factors such as aging , obesity , diabetes , hypertension , and cardiovascular diseases are considered to increase the risk of developing af .
omentin , a novel adipokine , is produced and secreted mainly by visceral adipose tissue .
omentin is codified by two genes named omentin-1 and omentin-2 , and the former is the major circulating form .
recombinant omentin-1 results in increased insulin - stimulated glucose uptake and akt phosphorylation in human adipocytes .
recently , omentin-1 has been shown to be correlated with obesity , hypertension , diabetes , and coronary artery disease ( cad ) .
the aim of this study was to determine the correlation between serum omentin-1 concentrations and the presence of af and atrial remolding .
a cross - sectional study was performed in a consecutive population of 220 patients who were diagnosed with af .
the criteria for a diagnosis of af were in accordance with the guidelines established by american heart association .
patients were excluded from the study if they had valvular heart disease , hyperthyroidism , acute coronary syndrome , previous cardiac surgery , or systemic disease .
af patients were divided into three groups according to american heart association guidelines : paroxysmal af ( n=70 ) , persistent af ( n=78 ) , and permanent af ( n=72 ) .
the study plan was approved by the research ethics committee of our hospital ( no .
anthropometric ( height , weight , and blood pressure ) , clinical , and laboratory analysis were performed .
venous blood was collected after a minimum of 10 hours of fasting for further examination .
an enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay kit ( cusabio biotech corporation , usa ) was utilized to evaluate serum omentin-1 concentrations .
transthoracic echocardiography was performed by experienced echocardiologists on all patients to evaluate the characteristics of their left atrial diameter ( lad ) .
the unpaired t - test , chi - square tests , or the mann - whitney u test was utilized to determine the parameter differences between af patients and control patients .
comparison of the characteristics between the three af subgroups was performed by chi - square tests , one - way anova , or the kruskal - wallis test .
a cross - sectional study was performed in a consecutive population of 220 patients who were diagnosed with af .
the criteria for a diagnosis of af were in accordance with the guidelines established by american heart association .
patients were excluded from the study if they had valvular heart disease , hyperthyroidism , acute coronary syndrome , previous cardiac surgery , or systemic disease .
af patients were divided into three groups according to american heart association guidelines : paroxysmal af ( n=70 ) , persistent af ( n=78 ) , and permanent af ( n=72 ) .
the study plan was approved by the research ethics committee of our hospital ( no .
anthropometric ( height , weight , and blood pressure ) , clinical , and laboratory analysis were performed .
venous blood was collected after a minimum of 10 hours of fasting for further examination .
an enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay kit ( cusabio biotech corporation , usa ) was utilized to evaluate serum omentin-1 concentrations .
transthoracic echocardiography was performed by experienced echocardiologists on all patients to evaluate the characteristics of their left atrial diameter ( lad ) .
the unpaired t - test , chi - square tests , or the mann - whitney u test was utilized to determine the parameter differences between af patients and control patients .
comparison of the characteristics between the three af subgroups was performed by chi - square tests , one - way anova , or the kruskal - wallis test .
af patients showed higher levels of sbp , dbp , ldl - c , and lad , as well as statin , aspirin , and warfarin treatment , compared to healthy controls ( table 1 ) .
af patients showed significantly reduced serum omentin-1 concentrations compared to healthy controls ( table 1 ) .
permanent af patients had lower serum omentin-1 concentrations compared to paroxysmal af and persistent af patients ( figure 1 ) .
furthermore , significant decreased serum omentin-1 concentrations were observed in persistent af patients compared to paroxysmal af patients ( figure 1 ) .
simple and multiple logistic regressions both showed a significant association of serum omentin-1 with a decreased risk of developing af ( table 3 ) .
the roc curve of serum omentin-1 concentrations determining af development are shown in figure 2 .
pearson correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship of serum omentin-1 concentrations with bmi ( r=0.283 , p<0.001 ) , tg ( r=0.256 , p<0.001 ) , and lad ( r=0.332 , p<0.001 ) .
af patients showed higher levels of sbp , dbp , ldl - c , and lad , as well as statin , aspirin , and warfarin treatment , compared to healthy controls ( table 1 ) .
af patients showed significantly reduced serum omentin-1 concentrations compared to healthy controls ( table 1 ) .
permanent af patients had lower serum omentin-1 concentrations compared to paroxysmal af and persistent af patients ( figure 1 ) .
furthermore , significant decreased serum omentin-1 concentrations were observed in persistent af patients compared to paroxysmal af patients ( figure 1 ) .
simple and multiple logistic regressions both showed a significant association of serum omentin-1 with a decreased risk of developing af ( table 3 ) .
the roc curve of serum omentin-1 concentrations determining af development are shown in figure 2 .
pearson correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship of serum omentin-1 concentrations with bmi ( r=0.283 , p<0.001 ) , tg ( r=0.256 , p<0.001 ) , and lad ( r=0.332 , p<0.001 ) .
the present study indicated that af patients had reduced serum omentin-1 concentrations compared to the healthy controls .
serum omentin-1 concentrations were negatively correlated with left atrial diameter in af patients . in short , this is the first study that has demonstrated the association of serum omentin-1 and af .
some adipokines , such as adiponectin   and resistin   were reported to be associated with the development of af .
our results also showed a correlation between omentin-1 , another adipokine , and af development .
these results point to an important role for adipose tissue and adipokine in the pathophysiology of af .
therefore , serum omentin-1 may be utilized as a new biomarker to predict and assess the risk of developing af .
large body size , assessed using body surface area in youth , and weight gain from age 20 to midlife , have both been independently correlated to af development . during a median time of 12.9 years follow - up ,
bmi was associated with an increased risk of 4.7% with each kilogram per square meter of developing af .
in addition , overweight and obesity were associated with adjusted short - term increased risk of af development .
plasma omentin-1 concentrations , as well as omentin-1 gene expression levels , were significantly decreased in obese and overweight subjects compared to lean subjects .
therefore , omentin-1 may have a protective effect in af development and persistence of af partly by inhibiting obesity or regulating lipid metabolism .
omentin inhibited platelet - derived growth factor bb - induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration by reducing oxidative stress .
this indicates that omentin-1 may serve as a target for treating hypertension by inhibiting vascular structural remodeling .
in addition , omentin treatment inhibited pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats by inhibiting vascular structural remodeling and abnormal contractile reactivity . furthermore , omentin treatment inhibited contractile dysfunction and insulin resistance in cardiomyocytes . decreased serum omentin-1 concentrations were found in patients with cad .
the aforementioned results indicate a close correlation between omentin-1 and diabetes , hypertension , and cad .
furthermore , a negative correlation was found between serum omentin-1 and inflammatory mediators such as tnf- , interleukin-6 ( il-6 ) , and c - reactive protein .
in conclusion , serum omentin-1 concentrations were inversely correlated with the development of af and atrial remolding .
 backgroundomentin-1 is one of the adipokines associated with obesity , diabetes , and coronary heart disease development . 
 we determined to investigate whether serum omentin-1 concentrations were correlated with the presence of atrial fibrillation ( af).material / methodsserum omentin-1 concentrations were examined in a cross - sectional population that included 220 patients with af ( 70 with paroxysmal af , 78 with persistent af , and 72 with permanent af ) and 115 healthy controls.resultsreduced serum omentin-1 concentrations were found in af patients compared to the controls . 
 in addition , patients with permanent af had lower serum omentin-1 concentrations compared to patients with persistent af and patients with paroxysmal af . significantly decreased serum omentin-1 concentrations were observed in persistent af patients compared to paroxysmal af patients . 
 spearman correlation analysis suggested that serum omentin-1 concentrations were negatively correlated with left atrial diameter in af patients.conclusionsserum omentin-1 concentrations were correlated with the presence of af and atrial remolding . 
Background
Material and Methods
Patients
Measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline clinical characteristics
Serum omentin-1 concentrations in AF patients
The correlation of serum omentin-1 with AF
Serum omentin-1 concentrations with other characteristics
Discussion
Conclusions