months . on physical examination , her blood pressure was 127/82 mm hg , pulse rate 84 beats / min , respiratory rate 20 breaths / min , and body temperature 37c .
the results obtained in laboratory investigations were as follows : white blood cells ( wbcs ) 5.8  10/l ( normal range 4.511  10/l ) , hemoglobin 89 g / l ( normal range 120160
range 150350  10/l ) , serum blood urea nitrogen ( bun ) 13.5 mmol / l ( normal range 2.57 mmol / l ) , creatinine 170 mol / l ( normal range 50110 mol / l ) , albumin 19
g / l ) , alanine aminotransferase 0.24 kat / l ( normal range 00.66 kat / l ) , aspartate aminotransferase 0.60 kat / l ( normal range 0.080.76
kat / l ) , c - reactive protein 0.286 mg / dl ( normal range 00.5 mg / dl ) , complement 3 ( c3 ) 0.4
g / l ) , and double - strand dna ( dsdna ) 263 iu / ml ( normal range < 30 iu / ml ) .
the results of bacteria culture , acid - fast stain , malignant cell , and tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction of ascites were negative .
the doppler of the main portal vein , inferior vena cava , major portal branches , and hepatic vein were patent without obstruction .
unfortunately , progressive massive ascite accumulation gave rise to breathing difficulty and decreased urine output , despite an increase in serum albumin from 19
the serum bun and creatinine levels were increased to 30.5 mmol / l and 720 mol / l from 13.5 mmol / l and 170 mol / l , respectively .
her lupus activity did not respond to plasma exchange , methylprednisolone 1000 mg pulse therapy , oral prednisolone 60 mg daily , or cyclosporine 100 mg twice daily .
her renal failure , leg edema , and refractory ascites could not be controlled by hd due to frequent intradialytic hypotension , which could not be corrected by prophylactic fresh frozen plasma infusion , sequential ultrafiltration , and reduction in dialysate temperature during hd .
therefore , continuous flow control reinfusion of ascites into a dialyzer during hd was designed to alleviate the ascites .
a paracentesis pigtail catheter was inserted into the abdominal cavity and connected to a sterile three - way stopcock .
when ascite reinfusion was planned , a set of dialysis tubing was connected with the sterile three - way stopcock to draw out the ascites at the speed of 1215 ml / min ( 720900 ml / h ) into the dialyzer to mix with the blood by the roller pump during hd . the mixed blood and ascites were then channeled into the systemic circulation during a 4-hour hd session ( figure 1a ) .
the ultrafiltration rate of the dialyzer was maintained at around 1 l / h to allow fluid removal from the blood and infused ascites in each 4-hour hd session .
after seven sessions of continuous reinfusion of ascites into the dialyzer during hd , 20 l of ascites were drawn out .
the body weight and abdominal girth decreased from 50.2 kg to 37 kg and from 92 cm to 72 cm , respectively ( figure 3 ) .
g / dl to 0.7 g / dl and from 0.1 g / dl to 0.13 g / dl , respectively .
a piece of omentum was obtained by peritoneoscopy for the evaluation of the cause of refractory ascites .
the pathologic finding of the omentum was chronic inflammation with cell infiltration , congestion , and fibrosis ( figure 4 ) . in the following 60 months
in our patient , liver cirrhosis , congestive heart failure , carcinomatous peritonitis , and bacterial peritonitis - related ascites were excluded by serial examinations .
the refractory ascites caused by lupus serositis was most likely due to the high level of dsdna , low serum level of c3/c4 , and inflammatory omentum ( figure 4 ) .
the patient s refractory ascites , leg edema , and respiratory distress improved after seven sessions of continuous infusion of ascites into the dialyzer during hd after failure of other treatments , including bed rest , salt and water restriction , diuretics , intravenous administration of albumin , repeated paracentesis , sequential ultrafiltration , and reduced dialysate temperature during hd .
the success of this treatment showed that the removed body fluid was replaced by the drawn out ascites at a speed of 1215 ml / min ( 720900 ml / h ) concurrently during hd while ultrafiltration was set at around 1 l / h .
there were 2.883.6 l of ascitic fluid from the abdomen infused into the dialyzer and a net 0.41.12 l of fluid removed from the systemic circulation during each 4-hour hd session .
g / l after seven sessions of continuous reinfusion was due to the infused ascites and protein into the systemic circulation during hd ( figure 3 ) .
the increase in serum level of albumin might have also pulled the interstitial fluid into the intravascular space via the increase in serum oncotic pressure.5,7,9 leg edema , pleural effusion , and refractory ascites were ameliorated by small negative fluid balance and increased serum albumin level during hd . in this case , arf occurred , along with the progressively worsening ascites and respiratory distress , but improved after the refractory ascites subsided .
this implied that arf was mostly related to the refractory ascite - induced hypovolemia and unstable hemodynamic status .
ascite reinfusion has been reported in chronic hd patients with cirrhotic , lupus , or nephrogenic ascites.28,1013 in this case , ascitic fluid was infused into the dialyzer under flow control by the roller pump , and the fluid was removed from the systemic circulation simultaneously during hd .
several procedures based on the reinfusion of ascitic fluid have been reported in chronic hd patients with cirrhotic , lupus , or nephrogenic ascites , eg , intravenous reinfusion of concentrated ascites , extracorporeal ultrafiltration of ascite fluid with peritoneal reinfusion , ascitic fluid concentration with blood reinfusion during hd , and peritoneovenous shunt.28,1013 in comparison with those procedures , the flow control reinfusion of ascites during hd is rapid , easier , and effective .
this procedure and mcgill et al s method13 could simultaneously control the flow of ascite reinfusion by the flow control roller pump and the amount of body fluid removal by the ultrafiltration rate of dialyzer .
the serum albumin level was increased after the infusion of protein - rich ascites into the systemic circulation during hd .
the elevated serum level of albumin pulls the interstitial fluid into the intravascular space via increased serum oncotic pressure . with the successful outcome of this case report , we believe that flow control reinfusion of ascites during hd is an effective alternative treatment for the alleviation of refractory ascites in patients with renal failure , who are unresponsive to bed rest , salt and water restriction , diuretics , intravenous administration of albumin , repeated paracentesis , sequential ultrafiltration , and reduced dialysate temperature during hd . although not observed in this case , the potential adverse effects , such as fever , gastrointestinal bleeding , dic , peritonitis , or septicemia , by the intravenous or intra - abdominal infusion of ascites should be kept in mind.14,15 the activation of fibrinolytic activity of ascites due to the relative plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 deficiency and enhanced basal tissue plasminogen activator has been reported.1619 therefore , clotting tests should be carried out before the procedure is initiated , and if the patient s blood and ascites denote a fibrinolytic activity , the procedure should be considered hazardous and probably contraindicated . in conclusion ,
the alleviation of ascites and arf attest to the success of the procedure of continuous infusion of ascites into the dialyzer during hd . with normal coagulation function , it is an effective alternative treatment of refractory ascites , especially in patients with renal failure or who are unresponsive to bed rest , salt and water restriction , diuretics , intravenous administration of albumin , repeated paracentesis , sequential ultrafiltration , and reduced dialysate temperature during hd .
 refractory ascites can occur in patients with various conditions . 
 although several procedures based on the reinfusion of ascitic fluid have been reported after the failure of bed rest , salt and water restriction , diuretics , intravenous administration of albumin , and repeated paracentesis , these procedures are performed for ascitic fluid removal without dialytic effect . in this study , a flow control reinfusion of ascites during hemodialysis ( hd ) 
 was performed to demonstrate the efficacy of this method in a lupus patient with massive refractory ascites and respiratory and acute renal failure ( arf ) . 
 the alleviation of ascites and arf attests to the success of the flow control reinfusion of ascites during hd . 
 this procedure can control the rate of ascites and body fluid removal simultaneously during hd using the roller pump . in conclusion , with a normal coagulation profile , the procedure of flow control reinfusion of ascites during hd is an effective alternative treatment for the alleviation of refractory ascites with renal failure . 
Introduction
Case
Discussion