chronic ischemic heart disease ( cihd ) is characterized as reduced blood supply to the heart muscle due to plaque building up along the inner walls of the arteries of the heart .
cihd is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and in some of the emerging countries . although the application of medical therapy and coronary artery revascularization techniques ( e.g. , coronary artery bypass grafting [ cabg ] and percutaneous coronary intervention [ pci ] ) have improved clinical outcomes , cihd is still a leading cause of angina and congestive heart failure refractory to traditional therapies .
optimal therapies for this disease should achieve clinical improvement of cardiac function by realizing myocardial regeneration and revascularization , without severe adverse effects . therefore , stem / progenitor cells - based cell therapy has great potential due to the ability to self - renew and to differentiate into specialized cells .
since 2001 , transplantation of bone marrow - derived cells ( bmcs ) , either by intracoronary or intramyocardial route , has been tested as a therapy for myocardial infarction and other ischemic heart disease   due to their multipotent , autologous origin and readily usable features .
a number of studies were launched to evaluate the effect of this therapy and some reported improved left ventricular ejection fraction ( lvef ) and exercise capacity in patients with myocardial infarction or other coronary artery diseases .
initial meta - analysis also demonstrated the safety and beneficial effects of intracoronary bmc therapy .
however , due to small sample size of the trials , the exact efficacy of bmc therapy for patients with cihd is still unclear .
in addition , previous meta - analyses also found significant heterogeneity of trials included and conflicting results [ 1113 ] .
thus , it is necessary to integrate results of the latest clinical trials to perform an updated meta - analysis .
the aim of this meta - analysis was to make an updated assessment of efficacy and safety of autologous transplantation of bmcs for patients with cihd .
this meta - analysis generally followed the preferred reporting item for systematic reviews and meta - analyses ( prisma ) guidelines .
relevant studies focusing on bmc transplantation in patients with cihd were retrieved from pubmed , ovid , embase , the cochrane library and clinicaltrials.gov from january 2000 to april 2014 . the subject terms and free - text terms used for this study were : bone marrow cell , bone marrow mononuclear cell , stem cell , stromal cell , coronary artery disease , ischemic cardiomyopathy , ischemic heart disease , heart failure , myocardial ischemia , and myocardial infarction .
introduction and reference lists of included trials were manually searched to identify additional qualified studies .
studies included for meta - analysis had to meet all of the following criteria simultaneously : ( 1 ) randomized controlled trial ( rct ) based on patients with chronic ischemic heart disease ( cihd ) ; ( 2 ) cell therapy was autologous bmcs - based ; ( 3 ) patients in the control arm received standard therapy ; and ( 4 ) follow - up was at least 3 months .
exclusion criteria were : ( 1 ) studies provided patients cell precursors mobilized by cytokines due to the additional effect of cytokine myocardium and bmcs . in this study , chid was defined as chronic coronary total occlusion , stable angina , refractory angina , myocardial ischemia , historical myocardial infarction , or patients with previous revascularization .
two authors ( cx and sz ) independently assessed eligibility of studies and extracted data from original studies .
the following information was extracted from original studies : first author , year of publication , number of patients recruited , basic information of patients ( age , sex , and nyha classification ) , clinical scenario , duration of follow - up , type and number of cells transplanted , route of delivery , and imaging modality .
the outcomes of lv function and remodeling  primary endpoint - left ventricular ejection fraction ( lvef ) and secondary endpoints - net changes in left ventricular end - systolic volume ( lvesv ) , and left ventricular end - diastolic volume ( lvedv )  were extracted for further meta - analysis . for studies that reported primary or secondary endpoints measured by various imaging modalities
data on the major adverse effects were extracted for assessing the safety of bmcs transplantation for cihd patients .
the methodological quality of included studies was assessed according to the method proposed by juni et al .
the major quality components were : adequate method to generate randomized sequence , adequate method of allocation concealment , blinding of outcome assessors , loss of participant follow - up ( % ) , and all patients treated in assigned group .
revman 5.2 ( cochrane collaboration ) software was used for data analysis . to guarantee uniformity of outcomes , when multiple measurements of the change of primary and secondary endpoint from baseline to follow - up were available , 6-month data were obtained and used for further pooled analysis .
if original data did not provide the changes in mean and sd form , the estimation method recommended by the cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 16.1.3 was used ( version 5.1.0 , the cochrane collaboration , 2011 ) .
results are summarized in the form of weighted mean difference ( wmd ) with 95% confidence intervals ( cis ) .
heterogeneity between trials was assessed using chi - square test (  ) and i statistics .
if no significant clinical heterogeneity was observed , the random effects model based on mantel - haenszel method was used to make estimates .
subgroup analysis was also performed according to type of cells ( bmmncs or mcss ) , the route of cell delivery ( i m or ic ) , and above or below average lvef level ( < 35.5% or 35.5% ) .
this meta - analysis generally followed the preferred reporting item for systematic reviews and meta - analyses ( prisma ) guidelines .
relevant studies focusing on bmc transplantation in patients with cihd were retrieved from pubmed , ovid , embase , the cochrane library and clinicaltrials.gov from january 2000 to april 2014 . the subject terms and free - text terms used for this study were : bone marrow cell , bone marrow mononuclear cell , stem cell , stromal cell , coronary artery disease , ischemic cardiomyopathy , ischemic heart disease , heart failure , myocardial ischemia , and myocardial infarction .
introduction and reference lists of included trials were manually searched to identify additional qualified studies .
studies included for meta - analysis had to meet all of the following criteria simultaneously : ( 1 ) randomized controlled trial ( rct ) based on patients with chronic ischemic heart disease ( cihd ) ; ( 2 ) cell therapy was autologous bmcs - based ; ( 3 ) patients in the control arm received standard therapy ; and ( 4 ) follow - up was at least 3 months .
exclusion criteria were : ( 1 ) studies provided patients cell precursors mobilized by cytokines due to the additional effect of cytokine myocardium and bmcs . in this study , chid was defined as chronic coronary total occlusion , stable angina , refractory angina , myocardial ischemia , historical myocardial infarction , or patients with previous revascularization .
two authors ( cx and sz ) independently assessed eligibility of studies and extracted data from original studies .
the following information was extracted from original studies : first author , year of publication , number of patients recruited , basic information of patients ( age , sex , and nyha classification ) , clinical scenario , duration of follow - up , type and number of cells transplanted , route of delivery , and imaging modality .
the outcomes of lv function and remodeling  primary endpoint - left ventricular ejection fraction ( lvef ) and secondary endpoints - net changes in left ventricular end - systolic volume ( lvesv ) , and left ventricular end - diastolic volume ( lvedv )  were extracted for further meta - analysis . for studies that reported primary or secondary endpoints measured by various imaging modalities
data on the major adverse effects were extracted for assessing the safety of bmcs transplantation for cihd patients .
the methodological quality of included studies was assessed according to the method proposed by juni et al .
the major quality components were : adequate method to generate randomized sequence , adequate method of allocation concealment , blinding of outcome assessors , loss of participant follow - up ( % ) , and all patients treated in assigned group .
revman 5.2 ( cochrane collaboration ) software was used for data analysis . to guarantee uniformity of outcomes , when multiple measurements of the change of primary and secondary endpoint from baseline to follow - up were available , 6-month data were obtained and used for further pooled analysis .
if original data did not provide the changes in mean and sd form , the estimation method recommended by the cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 16.1.3 was used ( version 5.1.0 , the cochrane collaboration , 2011 ) .
results are summarized in the form of weighted mean difference ( wmd ) with 95% confidence intervals ( cis ) .
heterogeneity between trials was assessed using chi - square test (  ) and i statistics .
if no significant clinical heterogeneity was observed , the random effects model based on mantel - haenszel method was used to make estimates . otherwise , descriptive analysis was performed .
subgroup analysis was also performed according to type of cells ( bmmncs or mcss ) , the route of cell delivery ( i m or ic ) , and above or below average lvef level ( < 35.5% or 35.5% ) .
initial retrieval yielded 1731 references , among which 1688 were excluded after reviewing the title and/or abstract .
the remaining 43 trials were reviewed in detail for assessing eligibility . among them , 11 were excluded due to non - rct , 3 were excluded due to use of precursors mobilized by cytokine , 3 were excluded due to use of blood - derived stem cells , and 6 were excluded because lvef data was not reported .
finally , a total of 20 trials were included for meta - analysis [ 6,9,10,1632 ] .
all of the trials had relatively small sample size , with number of patients ranging from 14 to 109 .
a total of 453 patients were included in the cell therapy groups and 322 patients were included in the control groups . all trials recruited patients with cihd , including chronic coronary total occlusion , refractory angina , ischemic heart failure , and chronic myocardial infarction .
twelve studies used pci or cabg as the control method for revascularization and 8 studies recruited patients unsuitable for revascularization .
the autologous bmcs , including both bmmncs and mcss , were delivered either directly through intramyocardial or intracoronary approach .
mean patient age in the intervention groups was 61.03.3 and in the control groups was 61.23.3 ( p=0.88 ) , suggesting adequate match .
the roughly symmetrical distribution pattern suggested there was no significant publication bias ( supplement figure 2 ) .
generally , the quality of trials included was good . according to the modified jadad score ,
there was no significant difference in patient characteristics between cell therapy and standard therapy groups .
all of the trials were randomized , but 6 studies did not report the method of generating a randomized sequence and 6 did not give concealing allocation method .
eighteen studies had both blinded patients and practitioners and 2 studies had only blinded patients .
eighteen studies had loss of follow - up rate under 15% and 2 were over this level . the primary and secondary outcome ( lvef , lvedv , and lvesv )
compared with standard treatment , bmc transplantation significantly improved lvef in patients with revascularization ( 3.35% , 95%ci 0.72% to 5.97% , p=0.01 ; i=85% ) and in patients without revascularization ( 3.05% , 95% ci 0.65% to 5.45% , p=0.01 ; i=86% ) .
lvef improvement was similar in these 2 groups ( p=0.87 ) ( figure 1 ) .
compared with control , bmc transplantation was associated with moderately decreased lvesv in patients with revascularization ( 5.88 ml , 95% ci , 12.66 ml to 0.91 ml , p=0.09 ; i=51% ) and significantly decreased in patients without revascularization ( 11.75 ml , 95% ci 17.81 ml to 5.69 ml , p=0.0001 ; i=81% ) ( figure 2 ) .
no significant difference in lvesv decrease was observed between these 2 groups ( p=0.21 ) ( figure 2 ) .
in addition , a significant trend of decreased lvedv was only observed in patients receiving only cell therapy ( 7.80 ml , 95% ci 15.31 ml to 0.29 ml , p=0.04 ; i=39% ) , but not in patients receiving combination of cell therapy and revascularization ( 7.30 , 95% ci 17.68 ml to 3.09 ml , p=0.17 ; i=57% ) .
however , the difference between these 2 groups was not significant ( p=0.94 ) ( figure 3 ) . due to significant heterogeneity observed within groups with or without revascularization ,
subgroup analysis was performed to explore whether the type of revascularization intervention ( cabg or pci ) , the type of cell delivered , and the level of baseline lvef influenced the efficacy of cell therapy .
compared with lvef improvement in intracoronary route ( 1.00% , 95% ci 0.11% to 2.10% ) , the improvement in intramyocardial delivery was significantly higher ( 4.77% , 95% ci 4.11% to 5.44% ) ( p<0.00001 ) ( table 1 ) .
however , no significant difference was observed in lvesv and lvedv ( p=0.68 and p=0.64 , respectively ) . when comparing the effect of cell type transplanted on lv function improvement , it was observed lvef improvement was significantly higher in the bmmncs group ( 4.33% , 95% ci 3.69% to 4.96% ) than in the mcss group ( 1.32% , 95% ci 0.00% to 2.65% ) ( p<0.00001 ) ( table 1 ) .
however , lvesv decrease was more evident in the mcss group ( 15.69 ml , 95% ci 17.87 ml to 13.52 ml ) than in the bmnncs group ( 8.51 ml , 95% ci 14.28 ml to 2.74 ml ) ( p=0.02 ) .
lvef increase was significantly higher in the group with higher than average lvef ( 5.11% , 95% ci 4.36% to 5.86% ) than the group with lower than average lvef ( 1.93% , 95% ci , 1.05% to 2.81% ) ( p<0.00001 ) .
changes in lvesv and lvedv were similar in these 2 groups ( p=0.23 and p=0.32 , respectively ) ( table 1 ) .
major adverse cardiovascular events reported in original studies were pooled to assess the safety of bmc transplantation ( table 2 ) .
generally , compared with control , bmc transplantation had a similar risk ratio in ventricular arrhythmia , recurrent myocardial infarction , and cerebrovascular accident as control in subgroups both with and without revascularization .
however , significantly lower risk of all - cause death was observed in the subgroup without revascularization ( rr : 0.30 , 95% ci : 0.12 to 0.77 , p=0.01 ) , but not in the subgroup with revascularization .
initial retrieval yielded 1731 references , among which 1688 were excluded after reviewing the title and/or abstract .
the remaining 43 trials were reviewed in detail for assessing eligibility . among them , 11 were excluded due to non - rct , 3 were excluded due to use of precursors mobilized by cytokine , 3 were excluded due to use of blood - derived stem cells , and 6 were excluded because lvef data was not reported .
finally , a total of 20 trials were included for meta - analysis [ 6,9,10,1632 ] .
all of the trials had relatively small sample size , with number of patients ranging from 14 to 109 .
a total of 453 patients were included in the cell therapy groups and 322 patients were included in the control groups . all trials recruited patients with cihd , including chronic coronary total occlusion , refractory angina , ischemic heart failure , and chronic myocardial infarction .
twelve studies used pci or cabg as the control method for revascularization and 8 studies recruited patients unsuitable for revascularization .
the autologous bmcs , including both bmmncs and mcss , were delivered either directly through intramyocardial or intracoronary approach .
mean patient age in the intervention groups was 61.03.3 and in the control groups was 61.23.3 ( p=0.88 ) , suggesting adequate match .
the roughly symmetrical distribution pattern suggested there was no significant publication bias ( supplement figure 2 ) .
generally , the quality of trials included was good . according to the modified jadad score ,
there was no significant difference in patient characteristics between cell therapy and standard therapy groups .
all of the trials were randomized , but 6 studies did not report the method of generating a randomized sequence and 6 did not give concealing allocation method .
eighteen studies had both blinded patients and practitioners and 2 studies had only blinded patients .
eighteen studies had loss of follow - up rate under 15% and 2 were over this level .
the primary and secondary outcome ( lvef , lvedv , and lvesv ) were pooled .
compared with standard treatment , bmc transplantation significantly improved lvef in patients with revascularization ( 3.35% , 95%ci 0.72% to 5.97% , p=0.01 ; i=85% ) and in patients without revascularization ( 3.05% , 95% ci 0.65% to 5.45% , p=0.01 ; i=86% ) .
lvef improvement was similar in these 2 groups ( p=0.87 ) ( figure 1 ) .
compared with control , bmc transplantation was associated with moderately decreased lvesv in patients with revascularization ( 5.88 ml , 95% ci , 12.66 ml to 0.91 ml , p=0.09 ; i=51% ) and significantly decreased in patients without revascularization ( 11.75 ml , 95% ci 17.81 ml to 5.69 ml , p=0.0001 ; i=81% ) ( figure 2 ) .
no significant difference in lvesv decrease was observed between these 2 groups ( p=0.21 ) ( figure 2 ) .
in addition , a significant trend of decreased lvedv was only observed in patients receiving only cell therapy ( 7.80 ml , 95% ci 15.31 ml to 0.29 ml , p=0.04 ; i=39% ) , but not in patients receiving combination of cell therapy and revascularization ( 7.30 , 95% ci 17.68 ml to 3.09 ml , p=0.17 ; i=57% ) .
however , the difference between these 2 groups was not significant ( p=0.94 ) ( figure 3 ) .
due to significant heterogeneity observed within groups with or without revascularization , subgroup analysis was performed to explore whether the type of revascularization intervention ( cabg or pci ) , the type of cell delivered , and the level of baseline lvef influenced the efficacy of cell therapy .
compared with lvef improvement in intracoronary route ( 1.00% , 95% ci 0.11% to 2.10% ) , the improvement in intramyocardial delivery was significantly higher ( 4.77% , 95% ci 4.11% to 5.44% ) ( p<0.00001 ) ( table 1 ) . however , no significant difference was observed in lvesv and lvedv ( p=0.68 and p=0.64 , respectively ) . when comparing the effect of cell type transplanted on lv function improvement , it was observed lvef improvement was significantly higher in the bmmncs group ( 4.33% , 95% ci 3.69% to 4.96% ) than in the mcss group ( 1.32% , 95% ci 0.00% to 2.65% ) ( p<0.00001 ) ( table 1 ) .
however , lvesv decrease was more evident in the mcss group ( 15.69 ml , 95% ci 17.87 ml to 13.52 ml ) than in the bmnncs group ( 8.51 ml , 95% ci 14.28 ml to 2.74 ml ) ( p=0.02 ) .
lvef increase was significantly higher in the group with higher than average lvef ( 5.11% , 95% ci 4.36% to 5.86% ) than the group with lower than average lvef ( 1.93% , 95% ci , 1.05% to 2.81% ) ( p<0.00001 ) .
changes in lvesv and lvedv were similar in these 2 groups ( p=0.23 and p=0.32 , respectively ) ( table 1 ) .
major adverse cardiovascular events reported in original studies were pooled to assess the safety of bmc transplantation ( table 2 ) . generally , compared with control ,
bmc transplantation had a similar risk ratio in ventricular arrhythmia , recurrent myocardial infarction , and cerebrovascular accident as control in subgroups both with and without revascularization .
however , significantly lower risk of all - cause death was observed in the subgroup without revascularization ( rr : 0.30 , 95% ci : 0.12 to 0.77 , p=0.01 ) , but not in the subgroup with revascularization .
for patients with cihd , the goal of cell therapy is to achieve coronary neovascularization- and myocardial regeneration - based cardiac structural and functional improvement .
although previous meta - analyses explored the therapeutic effects and adverse events of bmcs compared with standard therapy , due to significant heterogeneity , small number of original trials and inconsistency of the findings , it is quite necessary to add outcomes new trials for better understanding of bmcs therapy . to date , there is no available meta - analysis that explored the efficacy of bmcs - based cell therapy between patients with revascularizable and non - revascularizable cihd .
this meta - analysis of 20 rcts showed that autologous transplantation of bmcs was safe and effective both for patients who were candidates for revascularization with cabg / pci and those who were not .
findings of this study also indicated that for patients with no option for revascularization , single administration of bmcs could provide compatible effect in improving lv function , including increased lvef and decreased lvedv and lvesv compared with patients who received a combination of cell therapy and revascularization .
subgroup analysis found that the route of transplantation , baseline lvef , and type of cells delivered could influence the efficacy of cell therapy .
we found that i m injection was more beneficial to improve lvef compared with ic injection ( 4.77% vs. 1.00% , p<0.00001 ) .
, who found that cell therapy through i m injection was associated with better effect .
this difference might be related to the higher proportion of cells retained in the heart through i m injection than through the ic route , which was confirmed by an animal study   and 1 small rct .
previous studies reported that cell therapy had better effect in patients with lower baseline lvef .
subgroup analysis of this study also found that patients with lower than average baseline lvef ( < 35.5% ) had better therapeutic outcome ( more lvef improvement ) than those with higher than average baseline ( 5.11% vs. 1.93% , p<0.00001 ) .
furthermore , this study found that transplantation of bmmncs had better effect in improving lvef than did mcss .
however , due to the small number of trials based on mcss ( n=3 ) , the reliability of this finding should be confirmed in future rcts . as to lvedv and lvesv
pooled safety assessment found that cell therapy significantly decreased all - cause death in the subgroup without revascularization .
other major adverse events were similar between cell therapy and control group in both subgroups .
the mechanisms by which bmcs contribute to cardiac repair and function improvement are still not fully understood .
a previous study observed that bmcs could differentiate to cardiomyocytes in infarcted areas of the heart .
however , this was proven to be a minor mechanism because the process of transdifferentiation occurs very rarely in this situation .
previous studies found that bmcs and bone marrow progenitor cells could secrete a series of cytokines that activate endogenous cardiac repair , such as activating resident cardiac progenitor cells and stimulating cardiomyocyte cell - cycle re - entry .
in addition , bmcs were involved in the process of neovascularization , inhibiting apoptosis of myocardial cells , and reducing inflammation through paracrine production of cytokines and growth factors .
however , how these mechanisms interact with each other and whether other mechanisms are involved is not clear .
as observed in previous meta - analyses , this study also found a considerable degree of between - study heterogeneity .
the high level of heterogeneity is closely related to patient baseline characteristics of each trial , route of transplantation , type and number of cell delivered , and methodology used to measure lv functional indicators . for example , a recent study indicated that use of low - dose mesenchymal stem cells ( approximately 2010 cells ) was associated with the best effect in lv volume and lvef increase .
however , the number of cells transplanted ranged from 10 to 10 in trials included in this meta - analysis . secondly , in subgroup analysis , few trials assessed the effect of pci and mcss , which resulted in incompatible pooled sample size and thus might impair the reliability of observed phenomenon .
thirdly , most of the trials included had short - term follow - up ( less than 1 year ) .
the medium to long - term effect of cell therapy is still not quite clear .
in conclusion , the results of this meta - analysis suggest that transplantation of bmcs is a safe and effective therapy to improve left ventricular function both for patients who were candidates for revascularization with cabg / pci and those who were not .
large clinical trials and long - term follow - up are required to confirm the benefits .
intervention ; c  control ; nyha  new york heart association ; lvef  left ventricular ejection fraction ; n.a .
 not available ; r - cihd  revascularizable chronic ischemic heart disease ; i m  intramyocardial ; ic  intracoronary ; cabg  coronary artery bypass grafting ; bmc  bone marrow cell ; bmmnc  bone marrow mononuclear cell ; aldhbr  with a high level of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity ; mri  magnetic resonance imaging ; echo  echocardiography ; lvg  left ventriculography .
 backgroundalthough bone marrow - derived cells ( bmcs ) have shown great therapeutic potential in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease ( cihd ) , the exact efficacy and safety of bmcs therapy is still not completely defined.material/methodswe searched pubmed , ovid , embase , the cochrane library , and clinicaltrials.gov and finally identified 20 qualified trials in this meta - analysis . 
 assessment of efficacy was based on left ventricular ejection fraction ( lvef ) , left ventricular end - systolic volume ( lvesv ) , and left ventricular end - diastolic volume ( lvedv ) improvement , by weighted mean difference ( wmd ) with 95% confidence intervals ( cis ) . 
 results of all - cause death , ventricular arrhythmia , recurrent myocardial infarction , and cerebrovascular accident were pooled to assess safety . 
 subgroup analysis was performed by stratifying rcts into 2 subgroups of those with revascularization and without revascularization.resultsbmc transplantation significantly improved lvef in patients with revascularization ( 3.35% , 95% ci 0.72% to 5.97% , p=0.01 ; i2=85% ) and without revascularization ( 3.05% , 95% ci 0.65% to 5.45% , p=0.01 ; i2=86% ) . in patients without revascularization , 
 bmc transplantation was associated with significantly decreased lvesv ( 11.75 ml , 95% ci 17.81 ml to 5.69 ml , p=0.0001 ; i2=81% ) , and lvedv ( 7.80 ml , 95% ci 15.31 ml to 0.29 ml , p=0.04 ; i2=39% ) . 
 subgroup analysis showed that the route of transplantation , baseline lvef , and type of cells delivered could influence the efficacy of bmc transplantation.conclusionsautologous transplantation of bmcs was safe and effective for patients who were candidates for revascularization with cabg / pci and those who were not . 
 however , large clinical trials and long - term follow - up are required to confirm these benefits . 
Background
Material and Methods
Search strategy
Selection criteria
Data extraction
Quality assessment
Data analysis
Results
Search results
Characteristics of included studies
Quality assessment
Efficacy of BMC transplantation
Subgroup analysis
Safety of BMC transplantation
Discussion
Conclusions