autogenous grafting is the most commonly used surgical procedure for bone reconstruction 
 due to its advantages in comparison with other graft materials , such as biocompatibility 
 and bone regeneration potential . 

several possibilities are reported by the literature for atrophic jaws reconstruction , 
 and among these solutions it is possible to cite intra and extra - oral autogenous grafts , 
 allografts , alloplastic and xenogenic grafts , with or without the use of membranes for 
 guided bone regeneration .
autogenous bone grafts are considered the most suitable for the reconstruction of 
 defects at oral and maxillofacial regions , mainly due to their characteristics of 
 osteoinduction and osteoconduction .
it is the only type of graft that provides live 
 immunocompatible bone cells , essential to the stage i of osteogenesis .
this makes this 
 type of graft more advantageous , since the higher the amount of transplanted living 
 cells , the higher the possibility of new bone formation .
graft fixation is a fundamental procedure for the normal process of bone 
 regeneration . in the last 
 decade ,
plates and screws , represented by metallic and biodegradable materials , have 
 been used preferably for obtaining graft stability as well as for fixation of fractures 
 of the whole craniofacial bone .
this is due to the fact that these materials provide a 
 rigid fixation with tridimensional control of the bone position . on the other hand ,
disadvantages such as inflammatory reactions , bone 
 displacement and technical difficulty have guided medical and dental researchers to the 
 search for an alternative method for graft fixation , and , in this field , tissue 
 adhesives are a resource potentially capable of providing stability for the healing 
 process .
tissue adhesives based on cyanoacrylate ( ca ) are substances that have been successfully 
 employed for skin laceration synthesis and surgical incisions , as well as for the stabilization of 
 thin bone fragments in orbital fractures and osteochondral fractures .
the most interesting properties of the adhesives are their rapid 
 polymerization , strong adhesion to the surfaces where they are applied , 
 biocompatibility , bacteriostatic and hemostatic actions , besides being a quick and atraumatic 
 fixation method .
ethyl - ca , which is a short chain ca , was one of the first adhesives to be tested for 
 medical use , presenting excellent adhesive strength . however , its apparent toxicity to soft tissues conducted the 
 researches for adhesives of longer chain , such as butyl and octyl - ca , which present 
 higher biocompatibility . in spite of these findings , the adhesive capacity of ethyl - ca has still been tested for 
 biological use in bone tissue fixation , with satisfactory results . generally , few studies have investigated the ca behavior on 
 mineralized tissues fixation .
the purpose of this study was to perform histological and 
 histometric analyses of the repair process of autogenous bone grafts fixed at rat 
 calvaria with ethyl - ca adhesive
this study was approved by the institutional research ethics committee ( protocol 
 # 2008 - 005587 ) .
thirty - two male adult rats were used ( rattus norvegicus 
 albinus , wistar ) ) with mean weight of 250 g , divided into 2 experimental 
 groups of 16 animals each : group i - control and group ii - adhesive . during the whole 
 experiment ,
the animals were kept in cages at the vivarium of the department of surgery 
 and integrated clinics and fed solid animal chow ( guabi nutrilabor , mogiana 
 alimentos , so paulo , sp , brazil ) and water ad libitum , except in the 
 fasting period ( 14 - 16 hours ) that preceded the surgical procedure , in which they 
 received only water . after anesthesia with intramuscular xylazine hydrochloride ( 0.2 ml/250 g ) 
 ( xilazin , syntec do brasil ltda , cotia , sp , brazil ) and ketamine 
 hydrochloride ( cetamin , syntec do brasil ltda , cotia , sp , brazil ) ( 0.1 
 ml/250 g ) , shaving and antisepsis were accomplished with 10% pvp - i in the frontoparietal 
 region .
the animals received an approximately 20-mm - wide mid - longitudinal incision in 
 the scalp over the sagittal calvarial suture , followed by soft - tissue dissection , 
 exposing the parietal bones . in each animal , a rounded osteotomy was made in the right 
 parietal bone with a 4-mm - diameter trephine bur at low speed under constant saline 
 irrigation to obtain a rounded bone fragment , preserving the integrity of the dura mater 
 and brain .
the defect was kept with the cavity covered by blood clot and was not 
 examined . in the left side , at the site that would receive the graft , the parietal bone 
 was decorticalized with a # 8 spherical bur at low speed . in group
i , the graft was only 
 positioned at the recipient site , without any type of fixation material . in group
ii , 
 the graft was fixed with ethyl - ca adhesive ( super bonder ; loctite - henkel , 
 itapevi , sp , brazil ) applied with a microbrush .
the flap was repositioned and sutured 
 with continuous spiraled suture using mononylon 5 - 0 ( mononylon , j&j 
 ethicon , so jos dos campos , sp , brazil ) .
the animals were euthanized by anesthetic overdose at 10 and 30 postoperative days ( 8 
 animals / period ) .
the calvaria were removed and the left parietal bones were separated , 
 preserving the supraperiosteal soft tissues . the pieces were fixed in 10% formaldehyde 
 and subjected to routine laboratorial processing .
six - micrometer - thick cross sections 
 were obtained and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological and histometric 
 analyses . in the histological ( qualitative ) analysis , the graft / recipient site interface ,
the 
 presence of the following items was assessed : adhesive fragments , inflammatory 
 infiltrate , fibroblastic proliferation and new bone and capillary formation , in 
 superficial and deep tissues . in the histometric ( quantitative ) analysis ,
the slides were examined in an optical 
 microscope ( aristoplan - leitz , leica , wetzlar , hesse , germany ) at 2.5x 
 magnification , through a camera ( axio cam mrc5 , zeiss , santo amaro , sp , 
 brazil ) connected to a computer . using the axiovision 4.5 software , the images were 
 converted into digital " tif " files , standardizing the height , width and number of pixels 
 per inch . the bone graft size at 10 and 30 days was quantified in pixels , using the 
 imagelab 2000 software ( diracon bio informtica ltda , vargem grande do sul .
the evaluation was performed by a single trained examiner and the measurements were done 
 at three different moments , with an interval of 1 week between the evaluations .
the mean 
 of these three values was assigned to each slide , and the value was used for statistical 
 analysis .
statistical analysis was accomplished with gmc 9 software ( statistical software created 
 by prof .
initially , data were submitted to normal curve 
 adherence test , which showed a non - parametric behavior .
thus , kruskal - wallis test was 
 used to compare the data at 10 and 30 days .
all animals tolerated well the experimental procedures in such a way that , at 10 days 
 after postoperatively , the soft tissues handled during the surgical procedures were 
 already healed , with an aspect of normality and without signs of infection or wound 
 dehiscence .
underneath , the graft was observed , with most of its osteocyte lacunae 
 filled by osteocytes . at the interface between the graft and the recipient site , 
 it was possible to observe a thin layer of compact fibrous connective tissue and 
 areas of bone remodeling both at the graft and the parietal bone . at the 
 peripheral regions ,
new bone formation , with 
 primary bone tissue ( asterisks ) , from the graft fragment ( bone graft - bg ) 
 and parietal bone ( hematoxylin - eosin  original 160x ) superficially , it was possible to observe a thin fibrous capsule covering the bone 
 graft . in most specimens , a predominance of lymphocytes together with a large 
 number of neutrophils was observed .
adjacent to the fibrous capsule it was 
 possible to notice the bone graft with its osteocyte lacunae containing basophilic 
 nucleus .
several bone lacunae were found into the grafts containing multinucleate 
 cells , and , in most of the specimens , a large number of neutrophils .
deeply and 
 adjacent to the graft , fragments of ca were observed filling the space between the 
 graft and the recipient site .
adjacent to the bone surface of the recipient site , 
 there were several resorption areas with a large number of osteoclastic - type 
 multinucleate cells .
a large number of lymphocytes and neutrophils were observed 
 into the medullar spaces of the bone tissue .
few fibroblasts could be identified , 
 with a predominance of resorption areas concerning new bone formation areas . 

it was 
 still possible to observe the absence of a bone union between the bone graft and 
 the recipient site ( figure 2 ) .
group ii  10 days : bone graft ( bg ) with osteocyte lacunae containing 
 basophilic nucleus .
fragments of cyanoacrylate ( ca ) are observed filling the 
 space between the bone graft and the recipient site and discrete areas of 
 new bone formation ( bn ) can be observed in the recipient site 
 ( hematoxylin - eosin - original 63x ) at 30 days , the periosteum layer over the graft showed no signs of hyperplasia , 
 and presented a discrete inflammatory infiltrate .
bone graft was attached to the 
 recipient site through newly formed bone tissue at the interface region . in 
 several specimens ,
this new bone formation occurs only at the central third of the 
 graft , and their margins remained joined to the donor area by a compact connective 
 tissue ( figure 3 ) .
the graft had an aspect 
 of mature bone , well vascularized and with osteocyte lacunae filled by osteocytes 
 in havers systems .
group i  30 days : bone graft ( bg ) incorporated to the recipient site .
new 
 bone formation at the interface observed only at the graft central region , 
 where the extremities remained filled by fibrous connective tissue 
 ( hematoxylin - eosin  original 100x ) in all specimens , a fibrous capsule covered the bone graft . underneath the fibrous 
 capsule
, graft presents some areas of bone resorption in its external surface , 
 with some osteoclastic - type multinucleate cells .
these resorptions could also be 
 observed into the bone fragment . in the graft proximal areas , in some specimens , a 
 bone union with the recipient site
was observed ; however , in most of the animals , 
 this union could not be identified , because the region was filled with a 
 lymphocyte - type inflammatory infiltrate , some blood vessels and several collagen 
 fibers that maintained continuity with the capsule collagen fibers .
discrete areas 
 of new bone formation were observed in the internal surfaces of the grafts , 
 surfaces that were in contact with the ca .
more deeply , between the graft and the 
 recipient site , a space filled with a great amount of ca was observed . in several 
 areas ,
multinucleate cells could be identified , mainly in the regions adjacent to 
 the graft proximal surface ( figure 4 ) .
few 
 areas of newly formed bone were observed in this space until the time period 
 studied . regarding the recipient site , resorption areas and new bone formation 
 areas
group ii  30 days : underneath , bone graft is linked to the recipient site 
 only in the graft margin .
areas of new bone formation ( bn ) are observed in 
 the internal surfaces of the grafts and in the recipient site .
a space 
 filled by a high amount of cyanoacrylate ( ca ) remains between the graft and 
 the recipient site with a discrete inflammatory infiltrate 
 ( hematoxylin - eosin - original 63x ) group ii  30 days : new bone formation observed between the bone graft and 
 the recipient site , in contact with the cyanoacrylate ( ca ) 
 ( hematoxylin - eosin - original 160x ) the mean bone graft sizes ( in pixels ) were 319,865 ( 21,611 ) and 302,268 ( 18,099 ) 
 for group i at 10 and 30 days , respectively , and 273,149 ( 19,178 ) and 250,391 
 ( 25,127 ) for group ii at 10 and 30 days , respectively ( figure 6 ) . in the statistical analysis ,
when both results from 10 
 and 30 days were compared , there was no statistically significant difference between 
 groups i and ii ( p<0.05 ) .
area of the bone graft fragment in groups i and ii at 10 and 30 days
underneath , the graft was observed , with most of its osteocyte lacunae 
 filled by osteocytes . at the interface between the graft and the recipient site , 
 it was possible to observe a thin layer of compact fibrous connective tissue and 
 areas of bone remodeling both at the graft and the parietal bone . at the 
 peripheral regions ,
. new bone formation , with 
 primary bone tissue ( asterisks ) , from the graft fragment ( bone graft - bg ) 
 and parietal bone ( hematoxylin - eosin 
original 160x ) superficially , it was possible to observe a thin fibrous capsule covering the bone 
 graft . in most specimens , a predominance of lymphocytes together with a large 
 number of neutrophils was observed .
adjacent to the fibrous capsule it was 
 possible to notice the bone graft with its osteocyte lacunae containing basophilic 
 nucleus .
several bone lacunae were found into the grafts containing multinucleate 
 cells , and , in most of the specimens , a large number of neutrophils .
deeply and 
 adjacent to the graft , fragments of ca were observed filling the space between the 
 graft and the recipient site .
adjacent to the bone surface of the recipient site , 
 there were several resorption areas with a large number of osteoclastic - type 
 multinucleate cells .
a large number of lymphocytes and neutrophils were observed 
 into the medullar spaces of the bone tissue .
few fibroblasts could be identified , 
 with a predominance of resorption areas concerning new bone formation areas . 

it was 
 still possible to observe the absence of a bone union between the bone graft and 
 the recipient site ( figure 2 ) .
group ii  10 days : bone graft ( bg ) with osteocyte lacunae containing 
 basophilic nucleus .
fragments of cyanoacrylate ( ca ) are observed filling the 
 space between the bone graft and the recipient site and discrete areas of 
 new bone formation ( bn ) can be observed in the recipient site 
 ( hematoxylin - eosin - original 63x ) at 30 days , the periosteum layer over the graft showed no signs of hyperplasia , 
 and presented a discrete inflammatory infiltrate .
bone graft was attached to the 
 recipient site through newly formed bone tissue at the interface region . in 
 several specimens ,
this new bone formation occurs only at the central third of the 
 graft , and their margins remained joined to the donor area by a compact connective 
 tissue ( figure 3 ) .
the graft had an aspect 
 of mature bone , well vascularized and with osteocyte lacunae filled by osteocytes 
 in havers systems .
group i  30 days : bone graft ( bg ) incorporated to the recipient site .
new 
 bone formation at the interface observed only at the graft central region , 
 where the extremities remained filled by fibrous connective tissue 
 ( hematoxylin - eosin 
original 100x ) in all specimens , a fibrous capsule covered the bone graft . underneath the fibrous 
 capsule
, graft presents some areas of bone resorption in its external surface , 
 with some osteoclastic - type multinucleate cells .
proximal areas , in some specimens , a 
 bone union with the recipient site was observed ; however , in most of the animals , 
 this union could not be identified , because the region was filled with a 
 lymphocyte - type inflammatory infiltrate , some blood vessels and several collagen 
 fibers that maintained continuity with the capsule collagen fibers .
discrete areas 
 of new bone formation were observed in the internal surfaces of the grafts , 
 surfaces that were in contact with the ca .
more deeply , between the graft and the 
 recipient site , a space filled with a great amount of ca was observed . in several 
 areas ,
multinucleate cells could be identified , mainly in the regions adjacent to 
 the graft proximal surface ( figure 4 ) .
few 
 areas of newly formed bone were observed in this space until the time period 
 studied . regarding the recipient site ,
resorption areas and new bone formation 
 areas could be identified in some of the specimens ( figure 5 ) .
group ii  30 days : underneath , bone graft is linked to the recipient site 
 only in the graft margin .
areas of new bone formation ( bn ) are observed in 
 the internal surfaces of the grafts and in the recipient site .
a space 
 filled by a high amount of cyanoacrylate ( ca ) remains between the graft and 
 the recipient site with a discrete inflammatory infiltrate 
 ( hematoxylin - eosin - original 63x ) group ii  30 days : new bone formation observed between the bone graft and 
 the recipient site , in contact with the cyanoacrylate ( ca ) 
 ( hematoxylin - eosin - original 160x )
underneath , the graft was observed , with most of its osteocyte lacunae 
 filled by osteocytes . at the interface between the graft and the recipient site , 
 it was possible to observe a thin layer of compact fibrous connective tissue and 
 areas of bone remodeling both at the graft and the parietal bone . at the 
 peripheral regions ,
. new bone formation , with 
 primary bone tissue ( asterisks ) , from the graft fragment ( bone graft - bg ) 
 and parietal bone ( hematoxylin - eosin 
superficially , it was possible to observe a thin fibrous capsule covering the bone 
 graft . in most specimens , a predominance of lymphocytes together with a large 
 number of neutrophils was observed .
adjacent to the fibrous capsule it was 
 possible to notice the bone graft with its osteocyte lacunae containing basophilic 
 nucleus .
several bone lacunae were found into the grafts containing multinucleate 
 cells , and , in most of the specimens , a large number of neutrophils .
deeply and 
 adjacent to the graft , fragments of ca were observed filling the space between the 
 graft and the recipient site .
adjacent to the bone surface of the recipient site , 
 there were several resorption areas with a large number of osteoclastic - type 
 multinucleate cells . a large number of lymphocytes and neutrophils were observed 
 into the medullar spaces of the bone tissue .
few fibroblasts could be identified , 
 with a predominance of resorption areas concerning new bone formation areas . 

it was 
 still possible to observe the absence of a bone union between the bone graft and 
 the recipient site ( figure 2 ) .
group ii  10 days : bone graft ( bg ) with osteocyte lacunae containing 
 basophilic nucleus .
fragments of cyanoacrylate ( ca ) are observed filling the 
 space between the bone graft and the recipient site and discrete areas of 
 new bone formation ( bn ) can be observed in the recipient site 
 ( hematoxylin - eosin - original 63x )
at 30 days , the periosteum layer over the graft showed no signs of hyperplasia , 
 and presented a discrete inflammatory infiltrate .
bone graft was attached to the 
 recipient site through newly formed bone tissue at the interface region . in 
 several specimens ,
this new bone formation occurs only at the central third of the 
 graft , and their margins remained joined to the donor area by a compact connective 
 tissue ( figure 3 ) .
the graft had an aspect 
 of mature bone , well vascularized and with osteocyte lacunae filled by osteocytes 
 in havers systems .
group i  30 days : bone graft ( bg ) incorporated to the recipient site .
new 
 bone formation at the interface observed only at the graft central region , 
 where the extremities remained filled by fibrous connective tissue 
 ( hematoxylin - eosin  original 100x )
in all specimens , a fibrous capsule covered the bone graft . underneath the fibrous 
 capsule
, graft presents some areas of bone resorption in its external surface , 
 with some osteoclastic - type multinucleate cells .
these resorptions could also be 
 observed into the bone fragment . in the graft proximal areas , in some specimens , a 
 bone union with the recipient site
was observed ; however , in most of the animals , 
 this union could not be identified , because the region was filled with a 
 lymphocyte - type inflammatory infiltrate , some blood vessels and several collagen 
 fibers that maintained continuity with the capsule collagen fibers .
discrete areas 
 of new bone formation were observed in the internal surfaces of the grafts , 
 surfaces that were in contact with the ca .
more deeply , between the graft and the 
 recipient site , a space filled with a great amount of ca was observed . in several 
 areas ,
multinucleate cells could be identified , mainly in the regions adjacent to 
 the graft proximal surface ( figure 4 ) .
few 
 areas of newly formed bone were observed in this space until the time period 
 studied .
regarding the recipient site , resorption areas and new bone formation 
 areas could be identified in some of the specimens ( figure 5 ) .
group ii  30 days : underneath , bone graft is linked to the recipient site 
 only in the graft margin .
areas of new bone formation ( bn ) are observed in 
 the internal surfaces of the grafts and in the recipient site .
a space 
 filled by a high amount of cyanoacrylate ( ca ) remains between the graft and 
 the recipient site with a discrete inflammatory infiltrate 
 ( hematoxylin - eosin - original 63x ) group ii  30 days : new bone formation observed between the bone graft and 
 the recipient site , in contact with the cyanoacrylate ( ca ) 
 ( hematoxylin - eosin - original 160x )
the mean bone graft sizes ( in pixels ) were 319,865 ( 21,611 ) and 302,268 ( 18,099 ) 
 for group i at 10 and 30 days , respectively , and 273,149 ( 19,178 ) and 250,391 
 ( 25,127 ) for group ii at 10 and 30 days , respectively ( figure 6 ) . in the statistical analysis ,
when both results from 10 
 and 30 days were compared , there was no statistically significant difference between 
 groups i and ii ( p<0.05 ) .
area of the bone graft fragment in groups i and ii at 10 and 30 days
graft fixation has great importance in the graft resorption decrease , once the volume 
 loss is variable and inconstant .
( 1990 ) , the screwed internal rigid fixation enhances the 
 life time of the onlay bone graft , decreasing its resorption when compared to the graft 
 that is not fixed or stabilized by steel wire , mainly in great mobility areas . in the 
 present investigation , it was not possible to use titanium screw for the graft fixation 
 because the thin rat parietal bone makes impracticable its use .
thus , bone fragments 
 fixed with the adhesive were compared to a group where the graft remained only 
 juxtaposed to the recipient site .
the partial graft resorption is a natural process during its remodeling stage ; however , 
 the presence of inflammatory reaction or micromovements tends to accelerate and 
 intensify this process .
it is 
 important to emphasize that the bone graft at rat calvaria , as proposed in the 
 experimental model of the present study , is not subjected to many movements ; it is 
 maintained in position and becomes properly incorporated to the recipient site , as 
 observed in the control group at 10 and 30 days .
differently from the calvaria , in the 
 mouth , the constant movements of the muscles and food , makes essential the fixation of 
 the bone graft blocks .
graft stability is essential for the occurrence of 
 revascularization and graft incorporation . according to clinical observations ,
the technique for using the adhesive was very 
 simple , and , mechanically , the adhesive promoted a good adhesion of the graft to the 
 recipient site .
this was demonstrated by the fact that the bone fragment remained stable 
 in both studied periods , confirming the good adhesive capacity of the ethyl - ca , which 
 has been shown in previous studies .
it has been reported that the smaller the ester chain , the higher its 
 histotoxicity .
however , 
 regarding the inflammatory reaction provided by the adhesive , it was observed to be 
 higher at 10 days . at 30 days , a low intensity inflammation exhibited foreign body - type 
 multinucleate cells in areas adjacent to the ca fragments .
these findings indicate that 
 the intense inflammatory reaction , produced by the material , has a short duration . 
 according to celik , et al .
( 1991 ) , 
 the inflammation is caused by a reaction dependent on tissue oxygen , explained by the 
 transformation of the cellular membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids into hydroperoxide 
 lipids , which increases the metabolism of the local arachidonic acid , unleashing the 
 synthesis of tromboxane and prostaglandin .
clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated the adhesive efficacy to produce a 
 stable union of bone segments , however , the 
 histological still remain not conclusive .
( 2006 ) , in a histomorphometric study utilizing rabbits 
 as experimental models , fixed autogenous graft fragments in the calvaria with ethyl - ca 
 adhesive .
the results showed a discrete inflammatory infiltrate only at the first 15 
 postoperative days , which had totally receded at the posterior periods . in the present 
 study , in fact
however , the 
 persistence of a discrete lymphocyte infiltrate associated with the presence of 
 multinucleated cells , especially at the graft margins where the connective tissue was in 
 direct contact with the adhesive , allow us to suggest that the material , though well 
 tolerated , did not behave in a biocompatible way .
( 2006 ) , our findings showed that the physical presence of ethyl - ca 
 affected new bone formation . when ca fragments were suffering phagocytosis , granulation 
 tissues containing fibroblasts , newly formed blood vessels and lymphocyte - type 
 inflammatory infiltrate , were proliferating in the area .
the formation of osseous 
 trabeculae occurred after this migration , showing that the material did not have an 
 osteoconductive or osteoinductive behavior , because it hampered the immediate new bone 
 formation and graft incorporation to the recipient site .
this fact , associated with the 
 persistence of the discrete inflammatory process could explain the higher graft 
 resorption observed at both 10 and 30 postoperative days .
polymer degradation would be necessary for a complete repair process , providing results 
 similar to those provided by the conventional internal rigid fixation .
however , as a 
 great amount of ca was still observed in the graft / recipient site interface , further 
 studies with longer experimental periods are suggested to determine the total bone 
 filling of the area and the maintenance or not of the graft bone size .
according to the methodology employed in this study , it was possible to conclude that , 
 although allowing the maintenance and stability of the graft fragment at 30 days , the 
 permanence of adhesive at the bone / graft interface did not allow graft incorporation to 
 the recipient site , producing a low intensity but persistent local inflammatory 
 reaction .
 objectivethe purpose of this study was to perform histological and histometric analyses of 
 the repair process of autogenous bone grafts fixed at rat calvaria with 
 ethyl - cyanoacrylate adhesive . 
 material and methodsthirty - two rats were divided into two groups ( n=16 ) , group i - control and group 
 ii - adhesive . 
 osteotomies were made at the right parietal bone for graft 
 obtainment using a 4-mm - diameter trephine drill . 
 then , the bone segments were 
 fixed with the adhesive in the parietal region of the opposite side to the donor 
 site . 
 after 10 and 30 days , 8 animals of each group were euthanized and the 
 calvarias were laboratorially processed for obtaining hematoxylin and 
 eosin - stained slides for histological and histometric analyses . 
 resultsan intense inflammatory reaction was observed at the 10-day period . at 30 days , 
 this reaction was less intense , despite the presence of adhesive at the 
 recipient - site / graft interface . 
 graft incorporation to the recipient site was 
 observed only at the control group , which maintained the highest graft size at 10 
 and 30 days . 
 conclusionsalthough the fragment was stable , the presence of adhesive in group ii did not 
 allow graft incorporation to the recipient site , determining a localized , discrete 
 and persistent inflammatory reaction . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
RESULTS
Histological results
10 days - Group I
10 days - Group II
30 days - Group I
30 days - Group II
Histometric and statistical results
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION