pulmonary embolus ( pe ) refers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by material ( e.g. , thrombus , tumor , air , or fat ) that originated elsewhere in the body . despite the high - incidence of pulmonary embolism
, its diagnosis continues to be difficult primarily because of the nonspecific nature of the presenting signs and symptoms .
the most common sources of pulmonary embolism are the pelvic veins or deep veins of the thigh .
hemodynamically unstable pe results in hypotension , which by definition is systolic blood pressure < 90 mmhg for a period > 15 min or that requiring vasopressors or inotropic support and not explained by other causes including sepsis , arrhythmia , left ventricular dysfunction from acute myocardial ischemia or infarction , or hypovolemia .
hemodynamically stable pe is defined as pe that does not meet the definition of hemodynamically unstable pe .
majority of the cases of pulmonary embolism can be managed with medical therapy alone . for more than 30 years
, thrombolytic agents have been used to dissolve or reduce the embolus and improve the circulation .
however , embolectomy is indicated in patients with hemodynamically unstable pe in whom thrombolytic therapy is contraindicated .
it is also a therapeutic option in those who fail thrombolysis and surgical intervention may be indicated in certain instances .
currently , only few indications for surgical embolectomy have been described which include contraindications to thrombolytic therapy , presence of persistent thrombi in the right heart or pulmonary arteries , or deteriorating hemodynamic status .
we report two cases of acute massive pe , which was managed successfully with surgical embolectomy .
electrocardiogram ( ecg ) showed sinus tachycardia , right axis deviation , and right bundle branch block .
routine investigations were normal with erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( esr ) 90 mm 1 h westergren .
two - dimensional ( 2d ) echocardiography revealed dilated right atrium / right ventricular ( ra / rv ) , severe tricuspid regurgitation ( tr ) with pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 70 mmhg , and clot in rv apex and right pulmonary artery ( rpa ) [ figure 1a and b ] .
the patient was subjected to surgical embolectomy with rv and rpa clot extraction [ figures 2a , b and 3 ] .
( a ) two - dimensional echo apical four chamber view shows clot in right ventricular apex and ( b ) : two - dimensional echo short axis shows thrombus in the right pulmonary artery ( a ) extraction of the right ventricular clot .
( b ) extraction of the thrombus in right pulmonary artery right ventricular and right pulmonary artery thrombus a 65-five - year - old male patient presented with acute onset of dyspnea on the 15 postoperative day for traumatic rupture of urinary bladder .
he is a k / c / o hypertension with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . on examination ,
routine investigation revealed hemoglobin of 12 g% , esr - 70 mm 1 h westergren .
2d echocardiography revealed dilatation of ra , rv , rpa ostium , and ra fuzzy hypoechoic lesion [ figure 4 ] . computed tomography pulmonary angiogram revealed pulmonary thrombus in proximal rpa and normal main pulmonary artery [ figure 5 ] . in view of recent surgery for traumatic rupture of urinary bladder and clot in ra
, thrombolysis was not considered , and the patient was subjected to surgical embolectomy [ figure 6 ] .
two - dimensional echo short axis shows thrombus in the ostium of right pulmonary artery computed tomography pulmonary angiography shows thrombus in the right pulmonary artery extraction of thrombus in the right pulmonary artery
massive pe is defined as rv dysfunction or a systolic blood pressure < 90 mmhg or a drop in systolic blood pressure of 40 mmhg from baseline for a period > 15 min . in patients with massive pe
, 50% patients die within 30 min , 70% die within 1 h , and more than 85% die within 6 h of the onset of symptoms .
clinically , diagnosis is difficult due to the nonspecific nature of the symptoms and signs of pe and investigations including routine blood , arterial blood gas measurement , electrocardiography , and chest radiography , however all lack specificity ; thereby limiting their utility in reaching a definitive diagnosis .
the differential diagnosis for pe is many which include pneumothorax , pleuritis , pneumomediastinum , pericarditis , acute myocardial infarction , aortic dissection , esophageal rupture , lung cancer , rib fractures , and metastatic deposits .
the most common sources of pulmonary emboli are the pelvic veins or deep veins of the thigh .
pulmonary arterial obstruction by clot causes platelets to release vasoactive agents such as serotonin , which may lead to further elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance .
this redistribution of blood flow increases alveolar dead space with a resultant ventilation / perfusion mismatch that impairs gas exchange .
right ventricular after load increases , tension rises in rv wall and may lead to dilatation , dysfunction , and ischemia of right ventricle . in the absence of absolute contraindications , thrombolysis is the indicated treatment for patients with acute massive pe , who present with shock and is reported to achieve good outcomes . in those patients whose condition worsens despite thrombolysis , surgical intervention should be strongly considered .
currently , only a few indications for surgical embolectomy have been described which include contraindications to thrombolytic therapy , presence of persistent thrombi in the right heart or pulmonary arteries , or deteriorating hemodynamic status .
early surgical intervention may be associated with a survival benefit in such situations . in one nonrandomized case series of patients with massive pe complicated by shock
the main predictor of mortality in patients undergoing surgical pulmonary embolectomy is preoperative cardiac arrest requiring resuscitation .
patients with hemodynamic collapse prior to surgery have an operative mortality ranging from 43% to 84% .
massive pe requires immediate therapy to restore pulmonary arterial flow . in the absence of treatment ,
anticoagulation is the standard of care for pe , with the addition of thrombolysis or surgical embolectomy when the clot burden and clinical presentation warrant more aggressive treatment .
surgical embolectomy in hemodynamic instability due to acute pe is reserved for patients in whom thrombolysis ( systemic or catheter - directed ) is contraindicated , and is an option in those in whom thrombolysis has failed .
however , surgical embolectomy may show favorable outcomes in cases such as echocardiographic evidence of an embolus trapped within a patent foramen ovale , or present in the ra , or right ventricle .
surgical embolectomy , therefore , should not simply be considered as a treatment of last resort , but may warrant earlier consideration in certain conditions .
 acute massive pulmonary embolism is a life - threatening emergency that must be promptly diagnosed and managed . over the last several years 
 , the use of computed tomography scanning has improved the clinician 's ability to diagnose acute pulmonary embolism . 
 we report two cases of acute massive pulmonary embolism who presented with sudden onset of dyspnea and underwent successful open pulmonary embolectomy . the first case presented with acute onset of dyspnea of 2 days duration , in view of hemodynamic deterioration and two - dimensional echocardiography , 
 it revealed clot in right ventricular ( rv ) apex and right pulmonary artery ; the patient underwent cardiopulmonary bypass and open pulmonary embolectomy with rv clot extraction . the second case presented with a sudden onset of dyspnea on the 15th postoperative day for traumatic rupture of urinary bladder , in view of recent surgery , 
 the patient was subjected to surgical embolectomy . 
 following surgical intervention , both the patients made a prompt recovery . 
INTRODUCTION
CASE REPORT
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
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