symptomatic disc herniation located in the thoracic spine is a relatively uncommon disease with an estimated annual incidence of 1:1000 to 1:10000003,9,10 ) . on the other hand
, it is thought to represent 0.25 to 0.75% of all symptomatic disc herniations , making it common enough so that any spine surgeon will occasionally face this problem2,3 ) .
these patients may present with subtle complaints of localized or radiated pain as well as severe myelopathy with motor and sensory deficits , usually requiring prompt surgical treatment1,6,23 ) . since the first description of a herniated thoracic disc by c. a. key in 1838 , surgical management of thoracic disc herniation ( tdh ) has proven to be a challenge . in mixter and barr 's famous 1934 report on surgery for disc herniation , four patients had tdhs - of those , three underwent surgery with disastrous results : two of them developed paraplegia postoperatively while the third died of unknown causes10,21 ) .
poor results such as these were replicated throughout the early and mid - twentieth century and soon recognized to be secondary to cord manipulation during a laminectomy - only posterior approach17,18 ) .
consequently , several posterolateral and anterior approaches were developed to avoid cord manipulation , such as lateral extracavitary12 ) and its variant , costotransversectomy15 ) , transthoracic - transpleural16 ) , transpedicular23 ) , video - assisted thoracoscopic19 ) and transthoracic - retropleural , either open20 ) or minimally - invasive28 ) .
today , cord manipulation is recognized as extremely deleterious and kept to a minimum ; accordingly , neurologic morbidity rates have decreased steeply after these new techniques were introduced .
other complications are more commonly encountered today , such as those resulting from a transthoracic exposure ( pleural effusion , post - thoracotomy pain , etc . ) or incomplete cord decompression1,3,9,29 ) . given the limited visualization of the anterior dura afforded by posterolateral approaches and the frequently calcified nature of tdhs , the preferred approach for midline tdhs is anteriorly through the thoracic cavity , either transpleural or , as recently described , retropleural3,10,29 ) .
we present a case in which the application of intraoperative ultrasound ( us ) enabled us to successfully perform a transpedicular approach for a midline , calcified tdh and discuss its potential applications and deficiencies .
a 41-year - old woman with a prior medical history of coccidioides meningitis requiring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt ( vps ) in 2010 , presented with a complaint of inability to walk , involuntary movements of her lower extremities and nocturia for 4 months . on exam
, she could only stand with assistance and was unable to walk more than 2 - 3 steps ( nurick 4 ) .
spastic paraparesis ( mrc 4/5 , nurick 4 ) with patellar and ankle clonus and up - going toes to plantar stimulation were noted .
a diagnosis of thoracic myelopathy was made and computed tomography ( ct ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) were obtained .
a large , calcified , midline tdh was found at t7 - 8 causing cord deformation and signal change ( fig .
brain imaging was also obtained and remained unchanged compared to after her vps three years before .
following endotracheal intubation and continuous blood pressure monitoring , the patient was positioned prone on the open jackson frame .
care was taken at all times to maintain a mean blood pressure of at least 80 mm hg and intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential ( ssep ) and motor evoked potential ( mep ) monitoring were set up .
the spinous , transverse and articular processes of t6 through t8 were exposed with the bovie cautery and vertebral levels were confirmed once again with anteroposterior fluoroscopy .
laminectomies from t6 to t8 were performed with a high - speed bur and epidural bleeding controlled with a combination of hemostatic agents . at this point
, the ultrasound probe ( ust-9120 3.75 - 10 mhz multi - frequency convex probe , hitachi aloka , tokyo , japan ) was brought into the field and utilized to localize the anterior tdh , thus confirming the t7 - 8 level again ( fig .
this probe was brought intermittently into the operative field for use by the surgeon himself , when the cavity would be filled with warm saline .
care was maintained at all times to provide a minimum working distance of 3 cm to the exposed dura .
. the left t7 inferior articular process , t8 superior articular process and pedicle were removed with a high - speed bur thus completely exposing the left t8 nerve root and t7 - 8 disc ( fig .
ligation of the t8 nerve root was not necessary as it was found in its typical location , on the rostral part of the foramen .
the t7 - 8 disc was incised with a # 11 blade and , as expected , little material could be obtained . the calcified , midline tdh could be palpated and delimited with a variety of angled curettes and instruments .
we thus proceeded to create a cavity in the t8 vertebral body as described by jefferson and utilized a combination of angled instruments to dissect the calcified mass from the anterior dura ; as this plane was delimited , the calcified mass was pushed anterior into the crevice and then removed piecemeal13 ) .
alternatively , an angled instrument was also inserted from the opposite side and used to push the mass towards the left , where it could be manipulated ; this did not require any additional removal of the right articular processes beyond a standard laminectomy ( fig . 2c ) .
the us probe was frequently brought into the field to assess cord decompression progress until the calcified tdh had been completely resected ( fig .
no objective instability was observed ; as the right t7 - 8 zygapophysial joint was rendered almost intact and the vertebral body cavity was estimated at less than 10% of the vertebral body , an instrumented fusion was not considered necessary . estimated blood loss ( ebl ) was 150 ml and the procedure lasted 2 hours .
ssep and mep monitoring remained unchanged and the patient woke up from surgery at her neurological baseline .
she was discharged home on postoperative day 3 and gait improved steadily over the first few days .
three months after surgery , she is able to walk unassisted , though her gait has not returned to normal ( nurick 2 ) .
a 41-year - old woman with a prior medical history of coccidioides meningitis requiring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt ( vps ) in 2010 , presented with a complaint of inability to walk , involuntary movements of her lower extremities and nocturia for 4 months . on exam
, she could only stand with assistance and was unable to walk more than 2 - 3 steps ( nurick 4 ) .
spastic paraparesis ( mrc 4/5 , nurick 4 ) with patellar and ankle clonus and up - going toes to plantar stimulation were noted .
a diagnosis of thoracic myelopathy was made and computed tomography ( ct ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) were obtained .
a large , calcified , midline tdh was found at t7 - 8 causing cord deformation and signal change ( fig .
brain imaging was also obtained and remained unchanged compared to after her vps three years before .
following endotracheal intubation and continuous blood pressure monitoring , the patient was positioned prone on the open jackson frame .
care was taken at all times to maintain a mean blood pressure of at least 80 mm hg and intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential ( ssep ) and motor evoked potential ( mep ) monitoring were set up .
the spinous , transverse and articular processes of t6 through t8 were exposed with the bovie cautery and vertebral levels were confirmed once again with anteroposterior fluoroscopy .
laminectomies from t6 to t8 were performed with a high - speed bur and epidural bleeding controlled with a combination of hemostatic agents . at this point
, the ultrasound probe ( ust-9120 3.75 - 10 mhz multi - frequency convex probe , hitachi aloka , tokyo , japan ) was brought into the field and utilized to localize the anterior tdh , thus confirming the t7 - 8 level again ( fig .
this probe was brought intermittently into the operative field for use by the surgeon himself , when the cavity would be filled with warm saline .
care was maintained at all times to provide a minimum working distance of 3 cm to the exposed dura .
. the left t7 inferior articular process , t8 superior articular process and pedicle were removed with a high - speed bur thus completely exposing the left t8 nerve root and t7 - 8 disc ( fig .
ligation of the t8 nerve root was not necessary as it was found in its typical location , on the rostral part of the foramen .
the t7 - 8 disc was incised with a # 11 blade and , as expected , little material could be obtained .
the calcified , midline tdh could be palpated and delimited with a variety of angled curettes and instruments .
we thus proceeded to create a cavity in the t8 vertebral body as described by jefferson and utilized a combination of angled instruments to dissect the calcified mass from the anterior dura ; as this plane was delimited , the calcified mass was pushed anterior into the crevice and then removed piecemeal13 ) .
alternatively , an angled instrument was also inserted from the opposite side and used to push the mass towards the left , where it could be manipulated ; this did not require any additional removal of the right articular processes beyond a standard laminectomy ( fig .
the us probe was frequently brought into the field to assess cord decompression progress until the calcified tdh had been completely resected ( fig .
no objective instability was observed ; as the right t7 - 8 zygapophysial joint was rendered almost intact and the vertebral body cavity was estimated at less than 10% of the vertebral body , an instrumented fusion was not considered necessary . estimated blood loss ( ebl ) was 150 ml and the procedure lasted 2 hours .
ssep and mep monitoring remained unchanged and the patient woke up from surgery at her neurological baseline .
she was discharged home on postoperative day 3 and gait improved steadily over the first few days .
three months after surgery , she is able to walk unassisted , though her gait has not returned to normal ( nurick 2 ) .
surgical approaches for tdh have evolved dramatically since the first surgical report by adson in 19224,13 ) .
while laminectomy alone has been abandoned due to dismal neurological outcomes , the time - honored open transthoracic , transpleural approach still poses considerable challenges - an access surgeon , double - lumen endotracheal intubation , ipsilateral lung deflation and a chest tube are typically required . in a recent series of open transthoracic cases , ayhan et al .
report good neurological outcomes ( 90% improved or stabilized myelopathy ) but some of the reported figures are concerning that this approach may not be applicable to the sickest patients : 605 ml mean ebl , four days of chest drainage and seven days in - hospital stay on average3 ) .
vats was described by mack et al . for tdhs and though less invasive than the open alternative , still requires an access surgeon , lung deflation and a chest tube while some additional training in utilizing 2d optics is required3,19 ) .
the latest development in anterior approaches for tdh has been the minimally - invasive ( mis ) lateral approach through a tubular channel .
these may be performed retro- or transpleural but have been described without the assistance of the access surgeon , double lumen intubation or lung deflation7,28,29 ) .
a chest tube may or may not be required depending on the surgeon 's preference ; neurological outcomes have been very good and ebl better or equivalent to vats3,28,29 ) .
long working distances also pose less of a challenge today since special retractors have been made available , though they may still be a concern for surgeons unfamiliar with tubular techniques - in the reported patient , working distances would be in the order of 140 mm .
regardless of the type of anterior approach , the risk of injury to chest wall vessels exists and instances of such episodes are inferred from major report quoted above - maximum ebl in each series ranged from 1500 to 3000 ml1,3,29 ) .
posterolateral approaches to tdhs were developed in the 1960s and their applications have been greatly expanded .
they are preferable , when feasible , to any of the anterior approaches and have been reported in a minimally - invasive variation as well5,8,10,14 ) .
however , visualization of the anterior dura is limited and posterolateral approaches have created a set of complications of their own , especially inadequate anterior decompression of the spinal cord9 ) .
posterolateral approaches are therefore typically reserved for those " soft " tdhs located off the midline8,9,10 ) . in order to circumvent this visualization problem
, we applied ultrasound guidance to the transpedicular approach previously described by patterson and arbit23 ) .
intraoperative us guidance in spine surgery was first reported in 1978 by reid for intrinsic cord lesions but has been since applied to both anterior and posterior approaches for degenerative disease across all vertebral segments11,22,24,25 ) .
it is an inexpensive and accurate method to supply the surgical team with real - time imaging without the use of ionizing radiation . when compared to intraoperative ct , minimal training and equipment
is required and probe utilization is intuitive to any surgeon familiar with spine anatomy27 ) .
us guidance has been applied once to tdh by stone et al . to localize an intradural disc herniation during a different posterolateral approach26 ) .
this is , however , the first time it is applied to a transpedicular approach to assess cord decompression in a midline calcified tdh ; as such , it is applicable to any open posterolateral approach and should be considered an important surgical adjunct .
surgical management of a midline , calcified tdh can be a daunting task for even the most experienced surgeons .
posterolateral approaches , especially the transpedicular approaches , have become the procedure of choice for off - midline tdhs .
the utilization of intraoperative us further expands its application to encompass midline , calcified tdhs while enabling the surgeon to avoid cord manipulation .
it is still unclear to us if this technique could be applied to every midline tdh , particularly those suspected of having an intradural component ; only continued utilization will answer this question .
this is a viable alternative of midline tdhs especially for surgeons unfamiliar with tubular techniques or patients who can not risk the potential complications of an anterior approach .
intraoperative ultrasound is a simple yet valuable tool that can provide real - time visualization of the dura - disc interface , objective assessment of spinal cord decompression and disc removal during transpedicular thoracic discectomy when direct visualization is limited .
spine surgeons should take this valuable tool into consideration when choosing surgical approaches for thoracic disc herniations . the real - time visualization provided by intraoperative
us increases the safety profile of posterior approaches and may make thoracotomy unnecessary in a selected group of patients , especially when a patient has existing pulmonary disease or is otherwise not medically fit for the transthoracic approach .
 objectivesymptomatic thoracic disc herniation often requires prompt surgical treatment to prevent neurological deterioration and permanent deficits . 
 anterior approaches offer direct visualization and access to the herniated disc and anterior dura but require access surgeons and are often associated with considerable postoperative pain and pulmonary complications . 
 a disadvantage with using posterior approaches in the setting of central calcified thoracic disc herniation however , has been the limited visualization of anterior dura and difficulty to accurately assess the extent of decompression.methodswe report our experience with intraoperative ultrasound ( us ) guidance during a modified posterior transpedicular approach for removal of a central calcified thoracic disc herniation with a review of pertinent literature.resultsthe herniated thoracic disc was successfully removed with posterior approach with the aid of intraoperative us . 
 the patient had significant neurological improvement at three months follow-up.conclusionintraoperative ultrasound is a simple yet valuable tool for real - time imaging during transpedicular thoracic discectomy . 
 visualization provided by intraoperative us increases the safety profile of posterior approaches and may make thoracotomy unnecessary in a selected group of patients , especially when a patient has existing pulmonary disease or is otherwise not medically fit for the transthoracic approach . 
INTRODUCTION
CASE REPORT
Presentation
Surgical technique
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION