it is a benign melanocytic lesion typically < 2 mm in thickness , with an annual malignant transformation rate of one in 8,845.1 polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy ( pcv ) is a recurrent and relapsing chorioretinopathy characterized by grape - like subretinal vascular lesions associated with retinal pigment epithelium detachments ( peds).2 indocyanine green angiography ( icga ) is the gold standard for pcv diagnosis .
however , patients with pcv are often mistaken for patients with exudative age - related macular degeneration and typical choroidal neovascularization ( cnv ) .
we previously reported the first case in the literature of a stable pcv associated with nevus , which was managed conservatively.3 in this article , we performed a retrospective chart review following the written informed patient consent of a 78-year - old caucasian female , who had active , symptomatic pcv secondary to nevus , and was successfully treated with photodynamic therapy ( pdt ) .
this case involved a 78-year - old caucasian female with a stable left - eye superotemporal extrafoveal pigmented nevus for 20 years .
funduscopy showed a pigmented lesion measuring 4.83.2 mm in basal dimensions with overlying clumped soft drusen at the posterior pole along the 2 oclock meridian ( figure 1a ) , corresponding to a nevus at 2.0 disc diameters from fovea .
a discreet orange nodule adjacent to the pigmented lesion on the nasal aspect and associated subretinal fluid ( srf ) was noted .
optical coherence tomography ( heidelberg engineering , heidelberg , germany ) showed typical features of a flat nevus with ped associated with an underlying discreet polyp - like lesion at the nasal edge of the nevus and extensive srf ( figure 1d ) .
fluorescein angiography ( figure 1b and c ) and icga ( heidelberg engineering ; figure 2a and b ) demonstrated early filling of a grape - like structure suggestive of pcv with leakage in the late phase .
icga also revealed an associated small branching vascular network ( bvn ) in both early and late phases ( figure 2a and b ) .
a diagnosis of pcv adjacent to nevus was made . due to the peripheral location of pcv and the presence of srf threatening the fovea
intravenous verteporfin ( 6 mg / m ) was followed by standard - fluence pdt ( 50 j / cm ) at the center of the pcv with a spot size of 1,600 m over 83 seconds from a 689 nm laser . following treatment ,
srf was absent ; however , a persisting small ped was observed ( figure 1f ) .
icga at 7 months showed an absence of leakage , with complete regression of the polypoidal lesion ( figure 2c and d ) .
no active polyp could be detected on icga at 2 years , with a stable best - corrected visual acuity of 6/6 ( 0.0 logmar ) .
studies have found that patients with choroidal nevus may develop typical cnv.47 however , pcv secondary to nevus has rarely been reported .
we previously reported a case of a quiescent pcv arising from a stable choroidal nevus where the polyp was located above the nevus , however , between the retinal pigment epithelium ( rpe ) and bruch s membrane .
this location of the pcv corresponded to a study by uyama et al on icga findings of japanese patients with pcv , in which they proposed that pcv may be a peculiar form of cnv beneath the rpe and above the bruch s membrane.8 similar to this , histopathological examinations revealed that vessels found at the margins of type-1 choroidal neovascular membranes tend to be matured and dilated , and therefore , pcv seemed to originate from longstanding type-1 ( occult ) cnv above bruch s membrane and is not a primary choroidal vascular disorder.9 we postulated that a choroidal nevus may cause chronic inflammatory or degenerative changes overlying rpe , which may result in the growth of type-1 cnv and eventually lead to pcv lesions developing adjacent to the nevus.3 in our case , optical coherence tomography and angiography revealed a discrete orange grape - like lesion below the ped with early filling and leakage in the late phase associated with a bvn and an srf , which were more typical of active pcv .
some may argue the current case to represent malignant transformation of choroidal nevus , since srf was observed with an orange structure , which could be interpreted as pigment associated with choroidal melanoma .
however , the pigmented lesion was flat , and the orange structure was adjacent to , not overlying , the lesion .
moreover , our case responded well to pdt being applied at the center of the pcv , not over the pigmented lesion , and has remained stable for 2 years post - pdt .
these features support our case to be pcv secondary to choroidal nevus rather than malignant transformation .
various treatments including thermal laser therapy have been used for pcv.1015 icga - guided pdt was found to be effective in treating cnv associated with choroidal nevus ; however , variable outcomes have been reported.11 pdt is also one of the most effective treatments for pcv , resulting in acuity improvement , leakage reduction , and complete pcv regression.13,14 however , a high recurrence rate and minimal bvn regression have been documented , with possible complications such as subretinal hemorrhage and rpe tears.16 the favorable outcome of pdt in our case was most likely due to the extrafoveal location of pcv and the patient s good initial acuity . in pcv patients , vascular endothelial growth factor ( vegf ) was found to be elevated in rpe and vascular endothelial cells.17 intravitreal anti - vegf injections for pcv have been shown to be effective in reducing srf and improving vision ; however , vascular abnormalities have often persisted.12,15 a previous study reported that combination treatment with pdt and anti - vegf resulted in better acuity outcomes and a lower risk of developing pdt complications than photodynamic monotherapy.15 lowering vegf levels after pdt may be the key to preventing pcv recurrence and cnv development .
however , koh et al reported that in follow - up visits of up to 6 months , although pdt combined with ranibizumab was superior to ranibizumab monotherapy in achieving complete regression of pcv , no difference was found between the combination treatment and the photodynamic monotherapy.12 in this report , we present the case of a caucasian female who developed symptomatic , active pcv at the edge of a stable choroidal nevus , which was successfully treated with one session of pdt , resulting in improved symptoms and fluid resolution , and no further treatment was required .
icga is invaluable for diagnosing pcv and differentiating pcv from typical cnv , as pcv is a highly variable disorder .
further studies are required to understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis and evaluate optimal treatment options .
 we report a case of a caucasian female who developed active polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy ( pcv ) at the edge of a stable choroidal nevus and was successfully treated with verteporfin photodynamic therapy . 
 no active polyp was detectable on indocyanine green angiography 2 years after treatment , and good vision was maintained . 
 indocyanine green angiography is a useful investigation to diagnose pcv and may be underutilized . unlike treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to choroidal nevus , management of pcv 
 secondary to nevus may not require intravitreal anti - vascular endothelial growth factor therapy . 
 photodynamic monotherapy may be an effective treatment of secondary pcv . 
Introduction
Case report
Discussion