distance between two genes was defined as the number of base pairs between their gene midpoints .
relative distance refers to the distance of a tsg or a noncancer gene from an oncogene divided by the radius distance .
the gene labels were randomly shuffled 10,000 times to generate new positions of oncogenes , tsgs and noncancer genes for the calculation of p - value .
gene density is the number of tsgs or noncancer genes in a radius of specified distance divided by the radius distance .
average density is the total number of all tsgs or noncancer genes on a particular chromosome divided by the length of that chromosome .
a tumor types with cna profiles obtained by whole - genome sequencing were included in the present study . level 3
distance between two genes was defined as the number of base pairs between their gene midpoints .
relative distance refers to the distance of a tsg or a noncancer gene from an oncogene divided by the radius distance .
the gene labels were randomly shuffled 10,000 times to generate new positions of oncogenes , tsgs and noncancer genes for the calculation of p - value .
gene density is the number of tsgs or noncancer genes in a radius of specified distance divided by the radius distance .
average density is the total number of all tsgs or noncancer genes on a particular chromosome divided by the length of that chromosome .
a tumor types with cna profiles obtained by whole - genome sequencing were included in the present study .
 abstractfocal copy number gains or losses are important genomic hallmarks of cancer . 
 the genomic distribution of oncogenes and tumor - suppressor genes ( tsg ) in relation to focal copy number aberrations is unclear . 
 our analysis revealed that the mean distance of tsgs from oncogenes was significantly shorter than that of noncancer genes , suggesting that oncogenes and tsgs tend to be in close physical proximity in the human genome . 
 such relationship was conserved in mouse and drosophila . 
 pan - cancer analysis using data from the cancer genome atlas indicated that oncogenes without a nearby tsg are more prone to amplification . in conclusion 
 , our study provides evidence for the nonrandom distribution of oncogenes and tsgs across different species . 
 our data also support that the existence of a neighboring tsg can suppress amplification of an oncogene , shedding new light on a previously unappreciated protective mechanism of tsgs . 
Materials and Methods
Calculation of Gene Distance and Permutation Test
Calculation of Normalized Gene Density
Focal CNA Data
Supplementary Material
Author Contributions
Supplementary Material