building and renovation measures can not only cause significant contamination of dust but can also liberate great amounts of fungal spores and therefore can pose the risk of invasive aspergillosis in severely immunocompromised patients with e.g. bone marrow or organ transplants and acute leukaemias , . in acute care hospitals ward closure or the transferring of patients is often impossible in cases of sudden events .
the aim of this study was to monitor the load of particulate matter and fungal spores after two incidents of considerable damage caused by water which occurred in university hospital of essen and which had to be managed during ward activity . in january 2009 water damage occurred in the bathroom of a surgical ward of university hospital of essen .
the wall of the bathroom and the floors of two adjacent patient rooms and the adjacent ward 's corridor were wet and had to be scraped .
dust protecting walls were installed insulating the ward from the affected rooms and the affected part of the corridor ( figure 1 ( fig . 1 ) and figure 2 ( fig .
exhaust air was conducted outside through a sealed hole in the window ( figure 3 ( fig .
between january and april 2009 and between september and october 2009 respectively we measured concentrations of particles 0.3 , 0.5 , 1 and 5 m and fungi in the air of affected wards .
measuring devices were placed 1 m to 1.50 m above ground level and 1 m distant from the doors of dust protecting walls . on the surgical ward measurements
were performed on both sides of the corridor , the left side from the renovation area directed towards the intensive care unit , the right side directed towards the stairway .
control measurements were performed on two surgical wards and on an intermediate care ward respectively .
air supply of the cardiac surgery intensive care unit and intermediate care unit was hepa filtered .
2x 50 litres of air were collected by mas-100 ( merck ) on sabouraud agar , which were incubated aerobically at 25c for 5 days .
we analysed data of the hospital documentation system for diagnosed or suspected aspergillus infections of patients from both intensive care wards .
statistical analysis was performed on a personal computer using the statistical package for social science ( spss ) .
results of the measurements during the renovation work on the surgical ward are shown in table 1 ( tab . 1 ) and table 2 ( tab .
2 ) and results of measurements during the renovation on the cardiac surgical intensive care unit are shown in table 3 ( tab .
4 ) . during the renovation work on the surgical ward concentrations of moulds and particles
5 m were significantly higher on the left side of the renovation area than on the right side ( p=0.036 and p<0.001 ) .
concentrations of particles 1 m and particles 5 m on both sides of the renovation area were significantly increased when compared with the control ward on the same floor but not when compared with the control ward on the other floor . on the contrary ,
concentrations of moulds and particles > 0.3 m , > 0.5 m and > 1 m were significantly higher on the control ward on the other floor than on the ward with renovation work going on . during the renovation work on cardiac surgical intensive care unit concentrations of particles of all sizes
there was no difference in fungal concentration between the cardiac surgical intensive care ward and intermediate care ward .
aspergillus fumigatus could neither be cultured of the air of the cardiac surgical intensive care unit nor of the intermediate care unit . during renovation
concentrations of moulds and particles 5 m at two different measuring points which were only few meters apart from each other on the affected surgical ward were significantly different .
where the concentrations of particles were elevated doors were kept closed whereas rubbish was carried outside on the right side .
similar to cooper et al .   who could not find any statistically significant difference in the levels of viable fungi during construction work performed with protective measures we could not find any increase of concentrations of particles and moulds on the surgical ward compared to both control wards . on the contrary particle and fungal concentrations on the control ward on another floor of the building were significantly increased .
it is unlikely that this increase was caused by dust blown through the opened windows because exhausted air of the renovated rooms passed through a hepa filter .
indoor concentration of particles and moulds is not only supposed to be influenced by outdoor air but also by indoor activity . on the control ward
there were a lot of movements of patients and members of staff which might have influenced particle and fungal concentrations in the air .
the mean concentrations of moulds on the surgical ward as well as on both control wards were higher than those measured by ortiz et al .   in the air of hospital rooms in a hospital in spain but were less than those found by kolk et al .   in outdoor air in germany .
peak concentrations of moulds during well partitioned construction and renovation works were found to be in the same range as concentrations of outdoor air in germany , .  
the cardiac surgery intensive care unit and intermediate care unit are provided with hepa filters . although particle concentrations were increased on surgery intensive care unit during renovation work there was no rise of fungal concentration and no aspergillus fumigatus was cultured from the air
. reports about the effect of hepa - filtration on aerial fungal concentration during renovation or construction works are different .
.   found a significant reduction of aspergillus spores during renovation works by use of mobile air filtration system .
reported an increase of aerial fungal concentration on a ward adjacent to hospital renovation despite being protected with hepa filtration .
an explanation could be renovation and construction works producing different amounts of dust and thus liberating different numbers of fungal spores . but goodly et al .  
concluded from measurements performed during one year that spore concentrations could not be predicted from the nature of building work .
the volume of air sampled by mahieu et al .   as well as by us was 100 liters whereas that of cornet et al .  
they found that the detection rates of aspergillus spores were dependent of sampled volume .  
provided that the renovation area is tightly insulated from the areas of patient care on a ward , closure does not seem to be necessary during renovation works because variation of airborne fungi is similar to that of outdoor and control air .
similar conclusions were drawn by rautiala et al .   who measured aerial fungi adjacent to construction zones which were placed under negative pressure and which were isolated with a plastic barrier .
this team should perform risk assessment and determine necessary protective measures before starting any construction , renovation or maintenance work in health care settings .
patients with increased risk of invasive aspergillosis should be identified and should be moved to other wards far away from construction and renovation areas and use of mobile hepa filters should be considered .
nosocomial outbreaks of fungal infections have been caused by aerial concentrations as low as 1.1 cfu / m aspergillus fumigatus and no minimal infective dosis of aerial viable fungal spores can be given .
there are controversial indications as to whether fungal spore concentration should be measured during construction or renovation works in healthcare settings ,   but air pressure gradients are advised to be regularly verified in artificially ventilated areas .
provided that the renovation area is tightly insulated from the areas of patient care on a ward , closure does not seem to be necessary during urgent renovation works because variation of airborne fungi is similar to that of outdoor air or air in control wards .
this team should perform risk assessment and determine necessary protective measures before starting any construction , renovation or maintenance work in health care settings .
 background : construction and renovation work in hospitals pose risks of fungal airborne infections for immunosuppressed patients . 
 if possible , reconstruction work will be postponed to periods without patient treatment . however , in many situations urgent damage demands immediate refurbishment works before the transferring of patients to other wards or closure of wards is possible . reported here 
 are infection control related measures and implemented procedures after two incidents of water damage which occurred on a surgical ward and an intensive care unit at the university hospital of essen.methods : between january and april 2009 and between september and october 2009 , respectively , concentration of air - borne particles and number of viable fungi were measured at two surgical wards and one icu .   
 preventive infection control measures included erection of protective walls and hepa filtration of air from the renovation area.results : during the renovation work on the surgical ward concentrations of moulds and particles 5 m were significantly higher on the left side of the renovation area than on the right side ( p=0.036 and p<0.001 ) . 
 concentrations of particles 1 m and particles 5 m on both sides of the renovation area were significantly increased when compared with the control ward on the same floor but not when compared with the control ward on the other floor . 
 particles of all size were significantly elevated on the icu during the renovation work . 
 aspergillus fumigatus could neither be cultured of the air of cardiac surgery intensive care unit nor of the intermediate care unit ( control ward ) . during renovation works 
 there was no nosocomial mould infection of patients treated on the two wards.conclusion : provided that the renovation area is tightly insulated from the areas of patient care on a ward , closure does not seem to be necessary during renovation works because variation of airborne fungi is similar to that of outdoor or control air . 
 however a multidisciplinary team should be established . 
 this team should perform risk assessment and determine necessary protective measures before starting any construction , renovation or maintenance work in health care settings . 
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Notes
Conflicts of interest