implantation of a prosthetic aortic valve too small for the patient s body size could lead to an increased hemodynamic burden by creating left ventricular outflow obstruction , resulting in a higher mean transprosthetic pressure  gradient ( tpg ) .
this condition after aortic valve replacement ( avr ) is known as prosthesis  patient mismatch ( ppm ) and occurs when the effective orifice area ( eoa ) of the implanted valve prosthesis is too small in relation to the body surface area ( bsa ) of the patient [ 1 , 2 ] .
the eoai is calculated by dividing the corresponding eoa of each valve type and size by each patient s bsa .
although different cut - off values exist to define ppm , usually a cut - off value of eoai 0.85  cm / m is chosen , as described by pibarot and colleagues .
an eoai < 0.65  cm / m is regarded as severe ppm [ 1 , 3 , 4 ] . the eoai has been shown to negatively correlate with the tpg [ 57 ] and other studies have shown that despite normal prosthesis function , relatively high tpg can be measured after avr [ 3 , 4 , 812 ] .
studies examining the impact of an undersized prosthetic aortic valve on long - term survival mainly focus on describing the existence of ppm . the impact of ppm on mortality after avr is still a controversial topic .
several studies have shown that ppm is associated with increased short - term and/or long - term mortality after avr [ 1316 ] .
other studies contradict these findings and report that ppm does not have a significant impact on survival [ 1724 ] . in this study we focussed on the main hemodynamic consequence of ppm , and we sought to determine the effect of a higher tpg , measured at 6  weeks after avr or avr with coronary artery bypass grafting ( avr with cabg ) , on late all - cause mortality .
clinical data , echocardiographic data , catheterization data , and surgical reports were entered into the institutional database prospectively and analyzed retrospectively .
because anonymous standard clinical follow - up check - ups were used to collect and analyze data , the study was approved by the medical ethical committee . between january 1998 and march 2012 , 2,957 patients underwent avr ( n  =  1,701 ) or avr with cabg ( n  =  1,256 ) using a mechanical or stented biological aortic valve prosthesis at our institution .
only patients who underwent transthoracic echocardiography ( tte ) at 6  weeks after avr or avr with cabg were analyzed , leading to the exclusion of 681 patients , including 57 patients who died within 6  weeks postoperatively ( early mortality  <  6  weeks  =  1.9  % ) .
twelve patients were lost to follow - up and were also excluded from our analysis . based on the tpg the patients
were split into three groups : patients with a low tpg ( < 10  mmhg ) , n  =  876 ; patients with a medium tpg ( 1019  mmhg ) , n  =  1,184 ; and patients with a high tpg ( 20  mmhg ) , n  =  204 .
patient characteristics are summarized in table  1.table  1characteristics for each pressure gradient group ( n  =  2,264)variablelow gradientmoderate gradienthigh gradient 
 p 
 ( < 10  mmhg ) n  =  876(1019  mmhg ) n  =  1,184(20  mmhg ) n  =  204age ( years)70    1067    1165    12<0.001sex  female328 ( 37.4)448 ( 37.8)56 ( 27.5)0.015endocarditis27 ( 3.1)54 ( 4.6)14 ( 6.9)0.035preoperative lv function  severely impaired ( ef  <  30  % ) 39 ( 4.5)27 ( 2.3)4 ( 2.0)0.012hypertension406 ( 46.3)549 ( 46.4)78 ( 38.2)0.085diabetes mellitus151 ( 17.2)203 ( 17.1)33 ( 16.2)0.934body weight ( kg)77    1379    1481    16<0.001height ( cm)170    9170    9171    90.172body surface area , bsa ( m)1.88    0.191.91    0.191.92    0.210.002body mass index , bmi ( kg / m)26.8    4.027.4    4.227.5    4.70.006peripheral vascular disease ( pvd)108 ( 12.3)111 ( 9.4)20 ( 9.8)0.091renal dysfunction46 ( 5.3)65 ( 5.5)11 ( 5.4)0.972chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd)144 ( 16.4)194 ( 16.4)41 ( 20.1)0.404cerebrovascular accident ( cva)36 ( 4.1)64 ( 5.4)12 ( 5.9)0.305previous cardiac surgery64 ( 7.3)85 ( 7.2)31 ( 15.2)<0.001additive euroscore6.2    2.55.9    2.55.8    2.50.052logistic euroscore7.93    8.337.06   
7.067.18    7.690.075prosthetic valve diameter , mm  median232323prosthetic valve type  mechanical367 ( 41.9)580 ( 52.3)120 ( 58.8)<0.001concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting424 ( 48.4)464 ( 39.2)66 ( 32.4)<0.001cardiopulmonary bypass time ( min)95    3791    3693    320.024aortic cross - clamp time
( min)70    2668    2568    220.147effective orifice area ( eoa ) ( cm)2.16    0.482.06    0.421.94    0.40<0.001indexed effective orifice area ( eoai ) ( cm / m)1.15    0.241.08    0.211.01    0.21<0.001ppm
( eoai 0.85  cm / m)43 ( 4.9)145 ( 12.2)51 ( 25.0)<0.001severe ppm ( eoai < 0.65  cm / m)2 ( 0.2)2 ( 0.2)3 ( 1.5)0.007mean transprosthetic gradient , tpg ( mmhg)6    313    328    11<0.001mean follow - up ( years)5.1    3.55.7    3.55.5    3.5<0.001data are presented as mean    standard deviation or number ( % ) 
 ef ejection fraction , lv left ventricular , ppm prosthesis  patient mismatch characteristics for each pressure gradient group ( n  =  2,264 ) data are presented as mean    standard deviation or number ( % ) 
 ef ejection fraction , lv left ventricular , ppm prosthesis 
after a median sternotomy , the ascending aorta and right atrium were cannulated and normothermic extracorporeal circulation with non - pulsatile flow was instituted .
myocardial protection was obtained using cold crystalloid cardioplegia ( st . thomas solution ) or warm blood cardioplegia according to the surgeon s preference .
cardioplegia was administered in an antegrade fashion through the aortic root and/or selectively in both coronary ostia to induce and maintain cardiac arrest .
implantation of the biggest valve possible and using prosthetic valves with optimal hemodynamic profiles in patients with small annular size were strategies used to minimize the incidence of ppm .
an overview of implanted prosthetic valve types is shown in table  2.table  2prosthetic valve distribution ( n  =  2,264)variablevalueprosthetic valve diameter ( mm )  median23  mmprosthetic valve type  mechanical1,067 ( 47.1 )  st .
jude medical hp36 ( 1.6 )  biological ( stented)1,197 ( 52.9 )  carpentier 
edwards magna142 ( 6.3 )  carpentier - edwards perimount412 ( 18.2 )  sorin mitroflow291 ( 12.9 )  medtronic mosaic98 ( 4.3 )  st .
jude medical epic167 ( 7.4)data are number of patients ( % ) prosthetic valve distribution ( n  =  2,264 ) data are number of patients ( % ) ppm was expressed by the eoai .
the eoai was calculated by dividing the corresponding eoa of each valve type and size ( registered in vitro values published by each manufacturer ) by each patient s bsa [ 1 , 6 ] .
ppm was defined as eoai 0.85  cm / m and severe ppm as eoai < 0.65  cm / m [ 1 , 3 , 4 ] .
there was no significant difference in the prevalence of ppm between patients who died within 6  weeks postoperatively ( n  =  57 ) and the final study population ( n  =  2,264 ) ( 10.5 vs 10.6  % , respectively ; p  =  0.994 ) .
all patients underwent postoperative transthoracic echocardiography ( tte ) evaluation of the mean aortic valve pressure gradient 6  weeks after surgery .
mean pressure gradients were calculated using the modified bernoulli equation with correction for subvalvular velocities .
follow - up data concerning mortality were gathered using the databases of the civil registry .
the remaining data that could not be retrieved from these databases were obtained by contacting patients general practitioners .
twelve patients were lost to follow - up ; mean follow - up was 5.5    3.5  years ( range 0.114.7  years ) .
late mortality was defined as all - cause death occurring later than 6  weeks after surgery .
mean values were compared by using one - way anova or its non - parametric alternative , the kruskal 
wallis test , for continuous variables and pearson s chi - squared test for categorical variables .
cumulative probability values of survival were estimated with kaplan  meier method and compared between groups using log - rank test .
cox proportional - hazard regression analysis was used to determine univariate predictors and multivariate independent predictors of late mortality .
hazard ratios ( hr ) were reported with 95  % confidence intervals ( ci ) .
variables considered as potential predictors for multivariable modeling were selected by univariate analyses ( p  <  0.05 ) and were subsequently selected by stepwise forward selection , with entry and retention in the model set at a significance level of 0.05 .
goodness of fit of the final model was assessed with the chi - squared goodness - of - fit test .
all calculations were performed using a commercially available statistical package ( spss 20.0 ; spss inc . ,
clinical data , echocardiographic data , catheterization data , and surgical reports were entered into the institutional database prospectively and analyzed retrospectively . because anonymous standard clinical follow - up check - ups were used to collect and analyze data , the study was approved by the medical ethical committee .
between january 1998 and march 2012 , 2,957 patients underwent avr ( n  =  1,701 ) or avr with cabg ( n  =  1,256 ) using a mechanical or stented biological aortic valve prosthesis at our institution . only patients who underwent transthoracic echocardiography ( tte ) at 6  weeks after avr or avr with cabg were analyzed , leading to the exclusion of 681 patients , including 57 patients who died within 6  weeks postoperatively ( early mortality  <  6  weeks  =  1.9  % ) .
twelve patients were lost to follow - up and were also excluded from our analysis . based on the tpg the patients were split into three groups : patients with a low tpg ( < 10  mmhg ) , n  =  876 ; patients with a medium tpg ( 1019  mmhg ) , n  =  1,184 ; and patients with a high tpg ( 20  mmhg ) , n  =  204 .
patient characteristics are summarized in table  1.table  1characteristics for each pressure gradient group ( n  =  2,264)variablelow gradientmoderate gradienthigh gradient 
 p 
 ( < 10  mmhg ) n  =  876(1019  mmhg ) n  =  1,184(20  mmhg ) n  =  204age ( years)70    1067    1165    12<0.001sex  female328 ( 37.4)448 ( 37.8)56 ( 27.5)0.015endocarditis27 ( 3.1)54 ( 4.6)14 ( 6.9)0.035preoperative lv function  severely impaired ( ef  <  30  % ) 39 ( 4.5)27 ( 2.3)4 ( 2.0)0.012hypertension406 ( 46.3)549 ( 46.4)78 ( 38.2)0.085diabetes mellitus151 ( 17.2)203 ( 17.1)33 ( 16.2)0.934body weight ( kg)77    1379    1481    16<0.001height ( cm)170    9170    9171    90.172body surface area , bsa ( m)1.88    0.191.91    0.191.92    0.210.002body mass index , bmi ( kg / m)26.8    4.027.4    4.227.5    4.70.006peripheral vascular disease ( pvd)108 ( 12.3)111 ( 9.4)20 ( 9.8)0.091renal dysfunction46 ( 5.3)65 ( 5.5)11 ( 5.4)0.972chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd)144 ( 16.4)194 ( 16.4)41 ( 20.1)0.404cerebrovascular accident ( cva)36 ( 4.1)64 ( 5.4)12 ( 5.9)0.305previous cardiac surgery64 ( 7.3)85 ( 7.2)31 ( 15.2)<0.001additive euroscore6.2    2.55.9    2.55.8    2.50.052logistic euroscore7.93    8.337.06    7.067.18    7.690.075prosthetic valve diameter , mm  median232323prosthetic valve type  mechanical367 ( 41.9)580 ( 52.3)120 ( 58.8)<0.001concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting424 ( 48.4)464 ( 39.2)66 ( 32.4)<0.001cardiopulmonary bypass time ( min)95    3791    3693    320.024aortic cross - clamp time
( min)70    2668    2568    220.147effective orifice area ( eoa ) ( cm)2.16    0.482.06    0.421.94    0.40<0.001indexed effective orifice area ( eoai ) ( cm / m)1.15    0.241.08    0.211.01    0.21<0.001ppm ( eoai 0.85  cm / m)43 ( 4.9)145 ( 12.2)51 ( 25.0)<0.001severe ppm ( eoai < 0.65  cm / m)2 ( 0.2)2 ( 0.2)3 ( 1.5)0.007mean transprosthetic gradient , tpg ( mmhg)6    313    328    11<0.001mean follow - up ( years)5.1    3.55.7    3.55.5    3.5<0.001data are presented as mean    standard deviation or number ( % ) 
 ef ejection fraction , lv left ventricular , ppm prosthesis 
patient mismatch characteristics for each pressure gradient group ( n  =  2,264 ) data are presented as mean    standard deviation or number ( % ) 
 ef ejection fraction , lv left ventricular , ppm prosthesis  patient mismatch
, the ascending aorta and right atrium were cannulated and normothermic extracorporeal circulation with non - pulsatile flow was instituted .
myocardial protection was obtained using cold crystalloid cardioplegia ( st . thomas solution ) or warm blood cardioplegia according to the surgeon s preference .
cardioplegia was administered in an antegrade fashion through the aortic root and/or selectively in both coronary ostia to induce and maintain cardiac arrest .
implantation of the biggest valve possible and using prosthetic valves with optimal hemodynamic profiles in patients with small annular size were strategies used to minimize the incidence of ppm .
an overview of implanted prosthetic valve types is shown in table  2.table  2prosthetic valve distribution ( n  =  2,264)variablevalueprosthetic valve diameter ( mm )  median23  mmprosthetic valve type  mechanical1,067 ( 47.1 )  st .
jude medical hp36 ( 1.6 )  biological ( stented)1,197 ( 52.9 )  carpentier 
edwards magna142 ( 6.3 )  carpentier - edwards perimount412 ( 18.2 )  sorin mitroflow291 ( 12.9 )  medtronic mosaic98 ( 4.3 )  st .
jude medical epic167 ( 7.4)data are number of patients ( % ) prosthetic valve distribution ( n  =  2,264 ) data are number of patients ( % )
the eoai was calculated by dividing the corresponding eoa of each valve type and size ( registered in vitro values published by each manufacturer ) by each patient s bsa [ 1 , 6 ] .
ppm was defined as eoai 0.85  cm / m and severe ppm as eoai < 0.65  cm / m [ 1 , 3 , 4 ] . there was no significant difference in the prevalence of ppm between patients who died within 6  weeks postoperatively ( n  =  57 ) and the final study population ( n  =  2,264 ) ( 10.5 vs 10.6  % , respectively ; p  =  0.994 ) .
all patients underwent postoperative transthoracic echocardiography ( tte ) evaluation of the mean aortic valve pressure gradient 6  weeks after surgery .
mean pressure gradients were calculated using the modified bernoulli equation with correction for subvalvular velocities .
follow - up data concerning mortality were gathered using the databases of the civil registry .
the remaining data that could not be retrieved from these databases were obtained by contacting patients general practitioners .
twelve patients were lost to follow - up ; mean follow - up was 5.5    3.5  years ( range 0.114.7  years ) .
late mortality was defined as all - cause death occurring later than 6  weeks after surgery .
mean values were compared by using one - way anova or its non - parametric alternative , the kruskal 
wallis test , for continuous variables and pearson s chi - squared test for categorical variables .
cumulative probability values of survival were estimated with kaplan  meier method and compared between groups using log - rank test .
cox proportional - hazard regression analysis was used to determine univariate predictors and multivariate independent predictors of late mortality .
hazard ratios ( hr ) were reported with 95  % confidence intervals ( ci ) .
variables considered as potential predictors for multivariable modeling were selected by univariate analyses ( p  <  0.05 ) and were subsequently selected by stepwise forward selection , with entry and retention in the model set at a significance level of 0.05 .
goodness of fit of the final model was assessed with the chi - squared goodness - of - fit test .
all calculations were performed using a commercially available statistical package ( spss 20.0 ; spss inc . ,
there were significantly more patients with endocarditis , a higher body weight , a higher bsa and bmi , a mechanical valve , male gender , previous cardiac surgery and a higher rate of ppm and severe ppm in the high gradient group .
patients in the high gradient group had a significantly lower age , eoa and eoai .
the low - gradient group had significantly more patients with a severely impaired lv function and more patients undergoing concomitant cabg .
there were no significant differences between the three groups in other comorbidities , such as hypertension , diabetes , pvd , renal dysfunction , copd and history of cva .
long - term survival for the entire group at 1 , 3 , 5 , and 10  years was 97 , 93 , 87 and 67  % , respectively .
survival at 1 , 3 , 5 , and 10  years was 97 , 92 , 85 , 66  % , respectively , for the low - gradient group , 98 , 94 , 99 and 68  % , respectively , for the medium gradient group and 95 , 92 , 87 , 66  % , respectively , for the high gradient group .
figure  1 displays the long - term survival after transthoracic echocardiographic ( tte ) evaluation of the tpg , 6  weeks after surgery stratified per gradient group .
difference in survival between the groups was not significant ( p  =  0.258).fig . 
1long - term survival after transthoracic echocardiographic ( tte ) evaluation of the mean transprosthetic pressure  gradient ( tpg ) 6  weeks after surgery stratified per gradient group .
difference in survival between the groups was not significant ( p  =  0.258 ) long - term survival after transthoracic echocardiographic ( tte ) evaluation of the mean transprosthetic pressure  gradient ( tpg ) 6  weeks after surgery stratified per gradient group .
difference in survival between the groups was not significant ( p  =  0.258 ) the results of cox regression analysis for late mortality are shown in table  3.table  3univariate and multivariate cox analysis of late ( > 6  weeks ) mortalityvariableunivariate analysismultivariate analysis 
 p 
 hr ( 95  % ci ) 
 p 
 hr ( 95  % ci)age ( years ) 
 < 0.0011.07 ( 1.061.08)<0.0011.06 ( 1.051.08)sex ( female)0.8041.03 ( 0.841.25)severely impaired lv function ( ef  <  30  % ) 0.0401.57 ( 1.022.41)0.0621.51 ( 0.982.34)hypertension0.0031.33 ( 1.101.61)0.4491.08 ( 0.891.31)diabetes mellitus<0.0011.81 ( 1.442.29)0.0031.44 ( 1.131.83)endocarditis0.1150.62 ( 0.341.12)gradient group 
 1019  mmhg0.1070.85 ( 0.691.04)0.7810.97 ( 0.791.19 )  20  mmhg0.8150.96 ( 0.691.34)0.4961.13 ( 0.801.59)gradient 
 0.1560.99 ( 0.981.00)body mass index , bmi ( kg / m)0.5351.01 ( 0.981.03)peripheral vascular disease ( pvd)<0.0012.37 ( 1.843.06)<0.0011.81 ( 1.402.35)renal dysfunction<0.0012.21 ( 1.533.18)0.0071.66 ( 1.152.41)chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd)<0.0011.70 ( 1.372.12)<0.0011.70 ( 1.372.13)cerebrovascular accident ( cva)<0.0012.09 ( 1.502.92)0.0011.78 ( 1.272.49)mechanical prosthetic valve 
 < 0.0010.45 ( 0.370.55)0.3940.90 ( 0.701.15)concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting ( cabg)<0.0011.56 ( 1.291.88)0.9200.99 ( 0.791.24)cardiopulmonary bypass ( cpb ) time ( min ) 
 < 0.0011.01 ( 1.001.01)0.0111.00 ( 1.001.01)aortic cross - clamp time ( min ) 
 < 0.0011.01 ( 1.001.01)0.4951.00 ( 0.991.00)prosthesis  patient mismatch ( ppm ) ( eoai 0.85  cm / m)0.1751.20 ( 0.921.56)severe ppm ( eoai < 0.65  cm / m)0.4231.77 ( 0.447.09)previous cardiac surgery0.1511.29 ( 0.911.82 ) 
 ci confidence interval , ef ejection fraction , hr hazard ratio , lv left ventricular 
 entered as a continuous variable 
 compared to low - gradient group 
 compared to biological valves univariate and multivariate cox analysis of late ( > 6  weeks ) mortality 
 ci confidence interval , ef ejection fraction , hr hazard ratio , lv left ventricular 
 entered as a continuous variable 
 compared to low - gradient group 
 compared to biological valves univariate analysis revealed the following predictors of late mortality : age , severely impaired lv function , hypertension , diabetes , pvd , renal dysfunction , copd , history of cva , the use of a mechanical prosthesis , concomitant cabg , cpb time and aortic cross - clamp time .
ppm , severe ppm and tpg as a continuous variable or as categorical variable ( gradient group ) were not significant predictors of late mortality at univariate analysis .
multivariate analysis revealed the following independent predictors of late mortality : age , diabetes , pvd , renal dysfunction , copd , history of cva and cpb time .
the use of a mechanical prosthesis , concomitant cabg , aortic cross - clamp time , and tpg were not independent predictors of late mortality at multivariate analysis .
goodness of fit of the final model was assessed with the chi - squared goodness - of - fit test : p  <  0.001 .
there were significantly more patients with endocarditis , a higher body weight , a higher bsa and bmi , a mechanical valve , male gender , previous cardiac surgery and a higher rate of ppm and severe ppm in the high gradient group .
patients in the high gradient group had a significantly lower age , eoa and eoai .
the low - gradient group had significantly more patients with a severely impaired lv function and more patients undergoing concomitant cabg .
there were no significant differences between the three groups in other comorbidities , such as hypertension , diabetes , pvd , renal dysfunction , copd and history of cva .
long - term survival for the entire group at 1 , 3 , 5 , and 10  years was 97 , 93 , 87 and 67  % , respectively .
survival at 1 , 3 , 5 , and 10  years was 97 , 92 , 85 , 66  % , respectively , for the low - gradient group , 98 , 94 , 99 and 68  % , respectively , for the medium gradient group and 95 , 92 , 87 , 66  % , respectively , for the high gradient group .
figure  1 displays the long - term survival after transthoracic echocardiographic ( tte ) evaluation of the tpg , 6  weeks after surgery stratified per gradient group .
difference in survival between the groups was not significant ( p  =  0.258).fig . 
1long - term survival after transthoracic echocardiographic ( tte ) evaluation of the mean transprosthetic pressure  gradient ( tpg ) 6  weeks after surgery stratified per gradient group .
difference in survival between the groups was not significant ( p  =  0.258 ) long - term survival after transthoracic echocardiographic ( tte ) evaluation of the mean transprosthetic pressure  gradient ( tpg ) 6  weeks after surgery stratified per gradient group .
difference in survival between the groups was not significant ( p  =  0.258 )
the results of cox regression analysis for late mortality are shown in table  3.table  3univariate and multivariate cox analysis of late ( > 6  weeks ) mortalityvariableunivariate analysismultivariate analysis 
 p 
 hr ( 95  % ci ) 
 p 
 hr ( 95  % ci)age ( years ) 
 < 0.0011.07 ( 1.061.08)<0.0011.06 ( 1.051.08)sex ( female)0.8041.03 ( 0.841.25)severely impaired lv function ( ef  <  30  % ) 0.0401.57 ( 1.022.41)0.0621.51 ( 0.982.34)hypertension0.0031.33 ( 1.101.61)0.4491.08 ( 0.891.31)diabetes mellitus<0.0011.81 ( 1.442.29)0.0031.44 ( 1.131.83)endocarditis0.1150.62 ( 0.341.12)gradient group 
 1019  mmhg0.1070.85 ( 0.691.04)0.7810.97 ( 0.791.19 )  20  mmhg0.8150.96 ( 0.691.34)0.4961.13 ( 0.801.59)gradient 
 0.1560.99 ( 0.981.00)body mass index , bmi ( kg / m)0.5351.01 ( 0.981.03)peripheral vascular disease ( pvd)<0.0012.37 ( 1.843.06)<0.0011.81 ( 1.402.35)renal dysfunction<0.0012.21 ( 1.533.18)0.0071.66 ( 1.152.41)chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd)<0.0011.70 ( 1.372.12)<0.0011.70 ( 1.372.13)cerebrovascular accident ( cva)<0.0012.09 ( 1.502.92)0.0011.78 ( 1.272.49)mechanical prosthetic valve 
 < 0.0010.45 ( 0.370.55)0.3940.90 ( 0.701.15)concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting ( cabg)<0.0011.56 ( 1.291.88)0.9200.99 ( 0.791.24)cardiopulmonary bypass ( cpb ) time ( min ) 
 < 0.0011.01 ( 1.001.01)0.0111.00 ( 1.001.01)aortic cross - clamp time ( min ) 
 < 0.0011.01 ( 1.001.01)0.4951.00 ( 0.991.00)prosthesis  patient mismatch ( ppm ) ( eoai 0.85  cm / m)0.1751.20 ( 0.921.56)severe ppm ( eoai < 0.65  cm / m)0.4231.77 ( 0.447.09)previous cardiac surgery0.1511.29 ( 0.911.82 ) 
 ci confidence interval , ef ejection fraction , hr hazard ratio , lv left ventricular 
 entered as a continuous variable 
 compared to low - gradient group 
 compared to biological valves univariate and multivariate cox analysis of late ( > 6  weeks ) mortality 
 ci confidence interval , ef ejection fraction , hr hazard ratio , lv left ventricular 
 entered as a continuous variable 
 compared to low - gradient group 
 compared to biological valves univariate analysis revealed the following predictors of late mortality : age , severely impaired lv function , hypertension , diabetes , pvd , renal dysfunction , copd , history of cva , the use of a mechanical prosthesis , concomitant cabg , cpb time and aortic cross - clamp time .
ppm , severe ppm and tpg as a continuous variable or as categorical variable ( gradient group ) were not significant predictors of late mortality at univariate analysis .
multivariate analysis revealed the following independent predictors of late mortality : age , diabetes , pvd , renal dysfunction , copd , history of cva and cpb time .
the use of a mechanical prosthesis , concomitant cabg , aortic cross - clamp time , and tpg were not independent predictors of late mortality at multivariate analysis .
goodness of fit of the final model was assessed with the chi - squared goodness - of - fit test : p  <  0.001 .
this study shows that a higher tpg measured at 6  weeks after surgery is not identified as an independent predictor of late mortality after avr or avr with cabg .
this finding is reassuring when confronted with a postoperative pressure gradient at 6  weeks tte follow - up .
however , we do not have follow - up data concerning the evolution of the tpg after 6  weeks . in most cases ,
the tpg measured in this condition will most likely be representative for the future since prosthetic - related factors , such as eoa , hemodynamic profile and surgeon - related factors such as suturing technique and sizing which may play a role in creating a tpg are already defined at that point .
the etiology of tpg is complex and multifactorial and patient - related factors such as pannus   and thrombus formation may evolve over time .
pannus formation is a bio - reaction to the prosthesis [ 2830 ] , usually originating from the ventricular site and its structure consists mainly of myofibroblasts and an extracellular matrix such as collagen fiber   and thrombus can be a primary cause of pannus formation . on the other hand ,
a tpg can induce shear stress in the peri - annular tissue , which may also contribute to pannus formation . although pannus ingrowth can occur in the late postoperative period ( mean interval from previous operation 9.6    2.0  years reported by kuniyoshi et al . ) , valve - related complications due to pannus formation are rare ( incidence 0.24.5  % per patient year ) and scarcely an issue with contemporary mechanical prostheses .
late mortality is not affected by tpg probably because the gradient measured at 6  weeks after surgery is not likely to increase significantly .
zimmerli et al .   found that slight long - term increases in mean pressure gradients are normal findings and do not warrant a change in management strategy if unaccompanied by deterioration of symptoms or clinical signs .
postoperative tpg has to be interpreted differently than the preoperative gradient measured in patients with aortic valve stenosis , which is a progressive disease with increasing gradients over time . in most cases
a high tpg will still be a significant reduction in hemodynamic burden for the left ventricle compared to the even higher preoperative aortic valve gradient .
this improved and stable situation for the conditioned left ventricle could be another explanation for the lack of influence of tpg on late mortality . although there was no significant difference in additive and logistic euroscores [ 38 , 39 ] and both study populations were homogeneous for most risk factors , some baseline patient characteristics were significantly different between the two groups .
patients in the high gradient group not only had a significantly higher bsa , but also a lower eoa resulting in a higher prevalence of ppm and severe ppm in this group .
nevertheless , ppm and severe ppm were not significant predictors of late mortality and therefore unlikely to have a negative effect on survival in the high gradient group .
the fact that ppm does not affect long - term survival is consistent with other studies [ 7 , 19 , 24 , 4044 ] .
most operative characteristics , such as the use of mechanical valve prostheses , concomitant cabg , cpb time , aortic cross - clamp time were significantly different between the groups .
only cpb time was an independent predictor of late mortality whereas aortic cross - clamp time was not .
aortic cross - clamp time is a reflection of the duration of the technical repair , whereas cpb time is a reflexion of the duration of the technical repair time and the time the patient needs to wean from cpb , hence a reflexion of the general condition of the heart .
however , there was no significant difference in most comorbidities and euroscores between the groups .
secondly , we focussed on the patients undergoing tte follow - up at 6  weeks after surgery and the effect of a high tpg on late mortality , thus excluding patients that died before having their tte follow - up at 6  weeks . the low prevalence of severe ppm ( n  =  7 , 0.3  % ) , possibly caused by the above - mentioned surgical strategies to avoid ppm , limits the statistical analysis of this group . on the other hand , it is important to note that severe ppm is extremely rare when using straightforward surgical strategies to avoid ppm .
we were not able to retrieve the cause of death that might be equally important and we did not have any information about quality of life after avr in relation to the tpg .
finally , the relatively short mean follow - up of 5.5  years also limits conclusions about the long - term effect of tpg on survival .
in conclusion , our findings indicate that tpg measured at 6  weeks after avr or avr with cabg is not an independent predictor of all - cause late mortality and there is no significant difference in long - term survival between patients with a low , medium or high tpg .
 background in this study , we sought to determine the effect of the mean transprosthetic pressure  gradient ( tpg ) , measured at 6  weeks after aortic valve replacement ( avr ) or avr with coronary artery bypass grafting ( cabg ) on late all - cause mortality.methodsbetween january 1998 and march 2012 , 2,276 patients ( mean age 68    11  years ) underwent tpg analysis at 6  weeks after avr ( n  =  1,318 ) or avr with cabg ( n  =  958 ) at a single institution . 
 mean tpg was 11.6    7.8  mmhg and median tpg 11  mmhg . 
 based on the tpg , the patients were split into three groups : patients with a low tpg ( < 10  mmhg ) , patients with a medium tpg ( 1019  mmhg ) and patients with a high tpg ( 20  mmhg ) . 
 cox proportional - hazard regression analysis was used to determine univariate predictors and multivariate independent predictors of late mortality.resultsoverall survival for the entire group at 1 , 3 , 5 , and 10  years was 97 , 93 , 87 and 67  % , respectively . 
 there was no significant difference in long - term survival between patients with a low , medium or high tpg ( p  =  0.258 ) . 
 independent predictors of late mortality included age , diabetes , peripheral vascular disease , renal dysfunction , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , a history of a cerebrovascular accident and cardiopulmonary bypass time . 
 prosthesis  
 patient mismatch ( ppm ) , severe ppm and tpg measured at 6  weeks postoperatively were not significantly associated with late mortality.conclusionstpg measured at 6  weeks after avr or avr with cabg is not an independent predictor of all - cause late mortality and there is no significant difference in long - term survival between patients with a low , medium or high tpg . 
Background
Methods
Study design
Patients
Surgical technique
Prosthesispatient mismatch (PPM)
Echocardiographic follow-up
Follow-up and late mortality
Statistics
Results
Characteristics of the patient population
Long-term survival
Predictors of late mortality
Comment
Conclusions
Conflict of interest