atherosclerotic coronary artery disease ( cad ) has long been shown to involve inflammatory processes .
numerous pathways and markers have been studied in order to detect the presence and evolution of this disease .
the role of various biological inflammatory markers as risk factors and prognosticators has been elucidated in different cad patients ranging from population - based asymptomatic subjects to patients with myocardial infarction undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery ( cabg ) .
in addition , since the earlier phase of cad involves asymptomatic coronary artery calcification ( cac ) , there have also been different studies examining the relationship between multiple classic as well as novel biological markers of inflammation and cac . however , most of the current studies that investigated associations between inflammatory biomarkers and cac used novel markers that might not be readily available clinically in general hospital settings and they were conducted in asymptomatic subjects . data with classic inflammatory markers derived from complete blood count ( cbc ) such as red blood cell indices , white blood cell indices , and platelet counts is still conflicting and sparse in symptomatic patients .
whether various blood cell counts and ratios can reflect presence and/or extent of cac in this population with cad is still uncertain .
the objective of our study is to examine the relationship between hematological indices assessed with cbc and cac in symptomatic patients without known history of cad .
this study is a cross - sectional analysis of a prospective observational cohort study examining usefulness of cac score in triaging chest pain patients presenting at emergency department in our hospital , which is described elsewhere .
subjects were consecutive patients older than 18 years who were admitted under observational status for further evaluation of acute chest pain of unknown cardiac significance but suggestive of myocardial ischemia within the previous 24 hours .
the decision to discharge patients home , admit patients under observational status , or admit patients under full admission status is determined by emergency department physicians or the patient 's personal physician .
the chest pain observation protocol includes performing serial 12-lead electrocardiograms ( ekgs ) , troponin level , and a stress test .
exclusion criteria included patients with non - cardiac chest pain based on clinical assessment ( e.g. , pleuritic , musculoskeletal chest pain ) , history of cad based on previous coronary angiography or prior coronary revascularization , elevated troponin in initial blood samples , new or presumably new st - segment elevation or depression ( 1 mm ) on baseline electrocardiogram , hemodynamic or clinical instability defined by systolic blood pressure < 90 mmhg or clinically significant atrial / ventricular arrhythmia , known or suspected pregnancy and patients who were not to provide informed consent . in this analysis , patients without complete cbc information
none of the investigators were involved in clinical management of enrolled patients beyond interpretation of their images .
cbc information used in this analysis was from blood samples drawn on initial emergency department encounter .
rbc indices ( hemoglobin , hb ; mean corpuscular volume , mcv ; mean corpuscular hemoglobin , mch ; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration , mchc and red blood cell distribution width , rdw ) , wbc counts with differentials ( neutrophil ; lymphocyte ; neutrophil - to - lymphocyte ratio , nlr ; and monocytes ) , and platelet counts data were collected .
cac score was measured by a 16-slice multi - detector computed tomography ( ct ) scanner ( philips precedence , philips healthcare , eindhoven , the netherlands ) .
images were acquired during a single breath hold , using prospective ekg gating with imaging triggered at 75% of the r - r interval ( collimation 8  2.5 mm , voltage 120 kev , current 75 ma ) .
patients were categorized into four groups based on their cac extent : absent cac ( cac score = 0 ) , mild cac ( cac score 1 - 100 ) , moderate cac ( cac score 101 - 400 ) , and severe cac ( cac score > 400 ) . during the observation period ,
all clinical information was collected including demographic information , cardiovascular history , and blood samples for lipid profiles , cardiac biomarkers and renal function tests .
cardiovascular history included information on cardiovascular symptoms ; history of hypertension , diabetes mellitus , dyslipidemia , smoking , peripheral arterial disease , carotid artery disease , abdominal aortic aneurysm ; family history of cad and current cardiovascular medication profiles .
descriptive statistics for studied variables are presented as mean ( standard deviation , sd ) for normally distributed variables , median ( interquartile range , iqr ) for non - normally - distributed variables and frequency ( percentage ) of categorical variables .
analysis of variance ( anova ) and student 's t - test were used to identify differences in means between cac categories .
kruskal - wallis h test and wilcox - mann - whitney u - test were used to examine differences in medians between cac categories .
all statistical tests were performed with ibm spss / pasw statistics 20 ( spss inc .
, chicago , il ) . a two - tailed p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant .
this study is a cross - sectional analysis of a prospective observational cohort study examining usefulness of cac score in triaging chest pain patients presenting at emergency department in our hospital , which is described elsewhere .
subjects were consecutive patients older than 18 years who were admitted under observational status for further evaluation of acute chest pain of unknown cardiac significance but suggestive of myocardial ischemia within the previous 24 hours .
the decision to discharge patients home , admit patients under observational status , or admit patients under full admission status is determined by emergency department physicians or the patient 's personal physician .
the chest pain observation protocol includes performing serial 12-lead electrocardiograms ( ekgs ) , troponin level , and a stress test .
exclusion criteria included patients with non - cardiac chest pain based on clinical assessment ( e.g. , pleuritic , musculoskeletal chest pain ) , history of cad based on previous coronary angiography or prior coronary revascularization , elevated troponin in initial blood samples , new or presumably new st - segment elevation or depression ( 1 mm ) on baseline electrocardiogram , hemodynamic or clinical instability defined by systolic blood pressure < 90 mmhg or clinically significant atrial / ventricular arrhythmia , known or suspected pregnancy and patients who were not to provide informed consent . in this analysis , patients without complete cbc information
none of the investigators were involved in clinical management of enrolled patients beyond interpretation of their images .
cbc information used in this analysis was from blood samples drawn on initial emergency department encounter .
rbc indices ( hemoglobin , hb ; mean corpuscular volume , mcv ; mean corpuscular hemoglobin , mch ; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration , mchc and red blood cell distribution width , rdw ) , wbc counts with differentials ( neutrophil ; lymphocyte ; neutrophil - to - lymphocyte ratio , nlr ; and monocytes ) , and platelet counts data were collected .
cac score was measured by a 16-slice multi - detector computed tomography ( ct ) scanner ( philips precedence , philips healthcare , eindhoven , the netherlands ) .
images were acquired during a single breath hold , using prospective ekg gating with imaging triggered at 75% of the r - r interval ( collimation 8  2.5 mm , voltage 120 kev , current 75 ma ) .
patients were categorized into four groups based on their cac extent : absent cac ( cac score = 0 ) , mild cac ( cac score 1 - 100 ) , moderate cac ( cac score 101 - 400 ) , and severe cac ( cac score > 400 ) .
during the observation period , all clinical information was collected including demographic information , cardiovascular history , and blood samples for lipid profiles , cardiac biomarkers and renal function tests .
cardiovascular history included information on cardiovascular symptoms ; history of hypertension , diabetes mellitus , dyslipidemia , smoking , peripheral arterial disease , carotid artery disease , abdominal aortic aneurysm ; family history of cad and current cardiovascular medication profiles .
descriptive statistics for studied variables are presented as mean ( standard deviation , sd ) for normally distributed variables , median ( interquartile range , iqr ) for non - normally - distributed variables and frequency ( percentage ) of categorical variables .
analysis of variance ( anova ) and student 's t - test were used to identify differences in means between cac categories .
kruskal - wallis h test and wilcox - mann - whitney u - test were used to examine differences in medians between cac categories .
all statistical tests were performed with ibm spss / pasw statistics 20 ( spss inc . ,
consecutive 868 patients , who underwent agatston cac scoring during observation period and had cbc performed , were included in the final analysis . baseline and study clinical characteristics are shown in table 1 .
baseline characteristics the median cac score in our study population was 0 ( iqr 0 - 43 ) . most ( 522 of 866 , 60.3% ) had absent cac , followed by 21.8% ( 189 of 866 ) with mild cac , 10.0% ( 87 of 866 ) with moderate cac , and 7.9% ( 68 of 866 ) with severe cac .
mean age of patients in absent cac group was lower than patients with cac ( overall p = 0.021 ) .
however , only patients with mild cac were significantly older than patients with absent cac ( p = 0.013 ) , but not patients with moderate cac ( p = 0.074 ) or severe cac ( p = 0.054 ) .
higher cac groups had significantly higher 10-year risk for cad than lower cac groups predicted by framingham risk score ( overall p < 0.001 ) . compared to absent cac group , mild cac , moderate cac , and severe cac all had higher 10-year risk for cad ( p < 0.001 for every group ) .
moderate cac and severe cac had statistically higher cad risk than mild cac ( p = 0.008 and p < 0.001 , respectively ) .
severe cac had higher cad risk than moderate cac , although it was not statistically significant ( p = 0.066 ) . there was no statistically significant difference in gender ( overall p = 0.443 ) or bmi ( overall p = 0.459 ) among cac groups
overall , all hematological indices were within the normal limit according to our laboratory references as demonstrated in figures 1 and 2 .
there was no statistically significant difference in hemoglobin level ( p 0.45 ) , mean corpuscular volume ( p 0.43 ) , mean corpuscular hemoglobin ( p 0.28 ) , mean corpuscular hemoglobin volume ( p 0.36 ) , red cell distribution width ( 0.42 ) , total wbc counts ( p = 0.29 ) , relative neutrophil counts ( p = 0.88 ) , absolute neutrophil counts ( p = 0.35 ) , relative lymphocyte counts ( p = 0.85 ) , absolute lymphocyte counts ( p = 0.92 ) , nlr ( p = 0.68 ) , relative monocyte count ( p 0.35 ) , absolute monocyte count ( p 0.48 ) or platelet counts ( p = 0.25 ) among the 4 cac categories . after reclassifying patients into dichotomous categories : absent cac ( cac score = 0 ) and present cac ( cac score > 0 ) or absent - to - mild cac ( cac score  100 ) and moderate - to - severe cac ( cac score > 100 ) , there was still no significant difference between all cell counts or nlr .
mean  95% confidence interval of red blood cell indices ( hemoglobin level , mean corpuscular volume , mcv ; mean corpuscular hemoglobin , mch ; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration , mchc ; red cell distribution width , rdw ) and platelet level among different coronary artery calcium score categories ( 0 , 1 100 , 101 400 , > 400 ) mean  95% confidence interval of white blood cell ( wbc ) indices including absolute / relative neutrophil counts , absolute / relative lymphocyte counts , absolute / relative monocyte counts , neutrophil - to - lymphocyte ratio ( neu : lymp ratio ) among different coronary artery calcium score categories ( 0 , 1 - 100 , 101 - 400 , > 400 ) in correlation analysis , mch had weak but significant association with cac score ( coefficient 0.075 , p = 0.03 ) .
examination on other hematological indices did not show statistically significant correlation with cac score including hemoglobin ( p = 0.79 ) , mcv ( p = 0.17 ) , mchc ( p = 0.11 ) , rdw ( p = 0.64 ) , total wbc counts ( p = 0.18 ) , relative neutrophil counts ( p = 0.63 ) , absolute neutrophil count ( p = 0.17 ) , relative lymphocyte counts ( p = 070 ) , absolute lymphocyte count ( p = 0.76 ) , nlr ( p = 0.77 ) , relative monocyte counts ( p = 0.24 ) , absolute monocyte count ( p = 0.66 ) , and platelet counts ( p = 0.54 ) . with all of the above analysis
separately performed for each gender , no statistically significant differences or correlations were shown . in regression model analyses ,
higher mch was found to have significant univariate association with higher absolute cac score ( p = 0.03 ) ; however , after adjustment with framingham risk , the association diminished and did not reach the predefined significant threshold ( p = 0.09 ) .
other hematological indices were not associated with either presence of cac or cac score as shown in table 2 .
association of hematological indices with presence of coronary calcification and coronary artery calcium score ( cacs )
consecutive 868 patients , who underwent agatston cac scoring during observation period and had cbc performed , were included in the final analysis . baseline and study clinical characteristics are shown in table 1 .
baseline characteristics the median cac score in our study population was 0 ( iqr 0 - 43 ) . most ( 522 of 866 , 60.3% ) had absent cac , followed by 21.8% ( 189 of 866 ) with mild cac , 10.0% ( 87 of 866 ) with moderate cac , and 7.9% ( 68 of 866 ) with severe cac .
mean age of patients in absent cac group was lower than patients with cac ( overall p = 0.021 ) .
however , only patients with mild cac were significantly older than patients with absent cac ( p = 0.013 ) , but not patients with moderate cac ( p = 0.074 ) or severe cac ( p = 0.054 ) .
higher cac groups had significantly higher 10-year risk for cad than lower cac groups predicted by framingham risk score ( overall p < 0.001 ) . compared to absent cac group , mild cac , moderate cac , and severe cac all had higher 10-year risk for cad ( p < 0.001 for every group ) .
moderate cac and severe cac had statistically higher cad risk than mild cac ( p = 0.008 and p < 0.001 , respectively ) .
severe cac had higher cad risk than moderate cac , although it was not statistically significant ( p = 0.066 ) . there was no statistically significant difference in gender ( overall p = 0.443 ) or bmi ( overall p = 0.459 ) among cac groups
overall , all hematological indices were within the normal limit according to our laboratory references as demonstrated in figures 1 and 2 . there was no statistically significant difference in hemoglobin level ( p 0.45 ) , mean corpuscular volume ( p 0.43 ) , mean corpuscular hemoglobin ( p 0.28 ) , mean corpuscular hemoglobin volume ( p 0.36 ) , red cell distribution width ( 0.42 ) , total wbc counts ( p = 0.29 ) , relative neutrophil counts ( p = 0.88 ) , absolute neutrophil counts ( p = 0.35 ) , relative lymphocyte counts ( p = 0.85 ) , absolute lymphocyte counts ( p = 0.92 ) , nlr ( p = 0.68 ) , relative monocyte count ( p 0.35 ) , absolute monocyte count ( p 0.48 ) or platelet counts ( p = 0.25 ) among the 4 cac categories . after reclassifying patients into dichotomous categories : absent cac ( cac score = 0 ) and present cac ( cac score > 0 ) or absent - to - mild cac ( cac score  100 ) and moderate - to - severe cac ( cac score > 100 ) , there was still no significant difference between all cell counts or nlr .
mean  95% confidence interval of red blood cell indices ( hemoglobin level , mean corpuscular volume , mcv ; mean corpuscular hemoglobin , mch ; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration , mchc ; red cell distribution width , rdw ) and platelet level among different coronary artery calcium score categories ( 0 , 1 100 , 101 400 , > 400 ) mean  95% confidence interval of white blood cell ( wbc ) indices including absolute / relative neutrophil counts , absolute / relative lymphocyte counts , absolute / relative monocyte counts , neutrophil - to - lymphocyte ratio ( neu : lymp ratio ) among different coronary artery calcium score categories ( 0 , 1 - 100 , 101 - 400 , > 400 ) in correlation analysis , mch had weak but significant association with cac score ( coefficient 0.075 , p = 0.03 ) .
examination on other hematological indices did not show statistically significant correlation with cac score including hemoglobin ( p = 0.79 ) , mcv ( p = 0.17 ) , mchc ( p = 0.11 ) , rdw ( p = 0.64 ) , total wbc counts ( p = 0.18 ) , relative neutrophil counts ( p = 0.63 ) , absolute neutrophil count ( p = 0.17 ) , relative lymphocyte counts ( p = 070 ) , absolute lymphocyte count ( p = 0.76 ) , nlr ( p = 0.77 ) , relative monocyte counts ( p = 0.24 ) , absolute monocyte count ( p = 0.66 ) , and platelet counts ( p = 0.54 ) . with all of the above analysis
separately performed for each gender , no statistically significant differences or correlations were shown . in regression model analyses ,
higher mch was found to have significant univariate association with higher absolute cac score ( p = 0.03 ) ; however , after adjustment with framingham risk , the association diminished and did not reach the predefined significant threshold ( p = 0.09 ) .
other hematological indices were not associated with either presence of cac or cac score as shown in table 2 .
association of hematological indices with presence of coronary calcification and coronary artery calcium score ( cacs )
role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cad has been extensively studied for the past decades .
there is evidence of inflammation in every stage of the disease from the very beginning of atherosclerosis when fatty streaks are formed on the vascular wall .
this is demonstrated by presence of leukocytes in fatty streaks and their transformation into foam cells .
this eventually leads to atherosclerotic plaque formation and to myocardial infarction . as further evidence ,
medications with anti - inflammatory effect such as aspirin , statins , and steroids have been shown to affect clinical outcomes in various populations of cad .
in addition , in patients with systemic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) , it has been illustrated that prevalence of atherosclerotic cad is increased and progression of cac is accelerated compared to those without ra .
the main finding of this study is the lack of statistically significant association between cac detected by cardiac ct and hematological indices using cbc , which is readily available clinically in symptomatic patients without known cad .
this finding is inconsistent with a recently published cardiac ct - based study by korkmaz et al . which demonstrated a strong relationship between total wbc counts and presence of agatston cac score ( or 1.7 ; 95%ci 1.3 - 2.1 , p < 0.001 ) as well as extent of cac ( correlation coefficient 0.57 , p < 0.001 ) .
however , their study was conducted in asymptomatic patients in contrast to our study . wbc count along with its absolute and relative differential counts , mainly neutrophil and lymphocyte , have also been investigated sporadically in other cad populations for various outcomes . in asymptomatic subjects , suzuki et al
. showed that low relative lymphocyte count was an independent predictor for long - term cad events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . in symptomatic cad ,
han et al . exhibited that high nlr was associated with worse clinical outcomes including mortality , non - fatal myocardial infarction , and ischemic stroke in patients with st - elevation myocardial infarction ( stemi ) undergoing primary percutaneous intervention ( pci ) .
likewise , soylu et al . described the role of nlr as an independent predictor for no - reflow development in a similar patient population .
in addition , their study also showed a statistically significant inverse correlation between corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction ( timi ) frame counts and lymphocyte counts .
however , total wbc counts and neutrophil counts did not show significant correlation as such . correspondingly , rashidi et al .
examined cad patients undergoing cabg surgery and found that increased total wbc counts preoperatively was an independent predictor for recurrence of ischemic events within 1 year of surgery .
most investigations demonstrated positive but weak association between these biological markers and presence or extent of cac .
after adjustment with baseline characteristics such as body mass index , the associations were lost .
it has been shown that , in asymptomatic subjects without apparent cad , high crp was associated with the presence of cac ( cac score > 0 ) and cac score > 10 . in addition , value of crp was also shown to correlate with value of cac score .
in contrast , redberg et al . demonstrated an inverse relationship between high crp and cac detected by electron beam ct ( ebct ) in postmenopausal women .
however , their population size was modest and comprised high proportion of patients without cac ( 44% ) .
other markers that have been described in association with cac in recent literature include fibrinogen , monocyte chemotactic protein-1 ( mcp-1 ) , resistin , lipoprotein - associated phospholipase a2 ( lp - pla2 ) , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( tnf- ) , beta fibroblast growth factor ( -fgf ) , and interleukin-6 ( il-6 ) .
in addition , relationships between clinical events or other surrogates and these inflammatory biomarkers have also been examined .
those markers are not only limited to the aforementioned markers but also include interleukin-18 , gelatinase - associated lipocalin , vaspin , macrophage migration inhibiting factor ( mmif ) , and fetuin - a . in summary , we have demonstrated the lack of significant association between cbc indices and cac in symptomatic patients suspected for cad .
these findings are in contrary to most of the other current studies in literature , regarding inflammatory markers and cad .
this discrepancy might possibly be from robustness of cbc indices in detecting chronic low level of inflammation in atherosclerotic cad , heterogeneity between previous studies and our studies in the studied population , definition of each cad group as well as imaging modalities to detect cac .
nevertheless , our findings suggest that none of cbc indices can be used reliably as a marker of cac in clinical setting .
the limitation of this study is the single - center cross - sectional nature of examining association between the hematological indices and cac score .
also some patients did not have cbc performed , so we excluded those patients from the study .
our study did not detect significant association between agatston coronary artery calcification score and hematological indices assessed with cbcs including hemoglobin level , mcv , mch , mchc , rdw , total wbc counts , absolute / relative neutrophil counts , absolute / relative lymphocyte counts , neutrophil - to - lymphocyte ratio , absolute / relative monocyte counts , and platelet counts in symptomatic patients without history of cad .
the findings were in contrast with the previously reported data and potentially suggested that cbc indices could not be used reliably as a marker of cad in clinical setting .
 background : atherosclerotic coronary artery disease ( cad ) has long been shown to involve chronic low - grade subclinical inflammation . however , whether there is association between hematological indices assessed by complete blood count ( cbc ) and coronary atherosclerotic burden has not been well studied.materials and methods : consecutive 868 patients without known cad who presented with acute chest pain to emergency department and underwent coronary artery calcium ( cac ) scoring evaluation by multi - detector cardiac computed tomography were included in our study . clinical characteristics and cbc indices 
 were compared among different cac groups.results:the cohort comprised 60% male with a mean age of 61 ( sd = 14 ) years . 
 median framingham risk of cad was 4% ( range 1 - 16% ) . 
 median cac score was 0 ( iqr 0 - 43 ) . 
 higher cac groups had significantly higher framingham risk of cad than lower cac groups ( p < 0.001 ) . among different cac categories 
 , there was no statistically significant difference in hemoglobin level ( p 0.45 ) , mean corpuscular volume ( p 0.43 ) , mean corpuscular hemoglobin ( p 0.28 ) , mean corpuscular hemoglobin volume ( p 0.36 ) , red cell distribution width ( 0.42 ) , total white blood cell counts ( p 0.291 ) , neutrophil counts ( p 0.352 ) , lymphocyte counts ( p 0.92 ) , neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio ( p 0.68 ) , monocyte count ( p 0.48 ) , and platelet counts ( p 0.25).conclusion : our study did not detect significant association between hematological indices assessed with cbc and coronary calcification in symptomatic patients without known cad . 
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study protocol and patient selection
Blood cell counts
CAC scoring
Data gathering and processing
Statistical analysis
Results
Study population characteristics
Blood counts and CAC
Discussion
Conclusion