the cavity is enlarged and smoothened to fittingly receive the filling . as tooth and canal
anatomies are equally important during canal preparation , the appropriate use of the endodontic instruments and the close contact with canal walls for pulp extirpation and cleaning purposes is likewise crucial to the treatment .
several techniques and instruments have been suggested to achieve the desired efficiency in root canal preparation2,6,11,15,19,23 . the concomitant use of chemicals that promote the removal of microorganisms is widely accepted .
as regards the cleaning and disinfection of root canals , current literature sets forward conflicting results for manual , mechanical and ultrasonic instrumentation techniques1,3,810,12,13,16,23 .
therefore , considering that in the treatment of non - vital teeth with chronic periapical reaction the presence of bacteria inside the root canal system accounts for the development and persistence of periapical lesions , this study was designed to investigate quantitatively the in vitro ability to remove dye adhered to proximally flattened root canals .
three techniques were investigated : crown - down technique with rotary instrumentation using nickel - titanium files ( k3 and protaper systems ) ; ultrasonic crown - down technique ; and progressive manual technique without apical pressure - modified oregon technique .
a set of 40 permanent human teeth freshly extracted from patients at the university of marlia for periodontal or prosthetic purposes and stored in 0.01% thymol solution was used in this study .
teeth were mandibular left and right central incisors and lateral incisors , and mandibular right and left premolars , evenly distributed the groups . all teeth presented proximally flattened root canals .
, so paulo , sp , brazil ) using an insulin syringe ( becton dickinson , curitiba , pr , brazil ) , upon the foramen . a fine kerr file was then repetitively pumped in the canal to prevent the formation of bubbles , whereupon teeth were left to rest at room temperature for 48 h to ensure complete curing of red dye .
group i was treated with the crown - down technique using the k3 system ( kerr , sybron endo , california , usa ) ( table 1 ) and group ii with the crown - down technique using the protaper system ( dentsply maillefer , ballaigues , switzerland ) ( table 2 ) ; group iii was treated with the progressive manual technique without apical pressure ( modified oregon technique ) ; and group iv was treated with the ultrasonic crown - down technique .
the root canal walls of groups i and ii were instrumented using an electric endodontic engine ( endo plus k ; vk driller equipamentos eltricos , so paulo , sp , brazil ) .
the device was adjusted to a constant clockwise 250-rpm speed and to a # 3 torque .
group iii was instrumented using the modified oregon technique as defined by berbert , et al.2 ( 1996 ) .
the process started using a manual size 40 k - file adapted to a ultrasound device ( enac ; osada electric co , japan ) , energized for 1 min . from this point on ,
smaller files were progressively used to ensure that the desired canal working length was reached .
for all groups , canals were flushed with 1.8 ml 2.5% sodium hypochlorite ( chemical institute of marilia , unimar , marilia , sp , brazil ) at each change of file .
the canals were then dried using paper points ( tanari industrial ltda , manaus , am , brazil ) and the teeth were decoronated length - wise in a buccolingual direction using a diamond disk .
the efficiency of each instrumentation technique under study was measured by assessing quantitatively the amount of dye that remained on the root canal walls .
halves containing the root canal dentin walls were digitally captured using a desk scanner ( genius colorpage - vivid pro ii ) coupled to a pentium iv computer equipped with the mgi photosuit software .
once resolution , brightness and contrast features were standardized , images were accessed using the sigma scan software ( jandel scientific corporation , san rafael , ca ) .
total canal area was obtained ( mm ) and the uninstrumented canal areas that remained stained with the dye were determined .
data were entered into a windows excell 2000 spreadsheet , affording the quantification of dye that remained after instrumentation by the percentile difference between total root canal area and the dye - stained uninstrumented canal area .
as data met the requirements of normal distribution and variance homogeneity , one - way anova was used to compare statistically the four experimental groups at 5% significance level .
the quantitative analysis of the data obtained for the total root canal area and the dye - stained uninstrumented canal areas , as well as the percentile difference between them are shown on figure 1 . 

table 3 shows the results of the f distribution for the percentile difference between the total root canal area and the dye - stained uninstrumented canal area .
no statistically significant difference were found between the groups ( p = 0.101 and f = 2.23 ) .
root canal instrumentation is not a simple procedure and demands manual skills as well as deep knowledge of the internal root canal system .
the preparation of curved root canals and root canals with isthmuses is more complex because the instrument suffers the tensions and deformations imposed by the procedure , which can ultimately influence the outcomes of the root canal treatment .
the experimental model adopted in the present study , using natural human teeth , was chosen because their root canal anatomy is remarkably flattened and irregular .
this aspect of human root canals may pose additional difficulties to instrumentation and challenge the treatment outcomes because complete removal of remaining tissues from isthmus areas is sometimes hard to achieve9,13,23 .
different methods to evaluate instrumentation techniques and their results have been reviewed in the literature . among the methodologies adopted to investigate root canal preparation methods are scanning electronic microscopy3,8,10,23 , simulated polyester resin root canals22 , computer software5 and clearing17 .
gonalves jr9 ( 2003 ) and silva , et al.19 ( 2004 ) used root canal dye techniques to compare instrumentation protocols with respect to efficiency and instrumented area . in the present study
it is important to mention that the dye used was proved to be insoluble in water , which makes each instrumentation technique the sole dye removal agent in the study .
image digitization of the halves and dye - stained areas on the root canal walls allowed the in - depth analysis of experimental results .
although these are twodimensional images , the fact that the specimens present well - defined mesiodistal flattened root canals , with minimal depth9 validates the use of the two - dimensional image approach . 

table 3 and figure 1 show how the extension of the dye - stained root canal area increases from group iv ( ultrasonic ) to group ii ( protaper ) , iii ( oregon ) and i ( k3 ) , in this sequence .
these results allowed observing that none of the adopted techniques was efficient enough to completely remove the dye adhered to the canal walls .
similar results have been reported by barbizam , et al.1 ( 2002 ) and zmener , et al.23 ( 2005 ) . 

table 3 shows that , although no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups , the instruments that reached the root canal walls and isthmuses more effectively produced better results in canal preparation .
nevertheless , given that rotary instrumentation systems tend to operate more centrally inside the root canal7,9 and considering that the root canals prepared in the present study were flattened , the performance of the protaper system ( group ii , table 3 ) is worth mentioning .
the protaper system produced significantly better instrumentation than the k3 system ( group i , table 3 ) .
this is contrary to what is ordinarily expected of oregon and ultrasonic techniques . k3 and
protaper techniques have differently tapered rotary instruments to operate on the cervical third and produced considerably different results in the present study . while the k3 system exhibited the worst result among the four groups ( mean= 39.76 ) , the protaper system produced a good instrumentation ( mean = 23.31 ) ( table 3 ) .
this is probably due to the gradually tapered instrument design of protaper files , as tapering ranges from 0.02 to 0.12 mm from its end d1 to base d2 .
, the active instruments ( protaper ) appeared to remove the smear layer more effectively than instruments with radial lands ( k3 ) .
the use of the ultrasonic technique ( group iv , table 3 ) produced a satisfactory result for removal of the dye - stained dentin .
this is due to the adoption of the crown - down instrumentation , which started with greater file sizes .
it is worth mentioning that thicker instruments tend to be more efficient , removing larger amounts of dentin within shorter times .
these findings agree with those of esberard , et al.6 ( 1987 ) , who suggested the need for a closer contact between the instrument and canal walls for optimal dentin removal . in the present study ,
this procedure was adopted to allow a better comparison between techniques , as these techniques do not intrinsically use irrigation .
the results also showed that the ultrasonic technique without constant irrigation proved to be the most efficient technique .
the enlargement of the cervical third before instrumentation of the apical region had a positive effect on the performance of the techniques because the influence of dentin thickness is lessened , thus favoring the full - length direct action of instruments along the canal walls .
furthermore , shovelton18 ( 1964 ) demonstrated that in addition to dentin contamination , large bacterial counts are found along this portion of the canal . in the present study ,
the cervical region of all teeth was prepared , by either rotary instruments with accentuate taper or gates - glidden drills ( for the modified oregon technique ) , or even files with larger sizes , as those used for the ultrasonic technique .
the use of gates - glidden drills has a beneficial effect on root canal preparation and plays an important role in the cleaning of the cervical third of the canal .
the results of the present contradict those of previous investigations in which the modified oregon technique ( group iii ) was shown to produce better results than ultrasonic , canal finder and profile rotary techniques9,16 , when the canal were preflared with gates - glidden drills . in the present study ,
the progression of instrumentation without apical pressure had little contribution on the cleaning of polar and isthmus zones .
progressive instrumentation works smoothly and harmoniously for the benefit of root canal preparation as a whole .
root canal enlargement allows introducing the files further into the canal , in contact with the dentin walls .
yet , it is not possible to direct the action of the instruments , differently from what is observed for the filing movement .
based on the number of remaining dye - stained areas on the canal walls , the outcomes of this study demonstrated that none of the techniques produced an appropriate canal preparation .
portions of the canal walls that were untouched by the instruments , such as isthmuses , were often found in all groups .
this is imputable to both the inefficiency of the technique and the anatomic abnormalities , even in a technologic scenario that affords a variety of rotary instruments of diverse characteristics10 . in a comparative investigation that assessed manual
instrumentation , sonic and ultrasonic techniques , langeland , et al.12 ( 1985 ) affirmed that canal anatomy plays a more important role in endodontic treatment than any instrumentation technique .
the authors reported that although the techniques cleaned straight , tubular canals , they failed to reach the same efficiency for curved , irregular canals .
therefore , it is important to take into account that all instrumentation techniques demand more attention in the treatment of teeth with pulp necrosis and periapical lesion , in which contamination is wide - ranging and intense , with consequent demand for intracanal dressings and sealing .
in the light of the results obtained in the present study , it was observed that : ( i ) no instrumentation technique fully removed all dye - stained areas from the canal walls ; ( ii ) the quantitative assessment of dye removal from the canal walls did not show statistically significant difference between the studied groups ( p<0.05 ) ; ( ii ) the ideal instrumentation technique for curved and irregular root canals has not yet been made available .
 objective : the efficiency of rotary , manual and ultrasonic root canal instrumentation techniques was investigated in proximally flattened root canals.material and methods : forty human mandibular left and right central incisors , lateral incisors and premolars were used . 
 the pulp tissue was removed and the root canals were filled with red die . 
 teeth were instrumented using three techniques : ( i ) k3 and protaper rotary systems ; ( ii ) ultrasonic crown - down technique ; and ( iii ) progressive manual technique . 
 roots were bisected longitudinally in a buccolingual direction . 
 the instrumented canal walls were digitally captured and the images obtained were analyzed using the sigma scan software . 
 canal walls were evaluated for total canal wall area versus noninstrumented area on which dye remained.results:no statistically significant difference was found between the instrumentation techniques studied ( p<0.05).conclusion : the findings of this study showed that no instrumentation technique was 100% efficient to remove the dye . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS