iron insufficiency has been proposed to play a central role in restless legs syndrome ( rls ) pathophysiology indicated primarily by the secondary causes of rls such as pure iron deficiency anemia and end stage renal disease or pregnancy which are both associated with altered iron metabolism .
it has also been shown that frequent blood donors have an increased risk of rls.1 overall , it has gained wide clinical acceptance that rls is commonly occurring with iron deficiency anemia , although there have been few studies documenting this relationship.24 in addition , it has been shown that rls severity negatively correlates with serum ferritin.3,5 correcting iron status in rls patients with iron deficiency has been found to reduce rls symptoms.3,6 complete remission of rls symptoms has also been reported after intravenous substitution of iron in rls patients with and without clear anemia.710 thus pharmacological data as well as data from secondary rls support a relation between iron deficiency and rls .
for evaluating the iron status of rls patients , serum and cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) measures involved in iron metabolism,11 autopsy evaluation of brain iron status,12,13 transcranial parenchymal ultrasound,14,15 and magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) measurements16,17 have been performed .
all of these data supported the view that there is a measurable brain iron deficiency particularly in the substantia nigra in rls patients.18 t2-hypointensity is thought to represent iron deposition as iron deposits shorten t2 relaxation times on t2-weighted mris.19 using a cranial mri scan with a standard t2 * -sequence , differences of regional mean t2-values can be measured throughout the brain as a consequence of different brain iron concentrations . up to now , significant differences in brain iron concentrations were found in the substantia nigra in rls patients as compared to controls in two studies using t2 * -weighted mri.16,17 in this study we investigated regional brain iron concentrations using a standard t2 * -sequence but failed to replicate earlier findings of reduced brain iron in the substantia nigra in patients with rls compared to healthy controls .
twelve patients ( nine women , three men , mean age 58.5  8.7 years , range 4346 years ) with idiopathic rls for 12.1  9.1 years ( range 230 years ) were included .
five patients had early - onset rls with symptom onset before the age of 45 years .
all patients met the standardized diagnostic criteria of the international restless legs syndrome study group,8 and neurological examination revealed no evidence of additional neurological or psychiatric disease .
eight patients were treated with dopaminergic agents for rls ( levodopa , n = 5 ; pramipexole , n = 3 ) . the mean overall duration of treatment with dopaminergics ( including previous medication ) in these patients was 3.4  2.4 years ( range 19 years ) .
rls severity was assessed considering the overall status when not taking the current medication ( if applicable ) by means of the clinical global impression ( cgi ; 1 = normal to 6 = very severe ) .
cgi ratings revealed that six patients suffered from moderate rls ( cgi = 4 ) and six patients from severe rls ( cgi = 5 ) .
controls consisted of 12 gender- and age - matched subjects ( mean age 56.8  10.6 years , range 4174 years ) in whom rls was clinically excluded .
mol / l ( range 12.4 to 21.1 ) ; ferritin , 111.9  63.4 g / l ( range 22 to 193 ) ; transferrin , 2.5  0.4
g / l ( range 1.9 to 3.2 ) ; transferrin saturation , 26.7%  8.9% ( range 20 to 44 ) ; soluble transferrin receptor , 3.3  1.0 mg /
all values were within the normal range and did not significantly differ from control subjects who had the following mean values : iron , 18.7  6.6 mol / l ( range 8.5 to 27.1 ) ; ferritin , 124.7  171.8 g / l ( range 7 to 614 ) ; transferrin , 2.4  0.4
g / l ( range 2 to 3.2 ) ; transferrin saturation , 31.1%  11.3% ( range 12 to 46 ) ; soluble transferrin receptor , 3.1  0.8 mg /
all subjects were scanned using a whole head t2 * weighted gradient echo sequence ( tr 800 ms , te 26 ms , fa : 20 , fov 230  230 mm , matrix 256  192 , slice thickness 5 mm ) on a siemens 1.5 t sonata scanner ( siemens medical solutions , erlangen , germany ) .
average t2 * signal intensity ( si ) values were determined in selected regions of interest .
regions of interest ( rois ) were placed in the following areas in each hemisphere : the substantia nigra , the pallidum , the caudate head the thalamus as well as the occipital white matter and the frontal white matter bilaterally .
all rois were placed using a standardized placement procedure utilizing atlas - based rules with morphological landmarks in each individual participant s volumes .
all rois were placed by the same rater who was blinded to the subjects status ( patient or control ) and were created as a sphere with a diameter of 2 mm ( totalling a number of 100 isotropic voxels ) to avoid arbitrary sizes of rois across participants , and to avoid inclusion of multiple white matter bundles in regional measurements . the average t2 si value and its standard deviation were determined for each roi and for two reference regions of interest .
one of these reference rois was placed in the middle of the ventricles , measuring csf , the other was placed at the scull measuring the t2 si value of the bone .
si was measured as a surrogate marker for t2-values . in order to provide objective measurements the t2-change ratio ( tcr )
was calculated as followed : t2cr = ( si [ roi ] - si reference)/si reference .
differences in tcr between patients and control subjects were analyzed using the mann - whitney u test . for correlation analysis , spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated .
the significance level was set at  = 5% with adjustment for multiple testing by the bonferroni method .
the study was performed in accordance with the declaration of helsinki and approved by the local ethics committee .
the t2cr values did not significantly differ between rls patients and controls for any of the investigated brain regions both for the csf and bone ratios ( see tables 1 and 2 ) . in rls patients
there was no significant correlation between brain iron values and rls severity or cgi scores . in both groups
we did not find a significant correlation between t2cr values ( csf and bone ratios ) and age or sex . in addition , serum iron , ferritin , transferrin , transferrin saturation and the soluble transferrin receptor concentration did not correlate with brain t2cr values ( csf and bone ratios ) in both groups .
subanalysis of untreated and treated patients did not reveal significant differences in t2cr values ( csf and bone ratios ) and we found no significant differences between early - onset and late - onset rls .
in this study we did not find significant abnormalities in brain iron content of rls patients in any of the investigated brain regions such as the substantia nigra , pallidum , caudate head , or thalamus .
serum measures involved in iron metabolism such as serum iron , ferritin , transferrin , transferrin saturation , and soluble transferrin receptor did not correlate with t2cr - values . in an earlier study allen and colleagues16 investigated five rls patients with a similar mri method and reported decreased iron concentration in the substantia nigra and the putamen compared to five age- and sex - matched controls . in a subsequent study they performed mri in a considerable larger sample including 22 early - onset rls patients , 19 late - onset rls patients , and 39 controls . in that study
they found a significant lower iron index in the substantia nigra only in early - onset rls but not in late - onset compared to controls.17 these results are consistent with csf studies of the same group showing iron insufficiency in csf predominantly in early - onset rls.11 in agreement , autopsy evaluations of brain iron status which were all performed in early - onset rls showed a brain iron deficit in the substantia nigra.12,13 in addition , transcranial ultrasound studies revealed a significantly reduced hyperechogenicity ( hypoechogenicity ) in the substantia nigra in rls patients when compared with normal control subjects which is supposed to indicate reduced regional iron concentration.14,15 all of these data supported the view that there is a measurable brain iron deficiency particularly in the substantia nigra in rls patients .
in contrast , a recent mri study investigating patients with rls with significant hypoechogenicity in the substantia nigra in the transcranial ultrasound found no significant differences in t2 values reflecting iron concentration in the substantia nigra,20 a finding that is also supported by the present study . however , godau and colleauges20 found mr signal changes in the caudate nucleus , the thalamus , and the red nucleus , which could not be confirmed in the present and earlier studies.21 in all of the studies describing an iron deficiency in the substantia nigra , patients were either on dopaminergic medication or pretreated with dopaminergics and taken off medication for the investigation .
therefore it was discussed that dopaminergic medication could possibly have affected brain iron concentration16 and thus the results of above mentioned studies . using a similar technique,19
we could not replicate the mri findings of earlier studies16,17 and did not find a regional brain iron deficit neither in early- or in late - onset rls . since we also investigated some patients who were on dopaminergic medication it is unlikely that the rls - specific medication accounts for the different results .
discrepancies might have arisen as t2-values are not only affected by iron concentration but also by water content of the brain .
therefore , correlation with volumetric measures should be performed in future . since iron increases in the brain with aging,22 age differences
one possible reason for the different results might be differences in serum iron variables which were either not assessed in the previous mri studies16 or only used for exclusion of patients with iron deficiency ( serum ferritin < 18 g / l , iron saturation <
16%).17 therefore it is possible that patients in the previous mri studies had lower iron values than our patients or lower compared to their control group resulting in significant differences .
however , we did not find a significant correlation between t2-values and serum iron parameters .
another possible explanation for the different mr findings concerning the iron concentration in the substantia nigra and various other brain regions might be the different mr sequences used in the different studies which may be influenced by different aspects of tissue iron composition20 und thus lead to different results . further studies with larger sample sizes , assessment of iron variables , all patients off rls medication and consistent mr sequences are necessary to better clarify the role of brain iron in rls .
in addition , studies using more sophisticated methods which can be applied in vivo to study untreated patients and which are able to detect also small quantitative differences in brain iron , eg , moving to higher field strengths or the use of new imaging methods such as three - dimensional ( 3d ) gradient echo imaging or susceptibility - weighted imaging19 should be performed . despite the limitations in the mri measurements of brain iron
, our results do not support the view of substantially impaired regional brain iron in rls .
 using a t2 * gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) sequence , regional t2 signal intensity ( si ) values , a surrogate marker for t2 values , were determined in 12 regions of interest ( substantia nigra , pallidum , caudate head , thalamus , occipital white matter , and frontal white matter bilaterally ) and in two reference regions ( cerebrospinal fluid and bone ) in 12 patients suffering from moderate to severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome ( rls ; mean age 58.5  8.7 years ) for 12.1  9.1 years and in 12 healthy control subjects ( mean age 56.8  10.6 years ) . 
 iron deposits shorten t2 relaxation times on t2-weighted mri . 
 we used regional t2 * si to estimate regional t2-values . 
 a t2-change ratio was calculated for each region of interest relative to the reference regions . 
 we did not find significant differences in any of the investigated brain regions . 
 in addition , serum measures involved in iron metabolism did not correlate with t2 si values . 
 we could not replicate earlier findings describing reduced regional brain iron concentrations in patients with rls . 
 our results do not support the view of substantially impaired regional brain iron in rls . 
Introduction
Patients and methods
Results
Discussion