it is estimated that 30 - 45% of the world s population complaint from sleep disorders[49 ] and its prevalence increases with age .
it is predicted that the population of elderly reaches to 10 millions in iran by the year 2019 . it has shown
that poor quality sleep is the third most common health problem of older adults , ranking behind headaches and gastrointestinal disorders .
a large study has suggested that 42% of older adults with age more than 65 year had difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep with an annual incidence rate of approximately 5% .
insomnia is the most prevalent consequence of physical disorders that is commonly associated with sleep latency ( more than 30 min ) , difficulty with sleep maintenance , or early awakening .
bedtime and sleeping difficulties are the major factors affecting sleep quality and account for 15 - 35% of these difficulties and secondly , low sleep quality is an indicator of many illnesses .
physical and cognitive symptoms of people with poor sleep quality are tiredness , loss of concentration , weariness , low threshold for pain , anxiety and nervousness , irrational thoughts , hallucinations , loss of appetite , constipation , and being more accident prone .
it is also well known that sleeping problems cause tension , delay in wound healing , increase of pain , and difficulties in performing daily activities .
older adults are hospitalize three times more than persons lower than 65 year of age and their long of stay is also more .
although patients may appear to sleep in hospital , it may not be refreshing or restorative .
several reports can be found in relation to the prevalence of sleep disturbances in older adults ; however , the quality of sleep in hospitalized older adults have not been studied so much in recent years . because the trend of the aging of population and due to the effects of sleep on the elderly s health and quality of life , the lack of an up - to - date study on the quality of sleep in elderly patients with physical disorders and specially the hospitalized elderly patients , specially from iran and the middle - east region and the responsibility of nurses to have adequate information about the sleeping patterns and sleep problems of their clients .
this study was conducted to evaluate the quality of sleep and its related risk factors in hospitalized older patients in kashan s hospitals , iran 2009 .
a cross - sectional study was conducted on a sequential sample of 400 hospitalized older patients in the university hospitals in kashan , iran .
this study received ethical approval from the ethics committee of kashan university of medical sciences ( kaums ) .
this study consecutively recruited patients aged 65 and older admitted to surgical and medical wards of the university teaching hospital between june 1 , 2009 and october 31 , 2009 .
the inclusion criteria were : age 65 or above , able to communicate either by speaking or writing and not being in an elderly hospice before the study .
exclusion criteria were : patients unable of answering questionnaires because of severe speech disorders ( aphasia , dysarthria ) or severe hearing loss ; length of stay ( los ) in hospital less than 7 days and patients suffering from cognitive impairment according to the short portable mental status questionnaire ( spmsq ) .
the spmsq is a 10-question , reliable and easy to use test to evaluate the cognitive function in older adults . in our study
the sample size was calculated based on the previous report which estimated that 47% of hospitalized older patients have some form of sleep disorders .
1 ) personal information form and 2 ) the farsi pittsburgh sleep quality index ( fpsqi ) .
the personal information form included the following information : demographic information such as age , gender , education level , and marital status and ten questions related to type of ward in which the patient was hospitalized ( medical and surgical ) , daytime napping , los , using hypnotics at hospital , previous hospitalization experience , medical disorder , type of sleep disorders and sociopersonal , physical , and environmental factors .
the psqi is a self - rated instrument that frequently was used to measure the quality and patterns of sleep in older adults .
the questionnaire is simple , easily completed , and all of the self - rated items are grouped into seven individual components of subjective sleep quality , sleep latency , length of sleep , sleeping habit , sleep disorders , use of sleeping medication , and daytime dysfunction over the last week .
a global sum of 6 or greater indicates a  poor  quality of sleep . the original english version of the psqi was initially translated into farsi .
subsequently , a faculty member with a good knowledge of english performed a retrograde translation into english .
reliability was calculated using the cronbach s alpha internal consistency coefficient (  = 0.82 ) .
the first step was to determine the relationship between the dependent variable ( sleep quality ) with independent variables using univariate analysis included chi - square or fisher exact tests for qualitative variables and t - test and anova for quantitative variables . in order to remove the distorting effect of the variables
the variables which had a significant relationship ( p < 0.05 ) or close to significant level ( p < 0.2 ) with the dependent variable ( sleep quality ) were entered into the model with the enter method . for explicating the intensity of correlation in the final model , the odds ratio ( or )
a cross - sectional study was conducted on a sequential sample of 400 hospitalized older patients in the university hospitals in kashan , iran .
this study received ethical approval from the ethics committee of kashan university of medical sciences ( kaums ) .
this study consecutively recruited patients aged 65 and older admitted to surgical and medical wards of the university teaching hospital between june 1 , 2009 and october 31 , 2009 .
the inclusion criteria were : age 65 or above , able to communicate either by speaking or writing and not being in an elderly hospice before the study .
exclusion criteria were : patients unable of answering questionnaires because of severe speech disorders ( aphasia , dysarthria ) or severe hearing loss ; length of stay ( los ) in hospital less than 7 days and patients suffering from cognitive impairment according to the short portable mental status questionnaire ( spmsq ) .
the spmsq is a 10-question , reliable and easy to use test to evaluate the cognitive function in older adults . in our study
the sample size was calculated based on the previous report which estimated that 47% of hospitalized older patients have some form of sleep disorders .
1 ) personal information form and 2 ) the farsi pittsburgh sleep quality index ( fpsqi ) .
the personal information form included the following information : demographic information such as age , gender , education level , and marital status and ten questions related to type of ward in which the patient was hospitalized ( medical and surgical ) , daytime napping , los , using hypnotics at hospital , previous hospitalization experience , medical disorder , type of sleep disorders and sociopersonal , physical , and environmental factors . the psqi is a self - rated instrument that frequently was used to measure the quality and patterns of sleep in older adults .
the questionnaire is simple , easily completed , and all of the self - rated items are grouped into seven individual components of subjective sleep quality , sleep latency , length of sleep , sleeping habit , sleep disorders , use of sleeping medication , and daytime dysfunction over the last week .
a global sum of 6 or greater indicates a  poor  quality of sleep .
subsequently , a faculty member with a good knowledge of english performed a retrograde translation into english .
reliability was calculated using the cronbach s alpha internal consistency coefficient (  = 0.82 ) .
the first step was to determine the relationship between the dependent variable ( sleep quality ) with independent variables using univariate analysis included chi - square or fisher exact tests for qualitative variables and t - test and anova for quantitative variables . in order to remove the distorting effect of the variables
the variables which had a significant relationship ( p < 0.05 ) or close to significant level ( p < 0.2 ) with the dependent variable ( sleep quality ) were entered into the model with the enter method . for explicating the intensity of correlation in the final model , the odds ratio ( or ) was utilized and the significance level was considered as 0.1 .
four hundred hospitalized older patients with an average age of 71.8 ( 5.6 ) participated in this study .
the average of total score of sleep quality of the patients was 7.3 ( 4.8 ) and 220 subjects ( 55% ) had a poor sleep quality .
the mean score of sleep quality was 10.9 ( 3.5 ) in the subjects with poor sleep and 2.9 ( 1.3 ) in group with good sleep quality .
the demographic and clinical characteristic of patients is stated in [ table 1 ] according to sleep quality . in univariate analysis ,
significant difference was observed among sleep quality and gender ( p < 0001 ) , marital status ( p < 003 ) , literacy level ( p
< 0001 ) , type of ward ( p < 0001 ) , and the using hypnotic in hospital ( p < 0001 ) . however , gender , los and day time napping did not have significant relationship with sleep quality .
characteristics of the 400 hospitalized older adult patients in the study according to sleep quality the mean score of sleep quality did have a significant relationship with the medical disorder ( p < 0001 ) .
the most important diseases that had negative effect on sleep quality were the respiratory complications .
the mean score of sleep quality had a significant relationship with the type of sleep disturbance ( p < 0001 ) ; those individuals who had delay in sleeping had a poor sleep quality .
the mean score of sleep quality had statistically significant relationship with physical ( p < 0001 ) , and environmental factors ( p < 012 ) but did not have a significant relationship with sociopersonal factors [ table 2 ] .
the highest mean score of sleep quality in the sociopersonal dimension was sleep habits change , in the physical dimension was dyspnea and at environmental dimension was light .
the quality of sleep scores ( mean  sd ) of hospitalized older adults according to medical disorder , type of sleep disorders and sociopersonal , physical , and environmental factors in multivariate analysis , the variables of gender ( or = 0.342 ) , literacy level ( or = 0.470 ) , type of ward ( or = 0.592 ) , previous hospitalization experience ( or = 2.336 ) , using hypnotic in hospital ( or = 3.633 ) stayed in the model that had a statistical relationship with the sleep quality [ table 3 . ] multiple logistic regression model for determining the predictors of sleep quality in hospitalized older adult patients
the results showed that more than half of the hospitalized older adults had poor sleep quality .
previous studies have shown that aging is accompanied with changes in the circadian rhythm , sleep structure and its quality .
in addition , the hospitalized patients spend a long time in bed , during the day , which interferes with their circadian rhythm and night sleep . however
; some researchers argue that this is not a result of the aging process per se .
the sleep disturbances experienced with the increase of age can be linked to the increase of medical problems and life style changes .  
this may specially be true for the hospitalized older adults . according to dogan et al .
, hospitalized older adults had a lower sleep quality than nonhospitalized controls . the results of lei et al .
it is also generally known that the hospital environment could negatively affect the sleep quality .
several factors have contributed to this negative effect such as changes in the patients normal environment , temperature , noise produced by machines and staff , anxieties and worries in relation to illnesses and not carrying out their home responsibilities , pain , breathing problems , pre- and postsurgical problems and lack of physical activity .
we found that the chance of having a good sleep quality was more in men than women .
this finding was consistent with the results of kiejna et al . who reported that gender was one of the four factors related to sleep disorder .
researchers have also shown that hormonal changes have an important role in structural changes of sleep among older women .
this study found that sleep quality of married older adults was better than divorced or widowed persons and individuals who were living alone .
have also found that being divorced results in sleep disorders in the population over 65 years of age .
have also reported that being divorced and widowed or being single are important risk factors for sleep problems .
adib - hajbaghery and akbari have also reported that amount and quality of social support significantly affect the old peoples health and disability .
thus , the single older adults with lack of social relations may be more susceptible to decline than others .
therefore , we may conclude that the lack of familial and social support can negatively affect the sleep quality of the older patients .
several previous researchers have also reported that socioeconomic factors such as education level , occupation , and income have significant relationship with sleep quality.[193538 ] it seems that illiterate persons are less familiar with problem solving methods .
also the economical situation of these individuals is inappropriate and hospitalization exerts an additional load on the household s economy that results in more stresses and sleep disturbance .
this study a significant relationship was observed between sleep quality and the type of ward .
this finding was in contrast to the findings of some of previous studies , that the sleep quality of patients in medical units was better than that of patients in surgical units .
although fear of being in a strange environment , anxieties related to the illness , and pre- or postsurgical periods may negatively affect the sleep quality , our patients in medical units were frequently suffering of problems such as dyspnea , cough , and nocturia that can not be easily eradicated and therefore have negatively affected their sleep quality . on the other hand , the most popular problem in surgical units was pain that perhaps was treated with analgesics . therefore , the patients in surgical units had a better sleep quality than the ones in medical units .
sleep quality of the older patients who had previous hospitalization experience had been reduced 2.33 times that is congruent with the results of other studies .
the reason for this issue might be the sense of hopelessness due to treatment of chronic illness in the older patients .
it seems that the effect of prior hospitalization on sleep quality ought to be examined more .
this study showed that the sleep quality of older patients who took hypnotic had been reduced 3.63 times . using hypnotic for a long time had a reversal effect on sleep quality .
nurses should also assess the elderly patients sleep habits and provide them before the prescription of hypnotics or sedative drugs .
on the other hand , medications with limited said effects and a low dosage should be used for the elderly people .
results of this study , same as other studies , did not show any relationship between the duration of stay and the sleep quality .
the reason for this difference might be due to different abilities of adaptation among the older individuals in different regions of the world or it might be due the difference in design of studies .
no significant relationship was found between sleep quality and daytime napping that is congruent with lai s study .
daytime napping would increase with age because the older adults have an increased opportunity to nap .
previous studies have also shown that difficulty in falling asleep or in maintaining sleep is common among the older adults and may result in poor sleep quality , increased probability of falls , decreased concentration and memory , and overall decrease in quality of life . in this research ,
the sleep quality was worse among the patients who suffered from respiratory diseases compared with the other diseases .
in addition , considering the physical symptoms , the lowest sleep quality was related to the patients with dyspnea .
it seems that respiratory diseases create more persistent symptoms such as cough and dyspnea that not only require frequent interventions by the nursing staff , but also interfere with the onset or maintenance of sleep .
this finding was consistent with the report of wooten who conducted a study on management of sleep disorders in the elderly .
have also reported that the noises produced by other patients or their visiting relatives , environmental light , changes in sleep habits and nursing cares performed at night were among the most sleep disturbing factors for hospitalized elderly .
this study showed that using hypnotics at hospitals , previous hospitalization experience , type of ward , literacy level , and gender were the most important factors affecting the sleep quality in the hospitalized elderly . knowing these factors can assist nurses in proper planning and for preventing sleep disturbance of the older adults .
we did not have the information about the patients sleep before the elderliness and we did not examine the patients regarding the primary sleep disorders either .
 context : sleep is an effective factor in the process recovery from diseases . 
 many variables affect the sleep quality of hospitalized older patients.aim:this study was conducted to evaluate the quality of sleep and its related risk factors in hospitalized older patients in kashan s hospitals , iran 2009 . 
 settings and design : a cross - sectional study was carried out on a sample of 400 hospitalized older adults in the hospital of kashan , iran.materials and methods : the farsi pittsburgh sleep quality index ( fpsqi ) was used for gathering data . 
 a global sum of 6 or greater indicates a poor quality of sleep . 
 statistical analysis used : data were analyzed using the chi - square test , t - test , anova , and binary logistic regression at the multivariate model.results:the overall quality of sleep of the patients in this study was poor . in the final regression model , sex ( or = 0.342 ) , level of education ( or = 0.470 ) , type of ward ( or = 0.592 ) , previous hospitalization experience ( or = 2.336 ) , and use of hypnotics in hospital ( or = 3.633 ) were the most important predictors of sleep quality . 
 the most prevalent sleep disturbing factors were worries and anxiety , environmental noises and pain . 
 however , the most negative effects on the psqi mean score were reported to be from dyspnea , environmental lights , and changes in the sleep habits . 
 quality of sleep also had significant relationship with sleep latency ( p = 0.001 ) and having a respiratory disorder.conclusions:the knowledge of sleep disturbing factors in hospitalized older adults might help in planning preventive strategies to improve quality of sleep . 
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