a 40-year - old patient was admitted to the hospital on january 29 , 2004 , with fever , generalized weakness , diarrhea , and vomiting .
initial blood tests showed hemoglobin level of 8.5 g / dl , leukocyte count of 4.9 x 10/l , and platelet count of 110 x 10/l .
erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated at 88 mm / h . her serum glucose was 8.5 mmol / l , and urea and electrolytes were normal .
she was started on intravenous ciprofloxacin , but her fever persisted , and she became increasingly confused .
her old hospital records became available shortly after her death , and we noted that she had been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) in 1994 . when she last attended the outpatient department 3 months before her hospital admission , she was prescribed 50 mg azathioprine and 5 mg prednisolone daily .
she was a housewife and lived in cit la cure , a poor suburb of the capital city port - louis .
, her home becomes very muddy after heavy rainfall , and her feet were often in mud while performing her household duties . after 5 days of incubation ,
it produced colonies that appeared dry and rugose on the plates after 48 h and was identified as b. pseudomallei by using api 20ne ( biomrieux , marcy letoile , france ) with the profile 1156577 .
antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion showed the organism to be resistant to colistin , ampicillin , cephalexin , gentamicin , and ciprofloxacin and susceptible to co - amoxiclav , tetracycline , cefotaxime , ceftriaxone , ceftazidime , piperacillin , and meropenem .
a large zone of inhibition was seen around the co - trimoxazole disc , within which a thin film of growth was observed .
we are not aware of any study looking for the organism in soil in this country .
groodoyal , pers . comm . ) . whether human cases of melioidosis have been missed in the past is not known , and cases may be missed currently . recognizing the disease depends on awareness on the part of clinicians and on the ability of microbiology laboratories to identify the causative organism ( 1,8 ) . before 1998 , oxidase - positive
, gram - negative bacilli other than p. aeruginosa were not identified to species level in laboratories in mauritius . since then , at our laboratory , which receives specimens for bacteriologic investigations from all government healthcare institutions , such organisms are routinely identified by api 20ne when isolated in pure culture from blood , but only occasionally when isolated from nonsterile sites such as sputum and pus swabs .
some clinicians routinely request blood cultures from patients with high fever before starting antimicrobial drugs , although in practice , the specimen is often collected by nursing staff after the first dose has already been administered .
other clinicians only request blood cultures if fever persists after a few days of empiric antimicrobial therapy . in the case reported here , prior administration of cefotaxime may have delayed b. pseudomallei culture from blood until 5 days of incubation , when the median time to obtain a positive blood culture result is typically 48 hours ( 1 ) .
an association between rainfall and melioidosis has long been recognized ; most cases in thailand ( 9 ) and northern australia ( 10 ) occur during the wet season .
the increased number of cases noted during the rainy season may be caused by the movement of b. pseudomallei from deeper layers toward the surface when dry topsoil is moistened by rainfall ( 2 ) . in mauritius
196 mm rainfall was recorded in port - louis , which is 37% higher than the 19712000 mean rainfall for the region during this month .
january 2004 was the sixth wettest january of the past 30 years in port - louis .
recent reviews have suggested a predominant role for percutaneous b. pseudomallei infection in the pathogenesis of melioidosis ( 11 ) .
studies carried out in regions where melioidosis is endemic have shown that exposure to wet soil and water are associated with increased risk for disease ( 9 ) .
the feet of our patient were regularly exposed to wet soil during rainy periods . in melioidosis - endemic areas , although a large percentage of the population has been exposed to b. pseudomallei , as determined by seroprevalence studies , only a few develop melioidosis ( 12 ) .
most cases occur in patients with underlying illnesses , such as diabetes mellitus , renal disease , and alcoholism ( 9,10 ) or in those who are immunosuppressed ( 1 ) .
this first case of melioidosis in mauritius occurred in an immunosuppressed patient who had a history of prolonged and regular exposure to mud during a year when rainfall was higher than average .
this combination of 3 risk factors does not occur regularly , and it is possible that few additional cases will be recorded in mauritius in the future .
however , clinicians and laboratory staff must remain aware of this disease , particularly because in a noncommunicable disease survey carried out in 1998 , almost 20% of the mauritian population > 20 years of age were found to have type 2 diabetes mellitus ( 14 ) , the most common predisposing condition for melioidosis ( 1 ) .
determining the distribution of b. pseudomallei in soil in mauritius by conducting environmental investigations will also be useful .
 we report the first case of human melioidosis from mauritius , where burkholderia pseudomallei has never been isolated . 
 the patient was immunocompromised , had never traveled abroad , and had a history of regular exposure to mud . 
 she became ill at a time when rainfall was higher than the monthly average . 
The Case
Conclusions