cancer is the third main cause of death in iran only after cardiovascular diseases and accidents ( 1 ) .
local reports also indicate that cancers is on the rise in iran ( 2 ) .
for example , a recent estimation indicated that lung , stomach , breast and prostate cancer increased between 2001 and 2015 in isfahan provenience in the centre of iran ( 3 ) .
due to increased number of cancer patients and limited resources , like many other developing countries , more attention has been paid to quantitative and physical criteria like increasing cancer patients survival or decreasing patients mortality rate ( 4 ) .
however , having cancer appears to be like a catastrophic experience that may have an impact on all aspects of individuals lives and their quality of life ( qol ) rather than only physical issues ( 5 ) .
qol is a concept used to emphasise that different aspects of individuals lives such as physical , psychological , and emotional are important in determining the experience of living and its quality and need to be taken into consideration by health care professionals when caring for those whose life is under threat ( 6 ) .
in addition , qol information can be used for screening and prioritising potential problems , facilitating communication with patients and identification of their preferences .
patients can communicate their problems and priorities by filling out a qol questionnaire or through an interview .
issues like sex life , personal relationships and financial issues , for example , are amongst those important matters patients usually do not express explicitly unless they are questioned .
qol assessment can prompt the process of revealing hidden problems more appropriately and lead to more holistic care ( 7 ) . amongst health care providers ,
nurses are intimately involved with cancer patients and their perception of cancer patients qol may be vital in order to be more helpful in their caring roles and to increase patients qol ( 8) . this is particularly important in iranian oncology wards where nurses mainly have a bachelor of science qualification in nursing and significantly contribute in caring of cancer patients in a very busy oncology environment . due to the limited number of oncologists and their time limitations , they may rely on nurses to convey to them information about patients worries and concerns . in these situations
so this voice needs to be accurate enough to convey to other health care professionals the broad spectrum of patients problems , needs , and expectations ( 9 ) . a number of qol studies conducted to identify nurses understanding or nurses perception about cancer patients qol outside iran ( 10 - 13 ) .
however , the literature search for the research yielded no iranian research comparing nurses rating of patients qol with cancer patients rating of their qol .
moreover , many of these research studies used qol tools developed in other countries including north america and u.k rather than the cross - culturally developed tools such as the world health organisation s quality of life brief questionnaire ( whoqol - bref ) .
this questionnaire was established across a number of cultures ( including iran ) and covers a broad spectrum of qol issues .
the need for more research in this field in iran was further reinforced with the researcher experiences .
the researcher has worked with cancer patients in different clinical situations , particularly chemotherapy and radiotherapy departments , for more than 20 years in and outside iran .
such experiences brought to his mind that for many people affected by cancer , life during and after therapy is not just concerned with how long they live , but how well they live .
these experiences encouraged the researcher also to consider more deeply if health care professionals particularly nurses have a holistic understanding of needs , expectations , and desires of patients who are living with cancer . given this , assessing nurses understanding or judgment about cancer patients qol is essential and worthy of exploration .
the main purpose of this research study was therefore to identify nurses understanding of cancer patients qol in an iranian context .
the secondary aim was to investigate the relationship between patients and nurses demographic and clinical variables and the level of agreement .
the procedure of the study was derived from the similar research project that was completed by the researcher in australia in 2008 .
the study was conducted during a six month period in 2013 in syeed - al -shohada hospital affiliated to isfahan university of medical sciences , isfahan , iran .
this hospital is an educative referral oncology centre that covers a varied number of patients from several provinces in iran particularly isfahan , chaharmahal and bakhtiari , kohgiluyeh and boyer - ahmad and lurestan .
the research study was conducted in different medical - surgical oncology wards and an outpatient clinic . for purposes of measuring agreement between cancer patients and nurses , 50 pairs of cancer patients and their nurses
were recruited to take part in the study using a convenient sampling ( totally 100 patients and nurses ) . the sample of nurses selected based on consensus sampling which included more than 70 percent of eligible nurses in the hospital .
patients were heterogonous in term of their health condition , disease severity and their treatments in order to generalise qol ratings to a broader sample of patients and nurses . in order to measure qol ,
this questionnaire consisted of 26 items which constituted four dimensions including physical ( 7 items ) , psychological ( 6 items ) , social relationship ( 3 items ) , and environmental ( 8 items ) .
global quality of life and general health were also measured with two items which did not contribute in structure of none of domains .
all 26 items were evaluated using a likert - type measure ( e.g. ranging from very poor , to poor , neither poor nor good , good , and very good ) ( 14 ) . as the who group
( 14 ) stated , associations exist between qol domains of the whoqol - bref questionnaire with the original lengthy tool whoqol-100 , range from 0.89 in the social relationship domain up to 0.95 in the physical domain .
the total score of test - retest reliability is 0.75 for all domains which is above the acceptable level of 0.7 .
a population based study in iran also provided some preliminary evidences of reliability and validity of the farsi version of the whoqol - bref questionnaire ( 15 ) .
moreover , in another study with the whoqol - bref questionnaire in iran , findings supported the four domain structure of the questionnaire and its appropriate reliability ( 16 ) .
the questionnaire for nurses ( proxy version- farsi ) which was developed in the study was similar to that of patients with only small modifications made to qol items .
for example , the item  how satisfied are you with your health? in the patient version the whoqol - bref questionnaire was modified in the proxy version to  how satisfied is the patient with his / her health? nurses were instructed to complete the survey specifically about the patient and the quality of life ( qol ) they believe this patient has considering all qol changes the patient might have .
some other clinical and demographic information about patients ( including age , gender , marital status , educational level , current cancer diagnosis , most common current treatment , treatment setting and patient performance status ) and nurses ( including age , gender , marital status , educational level , approximate contact time with patients , clinical experience , and how much nurses generally understand their patients qol ) were also collected by the investigator .
the researcher was interested to see how the daily living abilities of the patients might affect the patient - nurse agreement .
therefore , the patients performance status were rated using the eastern cooperative oncology group ( ecog ) performance status scale , ranging from 0 ( fully active ) to 4 ( completely disabled ) .
patients with any type of cancer , with the age of 18 years or above and the capability to read and write in farsi ( persian ) were invited to take part in the study .
qualified nurses were those providing nursing care for a selected patient and personally expressed that they understand that patient in a level to complete the questionnaire for him / her . the principal researcher or
the assistant explained the aim and the process of the study to patients and nurses . if a patient presented a verbal agreement to take part in the study , the investigators gave the patient the whoqol - bref questionnaire- farsi to complete .
the whoqol - bref ( proxy version ) was then completed separately by a nurse based on his / her perception of the patient s qol .
the investigators supervised the study in a way that nurses did not ask any question directly from patients or their family .
however , to facilitate nurses understanding about patients qol , they could review medical or nursing records .
nurses mainly completed questionnaires on the similar day when patients filled it during work hours and their rest time .
this research was approved by the nursing and midwifery care research centre of isfahan university of medical sciences .
verbal information about the aim and the procedure of the study was provided for both patients and nurses and verbal consent was received .
there was no need for patients or nurses to write their name on the questionnaires or forms .
instead , the same number was recorded on all questionnaires and forms related to each pair of patient - nurse ( including the whoqol - bref questionnaire completed by a patient , the whoqol - bref questionnaire- proxy version completed by a nurse for a patient , and clinical and demographic information forms ) and all of them put in an envelope .
after coding , the data were inserted into spss 12 software and qol mean domain scores for both patients and nurses were calculated .
they were then multiplied by four so that results can be compared with scores derived from whoqol-100 , giving domain scores ranging from 4 to 20 .
most patients were married ( 74.0% ) , male ( 56.0% ) , and under diploma was their highest level of education ( 59.6% ) .
patients had a range of cancer diagnoses , with leukaemia ( 45.5% ) , colorectal cancer ( 18.2% ) , and non - hodgkin lymphoma ( 11.4% ) being the most prevalent .
the highest percentage of patients completing the questionnaire were from inpatient departments ( 92.0% ) , with chemotherapy ( 67.3% ) as their major treatment .
the highest percentage of patients ( 32.0% ) were classified as  restricted but ambulatory in their performance status .
results also indicated that of 50 nurses who took part in the study , most were female ( 84.0% ) , and married ( 50.0% ) .
nurses had a range of qualifications with bachelor of science in nursing ( 90.0% ) , nurse s aid ( 8.0% ) , and associate degree ( 2.0% ) being the most prevalent .
the mean age of nurses was 29.88 (  6.38 sd ) with a range of 22 - 47 years .
the mean time nurses spent providing care for a given patient ( hour / shift ) was 2.19 (  1.98 sd ) hours with a range of 0.3 - 8.00 hours . the mean of nurses clinical experience was 5.91 years (  5.74 sd ) with a range of 0.5 - 23 years .
the mean of nurses clinical experience with cancer patients was 4.25 years (  4.72 sd ) with a range of 0.5 - 23 years . in response to this question
 how much do you know the patient ?  the majority of nurses ( 54% ) stated that they knew their patients at a moderate level .
the pearson correlations between different mean domain scores of patients and nurses are shown in table 1 .
the following criteria were used to judge about the outcomes of correlations : less than or equal to 0.20 , poor ; 0.21 - 0.40 , fair , 0.41 - 0.60 , moderate ; 0.61 - 0.80 , substantial ; 0.81 - 1 , almost perfect ( 17 ) .
results indicated that there was a moderate significant correlation in the physical domain ( r = 0.42 , p < 0.002 ) , a moderate significant correlation in the psychological domain ( r = 0.50 , p < 0.000 ) , and a moderate significant correlation in the environmental domain ( r = 0.58 , p < 0.000 ) .
there was also a non - significant and fair correlation in the social relationship domain ( r = 0.25 , p = 0.09 ) between patients and nurses .
the results of paired t - tests between physical , psychological , social relationship , and environmental domains of patients and nurses are reported in table 2 .
paired samples t - test values indicated that there were significant differences between physical qol mean domain scores of patients and nurses [ t ( 49 ) = -3.41 , p < 0.001 ] .
there was not significant differences between patients and nurses in the psychological aspect [ t ( 49 ) = 1.59 ] , social relationship [ t ( 49 ) = 0.18 ] and environmental [ t ( 49 ) = -0.32 ] qol mean domains . in order to conduct multivariate analysis ( standardised multiple regression ) , some demographic and clinical variables of patients and nurses that either significantly correlated with patient- nurse absolute differences at the bivariate level or were theoretically important , simultaneously entered into the equation .
adjusted r - square was used to determine the proportion of variance in patient - nurse differences which could be explained by the patient and nurse combined ( table 3 ) .
only few variables were identified to be significantly associated with the absolute difference between patients and nurses qol mean domain scores ( being an indicator of agreement ) . however , using multivariate analysis indicated that patients performance status scale (  = 0.345 ) was the only statistically significant predictor of differences between patient and nurse scores obtained for the physical qol domain scores .
most patients were married ( 74.0% ) , male ( 56.0% ) , and under diploma was their highest level of education ( 59.6% ) .
patients had a range of cancer diagnoses , with leukaemia ( 45.5% ) , colorectal cancer ( 18.2% ) , and non - hodgkin lymphoma ( 11.4% ) being the most prevalent .
the highest percentage of patients completing the questionnaire were from inpatient departments ( 92.0% ) , with chemotherapy ( 67.3% ) as their major treatment .
the highest percentage of patients ( 32.0% ) were classified as  restricted but ambulatory in their performance status .
results also indicated that of 50 nurses who took part in the study , most were female ( 84.0% ) , and married ( 50.0% ) .
nurses had a range of qualifications with bachelor of science in nursing ( 90.0% ) , nurse s aid ( 8.0% ) , and associate degree ( 2.0% ) being the most prevalent .
the mean age of nurses was 29.88 (  6.38 sd ) with a range of 22 - 47 years .
the mean time nurses spent providing care for a given patient ( hour / shift ) was 2.19 (  1.98 sd ) hours with a range of 0.3 - 8.00 hours . the mean of nurses clinical experience was 5.91 years (  5.74 sd ) with a range of 0.5 - 23 years .
the mean of nurses clinical experience with cancer patients was 4.25 years (  4.72 sd ) with a range of 0.5 - 23 years . in response to this question
 how much do you know the patient ?  the majority of nurses ( 54% ) stated that they knew their patients at a moderate level .
the pearson correlations between different mean domain scores of patients and nurses are shown in table 1 .
the following criteria were used to judge about the outcomes of correlations : less than or equal to 0.20 , poor ; 0.21 - 0.40 , fair , 0.41 - 0.60 , moderate ; 0.61 - 0.80 , substantial ; 0.81 - 1 , almost perfect ( 17 ) .
results indicated that there was a moderate significant correlation in the physical domain ( r = 0.42 , p < 0.002 ) , a moderate significant correlation in the psychological domain ( r = 0.50 , p < 0.000 ) , and a moderate significant correlation in the environmental domain ( r = 0.58 , p < 0.000 ) .
there was also a non - significant and fair correlation in the social relationship domain ( r = 0.25 , p = 0.09 ) between patients and nurses .
the results of paired t - tests between physical , psychological , social relationship , and environmental domains of patients and nurses are reported in table 2 .
paired samples t - test values indicated that there were significant differences between physical qol mean domain scores of patients and nurses [ t ( 49 ) = -3.41 , p < 0.001 ] .
there was not significant differences between patients and nurses in the psychological aspect [ t ( 49 ) = 1.59 ] , social relationship [ t ( 49 ) = 0.18 ] and environmental [ t ( 49 ) = -0.32 ] qol mean domains .
in order to conduct multivariate analysis ( standardised multiple regression ) , some demographic and clinical variables of patients and nurses that either significantly correlated with patient- nurse absolute differences at the bivariate level or were theoretically important , simultaneously entered into the equation .
adjusted r - square was used to determine the proportion of variance in patient - nurse differences which could be explained by the patient and nurse combined ( table 3 ) .
only few variables were identified to be significantly associated with the absolute difference between patients and nurses qol mean domain scores ( being an indicator of agreement ) . however , using multivariate analysis indicated that patients performance status scale (  = 0.345 ) was the only statistically significant predictor of differences between patient and nurse scores obtained for the physical qol domain scores .
the main finding of this qol study was that there was generally a moderate agreement between each patient and nurse about a patient s qol in physical , psychological and environmental domains .
similar to other research findings ( 10 ) , correlation results indicated that nurses had lower agreement with their patients in qol domains such as the social domain .
social relationship domain encompasses three items including having sex life , having friends , and having personal relationships .
this is not surprising to see that , for example , nurses had a very low understanding of how patients have received support from their friends .
there might also be barriers for nurses to ask patients about their sex life . unless a major issue exists in the patients sex life , it is not acceptable for nurses to query patients about their sex lives in such a context .
comparison of qol mean domain scores of patients with nurses also showed that in contrast to other research studies ( 10 ) , nurses in this study did not underestimate or overestimate patients qol , except for the physical domain . in this domain , which consisted of more objective items ,
nurses overestimated patients qol and considered patients as having fewer problems as their patients actually did .
this might imply that nurses that participated in the study may not have enough assessment skills to truly understand physical issues and concerns of cancer patients .
so these issues impact on nurses therapeutic relationships with patients and their role may not be as caring as it may be otherwise .
this in turn may lead to unmet physical needs and decrease patients qol ( 18 ) . if we consider qol as a gold standard to see
if nurses have a holistic approach in their cares , results generally indicate that nurses need to improve their understanding of patient s qol ( 19 ) .
however , this issue also needs to take into the consideration that having a moderate understanding of patients qol may not be actually too bad as there might be reasonable justifications for differences in perceptions .
firstly , qol has individualised meanings and nurses generally have difficulties understanding their patients personal perspective or definition of qol ( 18 ) . secondly , nurses assessment of cancer patients qol in oncology wards
such an assessment may not facilitate nurses developing a more holistic picture of cancer patients qol .
time limitation , focus on care tasks , and discontinuity of care , might also work against nurses developing a more accurate understanding of cancer patients qol ( 7 ) .
the third reason that might justify differences between patients and nurses about cancer patients qol might be related to psychometric properties of the whoqol - bref questionnaire .
while research findings indicated that the whoqol - bref questionnaire generally is a useful tool to measure qol , the reliability of the social relationship domain and the structure of domains of the questionnaire are challenged and recommended to investigated further in an iranian context ( 15 ) .
results of an exploratory factor analysis of the whoqol - bref questionnaire also stated that some items of the questionnaire loaded on different domains as what originally was proposed for the questionnaire ( 16 ) . this might indicate that some small modifications might be necessary to conduct in social items to improve this tool to a more acceptable level for a qol assessment in an iranian context .
therefore , it is suggested that the construct validity of the whoqol - bref be explored further in the clinical area of cancer patients in iran using factor analysis with a bigger sample size .
the fourth reason that might justify the differences between patients and nurses perceptions is that the state of qol might change as individuals preferences , standards and goals are modified .
so in order to measure qol more accurately , qol tools need to perform longitudinally and this is not always possible particularly in busy oncology wards .
therefore , for a deeper understanding of patients qol , whenever possible , nurses need to make deep relationship and rapport with their patients rather than using only qol tools .
using qol tools alone might marginalise some important issues and aspects which are important to individuals living with cancer ( 19 ) .
another important finding using multivariate analysis was that only patients performance status was identified to be a significant predictor of the level of agreement in the physical qol domain .
in other words , as patients had more limitations in their daily activities , nurses became less successful to judge correctly about patients physical qol .
the multivariate analysis also showed that in the physical domain , patients and nurses clinical and demographic variables together explained around 8% of variance in differences between patient - nurse scores .
in other words , clinical and demographic variables investigated in the current study may not be considered as significant predictors of the level of agreement . in a research study by sneeuw et al .
( 20 ) , several demographic and clinical variables of the patients and their significant others were found to be associated with the level of agreement using multivariate analysis .
but they explained less than 15% of the variance in patient - proxy differences which was considered as a trivial proportion .
given the fact that only 8% of variance in differences between patient - nurse scores was explained by clinical and demographic variables at the multvaraite level , it was necessary to investigate other clinical and demographic variables influencing the level of agreement .
firstly , the study was conducted in very busy oncology wards with nurses having several tasks and in some cases this may have affected the patients and nurses responses to the questionnaire . secondly ,
although nurses ' response was very good , it is suggested that a similar study with a bigger sample size of nurses and patients be conducted to provide more generalizable results .
thirdly , in this research study patients scores were considered as the best possible information available and nurses scores were compared with them .
however , it can be argued that patients scores themselves are prone to some bias .
therefore , nurses might be closer in their rating of patients qol with that of patients own rating in a real situation .
differences exist between iranian cancer patients and their nurses about cancer patients qol that are far from the optimal level .
this means that nurses may not have a holistic understanding of cancer patients qol . in order to minimize such discrepancies nurses need to enhance their relationship and rapport with cancer patients to underpin the assessment of cancer patients qol through various cues . as a result of such a well - developed relationship and rapport
nurses might empathise with a number of issues , some of which are quite personal .
while nurses develop their relationship skills , qol tools like the whoqol - bref questionnaire might also be useful in the clinical area to assess cancer patients qol more accurately .
differences exist between iranian cancer patients and their nurses about cancer patients qol that are far from the optimal level .
this means that nurses may not have a holistic understanding of cancer patients qol . in order to minimize such discrepancies nurses need to enhance their relationship and rapport with cancer patients to underpin the assessment of cancer patients qol through various cues . as a result of such a well - developed relationship and rapport
nurses might empathise with a number of issues , some of which are quite personal .
while nurses develop their relationship skills , qol tools like the whoqol - bref questionnaire might also be useful in the clinical area to assess cancer patients qol more accurately .
 backgroundcancer is the third main cause of death in iran only after cardiovascular diseases and accidents.objectivesthe main aim of this research study was to identify nurses understanding of cancer patients quality of life ( qol ) in an iranian context.patients and methodsthis descriptive correlational study was conducted in an educative referral oncology center affiliated to isfahan university of medical sciences , isfahan , iran in 2013 . 
 50 pairs of cancer patients and their nurses were conveniently recruited . 
 the sample of nurses were selected based on consensus sampling which included more than 70 percent of eligible nurses in the hospital . 
 patients and nurses were requested to complete the farsi version of the world health organization quality of life ( whoqol - bref ) questionnaire , separately . 
 qol was measured across four dimensions including physical , psychological , social relationship and environmental.resultsthe qol mean domain scores of patients were 10.06 , 11.88 , 12.76 and 11.96 , respectively . 
 the corresponding scores of nurses were 11.6 , 11.23 , 12.65 and 12.07 . 
 pearson correlations between patients and nurses scores were 0.42 , 0.5 , 0.25 and 0.58 which revealed a fair to moderate agreement between nurses and patients scores in different domains . paired samples t - test values indicated that physical qol mean domain scores of patients were significantly lower than the corresponding drawings of nurses [ t ( 49 ) = -3.41 , p < 0.001].conclusionsthe main finding of this qol study was that nurses generally have a moderate understanding of cancer patients qol . 
 therefore , in order to meet different physio - psycho - social needs of patients , nurses must enhance their understanding of patients qol particularly in more subjective and personal domains like social domain using a holistic approach . 
1. Background
2. Objectives
3. Patients and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Patients and Nurses Demographic and Clinical Variables
4.2. Outcomes of Measuring the Level of Agreement Between Patients and Nurses About Cancer Patients QoL
4.3. Outcomes of Assessing the Relationship of Demographic and Clinical Variables of Patients/ Nurses and the Level of Agreement
5. Discussion
5.1. Conclusion