in rare conditions , bacteria from carbuncles can spread into the bloodstream and migrate to other areas of the body , causing serious complications such as septicemia and infections in the liver , bones , joints , heart , and central nervous system .
we describe an original case of forehead carbuncle with intractable headache , later confirmed as a subgaleal abscess .
a 74-year - old female visited our hospital due to a 2 cm , painful , erythematous nodule with a small necrotic plug on her forehead , which had been resident for 2 days .
she had suffered for 5 years from diabetes mellitus , which was not aggressively controlled .
one day later , the patient visited our emergency room again due to progressive erythema and worsening headache .
she had mild fever ( 37.7c ) and bilateral periorbital soft tissue swelling with local heat .
laboratory data showed elevated white blood cell count ( 10.521,000 cells/l ) and c - reactive protein levels ( 78.90
preliminary diagnosis suspected cellulitis ; she was admitted to kaohsiung municipal ta - tung hospital , kaohsiung , for further management . however , her headache kept worsening and interfered with her sleep over the next 2 days .
she described the headache as severe , persistent aching all over her head , which was not associated with postural change .
nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs and tramadol hydrochloride were administered but completely in vain . in the fear of central nervous system involvement
however , brain computed tomography ( ct ) was still arranged due to intractable headache .
brain ct showed no intracranial lesion , but subgaleal emphysema and abscess were suspected ( figure 1 ) .
a neurosurgeon was then consulted , and operative debridement was promptly arranged . during the operation , widespread subgaleal abscess was noted and drained .
as previously described in the case history section , this 74-year - old female had intractable headache , which developed in close relationship with subgaleal abscess .
in addition , her headache resolved within 3 months after successful treatment of subgaleal abscess with operative debridement and antibiotics . according to the international classification of headache disorders ( ichd-2 ) criteria ,
headache disorders attributed to extracranial infection of the head ( such as ear , eye , and sinus infection ) are coded as subtypes 11 .
headache or facial pain can be attributed to a disorder of the cranium , neck , eyes , ears , nose , sinuses , teeth , mouth , or other facial or cranial structures.1
carbuncle is a common dermatologic disease , and staphylococcus aureus is the pathogen responsible in most cases .
though some authors advocate that systemic antimicrobial treatment is not needed for simple furuncles and carbuncles,2 we agree that incision and drainage with ancillary antimicrobial therapy is recommended for patients with immunosuppression or comorbidities , extremes of age ; rapid progression to cellulitis and the lack of an adequate response to incision and drainage are also indications for such treatment.3 however , empiric antibiotics for carbuncle , even vancomycin , did not work for the unusual bacterial culture of klebsiella in this patient .
although klebsiella is strongly associated with infections in patients with diabetes , skin and soft tissue infections from klebsiella are still uncommon.4 this case reminds us that empiric , systemic antibiotics for carbuncles and cellulitis may respond poorly in situations as described in the  case history  section .
the most common cause of subgaleal abscess is direct inoculation of microbes into the subgaleal space following scalp trauma .
however , subgaleal abscess may result from hematogenous infection or contiguous spread , and the diagnosis may not be initially obvious.5 carbuncles may progress to cellulitis and cause redness of the skin , swelling , and pain .
however , carbuncles located on the middle of the face may raise concern , especially when the patient is elderly and immune - compromised .
intractable headache that is unresponsive to the standard medications and therapies utilized in the treatment of headaches also indicates the need for further survey .
head ct is often needed in the diagnosis of subgaleal abscess , and if operative debridement is not promptly performed , subgaleal abscess may further progress to life - threatening septicemia , osteomyelitis , and even subdural or brain abscess or meningitis.6 there are no focal neurological signs or specific symptoms in the early stages of subgaleal abscess .
thus , when encountering patients with intractable headaches , unusual causes should be kept in mind , which may include moyamoya syndrome,7 headache after botulinum a exotoxin injections,8 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - related lymphoma confined to bone,9 migraine in obese individuals,10,11 and children with both migraine and periodic limb movement disorders in sleep.12 in conclusion , this case highlights that special attention should be paid to elderly and immune - compromised patients with carbuncles located on the middle of the face , especially when accompanied by intractable headache .
 although carbuncles are commonly seen and may heal on their own or respond well to treatment , in rare conditions , bacteria from carbuncles can spread into the bloodstream and migrate to other areas of the body . 
 herein , we report on an elderly female who suffered from forehead carbuncle with intractable headache , later confirmed as having subgaleal abscess . 
 physicians should pay special attention to elderly and immune - compromised patients with carbuncles located on the middle of the face , especially when accompanied by intractable headache , to avoid poor outcome . 
Introduction
Case history
Discussion