coronary artery bypass graft ( cabg ) surgery is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide , intended to treat ischemic heart disease and alleviate angina pectoris.13 despite advances in the surgical procedure , neurological injury is still an important complication after cabg surgery and is found in two types.4 the first type of neurological injury occurs in 3%6% of the cases with manifestations such as stroke , transient ischemic attack , and coma . on the other hand , impairment of cognitive function including defects of attention , concentration , short - term memory , fine motor function , and speed of mental and motor responses is found in the milder type second,4,5 with an incidence of 20%80% , neurocognitive impairment after cardiac surgery has been largely attributed to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass ( cpb).69 cpb increases the permeability of the blood  brain barrier and generates microemboli , which may affect cognitive function.10,11 recently , cardiac stabilizer devices have been developed to facilitate cabg without using cpb ( off - pump cabg surgery ) . although diminished cerebral embolism in off - pump cabg has been highlighted,12 it is still controversial whether the switch from on - pump to off - pump technique fully alleviates the cognitive dysfunction .
minor improvements in cognitive function shortly after operation,4,12,13 better cognitive outcome,14,15 and no improvement in neurocognitive status after off - pump cabg have been hitherto reported in off - pump cabg in comparison to the on - pump method.16 due to the aforementioned controversy , the present study was designed to compare the impact of the on - pump and off - pump techniques on neurocognitive impairment in low - risk cabg groups .
in a descriptive , analytic , and prospective follow - up study , 201 candidates for cabg surgery were enrolled at madani heart hospital in tabriz , iran .
inclusion criteria were elective cabg , lack of concomitant cardiac arrhythmia , and left - ventricular ejection fraction ( lvef ) > 30% .
patients undergoing emergency cabg or cabg combined with other surgical procedures such as valve replacement or carotid endarterectomy and those with history of neurological and psychiatric diseases were excluded from the study . before operation , all patients underwent neurological and neurocognitive ( mini - mental state examination , mmse ) examination .
follow - up study was performed up to 2 months after operation by neurological and neurocognitive examination .
statistical analysis was performed with spss for windows ( version 13.0 ; spss inc . ,
chicago , il ) using independent samples t - test , paired samples t - test , and chi - squared test , whenever appropriate .
out of 201 patients enrolled in the study , 47 patients refused or were unable to return for follow - up .
data from 154 patients were therefore analyzed : 95 ( 61.6% ) in off - pump group and 59 ( 38.3% ) in on - pump group .
out of 154 patients , 123 ( 79.8% ) were male and 31 ( 20.1% ) were female .
two patients in on - pump group ( 2.5% ) and nine patients in off - pump group ( 7.4% ) had postoperative myocardial infarction ( p > 0.05 ) . in each group , there were two postoperative strokes .
there was only one death in off - pump group ; the cause was severe cardiac disease and postoperative cardiac arrest , and no neurological complication was found . in on - pump group
, there was no significant difference between the mean preoperative and postoperative mmse scores ( 23.24  5.03 versus 23.73  4.88 , p = 0.16 ) .
however , in off - pump group , the mean 2-month postoperative mmse score was significantly higher than the mean preoperative mmse score ( 25.01  4.49 versus 24.18  4.51 , p = 0.007 ) . on the basis of the mmse results , cognitive impairment was detected in 21.2% of the cases in on - pump group and 23.1% in off - pump ( p = 0.54 , table 1 ) .
the results of this study showed no significant difference in postoperative neurocognitive impairment between on - pump and off - pump low - risk cabg surgery groups .
this is in agreement with the findings of some previous studies that failed to detect any difference in neurocognitive impairment between on- and off - pump techniques.1620 jensen et al recently found similar cognitive outcome 3 months after off - pump and on - pump surgery in a group of elderly with high risk for cabg surgery.18 interestingly , ernest et al revealed no difference in neurocognitive state at 2 and 6 months following cabg surgery between both groups , with the exception that fewer off - pump patients showed impairment on verbal fluency at 6 months.20 in contrast to the findings of the present study , some investigations have demonstrated favorable results for patients who underwent off - pump cabg surgery .
murkin et al21 and zamvar et al15 reported less neurocognitive impairment among off - pump patients at first week postoperatively , while motallebzadeh et al found better neurocognitive function at discharge from hospital but no difference at 6 months postoperatively.4 stroobant et al concluded contrarily , ie , no difference at discharge but better function at 6 months postoperatively for off - pump group.22 however , van dijk et al showed that low - risk patients avoiding the use of cpb had no effect on 5-year cognitive outcomes.23 altogether , such a matter of controversy in neurocognitive impairment between on- and off - pump cabg surgery has been attributed to the variations in the tests used , the time points of assessment , the definition of impairment , and the statistical methods used for comparing groups.4,24 on the other hand , factors other than cpb may be responsible for cognitive decline , such as anesthesia and the generalized inflammatory response that is associated with major surgical procedures.4,25 the present study has several limitations .
first , assessment of neurocognitive function was done only by one neuropsychological test ( mmse ) and 1 score decline in mmse was defined as cognitive impairment .
second , mmse is a simple screening instrument which might not be reliable in detection of subtle cognitive impairment .
this might explain quite low preoperative mmse scores in the present study.26 fourth , the results of this investigation can not be extrapolated to older patients with more advanced coronary artery disease or higher preoperative risks . on the other hand ,
large sample size along with the follow - up rate of 76% which is comparable to the previous studies is among the advantages of the current study.4,7,27 on the basis of these findings , we conclude that in low - risk patients undergoing cabg surgery , avoiding the use of cpb had no effect on cognitive outcome 2 months after the procedure .
 backgroundcoronary artery bypass graft ( cabg ) surgery is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide , and it may be accompanied by postoperative neurocognitive impairment . 
 although this complication has been attributed to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass , it is still a matter of debate whether the switch from on - pump to off - pump technique affects the cognitive function.objectivethe aim of this study was to compare the impact of the on - pump and off - pump techniques on neurocognitive impairment in low - risk cabg surgery groups.methodsin a descriptive and analytic study , 201 cabg patients with left - ventricular ejection fraction > 30% , and without cardiac arrhythmia were enrolled . before the elective operation , all patients underwent neurological examination and neurocognitive test , mini - mental state examination ( mmse ) . 
 two months following the operation , both on- and off - pump , the patients were re - examined by mmse to detect any neurocognitive impairment.resultsout of 154 patients included in the study , 95 ( 61.6% ) and 59 ( 38.3% ) patients were in off - pump and on - pump groups , respectively . 
 mean age of the patients was 57.17  9.82 years . 
 a 2-month postoperative neurocognitive impairment was detected among 17 patients of on - pump group ( 28.8% ) and in 28 cases of off - pump group ( 29.4% ) ( p = 0.54 ) . 
 the mean postoperative mmse scores were not comparable between groups ( 25.01  4.49 in off - pump group versus 23.73  4.88 in on - pump group , p = 0.09).conclusionthe present study revealed that in low - risk patients undergoing cabg surgery , either the techniques of on - pump or off - pump did not differ regarding the neurocognitive outcome 2 months after the procedure . 
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion