the purpose of this article is to report a case of central toxic keratopathy in a patient post transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy ( transprk ) , followed immediately by corneal collagen cross - linking .
this article describes the case of a 26-year - old male after bilateral aberration - free , transprk laser ( schwind amaris 750s ) .
the procedure was performed for compound myopic astigmatism in november 2015 , followed immediately by accelerated corneal collagen cross - linking for early keratoconus .
from day 3 post - op , tear film debris underneath both contact lenses with corneal haze and early , progressive central anterior stromal opacity formation only in the left eye were noted . at 2 weeks post - op ,
the left eye was noted to have a significant hyperopic shift with central corneal thinning in the anterior stroma .
a central anterior stromal dense opacity had formed in the left eye with the surrounding superficial stromal haze . as of month 2
the hyperopic shift peaked at 2 months and continued to improve , largely due to epithelial compensation with a gradual recovery of stromal thickness .
the question remains as to what provokes the typical central corneal necrosis / thinning in central toxic keratopathy .
we hypothesize that the space between the contact lens and the corneal surface post transprk is prone to a  pseudo - interface pathology  that could mimic diffuse lamellar keratitis - like pathology .
suboptimal lid hygiene , resulting in tear film combinations of bacteria , inflammatory cells , matrix metalloproteinases and other proteolytic enzymes , contributes to the degradation of vulnerable , exposed collagen stromal tissue post transprk or any surface corneal ablation .
refractive surgeons should maintain a healthy lid margin and tear film , especially in contact lens wearers , to prevent potential complications in refractive surgery procedures .
refractive surgeries are currently performed routinely all over the world . in the vast majority of cases , there are insignificant complications . however , there are rarely cases in which the postoperative complications can be quite severe .
one of the most dreadful yet less understood postoperative complications is known as central toxic keratopathy ( ctk ) .
ctk is a rare , self - limited , noninflammatory , post - refractive laser condition that presents with central corneal opacification and a significant hyperopic shift.14 the cause of ctk is unknown , although it has been hypothesized that photoactivation of some substance , possibly povidone - iodine , by the laser induces keratocyte apoptosis and stromal necrosis.5 the inciting factor , however , is not the microkeratome itself as this condition could occur after photorefractive keratectomy ( prk ) as well as after femtosecond laser - created flaps.5 the hypothesis that this reaction could be an intrinsic patient response to laser ablation is also unlikely since it does not recur after enhancements.5 the purpose of this article is to report a case of ctk post transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy ( transprk ) with accelerated corneal collagen cross - linking ( ccl ) . to date , ctk has not been reported in a refractive laser - ablated eye post transprk with ccl .
this case may also help to exclude some previously hypothesized etiologies in ctk , e.g. , equipment sterilization method , iodine usage and glove powder .
written informed consent was obtained from the patient for this case report , as well as all the images herein , to be published .
the patient was noted to have blepharitis preoperatively with some debris noted within the tear film .
the right eye refraction was 2.50/0.75  175 , with the best spherical corrected visual acuity ( bscva ) 1.0 and uncorrected distance visual acuity ( udva ) 0.1 ( visual acuity [ va ] in a decimal format ) .
the left eye ( in which the ctk incident occurred ) refraction was 2.00/2.75  170 , with bscva 1.0 and udva 0.1 .
the steepest keratometry value was 46.2 and the pachymetry value was 469 m ( figure 1 ) .
the patient underwent single - step transprk treatment in both eyes using the amaris 750s laser platform ( schwind eye - tech - solutions gmbh , kleinostheim , germany ) aiming for plano refraction .
the optical zone was 6.50 mm in both eyes with a transition zone of 1.14 mm and 0.82 mm in the right and left eyes , respectively , and the residual stromal thickness was 366 m and 344 m in the right and left eyes , respectively .
the accelerated ccl has been shown to penetrate less corneal stroma than the standard dresden protocol .
the authors , however , recommend that proven cornea thickness safety profiles are adhered to when performing ccl .
the accelerated ccl protocol included saturation of the post - ablative exposed stroma with riboflavin ( vibex rapid ; avedro inc . ,
the ccl was performed using the kxli uv - a source ( avedro inc . ) . on the right eye
, the settings were 30 mw  80 seconds = 2.4 j / cm and on the left eye , 30 mw  120 seconds = 3.6 j / cm .
a higher ccl energy was used on the left eye due to the slightly higher k reading pre - op and because more corneal tissue ablation was planned in comparison to the right eye due to the higher astigmatism ; hence , a thinner residual stromal bed was expected .
no mitomycin c was used intraoperatively . a bandage contact lens ( acuvue oasys ; jacksonville , fl , usa ) of base curve 8.8 mm and diameter 14 mm was inserted in both eyes at completion of ccl .
postoperative treatment protocol was commenced on day 0 , which included topical antibiotic ( ofloxacin , qid ) , topical steroid ( maxidex , qid ) and topical tear lubricant hourly ( thealoz duo , thea , france ) . on day 1
, there was no corneal opacity or haze and there was a healing epithelial defect in both eyes . on day 3 , debris was noted beneath the left contact lens within the tear film .
fine corneal haze with anterior stromal opacity had begun to appear in the left eye with a healing epithelial defect . a mild anterior chamber inflammatory reaction of 1 + cells was noted . on day 5
the left eye still had a very small healing epithelial defect of < 1 mm , the steroid was stopped in the left eye and regenerating agent ( rgta ) ( glycosaminoglycan mimetic / matrix therapy agent to promote epithelial healing , cacicol ; thea , clermont - ferrand , france ) was added 4 times daily only in the left eye . at 1 week post - op , the right eye was healing well ; however , some stromal haze ( grade 1  fantes scale ) was present .
the left eye epithelium had healed , but the eye had developed a diffuse anterior stromal haze with a dense central anterior stromal opacity . at 2 weeks post - op , the left eye was noted to have a significant hyperopic shift ( + 5 , 25 d ) with central corneal thinning of the superficial stroma , and a corneal optical coherence tomography ( oct ) was performed to confirm this .
a central corneal opacity had increased in density at the central anterior stroma with surrounding diffuse superficial stromal haze ( figure 2 ) .
autologous serum q6h and zovirax q6h were added to the current topical post - op treatment in the left eye . at 1 month post - op ,
vertical stromal striae at the center of the dense opacity were appreciated . corneal thickness on orbscan of the right eye
pred forte tds , autologous serum q6h and minocycline 50 mg bd by mouth ( po ) were commenced .
ganciclovir gel bd was commenced in the left eye as there was uncertainty around the underlying pathology at this stage and a reactivated necrotic viral infection could not be excluded . at 9 weeks post - op ,
the left corneal opacity with vertical striae and fine iron line remained visible at 4 months post - op ( figure 3a and b ) .
the opacity gradually continued to improve in size and density at 6 months post - op .
the vision and hyperopic refraction continued to slowly improve over 6 months post - op , and the central opacity still gradually continued to improve in size and density ( table 1 ) . at 2 weeks post - op , the right eye had healed well with an uncorrected visual acuity ( ucva ) of 1.0 ; however , fine anterior stromal reticular haze had formed centrally , which remained visible 6 months post - op ( figure 4 ) .
a corneal oct comparison of 2 weeks and 6 months post - op of the left eye showed how the epithelium compensated largely for the stromal thinning and hyperopic shift ( figure 5a and b ) .
there was no anterior stromal thinning or epithelium thickening in the right eye on corneal oct at 6 months post - op ( figure 6 ) .
this may be the first documented report of a patient who developed ctk in a cornea post - transprk with accelerated ccl .
although the possibility of ccl as a cause for the ctk could not be entirely excluded , the authors deemed the ccl treatment an unlikely etiology based on the time of onset and depth of the pathology .
ctk usually starts within 39 days after laser refractive surgery.2,3,57 the inciting procedure may be prk , laser - assisted in situ keratomileusis ( lasik ) or intra - lasik .
the opacity clears gradually , usually within 1218 months.5 it is rare for the opacity to persist beyond 18 months.5 recurrence of ctk after enhancement surgeries has not been observed.5 the etiology of ctk is still under contention ; however , some of the proposed etiologies may perhaps be excluded from this report .
no iodine was administered in this case preoperatively as the patient had given a history of iodine allergy .
powder - free gloves were used , and other than the speculum , no sterilized instrumentation touched the eye intraoperatively .
cases of deep stromal scarring post - ccl have been reported , although these cases tend to present much later postoperatively ( ~3 months ) and the scarring is deep stromal , unlike in this case.8 the authors could not find any literature or case reports of ccl resulting in corneal pathology of this similar nature .
tu and aslanides9 reported on 3 patients with bilateral ctk post lasik where 2 of the 3 patients received early surgical intervention in the form of flap lift and irrigation . in 1 eye
imaging confirmed early stromal loss posterior to the flap with the stroma regaining some thickness over the following months .
the authors concluded that early surgical intervention in the form of flap lift and irrigation could at least arrest part of the process of progressive corneal thinning / necrosis.2,3,9,10 this successful intervention of early flap lift and irrigation may contribute to the hypothesis that an overload of bacteria , proteolytic enzymes and/or inflammatory cells within the tear film , with trapping of the cellular components underneath the postoperative contact lens , may contribute to the formation of ctk and possibly even diffuse lamellar keratitis ( dlk)-like pathology . there has been some controversy as to whether ctk may be considered an advanced form of dlk .
dlk is generally accepted as an interface pathology occurring post lasik flap creation.7 we would like to hypothesize that perhaps the space between the contact lens and corneal surface post transprk could be prone to a pseudo - interface pathology that could mimic dlk - like pathology . until the pathology of ctk is better understood , the optimal intervention options for this dreaded condition may remain unclear .
perhaps microbiological / cytology studies of early ctk corneas and/or tear film may help to provide some clarity on the subject .
interestingly , in a study by larkin and leeming,11 contact lens wearers were found to have a significantly higher number of commensal bacterial species at the lid margin and within the tear film than controls .
significant quantitative changes were identified on the lid margin and tear film , with particularly high bacterial counts in some lens wearers.1214 quantitative / osmolarity changes in the tear film are thought to be secondary to changes at the lid margin , for which no explanation is apparent.11 the authors conclude that suboptimal lid hygiene with high concentrations or osmolarity of tear film bacteria , inflammatory cells , matrix metalloproteinases and/or other proteolytic enzymes contributes to the degradation of the vulnerable , exposed collagen stromal tissue , potentially resulting in stromal degradation and opacity formation .
particular attention needs to be drawn to a healthy lid margin and tear film pre - ablation treatment , especially in contact lens wearers .
perhaps this may contribute to a decline of this dreaded postoperative dilemma for the refractive surgeon .
 purposethe purpose of this article is to report a case of central toxic keratopathy in a patient post transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy ( transprk ) , followed immediately by corneal collagen cross-linking.methodsthis article describes the case of a 26-year - old male after bilateral aberration - free , transprk laser ( schwind amaris 750s ) . 
 the procedure was performed for compound myopic astigmatism in november 2015 , followed immediately by accelerated corneal collagen cross - linking for early keratoconus.resultsfrom day 3 post - op , tear film debris underneath both contact lenses with corneal haze and early , progressive central anterior stromal opacity formation only in the left eye were noted . at 2 weeks post - op , 
 the left eye was noted to have a significant hyperopic shift with central corneal thinning in the anterior stroma . 
 a central anterior stromal dense opacity had formed in the left eye with the surrounding superficial stromal haze . 
 as of month 2 , the opacity gradually started to improve in size and density . 
 the hyperopic shift peaked at 2 months and continued to improve , largely due to epithelial compensation with a gradual recovery of stromal thickness.conclusionthe question remains as to what provokes the typical central corneal necrosis / thinning in central toxic keratopathy . 
 we hypothesize that the space between the contact lens and the corneal surface post transprk is prone to a  pseudo - interface pathology  that could mimic diffuse lamellar keratitis - like pathology . 
 suboptimal lid hygiene , resulting in tear film combinations of bacteria , inflammatory cells , matrix metalloproteinases and other proteolytic enzymes , contributes to the degradation of vulnerable , exposed collagen stromal tissue post transprk or any surface corneal ablation . 
 refractive surgeons should maintain a healthy lid margin and tear film , especially in contact lens wearers , to prevent potential complications in refractive surgery procedures . 
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Case report
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