in order to introduce a new plant variety to the markets commercially , it is necessary to register a newly bred variety , which relies upon the results of dus ( distinctness , uniformity , and stability ) tests ; that is , for a new genotype to be registered as a commercial variety , it needs to be distinct ( d ) from all other released varieties , uniform ( u ) , and stable ( s ) for morphological and other evaluated traits [ 1 , 2 ] .
therefore , dus test has been established to be the foundation of plant variety protection and also to identify a new variety from reference collection .
the new variety should pass legal examinations to be commercialized and receive the certificate for the plant breeder 's rights , a part of which consists of dus tests according to morphological characteristics .
the varieties to be assessed are increasing in number where their variability reduces , and the reference collections are expanding because of their internationalization , both of which result in the dramatic increase in expenses associated with these methods .
moreover , the existing methods are time consuming , which have altogether led to more necessity for developing a substitutionary , less costly system .
thus , the studies on the use of molecular markers in dus testing proving the expected capability of molecular markers have encouraged international union for the protection of new varieties of plants ( upov ) to contemplate the introduction of molecular markers to the dus testing system . nevertheless , before this decision could be made
dus testing would benefit from the use as molecular markers that have been shown to be more rapid and cost effective in comparison with morphological traits . in several registration processes such as cultivar identification ,
primarily , studies were restricted to using the dominant type of markers [ 5 , 6 ] where continuous development of simple sequence repeat ( ssr ) markers has recently resulted in the prevalence of mentioned markers [ 2 , 3 , 7 ] .
microsatellite markers have been characterized with multiallelic nature , codominance inheritance , and relative abundance as well as requiring small quantities of dna for amplification   which have made these markers efficiently applicable in dus test of rice varieties [ 9 , 10 ] .
upov has confirmed the application of ssr markers as one of the commonly practical molecular marker systems for the identification of plant varieties .
this marker was previously confirmed to be applied to the distinction between plant varieties as well as complementary features in dus tests where microsatellites were used in dus tests on pepper , canola , and corn . in this study ,
the efficiencies of ssr markers were evaluated as complementary tools for the distinction of these varieties .
in this study , 40 rice varieties consist of 27 varieties created in rice research institute of iran ( rrii ) and 10 local varieties from three regions of guilan , mazandaran , and isfahan in iran , and three international rice research institute ( irri ) varieties were used ( table 1 ) .
fifteen seeds of each variety were selected and then 5  g of young and healthy leaves was used for dna extraction .
the dna was extracted using the ctab method with minor modifications ( increasing extraction buffer density in two times and replacing mercaptoethanol ( 0.2 percent ) with dithiothreitol ( 30  mm ) ) .
twelve pairs of ssr primers ( a pair of primers of each chromosome ) were selected from the panel of 50 from gramene database ( http://gramene.org/markers/microsat/50_ssr.html ) ( table 2 ) .
it selected a pair of primers from a mitochondrial dna sequence ( drrcms marker ) ( forward : 5 acctttgggcgatggtt 3 ; reverse : 5 gggtttagagtcgccac 3 ) to detect the impurities in cms line ( ir58025a ) from its cognate isogenic maintainer line ( ir58025b ) which is a prerequisite to obtain pure seeds of hybrid rice as well .
pcr reaction was carried out in a total volume of 15  l containing 3  l ( 25  ng ) of template dna , 1  l ( 0.66  mol / l ) primers , 1.5  l 10x pcr buffer , 1.5  l dntps ( 0.2  mmol / l ) , 1.2  l mgcl2 ( two  mmol / l ) , 0.2  l taq dna polymerase ( 0.6  u/15  l ) , and 5.6  l ddh2o . an initial denaturation period of five min at 94c was followed by 35 cycles of 60  s at 94c , 30  s at 5666c , 120  s at 72c , and then five min at 72c for final extension .
after amplification , the pcr products were separated on 6%  ( w / v ) polyacrylamide gel and
the frequency of microsatellite polymorphism was calculated based on presence ( 1 ) or absence ( 0 ) of common bands . the genetic similarity between varieties
was calculated using the dice coefficient , and a dendrogram showing the genetic relationship of the 40 varieties was constructed using the unweighted pair group method with the arithmetic mean ( upgma )   features of the ntsyspc v2.02 statistical analysis package : 
 ( 1)gdnl=2n112n11+n10+n01 .
accordingly , n11 is the number of bands ( alleles ) in both individuals ; n00 is the number of bands ( alleles ) absent in both individuals ; n10 is the number of bands ( alleles ) in i , n01 is the number of bands ( alleles ) present in j , and n is the total number of all bands ( alleles ) .
effective number of alleles ( ae )   in each ssr locus was calculated by the following formula : 
 ( 2)ae=1pi2 , 
 where pi is the frequency of ith allele for each locus .
the polymorphic information content ( pic )   of microsatellite loci was calculated according to the following formula : 
 ( 3)pic=1j=1npij2 , 
 where pij is the frequency of the jth allele for ith marker and the summation extends over n alleles .
moreover , the discriminative power of molecular markers ( dj ) and the best combination of microsatellite markers ( xk )   were estimated using the following steps and formulas .
there are n(n  1)/2 different pairs in a set of n individuals . based on this ,
ci is the ith pattern of the given jth primer in which formula is 
 ( 4)ci = pinpi1n1 .
moreover , for the jth primer , cj is equivalent to the summation of the different ci for all i patterns generated by the primer : 
 ( 5)cj=i=1ici=i=1ipinpi1n1 . therefore , the discriminating power of the jth primer and the best combination of k primers are equal to 
 ( 6)dj1cj=1i=1ipinpi1n1,xknn12j=1kcj .
the 12 microsatellite primers used for this study generated totally 83 polymorphic fragments with an average of 6.91 alleles per locus . among these markers , rm316 with 13 alleles and rm55 with three alleles had the highest and lowest variation , respectively .
effective number of alleles was calculated from 2.44 ( rm161 ) to 9.52 ( rm316 ) with an average of 4.90 per locus .
additionally , the pic was estimated from 0.52 ( rm161 ) to 0.9 ( rm316 ) with an average of 0.74 per locus .
the discriminating power ( dj ) ranged between 0.57 ( rm161 ) and 0.93 ( rm316 ) with an average of 0.78 per locus ( table 2 ) .
the most of microsatellite markers had a high pic and discriminating power . however , a few markers had a low range of pic and discriminating power such as rm55 and rm161 .
our results agree partially with those of hashemi et al . , who utilized 10 microsatellite markers to characterize the genetic diversity in a group of 16 iranian rice hybrids .
pic is regarded as one of the important features of the molecular markers and can be used to evaluate the differentiation ability of the markers .
the range of similarity among varieties was from 0 to 1 with an average of 0.26 and variance of 0.063 for all microsatellite markers .
similarity values in between varieties were 0 for 66 pairs of varieties ( supplementary file 1 ; see supplementary material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/965073 ) and similarity value had been 1 just for one pair of varieties ( ir58025a versus ir58025b ) .
ir58025a is a cms line , and , for detecting the cms line from its cognate , isogenic maintainer line ( ir58025b ) was used ; the polymorphism of a mitochondrial dna sequence ( drrcms marker ) between some of cms population and their fertile lines is verified in both lines ( figure 1 ) .
dendrogram resulted from cluster analysis using upgma algorithm based on the dice similarity coefficient and could discriminate all varieties from each other except for two isonuclear lines ( ir58025a and ir58025b ) ( figure 2 ) . as a result , total microsatellite markers could detect most of the improved varieties ( group a ) from local varieties ( group b ) . however , sang - e - jo and hassan - saraie as local varieties stood with improved varieties in group a , because sang - e - jo and sepid - rood were used as recipient parents for ghaem-1 variety .
as can be observed in the dendrogram , sang - e - jo , sepid - rood , and ghaem-1 have been in the same subcluster .
these varieties are shafagh and kadous that improved from two irri lines as ir67015 - 94 - 2 - 3 and ir64669 - 153 - 2 - 3 , respectively .
sazandegi , purified from lenjan local mass , and shiroudi improved by cross between deylamani as a local variety and khazar as an improved variety .
consequently , jahesh stood with other varieties obtained from tarom such as tarom - jolodar , sang - e - tarom , and tarom - milad in group b , and sazandegi with lenjan and shiroudi with deylamani constructed identical subcluster in group b. there is an interesting result in the third group ( group c ) , in which three varieties , namely , tabesh , pouya , and parto , constructed the same subcluster with tarom - mahali .
these varieties are mutant of tarom - mahali . although the rice varieties in this study were from different rice breeding programs in iran , microsatellite markers correctly grouped them depending on their respective group , local or improved varieties , in the dendrogram .
, who analyzed 43 rice samples using microsatellite markers and obtained a similar classification of varieties according to their breeding programs .
in addition , it obtained results from cluster analysis of each marker which have shown the ability of some of the markers as unique identification key for some of the varieties ( table 3 ) . for finding the best combination of markers that result in the obtained result of using all markers in discrimination of all varieties , first ,
markers were chosen one after another in a way to minimize xk , that is , the number of pairs of distinct varieties for each primary compound in each step . in the first step ,
rm316 was chosen which distinguished the highest pairs of varieties from each other among n(n  1)/2 pairs of varieties and made the amount of dj maximum . in the second step ,
the compound of each n  1 remaining marker with the chosen marker of previous step was tested in order to determine the most efficient compound that minimizes the amount of xk . in this step , compounding the rm271 with previous marker left the lower number of variety pairs undetermined . in subsequent steps ,
finally , adding rm154 to previous markers could decrease expected number of undetermined pairs of varieties calculated from 39.27 to 0.03 which should practically reach one pair of variety .
there were 41 pairs of varieties nondistinct from each other in calculating similarity coefficient among varieties and then cluster analysis of varieties using rm316 that had the highest discriminating power ( 0.93 ) among markers . by adding consequent markers in accordance to distinguish the ability to this marker
, the number of undistinguished pairs of varieties was decreased to one ( table 4 ) .
reliable identification of similar varieties is so difficult in plant species by morphological characteristics alone , because morphological and physiological characteristics are limited [ 25 , 26 ] .
accordingly , using molecular markers as additional information is inevitable in registering plant varieties considering their benefits .
dna markers can be utilized to simply and rapidly detect varieties or approve the distinctiveness of a varietal impostor . for identification and characterization of rice varieties and the testing of hybrid rice lines , using sts and ssr markers was significantly easier than using typical  grow - out tests  that included growing plants to maturity and evaluating purity based on morphological characteristics [ 28 , 29 ] .
also , microsatellite markers have been utilized in the previous same study to distinguish traditional rice ( oryza sativa l. ) varieties from each other in cuba . in this research
, the results showed that microsatellite markers easily could be used for identification of rice varieties .
 identification and registration of new rice varieties are very important to be free from environmental effects and using molecular markers that are more reliable . 
 the objectives of this study were , first , the identification and distinction of 40 rice varieties consisting of local varieties of iran , improved varieties , and irri varieties using pic , and discriminating power , second , cluster analysis based on dice similarity coefficient and upgma algorithm , and , third , determining the ability of microsatellite markers to separate varieties utilizing the best combination of markers . 
 for this research , 12 microsatellite markers were used . in total , 83 polymorphic alleles ( 6.91 alleles per locus ) 
 were found . 
 in addition , the variation of pic was calculated from 0.52 to 0.9 . 
 the results of cluster analysis showed the complete discrimination of varieties from each other except for ir58025a and ir58025b . 
 moreover , cluster analysis could detect the most of the improved varieties from local varieties . 
 based on the best combination of markers analysis , five pair primers together have shown the same results of all markers for detection among all varieties . 
 considering the results of this research , we can propose that microsatellite markers can be used as a complementary tool for morphological characteristics in dus tests . 
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion