soft tissue infection often occurs after injuries , which , if not treated appropriately , could slow wound healing and further deteriorate the patient s condition [ 13 ] . thus , prevention and treatment of infection remains a major challenge for clinical surgeons .
vacuum sealing drainage ( vsd ) has been increasingly recognized as a valid treatment approach in the management of various types of tissue injuries .
it facilitates complete suction of seepage , necrotic tissues , and pus from the wound area by using a negative - pressure device .
emerging studies have demonstrated that vsd treatment can speed wound healing and reduce incidence of infection [ 68 ]
recent evidence indicates that if antibiotic is added to bone cement , infected joint arthroplasties can be prevented and treated .
it has been suggested that prophylactic use of antibiotic - impregnated bone cement decreases the deep infection rate in total joint arthroplasty .
these findings suggest that antibiotic - impregnated bone cement may be a promising therapy for prevention of soft tissue infections . to the best of our knowledge ,
the effect of antibiotic - impregnated bone cement on soft tissue defects and infection has not been reported before . we conducted a prospective randomized study to compare the combination of vsd therapy and antibiotic - impregnated bone cement versus the single vsd therapy for the therapeutic effect in patients with soft tissue defects and infection . to the best of our knowledge , this is the first study to test whether open flesh wounds benefit from the combined treatment of vsd therapy and antibiotic - impregnated bone cement . the treatment appeared to speed wound healing and prevent infection .
the study might shed new light on clinical treatment of soft tissue defects and infection .
this prospective randomized non - blinded study enrolled 46 cases with soft tissue defects and infection in our hospital between january 2010 and may 2014 .
the study included 24 males and 22 females , who were aged 3572 years with a mean age of 53 years .
their wound causes were : diabetic foot in 16 cases , postoperative infection following fracture internal fixation in 6 cases , sacral decubitus in 10 cases , and post - traumatic limb infection in 14 cases .
these patients were randomly divided into 2 groups by random numbers generated by computer : the experimental group was treated with vsd combined with antibiotic bone cement , while the control group received vsd treatment only . in order to avoid bias due to different injury causes ,
the cases with the same injury cause and similar size of tissue defect were randomly divided into 2 groups .
therefore , both groups ( n=23 ) included 8 cases with diabetic foot , 3 cases with postoperative infection following fracture internal fixation , 5 cases with sacral decubitus , and 7 cases with post - traumatic limb infection .
bacterial culture results were pseudomonas aeruginosa - positive in 13 cases ( sensitive to cefoperazone plus sulbactam ) , escherichia coli - positive in 6 cases ( sensitive to gentamicin ) , and staphylococcus aureus - positive in 27 cases ( sensitive to vancomycin ) ( table 1 ) .
the following antibiotic - laden polymethyl - methacrylate bone cements ( heraeus , beijing landmover medical company , beijing , china . ) were used in the study based on our previous experiences : vancomycin bone cement ( 15% vancomycin ) , cefoperazone bone cement ( 10% cefoperazone ) , and gentamicin bone cement ( 1.6% gentamicin ) .
other materials used in our study were : vsd sponge , seaweed salt hydration alcohol polyethylene foam with pore diameter of 0.21.0 mm , and built - in multi - side holes and drainage pipes were purchased from beijing hongren ningrui technological company ( beijing , china ) ; semipermeable membranes comprised of polyurethane and acrylic acid were provided by beijing hongren ningrui technological company ( beijing , china ) .
after thorough debridement , the wound was veiled by the tailored vsd sponge sutured with surrounding natural skin in the control group . in case of a deep wound , vsd dressing was used to fill the wound cavity , leaving no dead space .
it was appropriate that the vsd dressing was attached within 2 cm of the drainage tube fringe . when treating large wounds , drainage tubes in cascading series were required .
then , the skin around the wound was cleaned with 75% alcohol and a semipermeable membrane was used to seal the wound and the vsd dressing .
all the drainage tubes were connected to a 3-way stopcock connected to a negative - pressure device ( beijing hongren ningrui technological company , beijing , china ) .
presence of sunken vsd dressing and absence of fluid accumulation under the membrane was a reflection of effective negative pressure status .
prior to the vsd treatment , prepared pillar- or pie - shaped antibiotic - laden bone cement was placed in the bone or soft tissue cavities in the experimental group . in case of large cavities , bone cement beads were used .
the vsd treatment was performed again until a clean , red , granulating wound bed was achieved (  ready for surgery  ) .
if much scar tissue remained and suturing was not suitable , free flap transplantation or skin grafting was chosen .
the following variables of the experimental and control groups were compared to evaluate the outcome of different treatment measures : length of hospital stay , the time needed until the wound was ready for surgery , speed of wound closure , duration of antibiotic administration , and the number of vsd dressing renewals .
student s t - test was used to compare the difference of each variable between the 2 groups .
this prospective randomized non - blinded study enrolled 46 cases with soft tissue defects and infection in our hospital between january 2010 and may 2014 .
the study included 24 males and 22 females , who were aged 3572 years with a mean age of 53 years .
their wound causes were : diabetic foot in 16 cases , postoperative infection following fracture internal fixation in 6 cases , sacral decubitus in 10 cases , and post - traumatic limb infection in 14 cases .
these patients were randomly divided into 2 groups by random numbers generated by computer : the experimental group was treated with vsd combined with antibiotic bone cement , while the control group received vsd treatment only . in order to avoid bias due to different injury causes ,
the cases with the same injury cause and similar size of tissue defect were randomly divided into 2 groups .
therefore , both groups ( n=23 ) included 8 cases with diabetic foot , 3 cases with postoperative infection following fracture internal fixation , 5 cases with sacral decubitus , and 7 cases with post - traumatic limb infection .
bacterial culture results were pseudomonas aeruginosa - positive in 13 cases ( sensitive to cefoperazone plus sulbactam ) , escherichia coli - positive in 6 cases ( sensitive to gentamicin ) , and staphylococcus aureus - positive in 27 cases ( sensitive to vancomycin ) ( table 1 ) .
the following antibiotic - laden polymethyl - methacrylate bone cements ( heraeus , beijing landmover medical company , beijing , china . ) were used in the study based on our previous experiences : vancomycin bone cement ( 15% vancomycin ) , cefoperazone bone cement ( 10% cefoperazone ) , and gentamicin bone cement ( 1.6% gentamicin ) .
other materials used in our study were : vsd sponge , seaweed salt hydration alcohol polyethylene foam with pore diameter of 0.21.0 mm , and built - in multi - side holes and drainage pipes were purchased from beijing hongren ningrui technological company ( beijing , china ) ; semipermeable membranes comprised of polyurethane and acrylic acid were provided by beijing hongren ningrui technological company ( beijing , china ) .
the vsd dressing was tailored according to the size of the wound . after thorough debridement ,
the wound was veiled by the tailored vsd sponge sutured with surrounding natural skin in the control group . in case of a deep wound ,
it was appropriate that the vsd dressing was attached within 2 cm of the drainage tube fringe . when treating large wounds , drainage tubes in cascading series were required .
then , the skin around the wound was cleaned with 75% alcohol and a semipermeable membrane was used to seal the wound and the vsd dressing .
all the drainage tubes were connected to a 3-way stopcock connected to a negative - pressure device ( beijing hongren ningrui technological company , beijing , china ) .
presence of sunken vsd dressing and absence of fluid accumulation under the membrane was a reflection of effective negative pressure status .
prior to the vsd treatment , prepared pillar- or pie - shaped antibiotic - laden bone cement was placed in the bone or soft tissue cavities in the experimental group . in case of large cavities , bone cement beads were used .
the vsd treatment was performed again until a clean , red , granulating wound bed was achieved (  ready for surgery  ) .
if much scar tissue remained and suturing was not suitable , free flap transplantation or skin grafting was chosen .
the following variables of the experimental and control groups were compared to evaluate the outcome of different treatment measures : length of hospital stay , the time needed until the wound was ready for surgery , speed of wound closure , duration of antibiotic administration , and the number of vsd dressing renewals .
student s t - test was used to compare the difference of each variable between the 2 groups .
there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in gender , age , average area of tissue defect before treatment , or the delay between infection and treatment ( p>0.05 ) . in the experimental group , the wound
was healed in 23 cases within 4 weeks postoperatively , of which direct suture was performed in 12 cases , and additional free flap transplantation or skin grafting was performed in 6 cases and 5 cases , respectively .
notably , vsd treatment was performed only once in 6 cases in the experimental group and the drainage tube remained unobstructed for 14 days .
function of the injured limbs of the patients and their vocational abilities recovered well ( typical cases : figures 1 , 2 ) . for the control group ( n=23 ) ,
the wound was healed in 15 cases within 6 weeks postoperatively . among the 15 cases ,
the wound was directly sutured in 8 cases , and additional free flap transplantation or skin grafting was performed in 3 cases and 4 cases , respectively .
the wound was ruptured in 3 cases within 2 months following vsd treatment , and these were re - admitted to the hospital .
the experimental group was compared with the control group for the number of vsd dressing renewals ( times ) , the time needed until the wound was ready for surgery ( days ) , the speed of wound closure ( cm / week ) , the duration of antibiotic administration ( days ) , and the length of hospital stay ( days ) ( table 3 ) .
statistical analyses revealed that the experimental group had significantly fewer vsd renewals , shorter time needed until the wound was ready for surgery , shorter duration of antibiotic administration , faster speed of wound closure , and shorter hospital stay compared with the control group ( p<0.01 ) .
there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in gender , age , average area of tissue defect before treatment , or the delay between infection and treatment ( p>0.05 ) .
in the experimental group , the wound was healed in 23 cases within 4 weeks postoperatively , of which direct suture was performed in 12 cases , and additional free flap transplantation or skin grafting was performed in 6 cases and 5 cases , respectively .
notably , vsd treatment was performed only once in 6 cases in the experimental group and the drainage tube remained unobstructed for 14 days .
function of the injured limbs of the patients and their vocational abilities recovered well ( typical cases : figures 1 , 2 ) . for the control group ( n=23 ) ,
the wound was healed in 15 cases within 6 weeks postoperatively . among the 15 cases ,
the wound was directly sutured in 8 cases , and additional free flap transplantation or skin grafting was performed in 3 cases and 4 cases , respectively .
the wound was ruptured in 3 cases within 2 months following vsd treatment , and these were re - admitted to the hospital .
the experimental group was compared with the control group for the number of vsd dressing renewals ( times ) , the time needed until the wound was ready for surgery ( days ) , the speed of wound closure ( cm / week ) , the duration of antibiotic administration ( days ) , and the length of hospital stay ( days ) ( table 3 ) .
statistical analyses revealed that the experimental group had significantly fewer vsd renewals , shorter time needed until the wound was ready for surgery , shorter duration of antibiotic administration , faster speed of wound closure , and shorter hospital stay compared with the control group ( p<0.01 ) .
this study compared the combination of vsd and antibiotic - impregnated bone cement with vsd only in management of soft tissue defects and infection . to the best of our knowledge ,
this is the first study to evaluate the impact of the combined treatment on soft tissue defects and infection .
our results showed that 23 cases in the experimental group were healed within 4 weeks postoperatively , and no infection recurrence was reported in 1-year follow - up .
in contrast , only 15 of the 23 cases in the control group were healed within 6 weeks postoperatively and infection recurrence was reported in 3 cases in the follow - up .
we found that the combined treatment might be useful for accelerating wound healing and preventing infection recurrence in patients with soft tissue defects and infection .
vsd is a negative - pressure technique that drains out seepage , pus and necrotic tissues .
it has been widely used for treatment of skin defects , soft tissue defects , and complicated wounds [ 1517 ] .
however , the vsd sponge could not kill microorganisms by itself . in case of severe infection , large amounts of pus
might be produced , which might clog the pores of the vsd and inhibit its normal functioning .
polymethyl methacrylate bone cement has been widely recognized as one of most stable antibiotic carriers .
it aids in maintaining long - term and high concentrations of antibiotics for infected wounds .
topical antibiotics have been increasingly used for prevention and treatment of various types of infections .
it has been suggested that perioperative topical prophylaxis is beneficial for several different surgical procedures .
topical use of antibiotics has several potential advantages over systemic administration of antibiotics , such as limiting the possibility of systemic toxicity , sustaining high concentrations of antimicrobials locally , and reducing the potential development of antibiotic resistance .
antibiotic - impregnated cement has been revealed to be similar to systemically administered antibiotics , and is independent and additive in combination with other prophylactic measures . in the present study , the combined use of antibiotic - impregnated cement and vsd achieved better outcome than the vsd treatment only , as evidenced by significantly fewer vsd dress renewals , shorter time needed until the wound was ready for surgery , short duration of antibiotic administration , faster wound healing , shorter hospital stay , and lower incidence of infection recurrence in the experimental group .
the better outcome may be explained by strong postoperative local resistance of the antibiotic - impregnated cement to infection because of elution of antibiotics .
notably , the vsd dressing was used only once in 6 cases of the experimental group , and the drainage pipeline remained unobstructed for 14 days .
one possible explanation for this is that topical antimicrobials from the antibiotic - impregnated bone cement might kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth , thereby leading to reduced production of secretions .
it reveals that use of antibiotic - laden bone cement might a complementary measure to vsd in the prevention and treatment of soft issue defects and infection .
moreover , a sealed , effective and negative pressure status , and unobstructed pipelines are required during the surgery .
topical application of antibiotics might cause adverse effects such as local hypersensitivity , contact dermatitis reactions , and possible disturbance of the wound - healing process .
there are also concerns with regard to higher cost of antibiotic - laden bone cement than plain bone cement and possible development of antibiotics resistance [ 2832 ] .
unlike systemic antibiotics , rigorous trials to accurately determine the dose of topical antibiotics are not available , thus the dose of topical antibiotics is difficult to determine . in this study , based on the results of bacterial culture and drug sensitivity test , vancomycin bone cement ( 15% ) ,
cefoperazone bone cement ( 10% ) , and gentamicin bone cement ( 1.6% ) were used . the ratios of antibiotics in bone cement were determined based on previous clinical experiences of our surgeons in the present study .
this is a preliminary study with some limitations . the small sample size and short - term follow - up limit the power of the study .
more studies are required to address these concerns and to validate the findings regarding the 2 treatments .
compared to application of vsd only , combination of vsd and antibiotic - laden bone cement accelerated wound healing , shortened hospital stay , and decreased infection recurrence in the management of soft tissue defects and infection .
this combined therapy might be a better approach to speed wound healing and prevent infection .
 backgroundthis study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of vacuum sealing drainage ( vsd ) and antibiotic - loaded bone cement on soft tissue defects and infection.material/methodsthis prospective non - blinded study recruited 46 patients with soft tissue defects and infection from january 2010 to may 2014 and randomly divided them into experimental and control groups ( n=23 ) . 
 patients in the experimental group were treated with vsd and antibiotic - loaded bone cement , while the patients in the control group were treated with vsd only.resultsin the experimental group , the wound was healed in 23 cases at 4 weeks postoperatively , of which direct suture was performed in 12 cases , and additional free flap transplantation or skin grafting was performed in 6 cases and 5 cases , respectively . 
 no infection reoccurred in 1-year follow - up . in the control group , 
 the wound was healed in 15 cases at 6 weeks postoperatively , of which direct suture was performed in 8 cases , and additional free flap transplantation or skin grafting was performed in 3 cases and 4 cases , respectively . in the other 8 cases 
 the wound was healed at 8 weeks postoperatively . 
 infection reoccurred in 3 cases during the follow - up . 
 the experimental group had significantly fewer vsd dressing renewals , shorter time needed until the wound was ready for surgery , shorter duration of antibiotic administration , faster wound healing , and shorter hospital stay than the control group ( p<0.01).conclusionsthe combination of vsd and antibiotic bone cement might be a better method for treatment of soft tissue defects and infection . 
Background
Material and Methods
General data
Bacterial culture results and Antibiotics selection
Surgical technique
Evaluation of treatment outcome
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of patients in two groups
Treatment outcome and follow-up
Discussion
Conclusions