breast conservation therapy ( bct ) , which involves lumpectomy followed by adjuvant radiation therapy , has now become the standard of care in women with early stage breast cancer .
however , historically , the majority of patients with early stage breast cancer have been treated with whole breast irradiation ( wbi ) .
whole breast irradiation can require a long treatment time ranging anywhere from three to six weeks depending on the fractionation , which can be prohibitive for many patients .
additionally , wbi covers areas of the breast , which are not necessarily at the highest risk of relapse .
accelerated partial breast irradiation ( apbi ) utilizing single - entry multi - lumen or multi - catheter devices such as contura ( hologic inc , bedford , ma , usa ) or savi ( cianna medical , aliso viejo , ca , usa ) , can treat a smaller volume at the highest risk of recurrence around the lumpectomy cavity in regimens typically lasting only five days .
additionally , patients treated with apbi report higher cosmetic satisfaction compared to a similar wbi cohort . due to these advantages , apbi has been gaining in popularity over the past decade , now being utilized in as many as 11% of patients older than 50 who undergo bct . in the american society of breast surgeons ( asbs ) mammosite ( hologic inc , bedford , ma , usa ) registry trial , device - to - skin spacing > 7 mm was associated with better cosmetic outcome . thus , close skin spacing (  7 mm ) has been since then feared to cause worse toxicity and produce inferior cosmetic outcomes . given the increasing use of apbi , multiple consensus guidelines and patient selection criteria have been developed to allow for the selection of the most appropriate patients [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] .
however , none of these guidelines include any selection factors or dose tolerance limits in regards to device - to - skin spacing or maximum skin dose when multi - lumen or catheter devices are utilized .
had shown that patients are at risk of developing telangiectasia if their device to skin spacing was between 7 to 12 mm but they did not include any patients with spacing of < 7 mm on their phase ii trial . patients with close skin - spacing
have previously published their results regarding acute toxicity and early cosmetic outcomes in patients treated with multi - lumen devices . however , besides the aforementioned data , there are no other clinical and toxicity outcomes for patients treated with close skin spacing using apbi .
the purpose of this study is to examine our apbi cohort and report their outcomes to add to this growing body of evidence regarding its safety efficacy and cosmesis in patients with close skin spacing .
medical records of all the patients treated with apbi using either contura or savi between 2007 to 2013 were reviewed .
patients with device - to - skin spacing of less than or equal to 7 mm and follow - up longer than six months were selected .
all patients had undergone lumpectomy along with sentinel lymph node biopsy for invasive carcinoma prior to their treatment .
all the contura or savi devices were placed by the surgeon via a closed cavity approach .
the appropriate device was selected by the surgeon based on the lumpectomy cavity size and vendor guidelines .
ultrasound guidance was used to detect the seroma and align the route of insertion along the longest axis diameter of the cavity .
planning computed tomography ( ct ) simulation was performed 48 - 72 hours following device placement in our department ( brilliance big bore , philips healthcare , andover , ma , usa ) .
all patients were simulated with the arm on the affected side raised above their head in the supine position .
a small amount of contrast ( 0.5 cc ) was added to the saline mixture filling the balloon for contura patients to improve visualization of the balloon on ct .
brachyvision treatment planning system ( varian , palo alto , ca , usa ) was used for all of our treatment planning . the planning target volume for evaluation ( ptv_eval ) consisted of 1 cm of tissue surrounding the device but limited to 5 mm from the skin for the contura patients and 3 mm for the savi patients if possible . during treatment planning
, all attempts were made to limit the maximum dose to the skin to less than 125% and no more than 145% of the prescribed dose for the contura patients , and less than 100% and no more than 110% in the savi patients .
other planning parameters included maximum rib dose of < 145% in contura patients and < 100% in savi patients , v90 ( volume of ptv_eval receiving 90% of prescribed dose ) > 100% , v95 > 95% , and v100 >
we also attempted to minimize the v150 of normal breast tissue to < 50 cc and v200 < 10 cc .
all lesions were treated to 34 gy in 10 twice - daily treatments , six hours apart , and over five days .
acute and late toxicities were graded based on the radiation oncology therapy group ( rtog ) criteria .
toxicities up to 90 days post - treatment were considered acute and  the remainder  were graded as late toxicities .
even though the near majority of toxicities measured were as related to skin or subcutaneous tissue , toxicities in all rtog criteria were considered and the highest grade was assigned to the patient for further analysis .
the final cosmetic outcome was determined by either the treating radiation oncologist or the breast surgeon and was graded based on the harvard breast cosmesis scale .
the  test was used to assess any significant correlation between skin spacing and outcomes .
in total forty - three patients were identified with device to skin distance of  7 mm .
the sixth patient was excluded since she was converted to whole breast irradiation after 3 fractions , due to personal preference .
overall , 37 patients and 38 lesions ( one patient had bilateral treatment ) were identified as meeting our selection criteria and were analyzed .
three patients received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy prior to surgery , and 68% received adjuvant hormonal therapy .
represented histologies were mixed between ductal carcinoma in situ ( 34% ) , invasive ( 55% ) , or mixed subtypes ( 11% ) .
all our patients were staged as either tis or t1 , and all lesions with invasive subtypes underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy with no nodal involvement .
summary of baseline patient characteristics dcis  ductal carcinoma in situ , idc  invasive ductal carcinoma , ilc  invasive lobular carcinoma treatment - related parameters are summarized in table 2 .
the median maximum skin dose amongst our savi patients was 101.15% and 118% in our contura patients , meeting skin constraints in all our patients .
the average dose non - uniformity ratio and dose homogeneity index in our cohort were 0.33 and 0.67 , respectively .
v95 , v100 , v150 , v200  the percentage of the prostate volume receiving 90% , 95% , 100% , 150% , 200% of the prescribed dose or more representative axial sections showing the isodose distributions around the device in relation to the skin .
the outer yellow lines represent the ptv_eval volume after a median follow - up of 47.5 months , one patient experienced an ipsilateral breast recurrence and is currently undergoing work - up for a planned mastectomy . of note
, she had been unable to tolerate adjuvant hormonal therapy after completion of her apbi .
a second patient experienced axillary recurrence , which was treated with hormonal therapy , due to her not being a surgical candidate .
none of the recurrences were within the treated ptv volume . per the rtog acute radiation morbidity criteria ,
seven ( 18% ) lesions had no skin or subcutaneous tissue reactions , 22 ( 58% ) lesions were reported to have grade 1 reactions , and 9 ( 24% ) treated lesions experienced grade 2 reactions .
fifteen ( 40% ) patients experienced no late skin or subcutaneous tissue side effects per the rtog criteria , 21 ( 55% ) experienced grade 1 toxicities , and two ( 5% ) patients did not have their late toxicities recorded .
one patient with 6 mm skin spacing had to undergo mastectomy nearly 54 months after completion of treatment due to mastitis .
cosmetic outcomes as measured per the harvard cosmesis scale were graded as excellent in 24 ( 63% ) , good in 11 ( 29% ) , and not reported in 3 ( 8% ) cases .
summary of toxicities and long - term cosmetic outcome reported in 38 treated lesions we attempted to determine if there was any correlation between the device to skin distance and the late toxicities and cosmesis .
there was no correlation between skin spacing and acute toxicities ( p = 0.213 ) or late toxicities ( p = 0.28 ) but trended towards significance when examining the cosmetic outcome ( p = 0.0926 ) .
however , all patients with skin spacing of 3 mm or less experienced acute ( figure 2a ) , late toxicities ( figure 2b ) , and worse cosmesis ( figure 2c ) .
representative images of patients immediately after treatment and outcomes at later time points are displayed in figure 3 .
a ) the device to skin distance ( mm ) graphed against acute skin or subcutaneous tissue toxicity per rtog criteria .
b ) the device to skin distance ( mm ) graphed against late skin or subcutaneous tissue toxicity per rtog criteria .
c ) the device to skin distance ( mm ) graphed against the harvard cosmesis scale ( 1 excellent , 2 good ) follow - up images from representative patients .
the last pictured follow - up date does not necessarily represent the last follow - up date in clinic
in total forty - three patients were identified with device to skin distance of  7 mm .
the sixth patient was excluded since she was converted to whole breast irradiation after 3 fractions , due to personal preference .
overall , 37 patients and 38 lesions ( one patient had bilateral treatment ) were identified as meeting our selection criteria and were analyzed .
three patients received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy prior to surgery , and 68% received adjuvant hormonal therapy .
represented histologies were mixed between ductal carcinoma in situ ( 34% ) , invasive ( 55% ) , or mixed subtypes ( 11% ) .
all our patients were staged as either tis or t1 , and all lesions with invasive subtypes underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy with no nodal involvement .
summary of baseline patient characteristics dcis  ductal carcinoma in situ , idc  invasive ductal carcinoma , ilc  invasive lobular carcinoma
the median maximum skin dose amongst our savi patients was 101.15% and 118% in our contura patients , meeting skin constraints in all our patients .
the majority of our other constraints were also met during the treatment planning process . the average dose non - uniformity ratio and dose homogeneity index in our cohort were 0.33 and 0.67 , respectively .
v95 , v100 , v150 , v200  the percentage of the prostate volume receiving 90% , 95% , 100% , 150% , 200% of the prescribed dose or more representative axial sections showing the isodose distributions around the device in relation to the skin .
the outer yellow lines represent the ptv_eval volume after a median follow - up of 47.5 months , one patient experienced an ipsilateral breast recurrence and is currently undergoing work - up for a planned mastectomy . of note
, she had been unable to tolerate adjuvant hormonal therapy after completion of her apbi .
a second patient experienced axillary recurrence , which was treated with hormonal therapy , due to her not being a surgical candidate .
per the rtog acute radiation morbidity criteria , seven ( 18% ) lesions had no skin or subcutaneous tissue reactions , 22 ( 58% ) lesions were reported to have grade 1 reactions , and 9 ( 24% ) treated lesions experienced grade 2 reactions .
fifteen ( 40% ) patients experienced no late skin or subcutaneous tissue side effects per the rtog criteria , 21 ( 55% ) experienced grade 1 toxicities , and two ( 5% ) patients did not have their late toxicities recorded .
one patient with 6 mm skin spacing had to undergo mastectomy nearly 54 months after completion of treatment due to mastitis .
cosmetic outcomes as measured per the harvard cosmesis scale were graded as excellent in 24 ( 63% ) , good in 11 ( 29% ) , and not reported in 3 ( 8% ) cases .
summary of toxicities and long - term cosmetic outcome reported in 38 treated lesions we attempted to determine if there was any correlation between the device to skin distance and the late toxicities and cosmesis .
there was no correlation between skin spacing and acute toxicities ( p = 0.213 ) or late toxicities ( p = 0.28 ) but trended towards significance when examining the cosmetic outcome ( p = 0.0926 ) .
however , all patients with skin spacing of 3 mm or less experienced acute ( figure 2a ) , late toxicities ( figure 2b ) , and worse cosmesis ( figure 2c ) .
representative images of patients immediately after treatment and outcomes at later time points are displayed in figure 3 .
a ) the device to skin distance ( mm ) graphed against acute skin or subcutaneous tissue toxicity per rtog criteria .
b ) the device to skin distance ( mm ) graphed against late skin or subcutaneous tissue toxicity per rtog criteria .
c ) the device to skin distance ( mm ) graphed against the harvard cosmesis scale ( 1 excellent , 2 good ) follow - up images from representative patients .
the last pictured follow - up date does not necessarily represent the last follow - up date in clinic
although brachytherapy apbi is only appropriate for a selected population of women with early stage breast cancer [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ] , it represents a valuable alternative in terms of reducing the treatment time , cost , and volume of irradiated normal tissue .
however , since in one of the earliest apbi registries report skin spacing of < 7 mm was one of the factors associated with a worse cosmetic outcome , radiation oncologists have been hesitant to treat patients with close skin spacing using apbi .
several advances have been made since including the arrival of multi - lumen applicators in the form of contura and multi - catheter applicators in the form of savi .
these newer devices allow some flexibility in dose distribution , therefore , theoretically allowing patients with close skin spacing to undergo treatment with acceptable outcomes as long as the skin dose constraints are met .
two studies since have evaluated patients with close skin spacing who have undergone treatment with savi or contura . in the initial savi experience , yashar and
their population included some patients with skin spacing of less than 7 mm with a median maximum skin dose of 80% of the prescribed dose .
however , they did not report the number of patients with close skin spacing , nor did they report clinical outcomes specifically for those with close skin spacing . in a separate report , lee et al . examined short - term outcomes in 26 patients treated with multi - lumen balloon brachytherapy .
after a median follow - up of 9 months , they reported excellent or good cosmetic outcomes in 92.3% of their patients .
their median maximum skin dose was 118.2% but the majority of their patients ( 62% ) had skin spacing between 5 to 7 mm .
we have now reported the longest follow - up and the largest cohort of patients with close skin spacing treated with multi - lumen or multi - catheter applicators .
most of our patients had excellent or good cosmesis ( 92% ) after a median follow - up of 47.5 months .
three of our patients had been treated with neoadjuvant hormonal therapy prior to treatment but this did not result in a change in the size of their tumor or their eventual treatment .
the rates of both acute and late toxicities were acceptable with only 24% of patients experiencing acute grade 2 toxicities and no late grade 2 toxicities .
we were also able to keep our maximum skin dose within our pre - specified goal ( median , 117.5% ) without compromising other dosimetric constraints .
the median maximum skin dose in the savi cohort was lower at 101.15% ; although , it is difficult to draw any definitive conclusions since only 8% of our patients were treated with savi .
there was no statistically significant correlation between the device to skin distance and the occurrence of acute or late toxicities but there was a trend towards significance in terms of the cosmetic outcome .
however , if we examined the patients with 3 mm or less skin spacing , all experienced some acute and late toxicity , and all except one had good cosmetic outcome as opposed to excellent . with the updated guidelines regarding which
patients can safely and appropriately be treated with apbi , it is important to consider each patient s specific disease and treatment related characteristics before deciding on the specific apbi delivery mode . in the interim analysis of the rapid trial , apbi using external beam radiation therapy
was shown to have worse cosmetic outcome compared to whole breast irradiation , and should ideally be avoided in patients who highly value their cosmetic outcome .
accelerated partial breast irradiation using interstitial needle placement is still an acceptable option with long - term data supporting great clinical and cosmetic outcomes but is limited to only centers with ongoing experience given the technical expertise needed for needle placement .
to our knowledge , there is no current data of examining cosmetic outcomes using this technique in relation to the skin to needle spacing .
intraoperative radiation therapy is also considered appropriate treatment for a few patients with early stage breast cancer who meet certain criteria . although patients in the targit trial were shown to have better cosmetic outcome compared to their whole breast cohort ; no cosmetic results have been reported to - date for the eliot trial .
additionally , there are no data regarding the safety and cosmesis of iort in patients with lesions in proximity to their skin .
therefore , it is important to consider a tumor s proximity to skin when planning on a potential apbi treatment post - lumpectomy , so that the correct modality for delivering apbi can be selected .
based on our results , it appears that patients with close skin spacing of 7 mm or less can potentially be treated safely with multi - lumen or multi - catheter applicators with good preliminary clinical and cosmetic outcome . nevertheless , given the limited number of patients in our study and the retrospective nature of our investigation , caution should be utilized in selecting the optimal patients and minimizing risk of toxicity by limiting dose to the skin .
a maximum skin dose constraint of 125% of prescribed dose for contura devices and 110% for savi devices is a reasonable target based on our data and lee and colleague s report .
the patients with 3 mm or less skin spacing are at higher risk of acute and late toxicities , and should be advised accordingly before their planned treatment but they can still safely be treated with good outcomes . therefore , close skin spacing should no longer be considered an automatic exclusion criterion for patients who are set to undergo apbi with multi - channel applicators .
 purposeaccelerated partial breast irradiation ( apbi ) using a single - lumen device is associated with better cosmetic outcomes if the spacing between the applicator and skin is > 7 mm . however , there are no reports addressing the late toxicity and clinical outcomes in patients treated with single - entry multi - lumen / catheter applicators who had close skin spacing ( 7 mm or less ) . 
 we undertook this study to report clinical outcome , acute and late toxicity as well as cosmesis of early stage breast cancer patients with close skin spacing treated with apbi using multi - lumen or multi - catheter devices.material and methodsthis is a retrospective study of all breast cancer patients who had undergone apbi using single - entry multi - lumen / catheter devices in a single institution between 2008 to 2012 . 
 the study was limited to those with  7 mm spacing between the device and skin.resultswe identified 37 patients and 38 lesions with skin spacing of  7 mm . 
 seven lesions ( 18% ) had spacing of  3 mm . 
 median follow - up was 47.5 months . 
 there was one case of ipsilateral breast recurrence and one ipsilateral axillary recurrence . based on rtog criteria , 
 22 treated lesions experienced grade 1 and 9 lesions experienced grade 2 toxicity . 
 twenty - one lesions experienced late grade 1 toxicity . 
 one patient had to undergo mastectomy due to mastitis . 
 twenty - four treated breasts showed excellent and 11 had good cosmetic outcome . 
 overall cosmesis trended towards a significant correlation with skin spacing . 
 however , all patients with  3 mm skin spacing experienced acute and late toxicities.conclusionsaccelerated partial breast irradiation can be safely performed in patients with skin spacing of  7 mm using single - entry multi - lumen / catheter applicators with excellent cosmetic outcomes and an acceptable toxicity profile . 
 however , skin spacing of  3 mm is associated with acute and late toxicity and should be avoided if possible . 
Purpose
Material and methods
Results
Baseline characteristics
Treatment and clinical outcomes
Toxicities and cosmesis
Discussion
Conclusions
Disclosure