operators hands and knives that are not sterile come into contact with the carcass and transfer bacteria to its surface , during bleeding , pelting , evisceration ( hadley et al . , 1997 ) and post - mortem inspection ( walker et al . , 2000 ) .
the most frequently involved step among the above mentioned procedures is skinning , especially of unsheared sheep and lambs , when bacteria present in the hide can spread to the carcass not only by cross - contamination but also by direct contact of the carcass surface with the fleece ( biss and hathaway , 1996 ) . reducing the possibility of
surface contamination is very important and , for this reason , an appropriate de - pelting method is crucial to assure the hygienic status of the carcasses .
a number of methods that facilitate the skinning process while ensuring carcass hygiene have been reported ( european commission , 2001b ) , among which de - pelting using inflation of filtered compressed air is found .
air inflation is a method commonly used in italy ( severini , 1996 ) allowed by ec directive 95/23 ( european commission , 1995 ) only for skinning of lamb of live weight under 15 kg , when the hygienic conditions of the procedures are checked and approved by the official veterinary inspector . in regulation ( ec )
853/2004 ( european commission , 2004 ) the use of air inflation is not mentioned anymore .
few data about differences in the hygienic status of carcasses de - pelted with and without air inflation , mainly for lambs , are present in the literature ( trevisani et al . , 1996 ; severini et al . , 2000 ) .
the aim of this work is to evaluate the hygienic condition of adult ovine carcasses ( of live weight over 15 kg ) skinned using two different methods with and without the use of filtered compressed air . a comparison between the data obtained and the process hygiene criteria set by commission regulation 1441/2007 ( european commission , 2007 ) is also drawn .
the study was conducted in two separate steps . in the first step the hygienic status of carcasses skinned with two different dressing procedures , the pulling down and y cut methods ( table 1 ; figure 1 ) with and without the use of compressed filtered air inflation [ exercise pressure 900 kpa for 10 - 15 sec ; 0.01 m aseptic filter mod . ; ethafilter s.r.l . ,
air was inflated from the forelegs before or after the removal of the front hooves . on ten different days ,
five sheep carcasses per day for each of the four skinning methods were sampled at a local abattoir specialised in ovine slaughtering .
a pool of four different sampling sites ( brisket , shoulder , thorax and rump ) was considered for each animal .
wet and dry swab techniques , as described in standard iso 17604 ( iso , 2014 ) , were used over a 100 cm area delimited by a sterile template for each sampling site ( total area sampled of 400 cm ) and swabs obtained for each carcass were collected in a single vial containing 10 ml of maxim recovery diluent ( mrd ; oxoid ltd . ,
serial dilutions in mrd were obtained . on them , total viable count ( tvc ) using plate count agar ( oxoid ltd . )
aerobically incubated at 30c for 72 h , and enterobacteriaceae count using violet red bile glucose agar ( vrbg ; oxoid ltd . )
the results were normalised to colony forming unit ( cfu)/cm and converted into log10 values .
the means of the log values were then calculated for each sampling day for each skinning method .
the presence of salmonella spp . was determined following uni en iso 6579:2008 ( uni , 2008 ) . the second step aimed at determining whether the use of air inflation could change surface contamination on one of the sampling sites considered .
for this reason , 10 animals were randomly selected on 5 different slaughtering days for each of the four skinning techniques . in each animal
the four sampling sites were separately swabbed with the above mentioned method and separately analysed . total viable count , enterobacteriaceae count and salmonella spp . were determined as previously described .
mean values and standard deviations were calculated for tvc and enterobacteriaceae count . for the latter ,
when bacteria were not detected at the level of 1.0 cfu / cm , a value of -0.5 log10 cfu / cm was assigned ( byrne et al . , 2007 ) .
the effect of skinning with the aid of compressed filtered air was evaluated for pulling down and y cut methods separately using the unpaired t test ( statview ; sas inst .
inc . , cary , nc , usa ) and the significance level was set at a value of p<0.05 .
enterobacteraceae were detected in 60 and 50% of the samples for the pulling down method assisted with and without filtered compressed air , respectively , and for both y cut methods in 70% of the samples ( data not shown ) .
the results of the first step of the trial are reported in table 1 , while those of the second step are reported in tables 2 and 3 for tvc and enterobacteriaceae , respectively . for both tvc and enterobacteriaceae count
, no statistically significant differences were recorded between samples obtained from carcasses skinned with and without air for either of the skinning methods used and any of the sites sampled .
the results obtained in the first step of the study showed values in compliance with limits set by regulation ( ec ) 1441/2007 ( european commission , 2007 ) for carcasses sampled using non - destructive method . in this case the italian legislation reports that the limits set by regulation ( ec ) 1441/2007 have to be reduced to 1/5 ( italian republic , 2007 ) , as suggested by commission decision 471/2001 ( european commission , 2001a ) which indicates that the swab sampling removes only a part ( often 20% or less ) of the total flora present on the meat surface ( m=2.80 log10 cfu / cm and m=4.30 log10 cfu / cm for tvc ; m=0.80 log10 cfu / cm and m=1.80 log10 cfu / cm for enterobacteriaceae ) . for both parameters the results fell into the satisfactory or acceptable category for enterobacteriaceae and within the acceptable level range for both of the skinning methods with and without air de - pelting .
the tvcs were similar to those reported in the literature on ovine carcasses , even though using different slaughtering and sampling procedures ( sumner et al .
, 2003 ; byrne et al . , 2007 ; nouichi and hamdi , 2009 ; phillips et al . , 2013 ) , or even lower than data reported by other authors ( milios et al . ,
the same was observed as for the enterobacteriaceae count ( lenahan et al . , 2010 ) .
the use of air inflation in both of the skinning techniques did not affect the hygienic status of sheep carcasses , as previously reported for lambs ( severini et al .
this result was evident both for the daily average hygienic level and for the different sampling areas , thus proving that air inflation procedure does not affect the hygiene of the carcass surface .
no improvement in the hygienic condition of the carcasses was detected and , for this reason , other aspects should be taken into consideration in choosing the use of gas de - pelting in ovine , such as the time necessary for pelt removal , the appearance of the carcass surface or the reduction of skin damage ( severini et al . , 1994 ) .
since all the samples were negative , as other authors also reported ( lenahan et al . , 2010 )
the use of gas de - pelting is allowed in other countries ( new zealand ) , where compressed filtered air can be used .
those who choose to use this method for industrial production must have an approved hazard analysis and critical control points ( haccp ) plan with microbiological monitoring for its validation ( ministry of agriculture and forestry of new zealand , 2002 ) .
the present study gives further evidence that this could be a reliable method to use in europe too , as almost all the checked lots of production obtained with air inflation satisfied the hygiene parameters set by legislation .
nonetheless , the official veterinary inspector could request further investigation on the hygiene level of the procedure when unacceptable levels of carcass surface contamination are detected and the food business operators could implement specific prerequisite programme of the haccp system adopted .
the use of air inflation could also be evaluated for other dressing systems , such as the inverted one ( bell and lovatt , 1999 ) .
the use of air inflation to assist ovine skinning did not increase surface contamination in adult ovine carcasses in either of the manual skinning methods used
. however , the use of air inflation , in combination with mechanisation , as well as the cleaning level of the fleece in live animals transported to the slaughterhouse , still need further consideration and studies .
 the aim of the study was to evaluate the hygienic status of sheep carcasses skinned with two different procedures , the pulling down and y cut methods , with and without the use of compressed filtered air inflation . five sheep carcasses per day for each of the four skinning methods considered 
 were sampled on ten different slaughtering days using wet and dry swab techniques at a local abattoir specialised in ovine slaughtering . 
 a pool of four different sampling sites ( brisket , shoulder , thorax and rump ) was considered for each animal . 
 furthermore , ten animals were also randomly selected on different slaughtering days for each of the four skinning techniques and the four sampling sites were separately swabbed and analysed in each animal . 
 the total viable count ( tvc ) and enterobacte riaceae count were performed and the presence of salmonella spp . 
 was also tested . 
 the daily average mean value of each parameter was in compliance with limits set by regulation ( ec ) 1441/2007 , falling into satisfactory or acceptable category for enterobacteriaceae and within the acceptable level range for tvc for both the methods used with and without air de - pelting . 
 for both tvc and enterobacteriaceae count , no statistically significant differences ( p>0.05 ) were recorded between samples obtained from carcasses skinned with and without air inflation for either of the skinning methods used and any of the sites sampled . 
 no salmonella spp . were detected in any of the tested samples . 
 nonetheless , no improvement in the carcass hygiene was detected either and , for this reason , other aspects should be taken into consideration when considering adopting the gas de - pelting method . 
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusions