the incidence of non - hodgkin lymphoma ( nhl ) is 100200-fold higher in hiv - infected individuals than in the general population .
nhl is an aids - defining illness and in 35% of cases , the lymphoma is the initial manifestation of aids .
the most common hiv - associated lymphomas are diffuse large b cell lymphoma ( dlbcl ; often primary in the central nervous system ) , burkitt lymphoma , primary effusion lymphoma , and plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral cavity .
primary mediastinal large b cell lymphoma is a subtype of diffuse large b cell lymphoma arising in the mediastinum with distinctive clinical , morphologic , and genotypic features .
most patients are young adult females presenting with localized mediastinal mass and symptoms often related to local effects of the large mediastinal tumor such as superior vena cava syndrome .
dlbcl is one of the most common lymphomas in the setting of hiv , but the incidence of pmlbcl in hiv is not well established .
only one reported case of hiv - associated pmlbcl has been found in the english literature .
a 25-year - old female presented to her physician with 1  week of worsening shortness of breath , cough , and chest pain .
she gave birth to her fourth child 5  weeks ago , and her cough and shortness of birth was developed a few days prior to delivery .
she was diagnosed with hiv 1  year before ; however , she had no previous manifestation of aids .
chest computed tomography ( ct ) revealed a 13.7    9.2-cm superior mediastinal mass , multiple left pleural masses ranging from 2.42.7  cm , a 1.6-cm left upper lobe lung nodule , and bilateral pleural effusions ( fig .  1 ) .
the infiltrating cells were mostly large with irregular and convoluted vesicular nuclei , 13 visible nucleoli , and moderately abundant cytoplasm .
the tumor cells were cd45 + , cd20 + , cd23 + , partially cd30 + , weak partial positive for bcl-2 and bcl-6 , and negative for cd3 , cd5 , cd10 , cd15 , cd21 , and alk-1 .
eber in situ hybridization was positive in approximately 30% of the tumor cells ( fig .  2 ) .
flow cytomeric immunophenotyping showed a decreased cd4/cd8 ratio of 0.3 and evidence of an abnormal b cell population with expression of cd19 and cd20 but lack of surface immunoglobulin light chain expression .
lumbar puncture and a magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed no evidence of central nervous system involvement of lymphoma .
her symptoms initially improved ; however , after the third cycle , her disease progressed and the treatment was changed to vp-16 , ifosfamide , and ara - c with concurrent mesna .
her symptoms continued worsening and she died of respiratory failure 5  months after the diagnosis of the lymphoma . 

1chest ct of case 1 reveals a 13.7    9.2-cm superior mediastinal mass , multiple left pleural masses ranging from 2.42.7  cm , a 1.6-cm left upper lobe lung nodule , and bilateral pleural effusionsfig . 
2pathologic examination of case 1 shows varying degrees of compartmentalizing fibrosis associated with lymphocytic infiltrate .
the infiltrating cells are mostly large with irregular and convoluted vesicular nuclei , 13 visible nucleoli , and moderate cytoplasm .
chest ct of case 1 reveals a 13.7    9.2-cm superior mediastinal mass , multiple left pleural masses ranging from 2.42.7  cm , a 1.6-cm left upper lobe lung nodule , and bilateral pleural effusions pathologic examination of case 1 shows varying degrees of compartmentalizing fibrosis associated with lymphocytic infiltrate .
the infiltrating cells are mostly large with irregular and convoluted vesicular nuclei , 13 visible nucleoli , and moderate cytoplasm .
eber in situ hybridization is positive in approximately 30% of the tumor cells a 38-year - old male with history of hiv for 7  years and no prior aids - defining illness presented with complaints of progressive shortness of breath for 10  days and one episode of fever 2  weeks prior to the onset of his symptoms .
he had night sweats for about 3  years , but he denied weight loss , cough , or hemoptysis . on admission , his laboratory values showed a cd4 count of 140/l and a markedly elevated ldh value of 886 .
imaging studies of the chest revealed an abnormal cardiomediastinal silhouette caused by a large left - sided mediastinal mass extending within the superior hemithorax medially .
in addition , large left - sided pleural effusion was present , and several nodular opacities were noted in the left lung ( fig .  3 ) . the patient was admitted , and highly active antiretroviral therapy ( haart ) was started .
the biopsy showed a variably dense lymphoid infiltrate composed of large lymphoid cells with abundant pale cytoplasm , pleomorphic nuclei which focal clusters , and rounded nests surrounded by delicate fibrous bands .
immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor cells were positive for cd45 , cd20 , cd30 , bcl-2 , and bcl-6 , were focally positive for cd23 , and were negative for cytokeratin , cd3 , cd10 , cd15 , and alk-1 .
eber in situ hybridization was mostly negative , with only very rare scattered positively staining cells ( fig . 
flow cytometric analysis showed a population of t lymphocytes with a cd4/cd8 ratio of 1.4 , but no discrete cd19 + or cd20 + b cell cluster was identified .
a positron emission tomography scan , however , revealed multifocal extranodal thoracic , both nodal and extranodal abdominal , and possible acetabular involvement by the lymphoma .
the patient was treated with steroids followed by combination chemotherapy with rituxan - hypercvad / intrathecal metothrexate in addition to haart and antimicrobial medication including bactrim , acyclovir , and diflucan .
after 2  cycles of therapy , the mediastinal mass decreased in size , and the ldh level dropped to 168 .
the patient responded well to the therapy and after 9  months of follow - up , he is without detectable disease . 

3chest x - ray of case 2 shows an abnormal cardiomediastinal silhouette caused by a large left - sided mediastinal mass extending within the superior hemithorax medially .
in addition , large left - sided pleural effusion is present , and several nodular opacities are noted in the left lungfig . 
4microscopic sections of case 2 show dense lymphoid infiltrate composed of large lymphoid cells with abundant pale cytoplasm , pleomorphic nuclei which form clusters and rounded nests surrounded by delicate fibrous bands .
eber in situ hybridization was negative chest x - ray of case 2 shows an abnormal cardiomediastinal silhouette caused by a large left - sided mediastinal mass extending within the superior hemithorax medially .
in addition , large left - sided pleural effusion is present , and several nodular opacities are noted in the left lung microscopic sections of case 2 show dense lymphoid infiltrate composed of large lymphoid cells with abundant pale cytoplasm , pleomorphic nuclei which form clusters and rounded nests surrounded by delicate fibrous bands .
a 25-year - old female presented to her physician with 1  week of worsening shortness of breath , cough , and chest pain .
she gave birth to her fourth child 5  weeks ago , and her cough and shortness of birth was developed a few days prior to delivery .
she was diagnosed with hiv 1  year before ; however , she had no previous manifestation of aids .
chest computed tomography ( ct ) revealed a 13.7    9.2-cm superior mediastinal mass , multiple left pleural masses ranging from 2.42.7  cm , a 1.6-cm left upper lobe lung nodule , and bilateral pleural effusions ( fig .  1 ) .
the infiltrating cells were mostly large with irregular and convoluted vesicular nuclei , 13 visible nucleoli , and moderately abundant cytoplasm .
the tumor cells were cd45 + , cd20 + , cd23 + , partially cd30 + , weak partial positive for bcl-2 and bcl-6 , and negative for cd3 , cd5 , cd10 , cd15 , cd21 , and alk-1 .
eber in situ hybridization was positive in approximately 30% of the tumor cells ( fig .  2 ) .
flow cytomeric immunophenotyping showed a decreased cd4/cd8 ratio of 0.3 and evidence of an abnormal b cell population with expression of cd19 and cd20 but lack of surface immunoglobulin light chain expression .
lumbar puncture and a magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed no evidence of central nervous system involvement of lymphoma .
her symptoms initially improved ; however , after the third cycle , her disease progressed and the treatment was changed to vp-16 , ifosfamide , and ara - c with concurrent mesna .
her symptoms continued worsening and she died of respiratory failure 5  months after the diagnosis of the lymphoma . 

1chest ct of case 1 reveals a 13.7    9.2-cm superior mediastinal mass , multiple left pleural masses ranging from 2.42.7  cm , a 1.6-cm left upper lobe lung nodule , and bilateral pleural effusionsfig . 
2pathologic examination of case 1 shows varying degrees of compartmentalizing fibrosis associated with lymphocytic infiltrate .
the infiltrating cells are mostly large with irregular and convoluted vesicular nuclei , 13 visible nucleoli , and moderate cytoplasm .
chest ct of case 1 reveals a 13.7    9.2-cm superior mediastinal mass , multiple left pleural masses ranging from 2.42.7  cm , a 1.6-cm left upper lobe lung nodule , and bilateral pleural effusions pathologic examination of case 1 shows varying degrees of compartmentalizing fibrosis associated with lymphocytic infiltrate .
the infiltrating cells are mostly large with irregular and convoluted vesicular nuclei , 13 visible nucleoli , and moderate cytoplasm .
a 38-year - old male with history of hiv for 7  years and no prior aids - defining illness presented with complaints of progressive shortness of breath for 10  days and one episode of fever 2  weeks prior to the onset of his symptoms .
he had night sweats for about 3  years , but he denied weight loss , cough , or hemoptysis . on admission , his laboratory values showed a cd4 count of 140/l and a markedly elevated ldh value of 886 .
imaging studies of the chest revealed an abnormal cardiomediastinal silhouette caused by a large left - sided mediastinal mass extending within the superior hemithorax medially .
in addition , large left - sided pleural effusion was present , and several nodular opacities were noted in the left lung ( fig .  3 ) .
the patient was admitted , and highly active antiretroviral therapy ( haart ) was started .
the biopsy showed a variably dense lymphoid infiltrate composed of large lymphoid cells with abundant pale cytoplasm , pleomorphic nuclei which focal clusters , and rounded nests surrounded by delicate fibrous bands .
immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor cells were positive for cd45 , cd20 , cd30 , bcl-2 , and bcl-6 , were focally positive for cd23 , and were negative for cytokeratin , cd3 , cd10 , cd15 , and alk-1 .
eber in situ hybridization was mostly negative , with only very rare scattered positively staining cells ( fig . 
flow cytometric analysis showed a population of t lymphocytes with a cd4/cd8 ratio of 1.4 , but no discrete cd19 + or cd20 + b cell cluster was identified .
a positron emission tomography scan , however , revealed multifocal extranodal thoracic , both nodal and extranodal abdominal , and possible acetabular involvement by the lymphoma .
the patient was treated with steroids followed by combination chemotherapy with rituxan - hypercvad / intrathecal metothrexate in addition to haart and antimicrobial medication including bactrim , acyclovir , and diflucan .
after 2  cycles of therapy , the mediastinal mass decreased in size , and the ldh level dropped to 168 .
the patient responded well to the therapy and after 9  months of follow - up , he is without detectable disease . 

3chest x - ray of case 2 shows an abnormal cardiomediastinal silhouette caused by a large left - sided mediastinal mass extending within the superior hemithorax medially .
in addition , large left - sided pleural effusion is present , and several nodular opacities are noted in the left lungfig . 
4microscopic sections of case 2 show dense lymphoid infiltrate composed of large lymphoid cells with abundant pale cytoplasm , pleomorphic nuclei which form clusters and rounded nests surrounded by delicate fibrous bands .
eber in situ hybridization was negative chest x - ray of case 2 shows an abnormal cardiomediastinal silhouette caused by a large left - sided mediastinal mass extending within the superior hemithorax medially .
in addition , large left - sided pleural effusion is present , and several nodular opacities are noted in the left lung microscopic sections of case 2 show dense lymphoid infiltrate composed of large lymphoid cells with abundant pale cytoplasm , pleomorphic nuclei which form clusters and rounded nests surrounded by delicate fibrous bands .
the world health organization classification of hematopoietic malignancies recognizes aids - associated lymphomas as a specific category to acknowledge the significant impact of hiv on the pathophysiology and prognosis of lymphomas .
the pathogenetic mechanisms contributing to lymphoma genesis are complex and include chronic antigen stimulation , genetic abnormalities , cytokine dysregulation , and the role of herpes viruses : epstein  barr virus ( ebv ) and kaposi sarcoma human virus ( kshv , hhv8 ) .
the overall survival of patients with hiv - related nhls is inferior compared to hiv - negative patients , and in hiv , the majority of patients present with widespread disease and with higher risk for central nervous system involvement .
the introduction of haart extended the lifespan of aids patients and some studies indicated a decrease of the incidence of lymphomas in aids since widespread availability of haart .
the combination of haart with aggressive chemotherapy , such as chop , not only is tolerable and effective treatment in patients with hiv and nhl but the initial good response to haart is also associated with higher complete response rates to the chemotherapy ( 77% response to chop versus 50% in nonresponders ) .
the association between hiv and classical hodgkin lymphoma is less clear , and , unexpectedly , the incidence of hodgkin lymphoma in aids has increased since haart was introduced . of note , hiv - related hodgkin lymphoma is associated with ebv in nearly all cases , and it has been postulated that the ebv - encoded latent membrane protein ( lmp1 ; which is functionally homologous to activated cd40 ) , is essential to the antiapoptotic phenotype of the reed  sternberg cells , replacing the cd40/cd40 ligand interaction by cd4 + t cells , which are decreased in aids . though diffuse large b cell lymphoma is one of the most common nhl associated with aids ,
so far , only one case of pmlbcl has been described in the literature in the setting of aids .
this patient , a 29-year - old woman with 12  years of history of hiv infection without prior aids - defining illness , presented with fever , night sweats , cough , and a cd4 count of 316/l .
haart therapy was initiated but had to be discontinued within a few days due to development of stevens  johnson syndrome .
biopsies via mediastinotomy established the diagnosis of pmlbcl , with no evidence of extrathoracic disease upon staging . chemotherapy with chop and granulocyte colony - stimulating factor was started ; however , 6  days after the first cycle of treatment , the patient died from neutropenic sepsis . in our current report , the clinical presentation in case 1 is classical in terms that the patient is a young woman who presents with a mediastinal mass and her disease is localized to the mediastinum ( table  1 summarizes the clinical findings of cases 1 and 2 in comparison to the case reported by milling et al . ) .
this patient was known to have hiv but because she was pregnant , she only received azt monotherapy and had very low cd4 t - cell count ( 152/l ) at diagnosis .
in contrast , the clinical presentation of case 2 is unusual in several aspects . the patient is a male and in addition to a large mediastinal mass , he has widespread disease at presentation . similarly to case 1 , he did not receive haart therapy prior to his presentation and his cd4 t - cell count was low ( 140/l ) .
neither of the two patients had evidence of bone marrow or central nervous system involvement .
the immunophenotype of the lymphoma cells of both cases is consistent with previously described phenotype of pmlbcl : cd45 + , cd20 + , cd23 + , and partially cd30 + . in case 2 , but not in case 1 , the lymphoma cells also express bcl-6 , a finding unusual but not excluding the diagnosis of pmlbcl . an important finding in case 1 is the ebv positivity in approximately 30% of the lymphoma cells by eber in situ hybridization .
the role of ebv in the pathogenesis of pmlbcl in the immunocompetent host was previously dismissed . in one study , only two cases were positive for ebv of 41 pmlbcl cases ; others reported complete absence of ebv . the previously reported case of pmlbcl in hiv - infected patient also was negative for ebv with eber in situ hybridization . in our case , it is not clear as to what extent the ebv positivity contributes to lymphoma pathogenesis or represents ebv infection acquired during the course of disease .
yet , the finding of 30% eber - positive lymphoma cells is likely to be clinically significant , since park et al .
recently reported that eber positivity of 20% or more in lymphoma cells in dlbcl is associated with significantly poorer overall survival and progression - free survival compared to ebv - negative dlbcls . in the immunocompromised , such as aids or post - transplant state , ebv infection even in a minority of lymphoma cells might have significant impact on disease pathogenesis and outcome .
since the molecular signature of pmlbcl resembles that of classical hodgkin lymphoma , ebv infection might contribute to an anti - apoptotic phenotype of the lymphoma cells with a similar mechanism as observed in hiv - associated hodgkin lymphoma . in our patient with ebv - associated pmlbcl , despite the localized nature of the lymphoma , the tumor continued to progress during chemotherapy resulting in death of the patient after 5  months of diagnosis . unlike case 1 , case 2 responded well to a combination of haart and chemotherapy and improved rapidly , despite widespread disease at diagnosis . 

table  1comparison of the clinical features of case 1 , case 2 , and the case reported by milling et al .
2004age / sex25/female38/male29/femalepresentationshortness of breath , cough , chest painshortness of breath , fever , night sweatsfever , night sweats and coughduration of hiv+ status1  year7  years12  yearsprior therapy for hivazathyoprinenonenonecd4 count at presentation152/l140/l316/lldh at presentation379  iu / l ( high)886  iu /
l ( high)542  iu / l ( high)stage of diseasestage ivstage ivnot statedbone marrow involvementnegativenegativenegativeextramediastinal involvementpleural masses , pleural effusions , left lung nodulepleural effusion , left lung nodules , multifocal abdominal and acetabular massesnonetherapy receivedhaart , 3  cycles of epoch then vp-16 , ifosfamide , ara - c , mesnahaart , 6  cycles of rituxan - hyper cvad1  cycle of chop and g - csfoutcomedeath 5  months after diagnosisno detectable disease after 9  months follow - updeath 6  days after chemotherapy comparison of the clinical features of case 1 , case 2 , and the case reported by milling et al .
2004 in summary , though increased incidence of pmlbcl has not been established in aids due to the rarity of these cases , pmlbcl occurs in hiv and appears to present in the setting of low cd4 t - cell count as a rapidly growing mediastinal mass . a good response to a combination of haart and chemotherapy
more cases are necessary to characterize the relationship between pmlbcl and hiv and to determine the impact of ebv infection on disease pathogenesis and prognosis in the immunocompromised .
 primary mediastinal large b cell lymphoma ( pmlbcl ) is a subtype of diffuse large b cell lymphoma arising in the mediastinum with distinctive clinical and morphological features . 
 though diffuse large b cell lymphoma is one of the most common non - hodgkin lymphoma associated with aids , there are no data available regarding the association of hiv and pmlbcl . 
 we report here two cases of pmlbcl arising in aids patients . in both cases , pmlbcl presented in a setting of low cd4 t - cell count as rapidly enlarging mediastinal mass . 
 the morphologic and immunophenotypic findings are characteristic of pmlbcl . 
 one of the two patients , a 25-year - old woman who had localized disease and evidence of epstein  barr virus in lymphoma cells , did not respond to chemotherapy and died of disease progression 5  months after diagnosis . 
 the second patient , a 38-year - old male with disseminated disease , responded to therapy and is disease - free after 9  months of follow - up . 
Introduction
Case reports
Case 1
Case 2
Discussion