diabetes mellitus is one of the chronic metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose level , due to the absence of insulin and/or defect in insulin action .
the chronic elevation of blood glucose level in diabetic patient leads to complications and failure of many organs in the body such as heart , kidney , and blood vessels . according to the who assessments , diabetes mellitus considered the seven cause of death in the next 20 years in the world .
it is well - known that patients with diabetes are more prone to develop ischemic heart disease due to metabolic derangement that leads to accelerated atherosclerosis .
there are numerous molecules produced from an adipose tissue called adipocytokines can estimate metabolic disturbances .
omentin is an as of late recognized novel adipocytokine secreted by visceral adipose tissue , and it falls under the classification of being a benefit adipokine .
in which diminished in patients with obesity , insulin resistance ( ir ) , and diabetes that assist in development of the metabolic disorder and other illness conditions such as atherosclerosis and immune system disorders .
omentin is determined by two isoforms omentin-1 and omentin-2 that predominantly found in visceral omental fat tissue .
the reduction in plasma omentin levels encourages the pathogenesis of ir , type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) , and cardiovascular disorders in individuals with overweight .
omentin-1 strengthens the role of insulin in the stimulus of akt - phosphorylation , glucose uptake , while suppress the cytokine as tumor necrosis factor  that provoked inflammation so this shows that omentin-1 has a protective role as adiponectin .
omentin-1 levels in plasma and epicardial adipose tissue are diminished in patients with t2 dm .
omentin act as multi - events as  anti - inflammatory , anti - atherogenic , anti - cardiovascular disease , and anti - diabetic properties in addition to its action on vascular by inducing vasodilatation of veins and lessens c - receptive protein provoked angiogenesis .
this study aimed to evaluate the influence of treatment for 12 weeks with 1000 mg metformin drug ( insulin sensitizer ) in group 1 or in combination with 80 mg gliclazide drug ( insulin secreting agent ) in group 2 on serum omentin-1 level and others biomarkers represented by blood pressure , pulse rate , body mass index , lipid profile , fasting serum glucose ( fsg ) , postprandial blood glucose ( ppg ) , hba1c , fasting serum insulin , and ir index in patients with newly diagnosed t2 dm .
a total of 70 newly diagnosed patients with t2 dm who visited ( the specialized center for endocrinology and diabetes , al - mustansiriya university 
two patients ( 1 from each group ) did not complete the course of the treatment for unknown reasons and considered as default .
sixty - eight patients completed the 12 weeks course of treatment ; patients were divided equally into two groups ; group 1 ( 20 males and 14 females ) with mean age 51.35  11.70 years , treated with 1000 mg metformin tablet , and group 2 ( 19 males and 15 females ) with mean age 51.21  9.63 years , treated with 1000 mg metformin plus 80 mg gliclazide .
the patients were considered excluded if they have type 1 diabetes or others conditions that linked with hyperglycemia such as ( polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes ) , having any persistent diseases of the heart , kidney , thyroid , lung , and liver and taking corticosteroids .
the blood samples were taken from fasting volunteers ( for 812 h ) through  vein puncture technique  by sterile ( 10 ml ) syringe , at the beginning of the study ( before starting metformin for the group 1 and before starting metformin plus gliclazide for the group 2 ) to measure specific parameters included in this study and after 12 weeks of taking the drugs to see the effect of the drugs on these parameters ( fsg , ppg , hba1c , fasting serum insulin , and serum omentin-1 levels ) .
serum omentin-1 was determined by utilization of an instant serum omentin-1 eliza kit ( biovendor  laboratorn medicna a.s . , czech republic ) and fasting serum insulin
was determined by utilization of an instant insulin eliza kit ( accubind elisa microwells , monobind inc . ,
usa ) ( humareader hs , human , germany ) , in addition to determination of hba1c concentrations by utilizing an instant kit ( clover a1c analyzer , infopia inc .
ir determined from the  homeostasis model assessment of ir ( homa - ir ) = insulin concentration ( iu / ml )  fasting glucose concentration ( mg / dl)/405 .
continuous variables were summarized as mean  standard deviation . on the other hand , the significance of difference of different means ( quantitative data ) was tested using student 's t - test for difference between two independent means .
both of treated groups showed significant reductions in the levels of fsg , ppg , and hba1c after 12 weeks of treatment regimen , while there were variable influences of treatment regimen on serum insulin levels over 12 weeks of treatment among study groups [ table 1 ] .
it has been found that treatment with metformin alone result in reduction in serum insulin level in comparison to pretreatment values but not reached to the significant levels , whereas using of both of metformin and gliclazide in combination resulted in an increment ( but not significant ) in this parameter in comparison to their pretreatment levels .
regarding ir index represented by homa - ir showed that there was significantly decreased in ir index respect to their pretreatment values after 12 weeks treatment with metformin used in combination with gliclazide among group 2 , while the extent of reduction in ir among group 1 treated with metformin alone not reached to the significant levels over 12 weeks of treatment .
it is nice to mention that there is a significant decreased in ir index ( p = 0.043 ) in group 2 when it compared to group 1 values after 12 weeks of treatment .
the effects of 12 weeks treatment with metformin alone ( group 1 ) , or metformin plus gliclazide ( group 2 ) on glycemic indices and omentin-1 regarding omentin-1 levels , it has been found that treatment with metformin alone result in clearly increment in omentin-1 level in comparison to pretreatment values among group 1 but not reached to the significant levels , whereas using of both of metformin and gliclazide in combination for 12 weeks resulted in significant decrement in omentin-1 level in comparison to their pretreatment levels among group 2 .
it 's nice to mention that there was a significant reduction in this parameter after treatment regimens among patients of group 2 compared to group 1 ( p = 0.004 ) .
this study revealed that use of gliclazide as an add - on therapy to metformin in patients with the t2 dm result in better glycemic control and much more improvement in insulin sensitivity , whereas it has an adverse impact on serum omentin-1 levels . in this study , there were significant reduction and improvement in fsg , ppg , and hba1c levels following treatment with metformin alone or metformin plus gliclazide for 12 weeks among type 2 diabetic patients ( group 1 and group 2 ) in which the greatest reduction in these parameters were achieve by metformin plus gliclazide and these results consistent with other previous study . in type 2
diabetic patients metformin considered the first choice treatment unless there is a contraindication , in which it acts through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis , lower down intestinal absorption of glucose and fasting glycemia and improvement in insulin sensitivity .
combination of metformin with sulpfonylureas acts with different mechanisms considered the most common one among combination therapy in treatment of persistent hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients by increasing insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity so more intensive glycemic controls . concerning the influences of treatment regimen on fasting serum insulin the results of current study were showed that serum insulin level changed in a different way when gliclazide was combined to metformin in treatment of patients with dm .
hence , treatment with metformin alone leads to nonsignificant reduction in serum insulin levels whereas adding gliclazide to metformin result in nonsignificant elevation in its .
the trend of insulin changing with treatment regimen in this study ( although it not reached significance level ) is consistent with other previous study .
metformin treatment acts mainly through inhibition of hepatic glucose production , decrease workload on beta - cells and improved insulin sensitivity as a result in reduction in serum insulin levels , while during treatment with sulfonylurea as a single agent or combined with metformin result in an elevation of serum insulin levels in which gliclazide and metformin acts through different mechanisms as increase insulin secretion through blocked of atp - sensitive k channels on pancreatic beta - cell and improve insulin sensitivity , respectively resulting an additive effect on glycemic control .
this reduction of ir was further lowered and reached the degree of significance when both of gliclazide and metformin used together .
result of this study document the previous reports regarding beneficial influence of gliclazide on ir .
the interesting finding in the present study is the synergistic improvement in insulin sensitivity when gliclazide used in combination with metformin in treatment of diabetic patients .
it is important to mention that not all members of sulfonylureas have this helpful impact on ir .
gliclazide in contrast to other sulfonylureas drug has the ability to counteract the deteriorating effects of free radicals on insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissue by its anti - oxidant ability .
hence , the combinations of metformin with gliclazide showed this clear improvement in insulin sensitivity by reduce ir by more than one mechanism .
the present study revealed that metformin alone behave positively in regard serum omentin-1 levels whereas combination therapy of metformin plus gliclazide are adversely affects omentin-1 level ( p < 0.05 ) .
the influence of metformin toward omentin in the present study approves the finding of many previous studies which stated that treatment with metformin result in an increment in serum omentin levels .
it is nice to mention that to the best of our knowledge there are no published reports describing the combined effects of both of metformin and gliclazide ( or any other sulfonylureas ) on serum omentin-1 level .
the current study highlights an important impact of adding gliclazide on cardioprotective action of metformin .
it showed that adding of gliclazide might at least attenuate cardioprotective effects of metformin in term of reversing the positive influence of metformin on serum omentin-1 levels . in this study
, the changing trend of serum omentin-1 in response to treatment course can be attributed to different influence of both treatment regimens on serum insulin levels .
it is well - known that serum insulin has negative impact on serum omentin-1 levels .
hence , in the case of treatment with metformin alone , plasma insulin is decreased due to the action of metformin as an insulin sensitizer . whereas adding of gliclazide , although it enhances insulin sensitivity to a certain extent , is associated with an increment of plasma insulin levels .
adding of gliclazide to metformin in treatment of patients with t2 dm might extend the therapeutic action of metformin in regarding much better controlling of glycemic indices , insulin sensitivity , and lipid profile .
however , at the same time , it might attenuate the cardioprotective effects of metformin by its adverse influence on body weight and serum omentin-1 levels
 background : omentin is a newly identified adipokine that has beneficial influence against cardiovascular disorders . 
 hence , considering the impact of anti - diabetic drug on omentin levels may provide an adjuvant strategy to protect diabetic patients against valuable clinical hazards.aim of the study : to investigate the influence of metformin alone or in combination with gliclazide on the level of serum omentin among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2dm).patients and methods : a total of 70 newly diagnosed patients with t2 dm were enrolled in this randomized , double - blind prospective study , and divided into two equal groups based on treatment regimen in which group 1 treated with metformin ( 1000 mg ) and group 2 treated with metformin ( 1000 mg ) plus gliclazide ( 80 mg ) . 
 blood glucose levels , hba1c , insulin levels , and serum omentin-1 were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment.result:use of gliclazide as an add - on therapy to metformin in patients with t2 dm result in better glycemic control evidenced by significant reductions in the levels of blood glucose levels and hba1c and much more improvement in insulin sensitivity evidenced by significant decreased in insulin resistance index , whereas it has adverse impact on serum omentin-1 levels evidenced by significant decrement in omentin-1 level in comparison to their pretreatment levels among group 2 patients.conclusions:adding of gliclazide to metformin in treatment of patients with t2 dm might extend the therapeutic action of metformin in regarding much better controlling of glycemic indices , but , at the same time , it might attenuate the cardioprotective effects of metformin by its adverse influence on serum omentin-1 levels . 
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