human infection by the lung fluke paragonimus westermani is endemic in parts of africa , asia , and south america .
transmission of the parasite to humans primarily occurs through the consumption of raw or undercooked crabs and cray fish .
patients present with a variety of clinical and radiological findings , frequently mimicking those of tuberculosis ( tb ) and lung cancer .
the first indigenous case of human paragonimiasis , in india , was described by singh et al . in 1981 , in manipur .
paragonimiasis cases have been detected every year in manipur , but only a few have been reported .
this study has been carried out with an aim to study the demographic characteristics of patients with pulmonary paragonimiasis to analyze their clinical features associated complications and discuss their optimal management .
this study has been carried out with an aim to study the demographic characteristics of patients with pulmonary paragonimiasis to analyze their clinical features associated complications and discuss their optimal management .
the study was an institutional based cross - sectional study conducted at the department of respiratory medicine , regional institute of medical sciences , imphal , manipur , from january 2013 to december 2015 .
eleven cases were detected from patients who were coming from different areas of manipur and attending the outpatient department and/or were admitted in the indoor wards of the department of respiratory medicine during the study period .
patient with recurrent respiratory symptoms such as cough , chest pain , breathlessness , hemoptysis , fever , pleural effusion , peripheral eosinophilia , and pleural fluid eosinophilia , who were above 18 years were included in this study , whereas those patients who were unwilling to participate or patients whose peripheral eosinophilic count and absolute eosinophilic count was found to be in normal limit were excluded from this study as suspicion of parasitic disease is aroused by the peripheral blood eosinophilia who resides or travelled to endemic area .
each individual enrolled in the study underwent a detailed history , clinical examination , and laboratory examination designed for the study .
the study was approved by the institutional review board , and all participants gave written informed consent . in all the participating patients , routine blood investigations including absolute eosinophil count were carried out .
chest x - ray pa view , sputum for acid - fast bacilli ( afb ) smear and culture , sputum smear for paragonimus eggs , and serological test for paragonimiasis ( elisa ) were done .
diagnostic pleural tapping was done in the case of patients with pleural effusion , and fluid was sent for routine analysis including gram stain , afb smear and culture , and eggs for paragonimus .
table 1 show , out of these 11 cases , 05 ( 45.5% ) were males and 06 ( 54.5% ) were females .
mean age ( sd ) in years for cases was 38.1 ( 16.96 ) , among them 7 were from hilly areas and 4 from the valley , and all cases had a history of fresh water crab intake either raw or pickled form .
demographic features of cases and controls figure 1 shows different presentation of pulmonary paragonimiasis . all patients had respiratory symptoms . among respiratory symptoms
maximum number ( 7 patients ) were presented with unilateral pleural effusion followed by hemoptysis ( 2 patients ) .
presentation of paragonimiasis figure 2 shows laboratory methods used to suspect and diagnose pulmonary paragonimiasis .
all the eleven cases had peripheral eosinophilia and significantly higher absolute eosinophil count . in all the cases of effusion ,
one patient had paragonimus ova in sputum smear , [ figure 3 ] and one patient had paragonimus eggs in pleural fluid .
laboratory methods used to diagnose pulmonary paragonimiasis eggs of paragonimus westermani were found in wet mount sputum in one of the patients
all patients received tablet praziquantal in the dose of 25 mg / kg body weight , administered orally 3 times a day after meals for three consecutive days without any appreciable side effects and were followed up for 89 weeks and declared cured .
pleural fluid aspiration , intercostal chest tube drain for hydropneumothorax and pneumothorax , and symptomatic treatment were given as required .
p. westermani , heterotremous , and paragonimus skrjabini are the principle species causing human infection in southeast asian countries . of these , p. westermani is the most common and wide spread . in india , manipur is one of those rare areas of the world where paragonimus heterotremous is prevalent most .
this species may be one of the important cause of paragonimiasis in animals and humans in manipur .
humans typically acquire the disease by ingesting raw or undercooked crabs or cray fish or by drinking water contaminated by them . as a result , the disease tends to occur in families because of common dietary exposure .
radiologically , may be presented as consolidation , pleural effusion , and other nonspecific abnormalities .
these pulmonary changes result from chronic inflammation in the areas surrounding the worms . in this study , we have put in efforts to study demographic characteristics and analysis of paragonimiasis infection in manipur .
patients from the endemic regions are presenting with chest complaints , chest x - ray changes in the form of consolidation , pleural effusion , and other nonspecific signs with eosinophilia were suspected to have paragonimiasis .
it was noted that there is no much gender propensity for paragonimiasis which is contrary to a study done by jeon et al . , who found pulmonary paragonimiasis is more common in males .
this contrary can be explained by the fact that transmission is by ingestion of either raw or pickled crabs or cray fish and hence , both the genders are equally exposed . in our study , the mean age of the affected population was 38.1  16.96 , whereas mukae et al .
we observed that prevalence was more common in patients from hilly areas than valleys which might be due to easy accessibility to fresh water crabs in streams . of note ,
three patients were erroneously treated with antitubercular drugs without any relief which is in line with a study done in korea .
this error in diagnosis perhaps applies mostly to patients who have pleural effusion in addition to parenchymal disease .
therefore , a detailed clinical history of illness including dietary habit of consumption of crabs and laboratory investigation such as complete blood count , absolute eosinophil count , sputum and pleural fluid examinations for eosinophils , paragonimus eggs , and serodiagnosis are essentially important in all cases with respiratory symptoms in endemic areas and immigrants from endemic regions to avoid misdiagnosis .
all the study subjects had a history of crab intake and presented with respiratory symptoms such as chest pain , breathlessness , and cough with expectoration .
two patients presented with complications such as pneumothorax and hydropneumothorax , and seven patients had one sided pleural effusion .
flukes often penetrate the diaphragm and pleura ; hence the pleural effusion , pneumothorax , and hydropneumothorax . a bronchial artery in the vicinity of the cyst undergoes hypertrophy and results in hemoptysis , which was observed in two patients in this study .
these clinical features are similar to a study done in a tertiary referral center , korea .
another biologic characteristic of migrating worm infections , particularly in host tissues such as the lungs , is the association with eosinophilia in the peripheral blood and tissue , which was seen in all the study subjects and eight patients had pleural fluid eosinophilia .
nine patients were diagnosed by serological test , one patient had paragonimus ova in sputum smear , and one patient had paragonimus eggs in pleural fluid .
a study by slemenda et al . stated if the clinical history is suspicious and eggs laden sputum can not be demonstrated , the humoral immune response , which is considered supplementary tool , can be quantified through enzyme immunoassay and elisa is found to be highly sensitive and specific for paragonimiasis .
clinical features of recently diagnosed pulmonary paragonimiasis show that patients presented with a variety of clinical and radiological findings , frequently mimicking those of tb , parapneumonic effusion , and lung cancer . on the other ,
we need to rule out pulmonary koch , most common infection in our country and carcinoma lung which constitutes an important differential diagnosis of pulmonary paragonimiasis .
other rare cause of eosinophilia with chest symptoms includes round worm infestations , dirofilariasis , and hydatid cyst which has to be kept in mind in endemic areas .
all study subjects had excellent clinical responses to praziquantal given at a dose of 25 mg / kg given orally 3 times daily for 3 consecutive days with improved symptoms and resolution of eosinophilia .
it is in agreement with the earlier reports where cure rate is almost 100% , and very few cases with heavy infection needed a second course of treatment .
there is a need to generate awareness among the clinicians and public regarding paragonimiasis and to consider it in differential diagnosis of tb and carcinoma lung .
public health education messages should warn people not to eat uncooked crab or cray fish .
physicians should consider the possibility of paragonimiasis among patients who present with chest complaints with eosinophilia from the endemic regions .
 background : human infection by the lung fluke paragonimus westermani is widely distributed in africa , asia , and south america . 
 transmission of the parasite to humans primarily occurs through the consumption of raw or undercooked crabs . 
 clinical features of recently diagnosed pulmonary paragonimiasis show that patients present with a variety of clinical and radiological findings , frequently mimics tuberculosis and lung cancer.methods:here in this study , we report a cross - sectional study of pulmonary paragonimiasis in our institute over a period of two year.results:it was observed that out of eleven cases , prevalence of paragonimiasis was almost equal among both the genders , with a mean age of 38.1  16.96 , affecting people from hills . 
 three patients were erroneously treated with antitubercular drugs without any relief . 
 the association with eosinophilia in the peripheral blood and tissue[16 ] was seen in all the study subjects and majority patients had pleural fluid eosinophilia . 
 patients were diagnosed by serological test , paragonimus ova in sputum smear and pleural fluid . 
 all study subjects had excellent clinical responses to praziquantel given at dose of 25 mg / kg given orally 3 times daily for 3 consecutive days.conclusions:there is a need to generate awareness among the clinicians and public regarding paragonimiasis and to consider it in differential diagnosis of tb and carcinoma lung . 
 physicians should consider the possibility of paragonimiasis among patients who present with chest complaints with eosinophilia from the endemic regions . 
INTRODUCTION
Aim and objects
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND OBSERVATION
TREATMENT AND OUTCOME
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
Financial support and sponsorship
Conflicts of interest