diabetic macular edema ( dme ) results from the exuding and accumulation of extracellular liquid and proteins in the macula13 following structural changes to the endothelium of the retinal blood vessels that lead to the rupture of the hematoretinal barrier and thus to an increase in vascular permeability.4 the pathological neo - angiogenesis at the basis of such alterations is provoked by the increase in cytokines ( like interleukin-6 and -8 ) , prostaglandins , and vascular endothelial growth factor ( vegf).4,5 laser photocoagulation , considered for a long time as the main treatment option for dme , may lead to paracentral deficits of the visual field and reduced color vision and sensitivity to contrast.1,2 for these reasons , intravitreal therapies with anti - vegf have been considered as an efficient treatment strategy for patients affected by dme,5,7 with drugs such as pegaptanib6,9,10 ranibizumab,8 and bevacizumab11 being principally used .
steroids reduce inflammatory mediators through a more widespread action that blocks vegfs , inflammatory cytokines , and prostaglandins.12 our study investigates an intravitreal dexamethasone implant ( ozurdex ; allergan inc , irvine , ca , usa ) and its efficacy as a treatment for dme.13 this implant was developed to guarantee sustained levels of dexamethasone in the posterior section of the eye for a period of 6 months.14,15 ozurdex has recently been approved by the us food and drug administration and by the european union ( eu ) , and is licensed in all eu countries for the treatment of macular edema ( me ) following retinal vein occlusion.16,17 nonetheless , there is evidence of its efficacy in multiple clinical applications including dme , me associated to uveitis or irvine - gass syndrome , dme in eyes having undergone vitrectomy,18 noninfectious vitritis , and as an adjuvant therapy for age - related macular degeneration.19 in this study , we evaluate the effects of a single intravitreal injection of ozurdex , through a 6-month follow - up time period , in eyes affected with persistent dme .
the study was conducted at the policlinico umberto i hospital of  sapienza  university of rome .
the eligibility criteria were : age 18 , a best - corrected visual acuity ( bcva ) between 5 ( corresponding to 1/10 , logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [ logmar ] 1.0 or more ) and 40 ( corresponding to 5/10 , logmar 0.3 or less ) letters , and macular edema with a thickness of 275 m .
the initial bcva before the implant ( at t0 ) was an average of 18.80  11.06 letters ( logmar 0.67  0.23 ) , and the mean central macular thickness ( cmt ) was 518.80  224.75 m .
all patients had persistent dme although 13 of the patients recruited had previously undergone treatment with anti - vegf : three with bevacizumab ( avastin ; roche , basel , switzerland ) , two with pegaptanib ( macugen ; eyetech pharmaceuticals , inc , new york , ny , usa ) , and eight with ranibizumab ( lucentis ; genentech inc , south san francisco , ca , usa ) in the 3 months prior to investigation .
the remaining patients presented counter recommendations to intravitreal injections of anti - vegf ( such as a certified diagnosis of vascular accidents ) .
patients were excluded if : pregnant , had uncontrolled arterial hypertension , venous occlusions , evolved cataract , glaucoma , an epiretinal membrane visible by optical coherence tomography ( oct ) , age - related macular degeneration , uveitis , a history of vitreal surgery , cataract surgery ( in the previous 6 months ) , yag laser capsulotomy ( within 2 months prior to the trial ) , or had undergone recent panretinal laser photocoagulation or grid laser photocoagulation ( in the 3 months prior to investigation ) .
the treatment was applied to only one eye of each participant : the eye selected for treatment was the one that showed inferior visual acuity ( va ) and a greater macular thickness with respect to the other eye .
the treatment protocol established that should the control eye have deteriorated to such an extent as to require intervention , then the treatment used would be applied to that eye also , if necessary .
all patients underwent : general preoperative anamnesis , cardiological examination , electrocardiogram , and blood tests that included glycosylated hemoglobin ( hba1c ) .
all patients gave their informed consent to the injection treatment after they had been briefed regarding the benefits , risks , and possible complications of the intervention . at baseline ,
ocular exploration was carried out : fluorescein angiography was performed to evaluate the presence of macular ischemia only at baseline , whilst bcva was assessed through early treatment diabetic retinopathy study ( etdrs ) tables placed at a distance of 4 m , by slit - lamp biomicroscopy , ocular tonometry ( using a goldman applanation tonometer ) , fundus biomicroscopy , oct ( for the measurement of macular thickness and morphology using a spectralis hra - oct produced by heidelberg engineering [ heidelberg , germany ] with a volumetric 512  49-scan ) , fluorescein angiography , and color fundus photography .
these exams were carried out at day 3 , and month 1 , 3 , 4 , and 6 post - injection .
the controls carried out on the day after the injection were the following : examination of the anterior section of the eye using slit lamp , tonometry , and indirect fundus biomicroscopy .
primary outcome measures included mean change from baseline in bcva and central retinal thickness at all follow - up visits .
we considered the efficacy of the implant as a mean improvement of visus ( va ) of 10 letters ( two lines ) equivalent to a mean logmar of 0.2 .
the outcomes expected were : a reduced mean cmt  250 m , including a structural layer analysis of the retina with oct .
the evaluation of the integrity of the external membrane , and the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor interface , was carried out at baseline and at 6 months after the implant .
all implants were performed under sterile operating room conditions by author ep , after preparation of the conjunctiva using 5% povidone  iodine solution , topical anesthetic with ropivacaine , and positioning of the blepharostat .
a 700 g slow - release intravitreal dexamethasone implant ( ozurdex ) was placed in the vitreous cavity , behind the crystalline lens.1114 patients were treated with a topical ophthalmic antibiotic for 7 days after the treatment .
all patients were monitored for local or systemic adverse effects relative to the implant for the duration of the study .
demographic data of the pooled patients , duration of dme , and previous treatments were recorded .
wilcoxon tests were carried out to measure mean differences between pre- and post - implant values of all the parameters evaluated ( etdrs , logmar , and cmt ) and obtained at different temporal follow - up points ( at day 3 to month 6 ) .
wilcoxon tests were carried out to measure mean differences between pre- and post - implant values of all the parameters evaluated ( etdrs , logmar , and cmt ) and obtained at different temporal follow - up points ( at day 3 to month 6 ) .
the appearance of undesired side - effects correlated to the drug , such as inflammation of the anterior chamber , ocular pain , keratitis , or vitreous opacity , was monitored ; those correlated to the surgical intervention itself , such as endophthalmitis , perforation of the eye , conjunctival hemorrhage , and systemic effects related to the drug , were also monitored closely .
patients who showed a worsening of their clinical - functional condition at month 4 were recommended for a second treatment cycle .
indicators of this worsening were considered as a reduced va ( a reduction of logmar scores of at least 0.2 or 10 letters ) and an increase of macular thickness ( of at least 150 m , as measured with oct ) .
patients who showed a worsening of their clinical - functional condition at month 4 were recommended for a second treatment cycle .
indicators of this worsening were considered as a reduced va ( a reduction of logmar scores of at least 0.2 or 10 letters ) and an increase of macular thickness ( of at least 150 m , as measured with oct ) .
seventeen patients were selected ( and a total of 20 eyes ) : 14 males and three females , mean age 67  8 years and affected with dme for an average 46.30  18.64 months .
the response to treatment was evaluated independent of age , sex , and concurrent pathologies .
the final analysis of the data allows us to compare va and cmt from baseline to month 6 .
no patients had a worsening of their cataract during this ( brief ) period of study . in two patients ,
the recorded cmt values at month 6 were higher than those recorded at baseline , and they were thus reconsidered for treatment .
an increment of intraocular pressure was seen in one patient only , and this happened 2 months after the implant ( 26 mmhg ) .
the evaluation of the integrity of the external membrane , and the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor interface , performed at baseline and at 6 months after the implant was kept . at day 3 after the intravitreal injection , the mean va was 18.80  11.06 , mean logmar 0.67  0.23 , and mean cmt 412.75  176.23 . at 1 month follow - up , patients showed a mean etdrs of 26.15  11.03 ( p = 0.04 ) , a mean logmar 0.525  0.190 ( p = 0.03 ) , and a mean cmt 292.0  140.8 ( p < 0.0001 ) . at month 3 ,
( p = 0.0087 ) , mean logmar was 0.52  0.20 ( p = 0.034 ) , and mean cmt was 346.95  135.70 ( p = 0.0018 ) . at month 4 follow - up ,
mean etdrs was 25.95  10.74 ( p = 0.045 ) , mean logmar was 0.56  0.22 ( p = 0.12 ) , and mean cmt was 476.55  163.14 ( p = 0.45 ) .
the last follow - up visual examination was carried out at month 6 , and the evaluation of all parameters showed that mean etdrs was 21.25  11.46 ( p = 0.5 ) , mean logmar was 0.67  0.23 ( p = 1 ) and mean cmt was 494.25  182.7 ( p = 0.67 ) ( figure 4 ) . regarding the control eyes ( 14 eyes , because three patients had bilateral treatment at a later stage due to the worsening of dme ) , mean va expressed as logmar scores at month 4 follow - up with respect to baseline increased from a mean value of 0.35 ( 0.20.4 ) to 0.4 ( 0.20.5 ) , whilst the mean etdrs reduced from 39 ( 3548 letters ) to 36.5 ( 2844 letters ) .
mean cmt increased from an initial 325.5 m ( 260347 ) to 344 m ( 285440 ) . at month 6 of
follow - up , two eyes had received a cycle of treatment due to the reinjection criteria , ie , a worsening of their condition had been established . in the two patients who received reinjection ,
levels of glucose in the blood were not balanced , in fact hba1c was on average greater than 11% .
from the data at 6 months follow - up , we can see that the slow - release intravitreal dexamethasone implant , ozurdex , shows efficacy for the treatment of dme , as both substantial improvements were registered in bcva values , and significant reductions of cmt observed . in accordance with other literature , this significant improvement is seen from day 3 of the intravitreal implant. the peak efficacy of the implant appears to be reached at month 1 through to month 3 , and this then slowly decreases from month 4 to 6. this result may be explained either by the reduced release of the drug , or by the worsening of the chronic diabetes .
the etdrs , logmar , and cmt values recorded at the end of the study , at month 6 , were less than those recorded at baseline in all but two of the patients .
in these two , a rebound effect was seen at month 6 after an initial improvement had been registered .
however , these patients had not controlled their glycemic levels adequately , as testified by their high hba1c levels ( above 6% ) . in these patients ,
a second slow - release intravitreal dexamethasone implant was inserted . regarding the second aim of the study , ie , to evaluate the safety profile of the implant
, we can say that our study is in accordance with others ( haller et al14 and kuppermann et al16,17 ) and that no particular complications resulted from either the implant or the drug itself .
in particular , few eyes were evaluated , with a very short follow - up period , and hence , it is difficult to reach robust conclusions .
however , this study suggests that the slow - release intravitreal dexamethasone implant ( ozurdex ) is both efficient and safe for the treatment of secondary macular edema caused by diabetic retinopathy .
the results that ozurdex has a beneficial short - term effect on va and retinal thickness are not surprising , and consistent with previous works.1317,2224 perhaps the association of this treatment intervention and other therapeutic strategies may help better the outcomes for this pathology.20,21 similar efficacy and safety studies are certainly needed , with a greater number of patients and for a longer period of time .
 backgroundto evaluate the efficacy and safety of an intravitreal dexamethasone implant ( ozurdex ; allergan inc , irvine , ca , usa ) in patients with persistent diabetic macular edema ( dme ) over a 6-month follow - up period.methodsseventeen patients ( 20 eyes ) affected by dme were selected . 
 the mean age was 67 + 8 years , and the mean duration of dme was 46.3 + 18.6 months . 
 the eligibility criteria were : age  18 , a best - corrected visual acuity between 5 and 40 letters , and macular edema with a thickness of 275 m . 
 thirteen patients had also previously been treated with anti - vascular endothelial growth factor medication.resultsthe mean etdrs ( early treatment diabetic retinopathy study ) value went from 18.80 + 11.06 ( t0 ) to 26.15 + 11.03 ( p = 0.04 ) , 28.15 + 10.29 ( p = 0.0087 ) , 25.95 + 10.74 ( p = 0.045 ) , 21.25 + 11.46 ( p = 0.5 ) in month 1 , 3 , 4 , and 6 , respectively . 
 the mean logmar ( logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution ) value went from 0.67 + 0.23 ( at t0 ) to 0.525 + 0.190 ( p = 0.03 ) , 0.53 + 0.20 ( p = 0.034 ) , and 0.56 + 0.22 ( p = 0.12 ) in month 1 , 3 , and 4 , respectively , to finally reach 0.67 + 0.23 in month 6 . 
 the mean central macular thickness value improved from 518.80 + 224.75 m ( at t0 ) to 412.75 + 176.23 m , 292.0 + 140.8 m ( p < 0.0001 ) , and 346.95 + 135.70 ( p = 0.0018 ) on day 3 and in month 1 and 3 , respectively , to then increase to 476.55 + 163.14 m ( p = 0.45 ) and 494.25 + 182.70 m ( p = 0.67 ) in month 4 and 6.conclusionthe slow - release intravitreal dexamethasone implant , ozurdex , produced significant improvements in best - corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness from the third day of implant in dme sufferers , and this improvement was sustained until the third month . 
Introduction
Materials and methods
Statistical analysis
Safety criteria
Reinjection criteria
Results
Discussion and conclusion