mortality of liver trauma has considerably decreased due to improvement in the diagnostic and therapeutic strategy of such patients with current mortality fluctuating around 10% depending upon type and grade of injury . over the last several decades , non - operative management ( nom ) of blunt
hepatic injuries has been demonstrated , in selective patients , to be both safe and highly successful .
many studies have confirmed that 8090% of all blunt liver injuries may be managed without laparotomy.[24 ] from the 1990s onwards in the emergency room of trauma centers , before a ct evaluation , surgeons or emergency physicians have routinely been performing focused assessment sonography for trauma ( fast ) in the recognition of the presence of intra - abdominal free fluid .
regardless of the initial ultrasonography ( us ) result , repeated sonographic examination could be performed in patients who were initially managed non - operatively , to monitor quantitative changes in fluid collection or detect new findings not initially detected .
the selection of further appropriate imaging studies , after initial and indispensable ct evaluation , may be institution- or physician - specific , as expert interpretation is , perhaps , the most important factor in deciding which imaging study to employ . the appropriate approach should be determined by local resources , expertise , clinical conditions , and , furthermore , by instrumental location .
restriction of physical activities has been recommended by several authorities in an attempt to prevent complications .
however no clear guidelines exist regarding the time frame for these restrictions or follow - up scans .
even richardson shares the same opinion in a recent discussion at the american college of surgeons 90 annual clinical congress , new orleans , la , october 2004 .
he pointed out that there are numerous unresolved questions about liver and spleen non - operative management ( nom ) , in particular  in the role of follow - up scans .  keeping in view the underlying trauma of a soft organ , it seems logical to restrict strenuous activity for 56 months , even though the recommendation is not supported by any sound clinical date  .
so it becomes imperative to emphasize on young people to avoid any strenuous work for at least 56 months who invariably are impatient to resume their strenuous physical activity .
this common recommendation is given in order to safeguard them against re - injury , which might , arguably , have a higher failure rate with nom .
there is , however little data available which could nicely explain the time taken by the injured liver to undergo the reparative process . as a matter of fact
, the knowledge of the healing time of blunt hepatic injuries is based on presumptive time of scar development ascertained in a few young patients or animal models .
the initial report on conservative management of blunt liver injury in four pediatric patients was published in 1972 by richie and others . since then
several other published studies have supported this approach , which has become the treatment of choice for stable patients of all ages with blunt liver injury .
the purpose of study was to evaluate the role of non - operative management of liver injury due to blunt abdominal trauma .
criteria for selecting a patient for non - operative management of liver injury are : 
 hemodynamic stability : we define as 
 a)good volume pulseb)rate less than 100 beats per minutec)systolic blood pressure of more than 90 mmhg 
 no demonstrable peritoneal signs on abdominal examination , which means 
 a)abdomen moving comfortably with respirationb)coughing did not cause any aggravation or localization of painc)palpation would reveal a soft abdomen with no tenderness or rebound tenderness in any quadrant . 
 the absence of any intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal injuries on computerized axial tomography scans requiring operative intervention . 
  hemodynamic stability
: we define as 
 a)good volume pulseb)rate less than 100 beats per minutec)systolic blood pressure of more than 90 mmhg 
  rate less than 100 beats per minute systolic blood pressure of more than 90 mmhg no demonstrable peritoneal signs on abdominal examination , which means 
 a)abdomen moving comfortably with respirationb)coughing did not cause any aggravation or localization of painc)palpation would reveal a soft abdomen with no tenderness or rebound tenderness in any quadrant . 
 
abdomen moving comfortably with respiration coughing did not cause any aggravation or localization of pain palpation would reveal a soft abdomen with no tenderness or rebound tenderness in any quadrant .
the absence of any intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal injuries on computerized axial tomography scans requiring operative intervention .
all patients with liver injury from blunt trauma abdomen between 1 january 2000 and 1 january 2010 , who were selected for non - operative management were studied .
ethical committee clearance was obtained from the local review board and informed consent was taken from every patient . a total of 198 patients presented with liver injury due to blunt abdominal trauma . of these
hemodynamic instabilityperitoneal signs on abdominal examinationpresence of associated abdominal injuriesmoore 's grade v and vi injury 
  hemodynamic instability peritoneal signs on abdominal examination presence of associated abdominal injuries moore 's grade v and vi injury hundred and three ( 67.77% ) patients were males and 49 ( 32.23% ) were females .
most of the injuries were because of road traffic accidents 124/152 ( 81.57% ) [ table 1 ] .
all of these patients ( 46 in number ) had other associated visceral injury on laparotomy .
hemodynamically stable patients were subjected to computed tomography with i / v contrast enhancement immediately after ultrasonography [ figures 14 ] .
patients were categorized into different grades of injury according to moore 's grades [ table 2 ] .
baseline investigations like hemogram , kidney function test , liver function test , x - ray chest , cervical spine and pelvis were done .
patients were subjected to intensive hemodynamic monitoring for first 48 h in surgical intensive care .
they were kept on intravenous fluids as per central venous pressure and antibiotics empirically ( third - generation cephalosporin ) . serial hemoglobin and hematocrit levels
were measured every 24 h. repeated abdominal assessment was done by clinical and ultrasonic means .
ct showing grade i liver injury ct scan showing grade ii liver injury ct scan showing grade iii injury ct scan showing grade iv liver injury moore 's classification of liver injury

 hemodynamic instabilityperitoneal signs on abdominal examinationpresence of associated abdominal injuriesmoore 's grade v and vi injury 
  hemodynamic instability peritoneal signs on abdominal examination presence of associated abdominal injuries moore 's grade v and vi injury hundred and three ( 67.77% ) patients were males and 49 ( 32.23% ) were females .
most of the injuries were because of road traffic accidents 124/152 ( 81.57% ) [ table 1 ] .
all of these patients ( 46 in number ) had other associated visceral injury on laparotomy .
hemodynamically stable patients were subjected to computed tomography with i / v contrast enhancement immediately after ultrasonography [ figures 14 ] .
patients were categorized into different grades of injury according to moore 's grades [ table 2 ] .
baseline investigations like hemogram , kidney function test , liver function test , x - ray chest , cervical spine and pelvis were done .
patients were subjected to intensive hemodynamic monitoring for first 48 h in surgical intensive care .
they were kept on intravenous fluids as per central venous pressure and antibiotics empirically ( third - generation cephalosporin ) . serial hemoglobin and hematocrit levels
were measured every 24 h. repeated abdominal assessment was done by clinical and ultrasonic means .
ct showing grade i liver injury ct scan showing grade ii liver injury ct scan showing grade iii injury ct scan showing grade iv liver injury moore 's classification of liver injury
mean age was 32.8 years . physical examination picked pallor in 10.52% of the patient .
there were 30 patients with grade i injury , 63 with grade ii , 26 with grade iii and 33 with grade iv injury [ table 3 ] .
head injury was the most common associated injury followed by skeletal injury and chest injury [ table 4 ] .
grade iii and iv injury had greater requirement of blood transfusion as compared to grade i and ii .
the length of hospital stay was 5 to 17 days with an average of 8.6 days .
blood culture was done in patients who developed fever any time during their stay in hospital .
primary repair of liver laceration was done using liver needle and co - opting sutures .
two of them were treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and two with ultrasound - guided catheter drainage .
there has been a significant shift from operative to non - operative management of liver injuries in the past two decades .
this significant shift towards non - operative management was because of high precision of diagnostic algorithm given by ultrasonography , computed tomography , angiography ( cta , mra ) .
as a result of these diagnostic modalities and availability of critical care units , management of liver injuries has shifted from operative to non - operative means .
we favored conservative management in hemodynamiccaly stable patients with no peritoneal signs , no other associated abdominal injury requiring laparotomy .
laparotomy is indicated in patients with hemodynamic instability with signs of massive bleeding into peritoneal cavity and patients with other intra - abdominal organ injury requiring laparotomy .
karp et al . presented one of the first studies with a long - term follow - up after liver injury and nom . in their study ,
patients had repeated ct scans at 1214 days , 6 weeks , 2 months , and 4 months after their injury .
described 13 children with blunt liver injuries managed non - operatively who had follow - up us and/or ct every 24 h until stabilization .
the most appropriate time for documenting the resolution of liver injuries with ct in children has been suggested to be 3 months for mild injuries , 36 months for moderate injuries , and 9 months for the most severe injuries .
the author , however , suggests the necessity of restrictions of full activities until a ct examination shows complete healing . in 1990 , dulchavsky et al . investigated liver healing in both canine and porcine models , and they found that hepatic repair by secondary intention is rapid and complete . however , this model was a surgical transverse incision made with a smith single - edge razor . since then , some articles have discussed follow - up imaging studies and many authors have questioned the need for routine ct or us follow - up .
all retrospectively studied ct and us in both adults and children with blunt hepatic injury .
they stated that follow - up imaging does not contribute to the final outcome and that , with an asymptomatic patient , either us or ct does not provide additional information .
the two major objections to routine non - operative management of blunt hepatic injuries  the unnecessary use of excessive blood transfusion and the prolonged length of stay  have never materialized .
pachter and others report of multicenter ( 14 institutions ) experience with 495 patients and croce and others report documented mean transfusion rate 1.9 unit / patient.[1820 ] mean hospital stay in reports by pachter and others , with 495 and 404 patients in two successive studies was 13 days.[1820 ] our mean hospital stay was 8.6 days . in instances
where in comparable groups of patients underwent operative intervention , three authors ( boone and others , sherman and others , and meredith and others ) noted that intensive care unit stay and mean length of hospitalization for these patients were either comparable or exceeded that of patients managed non - operatively.[2123 ] a known disadvantage of non - operative management of liver trauma is possibility of missing an associated intra - abdominal injury with a reported incidence of 3% .
another disadvantage of conservative management is the development of peri - hepatic abscess which can be safely managed by percutaneous drainage or conservative treatment .
based on this study we recommend that non - operative management of liver trauma is safe and effective method of management in hemodynamically stable patients with grade i to iv liver trauma .
 aim : there has been a steep rise in incidence of liver injury in the past few years because of increase in incidence of road traffic accidents . the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of non - operative management of liver injury due to blunt abdominal trauma.materials and methods : all patients with liver injury from blunt trauma abdomen were studied between january 2000 and january 2010 . 
 a total of 152 patients with liver injury were put on conservative management . 
 hundred and three ( 67.77% ) patients were males and 49 ( 32.23% ) were females with an age range of 15 - 60 years ( 32.8 years ) . 
 most of the injuries were because of road traffic accidents ( 81.57% ) . 
 liver injuries were graded according to moore 's classification using computed tomography . 
 patients with grade v and vi were excluded from the study . 
 patients who were unstable hemodynamically on admission were also excluded from the study.results:there was no mortality in our series . 
 eight patients needed exploration because they developed hemodynamic instability . 
 four of the patient developed post - operative liver abscess which was treated conservatively.conclusion:non-operative management of liver injury due to blunt trauma abdomen is a safe , effective and treatment modality of choice in hemodynamically stable moore 's grade i to grade iv injury . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Exclusion criteria
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION