spirometry after bronchodilation is crucial in assessing the presence of airway obstruction , which is necessary for the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd).1 chronic airway obstruction is mostly assessed using the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( fev1)/forced vital capacity ( fvc ) < 0.7 . in this ratio
an often overlooked problem is whether fvc can be used as an appropriate approximation of vc .
vc is obtained by using the maximum value of either fvc or slow vital capacity ( svc ) . in the european respiratory society ( ers ) statement from 1995 , the recommendation is to use the maximum value of either fvc or svc as an estimate of vc,2 and this was kept in the joint american thoracic society ( ats)/ers task force report.3 the most recent global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease ( gold ) document recommends the use of fvc , even if the use of svc is acknowledged , especially among subjects with obstructive airway diseases.1 in the official ats document on spirometry in occupational settings , only fvc is considered.4 spirometry is heavily patient - dependent and also dependent on the skills of the testing personnel . among subjects with air trapping , fvc may be incomplete , resulting in higher fev1/fvc ratio . however , in clinical practice , as well as in epidemiological studies , the use of only fvc is common .
the underlying assumption is that fvc is a valid measurement of vc because there is thought to be little difference between svc and fvc in unselected populations .
furthermore , in recent applications of the gold statements , the use of vc is not mentioned.57 in the most recent ats / ers statement , fvc is considered to be a suitable surrogate for vc.7 there is also a complete lack of general population - based studies investigating the effect of using vc based on the best value of svc or fvc , instead of only employing fvc .
there are few studies in clinical populations , and the largest one is a swedish study of subjects who took sick leave and were current smokers . in this selected group ,
the prevalence of copd increased from 14.0% to 16.8% when vc was used instead of only using fvc in the calculation of the fev1/vc ratio.8 further , the gold recommendations of the use of the fixed ratio of fev1/fvc < 0.7 have been challenged because such an approach does not take into account age - related changes in lung function.9 using a definition based on an fev1/fvc < 0.7 may cause overestimation of copd in the older population in epidemiological studies.10 an alternative approach to the use of the fixed ratio of fev1/fvc < 0.7 is to use the lower limit of normal ( lln ) as a cut - off .
the lln is calculated using the distribution in reference material adjusted for age , sex , and height . in 1993 ,
the ers recommended the use of cut - off values of fev1/vc adjusted for age and sex ; 88% for females and 89% for males.11 these values corresponded to the lln and their use has been jointly recommended by the ats and the ers in clinical practice and in epidemiological studies.3 the first aim of this study was to compare the use of fvc and vc , assessed as the highest value of fvc or svc , when assessing the fev1/vc ratio in a general population setting .
the second aim was to evaluate the characteristics of subjects with copd who obtained a higher svc than fvc .
scapis is a national swedish general population study aiming to include 30,000 subjects aged 5064 years .
the study design has been extensively described elsewhere.12 this study is from the first part of the scapis , the pilotscapis , and was performed at sahlgrenska university hospital in gothenburg , sweden in 2012 .
this study was approved by the regional committee of ethics in ume , 2010/228 - 31 , and all included subjects gave their written consent to participate in the study .
briefly , a randomly selected population sample including 2,243 adults aged 5064 years were selected from the census register . among these
all of the subjects answered a respiratory questionnaire comprising the medical research council scale , which includes five grades for assessing dyspnea , along with items about smoking habits and socioeconomic status.13 a venous blood sample ( 100 ml ) was taken from each subject and for the purpose of this study , analyses of high - sensitive c - reactive protein and hemoglobin were performed .
dynamic spirometry , including fev1 , fvc , and svc , was performed.14 static lung volumes were measured according to ats / ers standards using two measurements of total lung capacity ( tlc ) and residual volume ( rv ) .
all spirometric maneuvers were performed before and 15 minutes after inhalation of 400 g of salbutamol using a nose clamp with the subject in the sitting position .
gas diffusing capacity ( tlco ) was measured using a single breath carbon monoxide diffusion test.15 a jaeger master screen pft ( hoechberg , germany ) was used for all measurements . predicted values of fev1 and fvc were based on a recent swedish population.16 the predicted values for tlc , rv , and tlco were based on published equations.1719 in addition , tlco was adjusted for hemoglobin.15 all lung function values were recorded after bronchodilation , and are generally expressed as percent predicted ( % predicted ) .
while fvc refers to fvc alone , the vc measurement is taken from whichever value that is higher , fvc or svc .
goldcopdvc was defined as the ratio of fev1/vc < 0.7 using vc defined as the highest value of fvc or svc .
llncopdvc was defined as the ratio of fev1/vc below the lln using vc defined as the highest value of fvc or svc .
severity of copd in subjects with goldcopdfvc and goldcopdvc was classified in different stages based on fev1 % predicted.1 the non - copd group was defined as subjects without copd , which is , not having any of goldcopdfvc , goldcopdvc , llncopdvc , or llncopdfvc .
physician - diagnosed asthma was defined as an affirmative answer to  have you ever had asthma diagnosed by a physician?20 chronic bronchitis was defined as an affirmative answer to  have you had long - standing cough with phlegm ?  and  if so , did any period last at least 3 months ?  and  if so , have you had such periods at least 2 years in a row ? 
former smokers were defined as those who have smoked for at least 1 year , but not during the last year .
socioeconomic status was defined according to the highest education in three groups : university education ( high ) , high school ( medium ) , and elementary school or not completed school ( low ) . height and weight
were based on measured values , and body mass index was defined as measured weight / height2 .
all calculations were performed using sas version 9.2 ( sas institute , cary , nc , usa ) .
multivariate logistic regression modeling was used , assuming a basic model comprising age , sex , and smoking and with independent variables selected a priori .
the final model was the results of backward selection , with a limit of p<0.25 .
all results from the logistic regression models are expressed as odds ratios ( ors ) with 95% cis .
while fvc refers to fvc alone , the vc measurement is taken from whichever value that is higher , fvc or svc .
goldcopdvc was defined as the ratio of fev1/vc < 0.7 using vc defined as the highest value of fvc or svc .
llncopdvc was defined as the ratio of fev1/vc below the lln using vc defined as the highest value of fvc or svc .
severity of copd in subjects with goldcopdfvc and goldcopdvc was classified in different stages based on fev1 % predicted.1 the non - copd group was defined as subjects without copd , which is , not having any of goldcopdfvc , goldcopdvc , llncopdvc , or llncopdfvc . physician - diagnosed asthma was defined as an affirmative answer to  have you ever had asthma diagnosed by a physician?20 chronic bronchitis was defined as an affirmative answer to  have you had long - standing cough with phlegm ?  and  if so , did any period last at least 3 months ?  and  if so , have you had such periods at least 2 years in a row ?  smoking was categorized as current smokers , former smokers , or never - smokers .
former smokers were defined as those who have smoked for at least 1 year , but not during the last year .
socioeconomic status was defined according to the highest education in three groups : university education ( high ) , high school ( medium ) , and elementary school or not completed school ( low ) .
height and weight were based on measured values , and body mass index was defined as measured weight / height2 .
all calculations were performed using sas version 9.2 ( sas institute , cary , nc , usa ) .
multivariate logistic regression modeling was used , assuming a basic model comprising age , sex , and smoking and with independent variables selected a priori .
the final model was the results of backward selection , with a limit of p<0.25 .
all results from the logistic regression models are expressed as odds ratios ( ors ) with 95% cis .
of the 1,111 individuals participating in the clinical investigations , 61 were excluded because of incomplete data regarding smoking habits or spirometry , resulting in a final study population of 1,050 subjects .
basic data on sex , smoking , and prevalence of copd according to different definitions are shown in table 1 .
current smokers , especially males , had a higher prevalence of copd , regardless of the definition of copd . in this study population
aged 5064 years , the prevalence of goldcopdfvc was similar ( 10.0% , 95% ci 8.212.0 ) to the prevalence of llncopdfvc ( 9.5% , 95% ci 7.811.4 ) . when estimates were based on vc ( instead of fvc ) ,
the prevalence of goldcopdvc became higher ( 16.4% , 95% ci 14.318.9 ) and that of llncopdvc became higher ( 15.6% , 95% ci 13.517.9 ) .
the prevalence of goldcopdvc was higher than the prevalence of goldcopdfvc ( 16.4% vs 10.0% , p<0.05 ) .
similarly , the prevalence of llncopdvc was higher than the prevalence of llncopdfvc ( 15.6% vs 9.5% , p<0.05 ) .
basic data regarding age , anthropometry , hemoglobin , high - sensitive c - reactive protein , and lung function results are shown in table 2 according to different definitions of copd .
it is shown that copdgoldvc is a more sensitive definition than copdgoldfvc , as only 60.7% of copdgoldvc cases are identified by the copdgoldfvc definition .
the distribution of different stages of severity among different groups of copd is shown in table 4 . in this general population sample ,
subjects with copdfvc or copdvc had an increased prevalence of dyspnea , wheezing , chronic bronchitis , and physician - diagnosed asthma compared to the non - copd group ( table 5 ) .
the prevalence of respiratory conditions was lower in subjects with goldcopdvc > fvc but there were no significant differences compared with the non - copd group .
sixty - eight subjects were classified as having goldcopdvc > fvc and in univariate analyses , these subjects with goldcopdvc > fvc had higher weight , higher hemoglobin , lower fev1 , more obstruction and higher rv and tlc compared to the non - copd group ( table 2 ) . in logistic regression , with goldcopdvc > fvc
vs non - copd as the dependent variable , there were significant associations with age ( or 1.08 , 95% ci 1.011.15 ) , wheeze ( or 2.3 , 95% ci 1.054.9 ) , decreased fev1 ( or 0.82 , 95% ci 0.780.86 ) and increased fvc ( or 1.19 , 95% ci 1.141.24 and increased rv ( or 1.02 , 95% ci 1.011.04 ) ( table 6 ) .
the most important findings in this general population - based study were that the prevalence of copd , defined as the pres - ence of airflow limitation , was significantly higher when the ratio fev1/vc was calculated using the highest value of svc or fvc compared with using fvc only .
this was independent of whether the gold or the lln definition of copd was applied .
additional subjects who were identified as having copd when applying the vc approach compared with the fvc approach ( goldcopdvc > fvc ) were less obstructed than the remaining subjects with copd . still , these additional subjects had decreased fev1 and increased rv , indicating presence of obstruction and air trapping , compared to healthy subjects .
these results underscore that the use of only fvc when assessing airflow limitation may result in a considerable underdiagnosis of subjects with mild copd .
we observed a significantly higher prevalence of copd , defined as the presence of postbronchodilator airflow limitation , when including the highest value of fvc or svc as the denominator when calculating the fev1/vc ratio .
this important aspect has mostly been neglected in previous studies , but there are some exceptions . in a portuguese study of a clinical population , it was observed that the prevalence of airway obstruction ( copd ) increased from 43.9% when using fvc to 52.2% when using svc as the denominator.21 in a swedish study of sick - listed subjects who were current smokers , the prevalence of copd according to the gold guidelines increased from 14.0% to 16.8% when the best value of fvc or svc was used in the calculation of the fev1/vc ratio compared with only using fvc.8 when applying the lln approach among these smokers , the prevalence of copd increased from 17.6% to 21.7% . in our study , when applying the maximum value of svc or fvc as the denominator in the fev1/vc ratio , the prevalence of copd increased , probably because of a more sensitive definition .
sixty - eight subjects who were added ( goldcopdvc > fvc ) when using the vc approach appeared healthier compared with the goldcopdfvc group but compared to the non - copd group they seemed to be more obstructive and with some degree of air trapping . not infrequently , in subjects with light - to - moderate airflow obstruction and dynamic compression , fvc is lower than vc.22 this is thought to result from closure of small airways at a higher volume during a forced expiration than when performing the svc .
our results indicate that a definition of airflow limitation based on vc instead of fvc will identify more subjects with mild obstruction and air trapping as having copd . to the best of our knowledge ,
therefore , we consider that the importance of using the maximum value of svc or fvc as a measure of vc needs to be examined when estimating the prevalence of copd . in order to enable an appropriate comparison between studies
, it needs to be clearly stated whether the fvc approach or the vc approach has been applied .
our study does not support the assumption that there is only a negligible difference between svc and fvc in unselected populations.6 rather , our findings indicate that the vc approach will result in a more sensitive definition of copd , and probably an increased tendency to make a false - positive copd diagnosis .
an alternative conclusion is that the fvc approach may result in considerable underrecognition of subjects with copd .
whether application of the vc concept ( based on svc ) will result in more valid and reproducible estimates and better prediction of lung function decline needs to be investigated in longitudinal studies .
overall , the clinical implications of using fvc or vc as a denominator when assessing airway obstruction need to be further evaluated .
this raises the important issue of whether a decreased fev1/vc ratio ( regardless of the definition ) is just a marker of airflow limitation . for a clinically relevant diagnosis of copd ,
there is further need for clinical signs or structural abnormalities.23 previous studies have shown that the prevalence of copd differs between populations when different definitions of copd are used.2427 most studies have reported a higher prevalence of copd using the gold definition compared with the lln approach as recommended by the ers / ats . however , this was not the case in our study because we found a similar prevalence of copd , regardless of the definition .
this difference between studies is probably due to the comparatively narrow age interval of our study of 5064 years because overestimation of copd owing to the gold criteria increases with advancing age .
a swedish study on subjects aged < 45 years showed similar prevalence estimates as in our study , but among subjects aged 45 years the prevalence of copd was considerably higher.24 in a study in the usa of participants aged 4064 years , the prevalence of copd was 15.6% based on the lln approach and 19.1% based on the gold criteria.27 these estimates are higher than those in our study , but there was no difference with regard to the gold or lln approach . in a recent finnish study ,
there was also a similar prevalence of copd , regardless of whether the gold or lln criteria were applied in the age group of 4079 years.25 one concern about the present study is the narrow age interval , 5064 years , because the prevalence of copd is much higher in people with more advanced age .
hence , the study has to be replicated in a wider age span in order to increase the external validity of the results . in table 6
, it is shown that age is of importance , as a significant association between age and goldcopdvc > fvc is reported .
given that the average response rate in the present study was 50% , another concern in nonresponse bias .
it is well known that smokers are overrepresented among nonresponders , males and urban citizens , but this is mainly observed among younger subjects.28
the prevalence of copd in this population - based sample of subjects aged 5064 years was highly dependent on whether vc or fvc was used when calculating the fev1/vc ratio .
hence , the use of only fvc when assessing airflow limitation may result in a considerable under diagnosis of subjects with mild copd .
copd is a progressive disease , and early detection is very important to allow for immediate interventions , such as smoking cessation .
 backgroundspirometric diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) is based on the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( fev1)/vital capacity ( vc ) , either as a fixed value < 0.7 or below the lower limit of normal ( lln ) . forced vital capacity ( fvc ) is a proxy for vc . 
 the first aim was to compare the use of fvc and vc , assessed as the highest value of fvc or slow vital capacity ( svc ) , when assessing the fev1/vc ratio in a general population setting . 
 the second aim was to evaluate the characteristics of subjects with copd who obtained a higher svc than fvc.methodssubjects ( n=1,050 ) aged 5064 years were investigated with fev1 , fvc , and svc after bronchodilation . 
 global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease ( gold ) copdfvc was defined as fev1/fvc < 0.7 , goldcopdvc as fev1/vc < 0.7 using the maximum value of fvc or svc , llncopdfvc as fev1/fvc below the lln , and llncopdvc as fev1/vc below the lln using the maximum value of fvc or svc.resultsprevalence of goldcopdfvc was 10.0% ( 95% confidence interval [ ci ] 8.212.0 ) and the prevalence of llncopdfvc was 9.5% ( 95% ci 7.811.4 ) . when estimates were based on vc , the prevalence became higher ; 16.4% ( 95% ci 14.318.9 ) and 15.6% ( 95% ci 13.517.9 ) for goldcopdvc and llncopdvc , respectively . 
 the group of additional subjects classified as having copd based on vc , had lower fev1 , more wheeze and higher residual volume compared to subjects without any copd.conclusionthe prevalence of copd was significantly higher when the ratio fev1/vc was calculated using the highest value of svc or fvc compared with using fvc only . 
 subjects classified as having copd when using the vc concept were more obstructive and with indications of air trapping . 
 hence , the use of only fvc when assessing airflow limitation may result in a considerable under diagnosis of subjects with mild copd . 
Introduction
Materials and methods
Definitions
Statistics
Results
Discussion
Conclusion