1a ) . four trials used tid dosing , three used bid dosing , and all but one trial ( pregabalin 300 mg / day vs. placebo ) used escalation to assigned fixed dosing over a period of 1 to 2 weeks .
patients were randomized to placebo or fixed - dosage pregabalin at 150 , 300 , or 600 mg / day .
one trial included a 75-mg / day dosage arm ( 8) ; results for this dosage are not presented here , as 75 mg / day is considered to be a nontherapeutic dosage of pregabalin in painful dpn .
one trial ( 10 ) studied both dpn and postherpetic neuralgia patients administered flexible - dosage pregabalin ( 150600 mg / day ) , fixed - dosage pregabalin ( 600 mg / day ) , or placebo . to ensure consistency for the purposes of this analysis , only the dpn patients who received fixed - dosage pregabalin ( 28% of the total cohort )
each of the studies shared fundamental inclusion criteria , including 18 years of age , an average pain score 4 ( on an 11-point , likert - like numeric rating scale [ nrs ] : 0 =  no pain  to 10 =  worst possible pain  ) over a 7-day baseline period , and a score 40 mm on the 0- to 100-mm visual analog scale of the short - form mcgill pain questionnaire at screening and randomization ( baseline and randomization in one study ) .
prior therapeutic failure of gabapentin was an exclusion criterion in three studies ( 68 ) .
all patients provided informed consent before participation , and all studies were conducted in compliance with the ethics principles originating in or derived from the declaration of helsinki , internal review board requirements , or good clinical practices guidelines .
the primary efficacy measure in each study was end point mean pain score ( on the 11-point nrs ) derived from entries in patients daily pain diaries .
a supplemental responder analysis using two definitions of response  patients with 50% and with 30% reductions in mean pain scores from baseline  was also performed .
end point mean sleep - interference score was derived from daily sleep diaries in which patients rated daily how much their pain had interfered with their sleep ( also done using an 11-point nrs , with 0 =  pain does not interfere with sleep  to 10 =  pain completely interferes with sleep  ) .
each study included the patient global impression of change , in which patients rate their improvement on a 7-point scale ranging from  very much worse  to  very much improved 
these measures were also analyzed to determine whether there were significant differences versus placebo between bid and tid dosing regimens .
finally , time to onset of sustained and clinically meaningful pain relief was investigated across the seven studies .
this was defined as the first day on which patients demonstrated a 1-point reduction in mean pain score in patients with a 30 and 50% reduction in mean pain score at end point .
these two criteria were imposed to ensure clinically meaningful and durable pain relief based on evidence that in studies with a similar design , a 30% improvement from baseline corresponds to a patient global impression of change of  much improved  or  very much improved  at study end point ( 13 ) .
baseline pain scores in a typical clinical trial with painful dpn patients are between 6 and 6.5 on the 0- to 10-point scale ; therefore , a 30% improvement is 2 points .
we defined the  event  of interest in this time - to - event analysis as the time to the first 1-point reduction in the daily pain score , recognizing that any such criterion could be considered arbitrary .
time to onset of sustained pain relief was evaluated by applying the kaplan - meier procedure , and comparisons with placebo were made using the log rank test .
safety measures included incidence of adverse events , physical and neurologic examinations , 12-lead electrocardiogram , vital signs , weight change , and clinical laboratory testing including a1c .
for the pooled analysis , all statistical testing of efficacy measures was performed on the intent - to - treat ( itt ) population .
end point mean pain scores using last observation carried forward and sleep interference were analyzed with ancova ( with a term for baseline values and a term for treatment ) , whereas other secondary efficacy measures ( responders ) were analyzed using a logistic regression model ( with a term for baseline values and a term for treatment ) .
a total of 1,510 patients represented the itt population in the seven studies : 557 received placebo , and 953 received pregabalin . ninety percent of patients were white , and 58% were male .
mean age was 59 years , mean weight was 93 kg , and mean baseline pain score was 6.5 ( fig .
significant reductions in end point least - squares mean pain scores were observed for all three dosages investigated ( p = 0.007 for 150 mg / day and p < 0.0001 for 300 and 600 mg / day vs. placebo ) ( fig . 2a and b ) .
pain reductions associated with pregabalin appear to be positively correlated with dosage , with the greatest effect observed in patients treated with 600 mg / day .
the proportions of patients experiencing 50 or 30% reductions in pain levels ( responders ) were significantly greater in the pregabalin groups than in the placebo group ( fig . 2c ) and were dose related .
the number needed to treat for these data are as follows : pregabalin 600 mg / day 4.04 ( 95% ci 3.35.3 ) , pregabalin 300 mg / day 5.99 ( 4.210.4 ) , and pregabalin 150 mg / day 19.06 ( ci for the absolute risk reduction contains 0 , rendering the ci for the number needed to treat difficult to interpret ) .
more patients treated with pregabalin reported global health status improvements than patients treated with placebo , as measured by the patient global impression of change .
eighty percent of pregabalin 600 mg / day patients , 74% of 300 mg / day patients , and 65% of 150 mg / day patients were improved , compared with 54% of placebo patients ( 300 and 600 mg / day , p < 0.0001 ) . in each of the above analyses , both bid and tid regimens of 600 mg / day pregabalin
were significantly superior to placebo ( p < 0.0001 for all comparisons of bid dosing to placebo and tid dosing to placebo ) .
for 300 mg / day , only the tid dosing regimen was significantly superior to placebo ( p < 0.0001 for all comparisons ) ; however , the 300 mg / day bid dosage group was included in only one of the seven studies .
kaplan - meier analysis revealed that the median time to onset of sustained ( 30% improvement from baseline ) pain relief was 4 days in patients treated with pregabalin at 600 mg / day , 5 days in patients treated with pregabalin at 300 mg / day , 13 days in patients treated with pregabalin at 150 mg / day , and 60 days in patients receiving placebo ( fig .
comparison of the pregabalin treatment groups with placebo by log rank test confirmed that time to onset of clinically meaningful pain relief was statistically significantly more rapid than with placebo ( p < 0.0001 for pregabalin doses of 300 and 600 mg / day and p = 0.01 for 150 mg / day ) . the median time to onset of
sustained ( 50% improvement from baseline ) pain relief was 6 days in patients treated with pregabalin at 600 mg / day and 12 days in patients treated with pregabalin at 300 mg / day .
comparison of the pregabalin treatment groups with placebo by log rank test confirmed that time to onset of clinically meaningful pain relief was statistically significantly more rapid than with placebo ( p < 0.0001 for pregabalin doses of 300 and 600 mg / day and p = ns for 150 mg / day ) .
mean sleep interference scores at end point were also significantly improved in all three pregabalin groups , with 150 , 300 , and 600 mg / day showing reductions of 1.92 , 2.32 , and 2.62 , respectively , compared with 1.32 for placebo ( p = 0.003 for 150 mg / day and p < 0.0001 for 300 and 600 mg / day vs. placebo ) .
as with change in mean pain score , improvement in sleep interference appeared to be positively correlated with dosage .
incidence of treatment - emergent adverse events ( teaes ) appeared to be related to dosage , with most of the common teaes having the greatest incidence among patients receiving 600 mg / day ( table 1 ) .
there was no consistent pattern in teae incidence rates by dosing regimen , with some teaes , such as peripheral edema and weight gain , having greater incidence in the bid dosing groups relative to the tid dosing groups , while other teaes , such as dizziness and somnolence , occurred with greater frequency in the tid than the bid groups .
the discontinuation rate due to adverse events was greatest in the 600 mg / day group ( fig .
serious teaes occurred in 3.4 , 2.3 , and 4.9% of patients receiving 150 , 300 , and 600 mg / day pregabalin and in 3.4% of patients receiving placebo .
the most common serious teaes reported by both pregabalin and placebo patients were of cardiovascular nature and were not considered associated with treatment .
over the course of 5 to 13 weeks of treatment , the incidence of clinically meaningful weight gain ( defined using a food and drug administration  guided criterion of 7% weight increase from baseline to end point ) for pregabalin versus placebo was dose related : 2.01% for pregabalin at 150 mg / day ( p = 0.14 [ 95% ci 0.47 to 3.03% ] ) , 2.12% for pregabalin at 300 mg / day ( p = 0.04 [ 0.09 to 2.86% ] ) , and 3.88% for pregabalin at 600 mg / day ( p < 0.0001 [ 1.764.54% ] ) groups , compared with 0.73% for the placebo group .
the odds of weight gain compared with placebo are 2.3-fold for pregabalin at 150 mg / day ( p = 0.14 [ 0.776.60% ] ) , 2.8-fold for pregabalin at 300 mg / day ( p = 0.04 [ 1.067.47% ] ) , and 6.2-fold for pregabalin at 600 mg / day ( p < 0.0001 [ 2.8213.67% ] ) .
mean changes in weight from baseline to end point for pregabalin - treated patients versus placebo control subjects were 0.76 kg for pregabalin at 150 mg / day ( p = 0.02 [ 0.081.11 kg ] ) , 1.86 kg for pregabalin at 300 mg / day ( p < 0.0001 [ 1.262.14 kg ] ) , and 2.04 kg for pregabalin at 600 mg / day ( p < 0.0001 [ 1.542.22 kg ] ) ; the mean change was 0.16 kg for placebo .
the incidence of 7% weight gain by study duration across all pregabalin doses is as follows : 5 weeks , 2.8% ; 8 weeks , 6.8% ; and 1213 weeks , 7.9% .
there was a dose - related increase in edema and peripheral edema ( table 1 ) .
the presence of edema across doses and by severity is as follows : pregabalin at 150 mg / day , mild 64.3% , moderate 28.6% , and severe 7.1% ; pregabalin at 300 mg / day , mild 56.4% , moderate 41% , and severe 2.6% ; pregabalin at 600 mg / day , mild 63.4% , moderate 33% , and severe 1.1% ; and placebo , mild 81% , moderate 19% , and severe 0% . in all pregabalin - treated groups ,
15.2% had edema or peripheral edema , 6.0% had a 7% weight increase , and 2.3% had both weight increase and edema . in comparison , in the placebo - administered group ,
7.3% had edema or peripheral edema , 1.5% had a 7% weight increase , and 0.2% had both .
there were no clinically meaningful changes in laboratory values from baseline to end point reported in the studies .
there were neither statistically significant nor clinically meaningful changes from baseline to end point in a1c values ( % of total hb ) in pregabalin - treated patients and in control subjects over 5 to 13 weeks of treatment : pregabalin at 150 mg / day , 0.07% ( 95% ci 0.07 to 0.24 ) ; pregabalin at 300 mg / day , 0.01% ( 0.01 to 0.26 ) ; pregabalin at 600 mg / day , 0.08% ( 0.09 to 0.13 ) ; and placebo , 0.03% ( 0.05 to 0.11 ) .
significant reductions in end point least - squares mean pain scores were observed for all three dosages investigated ( p = 0.007 for 150 mg / day and p < 0.0001 for 300 and 600 mg / day vs. placebo ) ( fig .
pain reductions associated with pregabalin appear to be positively correlated with dosage , with the greatest effect observed in patients treated with 600 mg / day .
the proportions of patients experiencing 50 or 30% reductions in pain levels ( responders ) were significantly greater in the pregabalin groups than in the placebo group ( fig . 2c ) and were dose related .
the number needed to treat for these data are as follows : pregabalin 600 mg / day 4.04 ( 95% ci 3.35.3 ) , pregabalin 300 mg / day 5.99 ( 4.210.4 ) , and pregabalin 150 mg / day 19.06 ( ci for the absolute risk reduction contains 0 , rendering the ci for the number needed to treat difficult to interpret ) .
more patients treated with pregabalin reported global health status improvements than patients treated with placebo , as measured by the patient global impression of change .
eighty percent of pregabalin 600 mg / day patients , 74% of 300 mg / day patients , and 65% of 150 mg / day patients were improved , compared with 54% of placebo patients ( 300 and 600 mg / day , p < 0.0001 ) . in each of the above analyses , both bid and tid regimens of 600 mg / day pregabalin
were significantly superior to placebo ( p < 0.0001 for all comparisons of bid dosing to placebo and tid dosing to placebo ) . for 300 mg /
day , only the tid dosing regimen was significantly superior to placebo ( p < 0.0001 for all comparisons ) ; however , the 300 mg / day bid dosage group was included in only one of the seven studies .
kaplan - meier analysis revealed that the median time to onset of sustained ( 30% improvement from baseline ) pain relief was 4 days in patients treated with pregabalin at 600 mg / day , 5 days in patients treated with pregabalin at 300 mg / day , 13 days in patients treated with pregabalin at 150 mg / day , and 60 days in patients receiving placebo ( fig .
comparison of the pregabalin treatment groups with placebo by log rank test confirmed that time to onset of clinically meaningful pain relief was statistically significantly more rapid than with placebo ( p < 0.0001 for pregabalin doses of 300 and 600 mg / day and p = 0.01 for 150 mg / day ) . the median time to onset of sustained ( 50% improvement from baseline ) pain relief was 6 days in patients treated with pregabalin at 600 mg / day and 12 days in patients treated with pregabalin at 300 mg / day .
comparison of the pregabalin treatment groups with placebo by log rank test confirmed that time to onset of clinically meaningful pain relief was statistically significantly more rapid than with placebo ( p < 0.0001 for pregabalin doses of 300 and 600 mg / day and p = ns for 150 mg / day ) .
mean sleep interference scores at end point were also significantly improved in all three pregabalin groups , with 150 , 300 , and 600 mg / day showing reductions of 1.92 , 2.32 , and 2.62 , respectively , compared with 1.32 for placebo ( p = 0.003 for 150 mg / day and p < 0.0001 for 300 and 600 mg / day vs. placebo ) .
as with change in mean pain score , improvement in sleep interference appeared to be positively correlated with dosage .
incidence of treatment - emergent adverse events ( teaes ) appeared to be related to dosage , with most of the common teaes having the greatest incidence among patients receiving 600 mg / day ( table 1 ) .
there was no consistent pattern in teae incidence rates by dosing regimen , with some teaes , such as peripheral edema and weight gain , having greater incidence in the bid dosing groups relative to the tid dosing groups , while other teaes , such as dizziness and somnolence , occurred with greater frequency in the tid than the bid groups .
the discontinuation rate due to adverse events was greatest in the 600 mg / day group ( fig .
serious teaes occurred in 3.4 , 2.3 , and 4.9% of patients receiving 150 , 300 , and 600 mg / day pregabalin and in 3.4% of patients receiving placebo .
the most common serious teaes reported by both pregabalin and placebo patients were of cardiovascular nature and were not considered associated with treatment . over the course of 5 to 13 weeks of treatment ,
the incidence of clinically meaningful weight gain ( defined using a food and drug administration  guided criterion of 7% weight increase from baseline to end point ) for pregabalin versus placebo was dose related : 2.01% for pregabalin at 150 mg / day ( p = 0.14 [ 95% ci 0.47 to 3.03% ] ) , 2.12% for pregabalin at 300 mg / day ( p = 0.04 [ 0.09 to 2.86% ] ) , and 3.88% for pregabalin at 600 mg / day ( p < 0.0001 [ 1.764.54% ] ) groups , compared with 0.73% for the placebo group .
the odds of weight gain compared with placebo are 2.3-fold for pregabalin at 150 mg / day ( p = 0.14 [ 0.776.60% ] ) , 2.8-fold for pregabalin at 300 mg / day ( p = 0.04 [ 1.067.47% ] ) , and 6.2-fold for pregabalin at 600 mg / day ( p < 0.0001 [ 2.8213.67% ] ) .
mean changes in weight from baseline to end point for pregabalin - treated patients versus placebo control subjects were 0.76 kg for pregabalin at 150 mg / day ( p = 0.02 [ 0.081.11 kg ] ) , 1.86 kg for pregabalin at 300 mg / day ( p < 0.0001 [ 1.262.14 kg ] ) , and 2.04 kg for pregabalin at 600 mg / day ( p < 0.0001 [ 1.542.22 kg ] ) ; the mean change was 0.16 kg for placebo .
the incidence of 7% weight gain by study duration across all pregabalin doses is as follows : 5 weeks , 2.8% ; 8 weeks , 6.8% ; and 1213 weeks , 7.9% . there was a dose - related increase in edema and peripheral edema ( table 1 ) .
the presence of edema across doses and by severity is as follows : pregabalin at 150 mg / day , mild 64.3% , moderate 28.6% , and severe 7.1% ; pregabalin at 300 mg / day , mild 56.4% , moderate 41% , and severe 2.6% ; pregabalin at 600 mg / day , mild 63.4% , moderate 33% , and severe 1.1% ; and placebo , mild 81% , moderate 19% , and severe 0% . in all pregabalin - treated groups ,
15.2% had edema or peripheral edema , 6.0% had a 7% weight increase , and 2.3% had both weight increase and edema . in comparison , in the placebo - administered group
, 7.3% had edema or peripheral edema , 1.5% had a 7% weight increase , and 0.2% had both .
there were no clinically meaningful changes in laboratory values from baseline to end point reported in the studies .
there were neither statistically significant nor clinically meaningful changes from baseline to end point in a1c values ( % of total hb ) in pregabalin - treated patients and in control subjects over 5 to 13 weeks of treatment : pregabalin at 150 mg / day , 0.07% ( 95% ci 0.07 to 0.24 ) ; pregabalin at 300 mg / day , 0.01% ( 0.01 to 0.26 ) ; pregabalin at 600 mg / day , 0.08% ( 0.09 to 0.13 ) ; and placebo , 0.03% ( 0.05 to 0.11 ) .
in this pooled analysis of patients with painful dpn from seven randomized , controlled trials spanning the effective dose range , pregabalin was shown to significantly reduce pain associated with dpn .
the pooled analysis , in contrast to individual reports , revealed efficacy of the 150-mg dose ; however , efficacy with bid dosing was only present with the 600-mg dose .
in addition , time to event analysis revealed that pregabalin was associated with a dose - related , rapid onset of sustained pain relief .
several anticonvulsants with diverse mechanisms of action have been subjected to large - scale randomized controlled trials assessing therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of painful dpn .
these agents , which include topiramate ( 1416 ) , lamotrigine ( 17 ) , oxcarbazepine ( 18,19 ) , and gabapentin ( 2022 ) have shown varying efficacy in clinical trials .
in contrast , pregabalin has shown efficacy in six of seven clinical trials . among the seven trials , one included 150- , 300- , and 600-mg / day treatment arms , two included two of these dosages , and four included only one of these dosages ( fig .
pooling data from all treatment arms in this analysis adds to our knowledge of the efficacy , safety , and tolerability of pregabalin for treatment of painful dpn . in terms of efficacy
, there was an evident dose response , with the greatest efficacy observed among patients treated with 600 mg / day . equally evident from this pooled analysis  but not from examination of the trials individually , as 150 mg / day was not significantly efficacious in any individual study  was the observation that patients treated with pregabalin at its lowest effective dosage for chronic neuropathic pain , 150 mg / day , experienced statistically significant improvements in their pain and pain - related sleep interference and responded to pregabalin ( 30% improvement ) in proportions significantly greater than placebo .
time to onset analysis of the pooled data revealed dose - related , rapid onset of durable pain relief . by day 4 , 50% of the subjects taking 600 mg
/ day had a sustained ( 30% at end point ) 1-point improvement in pain score , while a response of this magnitude was achieved by day 5 in the 300 mg / day group .
all seven studies showed statistically significant differences between pregabalin and placebo by week 1 ( 610,12 ) or week 2 ( 11 ) ; however , these analyses do not necessarily imply that the response is clinically meaningful .
this approach also does not provide insight into the durability of the response in individual patients .
although not frequently used in pain therapeutic trials ( 23 ) , the time to onset analysis used here provides numerical and graphic ( fig .
2d ) information that is clinically relevant for patient and clinician , specifically the likelihood of a predetermined clinical response ( the hazard ratio ) and the time to this response .
the analysis in this report was complicated by the different dose escalation schedules of the individual studies . since time to onset
was determined from the start of dose escalation and not the time point when an effective therapeutic dose was attained , the analysis may have overestimated the time to sustained efficacy .
the present analyses revealed that dosing schedule ( bid vs. tid ) apparently made no meaningful difference for patients treated with 600 mg / day , as both regimens were highly statistically significant versus placebo .
this finding is in contrast to studies of postherpetic neuralgia in which bid efficacy was demonstrated across a range of doses from 150 to 600 mg / day ( 24 ) .
the basis for this difference in efficacy between disease states is not known , although it may be related , in part , to the permitted use of concomitant pain medication in all postherpetic neuralgia pregabalin clinical trials ( 2426 ) .
however , the 150- and 300-mg / day doses were used bid in only one study in this pooled analysis ( 15 ) , and further studies are required to definitively address this question . the dose - related increase in efficacy was accompanied by a dose - related increase in incidence of most adverse events .
while there was a consistent increase in the incidence of dizziness across doses , the incidence of somnolence was similar in the 300- and 600-mg / day doses .
examination of adverse events by dosing regimen , i.e. , bid versus tid , for each pregabalin daily dosage did not reveal any consistent patterns favoring one regimen over the other .
edema was not an exclusion criterion in any study ; however , clinical judgment is warranted when pregabalin is used in patients with preexisting edema .
pregabalin was not associated with cardiovascular complications , rarely led to discontinuations , and was not associated with laboratory changes suggestive of renal or hepatic failure .
the incidence of reported weight gain was not only dose related but also dependent on duration of exposure .
the underlying cause of the weight gain is not known and does not appear to be related to the presence of peripheral edema .
there was no evidence that the weight increase compromised glycemic control ; the pooled analysis showed no clinically meaningful changes in a1c values in any dose cohort in studies with treatment durations of 5 to 13 weeks .
long - term studies are warranted to address this question . in conclusion , the current pooled analysis of seven randomized , controlled clinical trials in patients with painful dpn showed that over the effective dose range , pregabalin not only significantly reduced pain associated with dpn but was also associated with rapid onset of sustained pain relief .
the improvement in pain relief was accompanied by a dose - related incidence of adverse events .
 objective  to evaluate the efficacy , safety , and tolerability of pregabalin across the effective dosing range , to determine differences in the efficacy of three times daily ( tid ) versus twice daily ( bid ) dosage schedules , and to use time - to - event analysis to determine the time to onset of a sustained therapeutic effect using data from seven trials of pregabalin in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy ( dpn).research design and methods  data were pooled across seven double - blind , randomized , placebo - controlled trials using pregabalin to treat painful dpn with dosages of 150 , 300 , and 600 mg / day administered tid or bid . 
 only one trial included all three of these dosages , and tid dosing was used in four . 
 all studies shared fundamental selection criteria , and treatment durations ranged from 5 to 13 weeks.resultspooled analysis showed that pregabalin significantly reduced pain and pain - related sleep interference associated with dpn ( 150 , 300 , and 600 mg / day administered tid vs. placebo , all p  0.007 ) . only the 600 mg / day dosage showed efficacy when administered bid ( p  0.001 ) . pain and 
 sleep interference reductions associated with pregabalin appear to be positively correlated with dosage ; the greatest effect was observed in patients treated with 600 mg / day . 
 kaplan - meier analysis revealed that the median time to onset of a sustained ( 30% at end point ) 1-point improvement was 4 days in patients treated with pregabalin at 600 mg / day , 5 days in patients treated with pregabalin at 300 mg / day , 13 days in patients treated with pregabalin at 150 mg / day , and 60 days in patients receiving placebo . 
 the most common treatment - emergent adverse events were dizziness , somnolence , and peripheral edema.conclusionstreatment with pregabalin across its effective dosing range is associated with significant , dose - related improvement in pain in patients with dpn . 
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
RESULTS
Efficacy
Safety and tolerability
CONCLUSIONS