mosquitoes were sampled in rural areas interspersed with fragments of secondary forest 
 at agronomy center for the vale do ribeira ( fig . 
 1 ) .
three localities equidistant by 1 km were selected to install one mmi , 
 one cdc with co 2 and lurex3   [ cdc with co 2 and 
 lactic acid ( cdc - a ) ] and one cdc - lt .
mosquito collections were carried out monthly , from 
 15:00 pm until 21:00 pm , from december 2010-november 2011 .
a 3 x 3 latin square design 
 was used to control environmental variations relative to the localities were traps were 
 installed .
accordingly , each trap was placed in a specific locality in day 1 and in the 
 following two days they were rotated in a way that each trap sampled all three 
 localities in three consecutive days .
the sampling effort of each trap per month was 
 18-h ( 6 h / per day in 3 consecutive days ) .
specimens were identified employing 
 morphological keys proposed by lane ( 1953 ) for 
 the genus limatus , galindo et al . 

( 1954 ) for the genus uranotaenia , correa and ramalho ( 1956 ) for the subgenus 
 phoniomyia of wyeomyia , consoli and loureno - de - oliveira ( 1994 ) for the 
 aedini , forattini ( 2002 ) for 
 the genus anopheles and for the spissipes section of 
 culex ( melanoconion ) . 

fig . 1 : location of the municipality of pariquera au , vale do ribeira , state of 
 so paulo , brazil . 
 
the cdc - lt possessed a motor powered by a 6-v battery , a head connected to a collecting 
 metal chamber and a 3-w incandescent bulb .
the cdc - a was operated by a similar system , 
 with no incandescent bulb , but with co 2 and latic acid as attractive .
a 
 cartridge of the lurex3   ( american biophysics corporation ) provided the 
 lactic acid .
each cartridge contained 4.88 g of lactic acid incorporated to 13.8 g of a 
 gel matrix .
this mixture was stored inside a plastic tube , allowing the release of 
 approximately 230 mg / day of lactic acid ( hoel et al . 

the co 2 was provided by a metal cylinder with four and a 
 half pounds ( white martins   ) , with an adjustable valve ( swagelok 
  ) that released 450 - 500 ml of co 2 per minute .
the mmi used a 
 mixture of propane and butane , which through its combustion releases co 2 , 
 heat and water vapour ( hoel et al .
the statistical analyses were performed in the program r 2.12 , using the packages 
 mvabund , venneuler and biodiversity r and the software spss v.13.0 .
levene , shapiro - wilk 
 and kolmogorov - smirnov tests were performed to explore the normality of abundance data . 

indices of diversity were employed to address and compare the performance of the traps . 
 the rnyi diversity index ( henderson 2006 ) that 
 generalizes total richness (  = 0 ) , diversity ( shannon - weiner  = 1 ; simpson - yule  = 2 ) 
 and dominance ( berger - parker  = inf ) indices was employed to explore differences in 
 species diversity among traps .
the kruskal - wallis ( kw ) test ( p > 0.05 ) was used to 
 assess differences among the rnyi diversity indices estimated by each trap and the 
 bonferroni test was utilised to perform multiple comparisons among the traps . 
 additionally , the similarity of species captured by the traps was estimated using the 
 jaccard and sorensen index .
the veen diagram was constructed to illustrate the 
 similarities and differences among the traps , because it shows both exclusive and shared 
 species obtained by the traps . to assess potential associations among mosquito species 
 and traps we employed the pearson chi - square test (    ) .
the nonparametric 
 test of second order jackknife was used to estimate the expected species richness for 
 each trap .
multivariate analyses of abundance values were employed to address both the 
 effect of the traps and effect of the localities in the frequency of individuals of a 
 species sampled by each trap . for the multivariate analyses , we employed a generalised 
 linear model ( glm ) implemented in the mvabund package of statistics program r 2.12 ( 
 wang et al .
the mvabund package uses a 
 hypothesis test based on resampling to address potential factors associated with 
 variables ( blint et al .
( 2012 ) , models based on distance do not clarify the effect of 
 sampling units .
six thousand three hundred and ninety one mosquitoes were captured with a 216-h sampling 
 effort .
the remaining 6,055 specimens were identified in 70 species or taxonomic units 
 of 12 genera ( table i ) . 

table ispecies and taxonomic units abundance per sampling trap in rural areas in 
 the tropical atlantic rainforest , southeastern brazilspecies and taxonomic unitcdc - lt ( n)cdc - a ( n)mmi ( n)total ( n)anophelinae 
 anopheles costai fonseca & silva ramos081927 
 anopheles bellator dyar & knab0101 
 anopheles cruzii dyar & knab0112 
 anopheles galvaoi causey , deane & deane1001 
 anopheles triannulatus ( neiva & pinto)1001aedeomyiini 
 aedeomyia 
 squamipennis ( lynch arribalzaga)2103aedini 
 ochlerotatus fulvus ( wiedemann)01910 
 ochlerotatus hastatus / oligopistus dyar0516 
 ochlerotatus scapularis ( rondani)12501275788 
 ochlerotatus serratus ( theobaldi)28283113424 
 ochlerotatus serratus / nubilus 
 713334174 
 ochlerotatus argyrothorax bonne - wepster & bonne01910 
 stegomyia albopicta ( skuse)0011 
 psorophora 
 cingulata ( fabricius)1124 
 psorophora 
 albigenu ( peryass)78186264 
 psorophora 
 albipes ( theobald)2712194 
 psorophora 
 ferox ( von humboldt)2423478culicini 
 culex amazonensis ( lutz)921122 
 culex chidesteri dyar93012 
 culex eduardoi casal & garcia2002 
 culex nigripalpus theobald943670200 
 culex quinquefasciatus say0022 
 culex spp66345105 
 culex spp coronator complex63110 
 culex akritos forattini & sallum3003 
 culex bastagarius dyar & knab7007 
 culex faurani duret2114 
 culex ocossa dyar & knab1001 
 culex pedroi sirivanakarn & belkin3104 
 culex ribeirensis forattini & sallum43286285803 
 culex sacchettae sirivanakarn & jakob10077216393 
 culex spp atratus group4307 
 culex spp pilosus group3137 
 culex spp melanoconion section263029 
 culex spissipes ( theobald)1001 
 culex vaxus dyar100010 
 culex zeteki dyar4004mansoniini 
 coquillettidia albicosta ( peryass)1012 
 coquillettidia chrysonotum ( peryass)43167518728 
 coquillettidia hermanoi ( lane & coutinho)0011 
 coquillettidia venezuelensis ( theobald)28125090 
 mansonia humeralis dyar & knab0101 
 mansonia indubitans dyar & shannon0176582 
 mansonia titillans ( walker)202375118 
 mansonia wilsoni ( barreto & coutinho)0033sabethini 
 limatus durhami theobald14259545818 
 limatus flavisetosus de oliveira castro121323345 
 runchomyia reversa lane & cerqueira061016 
 runchomyia theobaldi ( lane & cerqueira)0202 
 sabethes ignotus harbach0011 
 wyeomyia felicia / pampeithes ( dyar & nunez 
 tovar)033437 
 wyeomyia bonnei ( lane & cerqueira)0101 
 wyeomyia davisi ( lane & cerqueira)0189 
 wyeomyia flabellata ( lane & cerqueira)0011 
 wyeomyia incaudata root0055 
 wyeomyia pallidoventer ( theobald)0044 
 wyeomyia pilicauda root0134 
 wyeomyia confusa ( lutz)222169193 
 wyeomyia aporonoma dyar & knab003030 
 wyeomyia coenonus / tarsata 
 0011 
 wyeomyia howardi / luteoventralis 
 0022 
 wyeomyia melanocephala dyar & knab0112 
 wyeomyia personata lutz1001 
 wyeomyia roucouyana / chalcocephala 
 0011uranotaeniini 
 uranotaenia apicalis theobald5005 
 uranotaenia
calosomata dyar & knab7007 
 uranotaenia geometrica theobald2002 
 uranotaenia lowii theobald2002 
 uranotaenia mathesoni lane250126 
 uranotaenia pulcherrima lynch arriblzaga1001 

 total abundance9901,9143,1516,055 

 total species / taxonomic units42414670cdc - a : cdc with co 2 and lactic acid ; cdc - lt : cdc light trap ; mmi : 
 mosquito magnet   independence . 
 
cdc - a : cdc with co 2 and lactic acid ; cdc - lt : cdc light trap ; mmi : 
 mosquito magnet   independence .
results of the normality tests showed that the abundance data has a non - normal 
 distribution .
accordingly , levene s test obtained value p = 0.001 , whereas in both 
 kolmogorov - sminorv and shapiro - wilk tests was p = 0.000 .
the pearson -square statistics showed potential association between cdc - lt and the 
 tribe culicini .
species from this tribe represented 78.9% of total mosquitoes captured 
 by the trap (    = 2760.04 ; p < 0.00 ) .
for the cdc - a , a positive 
 association was found for representatives of the tribe aedini with 58.3% of the total 
 sampled by it , whereas a positive association was observed between sabethini mosquitoes 
 and mmi .
2 ) showed that 
 the mmi found the highest values for the diversity indexes in comparison to cdc - lt and 
 cdc - a , whereas results of the kw test indicated that the differences in the diversity 
 indexes were statistically significant , i.e. , richness ( kw   = 14.88 , p = 
 0.0006 ) , shannon - weiner diversity ( kw   = 19.62 , p = 0.00005 ) , simpson - yule 
 diversity ( kw   = 19:35 , p = 0.00006 ) and berger - parker dominance ( kw 
  = 4.19 , p = 0.00007 ) . 

2 : rnyi index illustrating differences in diversities estimated by the 
 traps . a : cdc light trap : b : cdc with co 2 and lactic acid ;
results of the bonferroni test indicated that differences in the diversity indexes were 
 significant and mainly caused by the values estimated for the mmi in comparison to those 
 for cdc - lt , whereas differences between cdc - a and mmi were not significant .
the extrapolated species richness using second - order jackknife estimator to cdc - lt , 
 cdc - a and mmi was 59 , 67 and 77 species , respectively . of the 42 species collected in 
 cdc - lt , seven were singletons and eight were doubletons . in the cdc - a , 14 species were 
 singletons and two were doubletons among 41 species collected , whereas the mmi captured 
 46 species with 13 singletons and three doubletons .
the values estimated with jaccard ( cj = 0.58 ) and sorensen ( cn = 0.52 ) indexes showed 
 that species composition in the cdc - a was similar to that in the mmi .
3 ) illustrated species distribution in 
 each trap and those species that were shared among them . a complete list of species 
 captured in each trap and those shared by two or all traps are in supplementary data 2 . 

3 : venn diagram illustrating the similarity of the mosquito species captured 
 and shared between traps , cdc light trap ( cdc - lt ) , cdc with co 2 and 
 lactic acid ( cdc - a ) and mosquito magnet   independence ( mmi ) , 
 pariquera au , vale do ribeira , state of so paulo , brazil . 
 
results of multivariate analysis of the abundance using a glm showed that differences 
 observed among the traps were statistically significant [ deviance of model s prediction 
 ( dev ) = 476.4 , p = 0.001 ] . comparing the values of abundance relative to the localities 
 where the traps were installed
, the variance values showed that differences were not 
 significant ( dev = 19.0 , p = 0.76 ) and that there was no interaction between the traps 
 and the localities ( dev = 0.0 , p = 0.709 ) .
table iiresults of multivariate analyses using a generalised linear model to 
 compare the values of abundance of mosquito species and taxonomic units 
 obtained with each automatic traptaxonomic unitdeviancepr ( > deviance)trap 
 ochlerotatus scapularis 
 11.590.055cdc - a 
 coquillettidia chrysonotum 
 16.090.008mmi 
 culex ( cux . )
spp melanoconion 
 section17.170.005cdc - lt 
 limatus durhami 
 42.710.001mmi 
 limatus flavisetosus 
 41.200.001mmi 
 mansonia indubitans 
 12.820.036mmi 
 phlegethontius albigenu 
 13.570.027mmi 
 uranotaenia calosomata 
 13.990.019cdc - lt 
 wyeomyia
felicia / pampithes 
 25.940.001mmi 
 wyeomyia confusa 
 38.970.001mmi 
 wyeomyia aporonoma 
 36.050.001mmicdc - a : cdc with co 2 and lactic acid ; cdc - lt : cdc light trap ; mmi : 
 mosquito magnet   independence ; pr : probability . 
 
cdc - a : cdc with co 2 and lactic acid ; cdc - lt : cdc light trap ; mmi : 
 mosquito magnet   independence ; pr : probability .
results of the analyses carried out in the present study indicated that the mmi is the 
 most efficient trap to capture mosquito species present in rural areas located in the 
 deforested areas within the domain of tropical rainforests .
these studies demonstrate that any model of mm trap is capable of removing large numbers 
 of mosquito specimens from the environment , especially individuals from species with a 
 great potential to become pest in environments impacted by human activities .
this is the 
 case of some species such as ochlerotatus 
 scapularis , culex 
 ribeirensis and coquillettidia 
 chrysonotum .
these mosquitoes were abundant and had potential to 
 become pests in both rural and urban environments ( forattini et al .
several models of mm were developed to effectively removing synanthropic mosquitoes from 
 urban and rural environments ( cilek & hallmon 
 2005 ) .
however , mm traps were also employed for surveillance of mosquito 
 species with potential to transmit the west nile virus in the united kingdom ( hutchinson et al .
the same trap 
 was utilised to sample ceratopogonidae insects in agricultural areas and thus to monitor 
 the circulation of the schmallenberg virus .
infections by the schmallenberg virus can 
 cause congenital malformations and stillbirths in cattle and goats ( rasmussen et al .
, studies 
 employing mm traps showed that it was efficient for collecting anopheles 
 nuneztovari mosquitoes in a malaria - endemic area in the amazon basin ( rubio - palis et al .
results of the statistical tests indicated a significant difference regarding to 
 diversity indexes obtained with both cdc - a and mmi in comparison to those with cdc - lt . 

this can 
 be explained by similarity between cdc - a and mmi , which was likely caused by the use of 
 kairomones that promoted the capture of the same species .
( 1987 , 1993b ) used carbon dioxide in cdc - lt to study the population dynamics , 
 feeding behaviour and ecological characteristics of mosquito communities in a gradient 
 of environments in the vale do ribeira .
additionally , the species showed capacity to invade , establish and 
 disperse in domiciliary environments ( forattini et al . 

1987 ) . as a result of the study , cdc - a and cdc - lt were similar regarding to species richness , 
 but distinct in addressing both species composition and abundance .
these species can feed on mammals , including humans and other 
 vertebrates and thus seems to be capable of participating in the transmission cycle of 
 pathogens from rural to urban environments ( forattini 
 et al .
it is noteworthy that only cdc - lt captured specimens of the genus 
 uranotaenia , corroborating the results of xue et al .
species of the genus 
 uranotaenia are not anthropophilic and therefore were not attracted 
 to kairomones employees in cdc - a and mmi .
these chemicals were developed to attract 
 insects that feed on humans and domestic animals and therefore they are not suitable to 
 sample zoophilic species , for instance , uranotaenia species that mostly 
 feed upon amphibian blood ( cupp et al . 2004 ) 
 that can be reservoirs of the eastern equine encephalitis virus in north america ( graham et al .
laporta and sallum ( 2011 ) investigated the 
 potential of using carbon dioxide and octenol combined and separated as attractive in 
 cdc - lt in a preserved atlantic forest area , in canania , sp . as a result , authors showed 
 that the addition of co 2 in the cdc - lt increased both abundance and richness 
 of mosquitoes sampled by cdc - lt .
contrasting , either octenol only or a combination 
 octenol and co 2 did not improve the results of cdc - lt .
it is possible that 
 the low concentration of octenol employed in the traps did not contribute to a 
 synergistic effect with co 2 .
similar studies carried out in florida , united 
 states of america , to investigate the attractiveness of chemicals on mosquitoes showed 
 that the performance of cdc - lt increased with the addition of co 2 ( kline et al .
moreover , the lactic acid added 
 to the cdc - lt increased the potential of the trap to capture culex 
 nigripalpus , an important vector - borne species in north america . thus , mmi and cdc - a seems to be important traps for surveillance to the mosquito 
 species .
it is noteworthy that for the control of sucking species or synanthropic vector 
 with potential role of pathogens to humans , the use of mmi , with carbon dioxide and 
 lactic acid , is the most suitable . however , to realisation of collections in places with 
 difficult access or stratification studies , for example , their use may be impaired . 

accordingly cdc - a , which uses the same attractive may be an option to replace the mmi , 
 as it can be more easily handled and compared to mmi relative for the ability to 
 collection of the number and composition of the assembly of mosquitoes present in the 
 focus of research .
these studies encouraging for further studies employed mm trap for surveillance of 
 mosquito species involved in the parasite transmission to humans and ecological 
 studies .

 results of the bonferroni test to verify the statistical significance for 
 the indices obtained in the rnyi diversity index 
 trap 
 rnyi diversitycdc - lt / cdc - acdc - lt / mmicdc - a / mmi0 (= total richness)p = 0.020 
 p = 0.0004 
 p = 0.731 (= shannon - weiner index)p = 0.007 
 p = 0.0001 
 p = 0.692 (= simpson - yule index)p = 0.006 
 p = 0.0001 
 p = 0.75inf (= berger - parker index)p = 0.014 
 p = 0.0001 
 p = 0.56 
 a : significant result to the value of p < 0.05 ; cdc - a : cdc 
 with co2 and lactic acid ; cdc - lt : cdc light trap ; mmi : mosquito 
 magnet independence . 
 

a : significant result to the value of p < 0.05 ; cdc - a : cdc 
 with co2 and lactic acid ; cdc - lt : cdc light trap ; mmi : mosquito 
 magnet independence .

 species unique to each traps and shared between themspecies and taxonomic units exclusively captured 
 by the trapcdc - ltcdc - ammi 


 anopheles galvaoi 
 anopheles triannulatus 
 culex eduardoi 
 culex akritos 
 culex bastagarius 
 culex ocossa 
 culex spissipes 
 culex vaxus 
 culex zeteki 
 uranotaenia apicalis 
 uranotaenia calosomata 
 uranotaenia geometrica 
 uranotaenia lowii 
 uranotaenia pulcherrima 
 wyeomyia personata 

 anopheles bellator 
 mansonia humeralis 
 runchomyia theobaldi 
 wyeomyia bonnei 

 stegomyia albopicta 
 coquillettidia chrysonotum 
 coquillettidia hermanoi 
 culex quinquefasciatus 
 mansonia wilsoni 
 sabethes ignotus 
 wyeomyia flabellata 
 wyeomyia incaudata 
 wyeomyia pallidoventer 
 wyeomyia aporonoma 
 wyeomyia coenonus / tarsata 
 wyeomyia howardi / luteoventralis 
 wyeomyia roucouyana / chalcocephala 


 species and taxonomic units 
 shared between traps 

 cdc - lt and cdc - acdc - lt and mmicdc - a and mmi 


 aedeomyia 
 squamipennis 
 culex chidesteri 
 culex   ( melanoconion ) atratus group 
 culex   ( melanoconion ) spp 
 melanoconion section 
 coquillettidia albicosta 
 uranotaenia mathesoni 

 ochlerotatus fulvus 
 ochlerotatus hastatus / oligopistus 
 ochlerotatus argyrothorax 
 anopheles costai 
 anopheles cruzii 
 mansonia indubitans 
 psorophora 
  albigenu 
 runchomyia reversa 
 wyeomyia felicia / pampithes 
 wyeomyia davisi 
 wyeomyia pilicauda 
 wyeomyia melanocephala 


 shared among all traps 


 ochlerotatus scapularis 
 ochlerotatus serratus 
 ochlerotatus serratus / nubilus 
 coquillettidia chrysonotum 
 coquillettidia venezuelensis 
 culex amazonensis 
 culex nigripalpus 

 culex   ( culex ) coronator complex 
 culex faurani 
 culex ribeirensis 
 culex sacchettae 
 culex   ( culex ) pilosus group 
 limatus durhami 

 limatus flavisetosus 
 mansonia titilans 
 psorophora 
  abipes 
 psorophora 
  cingulata 
 psorophora 
  ferox 
 wyeomyia confusa 

 a : significant result to the value of p < 0.05 ; cdc - a : cdc 
 with co2 and lactic acid ; cdc - lt : cdc light trap ; mmi : mosquito 
 magnet independence . 
 

a : significant result to the value of p < 0.05 ; cdc - a : cdc 
 with co2 and lactic acid ; cdc - lt : cdc light trap ; mmi : mosquito 
 magnet independence .
 in several countries , surveillance of insect vectors is accomplished with automatic 
 traps . 
 this study addressed the performance of mosquito magnet independence ( mmi ) in 
 comparison with those of cdc with co2 and lactic acid ( cdc - a ) and cdc light trap 
 ( cdc - lt ) . 
 the collection sites were in a rural region located in a fragment of 
 secondary tropical atlantic rainforest , southeastern brazil . 
 limatus 
 durhami and limatus flavisetosus were the dominant 
 species in the mmi , whereas ochlerotatus scapularis was most 
 abundant in cdc - a . 
 culex ribeirensis and culex 
 sacchettae were dominant species in the cdc - lt . 
 comparisons among traps 
 were based on diversity indices . 
 results from the diversity analyses showed that the 
 mmi captured a higher abundance of mosquitoes and that the species richness estimated 
 with it was higher than with cdc - lt . 
 contrasting , difference between mmi and cdc - a 
 was not statistically significant . 
 consequently , the latter trap seems to be both an 
 alternative for the mmi and complementary to it for ecological studies and 
 entomological surveillance . 
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
Supplementary data 1
Supplementary data 2