limited rest time , high intensity , and competition rate of strenuous sports emphasize on the necessity of following the most suitable approach to manage the functional overload of professional athletes .
a proper nutritional strategy is helpful in order to achieve proper recovery , with multiple competing periods and several times per day .
the content and time of nutrient consumption impact the resynthesis of fuel supply , reduction of muscle injury , and optimizing the competition performance .
liquids are more tolerable in suppressed appetite of instant post - exercise period and they help in cell rehydration and substituting lost electrolytes due to sweating .
beverage micro and macronutrient content and their utilization , during or post - exercise period , are effective in fuel restoration .
studies reflect that the consumption of carbohydrate - protein beverages during post - exercise recovery periods can facilitate glycogen restore and muscle turnover speed .
chocolate milk composition is similar to common sports drinks , and it can enhance blood sugar level , speed of muscle glycogen repletion , and protein turnover .
its branched chain amino acids , carbohydrates , electrolytes , and easily absorbed casein and whey protein help athletes muscle stores .
dough or persian salty yogurt drink with a consistency similar to milk which contains high amount of whey protein and critical electrolytes such as sodium and calcium can affect athletes performance .
moreover , non - alcoholic beer as a source of carbohydrate , minerals , and vitamins is a popular and available supplement fluid .
choosing the most proper recovery beverage can be useful for nursing and medical members of sports medicine to guide athletes . in the present study , we compared the effects of dough , non - alcoholic beer , and carbohydrate replacement drink on lactate dehydrogenase enzyme level , f2-isoprostane , lipid , and glucose blood level .
the professionals were asked to stop their exercises for 24 hours before initiation of the intervention program .
they were also asked to note their food intake in one - day  food recall  questionnaires .
five milliliter venous blood was collected , and after 10-min warming up exercises , athletes followed standard protocol of running - based anaerobic sprint test ( rast ) .
blood lactate was tested after running the protocol and 1-h post - rast by a calibrated lactometer ( scout company , germany ) .
athletes at a 4 day interval , received 500 cc isocaleric beverages as dough , non - alcoholic beer , and chocolate milk . after taking the first beverage
then , the participants venous blood was taken ; the other two beverages were consumed following the same guidelines .
in other words , 21 participants who enrolled in one experimental study group consumed all three beverages .
indirect vo2 max was determined by harvard step test and their 24-h recalls were assessed using a nutritionist iv software ( version 7.0 ; n - squared computing , salam , or , usa ) .
serum triglyceride , total cholesterol level , and blood sugar assessed with enzymatic kits ( pars azmoon ins , tehran , iran ) .
data were compared between different times using a simple repeated - measures analysis , and post - hoc comparisons were also performed too .
all the analyses were done using the statistical package for the social sciences software ( spss inc , chicago , il , usa ) ( version 20 ) .
paired t - test and analysis of variance ( anova ) test were also performed .
ethics committee of iums approved the study process , and informed consent was gained from all of the subjects .
ethics committee of iums approved the study process , and informed consent was gained from all of the subjects .
the taekwondo players mean age was 23  2.7 years . levels of lipid profile and blood sugar before and after drinking beverages during pre and post - recovery periods are shown in table 1 .
total cholesterol levels decreased after the three intervention periods , however , this reduction was not significant .
comparison of total cholesterol change after intervention did not reflect a significant difference ( p > 0.05 ) .
plasma concentrations of profile lipids and blood sugar before and after ingestion of beverage plasma triglyceride was lower after dough and carbohydrate replacement drink intake .
the mentioned decrease was marginally significant in taekwondo players after dough consumption ( p = 0.076 ) , whereas there was a non - significant difference after carbohydrate drinking periods .
in addition , non - alcoholic beer intake non - significantly increased triglyceride level . between groups
was marginally significant after consuming non - alcoholic beer ( p = 0.083 ) , however , the mean change of plasma glucose did not show a significant increase for the three beverages . moreover , lactate dehydrogenase level reduced after all the intervention cycles .
mean change of this plasma enzyme level was statistically significant after non - alcoholic beer consumption ( p = 0.048 ) .
in addition , no significant increase was observed between mean pre and post - recovery f2-isoprostane values and between groups comparison did not show any statistically significant difference ( p > 0.05 ) .
participants did not complaint about any side effects . mean and standard error of oxidative stress and muscle damage biomarkers before and after drinking beverages are shown in table 2 .
in this study , we compared the effects of various types of beverages including dough , non - alcoholic beer , and carbohydrate - rich beverages on blood sugar , lipid profile , lactate dehydrogenase , and f2-isoprostane levels of elite taekwondo players
. findings show that all three beverages at pre- and post - recovery periods enhanced blood sugar and f2-isoprostane levels , whereas these fluids supplements intake decreased plasma total cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase levels .
non - alcoholic beer increases the triglyceride level , and the other liquids lowered plasma triglyceride level . in a study by bishop et al . ,
plasma glucose levels reduced in the placebo group in comparison to the group that received carbohydrate - rich beverages , both at fatigue and at 1 hour after exercise .
it seems that stress hormone release was accompanied with post - exercise blood glucose reduction .
moreover , it can balance the fatigue perception , lowering quality of athletes performance . nutrient profile of milk and its products as carbohydrate , whey , electrolytes , and water can be effective on glucose level in athletes recovery periods .
the observed effect of fluid drink on triglyceride and total cholesterol levels are comparable with previous findings . in a 6-week intervention trial with fermented milk product , ageraek et al . observed a significant reduction in cholesterol level of 58 healthy participants , whereas plasma triglyceride showed no significant change .
cholesterol and triglyceride levels reduction shows an approximately similar trend , however , its strength is affected by sample size of the studied participants .
the effect of yogurt , as a milk product , on lowering serum total cholesterol can be explained by its lactobacillus acidophilus content .
bioactive compounds , calcium , conjugated linoleic acid fermentation bacteria , and probiotic components can play critical roles in reducing plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels .
exercise leads to a higher lactate dehydrogenase concentration as a converting enzyme with fuel supplying roles and also its level reflected the increased free radical concentration which is caused by stress of sport .
in addition , its level affects lactate concentration of athletes muscle and their performance ability .
karp et al . on comparing the effects of chocolate milk , fluid replacement drink , and carbohydrate replacement drink consumption in highly - trained cyclists observed increased post - exercise lactate level ; exhaustion time and glycogen - depleting exercise of participants can be managed by milk chocolate beverages .
however , the mentioned effects were non - significant in a comparison of within - subject difference in the thomas trial on male trained cyclists .
the non - significant within and between comparison of our supplement beverages on f2-isoprostane as a muscle injury and free radical arachidonic acids peroxidation indices can be explained using steensberg findings .
they observed that plasma f2-isoprostane level decreases significantly in response to sport stress , however , this reduction is compensated in 1 hour after the recovery period .
the trevor trial involving 127 men and women in the age group 30 - 65 years showed that low fat diet containing a daily 3-rich fish meal can reduce cell lipid peroxidation rate and lower urinary f2-isoprostane excretion .
this reduction was higher in participants following aerobic exercises in addition to the mentioned diet .
lack of reported studies on the effects of fluid supplements on f2-isoprostane level makes more comparison impossible .
these findings can help nursing and medical team members of sports medicine to guide elites and professional athletes in rapid and most proper recovery periods .
the limitations of our study were small sample size of participants and a before - after study design .
moreover , measuring detailed nutrient and electrolyte content of beverages can be effective in our assessment . in regards to the strong points , the present study assessed the effects of isocaloric volume of dough intake in comparison to other available fluid supplements on lipid profile , blood sugar , muscle damage , and oxidative stress markers in professional athletes for the first time .
in conclusion , we observed that dough , non - alcoholic beer , and carbohydrate replacement drink consumption at pre- and post - recovery periods can decrease plasma total cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase level .
non - alcoholic beer increases triglyceride level , and the consumption of other liquids was accompanied with lower plasma triglyceride in elite taekwondo players .
 background : athletes recovery is important in improving their performance . 
 nutritional strategies can be effective in enhancing recovery rate . choosing the best food items in appropriate intervals can play effective roles in resynthesis of fuels and recovery of muscle injury . 
 beverage micro and macronutrient content are helpful in fuel restoration . in this study 
 , we assess the effects of various kinds of beverages on oxidative stress , muscle injury , and metabolic risk factors in taekwondo players.materials and methods : this quasi - experimental study was performed on 21 taekwondo players of isfahan . after collecting fasting blood , they performed runningbased anaerobic sprint test ( rast ) . 
 blood lactate was tested again and participants were divided into 3 intervention groups , that is , receiving 500 cc dough , non - alcoholic beer , and chocolate milk at 4 day intervals . after a 2-h recovery period , blood sampling was repeated . 
 elites consumed other beverages in later phases . 
 dietary intake and fasting triglyceride , cholesterol , blood sugar , lactate dehydrogenase , and f2-isoprostane concentrations were determined . 
 data were analyzed with a simple repeated - measures test and post - hoc tests using the statistical package for the social sciences software.results:data showed that cholesterol levels non - significantly decreased after intervention . 
 triglyceride level was lower after taking dough and carbohydrate replacement drink . 
 blood glucose concentration increased after intervention periods , however , this increase was significant only after non - alcoholic beverage consumption . 
 lactate dehydrogenase levels reduced after all cycles , however , f2-isoprostane level showed no significant change . 
 there was not significant change in lactate dehydrogenase and f2-isoprostane levels.conclusions:non-alcoholic beer consumption can reduce lactate dehydrogenase concentration ; however , it leads to blood sugar increase . 
 moreover , dough consumption significantly reduced triglyceride level in taekwondo players . 
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