based on the concept of emotional stability as defined in the literature , 250 items were developed covering initially the following 6 dimensions of emotional stability : 
 pessimism vs. optimismanxiety vs. calmaggression vs. tolerance.dependence vs. autonomy.emotions vs. logicapathy vs. empathy 
  pessimism vs. optimism aggression vs. tolerance .
the items were given to the judges , who were qualified psychologists with minimum 10 years of experience in the field of personality assessment .
out of these , 90 items were such where the judges could not reach a consensus , therefore these items were eliminated and only 160 items were retained for the initial trial . besides this , the judges felt that there was an overlapping of items in the last two subscales i.e. emotions vs. logic and apathy vs. empathy .
hence the items of these subscales were merged together and the scale had only 5 dimensions .
pessimists are gloomy and depressed , disappointed with their existence and at odds with the world .
they have low self - esteem , are introverts , have feelings of guilt , interpersonal dependency , and remain passive in social situations . on the other hand optimists are generally cheerful and positive in their outlook .
they are satisfied with themselves , find life rewarding , and are at peace with the world .
they show persistence in seeking goals in spite of setbacks and obstacles , operating from the hope of success rather than fear of failure . they perceive failures as being due to manageable circumstances rather than a personal flaw .
example : do you seem to have more than your share of bad luck ? .
people who are apathetic are detached , shrewd , worldly and expedient and harbor self- interest in their dealings with other people .
people who are empathic in nature consider other 's feelings along with related factors in the process of making intelligent decisions .
example : does it worry you if someone is annoyed with you for a mistake , which you have actually not committed ?
the dependent person lacks self - reliance , thinks of himself as a helpless pawn of fate , is pushed around by other people and events and shows a high degree of authoritarian submission ( the unquestioning obedience to institutional power ) .
the persons high on autonomy enjoy a great deal of freedom and independence , make their own decisions , view themselves as a master of their own fate and take realistic actions to solve their own problems .
example : do you place your trust in supernatural powers such as god or fate to see you through safely ? anxious persons are easily upset by things that go wrong and are inclined to worry unreasonably about things that may or may not happen .
people who are calm are placid , serene and resistant to irrational fears and anxieties . because of this ability they can stay calm under pressure .
example : do you often feel restless as though you want something but do not really know what ?
aggressive individuals are given to the direct or indirect expression of anger , for example , behavior such as temper tantrums , fighting , violent arguments and sarcasm , or participation in adventurous activities like mountaineering , car rallies etc .
they take no nonsense from anyone and feel compelled to return fire or get back at anyone who transgresses against them .
tolerant individuals are gentle , even tempered , with no personal conflicts and are not given to violence either direct or indirect .
an answer sheet was developed , wherein the subjects had 5 alternatives to answer each question i.e.  always , 
never. since the test was a combination of both positive and negative items the scores for positive items ranged from 5 to1 and for negative items it ranged from 1 to 5 .
pessimists are gloomy and depressed , disappointed with their existence and at odds with the world .
they have low self - esteem , are introverts , have feelings of guilt , interpersonal dependency , and remain passive in social situations . on the other hand optimists are generally cheerful and positive in their outlook .
they are satisfied with themselves , find life rewarding , and are at peace with the world .
they show persistence in seeking goals in spite of setbacks and obstacles , operating from the hope of success rather than fear of failure .
example : do you seem to have more than your share of bad luck ? .
people who are apathetic are detached , shrewd , worldly and expedient and harbor self- interest in their dealings with other people .
people who are empathic in nature consider other 's feelings along with related factors in the process of making intelligent decisions .
example : does it worry you if someone is annoyed with you for a mistake , which you have actually not committed ?
the dependent person lacks self - reliance , thinks of himself as a helpless pawn of fate , is pushed around by other people and events and shows a high degree of authoritarian submission ( the unquestioning obedience to institutional power ) .
the persons high on autonomy enjoy a great deal of freedom and independence , make their own decisions , view themselves as a master of their own fate and take realistic actions to solve their own problems .
example : do you place your trust in supernatural powers such as god or fate to see you through safely ?
anxious persons are easily upset by things that go wrong and are inclined to worry unreasonably about things that may or may not happen
people who are calm are placid , serene and resistant to irrational fears and anxieties . because of this ability they can stay calm under pressure .
example : do you often feel restless as though you want something but do not really know what ?
aggressive individuals are given to the direct or indirect expression of anger , for example , behavior such as temper tantrums , fighting , violent arguments and sarcasm , or participation in adventurous activities like mountaineering , car rallies etc .
they take no nonsense from anyone and feel compelled to return fire or get back at anyone who transgresses against them .
tolerant individuals are gentle , even tempered , with no personal conflicts and are not given to violence either direct or indirect .
an answer sheet was developed , wherein the subjects had 5 alternatives to answer each question i.e.  always , 
never. since the test was a combination of both positive and negative items the scores for positive items ranged from 5 to1 and for negative items it ranged from 1 to 5 .
based on stratified random sampling method , the scale was administered on 200 college students in the age range of 17 to 21 years . item analysis was carried out by calculating the  t values for each item using allen 's , formula .
the  t values for 160 items ranged from .94 to 9.73 . out of these a total of 50 items with highest 
the above mentioned scale is a 50 item self - administered 5 point rating scale comprising of 10 items from each of the abovementioned dimensions .
the scores range from 5 to 1 for positive items and from 1 to 5 for negative items .
hence the minimum score on the scale can be 50 and the maximum score can be 250 .
cronbach 's alpha was computed as an index of internal consistency for the 50 items of the scale on a sample of 400 college students in the age range of 17 to 21 years .
content validity was seen through collective agreement among the judges as well as empirically through item analysis .
construct validity of the scale was measured in terms of inter - correlation between subscales of emotional stability scale and total scale .
correlation matrix in table 1 reveals that the inter - correlation among various subscales ranged from .135 between aggression vs. tolerance and apathy vs. empathy to .503 between dependence vs. autonomy and pessimism vs. optimism .
all the subscales showed significantly positive correlation with the total score on the test ranging from .33 ( aggression vs. tolerance ) to .63 ( anxiety vs. calm ) .
inter - correlation between emotional stability subscales and total scale the norms are given in the form of cumulative percentages based on the frequency distributions of the total score . based on the obtained frequencies as shown in table 2 , 181 can be taken as minimum cut off score for a normal individual . in terms of mean and standard deviations
 12.79 ) , which means the scores in the range of 174 to 200 can be considered as normal .
a 50 item 5 point rating scale is developed based on the psychometric principles of test development to measure various dimensions of emotional stability .
however further research in the area can be taken up to develop the norms for various age groups .
 background : emotional stability remains the central theme in personality studies . 
 the concept of stable emotional behavior at any level is that which reflects the fruits of normal emotional development . 
 the study aims at development of an emotional stability scale.materials and methods : based on available literature the components of emotional stability were identified and 250 items were developed , covering each component . 
 two - stage elimination of items was carried out , i.e. through judges opinions and item analysis.results:fifty items with highest  
 t values covering 5 dimensions of emotional stability viz pessimism vs. optimism , anxiety vs. calm , aggression vs. tolerance . , dependence vs. autonomy . , 
 apathy vs. empathy were retained in the final scale . 
 reliability as checked by cronbach 's alpha was .81 and by split half method it was .79 . 
 content validity and construct validity were checked . 
 norms are given in the form of cumulative percentages.conclusion:based on the psychometric principles a 50 item , self - administered 5 point lickert type rating scale was developed for measurement of emotional stability . 
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pessimism vs. optimism
Apathy vs. empathy
Dependence vs. autonomy
Anxiety vs. calm
Aggression vs. tolerance
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION