respiratory complications are 3 times more common during endotracheal extubation than during tracheal intubation or induction of anaesthesia ( 4.6% vs. 12.6% ) .
a smooth tracheal extubation without coughing , bucking or haemodynamic changes is one of the anaesthetic goals during any general anaesthetic procedure especially in neurosurgical , interventional neuro - radiological , otolaryngological , and ophthalmological patients or with patients having coronary artery disease . on extensive literature search
, it has been observed that various authors have advocated the exchange of the endotracheal tube ( ett ) with laryngeal mask airway ( lma ) prior to the emergence from anaesthesia .
this ett / laryngeal mask ( lm ) exchange procedure is easy and superior to use of an oropharyngeal airway .
there is a natural hesitancy to perform ett / lm exchange and this maybe because the procedure involves jeopardizing a secure airway .
secondly , the surgeries where exchange is often required , the patients may have some significant coexisting disease .
majority of studies had used classic laryngeal mask airway ( clma ) ( with the index finger introduction method ) as exchange for ett immediately before extubation while inhalational anaesthesia was still continued .
however , there is no study where ambu laryngeal mask ( alm ) was used in such situation , which is introduced using pencil technique .
the present study evaluated the effect of exchange of ett with clma versus alm for haemodynamic changes , ease of placement , correct placement of clma and alm as per fibre - optic examination , coughing / bucking during removal of lma , incidence of post - operative sore throat and any other complication .
after approval from hospital ethical committee , 100 american society of anaesthesiologist ( asa ) i and ii female patients between age range of 20 years and 50 years and weighing 40 - 60 kg , undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy , who gave informed consent for participating in the study were selected .
these patients were randomly divided into two groups of 50 patients each on the basis of type of lma device used for exchange , using random computerized tables .
the two groups were as follows : group i : clma was used for ett / lm exchange , clma was placed by the index finger method group ii : alm was used for ett / lm exchange ( alm was placed unaided , pencil technique ) .
pre - medication included injection midazolam 0.025 mg / kg iv , injection fentanyl 2 mcg / kg iv , injection ondansetron 0.1 mg / kg iv 15 min prior to induction of anaesthesia .
anaesthesia was induced with injection propofol 2 mg / kg iv and neuromuscular blockade was achieved with vecuronium bromide 0.1 mg / kg iv . after achieving adequate relaxation , trachea was intubated and anaesthesia was maintained with a step - down technique of propofol infusion ( 10 mg / kg / h for 1 15 min , 8 mg / kg / h for the next 15 min , and thereafter 5 mg / kg / h iv via syringe pump , till the conclusion of surgery ) .
in addition , all patients received 66% n2o in o2 and muscle relaxant top - up doses as per peripheral nerve stimulator .
after the conclusion of surgery , n2o was discontinued , but propofol was continued to run at the rate of 5 mg / kg / h . in group
i and ii , clma and alm ( size 3 , both ) were placed respectively , but the cuff remained un - inflated .
residual neuromuscular block was now reversed using a mixture of neostigmine ( 2.5 mg ) and glycopyrrolate ( 0.4 mg ) .
adequate reversal of neuromuscular block was confirmed by a train - of - four ratio > 0.9 and return of adequate tidal volume .
the cuff of lm ( clma or alm ) was now inflated with 20 ml air and the breathing system connected to lm .
an adequate and smooth spontaneous respiration was re - confirmed clinically and by capnography . if inadequate , lm was removed and reinserted .
fibreoptic bronchoscopy was then performed via diaphragm of the swivel port to record the correct placement of clma /alm.
propofol was now discontinued and the patient continued to breathe 100% o2 until full awakening .
patient 's response to lm removal was recorded . during this period of exchange ett / lm exchange ,
patient 's heart rate ( hr ) and systolic blood pressure ( sbp ) were recorded just prior to lm placement , post - lm placement , pre - extubation , post - extubation and thereafter at 3 and 5 min and immediately after lm removal and after 3 and 5 min .
placement was successful in the first attempt , grade ii , if more than one attempt was required to place it , grade iii , if we failed to place the clma /alm. attempt was considered unsuccessful if it took greater than 20 s or if the lm was removed from the patient 's mouth .
if complete glottis was visualised through fiberscope , it was graded as grade i , partial glottis with or without seeing epiglottis was grade ii , and if only epiglottis was visualised , it was labelled as grade iii . any episode of coughing / bucking during lm placement , ett and lm
coughing was graded as grade i if there was no coughing / bucking , grade ii , if there was mild coughing / bucking ( < 5 cough ) and grade iii if there was severe bout of coughing / bucking / laryngospasm ( > 5 cough ) .
sore throat was noted by an independent blind observer post - operatively after 1 h. absence of sore throat was recorded as grade i. sore throat , which was less severe than common cold / mild sore throat was grade ii , and which was similar to that noted with common cold / moderate sore throat was grade iii .
sore throat , which was more severe than common cold / severe sore throat was graded as grade iv .
we conducted a pilot study with seven patients in each group and presuming the difference in the haemodynamic parameters and effect size obtained to be true , calculated that 41 patients in each group would be required for the study with power of 0.8 and significance of 0.05 .
data within the groups have been analysed using paired t - test while those between the groups were analysed using unpaired t - test .
it was used to analyse grades of ease of lm placement , verification of glottic view by fiberscope , coughing during removal of lm and post - operative sore throat .
we conducted a pilot study with seven patients in each group and presuming the difference in the haemodynamic parameters and effect size obtained to be true , calculated that 41 patients in each group would be required for the study with power of 0.8 and significance of 0.05 .
data within the groups have been analysed using paired t - test while those between the groups were analysed using unpaired t - test .
it was used to analyse grades of ease of lm placement , verification of glottic view by fiberscope , coughing during removal of lm and post - operative sore throat .
the sbp and hr in both groups in pre - lm placement time was nearly identical ( p>0.05 ) .
as lm was placed , sbp and hr increased in both the groups [ tables 1 and 2 ] , but reached the level of statistical significant only in group i as compared to pre - lm placement values ( p<0.05 ) .
after that , in patients of both groups , the sbp and hr started declining with a modest , but insignificant ( p>0.05 ) rise as the tracheal tube was being removed [ tables 1 and 2 ] .
changes in sbp during peri - extubation period changes in hr during peri - extubation period before ett removal , lm could be placed in first attempt ( grade i ) in 72% of group i patients as compared to 84% of group ii patient .
there was no significant difference of proportion during placement of the lm ( z<1.96 ) .
after extubation , it was never necessary to reinsert the lm or shift to alternative airway .
the number of patients who showed complete glottic view ( grade i ) through fibreoptic bronchoscope was noted to be significantly more ( z>1.96 ) in group ii ( 96% ) as compared to group i ( 76% ) [ table 4 ] .
incidence of different grades of glottic view by fiberscope none of the patients of both the study groups had coughing or bucking during placement of lm as well as during removal of ett .
the incidence of smooth removal of lm , i.e. , with no coughing and bucking ( grade 1 ) was 84% in group ii patients as compared to 72% in group i , which is statistically insignificant ( z<1.96 ) [ table 5 ] .
grades of coughing during removal of lm blood was not seen on the cup of lm , in any case of either group .
incidence of mild post - operative sore throat ( grade i ) was identical in both groups ( 84% ) [ table 6 ] and none of the patients had moderate ( grade ii ) or severe post - operative sore throat ( grade iii ) .
extubation is associated with significant haemodynamic changes , which may be detrimental for patients with cardiovascular compromise .
similarly , cough is a normal protective response during emergence from anaesthesia , but can be harmful in cases of eye surgery or neurosurgery .
extubation of trachea in deeper planes of anaesthesia is a common method to avoid this stress response .
this can be achieved by the use of inhalational agents or opioids , but they may cause loss of the airway and prolonged sedation .
pharmacological agents such as lidocaine , beta blockers , calcium channel blockers , and dexmeditomedine are effective in controlling the haemodynamic response during extubation , but they do not prevent coughing over the tube . moreover , their adequate dosage is still not exactly established .
one of the safe techniques for smooth extubation is to replace the ett with lma prior to emergence from anaesthesia .
it effectively reduces coughing , bucking , sore throat , and haemodynamic response associated with extubation .
stix et al . in 2001 , had used clma as  safe extubation device before extubation of ett and thereafter maintenance of airway till patient was awake fully . when patient regained consciousness , clma was removed and patient was shifted to post - operative room .
the clma is a supraglottic airway device , which provides an  oval seal around the laryngeal inlet and maintains the airway .
it provides better haemodynamic stability as it avoids stimulating infraglottic structures during insertion as well as during extubation .
the alm is single use airway device made of polyvinyl chloride , moulded in one piece , featuring a special build - in curve that replicates natural human anatomy .
in addition , internal ribs are built into this curve , which gives the airway tube flexibility needed to adapt to individual anatomical variances and a wide range of head positions .
it is introduced by pencil technique and there is no need of finger while introducing this airway equipment .
all these features make its insertion easier than clma. furthermore , unlike clma it lacks epiglottic aperture bars .
we had chosen alm for comparison with clma as they are the most commonly used lm devices .
most of studies have used clma for ett / lm exchange . with an increasing concern for transmission of prion diseases , use of single devices like alm
furthermore , we wanted to investigate that whether unaided placement of alm would have any advantage over finger aided placement of clma in terms of post - ett / lm exchange haemodynamic response , ease of placement , fibre - optic view , coughing / bucking , and post - operative sore throat .
immediately after placement of lm , there was a significant rise of sbp and hr only in group i ( clma ) .
this can be attributed to the standard technique of finger support during clma insertion , resulting in overcrowding of hypopharynx and stretching of oropharyngeal structures .
these factors may have been responsible for the attenuated rise of sbp and hr during placement of alm as compared to clma. in group i and group ii patients , the sbp and hr started declining with a modest , but insignificant ( p>0.05 ) rise as the tracheal tube was removed .
thereafter , the fall in both parameters continued towards control value . to the best of our knowledge
, there has been no reported study on haemodynamic changes during ett / lma exchange manoeuvre , so far .
we have shown that between clma and alm , though both provide good haemodynamic control during ett / lma exchange , still latter has significantly better haemodynamic control during lma insertion .
minimal changes in sbp and hr following removal of clma or alm in this study is in accordance to previous findings that removal of an lma is associated with significantly reduced cardiovascular responses .
and ng et al . , also reported insignificant difference in first attempt insertion between these two devices .
lpez et al . , studied 200 patients and compared four different lma regarding ease of insertion and placement .
they concluded that alm and lma unique were easier to insert by inexperienced residents and were less traumatic for patients .
however shariffuddin and wang , found that first insertion attempt was significantly better with the alm compared than with clma. alm 's design unlike clma does not have epiglottic bars , which allow easier access for flexible fibreoptic examination .
a significantly superior glottic view ( grade i ) with alm ( 96% ) as compared to clma ( 76% ) may be attributed to its in - built curved shape that allowed its bowl to take a better periglottic position after tracheal extubation .
though alm had significantly superior glottic view as compared with clma , yet all the patients had adequate spontaneous respiration on lm and none required reinsertion of lm .
it has been seen that even when the epiglottis blocks fibreoptic visualization of the glottis ( as seen from the airway tube ) , a satisfactory clinical airway is usually established . none of the patients in both the study groups had coughing or bucking during placement of lmas .
this might be due to use of propofol for maintenance of anaesthesia in our study , which has known ability to suppress the cough reflex during upper airway manipulation .
in contrast , takita et al . , recorded 33.3% incidence of coughing / bucking during placement of clma , using variable concentration of sevoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia .
it was observed that 28% patients of group i and 16% patients of group ii had mild coughing and bucking during removal of clma. none of the patients in both the groups presented with airway obstruction or laryngospasm .
koga et al . , reported that out of 20 patients , one patient had difficulty in ventilation via lm after extubation and three patients coughed during emergence from anaesthesia .
dob et al . , reported one case of coughing out of 26 patients in lma group during emergence .
costa e silva and brimacombe , reported that no patient out of 10 coughed during emergence or removal of lma .
the findings of this study are in agreement with the above observations that an occasional patient may cough during removal of lm .
however , the present study noted that removal of clma was more prone to coughing as compared to alm. this could possibly be secondary to a more anatomical design and a softer cuff material of alm compared to clma. incidence of post - operative sore throat was similar in both groups .
ett is known to cause more post - operative sore throat than lm . in our series
, both ett and lm were used in all patients yet the incidence of post - operative sore throat was less than what has been reported for ett alone .
this might be attributed to the fact that extubation of ett was performed over lm and thus avoided straining on the tube , which is most often cause of post - operative sore throat .
ng et al . , reported lower incidence of sore throat with alm as compared to clma. post - operative sore throat is also dependent upon the number of attempts taken to place lm , duration of insertion and cuff pressure . in our study , there was no significant difference in number of attempts for lm placement between both groups , but we did nt measure duration of insertion and cuff pressure in our study .
pharmacological agents though are effective in controlling haemodynamic changes are costly and are unable to suppress the cough reflex during extubation . on the other hand ,
clma which is reusable after autoclaving is an economical solution to the problem . however , there is risk of infection with prion disease in reusable devices , which has promoted the use of alm. there were certain limitations in our study .
the effect was seen in asa i / ii patients , but the usefulness will be of immense help in high - risk cardiac patients , whom we could not study due to the absence of advanced cardiac set - up at our institute .
effect of ett / lm exchange can be further studied in asa iii / iv cardiac or neurosurgical patients , where good haemodynamic control is required .
we did not measure duration of insertion and cuff pressure in our study , which may have a bearing on post - operative sore throat .
placement of alm prior to tracheal extubation is associated with reduced haemodynamic changes and better glottic view through fibrescope .
 background and aim : exchanging endotracheal tube ( ett ) with classic laryngeal mask airway ( clma ) prior to emergence from anaesthesia is a safe technique to prevent the coughing and haemodynamic changes during extubation . 
 we had compared clma and ambu laryngeal mask ( alm ) during ett / laryngeal mask ( lm ) for haemodynamic changes and other parameters.methods:a total of 100 american society of anesthesiologist grade i and ii adult female patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 50 patients each . in group 
 i , clma and in group ii , alm was placed prior to tracheal extubation . 
 haemodynamic parameters were recorded during ett / lm exchange . 
 glottic view was seen through the lm using flexible fibrescope . 
 coughing / bucking during removal of lm , ease of placement and post - operative sore throat for both groups were graded and recorded.statistical analysis : data within the groups was analysed using paired t - test while between the groups was analysed using unpaired t - test . chi - square test was used to analyse grades of glottic view , coughing , and post - operative sore throat.results:in group i , there was a significant rise in systolic blood pressure and heart rate in contrast to insignificant rise in group ii . 
 glottis view was significantly better in group ii . 
 incidence of coughing , ease of placement and post - operative sore throat was identical between both groups.conclusion : alm is superior to clma for exchange of ett before extubation due to greater haemodynamic stability during exchange phase and is better positioned . 
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
Statistical analysis
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION