the onset of seizures is usually before the age of 12 months in developmentally normal infants .
the first seizure type is usually clonic , generalized or unilateral and triggered by fever .
the diagnosis of ds is based on the clinical phenotype ; however , mutations in the scn1a gene can be found in 7585% of patients with ds 2 , 3 .
the estimated incidence of ds ranges from 1 in 15 700 to 1 in 40 000 live births 2 , 4 .
the current treatment strategy for patients with ds involves the use of multiple antiepileptic drugs ( aeds ) , including combinations of valproate , topiramate , clobazam , stiripentol and others 5 , 6 . in a recent survey of european patients with ds ,
about 40% of patients were treated with three aeds and approximately 40% were treated with four aeds 6 . despite these multidrug regimens , 45% continue to experience 4 tonic  clonic seizures / month 6 . to reduce frequent and disabling seizures ,
fenfluramine ( 3trifluoromethylnethylamphetamine ) , originally approved as an appetite suppressant 7 , has also been reported to exhibit activity in refractory epilepsy 8 . due to the retrospective character of previous studies 9 , 10 , we wanted to confirm our data in a welldesigned prospective trial in a new group of patients with ds . here
we describe the effectiveness , tolerability and safety of fenfluramine in a new cohort of patients with ds who began treatment after 2010 .
patients of between 6 months and 50 years of age with a ds diagnosis based on the core phenotype 1 with or without scn1a mutation and whose epilepsy was uncontrolled despite adequate therapy with standard aeds were eligible .
the major exclusion criteria included cardiovascular pathology , hypertension treated with medication , glaucoma , or hypersensitivity to fenfluramine or any other amphetaminelike drug .
all patients who enrolled between january 2011 and december 2015 and who had at least 3 months of observation after starting fenfluramine were included in this analysis .
this prospective openlabel study began with a 3month baseline period during which patients continued treatment with their current aeds .
a daily diary was used to record the date , time , type and duration of seizures .
a 24h electroencephalographic study was conducted during the baseline period as was an echocardiographic examination to evaluate cardiac valvular structure and function .
after the 3month baseline period , fenfluramine was added at a dose of 0.251.0 mg / kg / day .
the daily dose could be adjusted during the study based on efficacy or tolerability issues , with a maximum of 20 mg / day .
concomitant aeds were kept stable during the first 3 months , thereafter adjustments could be made if necessary ( figure s1 ) .
echocardiographic examinations were conducted every 3 months during the first year of treatment , every 6 months during the second year of treatment and annually thereafter . beginning in 2014
all echocardiograms were evaluated by a pediatric ( f.m . ) and an adult ( b.p.p . )
all data from inclusion until the last study visit ( before april 2016 ) were analyzed .
fenfluramine was obtained from zogenix international limited , emeryville , ca , usa and its purity was assessed and confirmed by the belgian pharmaceutical association .
fenfluramine was compounded into capsules by the pharmacy of antwerp university hospital at doses of 2.5 , 5 , 10 and 20 mg / capsule .
most patients in this study swallowed the capsules but , for a few , the contents were sprinkled prior to consumption .
the key objective of this study was to assess the overall change in frequency of all major motor seizures during the fenfluramine treatment duration compared with the 3month baseline period .
in addition , the change in major motor seizure frequency was assessed at specific time points ( 3 , 6 , 9 and 12 months postinitiation of fenfluramine treatment ) .
clonic , tonic , clonic , atonic and myoclonic seizures lasting > 30 s. seizure frequency ( seizures / month ) during the baseline period was calculated as the total number of seizures divided by the number of days in the baseline period multiplied by 30 . during treatment with fenfluramine , seizure frequency
taking into account the small sample size and the nongaussian distribution , a wilcoxon signedrank test for paired data was used to analyze the treatment effect .
statistical analysis was performed with spss software ( ibm corp spss statistics for windows , version 23.0 , armonk , ny , usa ) .
global impression of change , quality of life ( qol ) and sleep quality were assessed at each study visit since june 2015 .
the qol and sleep quality of parents and patients were assessed using a visual analog scale ( 0 , extremely bad to 10 , very good ) .
global impression of change was evaluated with a fivepoint scale ( 2 , very much improved ; 1 , much improved ; 0 , no change ; 1 , much worse ; and 2 , very much worse ) . following the withdrawal of fenfluramine in 1997
, its use as an aed for the treatment of intractable epilepsy was allowed in belgium following the issuance of a royal decree ( kb 2002/22215 ) .
the study protocol was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee at antwerp university hospital prior to the initiation of this study ( registration no .
the parents or guardians of each patient were fully informed about the study and provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study .
patients of between 6 months and 50 years of age with a ds diagnosis based on the core phenotype 1 with or without scn1a mutation and whose epilepsy was uncontrolled despite adequate therapy with standard aeds were eligible .
the major exclusion criteria included cardiovascular pathology , hypertension treated with medication , glaucoma , or hypersensitivity to fenfluramine or any other amphetaminelike drug .
all patients who enrolled between january 2011 and december 2015 and who had at least 3 months of observation after starting fenfluramine were included in this analysis .
this prospective openlabel study began with a 3month baseline period during which patients continued treatment with their current aeds .
a daily diary was used to record the date , time , type and duration of seizures .
a 24h electroencephalographic study was conducted during the baseline period as was an echocardiographic examination to evaluate cardiac valvular structure and function .
after the 3month baseline period , fenfluramine was added at a dose of 0.251.0 mg / kg / day .
the daily dose could be adjusted during the study based on efficacy or tolerability issues , with a maximum of 20 mg / day .
concomitant aeds were kept stable during the first 3 months , thereafter adjustments could be made if necessary ( figure s1 ) .
echocardiographic examinations were conducted every 3 months during the first year of treatment , every 6 months during the second year of treatment and annually thereafter . beginning in 2014
all echocardiograms were evaluated by a pediatric ( f.m . ) and an adult ( b.p.p . )
all data from inclusion until the last study visit ( before april 2016 ) were analyzed .
fenfluramine was obtained from zogenix international limited , emeryville , ca , usa and its purity was assessed and confirmed by the belgian pharmaceutical association . fenfluramine was compounded into capsules by the pharmacy of antwerp university hospital at doses of 2.5 , 5 , 10 and 20 mg / capsule .
most patients in this study swallowed the capsules but , for a few , the contents were sprinkled prior to consumption .
the key objective of this study was to assess the overall change in frequency of all major motor seizures during the fenfluramine treatment duration compared with the 3month baseline period .
in addition , the change in major motor seizure frequency was assessed at specific time points ( 3 , 6 , 9 and 12 months postinitiation of fenfluramine treatment ) .
clonic , tonic , clonic , atonic and myoclonic seizures lasting > 30 s. seizure frequency ( seizures / month ) during the baseline period was calculated as the total number of seizures divided by the number of days in the baseline period multiplied by 30 . during treatment with fenfluramine , seizure frequency
taking into account the small sample size and the nongaussian distribution , a wilcoxon signedrank test for paired data was used to analyze the treatment effect .
statistical analysis was performed with spss software ( ibm corp spss statistics for windows , version 23.0 , armonk , ny , usa ) .
adverse events were monitored at each visit during the study . global impression of change , quality of life ( qol ) and sleep quality were assessed at each study visit since june 2015 .
the qol and sleep quality of parents and patients were assessed using a visual analog scale ( 0 , extremely bad to 10 , very good ) .
global impression of change was evaluated with a fivepoint scale ( 2 , very much improved ; 1 , much improved ; 0 , no change ; 1 , much worse ; and 2 , very much worse ) .
following the withdrawal of fenfluramine in 1997 , its use as an aed for the treatment of intractable epilepsy was allowed in belgium following the issuance of a royal decree ( kb 2002/22215 ) .
the study protocol was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee at antwerp university hospital prior to the initiation of this study ( registration no .
were fully informed about the study and provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study .
nine patients with ds between the ages of 1.2 and 29.8 years enrolled in the study between january 2011 and december 2015 , and had been treated with fenfluramine for a median duration of 1.5 ( range , 0.35.06 ) years at the time of the last assessment .
the initial dose of fenfluramine in each patient was 5 or 10 mg / day , divided and administered as two separate doses , with a mean weightadjusted daily dose of 0.24 ( range , 0.160.50 ) mg / kg / day .
fenfluramine doses were increased in six patients in order to optimize effectiveness during their treatment and , at the most recent study visit , the mean dose was 0.35 ( range , 0.160.69 ) mg / kg / day .
individual patient demographic and clinical information clb , clobazam ; ffa , fenfluramine ; lev , levetiracetam ; stp , stiripentol ; tpm , topiramate ; vns , vagal nerve stimulation ; vpa , valproic acid
clonic , tonic , clonic , atonic and myoclonic seizures lasting > 30 s. monthly seizure frequency was calculated as the total number of seizures during the treatment period divided by the total number of treatment days multiplied by 30 days / month .
percent reduction refers to the entire treatment period compared with the seizure frequency per month in the baseline period . tonic 
clonic seizures were the only major motor seizures observed in these patients both before and during treatment with fenfluramine . during the 3month baseline period , the frequency of major motor seizures ranged from 0.4 to 39.7/month ( median , 15.0/month ) . only tonic 
clonic seizures were observed in patients 16 , whereas additional types of major motor seizures were observed in patients 79 .
all patients experienced a decrease in the frequency of major motor seizures after treatment with fenfluramine was initiated ( table 2 ) . compared with the 3month baseline period ,
a reduction in the median frequency of major motor seizures was observed from baseline ( 15.0/month ) to 3 months ( 2.0/month ) , 6 months ( 1.1/month ) , 9 months ( 1.1/month ) and 12 months ( 1.6/month ) ( fig .
1 ) . a wilcoxon signedrank test showed a significant difference between the 3month baseline period compared with the first 3 months of treatment with fenfluramine ( z = 2.67 , p = 0.008 ) . over the entire treatment period
the median percentage reduction in major motor seizures was 75% ( range , 28100% ) .
the effect of addon fenfluramine on the frequency of major motor seizures in patients with dravet syndrome . * significant differences in wilcoxon nonparametric test ( p < 0.05 ) compared with baseline period .
six of the nine ( 67% ) patients demonstrated 50% reduction ( defined as a  responder ) in major motor seizures by month 3 and remained responders throughout the entire observation period ( table 2 , fig .
one became a responder at month 6 and remained a responder for the rest of the observation period .
thus , as of the last clinic visit , 78% ( seven of nine patients ) of patients were 50% responders .
the aeds were kept stable during the first 3 months except in one patient ( patient 8) .
the parents of this boy suddenly stopped his ethyl loflazepate 1 week after starting fenfluramine ; 2 weeks after this he experienced an increase in seizures with development of a nonconvulsive status epilepticus for which he was hospitalized .
he recovered after the addition of clobazam . due to the long followup period and good seizure control in some patients , we tried to optimize the aed treatment regime . in three patients , one of the other aeds ( clobazam , bromide or stiripentol ) was successfully discontinued without any increase in seizures .
several patients experienced clinical benefits in addition to reductions in seizure frequency . at the most recent visit ,
mean sleep quality for patients and parents was 8.1/10 and 7.9/10 , respectively ( 10 , very good ) , mean qol scores were 7.4/10 and 7.6/10 , respectively , and five parents indicated a much to very much improved global impression .
patient 3 , a 5.9yearold boy , had a low frequency of major motor seizures during the baseline observation period . prior to starting fenfluramine
he regularly experienced atypical absences with increasing somnolence and the impression of decreasing cognitive function .
after starting fenfluramine , all seizure activity ceased , including the absence seizures and his school performance improved .
patient 4 , an 11.9yearold boy , typically had motor seizures occurring in clusters and , during treatment with fenfluramine , the duration of the clusters was diminished with a faster recovery between clusters .
patient 7 , a 20.3yearold male , demonstrated the smallest decrease in motor seizure frequency in this cohort ( 28% ) ; however , his seizures were described as less severe and his level of alertness throughout the day as being increased .
all patients experienced one or more treatmentemergent adverse events ( teaes ) during treatment with fenfluramine .
the most commonly reported teaes were somnolence ( n = 5 ) and anorexia ( n = 4 ) .
in addition , fatigue ( n = 3 ) , sleep difficulties ( n = 2 ) and nonconvulsive status epilepticus ( n = 3 ) occurred in two or more patients during treatment with fenfluramine . except for episodes of nonconvulsive status epilepticus , all teaes were deemed to be of mild to moderate severity .
one patient ( patient 2 ) , who was hospitalized 11 times for status epilepticus before the addition of fenfluramine , experienced four separate episodes of status epilepticus with fever due to respiratory infection during the 4.7 years of treatment with fenfluramine . between two and nine echocardiographic examinations were performed in each patient ( including the baseline examination ) .
no evidence of change in cardiac valve structure or function was observed in any patient during the entire treatment observation period and nor were there any echocardiographic findings suggestive of pulmonary arterial hypertension .
in this new cohort we prospectively evaluated nine patients with ds treated with fenfluramine for a median duration of 1.5 ( range , 0.35.06 ) years .
all patients demonstrated a reduction in major motor seizure frequency during treatment , with a median reduction of 75% .
in addition , a tendency towards a positive effect on the sleep quality and qol of both patients and parents was seen in combination with an improved global impression .
importantly , no echocardiographic evidence of cardiac valvulopathy or pulmonary hypertension was observed with repeated echocardiography .
thus , this study confirms the previously published original cohort of patients with ds who were successfully treated with fenfluramine 10 , 11 .
10 have followed patients with ds treated with fenfluramine for periods of up to 27 years . in their study of the original cohort of 12 patients with ds , seven of the 10 patients with ds who were still being treated as of the end of 2010 had been seizure free for 1 year at their last study visit
. a recent 5year followup report on the 10 patients from this original cohort demonstrated continued longterm efficacy and good tolerability 11 .
three patients were seizure free for the entire 5 years and four patients experienced seizurefree intervals of at least 2 years during the new study period .
two patients had mild ( stable ) valve thickening on the last echocardiography , which was deemed clinically insignificant .
the lack of effective medical treatment has led to investigation of new agents for treatment of ds 12 , 13 .
devinsky and colleagues have recently reported the results of an openlabel trial of cannabidiol addon therapy in 214 patients with childhoodonset intractable epilepsy , including 32 patients with ds 14 .
the patients with ds had a 49.8% median reduction in monthly motor seizures and 16 patients ( 50% ) had a reduction of 50% .
multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that only treatment with clobazam independently predicted being a responder ( defined by a 50% decrease in seizure frequency ) .
somnolence was the most common adverse event , reported by 25% of patients , followed by decreased appetite ( 19% ) , diarrhea ( 19% ) and fatigue ( 13% ) . in the present study , acknowledging the small sample size , we did not observe any association between the degree of seizure frequency reduction with fenfluramine in patients who were and were not being treated with clobazam or any other anticonvulsant ( tables 1 and 2 ) .
it remains to be fully assessed whether the association of fenfluramine with cardiac valvulopathy 7 , 15 that was seen at higher doses ( > 60 mg / day ) , often in combination with phentermine , in the treatment of adult obesity translates to its use in low doses in children with ds .
it was removed from the market in 1997 following a report of 113 cases of valvulopathy described by the united states centers for disease control and prevention . in those cases , only 2% involved fenfluramine monotherapy and 79% occurred with both fenfluramine and phentermine 16 .
although no echocardiographic evidence of changes in cardiac valve structure or function during fenfluramine treatment was observed in the present study , the relatively short period of exposure in this new cohort of patients may be insufficient for valvulopathy to become evident . in the original cohort of patients with ds treated with fenfluramine
, eight of 10 patients had normal echocardiograms at their most recent study visit ( average treatment duration of 16.6 years ) , whereas two patients had slight , but stable , cardiac valve thickening without any clinical manifestations 11 .
it is important to note that cardiac valvulopathy has been reported to be dose related .
showed that , in adult obese patients , severe valvulopathy was more common with 60 mg / day compared with patients treated with < 40 mg / day 17 . in the present study ,
lower doses of fenfluramine were employed ; the maximum dose in these patients was 20 mg / day and the median dose was 10 mg / day .
major limitations of the current study include the small sample size , use of a study diary , openlabel design , absence of systematic electroencephalographic monitoring and lack of a control group . sleep quality ,
qol and global impression were not assessed at baseline for the majority of the patients .
it is , however , encouraging that the findings in this group of patients are consistent with those reported in the original cohort 10 .
the ongoing phase 3 randomized , placebocontrolled studies on the use of fenfluramine in ds will be required to confirm these initial observations and aid in further defining the benefit  risk profile in patients with ds .
these results on the use of lowdose fenfluramine in this new cohort of patients with ds further support the observations reported in the original cohort . patients with ds
experienced sustained periods of clinically meaningful improved seizure control during fenfluramine treatment with a favorable tolerability and no echocardiographic or clinical evidence of cardiac valvulopathy or pulmonary hypertension .
a.s.s . is a phd student at the university of antwerp and received an educational grant from zogenix .
the seizure frequency is indicated by a red line (  , left yaxis ) .
 background and purposedravet syndrome ( ds ) is a severe , drugresistant epilepsy . 
 fenfluramine has been reported to have a longterm clinically meaningful anticonvulsive effect in patients with ds.methodsthis prospective , openlabel study assessed the safety and effectiveness of lowdose fenfluramine in a new cohort of patients with ds . following a 3month baseline period , 
 fenfluramine was added to each patient 's current antiepileptic drug regimen at a dose of 0.251.0 mg / kg / day ( max . 
 20 mg / day ) . 
 the incidence of major motor seizures ( tonic , clonic , tonic  
 clonic , atonic and myoclonic seizures lasting > 30 s ) in both the baseline and treatment periods was assessed via a seizure diary . 
 periodic echocardiographic examinations during the treatment period were used to assess cardiovascular safety.resultsnine patients ( aged 1.229.8 years ) enrolled in the study and were treated with fenfluramine for a median duration of 1.5 ( range , 0.35.1 ) years . 
 median frequency of major motor seizures was 15.0/month in the baseline period . 
 all patients demonstrated a reduction in seizure frequency during the treatment period with a median reduction of 75% ( range , 28100% ) . 
 seven patients ( 78% ) experienced a 50% reduction in major motor seizure frequency . 
 the most common adverse events were somnolence ( n = 5 ) and anorexia ( n = 4 ) . 
 no evidence of cardiac valvulopathy or pulmonary hypertension was observed.conclusionsthe effectiveness and safety of lowdose fenfluramine as an addon therapy for ds in this new prospective cohort supports previous findings . 
Introduction
Methods
Patients
Study design
Fenfluramine
Study objectives
Study ethics
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Disclosure of conflicts of interest
Supporting information