glaucoma is an optic neuropathy usually associated with increased intraocular pressure ( iop ) that causes progressive visual field loss .
this disease is one of the main causes of blindness worldwide.1 although several risk factors are associated with glaucoma onset and progression , the presence of high levels of iop is the most important risk factor and the only one that can be changed.2 reduction of iop is the most efficient and clinically accepted therapy to avoid deterioration of optic disc and progression of visual loss.3 fortunately , topical medications for lowering iop have shown good efficacy and safety in glaucoma and ocular hypertension patients.4 there are five categories of topically administered medications available for the treatment of glaucoma , ie , cholinergic agents , adrenergic agonists , carbonic anhydrase inhibitors , -adrenoceptor antagonists , and prostaglandin analogs ( pgas).6,7 pgas and -adrenoceptor antagonists are the most frequently used topical medications for reducing iop in patients with glaucoma.8 moreover , pgas are the most effective drugs to reduce iop , with fewer systemic side effects , and requiring only a single drop daily .
currently , the pgas have been found to be more effective than -blockers in the reduction of iop in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension.9,10 travoprost acid , the biologically active form of travoprost , is a prostaglandin f2a analog and a fully selective agonist to the prostaglandin f receptor.1114 this receptor is abundant in the longitudinal ciliary muscle and iris sphincter of the human eye.11,13 pgas reduce iop by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor through the uveoscleral pathway.15,16 however , if treatment with monotherapy fails to reduce or maintain iop under control , a fixed combination can be an alternative to keep daily single - drop therapy.4 combining drugs that have different modes of action should provide an additional iop lowering effect.11,16 it is known that inadequate compliance with glaucoma therapy is a risk factor for progression of the disease and blindness .
several guidelines indicate that adequate glaucoma therapy requires a high level of compliance and this can be better achieved with lower frequency of use of ocular medications .
7 the ocular hypertension treatment study found that , after five years of therapy , about 40% of patients required two or more medications to control iop from baseline of 20% and a final iop of < 24 mmhg .
a number of studies have found poor compliance in more than one - third of patients with glaucoma ( depending on the therapy used),2 and compliance is further compromised by increasing age.4 rossi et al used an electronic device , ie , the travatan dosing aid , in a six - month cohort study to assess adherence in glaucoma patients under travoprost or travoprost - timolol therapy . even with single - drop therapy , only 30.3% of patients had perfect adherence .
the major causes of noncompliance were advancing age and duration of therapy.5 in this scenario , a fixed combination administered once daily may offer better and more convenient treatment for patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension than the concomitant administration of two medications.4,16 usually , medical therapy is the first - choice procedure to treat primary open - angle glaucoma and some patients with ocular hypertension.17 however , when medical therapy with topical agents fails to lower iop , laser and more invasive surgical procedures are needed to reduce the risk of progressive visual field loss in patients with initial or advanced primary open - angle glaucoma and the development of a defect in patients with ocular hypertension.2,3,18
travoprost has been compared with several drugs , especially timolol and fixed combinations of timolol .
this kind of comparison has an important clinical impact because of the widespread use of timolol and timolol fixed combinations worldwide .
goldberg et al randomized 573 patients with open - angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension to treatment with two different concentrations of travoprost , ie , 0.0015% and 0.004% once daily or to treatment with timolol maleate 0.5% .
the enrolled subjects had untreated iop of at least 24 mmhg , with a mean iop among all subjects of approximately 26 mmhg .
after nine months of treatment , mean iop averaged across six study visits was lower with travoprost 0.004% than with timolol 0.5% at all time points .
mean iop reductions ranged from 8.0 to 8.9 mmhg with travoprost 0.004% versus 6.3 to mmhg with timolol 0.5%.10 figueiredo et al compared iop reduction and the effect on ocular blood flow between travoprost , latanoprost , bimatoprost , and unoprostone in 92 patients with open - angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension without previous treatment .
after three months , travoprost and bimatoprost showed a similar 7.2 mmhg iop reduction , whereas latanoprost and unoprostone showed 6.9 mmhg and 1.6 mmhg reductions , respectively .
it was shown that travoprost could also increase pulsatile ocular blood flow.19 parrish et al compared three pgas head - to - head in a randomized , 12-week prospective trial including 410 subjects .
this group reported no differences in mean iop reduction between travoprost ( 8.0 mmhg ) , latanoprost ( 8.7 mmhg ) , and bimatoprost ( 8.6 mmhg , p = 0.128).20 in another study , cantor et al compared the efficiency of travoprost and bimatoprost treatment in 157 patients over six months at different time points .
the mean iop reductions with travoprost and bimatoprost were , respectively , 5.7 versus 7.1 mmhg at 9 am ( p = 0.014 ) , 5.2 versus 5.9 mmhg at 1 pm ( p = 0.213 ) , and 4.5 versus 5.3 mmhg at 4 pm ( p = 0.207 ) .
iop reductions 20% and 30% were achieved by statistically similar proportions of patients as revealed by responder analysis , and both groups presented statistically equivalent investigator - determined clinical success which was based on drug tolerability and achievement of target iop.21 franks et al studied the iop - lowering response of patients with open - angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension treated with travoprost and a fixed combination of latanoprost 0.005% and timolol 0.5% . in this study
, 110 subjects were randomized to receive either travoprost once daily in the evening or latanoprosttimolol once daily in the morning and , depending on randomization , masking was achieved by use of a placebo in the morning .
iop reduction between the two groups showed no statistically significant difference at any time point in the study .
travoprost lowered iop by 7.0 mmhg and latanoprosttimolol by 6.4 mmhg in the morning and , at the end of the day , iop reductions were 6.8 and 6.1 mmhg , respectively.11 suzuki jr et al compared travoprost and the fixed combination of dorzolamide 2% and timolol 0.5% on relative iop reduction . in a study that was masked to investigators but not to subjects , 56 patients with open - angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were randomized to receive either travoprost once daily in the evening or dorzolamide - timolol twice daily .
a statistically significant lower mean iop was observed with travoprost than with dorzolamide - timolol ( p < 0.01 ) across all visits and time points . the mean iop with travoprost ranged from 7.1 to 7.5 mmhg , compared with 4.5 to 4.8 mmhg with dorzolamide - timolol at three and six weeks . in addition , more complaints were reported by patients in the dorzolamide - timolol group.22 in conclusion , the most relevant studies comparing travoprost with other drugs showed similar iop reductions with travoprost and with latanoprost or bimatoprost .
moreover , travoprost showed similar or superior results when compared with fixed combinations of timolol with either latanoprost or dorzolamide .
because circadian iop variability has emerged as an independent risk factor for the progression of glaucoma , the circadian iop - lowering profiles of medications have become a relevant measure of their clinical efficacy.23,24 considering this , the endurance of travoprost s iop effect periods ranging from 24 to 84 hours postdose have been evaluated by several studies.16,17 orzalesi et al compared the 24-hour iop - lowering profiles of travoprost , latanoprost , and bimatoprost in a crossover study . sequential treatment with each of the three drugs for one month ( with a one - month washout between each treatment ) was given to 44 subjects with primary open - angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension .
the patients had 24-hour iop assessments at baseline and at the end of each month - long treatment session .
the mean circadian iop ( measured in the sitting position using goldmann applanation tonometry ) between the three drugs showed no statistically significant difference .
mean circadian iop reduction of travoprost was 7.1 mmhg , compared with 6.7 mmhg for latanoprost and 7.9 mmhg for bimatoprost ( p = 0.08 ) .
knowing that supine iop is generally higher than sitting iop , another relevant aspect of a drug s iop - lowering profile is the ability to lower iop in the supine position , ie , while asleep at night ) . in order to measure supine iop
they also used an electronic tonometer , and no differences in circadian iop reduction between the three drugs were observed.25 garcia - feijoo et al undertook a prospective , randomized , double - masked trial to compare the duration of action of travoprost and latanoprost in 62 patients with primary open - angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension . during 14 days , the patients received once - daily treatment at 8 pm , and then sitting and supine iop assessments using perkins tonometry were made every four hours out to 48 hours after drug administration . in the first and second 24-hour periods after the last dose , the mean iops produced by travoprost in the sitting position were lower than for latanoprost , but this was not statistically significant .
on the other hand , iop was significantly lower in the travoprost group at every iop measurement for 12 , 16 , 20 , 24 , 36 , 40 , and 48 hours after the last dose in the supine position .
mean travoprost iops from the periods 024 , 2448 , and 048 hours postdosing were lower than for latanoprost in the supine position ( p < 0.05).26 taking these studies together , it becomes clear that the duration of action of travoprost exceeds its 24-hour dosing period , and that reductions from baseline are seen up to 63 hours after the last dose . at the end of each dosing period ,
travoprost , which is labeled for dosing once daily in the evening , has been shown to provide better iop control when compared with latanoprost.16,25,26
almost one half of glaucoma patients on topical treatment require more than one drug to control iop , and patient compliance with glaucoma treatment is clearly affected when multiple drops are needed .
fixed combinations can be an alternative to maintain adequate iop control and improve compliance.16,22 schuman et al in a prospective , randomized , double - masked , multicenter trial compared a fixed combination once daily in the morning with concomitant therapy using travoprost once daily in the evening and timolol twice daily in 403 subjects with open - angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension during three months .
the results showed that at every visit and time point , the iop - lowering from baseline was greater with the fixed combination than with timolol monotherapy . on the other hand ,
significantly better iop reduction from baseline at two of nine time points was observed with concomitant dosing of the separate components , while equivalent reductions were observed at the remaining seven time points .
iop reductions for the fixed combination , travoprost and timolol concomitant therapy , and timolol from baseline measured across the visits and time points were 6.88.6 mmhg , 7.38.4 mmhg and 4.67.0 mmhg , respectively.27 in another prospective , randomized , multicenter , double - masked trial , hughes et al also compared the fixed combination dose once daily in the morning with the concomitant administration of travoprost once daily in the evening and timolol once daily in the morning in 316 subjects with open - angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension over three months .
they found that at most time points the fixed combination was not inferior to concomitant dosing , inasmuch as at seven of nine time points , the upper 95% confidence limit for the difference in mean iop between the two treatment groups was within  1.5 mmhg .
the two time points that were an exception to this both occurred in the morning and on separate visits .
the fixed - combination iop reductions from baseline were 7.49.4 mmhg and for travoprost and timolol concomitant therapy were 8.49.4 mmhg.28 it can be concluded from these studies that there is better efficiency with concomitant therapy rather than with the combination at several time points .
the different dosing protocols , in which the prostaglandin is given in the morning in the fixed combination group and in the evening in the concomitant group , might influence this finding because evening dosing of prostaglandins rather than morning dosing is generally recommended .
therefore , the occasional transient conjunctival hyperemia that follows topical dosing tends to have lesser clinical significance .
in contrast , because of the natural reduction of aqueous humor production at night , beta - blockers are more effective for lowering iop with morning dosing rather than with evening dosing .
therefore , the fixed combination with timolol could have better performance as a result of the morning dosing.16,29,30 in order to understand better the efficacy of the travoprost - timolol fixed combination when dosed in the morning versus evening , denis et al evaluated 92 subjects with open - angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension in a prospective , randomized , double - masked trial .
the fixed combination either in the morning or in the evening was given to patients for six weeks .
the results were similar in the morning group and in the evening group , and their iop reductions ranged from 16.5 to 16.7 mmhg and from 16.1 to 17.2 mmhg , respectively .
the 810 mmhg ( 32%38% ) iop reductions from baseline of were statistically significant and clinically relevant in both groups.31 pfeiffer et al assessed the safety and efficacy of changing to the travoprost - timolol fixed combination from other monotherapies or adjunctive therapies in 472 patients with uncontrolled or below - target glaucoma therapy .
after three months , the travoprost - timolol fixed combination reduced iop from the level prior to treatment by 5.6 (  2.6 ) mmhg .
ocular hyperemia was the most frequent adverse effect ( n = 21 , 4% ) . both patients and physicians
the effects of adding topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors or topical alpha - agonists to pgas remains little explored.33 it has been shown that dorzolamide is more effective than timolol or brimonidine 0.2% as adjunctive therapy for lowering iop in eyes already on latanoprost.34 in another double - masked crossover trial , konstas et al could not find any difference in 24-hour iop measurements between adjunctive dorzolamide twice daily and brimonidine 0.15% twice daily in combination with latanoprost after six weeks of adjunctive therapy .
four weeks later , the mean iop of the 78 patients under treatment with a combination of travoprost and brinzolamide was 18.5 ( 1224 ) mmhg .
finally , 12 weeks later , the mean iop for 71 evaluable patients was 18.2 ( 1027 ) mmhg . at all time points
, iop was significantly reduced when compared with baseline values ( p < 0.0001 ) .
the average iop had decreased by 3.9 mmhg ( 17.4% ) after four ( n = 78 ) and by 4.2 mmhg ( 18.4% ) after 12 ( n = 71 ) weeks of combined travoprost and brinzolamide therapy when compared with the monotherapy baseline of travoprost ophthalmic solution 0.004% . after four weeks of adjunctive treatment , 56% of patients
( n = 78 ) and 63% of patients after 12 weeks ( n = 71 ) had at least an additional 15% reduction in iop.35 reis et al randomized 52 eyes with open - angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension to receive adjunctive therapy of timolol 0.5% , brinzolamide 1% , or brimonidine tartrate 0.2% in conjunction with travoprost .
brinzolamide 1% and timolol maleate 0.5% showed greater iop reduction compared with brimonidine 0.2%.36 the advantages of simpler dosing for topical glaucoma therapy can be better noticed in a regular daily - life environment than in clinical studies .
this might be due to the fact that single - drop therapy is simple and flexible for patients , as well as the absence of the washout effect present with multiple - drop therapies . moreover , maintenance of short - and long - term adherence to glaucoma medication regimens is better with a once - daily travoprost - timolol combination rather than with multiple - drop therapy . as reported by covert et al ,
30.2% of patients treated with latanoprost 0.005% and 23.2% treated with bimatoprost 0.03% required adjunctive treatment .
travoprost accounted for 22.5% of the adjunctive therapy.37 netland et al reported that only 8% of patients treated with travoprost 0.004% needed adjunctive treatment.9
in studies to evaluate the relative incidence of hyperemia between prostaglandins , netland et al found that the incidence of hyperemia caused by latanoprost was 27.6% , while travoprost had a rate of 49.5% , and cantor et al observed hyperemia in 21.1% of eyes treated with bimatoprost and in 14.8% in eyes treated with travoprost.9,21 the use of travoprost 0.004% induced a conjunctival hyperemia incidence of 32.5%49.5% , whereas timolol maleate 0.5% treatment had an incidence of 7%14%.16 hyperemia is usually mild and unlikely to interrupt clinical studies .
in fact , improvement of hyperemia during continued dosing has been reported.10 parrish et al found a higher incidence of hyperemia for bimatoprost , ie , 68.6% .
travoprost and latanoprost had a hyperemia incidence of 58% and 47.1% , respectively.20 it must be taken in consideration that the use of different methods for evaluation of hyperemia might be the cause of the significant variation of reported rates for conjunctival hyperemia , even for individual drugs .
these methods have included patient complaints , tiered scoring systems used for subjective investigator grading of hyperemia , as well as photographic evaluation . apart from the aesthetic adverse effects ,
pgas can also induce darkening of the iris , and its incidence in the literature varies according to the different methods used in its evaluation .
netland et al reported that iris hyperpigmentation was observed in 5.2% of eyes treated with latanoprost and in 3.1% in eyes treated with travoprost .
another study by cantor et al in 157 subjects compared the effects of travoprost and bimatoprost , and iris hyperpigmentation developed in a single bimatoprost - treated eye.9,21 because of the fact that green and mixed hazel eyes are most affected by iris hyperpigmentation , the baseline eye color might influence the risk of developing this adverse effect .
it was shown in a five - year study by alm et al that over 75% of green - brown or yellow - brown eyes suffered iris hyperpigmentation after latanoprost treatment , while brown or blue / grey eyes were not affected.38 overall , the incidence of iris hyperpigmentation caused by one year of daily treatment with travoprost 0.004% is low ( less than 5% ) , and is considered to be a cosmetic issue rather than a harmful adverse effect with regard to either vision or health.16,38 the eyelashes can suffer some changes during treatment with travoprost and other pgas .
these drugs can induce eyelashes to increase in number and can cause alteration in their length , thickness , and darkness.16 a new preservative for travoprost , sofzia ( alcon laboratories , fort worth , tx , usa ) , seems to offer better tolerability than benzalkonium chloride ( bak ) for patients with ocular surface complaints .
bak - free travoprost was compared with latanoprost containing bak preservative in patients with superficial punctate keratopathy . after replacing latanoprost containing bak with travoprost containing sofzia ,
the score for superficial punctate keratopathy decreased significantly three months later.39,40 the integrity of the blood - aqueous barrier after prostaglandin treatment has been evaluated by cellini et al .
cell and flare values of the anterior chamber were measured in 60 glaucoma patients who were randomly assigned to receive travoprost , latanoprost , or bimatoprost .
a flare meter was used to quantify both cell and flare at baseline and after three and six months of therapy .
the results showed significant increases in cell and flare from baseline at three and six months , and slight diminution of cell flare between three and six months of therapy for all three drugs , whereas significantly more cell and flare were induced by latanoprost at three and six months .
after three months of therapy , travoprost induced more cell and flare than bimatoprost , and no significant difference between these two drugs was observed at six months.41 similarly , in a crossover design , arcieri et al studied the effect of these drugs in 34 phakic individuals .
the patients received travoprost , latanoprost , and bimatoprost for four weeks , with a four - week washout between each drug .
the drugs did not increase anterior chamber flare , nor did they induce differences in flare levels in a drug - dependent manner.42 the use of all three pgas has been associated with macular edema , even though other risk factors for macular edema were already present , and usually prior to both complicated and uncomplicated cataract surgery .
its incidence is higher in pseudophakic eyes , and in eyes with other risk factors for macular edema , while probably no risk of macular edema can be implicated in phakic eyes without risk factors .
macular edema , as well as impaired visual acuity , can be resolved with interruption of pga treatment.4346 notably , the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems , and blood and urine are not considerably affected by travoprost treatment.16
iop reduction is efficiently achieved by the pgas . among them , travoprost can lower iop levels to 6.59.0 mmhg , being as effective as products combining timolol with latanoprost or dorzolamide
. other benefits of travoprost include probable increased efficacy in black patients , eyes with pseudoexfoliation , eyes with chronic angle - closure glaucoma , and following cataract surgery . even though the recommended dosing is once daily , travoprost can lower iop up to 63 hours after the last dose , demonstrating greater iop control at the end of each dose compared with latanoprost . despite the development of minor adverse effects , such as conjunctival hyperemia
, iris and eyelid hyperpigmentation , eyelash changes , and other rare cases of iritis and macular edema , which are common to pga therapy , the efficiency and safety of travoprost have been extensively demonstrated .
moreover , convenient once - daily dosing has made travoprost a first - line therapy for glaucoma treatment and , in fixed combination with timolol , an option to enhance iop control when monotherapy fails .
 travoprost is a prostaglandin analog used in the management of glaucoma and ocular hypertension for reducing intraocular pressure ( iop ) . 
 the iop - lowering efficacy of travoprost has been shown to be similar to that of other prostaglandins , including latanoprost and bimatoprost . 
 when compared with fixed combinations of timolol and either latanoprost or dorzolamide , travoprost alone can reduce mean iop in a similar or superior manner . 
 concomitant therapy of travoprost and timolol can reach even greater iop reductions than fixed combinations at some time points , but with no difference in the early morning , when iop is usually higher . 
 in addition , the long duration of action of travoprost can also provide better control of iop fluctuation , probably due to its stronger prostaglandin f receptor mechanism . 
 the side effects of travoprost do not represent a risk to the vision or health of the patient . 
 the proven efficacy and safety combined with convenient once - daily dosing for travoprost increases patient compliance with treatment for glaucoma . 
Introduction
Efficacy
Effect on IOP fluctuation
When a stronger dose is needed for glaucoma control
Adding other drugs to travoprost
Safety of prostaglandin analogs
Conclusion