pushing the boundaries of surgical options in the curative treatment of hepatic malignancies has recently led to the development of a new surgical technique for patients in whom a conventional major liver resection ( 3 liver segments ) is not feasible .
the technique , known as alpps ( associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy ) , is a two - stage procedure encompassing portal vein ligation and in situ split of the liver parenchyma during the first phase and completion of the resection by removal of the deportalized liver after an interval of 12 weeks in the second phase ( fig .
alpps is indicated in patients in whom insufficient volume of remnant liver is anticipated carrying a high risk of postoperative liver failure .
this technique induces an accelerated hypertrophy response of the future remnant liver ( frl ) following contralateral ligation of the portal vein , while transection of the parenchyma allows the deportalized liver to contribute to liver function until the second stage .
however , since the introduction of alpps , there has been an ongoing discussion regarding its safety , as the morbidity ( i.e. , clavien - dindo grade iiib ) and 90-day mortality rates reported in the literature reach up to 59 and 29% , respectively .
one of the key issues in alpps is the timing of the second stage at the point sufficient hypertrophy response has been achieved .
this modality enables volumetric measurement of the total liver , frl and tumor volumes . in patients with healthy liver parenchyma
, frl volume and function can be considered equal . however , in the majority of cases , the quality of the liver remains uncertain and may be affected by longstanding chemotherapy or fibrosis .
tc - mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy ( hbs ) with spect - ct is a quantitative liver function test measuring hepatic uptake of this liver - specific tc - labeled iminodiacetic acid derivative .
firstly , hbs is performed together with spect - ct allowing not only the measurement of the total uptake of mebrofenin in the whole liver , but also regional measurements in the liver segments , e.g. frl .
secondly , one single cutoff value of 2.7%/min / m has been validated for both patients with compromised and with noncompromised liver parenchyma . since the validation of the cutoff value for the prediction of postoperative liver failure
, hbs has become part of standard patient care at our center for patients who require major liver resection .
hbs has also proven useful in the assessment of the hypertrophy response of the frl after preoperative portal vein embolization and selective internal radiation therapy [ 5 , 7 ] . as accurate assessment of the frl function rather than
its volume is crucial in performing the alpps procedure , hbs could play a prominent role in monitoring frl function after the first stage of alpps , giving guidance in the timing of the second stage .
we herein report the sequential changes in frl function measured using hbs in a patient who underwent alpps procedure .
a 79-year - old female patient was referred to our surgical department with metachronous colonic liver metastases .
the patient was diagnosed with 3 lesions suspicious of metastases in segments 4a , 7 and 8 , and she was scheduled for metastasectomy of the aforementioned lesions . however , at examination , additional lesions in segments 3 , 5 and 6 were found necessitating extended right hemihepatectomy ( i.e. resection of segments 48 ) with concomitant metastasectomy of the lesion in segment 3 .
this procedure was not considered feasible at the time of examination as the frl volume was 19.6% , which was below the volumetric cutoff value for safe resection ( 25% of total liver volume ) .
furthermore , the frl uptake function of segments 1 , 2 and 3 was only 1.5%/min / m , which is also below the cutoff value for safe resection ( 2.7%/min / m ; table 1 ) .
therefore , it was decided to apply the alpps procedure , and the first stage was carried out in order to induce hypertrophy of segments 2 and 3 .
the study has been approved by the institutional review board , and the need for written informed consent was waived .
ct imaging with ct volumetry and hbs were performed before and after each stage of the alpps .
hbs was performed after a 4-hour fast , as food consumption stimulates hepatic function and bile flow , which might influence test results .
the patient was put in a supine position on the imaging table and a large fov spect - ct camera ( symbia t16 ; siemens ) was positioned over the liver and heart region .
the spect - ct camera was equipped with low - energy high - resolution collimators .
after intravenous administration of 200 mbq ( 5.41 mci ) freshly prepared tc - mebrofenin ( bridatec ; ge - amersham health ) , dynamic acquisition was obtained ( 36 frames of 10 s / frame , 128  128 matrix ) , which was used for the calculation of the hepatic mebrofenin uptake rate .
subsequently , a fast spect acquisition was performed ( 60 projections of 8 s / projection , 256  256 matrix ) , centered on the peak of the hepatic time - activity curve , which was used for the 3-dimensional assessment of liver function and the calculation of functional liver volume .
immediately after spect , a low - dose non - contrast - enhanced ct scan was obtained for attenuation correction and anatomical mapping . in order to evaluate biliary excretion , a second dynamic acquisition ( 15 frames of 60
the hbs parameters related to mebrofenin uptake in the total liver and frl were calculated as described before [ 5 , 9 ] .
a cut - off value of 2.7%/min / m was used to discriminate the normal from decreased frl uptake rate as was validated in a previous study .
ct imaging with ct volumetry and hbs were performed before and after each stage of the alpps .
hbs was performed after a 4-hour fast , as food consumption stimulates hepatic function and bile flow , which might influence test results .
the patient was put in a supine position on the imaging table and a large fov spect - ct camera ( symbia t16 ; siemens ) was positioned over the liver and heart region .
the spect - ct camera was equipped with low - energy high - resolution collimators .
after intravenous administration of 200 mbq ( 5.41 mci ) freshly prepared tc - mebrofenin ( bridatec ; ge - amersham health ) , dynamic acquisition was obtained ( 36 frames of 10 s / frame , 128  128 matrix ) , which was used for the calculation of the hepatic mebrofenin uptake rate .
subsequently , a fast spect acquisition was performed ( 60 projections of 8 s / projection , 256  256 matrix ) , centered on the peak of the hepatic time - activity curve , which was used for the 3-dimensional assessment of liver function and the calculation of functional liver volume .
immediately after spect , a low - dose non - contrast - enhanced ct scan was obtained for attenuation correction and anatomical mapping . in order to evaluate biliary excretion , a second dynamic acquisition
( 15 frames of 60 s / frame , 128  128 matrix ) was obtained .
the hbs parameters related to mebrofenin uptake in the total liver and frl were calculated as described before [ 5 , 9 ] .
a cut - off value of 2.7%/min / m was used to discriminate the normal from decreased frl uptake rate as was validated in a previous study .
figure 2a shows the ct image after the first stage of the alpps procedure . on postoperative day
( pod ) 3 , the frl volume had increased from 19.6 to 26.2% of the total liver volume , while the frl function had increased from 1.5 to 2.0%/min / m .
the frl volume was measured again on pod 6 showing a further increase in volume up to 26.5% ( table 1 ) . on pod 8 ,
the frl function had increased above the cutoff value to 2.9%/min / m ( fig .
the functional and volumetric increase in the frl after 1 week was comparable to volumetric and functional measurements performed on pod 90 in a historic cohort of patients who underwent major liver resection at our institute .
the postoperative course was complicated by ascites due to thrombosis of the left hepatic vein , which resolved after anticoagulation therapy .
nearly all of the patients reported after alpps showed sufficient volume hypertrophy after the first stage of the procedure and went on to the second stage .
however the morbidity and mortality rates after alpps are high when compared to liver resection after preoperative portal vein embolization or in the setting of a conventional two - stage liver resection with an interval of 46 weeks .
the timing of the second stage of the procedure is largely determined by the degree of the hypertrophy response . in this paper , we demonstrate a marked increase in the frl function measured with hbs in a patient who underwent both stages of the procedure , showing that only 8 days after transection of the liver parenchyma , the mebrofenin uptake rate of the frl had nearly doubled and was comparable with the average functional increase documented 90 days after regular major liver resection .
furthermore , we were able to show a substantial difference between the increase in frl volume and function .
just 3 days after the first stage of the resection , the frl volume had increased from 19.6 to 26.2% indicating that the patient was ready to undergo the next step of the operation as the cutoff value for safe resection is approximately 25% . however , the frl function at that time point was 2.0%/min / m , which is below the validated cutoff value for safe resection ( 2.7%/min / m ) .
five days later , the frl function had sufficiently increased in order to proceed with the next step of resection .
hence , early after the first stage of alpps , the volume of the frl might overestimate the function .
however , in previous studies , we have shown differences in the volumetric and functional assessment of the frl , and we were able to establish a cutoff value irrespective of liver parenchymal quality for the effective prevention of postoperative liver failure .
our previous experiences with hbs in risk assessment of patients considered for extended liver resections corroborate the value of hbs in the setting of alpps . in conclusion ,
hbs with spect - ct is a quantitative test enabling monitoring of frl function in patients undergoing alpps procedure .
hbs is a useful tool in the timing of the second stage of alpps and may contribute to the improvement of the procedure - related morbidity and mortality rates .
the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article .
none of the authors has received funding related to this subject from the following organizations : national institutes of health ; wellcome trust ; howard hughes medical institute and other(s ) .
 alpps ( associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy ) is a new surgical technique for patients in whom conventional treatment is not feasible due to insufficient future remnant liver ( frl ) . during the first stage of alpps , 
 accelerated hypertrophy of the frl is induced by ligation of the portal vein and in situ split of the liver . in the second stage , 
 the deportalized liver is removed when the frl volume has reached 25% of total liver volume . 
 however , frl volume does not necessarily reflect frl function . 
 99mtc - mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy ( hbs ) with spect - ct is a quantitative test enabling regional assessment of parenchymal uptake function using a validated cut - off value for the prediction of postoperative liver failure ( 2.7%/min / m2 ) . 
 this paper describes the changes in frl function and frl volume in a 79-year - old patient diagnosed with metachronous colonic liver metastases who underwent alpps . 
 we have observed a substantial difference between the increase in frl volume and frl function suggesting that hbs with spect - ct enables monitoring of the frl function and could be a useful tool in the timing of resection in the second stage of the alpps procedure . 
Introduction
Case Report
Imaging
Results
Discussion
Statement of Ethics
Disclosure Statement