atherosclerosis , a progressive inflammatory disease , results in the development of plaques within the arterial walls that may contain intracellular and extracellular lipids , a variety of inflammatory cells , extracellular matrix , smooth muscle cells , fibroblasts , and calcification [ 14 ] .
acute coronary syndrome ( acs ) and stroke are typically associated with the development of vulnerable plaques .
a vulnerable plaque is characterized by an accumulation of macrophages and macrophage - derived foam cells , degradation of the extracellular matrix , and the formation of a necrotic core , neoangiogenesis , intraplaque hemorrhage , and a thin fibrous cap [ 3 , 57 ] .
thus , the prevention of a heart attack or stroke would benefit from the early detection of the biological processes resulting in the inflammation and neoangiogenesis associated with atherosclerotic lesions .
the noninvasive detection of atherosclerotic plaque has been clinically limited mostly to the measurements of arterial stenosis in selected arterial beds [ 811 ] .
such measurements have been shown to be poor predictors of clinical outcomes , thus stimulating further research into the biology of atherosclerotic lesions and development of new biomarkers with a better predictive value for the formation of vulnerable plaques [ 1217 ] .   
inflammation of arterial walls is initially triggered by the accumulation of low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) particles in the vessel wall and their subsequent oxidative and enzymatic modification followed by the activation of adhesion molecules and recruitment of t lymphocytes and monocytes .
activated monocytes differentiate into macrophages , which accumulate modified ldl particles , evolving into foam cells [ 18 , 19 ] . as atherosclerosis progresses ,
endothelial cells , macrophages , and foam cells die , releasing matrix metalloproteinases and other intracellular enzymes such as cathepsins [ 2022 ] .
the released proteases cleave the extracellular matrix destabilizing the plaque core and the fibrous cap [ 23 , 24 ] .
transformation of monocytes into macrophages and eventually into foam cells is controlled by expression of extracellular receptors including v3 integrin .
another destabilizing factor of atherosclerotic lesions is angiogenesis , which is associated with v3 integrin expression , and it is involved in cell - cell and cell - matrix adhesion .
the formation of new vessels originates from adventitial vasa vasorum and results in immature , fragile , and leaky vasculature , triggering intraplaque hemorrhage .  
molecular imaging biomarkers detecting metalloproteinase and cathepsin protease activity have been used by radiolabel - based   and optical imaging modalities   for the detection of inflammation in animal models of atherosclerosis and tissues from human atherosclerotic lesions [ 9 , 30 ] .
cathepsin activatable , optical imaging agents based on cleavage of l - lysine sequences have been successfully applied in the characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in mouse and rabbit models of atherosclerosis and in the detection of cathepsin protease activity in human atherosclerotic plaques obtained at carotid endarterectomy [ 3136 ] . using these agents , fluorescence molecular tomography ( fmt ) and computed tomography ( ct )
have been applied to quantitatively evaluate the levels of inflammation in the mouse apoe models of atherosclerosis .
furthermore , agents with v3 integrin targeted ligand have been employed to detect inflammation as well as angiogenesis in atherosclerotic lesions of animal models using a broad spectrum of imaging modalities [ 3843 ] .   here
we describe the development and evaluation of new cathepsin activatable agents and compare them to the new v3 integrin targeting agent in a longitudinal study of atherosclerotic apoe mice undergoing prophylactic treatment with the anti - inflammatory therapeutic ezetimibe [ 44 , 45 ] using fmt .

 hek293-v3  cells were lifted with trypsin - edta and washed four times with serum - free mem .
cells ( 25,000 cells / well ) were added to microtiter wells coated with vitronectin or fibronectin and allowed to attach for 2 hours at 37c in a humidified incubator in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of integrisense or parent compound .
similar experiments were carried out with hek293 cells stably transfected with v5 , iib3 , or 51 .
the attached cells were quantified by colorimetric detection of hexosaminidase enzymatic activity in a vmax plate reader ( molecular devices , menlo park , ca ) .
the number of attached cells was quantified using a standard curve for each cell line assayed and expressed as a mean value of triplicate samples .
ten - week old apoe female mice ( n = 184 total : 20 for in vivo - ex vivo signal correlation study , 44 for longitudinal study , 120 for treatment study ; taconic farms , inc , hudson , ny ) fed on a 0.15% [ wt / wt ] cholesterol diet which included 9% of their caloric intake from fat ( research diets , inc , new brunswick , nj ) were used as an animal model of atherosclerosis . in the longitudinal study , c57bl/6 mice (
n = 14 total ; taconic farms , inc , hudson , ny ) fed on a normal chow diet served as controls . in the treatment study
, apoe mice were fed the diet described above with or without cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe ( 7  mg / kg / d ) .
all experiments were approved by our institutional animal care and use committee ( iacuc ) .
aged apoe mice ( 8 to 10 months on diet ) , which developed atherosclerotic lesions , were injected with prosense 750 ( 5  nmol per animal ) , prosense fast 750 ( 8  nmol per animal ) , or integrisense 750 ( 4  nmol per animal , all from perkin elmer , boston , ma ) via tail vein 24  hr or 48  hr before fmt imaging , respectively .
images were acquired by fmt2500 ( perkin elmer ) at 750  nm wavelength . the resulting 3d dataset was reconstructed and the region of interest ( roi ) was defined within the chest area ( figure 2 ) using the vendor 's software ( truequant , perkin elmer ) , and the threshold
after in vivo imaging , animals were euthanized with co2 , and their aortas were excised .
fluorescence reflectance images of the dissected arteries ( carotid arteries with aortic arch and thoracic part of descending aorta ) were then acquired with the fmt2500 .   to verify the in vivo fmt signal noninvasively
, the mice were imaged with a ge explore locus ultra ( micro ct , ge ) after fmt acquisition using a ct bed designed to hold the fmt animal cassette therefore ensuring the animal remained in the same position .
the fmt dataset was exported in dicom format and then co - registered to the ct dataset using amira 5.2 ( visage imaging , san diego , ca ) .
after probe - injected mice were euthanized , their aortas were excised and terminal blood samples were collected . the aortas were minced with fine scissors and dissociated into single cells by incubating with liberase th and tm ( roche applied science , indianapolis , in ) at 37c for 1.5 hours .
the resulting cell suspensions were then passed through 40  m cell strainer ( bd biosciences , bedford , ma ) and washed with pbs .
the blood samples were incubated in ack buffer ( cambrex , walkersville , md ) to remove blood cells and then washed with pbs . for multicolor flow cytometry analysis of lymphoid cells , myeloid cells ( including monocytes / macrophages and neutrophils ) and other cells ( including stromal cells of the aortic wall ) , cells were incubated with a cocktail of mabs ( bd biosciences , san francisco , ca ) against t cells ( cd90-fitc),b cells ( b220-fitc ) , nk cells ( cd49b - fitc , nk1.1-fitc ) , and myeloid cells ( cd11b - pe ) at 4c for 30  min and then analyzed on an lsrii ( bd biosciences , san francisco , ca ) .
ashland , or ) . to demonstrate co - localization of macrophages and the integrisense 680 and prosense 680 probes ,
ten micron - thick cryosections were prepared and fixed in ice - cold acetone / ethanol ( 3  :  1 ) for 10  min . and washed in pbs .
nonspecific binding was blocked by incubation with 5.0% nonimmune goat serum for 30  min followed by incubation with the rat anti - mouse cd68 antibody ( 5  g / ml ; mca-1957 , abd serotec , raleigh , nc ) for 1  hr at room temperature .
sections were washed in pbs and incubated with alexafluor 488 goat anti - rat igg ( 4  g / ml ; molecular probes , eugene , or ) for 1  hr and again washed in pbs .
sections were mounted using a fluorescent mount medium with or without dapi counterstain and examined with a nikon e-1000 microscope equipped with the appropriate band - pass filters .
for the longitudinal study , both apoe ( n = 15 for each agent ) and c57bl/6 ( n = 9 for prosense , n = 5 for integrisense ) mice were injected with prosense750 or integrisense750 and imaged with the fmt2500 as described above .
the scans were conducted at the times indicated in the figures . for the treatment study , prosense ,
catb fast agent or prosense fast ( 8  nmol per animal , perkin elmer ) were injected into apoe mice ( both treated ; n = 15 for each agent , and untreated ;
n = 15 for each agent ) via tail vein 24  hr before imaging .
integrisense ( 2  nmol per animal , perkin elmer ) injected mice were images 48  hr after injection .
the imaging acquisition was carried out at the time points as depicted in figures 7 and 8 .
after apoe mice were euthanized , their aortas were excised and fixed in 10% buffered formalin ( figure 6(a ) ) .
all vessels were embedded into paraffin blocks , sectioned at 4  m , and placed onto adhesive - coated slides .
slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to demonstrate general morphology and immunostained with mabs against the f4/80 antigen ( 1  :  100 , ebioscience , inc . , san diego , ca ) .
slides were subsequently incubated with a peroxidase - conjugated anti - mouse igg antibody and 33-diaminobenzidine ( dab ) chromogen to identify macrophages within the plaque regions and counterstained with hematoxylin ( figure 6(c ) ) .
the stained slides were analyzed using the ariol image analysis platform ( genetix , san jose , ca ) for macrophage quantification .
regions of interest were drawn to include only the plaque area and appropriate size , and color classifiers were applied to specifically identify the dab stained ( brown ) macrophages , which were then counted .
terminal serum samples ( n = 12 ) were collected at the end of the treatment study , and the hdl - c and total cholesterol levels were determined by following the manufacturer 's protocol of hdl - cholesterol e kit ( wako chemicals , richmond , va ) with and without adding precipitating reagent , respectively .  
terminal plasma samples ( n = 12 ) were collected at the end of the treatment study and assayed for and ezetimibe - glucuronide using aria lc - ms / ms with a standard calibration range from 5 to 10,000  nm and a quantification limit of 5  nm .  
data are presented as mean  sem . for statistical analysis , we used anova followed by bonferroni t - test for multiple comparisons .
the correlation between the in vivo and ex vivo signal was evaluated using linear regression analysis .
structural schematics , spectral characteristics , and the activation selectivity of the cathepsin agents and a chemical structure of v3 integrin agent used in our experiments are depicted in figure 1 .
the cathepsin activated agent prosense ( figures 1(a ) and 1(b ) ) , used in the detection of atherosclerotic lesions before [ 3437 ] , is based on ~400  kda polylysine macromolecules with covalently attached fluorophores .
the newly developed cathepsin agents prosense fast and cat b fast are based on low molecular weight substrate peptides with fluorochromes attached to the c- and n - termini of the peptide resulting in 95% of the fluorescence quenching and a hypsochromic (  blue  ) shift of about 60  nm in the absorption spectra ( figures 1(c ) and 1(d ) ) .
the quenching of the fluorophores in the prosense agent is achieved by tight packing of the polymer coil , which slows the activation of this agent .
thus , the full activation of the prosense agent requires 24 hours while the newly designed peptide - based agents are fully activated within 6 to 8 hours ( data no shown ) .
the selectivity of the agents for activation by 24 hours incubation with different cathepsins is shown in figure 1(e ) .
both prosense and prosense fast agents were activated by most of the evaluated cathepsins , while the cat b fast agent was activated mostly by cathepsin b ( figure 1(e ) ) .  
the v3 targeted agent , integrisense , is based on a low molecular weight peptidomimetic ligand of v3 integrin , which was chemically modified to covalently attach the vivotag ( nirf ) ( figure 1(f ) ) .
the affinity of the agent for activated v3 integrin was determined to be ~ 0.5  nm   and the agent is highly selective for v3 ( table 1 ) .   to assess the severity of atherosclerotic disease , we focused on the aortic arch and the proximal portion of the descending aorta .
since there is limited anatomical information to guide in vivo fmt analysis , we compared fluorescent signal within the roi drawn to capture the entire volume of the chest region with the signal measured within the roi drawn on the excised arteries ( for details see methods ) to ensure the accuracy of the in vivo quantification ( figures 2(a)2(f ) ) . the total amount of the probes ( pmol ) detected in vivo correlated well with the fluorescence ( counts / energy ) measured ex vivo for all evaluated agents ( figures 2(b ) , 2(d ) , and 2(f ) ) .
this suggests that the in vivo quantification reflects the actual signal from the area of interest and can therefore be used to measure the inflammation non - invasively using fluorescence of these imaging agents . to further identify the location of the signal , we co - registered the fmt signal with ct images based on fiducial landmarks that are incorporated into the animal holder and are identified by both fmt and ct .
using anatomical detail from the ct image combined with fmt molecular information , we determined that the majority of the fluorescent signal was in the aortic root , arch , and the proximal portion of the descending aorta of animals injected with cathepsin - activated ( figures 3(a ) and 3(b ) or v3-targeted agents ( figures 3(c ) and 3(d ) ) . to validate the cellular source of the fluorescence signal in vivo , we performed flow cytometry of single cell suspensions generated from digested murine aortas .
monocytes / macrophages were identified as the dominant cellular signal source for all cathepsin activated agents tested .
we observed a similar labeling profile in the blood ; however , the signal intensity was 10 times lower compared to the aortic signal .
fluorescence signal from the v3 targeted agent , integrisense , was found not only in monocytes / macrophages but also in lymphoid and stromal cells .
the signal from integrisense was higher in monocytes / macrophages than in lymphoid cells in the blood ( figure 4 ) .
the microscopic fluorescence distribution of both cathepsin activated and v3 targeted agents was compared to immunoreactive staining for macrophages cd68 ( figure 5 ) .
there was good colocalization of fluorescence from the optical agents with immunofluorescent cd68 signal , while some of v3 agent was found located in the adventitia .
macrophages have been shown to play an important role in the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis [ 1 , 2 , 5 , 18 ] . to evaluate the prognostic value of different optical agents for non - invasive detection of the disease , quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of macrophages in aortic arteries using f4/80 monoclonal antibodies
was performed , and the macrophage counts were then correlated with in vivo fmt measurements of the same animals .
quantification of the in vivo fmt signal and ex vivo macrophage count showed a good correlation for both prosense ( r = 0.89 , p < 0.05 ) and cat b fast ( r = .86 , p < 0.05 ) , but not for integrisense ( r = 0.35 , p = 0.44 ) ( figures 6(d)6(f ) ) . to access cathepsin activity or v3 integrin expression as a function of time throughout disease progression , we performed in vivo fmt imaging in both apoe and c57bl/6 mice at time points indicated in figure 7 .
a statistically significant increase in the amount of prosense and integrisense was observed in the chest area of apoe versus c57bl/6 mice starting 25 and 22 weeks on diet , respectively .  
we further evaluated the newly developed agents for the detection of reduced inflammation associated with atherosclerotic lesions in apoe mice upon prophylactic treatment with the cholesterol lowering agent , ezetimibe .
ezetimibe is known to lower ldl and inflammation associated with the atherosclerosis in apoe mice . in our experiments
, ezetimibe lowered the ldl and elevated hdl levels about threefold ( table 2 ) .
cat b fast detected a statistically significant effect of the treatment at both 21 and 31 weeks on the diet ( figure 8(c ) ) , while the large , nonselective , polymer - based agent , prosense , identified a statistically selective effect of the treatment only at 31 weeks on diet ( figure 8(a ) ) .
the newly developed nonselective agent , prosense fast , found a statistically significant effect of the treatment only at 12 weeks ( figure 8(b ) ) while integrisense was insensitive to the effect of treatment by ezetimibe ( figure 8(d ) ) .
heart attack and stroke , often fatal clinical outcomes of atherosclerosis , are frequently associated with vulnerable arterial plaques that develop as a product of inflammatory processes initiated by high levels of ldl .
thus , molecular imaging biomarkers of inflammation may play an important role in the monitoring the development and efficacy of new therapeutics as well as in the early detection of the disease . in this paper
, we describe the development and evaluation of new cathepsin activatable agents and their comparison to the new v3 integrin targeted agent in the detection of atherosclerosis associated inflammation in apoe mice using established fmt technology .
we further demonstrate the sensitivity of individual biomarkers to detect inhibition of inflammation in prophylactic studies with the therapeutic ezetimibe .
we have developed new cathepsin agents , prosense fast and cat b fast , based on low molecular weight peptides flanked by fully quenched fluorophores .
once the protease cleaves the low molecular weight peptide , the fluorophores diffuse apart leading to a full fluorescence signal .
these agents reach maximum activation within six to eight hours , while the polymer - based agent prosense [ 27 , 37 ] requires 24 hours for full activation .
activation of prosense fast is nonselective for tested cathepsins similar to the polymer - based prosense , which is only weakly selective for cathepsin b. conversely , the cat b fast agent is highly selective for cathepsin b. thus , parallel measurements using the new agents and polymer - based prosense can address the effect of the protease selectivity and to some extent also the potential effect of the polymer coil on the detection sensitivity of atherosclerosis associated inflammation .  
the v3 integrin targeted agent , integrisense , has been used successfully in the detection of tumor growth   and rgd - based v3 integrin targeted agents in the detection of inflammation and angiogenesis in mouse and rabbit models of atherosclerosis [ 4042 ] .
we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of integrisense in the detection of atherosclerotic lesions in the apoe mice model of atherosclerosis and compared it to the cathepsin - activatable agents .
all new agents were developed with the requirements for the design of low molecular weight therapeutics .
fluorophores were selected to align with the parameters needed to stay within the optimal tissue transparency window ( 680950  nm ) [ 27 , 30 ] , with potential for future successful applications in the clinical evaluation of patients .  
we employed fmt technology for the quantitative in vivo detection of molecular imaging biomarkers in both apoe and control c57bl/6 mice and confirmed the localization of the measured fluorescence using ct .
we found that the fmt measured concentrations of imaging biomarkers in the thoracic area of apoe mice indicate that these agents accumulated in the aortic arch and the roots of adjacent carotid and subclavian arteries ( sites of histologically confirmed atherosclerosis ) similar to previous reports .
moreover , the in vivo measured agent concentrations of both cathepsin - activated and v3 integrin targeted agents correlated well with the ex vivo fluorescence in the same areas of the dissected arteries of apoe mice .  
an early stage of atherosclerotic lesions is characterized by infiltration of monocytes and macrophages and their development into foam cells [ 13 ] controlled by extracellular receptors including v3 integrin .
as the atherosclerotic plaque progresses , endothelial cells , macrophages , and foam cells die , releasing matrix metalloproteinases and other intracellular enzymes such as cathepsins [ 2022 , 24 ] .
the cell proliferation triggers on v3 integrin - dependent angiogenesis , originating from adventitial vasa vasorum and resulting in immature , fragile , and leaky vasculature , triggering intraplaque hemorrhage [ 25 , 26 ] . to understand the cellular profile of the imaging biomarkers , we conducted flow cytometric analysis of cells isolated from dissected aortic tissues of apoe mice and showed that cathepsin agents were activated primarily in myeloid ( monocytes and macrophages ) cells while the v3 integrin agent was found not only in myeloid cells but also in lymphoid and stromal ( endothelial ) cells indicating that integrisense likely detects inflammatory cells , angiogenesis , and cell proliferation .
flow cytometry of blood from animals injected with cathepsin agents detected very low levels ( compared to aortas ) of the agents in both myeloid and lymphoid cells 24 hours after agent injection , while v3 agent was also detected in both cell types , albeit at much higher levels for myeloid cells , indicating again involvement of v3 integrin in the development and proliferation of inflammatory cells .
immunofluorescence detected the activated prosense agent in the center of the atherosclerotic lesions , some of it co - localized with resident macrophages confirming that cathepsins are activated in the inflammatory cells and later released from the dead cells into the core of the plaque .
the v3 agent was found in advanced atherosclerotic lesions densely distributed in the adventitia and some was also co - localized with macrophages within the core of the lesions reflecting expected development of new vasculature and already discussed expression on the inflammatory cells .
fmt measured concentrations of cathepsin agents prosense and cat b fast in apoe mice correlated well with the number of macrophages detected in the six different areas of the aortic arch , supporting the flow cytometric and immunohistochemistry data .
however , the correlation between the macrophage count and fmt measured concentrations of v3 agent was poor , which was expected giving the high levels of v3 on the other cells types within the plaque .  
co - localization of cathepsins ( b , l , s and k ) and macrophages in the core of atherosclerotic lesions of apoe mice and human patients has been documented many times [ 2024 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 34 , 35 ] , confirming an important role of these proteases in the progression of atherosclerosis associated inflammation and the development of vulnerable plaques .
activation of newly developed cathepsin agents , prosense fast and cat b fast and previously studied [ 34 , 35 , 37 ] polymer - based , prosense , in atherosclerotic lesions of apoe mice can therefore potentially serve as an imaging biomarker of inflammation .  
the co - localization of v3 integrin agent with macrophages and its localization in the adventitia agree well with the previously documented role of v3 integrin in the transformation of monocytes and macrophages in the core of atherosclerotic lesions [ 19 , 3942 ] and with the role of this integrin in the neoangiogenesis of vulnerable plaques [ 26 , 42 , 43 ] .
the v3 integrin agent is therefore , contrary to cathepsin agents , a molecular imaging biomarker of both inflammation and angiogenesis .
the poor correlation between the fmt measured v3 agent concentrations and the macrophage counts may indicate binding of this agent to cells other than inflammatory cells within the atherosclerotic lesions .
elevated levels of ldl in the blood of apoe mice on regular chow and even greater in mice on chow containing elevated levels of fat and/or cholesterol translate into the formation of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic arch and proximal arteries as early as 3 months after the birth [ 44 , 45 , 47 ] . the onset of the disease and the size of the lesions varied between individual animals .
fmt in vivo measurements of apoe mice fed with a high cholesterol diet found , when compared to c57blk/6 mice fed with regular chow , elevated levels of the cathepsin probe activation as early as 1520 weeks after diet initiation .
the levels of activation started to grow exponentially after 25 weeks with an increasing variability among individual animals .
in a similar set of fmt measurements , the accumulation of v3 agent in atherosclerotic lesion of apoe mice was detected two to five weeks later and then the concentration of the agent was again increasing exponentially .
our data indicate a good correlation between the activation of cathepsin agents and atherosclerosis - associated inflammatory processes in a longitudinal study using these agents which may provide a noninvasive early means of detection of inflammation in developing atherosclerotic lesions of apoe mice
. the somewhat delayed onset of the fmt measured v3 agent accumulation might be the result of the later onset of plaque associated angiogenesis . since both elevated inflammation as well as angiogenesis are characteristics of vulnerable plaques , both cathepsin as well as v3 integrin agents may serve in their in vivo detection .  
ezetimibe , a selective inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol absorption , has been shown to reduce plasma ldl , increase hdl , and inhibit atherosclerosis associated inflammation [ 44 , 45 , 48 ] .
we found that all cathepsin agents at some point detect inhibition of inflammation by ezetimibe in prophylactic longitudinal study of apoe mice fed on high cholesterol diet .
to our surprise , the new and nonselective fast acting agent prosense fast showed a statistically significant difference only at the 12 week time point , while the polymer - based prosense detected the statistically different inhibition only at the 31-week time point .
the most sensitive for the detection of inhibition by ezetimibe was cat b fast , finding the statistically significant inhibition at both 21 and 31 weeks .
this may indicate that the selectivity rather than the size of the agent , as might be concluded from previous studies , is critical for an efficient detection of atherosclerosis - associated inflammation using cathepsin probes .
fmt measurements with the v3 integrin selective agent did not detect ezetimibe - induced inhibition of atherosclerosis progression in apoe mice .
this is likely a reflection of a broader spectrum of processes involved in the accumulation of v3 agent in the atherosclerotic lesions .
some of these processes may not be affected by the treatment with ezetimibe or they are affected on different time scales .
hence , a more detailed analysis of the functions of these two types of imaging biomarkers may contribute new details on the development of atherosclerotic lesions .
here we describe the functional in vivo imaging evaluation of new cathepsin activatable and v3 integrin targeted agents , prepared using requirements for the design of new therapeutics . using fmt , we measured quantitative changes in atherosclerosis - associated inflammation in apoe mice and compared these to the previously studied polylysine - based cathepsin agent .
we have demonstrated the importance of cathepsin agent selectivity and capability of all agents to quantitatively detect longitudinal progress in inflammation and angiogenesis of atherosclerotic lesions .
we have further showed that cathepsin agents detect inhibition of inflammation as a result of prophylactic treatment with the anti - inflammatory therapeutic , ezetimibe [ 44 , 45 ] .
 inflammation as a core pathological event of atherosclerotic lesions is associated with the secretion of cathepsin proteases and the expression of v3 integrin . 
 we employed fluorescence molecular tomographic ( fmt ) noninvasive imaging of these molecular activities using cathepsin sensing ( prosense , catb fast ) and v3 integrin ( integrisense ) near - infrared fluorescence ( nirf ) agents . a statistically significant increase in the prosense and integrisense signal 
 was observed within the chest region of apoe/ mice ( p < 0.05 ) versus c57bl/6 mice starting 25 and 22 weeks on high cholesterol diet , respectively . in a treatment study using ezetimibe ( 7  mg / kg ) , there was a statistically significant reduction in the prosense and catb fast chest signal of treated ( p < 0.05 ) versus untreated apoe/ mice at 31 and 21 weeks on high cholesterol diet , respectively . 
 the signal of prosense and catb fast correlated with macrophage counts and was found associated with inflammatory cells by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry of cells dissociated from aortas . 
 this report demonstrates that cathepsin and v3 integrin nirf agents can be used as molecular imaging biomarkers for longitudinal detection of atherosclerosis , and cathepsin agents can monitor anti - inflammatory effects of ezetimibe with applications in preclinical testing of therapeutics and potentially for early diagnosis of atherosclerosis in patients . 
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions