balanced general anesthesia comprises amnesia , analgesia , hypnosis , muscle relaxation , and obtundation of reflexes . to achieve all these components , we use different combinations of drugs .
however muscle relaxants may confound our evaluation of depth of anesthesia due to lack of motor activity and may make the patient aware of the intraoperative events .
bispectral index ( bis ) is a widely used quantitative parameter for evaluating depth of anesthesia and sedation .
it is a continuous noninvasive electroencephalographic method that has been proposed to monitor the hypnotic state during sedation and anesthesia .
the alpha-2 receptor agonist dexmedetomidine has potent sedative properties and has received food and drug administration approval for use in the intensive care unit ( icu ) for sedation .
dexmedetomidine has analgesic sparing properties and is not associated with respiratory depression in therapeutic doses .. it has been used as an anesthetic sparing agent but not as a sole anesthetic agent .
we have proposed to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on depth of anesthesia and compared it with that of propofol by using hemodynamic variables and bis values , with the aim of studying the feasibility of dexmedetomidine as a sole anesthetic agent in maintaining depth of anesthesia .
approval for the study was obtained from our institution 's ethics committee and written informed consent was obtained from the patients .
sixty male and female patients , 18 - 65 years of age , asa physical status of i , scheduled for laparotomy under general anesthesia were considered for enrolment randomly into two groups ( 30 patients in each ) by a computer - generated randomization scheme .
patients having heart block , hypertension , diabetes mellitus , renal dysfunction , psychiatric illness , or patients taking antipsychotic drugs or sedatives were excluded from the study .
baseline hemodynamic variables were noted by attaching monitors [ noninvasive blood pressure , heart rate ( hr ) , oxygen saturation , end - tidal carbon dioxide , electrocardiogram , and temperature ] .
group a patients received bolus dose of propofol ( 1 mg / kg for 10 min ) followed by an infusion of propofol ( 50 mcg / kg / min ) and group - b received bolus dose of dexmedetomidine ( 1 mcg / kg for 10 min ) followed by an infusion of dexmedetomidine ( 0.5 mcg / kg / h ) .
after preoxygenation for 3 min , anesthesia was induced with intravenous ( i.v ) thiopentone sodium ( 3 - 5 mg / kg ) .
sedation and anesthesia was maintained with infusion of study drugs ( propofol or dexmedetomidine ) .
depth of anesthesia was evaluated by monitoring intraoperative hemodynamic values ( hr , blood pressure ) and bis value .
sensors were placed as follows : one at the center of forehead approximately 2 inches above the bridge of nose ; second one directly above forehead , and third one on temple between the corner of the eye and hairline .
parameters [ age , gender , weight , mean arterial pressure ( map ) , hr , bis value , sedation score ] were compared between the two groups by unpaired t test . all data with p
these two groups were comparable in respect to demographic variables ( age , weight , gender , asa ps i , type of surgery , and duration of anesthesia ) [ table 1 and figure 1 ] .
demographic data of two groups the two groups were also comparable with respect to their baseline map and hr .
postintubation rise was less in group b. subsequent map and hr were also less in group b. but the difference between the two groups was statistically significant only for map at 20 min after infusion ( p = 0.039 ) [ figures 2 and 3 ] .
trend of mean arterial pressure in two groups trend of heart rate in two groups baseline bis value was comparable between the two groups .
bis value decreased after induction in both the groups but patients getting dexmedetomidine infusion showed statistically significant lower values of bis when compared with propofol ( p < 0.0001 ) [ table 2 and figure 4 ] .
intraoperative bis value trend of bispectral index in the two groups sedation score was noted in the immediate postoperative period by ramsay sedation scale .
it was seen that patients recieving dexmedetomidine were more sedated in the postoperative period , but it did not impair ventilation though the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( p < 0.0001 ) [ table 3 and figure 5 ] .
none of the patients in both the groups was able to recall any intraoperative events .
general anesthesia has several components , namely , amnesia , hypnosis , analgesia , immobility , and blunting of autonomic reflexes .
often in operating rooms anesthetic induction has been referred to as  going to sleep .  but all the components of general anesthesia may not be achieved as muscle relaxants may confound our evaluation of depth of anesthesia due to lack of motor activity and may make patients aware of the intraoperative events . for achieving adequate depth of anesthesia , use of inhalational or intravenous anesthetic agents in hypnotic doses
however , it has been observed that certain anesthetic drugs in subhypnotic concentrations produce amnesia , ( eg , propofol , midazolam ) due to engrams ( physical alterations in neural tissues thought to be substrate for memory ) impaired by these drugs . in these cases of episodic amnesia ,
memory is lost before consolidation . in our study , we have similarly used subhypnotic equisedative doses of propofol and dexmedetomidine and observed episodic amnesia in these cases . similar dosing pattern of bolus and infusion were used by previous authors who used a higher loading dose of dexmedetomidine . in the current study , a minimum dose of both the drugs was chosen that ensured amnesia but caused least side effects such as hypotension , bradycardia , or arrhythmia alpha-2 agonist dexmedetomidine is a sedative and analgesic agent , which has been used for icu sedation upto 24 h after surgery .
dexmedetomidine provides hemodynamic stability and appears to have no clinically important adverse effect on respiration .
compared with propofol and midazolam , dexmedetomidine was as effective in maintaining adequate sedation for prolonged mechanical ventilation .
dexmedetomidine has also been used for sedation for short surgical procedures and as an adjunct resulting in reduced intraoperative requirements of anesthetics .
it has been used as sole anesthetic agent only in a few occasions , whereas propofol has been used to maintain the depth of anesthesia routinely .
the results of our study validate the use of dexmedetomidine as a maintenance anesthetic agent .
loading dose in this study has been reduced as maximum adverse effects were observed immediately after administration of the loading dose .
target bis is delayed when loading dose is reduced but in this study target bis ( 40 - 65 ) was achieved with the addition of an induction agent .
dexmedetomidine even in lower loading dose produced better amnesia for procedural sedation compared with remifentanil .
ramsay and his co - workers reported the use of dexmedetomidine at a higher dose for intubation in difficult airway scenarios without any induction agent or neuromuscular blocker and observed hypotension , bradycardia , and upper airway obstruction . in the current study , along with study drug , induction agent and neuromuscular blockers were used to facilitate endotracheal intubation and much less dose could be used in contrast to the cases reported by ramsay .
bis is a continuous noninvasive electroencephalographic method that has been proposed to monitor the hypnotic state during sedation and anesthesia .
its use has been documented to be associated with lesser chance of intraoperative awareness . in a study on volunteers ,
yusuke and his co - workers compared bis value with a clinical scoring [ observer assessment of alertness sedation score ( oaa / s ) ] both with propofol and dexmedetomidine .
they found that equivalent doses of dexmedetomidine produced lower bis value and the bis value of 46 with dexmedetomidine was comparable to bis value of 67 with propofol both of which produced oaa / s score 2 ( oaa / s 2 denotes adequate sedation ) . in the current study patients getting dexmedetomidine infusion showed statistically significant lower values of bis when compared with propofol ( bis value 60 - 65 in propofol as opposed to 50 - 55 with dexmedetomidine ) . despite the difference in bis equal depth
was achieved with both the drugs with no recall in any patient as assessed by modified brice questionnaire .
this may be explained by the different mechanisms of sedation by the two study drugs .
dexmedetomidine produces sleep by hyperpolarization of noradrenergic locus ceruleus neurons as opposed to gaba agonism by propofol .
a rise in map and hr was noted after intubation with subsequent fall of both in the two groups .
postintubation rise was less in group b. subsequent map and hr were also less in group b. but the difference between the two groups was statistically significant only for map at 20 min of infusion ( p = 0.039 ) .
earlier study has also shown that dexmedetomidine attenuates stress response to intubation by decreasing central sympathetic outflow .
another study done in bariatric surgery found dexmedetomidine produces better control of hemodynamic parameters compared with fentanyl .
sedation score was calculated in both the groups in immediate postoperative period by ramsay sedation scale .
it was seen that patients receiving dexmedetomidine were more sedated during postoperative period ( p value < 0.0001 ) , but without any impairment of ventilation .
it is consistent with the result of the study done by venn and grounds who also found more sedation with dexmedetomidine postoperatively but without any delay in extubation .
the longer sedation with dexmedetomidine could be explained by longer elimination half - life of the drug . but
incidence of delayed recovery and longer discharge time with dexmedetomidine were observed by other investigators .
the observations of the present study could have been more conclusive with larger sample size , multicenter trial and measurement of plasma levels of drugs .
from our study we can conclude that dexmedetomidine is comparable with propofol as maintenance anesthetic agent and it can produce better control of hemodynamic variables and bis value .
so , dexmedetomidine may be used as sole anesthetic agent for maintenance of depth of anesthesia .
 background and aims : intravenous agents such as propofol are commonly used to maintain adequate depth of anesthesia . 
 dexmedetomidine which has an anesthetic sparing effect is being considered for maintaining intraoperative depth of anesthesia . 
 we hypothesized to compare the effect of dexmedetomidine on depth of anesthesia with propofol and evaluated whether dexmedetomidine can be used as sole anesthetic agent in maintaining depth of anesthesia.materials and methods : sixty patients of asa ps i , 18 - 65 years of age , scheduled for laparotomy under general anesthesia were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each . 
 group a received propofol 1 mg / kg bolus followed by infusion ( 50 mcg / kg / min ) and group b received dexmedetomidine 1 mcg / kg bolus followed by infusion ( 0.5 mcg / kg / h ) . both the groups were administered standard general anesthesia with routine monitoring along with bispectral index ( bis ) and values were recorded at intervals of 10 min . in all patients ramsay sedation score was recorded after extubation and they were assessed for recall of intraoperative events using modified brice questionnaire.results:heart rate and mean arterial pressure were less in group b than group a. intraoperative bis values were significantly lower in group b ( p < 0.0001 ) . although sedation score was more in group b it did not prolong recovery . 
 no recall was found in any patient.conclusion:dexmedetomidine was comparable with propofol in maintaining anesthesia and it can produce better control of hemodynamics and bis value . 
 thus dexmedetomidine can be used as the sole maintenance anesthetic agent . 
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion