polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ) is characterized by oligo - anovulation , clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism and/or polycystic ovaries ( franks , 1995 ; knochenhauer et al . , 1998 ; fauser , 2004 ) .
insulin resistance ( ir ) accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinaemia constitutes another major biochemical feature of pcos ( nestler and jakubowicz , 1996 ; dunaif , 1997 ; nestler , 1997 ; jakubowicz et al . , 2001 ; fleming et al . , 2002 ) .
the syndrome affects 510% of women during reproductive age ( asuncion et al . , 2000 ) . because of the link between ir and pcos ,
metformin has been put forward as a drug to induce ovulation in women with pcos .
in fact , metformin either alone or in combination with clomifene citrate is now the most widely used insulin - sensitizer for ovulation induction in women with pcos ( nestler , 2002 ; glueck et al . , 2003 ;
the rationale of this treatment was based on only a few small studies with conflicting results ( nestler et al . , 1998 ;
recently , we demonstrated in an rct among newly diagnosed , therapy naive women with pcos that there were no significant differences in either ovulation rate , ongoing pregnancy rate or spontaneous abortion rate in women using clomifene citrate plus metformin compared with women using clomifene citrate ( moll et al . , 2006 ) . since then , our results considering ongoing pregnancy rates have been confirmed in another large rct ( legro et al . , 2007 ) .
however , pcos is a heterogeneous condition and thus both studies included a heterogeneous group of women .
surprisingly , there is only one small study involving 32 patients with pcos that has investigated the effect of metformin in specific subgroups .
this study showed in a multivariable analysis that higher insulin , lower androstenedione and less severe cycle abnormalities appeared to be independent significant parameters for better response to metformin ( moghetti et al . , 2000 ) .
increasing age and high waist  hip ratio ( whr ) are known risk factors in developing ir and , as such , these factors may also affect clinical response to metformin ( despres , 1993 ; legro et al . , 1999 ; pasquali et al .
, 2000 ; ncep expert panel , 2001 ; laine and wilson , 2007 ) .
apart from these parameters , some authors suggest that metformin would most likely be beneficial in women with high bmi ( lord , et al . , 2003 ) .
thus , although many investigators claim a beneficial effect of metformin in specific subgroups of women , the evidence is limited .
we therefore wanted to determine whether co - treatment with metformin improves pregnancy rates compared with the standard treatment of clomifene citrate alone in subgroups of women based on clinical and biochemical variables .
the data used in this study were collected in an rct that has been reported elsewhere ( moll et al . , 2006 ) . this double blinded trial took place from june 2001 to may 2004 in 20 dutch hospitals .
all patients with chronic anovulation ( a menstrual cycle 35 days ) , world health organization type ii criteria ( normogonadotrophic normoestrogenic oligo- or anovulation ) , polycystic ovaries diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasonography and a desire to conceive were randomly allocated to clomifene citrate ( 50150 mg a day for five consecutive days in the beginning of a menstrual cycle , per os ) plus metformin ( 500 mg 4/day ) or to clomifene citrate plus placebo .
primary exclusion criteria were other causes of anovulation , age over 40 years and liver , kidney or heart disease / failure ( i.e. abnormal results on liver function tests , serum creatinine concentration > 95 mol / l or a history of heart disease / failure ) and sperm quality indicating male subfertility ( total motile count < 10  10 ) .
randomization was carried out in the coordinating centre ( amc , amsterdam ) , using computer - generated blocks of four .
the randomization was stratified per centre , and the centres received blinded , numbered containers with medication .
patients continued to take the study medication until a positive pregnancy test ( 4 weeks after the first day of menstruation ) , six ovulatory cycles or clomifene citrate resistance occurred , whichever came first .
women had to discontinue their medication as soon as they had a positive pregnancy test as the safety and benefit of using metformin during pregnancy have not yet been proven .
the study was approved by the institutional review boards of all hospitals . written informed consent was obtained from all participants . at the start of the study , we measured height , weight , whr and plasma testosterone .
total plasma testosterone concentrations were determined using an in - house radioimmunoassay , without extraction and chromatography and with tritiated testosterone as label ( pratt et al . , 1975 ) .
intra - assay and inter - assay coefficients of variation were 4 - 7% and 59% , respectively .
subgroup analysis was performed on age , bmi , whr , testosterone , 2 h glucose and homa ( homeostatic model assessment for assessing insulin sensitivity ) as a measure of ir ( ehrmann et al .
ncep expert panel , 2001 ; fauser , 2004 ; samaras et al . , 2006 ) . since not all data were available for all women , in some analyses only a proportion of the women
the parameters to be analysed were chosen , after completion of the trial , according to the most recent literature ( despres , 1993 ; legro et al .
, 2000 ; ncep expert panel , 2001 ; lord , et al . , 2003 ; laine and wilson , 2007 ) . for this subgroup analysis , we explored differences in treatment effect on ongoing pregnancy rate in subgroups defined on age , bmi , whr , plasma testosterone , 2 h glucose level and ir evaluated by homa - ir .
for this purpose , we performed logistic regression analysis including treatment , the subgroup indicator and the interaction between treatment and subgroup .
we assessed the linearity of the association between the continuous variables age , bmi , whr , testosterone , 2 h glucose level and homa and the ongoing pregnancy rate using spline functions ( harrell et al . , 1988 ) .
non - linear associations were accommodated by redefining the corresponding variables . by testing the interaction in logistic regression ,
if the interaction is statistically significant , this is a clear indication that the effect of treatment differs between subgroups ( matthews and altman , 1996 ) .
next , to explore potential interesting subgroup features , we combined subgroups for which the interaction with treatment was p < 0.20 . in all analyses ,
for this subgroup analysis , we explored differences in treatment effect on ongoing pregnancy rate in subgroups defined on age , bmi , whr , plasma testosterone , 2 h glucose level and ir evaluated by homa - ir .
for this purpose , we performed logistic regression analysis including treatment , the subgroup indicator and the interaction between treatment and subgroup .
we assessed the linearity of the association between the continuous variables age , bmi , whr , testosterone , 2 h glucose level and homa and the ongoing pregnancy rate using spline functions ( harrell et al . , 1988 ) .
non - linear associations were accommodated by redefining the corresponding variables . by testing the interaction in logistic regression ,
if the interaction is statistically significant , this is a clear indication that the effect of treatment differs between subgroups ( matthews and altman , 1996 ) .
next , to explore potential interesting subgroup features , we combined subgroups for which the interaction with treatment was p < 0.20 . in all analyses ,
baseline characteristics are presented in table  i. out of the 111 women in the clomifene citrate plus metformin group , 44 ( 40% ) reached an ongoing pregnancy versus 52 ( 46% ) of the 114 women in the clomifene citrate group , a difference which was not significant [ relative risk ( rr ) 0.87 ; 95% confidence interval ( ci ) 0.641.2 ]
. a significantly larger proportion of patients in the metformin group discontinued treatment because of side effects ( 18/111 versus 6/114 ; rr 2.9 ; 95% ci 1.27.1 ) .
the total dropout rate in both treatment arms was not statistically different ( 28/111 versus 21/114 ; rr 1.3 ; 95% ci 0.822.2 ) .
baseline characteristics of patients with pcos who were treated with clomifene citrate plus metformin or clomifene citrate alone .
homa , homeostatic model assessment for assessing insulin sensitivity ; whr , waist  hip ratio .
the data for 2 h glucose level were available in 80% of patients , and for homa , in 50% of patients . in women
28 years of age , the effect of metformin versus placebo showed a small trend towards a different effect compared with the effect of metformin versus placebo in women < 28 years ( p - value of interaction 0.11 ) ( table  ii ) . in women with a whr  0.85 , the effect of metformin versus placebo was significantly different from the effect of metformin versus placebo in women with a whr < 0.85 ( p - value of interaction 0.012 ) ( table  ii ) .
pregnancy rates for subgroups of women with pcos treated with clomifene citrate plus metformin or clomifene citrate alone .
we did not find significant differences in effect of treatment for groups based on bmi , plasma testosterone , 2 h glucose values or homa . on the basis of these findings , we combined age and whr and created four subgroups .
we found a significantly different chance of reaching an ongoing pregnancy of metformin versus placebo between these subgroups ( p - value of interaction 0.014 ) ( table  iii ) .
a positive effect of metformin versus placebo on pregnancy rate was found in older women ( 28 years ) with a whr  0.85 , a negative effect of metformin versus placebo in young women regardless of their whr and no effect in the older , not viscerally obese women ( fig .  1 ) . relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for combined subgroups of women treated with clomifene citrate ( clomid ) plus metformin or clomifene citrate alone with respect to pregnancy rates .
pregnancy rates for combined subgroups in women with pcos treated with clomifene citrate plus metformin or clomifene citrate alone .
in the present analysis , there was a significantly different chance of an ongoing pregnancy of metformin versus placebo between subgroups , based on age and whr .
a positive effect of metformin versus placebo on pregnancy rate was found in older women with a high whr , a negative effect of metformin versus placebo in young women regardless of their whr and no effect in older , not viscerally obese women .
we have included women with pcos , who had never used clomifene citrate and were seeking treatment for their fertility problems for the first time .
our study group reflects the largest group of women with pcos a fertility clinic will see and treat .
our results contradict those from the only other subgroup analysis , where no differential effect of metformin was shown in subgroups of women based on age and whr ( moghetti et al . , 2000 )
: this study did show that in multivariable analysis higher insulin , lower androstenedione and less severe cycle abnormalities appeared to be significant parameters for better response to metformin , variables we did not assess in our study . however , our data may be more valid , because we analysed over 200 patients , 10 times more than in the moghetti et al .
( 2000 ) subanalysis and because our study was based on a double - blinded rct as opposed to the open protocol used in the previous subanalysis .
the most likely reason why metformin has a beneficial effect on pregnancy rates in older and viscerally obese women is that ir is common in these women ( cowie et al . ,
however , we did not find a significant interaction between pregnancy rates and the outcome of other surrogate markers of ir , including bmi , plasma testosterone , 2 h glucose value and homa .
this is probably due to the fact that whr is the most powerful predictor of ir of all surrogate markers ( rexrode et al . , 1998 ; lord et al . , 2003
; alberti et al . , 2006 ; lord et al . , 2006 ) .
we did not measure ir directly by means of the gold standard , the glucose clamp technique , since this is considered to be too invasive and burdensome to be part of a large clinical trial in outpatients ( legro et al .
the lack of effect of metformin in patients with high bmi , increased plasma testosterone , higher 2 h glucose levels and homa may be real , if confirmed by further studies .
however , another possibility is that the present study did not have enough power to show a difference .
this might especially hold true for homa , since we only had data on half of the patients .
a limitation of the study is that we did not collect all parameters in all patients . in particular , fasting insulin is missing in 49% of the patients .
when comparing baseline characteristics of the patients for whom data on insulin were available with those for whom data were not available , we found no significant differences ( data not shown ) .
the lack of data appears , therefore , to be due to a random effect of not executing the complete study protocol rather than a deliberate omission of patients with certain clinical or biochemical characteristics .
after our study protocol was written ( 1999 ) and our study performed ( 20012004 ) , it became clear that testosterone assays show a wide inter - laboratory variability ( kane et al . , 2007 ; rosner et al .
, 2007 ) . when we had finished the trial , it was impossible to adjust for this .
the calculations performed in this trial were therefore performed without correcting for this inter - laboratory imprecision , as is the case in all previous literature .
it is possible that the variation is sufficiently high to render the result not significant .
this relatively new understanding of the variability of testosterone assays may have great impact , not only on existing but also on future literature on pcos , especially in multicentre studies .
our rct was not powered for these subgroup analyses ; therefore , the data need to be interpreted with great caution .
nonetheless , we feel that our data argue for performing a trial comparing metformin and clomifene citrate with clomifene citrate alone in older visceral obese women with pcos .
although our initial randomized trial showed no benefit for metformin , our current findings suggest that metformin may be an effective addition to clomifene citrate in infertile , older and visceral obese women with pcos .
randomized studies should be performed specifically for this subgroup , or data from other existing trials should be re - analysed before we can consider implementing these findings in clinical practice .
 backgroundan rct among newly diagnosed , therapy naive women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ) showed no significant differences in ovulation rate , ongoing pregnancy rate or spontaneous abortion rate in favour of clomifene citrate plus metformin compared with clomifene citrate . 
 we wanted to assess whether there are specific subgroups of women with pcos in whom clomifene citrate plus metformin leads to higher pregnancy rates.methodssubgroup analysis based on clinical and biochemical parameters of 111 women randomized to clomifene citrate plus metformin compared with 114 women randomized to clomifene citrate plus placebo . 
 the data for age , bmi , waist  hip ratio ( whr ) and plasma testosterone were available in all women , 2 h glucose in 80% of women and homeostatic model assessment for assessing insulin sensitivity ( homa ) in 50% of women.resultsof the women who were allocated to the metformin group , 44 women ( 40% ) reached an ongoing pregnancy . in the placebo group , 52 women ( 46% ) reached an ongoing pregnancy . 
 there was a significantly different chance of an ongoing pregnancy for metformin versus placebo between subgroups based on age and whr ( p = 0.014 ) . 
 there was a positive effect of metformin versus placebo on pregnancy rate in older women ( 28 years ) with a high whr , a negative effect of metformin versus placebo in young women ( < 28 years ) regardless of their whr and no effect in older , not viscerally obese women . 
 no significant differences in effect of treatment were found for groups based on bmi , 2 h glucose , homa or plasma testosterone.conclusionsmetformin may be an effective addition to clomifene citrate in infertile women with pcos , especially in older and viscerally obese patients . 
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Data analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Funding