schwannomas are infrequent tumors originating from the neural crest cells and usually interpreted as slow - growing benign nerve sheath tumors [ 1 , 2 ] .
visceral sites of this tumor include the gastrointestinal tract , liver , pancreas , kidney , brain , heart and retroperitoneum .
retroperitoneal schwannomas account for only 13% of all schwannomas and for only 1% of all retroperitoneal tumors .
the literature reports schwannomas detected using computed tomography ( ct ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) , but we could not find any case of schwannoma detected using positron emission tomography ( pet)-ct imaging .
herein , we report a case of large adrenal schwannoma which was diagnosed incidentally and review the cases previously reported in an attempt to clarify the inconsistent features of this rare disease .
a 32-year - old female presented with new onset of intermittent right flank pain . during examination , a left adrenal mass was found incidentally on abdominal ultrasonography and she was referred to our institution for additional evaluation .
her medical and family histories were unremarkable . on physical examination the abdomen was soft , blood pressure was 130/85 mm hg and pulse rate was 72 beats / min ; sinus rhythm was normal .
a heterogeneously enhancing soft tissue mass on the medial aspect of the left adrenal gland measuring 65  95 mm was visualized and no additional mesenteric or retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy was identified on the abdominal ct scans . as the mass was approximately 10 cm in size , [ f ] fluorodeoxyglucose ( fdg ) pet - ct was also performed .
it showed intense uptake within the left adrenal nodule with a standardized uptake value ( suvmax ) of 9.5 , indicative of malignancy ( fig .
1 ) . endocrinological examinations including serum electrolytes , cortisol , urinary metanephrine , normetanephrine , adrenalin , noradrenalin and vanillyl mandelic acid , as well as plasma renin and aldosterone were within normal range .
also , a dexamethasone suppression test showed values within the normal range at onset and at 30 min . due to the large size of the tumor , standard transperitoneal adrenalectomy
postoperative pathological evaluation revealed schwannoma in the adrenal gland , a hard , well - circumscribed , encapsulated mass 4  8  10 cm in overall dimensions that was grossly compressing the adrenal parenchyma .
histologically , the tumor consisted of spindle cells with alternating areas of compact hypercellularity with irregular streams and without atypia or mitosis .
immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated rare ki67-positive cells ( < 5% ) while sma , desmin , cd34 and cd117 staining was negative in tumor cells .
in contrast to these results , s-100 and vimentin staining were diffusely positive across the tumor .
thus , the evidences corresponded to a benign adrenal schwannoma type antoni a ( fig .
schwannomas are slow - growing benign nerve sheath tumors whose principal components originate from crest cells , the vestibulocochlear nerve being the most frequent site [ 1 , 4 ] .
they are most often found within the head , the neck as well as the upper and lower extremities , and with a lesser frequency on the trunk , in the gastrointestinal tract , liver , pancreas , kidney , brain , heart and retroperitoneum .
these rare tumors account for only 15% of retroperitoneal masses and comprise only 13% of all schwannomas [ 6 , 7 , 8 ] .
these tumors are usually characterized by a benign course , are encapsulated and vary from firm solitary masses to fluctuant cysts .
schwannomas were initially described by verocay in 1908 ; after this description antoni had performed histological subclassification into two patterns .
histologically , these tumors consist of compact hypercellularity with irregular streams ( antoni type a ) and loose hypocellularity with cystic spaces ( antoni type b ) .
investigators believe that schwann cells of nerve fibers innervating the medulla are the source of these adrenal lesions [ 11 , 12 , 13 ] .
functional adrenocortical tumors can be easily revealed by characteristic hormone - related symptoms , blood chemistry or urinary tests . however , non - functional adrenocortical tumors present no characteristic lesions . due to their non - secreting and asymptomatic properties ,
adrenal schwannomas are often diagnosed incidentally . moreover , increasing medical examination health screening and advances in imaging modalities give rise to an increased incidental detection of retroperitoneal tumors .
ct scan shows a well - circumscribed , homogeneous , round - oval mass with cystic degeneration or calcification .
mri findings are usually non - specific , but helpful in the differential diagnosis of solid non - functional tumors .
solid tumors with a low signal intensity on t1wi and heterogeneously high intensity on t2wi are revealed on mri .
fdg pet has previously been suggested as valuable in discriminating benign from malignant adrenal masses .
the concept of fdg pet is based on an increased glucose uptake by malignant lesions .
the quantitative analysis of fdg uptake is performed using standardized suvs or by qualitative visual evaluation with respect to liver uptake . the sensitivity of fdg - pet in identifying malignant lesions varied between 93 and 100% with a specificity between 80 and 100% [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ] .
the sensitivity of fdg pet imaging is only moderate , however , for the diagnosis of small lesions , and false - positive results have to be considered . in our case ,
the huge size of the tumor and the location and also the characteristics of the lesion on imaging were strongly suspicious of a malignant adrenal neoplasm . whereas some of the characteristics of retroperitoneal schwannomas , including heterogeneity and degeneration , may mimic malignancy on radiological interpretation , a preoperative diagnosis of adrenal schwannoma is almost impossible and usually should be confirmed by histopathological examination as seen in our patient .
it should not be forgotten that the malignant form is frequently associated with von recklinghausen disease and neurofibromatosis . in consequence of significant risks
, fine needle aspiration should be performed only in patients with a history of carcinoma or suspected metastasis .
furthermore , physicians should consider the possibility of local recurrence and malignant formation in benign schwannomas despite a prior benign diagnosis .
a non - secreting adrenal mass larger than 4 cm should be removed surgically with the added benefit of a definitive diagnosis . in cases of huge tumors as our case , the conventional approach can be preferred to laparoscopic resection .
histologically , neoplastic cells that simulate the appearance of differentiated schwann cells organized as cellular areas with nuclear palisading ( antoni a ) and loose , hypocellular , myxoid lesions with microcystic spaces ( antoni b ) are seen . in our case the specimen consisted of spindle cells with alternating areas of compact hypercellularity with irregular streams and without atypia or mitosis .
immunohistochemically , these lesions stain positively for s-100 antigen , vimentin , collagen iv and laminin and negatively for keratin , desmin , actin , cd34 and cd117 [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 23 ] .
fine et al .   demonstrated that a positive stain for calretinin , the same protein family as s-100 , which expressed for schwannoma but not for neurofibroma , can be used for the discrimination of these two diseases .
we report the case of an incidentally discovered schwannoma difficult to diagnose in preoperative evaluation . because of the lack of definitive non - histological diagnostic modalities in this rare tumor , surgical excision can provide the benefit of a definitive diagnosis .
 adrenal schwannoma is an extremely uncommon cause of incidentaloma . 
 it originates from neural sheath schwann cells of the adrenal gland . 
 we report the case of a left adrenal schwannoma incidentally discovered in a 32-year - old woman during examination of bloated feeling and stomach ache . 
 the patient was incidentally found to have a left adrenal mass of 9 cm on abdominal ultrasonography . 
 computed tomography ( ct ) of the abdomen and [ 18f ] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ( pet ) were also performed . 
 metabolic evaluation was unremarkable . 
 due to the large size of the tumor , left adrenalectomy was performed . 
 the postoperative course was uneventful . 
 histological examination established the diagnosis of schwannoma . 
 this diagnosis was supported by immunohistochemistry of s-100 and vimentin positivity . in conclusion , 
 adrenal schwannoma is an extremely rare entity and can grow considerably in size . 
 the present case report emphasizes that clinicians should be aware of the possibility of retroperitoneal schwannoma . 
 total excision of benign schwannoma is associated with a favorable outcome . to our knowledge , there are case reports of schwannoma with ct and magnetic resonance imaging findings in the literature , although this is the first schwannoma case with pet - ct imaging . 
Introduction
Case Report
Discussion
Conclusion