the geriatric population , defined as people over the age of 65 , comprised 6.2% of the world population in 1992 and is estimated to reach 20% by 2050 .
aging is associated with numerous chronic illnesses and comorbid conditions [ 2 , 3 ] , polypharmacy and immunosuppressive medications , and changes in the immune system [ 2 , 4 ] . aging increases the susceptibility to infection . moreover
, both morbidity and mortality for many infections may be several - fold higher in the elderly with respect to the young .
although prevention is the most effective measure to reduce morbidity , mortality , and the expense of infections in the elderly , the prompt diagnosis and initiation of appropriate supportive and antimicrobial therapy is also a critical strategy for the management of infection in the geriatric patient .  
fever , being a cardinal symptom in the manifestation of infections , is an important clue for the diagnosis of noninfectious diseases such as rheumatic disease and malignancy as well .
although many studies have thoroughly investigated the causes of fever of unknown origin , there are no studies up to date about the etiologies of acute fever in the geriatric population .
geriatric patients hospitalized at the clinical microbiology and infectious disease department of istanbul faculty of medicine between 1999 and 2007 with the complaints of high fever and waning general health status were enrolled in this study .
advanced age and very advanced age were defined as 65 and above , 85 and above , respectively [ 5 , 6 ] .
patients referring to the clinic within the first seven days of fever which was measured to be above 37.3c were accepted to have acute fever . in this group of geriatric patients evaluated for acute fever , our study aimed to determine the underlying diseases , the most useful clinical and laboratory findings for the accurate diagnosis .
in addition , the mortality rates for specific infections and the risk factors contributing to high mortality rates were ascertained .
the cause of the fever was infectious disease in 135 patients ( 72.9% ) , noninfectious disease in 32 patients ( 17.2% ) ; 18 ( 9.7% ) patients were undiagnosed .
of the 135 patients with infection , 46 ( 24.8% ) had lower respiratory tract infection ( 41 community acquired pneumonia , 5 pulmonary tuberculosis ) , 26 ( 14% ) had urinary tract infection ( uti ) , 23 ( 12.4% ) had skin and soft tissue infection ( 10 cellulitis , 4 erysipelas , 2 diabetic foot infection , 3 pyomyositis , 1 carbuncle , 1 ophthalmic zoster , 2 thrombophlebitis ) , 3 ( 1.6% ) had orthopedic infection ( 2 prosthetic infection , 1 septic arthritis ) , 7 ( 3.7% ) had intra - abdominal infection ( 3 intraabdominal abscess , 2 liver abscess , 1 cholecystitis , 1 cholangitis ) , 10 ( 5.4% ) had central nervous system infection , 1 ( 0.5% ) had acute osteomyelitis , 5 ( 2.7% ) had cardiovascular system infection , 6 ( 3.2% ) had brucellosis , 3 ( 1.6% ) had disseminated tuberculosis , and 1 ( 0.5% ) had rickettsial disease . of the 32 patients with noninfectious disease , 8 ( 4.3% ) had rheumatologic disease ( 5 adult 's still disease , 2 fmf , 1 seronegative arthritis ) , 7 ( 3.7% ) had solid tumor ( 3 bronchogenic carcinoma , 3 colon cancer , 1 rectum cancer ) , 10 ( % 3.7 ) had hematological disease ( 5 nhl , 4 cll , 1 aml ) , 7 ( 3.7% ) had vasculitis ( 7 temporal arteritis ) .
the patients ' history revealed the following underlying diseases in our study group ; 45 ( 24.3% ) had diabetes mellitus , 35 ( 18.9% ) had hypertensive ischemic heart disease , 28 ( 15.1% ) had hematological disease ( 8 cll , 7 nhl , 7 aml , 4 cml , 1 multiple myeloma , 1 mds ) , 28 ( 15.1% ) had history of surgical intervention within the past 6 months , 22 ( % 11.9 ) had solid tumor ( 6 lung , 4 bladder , 2 colon , 2 rectum , 2 prostate , 4 brain -2 malign brain tumor , 1 pituitary adenoma , 1 meningioma , 1 mesothelioma , 1 nasopharnyx ) , 22 ( 11.9% ) had chronic renal insufficiency , 13 ( 7% ) had chronic pulmonary infection , and 4 ( 2.1% ) had chronic liver disease .
with respect to nondiabetic patients , the diabetics had significantly longer mean period of hospitalization ( 21.56  16.52 versus 16.73  12.81 days p = .04 ) , significantly higher neutrophil counts ( 9765.9  1266.7/ml versus 7197.1  6266.7/ml p = .003 ) , and significantly lower levels of albumin ( 2.9  0.7  gr / dl versus 3.1  0.4  gr / dl p = .03 ) . among the diabetics , the cause of the fever was infectious diseases in 37 patients ( 82.2% ) , noninfectious disease in 6 patients ( 13.3% ) . the source of fever could not be identified in 2 patients ( 4.4% ) .  
the mean age of patients with infectious disease and noninfectious disease as the source of fever was 70.1  7.6 and 68.5  7 respectively .
the mean period of hospitalization was 17.78  13.51 days , and 18.34  15.19 days respectively .
at least one underlying disease ( diabetes mellitus , hypertensive ischemic heart disease , solid tumor , hematological malignity , chronic renal failure , previous surgical intervention , chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder , chronic liver disease , corticosteroid administration over two weeks ) was present in the remaining patients . in advanced aged patients with no history of underlying disease (
n = 51 ) , infection was identified as the cause of fever in 36 ( 70% ) while in 1 ( 2% ) patient noninfectious etiology was documented . on the other hand , in advanced aged patients with history of at least one underlying disorder ( n = 134 ) ,
the cause of fever was infection in 99 ( 73.8% ) and noninfectious disease in 31 ( 23.1% ) ( table 1 ) .
the most common findings were rales ( n = 83 ) , tachypnea ( n = 67 ) , pallor ( n = 57 ) , tachycardia ( n = 56 ) , cough ( n = 46 ) , and hepatomegaly ( n = 40 ) .
dyspnea , rales , and confusion were significantly more frequent in patients with infection identified as the cause of fever ( p = .02 , p = .04 , p = .01 , resp . ) ( table 2 ) .
laboratory analysis revealed significantly higher mean neutrophil count , total iron binding capacity , and mcv for infectious etiologies ( p < .03 , p < .04 and p < .03 , resp . ) while erythrocyte sedimentation rate and alkaline phosphatase were significantly higher for noninfectious etiologies ( p = .03 , p = .04 , resp . ) ( table 3 ) .
in addition , erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( esr ) over 100  mm / hour was significant for noninfectious etiologies of fever ( p < .001 ) .   13 ( 7.02% )
the cause of death was infectious disease in 11 patients ( 9 community acquired pneumonia , 1 bacterial meningitis , 1 skin and soft tissue infection ) while the cause was noninfectious disease in 2 patients ( 2 hematological malignancies ) .
the most common underlying diseases were not more common in the deceased group ( diabetes mellitus 4/13 versus 41/172 ; hypertensive ischemic heart disease 3/13 versus 32/172 , and hematological diseases 4/13 versus 24/172 , p > .05 for all comparisons ) .
pneumonia was present in 10 ( 20% ) geriatric patients with no underlying diseases and 31 ( 23% ) patients with underlying diseases . in this study population , 9 of 41 patients with pneumonia died ( 22% mortality rate ) .
the mean age of the deceased and survived patients was similar ( 70.6  5.8 versus 69.6  7.6 , p > .05 ) .
the mean age for populations is currently rising . by 2030 , every one of five individuals in the united states will be over age 65 .
the most rapidly growing segment of this population is those over age 85 years [ 5 , 8 ] . in the united states ,
the average life expectancy at 65 is 18.9 years , 11 years at 75 , and 7 years at 85 .
the waning function of cardiovascular , respiratory , and renal systems in the elderly is by itself a frequent cause of medical reference .
it is important to acknowledge that the malfunction of the mentioned systems causes an immunocompromised state .
this prepares the grounds for many infectious and noninfectious diseases contributing to the increased morbidity and mortality in this group of patients .  
the decline is prominent in cellular immunity . because of continuous antigenic stimulation circulating memory t cells increase while nave t cells decrease due to age - associated involution of thymus [ 12 , 13 ] .
response to foreign antigens is also diminished because of increasing lack of regulatory control of t cells on b cells . on the other hand , neutrophils , macrophages , and neutral killer cells
malnutrition , poor circulatory , and breakdown of natural mechanical barriers which are commonly seen in the elderly also contribute to infections in this population .
moreover , both morbidity and mortality for many infections may be several - fold higher in the elderly with respect to the young .
this condition puts the patient at risk for certain disease states , examples of which include decreased cough reflex leading to aspiration pneumonia , impaired arterial and venous circulation , and compromised wound healing , making cellulitis a common infection .
geriatric patients are susceptible to infections in a similar fashion to that of younger individuals ; however , there are a few exceptions
. first , the immune systems of elderly patients may not respond as readily as those of their younger counterparts , because of either the well - known diminution of activity or the suppression due to intercurrent infection or other treatment .
secondly , elderly patients may live in a different climate , preferring warmer temperatures and increased humidity .
this study identified lower respiratory tract , urinary tract , and skin and soft tissue infections as the most common infectious causes of fever in the geriatric group .
although pneumonia in the elderly patient is not reported as the most common cause of acute fever or fever of unknown origin , it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in this group .
diseases of the respiratory tract have long been associated with morbidity and mortality among the elderly population .
although pneumonia accounts for 13% to 48% of infections among nursing home residents , mortality rates of those admitted to the hospital are as high as 44% .
this study discriminated lower respiratory tract infections as one of the most common diseases and a very frequent cause of infection in the geriatric patients .
in addition , our observations showed that pulmonary tuberculosis was not the cause of fever in the geriatric patient with no underlying illness .  
uti remains as one of the leading causes of infection in elderly patients . among otherwise healthy geriatric patients , rates for uti
range from 5% to 30% , with higher rates seen in advanced age group . among institutionalized patients , the prevalence rates increase remarkably .
17% to 55% of women and 15% and 31% of men are reported to be bacteriuric in one study .
the frequency of uti as the cause of fever in this study was 14% ; uti was relatively more frequent in those with underlying disease . in this study group , 14% of patients had skin and soft tissue infection identified as source of fever .
it has been estimated that the prevalence of skin and soft tissue infection in the long - term care facility is 5%   cellulitis is both more common and severe in the geriatric patient with respect to the young .
cellulitis in the elderly is often attributed to chronic venous insufficiency , peripheral vascular disease , malnutrition , and trauma .
furthermore , patient 's age plays an important role in many different forms of rheumatic disease .
vasculitis , the most common rheumatologic cause of fever in this study , is associated with inflammation of vessels .
vasculitis often presents with fever or / and with fever of unknown origin [ 2123 ] .
the most common form of systemic vasculitis seen in humans , giant cell arteritis ( gca ) , occurs almost exclusively in people over the age of 50 . for this and many other forms of vasculitic disease that can develop in older patients ,
the challenges of diagnosis and treatment can be further compounded by the presence of comorbid diseases and concomitant medications .
temporal arteritis , a form of giant cell arteritis , was the most common vasculitic disease identified as the cause of fever in this study group .
adult 's still disease was the second most frequent rheumatologic cause of fever in this study . in this study , it was observed that noninfectious etiologies were more frequently identified as cause of fever in patients with known underlying disease .
this finding may be attributed to the relatively more severe immunocompromised state in these patients .
the analysis of the symptoms accompanying fever showed that dyspnea , presence of rales , and mental confusion were significantly more common in infectious etiologies ( table 2 ) .
this could be explained by the increased frequency of infectious disease in the elderly with underlying disease and the general waning health status due to presence of fever .
laboratory analysis showed that mean neutrophil counts were significantly higher in infections while mean esr and alp levels were significantly more elevated in noninfectious diseases .
presence of esr over 100  mm / hour was significantly associated with noninfectious disease .
the higher levels of alp in noninfectious disease were attributed to the infiltrative behavior of diseases such as vasculitis and malignancy .
the most common underlying disease in our study group was diabetes mellitus followed by hypertensive ischemic heart disease and hematological disease .
cardiovascular , respiratory , and renal insufficiencies are more readily encountered in the geriatric group .
an important data gained from this study was the presence of malignity as the underlying disease in 11.9% of patients requiring hospitalization for acute fever .
this study showed that infectious disease was the cause of 82.2% of diabetic patients evaluated for acute fever .
this finding is not surprising when the decreased immune defense associated with diabetes is regarded .
adherence , chemotaxis , and intracellular killing of neutrophils , monocytes , and lymphocytes ; reduced cell - mediated immune responses ; abnormal delayed type hypersensitivity responses are known factors for described abnormalities in immune functions associated with diabetes mellitus . however , humoral immunity is relatively intact in diabetic patients .
patients with diabetes commonly develop oral candidiasis , urinary tract infections , skin and soft tissue infections , osteomyelitis , tuberculosis , pneumonia related to gram negative bacteria , cholecystitis , and gastrointestinal infections .
noninfectious causes of fever were more commonly identified ( 23.1% ) in patients with known underlying disease with respect to those with no underlying risk factors except for old age .
mortality was not associated with age or presence of underlying diseases in this study population .
infectious diseases are reported to be the cause of acute fever requiring hospitalization in 75% of patients .
it is important to remember that infectious diseases especially with the copresence of known underlying diseases may show rapid progression .
as the life expectancy increases , the numbers of geriatric patients and their mean age are going to increase . in those patients with no underlying predisposing conditions except for age ,
the evaluation must be prompt , and the treatment should begin as early as possible . in the elderly patient with underlying disease , it will be more rational to consider noninfectious etiologies as the cause of fever .
 
 introduction .   infectious diseases may present with atypical presentations in the geriatric patients . 
 while fever is an important finding of infections , it may also be a sign of noninfectious etiology . 
 methods . geriatric patients who were hospitalized for acute fever in our infectious diseases unit 
 were included . 
 acute fever was defined as presentation within the first week of fever above 37.3c . 
 results . 
 185 patients were included ( 82 males and 103 females ) . 
 mean age was 69.7  7.5 years . 
 the cause of fever was an infectious disease in 135 and noninfectious disease in 32 and unknown in 18 of the patients . 
 the most common infectious etiologies were respiratory tract infections ( n = 46 ) , urinary tract infections ( n = 26 ) , and skin and soft tissue infections ( n = 23 ) . 
 noninfectious causes of fever were rheumatic diseases ( n = 8) , solid tumors ( n = 7 ) , hematological diseases ( n = 10 ) , and vasculitis ( n = 7 ) . 
 a noninfectious cause of fever was present in one patient with no underlying diseases and in 31 of 130 patients with underlying diseases . 
 conclusion . 
 geriatric patients with no underlying diseases generally had infectious causes of fever while noninfectious causes were responsible from fever in an important proportion of patients with underlying diseases . 
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion