emblica officinalis fruits were purchased from the local market and authenticated by our faculty taxonomist dr .
a. s. reddy , and voucher specimen was retained in the departmental herbarium ( rav # 01 ) .
the pulp was extracted , air dried , ground to powder and stored in an air tight container .
a quantitative phytochemical analysis for phytosterols , saponins , polyphenols , flavanoids , total ascorbic acid and fiber was carried out using standard methods.[2831 ] colony bred adult male albino rats ( charles foster ; 200 - 250 gm bw ) were provided standard diet ( pranav agro industries , vadodara , india ) , water ad libitum and were housed individually in well - ventilated animal unit ( 262c , humidity 62% , and 12-h light / dark cycle ) .
the care and procedure for the present experiment were in accordance with institutional animal ethics committee ( moef / cpcsea / reg.337 ) .
after 10-day adaptation period , 30 animals were randomly segregated into 5 groups of 6 animals each : normal control ( nc)- normal animals without any treatment ; fluoride control ( fc)- 100 ppm sodium fluoride ( naf ) through drinking water ; feo 2.5 - 100 ppm naf exposed animals administered with 2.5 gm % eo fruit powder in diet ; feo 5.0 - 100 ppm naf exposed animals administered with 5 gm % eo fruit powder in diet ; feo 10.0 - 100 ppm naf exposed animals administered with 10 gm % eo fruit powder in diet .
composition of the experimental diet ( gm % ) at the end of the 4 week period , animals were fasted overnight and sacrificed under mild ether anesthesia .
liver and kidney tissues were excised , and both plasma and tissues were kept frozen until analyzed .
plasma glucose levels were measured by standard kits ( eve 's inn diagnostics , india ) .
hepatic glycogen was extracted with 30% potassium hydroxide , and the yield was determined by anthrone - sulfuric acid method .
the hepatic hexokinase ( ec 2.7.1.1 ) and glucose-6-phosphatase ( ec 3.1.3.9 ) activities were determined using the methods of brandstrup et al . , ( 1957 ) and baginsky et al . ( 1974 ) , respectively .
serum glutamate oxalocetate ( sgot ) and pyruvate ( sgpt ) transaminases , acid and alkaline phosphatases ( acp , alp ) levels were determined using standard kits ( eve 's inn diagnostics , baroda , india ) .
catalase ( cat ; ec 1.11.1.6 ) and superoxide dismutase ( sod ; ec 1.15.1.1 ) were measured according to the methods of aebi ( 1974 ) and kakkar et al . ,
glutathione peroxidase ( gpx ; ec 1.11.1.9 ) and reduced glutathione ( gsh ) were analyzed by the methods of flohe and gunzler ( 1984 ) and jollow et al .
one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) with tukey 's significant difference post hoc test was used to compare differences among groups .
emblica officinalis fruits were purchased from the local market and authenticated by our faculty taxonomist dr .
a. s. reddy , and voucher specimen was retained in the departmental herbarium ( rav # 01 ) .
the pulp was extracted , air dried , ground to powder and stored in an air tight container .
a quantitative phytochemical analysis for phytosterols , saponins , polyphenols , flavanoids , total ascorbic acid and fiber was carried out using standard methods.[2831 ]
colony bred adult male albino rats ( charles foster ; 200 - 250 gm bw ) were provided standard diet ( pranav agro industries , vadodara , india ) , water ad libitum and were housed individually in well - ventilated animal unit ( 262c , humidity 62% , and 12-h light / dark cycle ) .
the care and procedure for the present experiment were in accordance with institutional animal ethics committee ( moef / cpcsea / reg.337 ) .
after 10-day adaptation period , 30 animals were randomly segregated into 5 groups of 6 animals each : normal control ( nc)- normal animals without any treatment ; fluoride control ( fc)- 100 ppm sodium fluoride ( naf ) through drinking water ; feo 2.5 - 100 ppm naf exposed animals administered with 2.5 gm % eo fruit powder in diet ; feo 5.0 - 100 ppm naf exposed animals administered with 5 gm % eo fruit powder in diet ; feo 10.0 - 100 ppm naf exposed animals administered with 10 gm % eo fruit powder in diet .
composition of the experimental diet ( gm % ) at the end of the 4 week period , animals were fasted overnight and sacrificed under mild ether anesthesia .
liver and kidney tissues were excised , and both plasma and tissues were kept frozen until analyzed .
plasma glucose levels were measured by standard kits ( eve 's inn diagnostics , india ) .
hepatic glycogen was extracted with 30% potassium hydroxide , and the yield was determined by anthrone - sulfuric acid method .
the hepatic hexokinase ( ec 2.7.1.1 ) and glucose-6-phosphatase ( ec 3.1.3.9 ) activities were determined using the methods of brandstrup et al . , ( 1957 ) and baginsky et al .
serum glutamate oxalocetate ( sgot ) and pyruvate ( sgpt ) transaminases , acid and alkaline phosphatases ( acp , alp ) levels were determined using standard kits ( eve 's inn diagnostics , baroda , india ) .
catalase ( cat ; ec 1.11.1.6 ) and superoxide dismutase ( sod ; ec 1.15.1.1 ) were measured according to the methods of aebi ( 1974 ) and kakkar et al . ,
glutathione peroxidase ( gpx ; ec 1.11.1.9 ) and reduced glutathione ( gsh ) were analyzed by the methods of flohe and gunzler ( 1984 ) and jollow et al .
one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) with tukey 's significant difference post hoc test was used to compare differences among groups .
the present study provides an evidence for the positive influence of emblica officinalis on body carbohydrate and antioxidant metabolism in fluoride intoxicated animals .
the effects of e. officinalis in fluoride exposed rats were found to be dose dependent : 10 gm % dose was maximally effective compared to 2.5 and 5.0 gm % doses .
significant loss in the body and liver weights were observed in fluoride exposed animals with an increase in food intake .
addition of e. officinalis fruit powder to the diet increased the body and liver weights ( 9% , 17% , respectively ) with a reduction in food intake ( 22% ) in fluoride exposed animals .
the reduction in body weight in fluoride exposed rats could be because of an unavailability of carbohydrate for energy utilization though food intake increased .
it is possible that fluoride may have suppressed the hunger centers of central nervous system , resulting in increased food intake without enhancing energy assimilation , prompting a decline in body and liver weights .
a reverse phenomenon may have been caused by the eo fruit powder i.e. , e. officinalis fruit powder could have regulated the appetite and caused an increase in body and liver weights in fluoride exposed animals [ table 2 ] .
effects of emblica officinalis on food intake , body and liver weights fluoride administration is known to cause hyperglycemia , simulating diabetic conditions.[57 ] in the present context too , a significant increase in plasma glucose levels , hepatic g-6-pase activity and reduction in hepatic glycogen content and hepatic hexokinase activities were noted .
an inclusion of e. officinalis fruit powder to the diet of fluoride exposed animals resulted in significantly decreased blood glucose levels and g-6-pase activity with increased hepatic glycogen content and hexokinase activity [ table 3 ] .
these observations clearly indicate the potential of e. officinalis to counter the effects of possibly lowered levels of insulin in fluoride intoxicated rats .
while fluoride exposure significantly increased the sgot , sgpt , acp and alp levels , eo fruit powder supplementation reversed this trend in a dose - dependent manner , indicating the hepatic restoratory effect of eo fruit [ table 4 ] .
effects of emblica officinalis on plasma glucose , hepatic glycogen content , hepatic hexokinase and glucose-6- phosphatase effects of emblica officinalis on the activities of sgot , sgpt , acp and alp chronic fluoride toxicity is reported to enhance the oxidative stress as evidenced by a significant increase in malondialdehyde ( mda ) content and a reduction in body antioxidant status .
an exposure to fluoride in the present context also resulted in decreased levels of antioxidants - taa , sod , cat , gsh and gpx contents .
e. officinalis fruit powder addition at 10 gm % dose level exhibited significant increase in taa , gsh content and sod , cat , gpx activities when compared to fc and as well as f eo 2.5 and f eo 5 animals [ tables 5 and 6 ] .
effects of emblica officinalis on hepatic antioxidant profiles effects of emblica officinalis on renal antioxidant profiles the eo fruit contained 3.2 gm % fiber , 8.65 gm % phytosterol , 0.05 gm % saponins , 19.70 gm % polyphenols , 0.342 gm % flavonoids and 0.425 gm % ascorbic acid content .
thus , the presently observed anti - hyperglycemic , hepato - renal protective and antioxidant effects could be due to additive / individual components ability as polyphenols , and flavonoids are known to be hepato- and gastro - protective , anti - carcinogenic , ant - idiabetic , ameliorative agents for insulin resistance by protecting pancreatic islet  cells , antioxidative and anti - hyperlipemic in nature.[3941 ] dietary saponins , phytosterols and ascorbic acid play an important role as antihyperglycemic and improve glycemic index , lowering both fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin , modulating the insulin 's action.[4244 ] thus , results of present study and our earlier report clearly suggest that the fruits of e. officinalis exhibit anti - hyperglycemic , anti - hyperlipemic , anti - peroxidative and antioxidant properties in fluoride exposed animals .
it is , therefore , concluded that fruit of e. officinalis are useful in regulating fluoride induced hyperglycemia and improve the antioxidant status .
 purpose of the study was to examine the antihyperglycemic and hepato - renal protective effects of emblica officinalis ( eo ) fruit as a food supplement in fluoride induced toxicity . 
 eo fruit powder was incorporated into the diet ( 2.5 , 5 and 10 gm % ) of fluoride exposed animals for a duration of 30 days . 
 fluoride exposure caused significant elevation in plasma glucose , serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase ( sgot ) , serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase ( sgpt ) , acid phosphatase ( acp ) , alkaline phosphatase ( alp ) activities , hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase ( g-6-pase ) and decreased hepatic glycogen content , hexokinase activity and antioxidant profiles ( hepatic and renal ) . 
 an inclusion of eo fruit powder significantly reduced plasma glucose levels , sgot , sgpt , acp and alp activities , hepatic g-6-pase activity and increased hepatic glycogen content and hexokinase activity . 
 hepatic and renal antioxidant status of fluoride exposed animals improved upon feeding eo fruit powder . 
 we , therefore , conclude that e. officinalis fruit could be useful in regulating hyperglycemia and enhances antioxidant status of fluoride exposed animals . 
Materials and Methods
None
Animals
Experimental design
Biochemical analysis
Results and Discussion