recently , all - ceramic fixed partial dentures ( fpds ) were introduced ; these are currently in use in clinical dental treatment . due to their superior aesthetics ,
all - ceramic restorations provide a more desirable approach compared with metal - ceramic combinations for the restoration of natural dentition.1 the application of veneering porcelain over a high - strength core ceramic has resulted in the creation of an aesthetically more acceptable laminate composite system , which has been employed in the construction of all - ceramic crowns.2 however , ceramics are brittle and susceptible to failure beyond a critical stress , which is dependent on the internal and surface flaw distributions,3,4 and their fracture problems have not been solved completely.5 manufacturers have adopted novel engineering processing routes to produce all - ceramic dental core materials with strengths in excess of those achieved using metallic frameworks for metal - ceramic restorations.6 the finite element method ( fem ) has been shown to be a useful tool when investigating complex systems.7,8 knowledge of stress distribution is important in the understanding of fatigue yielding.9 overall stress distribution within the tooth / restoration complex is determined by geometry and hard tissue / restorative material arrangement.10 it has also been reported that the majority of failures of all - ceramic fpds originate at the gingival side of the connectors , at the interface of the framework and veneer porcelain.11 thus , the framework design of all - ceramic restorations may have an important effect on stress distribution .
furthermore , the distribution of stress influences the success of the treatment.1214 in recent years , alternative materials and designs have been developed to suit different clinical situations,15 and fpds must have a design type that satisfies certain structural requirements .
an fpd must provide enough strength to resist the forces of occlusion that cause flexure of the framework , producing stress in the restoration , and the abutment .
it is known that the arch - type design is the most efficient method of forming a structure with materials that have good compressive strength and low tensile strength.16 however , to develop theories of prosthesis design , the amount of stress likely to be generated in the oral cavity must be quantified.15 thus , this study aimed at evaluating the effects of framework designs on stress distribution at the supporting bone and supporting implants . the null hypothesis of the current study was that the different framework designs associated with all ceramic restorations would not affect stress distribution .
the study was conducted using 3d fem and the solidworks 2007 9.0.3 structural analysis program ( solidworks corporation , usa ) .
a 3d fem model was constructed to represent a three - unit implant supporting fpds ; this was used to perform the computer simulation ( figure 1a ) .
the model contained a three - unit all - ceramic fpd with two implants ( iti solid screw implants , 3.8-mm diameter , 10-mm bone sink depth ; straumann ag , waldenburg , switzerland ) at each end as abutment .
these were supported by alveolar bone structures simulated as spongy bone surrounded by 2 mm of cortical bone .
initially , the cross - sections of bone structures included in the mathematical model were hand drawn .
they were sketched separately at the front and right planes for each unit in the computer environment .
the implant system modeling was conducted using a laser - based 3d scanner ( dental wings , montreal , quebec , canada ) to reproduce the exact dimensions .
the coordinates of the contouring points were then joined to form each structure s volume ; together , these defined the final geometry of the fem model ( figure 1b  c ) .
the simulated geometries used for analysis were three different framework designs ( convex ( 1 ) , concave ( 2 ) , and conventional ( 3 ) pontic framework designs ) ( figure 2a  c ) .
all - ceramic fpds ( ips e - max press ; ivoclar vivadent ag ) were simulated as the restorative material .
the bottom exterior nodes of the alveolar bone in the fem models were fixed in all directions as the boundary condition ( figure 3b ) .
a 300-n static vertical occlusal load17 was applied on the node at the center of occlusal surface of the pontic to calculate the stress distributions ( figure 3b ) . as a second condition
, frameworks were directly loaded to clearly demonstrate the effect of framework design ( figure 3c ) .
the elastic properties of the materials ( young s modulus ( e ) and poisson s ratio (  ) ) were determined from the literature and are given in table 1.15,18 the fem modeling was accomplished using the solidworks software program , and analyses were run with the cosmosworks software program , which is integrated with solidworks .
results are presented by considering the von mises criteria.1924 calculated numerical data were transformed into color graphics to better visualize the mechanical phenomena in the models .
both a 3d whole - model view and mesiodistal cross - sectional views were presented for each condition .
a narrower range was used for the stress indicator scale to better visualize the differences in stress distribution ( 0 to 5 mpa ) .
the analysis of the von mises stress values revealed that maximum stress concentrations were located at the loading areas for all models .
in addition , high stress values were located at the gingival embrasures of connectors and the cervical regions on the pontic side of abutment implants in all models .
the cervical and inter - implantal alveolar bone structure was the other stress concentration area .
there were no clear differences in stress distributions among the three design types ( figure 4a  c ) .
the stress trajectory started from the force application point and continued through the framework to the abutment implants , where it was distributed at the bone structure .
the highest stress values observed at the force application areas were 27.3 , 29.1 , and 26.0 mpa for convex , concave , and conventional designs , respectively .
the highest value was observed at the veneering porcelain at the force application area of concave design ( 29.1 mpa ) .
the stress values observed at the cervical regions of the implants were 1.17 , 1.41 , and 1.35 mpa for convex , concave , and biconcave designs , respectively .
the stress values at the alveolar bone structure between implants were 0.310.76 mpa ( figure 5a  c ) .
the structures maximum von mises stress values with different models are summarized at table 2 .
the highest stress values observed at the force application areas of the framework porcelain were 5.12 , 5.34 , and 5.24 mpa for convex , concave , and biconcave designs , respectively . although the maximum stress concentration values were close , clear stress distribution diversities
for example , stress values of 4.65.34 mpa clearly occupied more space in the concave design framework than the other design types . in addition ,
high stress concentration values at the implant neck occupied more space in the concave design .
the maximum von mises stress values observed at the cortical bone structure were 0.81 , 1.01 , and 0.68 mpa for convex , concave , and biconcave designs , respectively .
while stress was directed toward inter - implantal alveolar bone in the concave framework design , at the opposite was the case for the convex and conventional framework designs ( figure 7a  c ) .
however , the maximum stress value of 0.81 mpa was clearly more widespread for the convex design type than for the conventional framework design .
the maximum von mises stress values of structures with different models and a direct loading of the framework are summarized in table 3 .
there were no clear differences in stress distributions among the three design types ( figure 4a  c ) .
the stress trajectory started from the force application point and continued through the framework to the abutment implants , where it was distributed at the bone structure .
the highest stress values observed at the force application areas were 27.3 , 29.1 , and 26.0 mpa for convex , concave , and conventional designs , respectively .
the highest value was observed at the veneering porcelain at the force application area of concave design ( 29.1 mpa ) .
the stress values observed at the cervical regions of the implants were 1.17 , 1.41 , and 1.35 mpa for convex , concave , and biconcave designs , respectively .
the stress values at the alveolar bone structure between implants were 0.310.76 mpa ( figure 5a  c ) .
the structures maximum von mises stress values with different models are summarized at table 2 .
the highest stress values observed at the force application areas of the framework porcelain were 5.12 , 5.34 , and 5.24 mpa for convex , concave , and biconcave designs , respectively . although the maximum stress concentration values were close , clear stress distribution diversities
for example , stress values of 4.65.34 mpa clearly occupied more space in the concave design framework than the other design types . in addition ,
high stress concentration values at the implant neck occupied more space in the concave design .
the maximum von mises stress values observed at the cortical bone structure were 0.81 , 1.01 , and 0.68 mpa for convex , concave , and biconcave designs , respectively .
while stress was directed toward inter - implantal alveolar bone in the concave framework design , at the opposite was the case for the convex and conventional framework designs ( figure 7a  c ) .
however , the maximum stress value of 0.81 mpa was clearly more widespread for the convex design type than for the conventional framework design .
the maximum von mises stress values of structures with different models and a direct loading of the framework are summarized in table 3 .
the stress distribution patterns varied with different framework designs . based on these results , the null hypothesis that the framework design would not affect the stress distribution for implant - supported fpds was rejected . in the present study , using the fem technique , the effect of framework design on amount and distribution of stress was evaluated .
however , a theoretical and well - known method for calculating stress distribution within complex structures is fem , which allows the investigator to evaluate the influence of model parameter variation once the basic model has been correctly defined.8 the model used in this study involved several assumptions regarding simulated structures . the structures in the model were all assumed to be homogeneous , isotropic , and linearly elastic .
the properties of the materials modeled in this study , however , and particularly the living tissues , are different .
in addition , it is important to point out that the stress distribution patterns may have been different depending on the materials and properties assigned to each layer of the model , as well as the model used in the experiments.15 furthermore , only a vertical loading condition was used to compare different designs . horizontal or oblique force applications will be used in future studies .
von mises stresses depend on the entire stress field and are a widely used indicator of the possibility of damage occurring.20 the value of the occlusal force was selected to be 300 n. however , it is not necessary for this force to match its real value exactly because standardization between conditions has been ensured in the current study and the conditions have been compared qualitatively with one another.15 chen and xu7 emphasized that the value of fem modeling has to do with relative values calculated for distribution patterns . a comparison of stress distributions with different design types revealed lower stress values in frameworks with the convex design .
the stress levels for the conventional design type were close to those of the convex design , but the maximum stress value occurred at more places in the framework structure with the conventional type of design .
thus , it may be concluded that , biomechanically , the more favorable framework design was the convex one .
it was also seen that the veneering porcelain part of the restorations compensated for the mechanical effects of different framework designs .
however , more clinical and experimental studies are needed to support the findings of the current study .
occlusal loads are transmitted from the point of force application to the point of retainers and , ultimately , travel through the abutments to the bone structure . moreover ,
the purpose of a restoration is to maintain strength while resisting the forces of occlusion .
thus , fixed partial dentures must include materials and a design type that provides enough strength to resist the forces of occlusion .
porcelain has an amorphous structure and this produces physical properties typical of a glass.4 when porcelain is stressed in tension , small flaws tend to open up and propagate , resulting in a low tensile strength.4 however , porcelain is much stronger in terms of compression , because compressive stresses tend to close up flaws.4 it is known that when a beam is loaded , the applied loads have a tendency to cause failure of the beam in two main ways : by shearing or by bending the beam.16 arches are commonly used in several structural forms and represent the most efficient method of forming a structure with materials that have good compressive strength and low tensile strength.16 dental porcelains are among such materials because of the abovementioned properties . in order to achieve the most efficient structural solution , the design engineer ( in this case , the dentist ) ,
can alter the structural configuration to produce an equilibrium condition made up of compression forces.16 thus , the convex framework design can be the most suitable way for inserting ceramic fpds to restore a missing tooth or teeth . in agreement with this information , the results of the current study revealed that von mises stress values decreased with the use of a convex design type . when dealing with implant - supported fpds , modifying the framework design may help to decrease stress concentrations , but the veneering porcelain element may reduce the effect of a framework with recent restorative materials . further studies that better simulate the oral environment and including fatigue loading are recommended .
although the clinical implications that can be derived from this study are important , long term clinical evidence is required .
within the limitations of this study , the following conclusions were drawn : 
 the use of a concave design for fpd pontic frameworks increases the von mises stress levels on implant abutments and supporting bone structure.the veneering porcelain part reduces the effect of the framework and compensates for design weaknesses .
the use of a concave design for fpd pontic frameworks increases the von mises stress levels on implant abutments and supporting bone structure .
the veneering porcelain part reduces the effect of the framework and compensates for design weaknesses .
 objectives : the biomechanical behavior of the superstructure plays an important role in the functional longevity of dental implants . however , information about the influence of framework design on stresses transmitted to the implants and supporting tissues is limited . 
 the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of framework designs on stress distribution at the supporting bone and supporting implants.methods:in this study , the three - dimensional ( 3d ) finite element stress analysis method was used . 
 three types of 3d mathematical models simulating three different framework designs for implant - supported 3-unit posterior fixed partial dentures were prepared with supporting structures . 
 convex ( 1 ) , concave ( 2 ) , and conventional ( 3 ) pontic framework designs were simulated . 
 a 300-n static vertical occlusal load was applied on the node at the center of occlusal surface of the pontic to calculate the stress distributions . as a second condition 
 , frameworks were directly loaded to evaluate the effect of the framework design clearly . 
 the solidworks / cosmosworks structural analysis programs were used for finite element modeling / analysis.results : the analysis of the von mises stress values revealed that maximum stress concentrations were located at the loading areas for all models . 
 the pontic side marginal edges of restorations and the necks of implants were other stress concentration regions . 
 there was no clear difference among models when the restorations were loaded at occlusal surfaces . 
 when the veneering porcelain was removed , and load was applied directly to the framework , there was a clear increase in stress concentration with a concave design on supporting implants and bone structure.conclusions:the present study showed that the use of a concave design in the pontic frameworks of fixed partial dentures increases the von mises stress levels on implant abutments and supporting bone structure . 
 however , the veneering porcelain element reduces the effect of the framework and compensates for design weaknesses . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
RESULTS
Loading from veneering porcelain
Direct loading of framework
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS