ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy among women , with an estimated 150 000 annual deaths worldwide .
however , due to the unspecific and inconspicuous symptoms in the early stage of ovarian cancer , there are no effective and accurate detection methods for this disease . moreover , although the initial response to surgical resection and platinum - based chemotherapy is relatively high , most patients still have recurrence and chemo - resistance to ovarian cancer . as a result ,
diagnosis of most ovarian cancer cases occurs at advanced stages , which is associated with poor prognosis , as shown by the low 5-year overall survival rate .
therefore , there is an urgent need for further investigation of potential markers for prognosis , mechanisms of ovarian carcinogenesis , and therapeutic targets for novel alternative treatments .
obesity provides a unique adipose tissue microenvironment in which several cytokines , including adiponectin , are secreted exclusively by differentiated adipocytes .
adiponectin is a 25-kda adipocytokine composed of 244 amino acids and involved in insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism . in adults ,
recently , adiponectin has been reported to act as anti - tumor factor through inhibiting cancer cell growth , proliferation , and migration , as well as promoting apoptosis [ 1113 ] .
binding its receptors by adiponectin could activate a variety downstream signaling pathways , such as 5-amp - activated protein kinase ( ampk ) and wnt signaling . on the other hand
, recent studies reported that adipor1 is positively correlated with the risk of obesity - associated malignancies such as endometrial , pancreatic , renal , colon , and breast carcinomas [ 1619 ] .
however , little is known about expression of adipor1 in epithelial ovarian cancer ( eoc ) and its pathological implications . in this study
, we analyzed the expression of adipor1 in human cancerous epithelial ovarian tissues by immunohistochemical assay .
the pathological features , progression - free survival ( pfs ) , and overall survival ( os ) were further analyzed to investigate the relationship between adipor1 expression and prognostic outcomes of patients with eoc .
this was a retrospective study enrolled 73 patients diagnosed with eoc in the second affiliated hospital , dalian medical university from july 2008 to december 2014 .
all participating patients were formally informed for the purpose of this study and a letter of consent was signed by every individual involved .
all patients had been confirmed to have eoc and had received 46 rounds of postoperative platinum - based chemotherapy according to nccn guidelines .
patients ages ranged from 26 to 77 years , and the average age was 59.9610.19 years . among all patients ,
67 ( 91.78% ) had serous adenocarcinoma , 3 ( 4.11% ) had endometrioid adenocarcinoma , 2 ( 2.73% ) had clear cell adenocarcinoma , and 2 ( 2.73% ) had mucous adenocarcinoma .
the 73 eoc patients were divided into 2 groups : the low - to - medium differentiation group ( 28 with low differentiation and 29 with low - to - medium differentiation ) and the medium - to - high differentiation group ( 14 with medium differentiation , 1 with medium - to - high differentiation , and 1 with high differentiation ) . the expression level of adipor1 in ovarian cancer tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining .
all surgically obtained specimens were preserved in the pathology center of the second affiliated hospital , dalian medical university for further analysis .
samples were fixed in formalin , embedded in paraffin , and cut into 4-m sections . for antigen retrieval ,
tissue sections were treated in a microwave oven with citrate buffer solution ( ph 6.0 ) for 20 min and blocked with normal goat serum for 1 h. after rinsing in pbs 3 times , the slides were incubated for 1 h with anti - human adipor1 antibody ( ab126611 , 1 : 100 ; abcam , cambridge , uk ) as the primary antibody . a hrp - conjugated goat anti - rabbit igg h&l ( ab6721 , 1 : 500 ; abcam , cambridge , uk )
all immunohistochemical - stained slides were independently evaluated by 2 pathologists who were blinded to the patients medical records .
positivity of the samples was determined by the presence of brown or tan staining within the cytoplasmic membrane and/or cytoplasm .
sections that contained more than 5% stained cells were considered as adipor1-positive samples , otherwise slides were considered as negative samples . for the semi - quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical staining for adipor1 expression , a h - score based analysis was conducted , as previously described .
all statistical analyses were performed using the spss 13.0 software package ( spss inc . ,
this was a retrospective study enrolled 73 patients diagnosed with eoc in the second affiliated hospital , dalian medical university from july 2008 to december 2014 .
all participating patients were formally informed for the purpose of this study and a letter of consent was signed by every individual involved .
all patients had been confirmed to have eoc and had received 46 rounds of postoperative platinum - based chemotherapy according to nccn guidelines .
patients ages ranged from 26 to 77 years , and the average age was 59.9610.19 years . among all patients ,
67 ( 91.78% ) had serous adenocarcinoma , 3 ( 4.11% ) had endometrioid adenocarcinoma , 2 ( 2.73% ) had clear cell adenocarcinoma , and 2 ( 2.73% ) had mucous adenocarcinoma .
the 73 eoc patients were divided into 2 groups : the low - to - medium differentiation group ( 28 with low differentiation and 29 with low - to - medium differentiation ) and the medium - to - high differentiation group ( 14 with medium differentiation , 1 with medium - to - high differentiation , and 1 with high differentiation ) .
all surgically obtained specimens were preserved in the pathology center of the second affiliated hospital , dalian medical university for further analysis .
samples were fixed in formalin , embedded in paraffin , and cut into 4-m sections . for antigen retrieval ,
tissue sections were treated in a microwave oven with citrate buffer solution ( ph 6.0 ) for 20 min and blocked with normal goat serum for 1 h. after rinsing in pbs 3 times , the slides were incubated for 1 h with anti - human adipor1 antibody ( ab126611 , 1 : 100 ; abcam , cambridge , uk ) as the primary antibody . a hrp - conjugated goat anti - rabbit igg h&l ( ab6721 , 1 : 500 ; abcam , cambridge , uk )
all immunohistochemical - stained slides were independently evaluated by 2 pathologists who were blinded to the patients medical records .
positivity of the samples was determined by the presence of brown or tan staining within the cytoplasmic membrane and/or cytoplasm .
sections that contained more than 5% stained cells were considered as adipor1-positive samples , otherwise slides were considered as negative samples . for the semi - quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical staining for adipor1 expression , a h - score based analysis was conducted , as previously described .
all statistical analyses were performed using the spss 13.0 software package ( spss inc . , chicago , il ) .
out of the 15 normal ovarian tissue samples , adipor1expression was observed in 11 samples ( 73.33% ) . in the 73 eoc patients , the expression of adipor1
the frequency of adipor1 expression in normal ovarian tissues was higher than in eoc tissues ; however , no significant difference between the 2 groups was observed ( p=0.966 ) ( table 1 , figure 1 ) .
two independent - samples nonparametric tests indicated that expression of adipor1 was negatively correlated with patient classification as being in the terminal stage of disease according to the international federation of gynecology and obstetrics ( figo ) stages and degree of differentiation of ovarian tissue ( p<0.05 ) . however , adipor1 expression was not significantly associated with other pathologic features , including pathological types , ascites during initial manifestation , diabetes , preoperative or postoperative body mass index ( bmi ) , platelet count , or pfi of less than 6 months ( table 2 ) .
univariate analysis indicated the median pfs of patients with positive expression of adipor1 was significantly higher than in patients with adipor1-negative expression ( 26.6 months vs. 7.4 months , p<0.001 ) .
the median pfs of patients within stage i to ii and stage iii to iv was 31.0 months and 12.1 months , respectively , and the difference was statistically significant ( p<0.001 ) .
moreover , significant differences were observed in median pfs of patients with vs. without ascites ( 10.3 months vs. 33.2 months , p<0.001 ) , presenting of diabetes ( 10.3 months in the diabetes group vs. 17.6 months in the non - diabetes group , p=0.019 ) , and platelet count ( 11.9 months in patients with platelet count higher than 35010/l vs. 26.6 months in patients with platelet count less than 35010/l , p=0.026 ) .
other clinicopathological feathers , including different pathological types , tissue differentiation degree , and preoperative and postoperative bmi , were not associated with pfs in univariate analysis ( p>0.05 , all ) ( table 3 , figure 2 ) .
cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to evaluate the effects of various clinicopathological characteristics , including adipor1 expression , figo stage , ascites , diabetes , and platelet count on pfs of patients with eoc .
the multivariate analyses identified adipor1 expression as an independent positive prognostic indicator of pfs . other pathologic features , such as figo stages and ascites , also had a significant effect on pfs ( table 4 ) .
our data indicated that adipor1 expression , figo stage , ascites , and diabetes were correlated with os of eoc patients ( table 5 ) .
the median os of adipor1-positive eoc patients was 60.2 months , which was significantly higher than the 23.5 months found in the adipor1-negative group ( p<0.001 ) .
moreover , the median os of patients with ascites as initial manifestation was 29.7 months , which was significantly shorter than in patients without ascites ( 60.2 months ) .
furthermore , presenting of diabetes also reduced the os from 57.7 months to 29.7 months ( p=0.022 ) .
however , other clinicopathological variables , including different pathological types , tissue differentiation degree , preoperative and postoperative bmi , and platelet count , had no correlation with os of patients with eoc in univariate analysis ( p>0.05 , all ) ( figure 3 , table 6 ) . taken together
, the multivariate analyses revealed that adipor1 expression could be an independent positive prognostic indicator of os of eoc patients ( table 6 ) .
out of the 15 normal ovarian tissue samples , adipor1expression was observed in 11 samples ( 73.33% ) . in the 73 eoc patients , the expression of adipor1
the frequency of adipor1 expression in normal ovarian tissues was higher than in eoc tissues ; however , no significant difference between the 2 groups was observed ( p=0.966 ) ( table 1 , figure 1 ) .
two independent - samples nonparametric tests indicated that expression of adipor1 was negatively correlated with patient classification as being in the terminal stage of disease according to the international federation of gynecology and obstetrics ( figo ) stages and degree of differentiation of ovarian tissue ( p<0.05 ) . however , adipor1 expression was not significantly associated with other pathologic features , including pathological types , ascites during initial manifestation , diabetes , preoperative or postoperative body mass index ( bmi ) , platelet count , or pfi of less than 6 months ( table 2 ) .
univariate analysis indicated the median pfs of patients with positive expression of adipor1 was significantly higher than in patients with adipor1-negative expression ( 26.6 months vs. 7.4 months , p<0.001 ) .
the median pfs of patients within stage i to ii and stage iii to iv was 31.0 months and 12.1 months , respectively , and the difference was statistically significant ( p<0.001 ) .
moreover , significant differences were observed in median pfs of patients with vs. without ascites ( 10.3 months vs. 33.2 months , p<0.001 ) , presenting of diabetes ( 10.3 months in the diabetes group vs. 17.6 months in the non - diabetes group , p=0.019 ) , and platelet count ( 11.9 months in patients with platelet count higher than 35010/l vs. 26.6 months in patients with platelet count less than 35010/l , p=0.026 ) .
other clinicopathological feathers , including different pathological types , tissue differentiation degree , and preoperative and postoperative bmi , were not associated with pfs in univariate analysis ( p>0.05 , all ) ( table 3 , figure 2 ) .
cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to evaluate the effects of various clinicopathological characteristics , including adipor1 expression , figo stage , ascites , diabetes , and platelet count on pfs of patients with eoc .
other pathologic features , such as figo stages and ascites , also had a significant effect on pfs ( table 4 ) .
our data indicated that adipor1 expression , figo stage , ascites , and diabetes were correlated with os of eoc patients ( table 5 ) .
the median os of adipor1-positive eoc patients was 60.2 months , which was significantly higher than the 23.5 months found in the adipor1-negative group ( p<0.001 ) .
moreover , the median os of patients with ascites as initial manifestation was 29.7 months , which was significantly shorter than in patients without ascites ( 60.2 months ) . furthermore , presenting of diabetes also reduced the os from 57.7 months to 29.7 months ( p=0.022 ) .
however , other clinicopathological variables , including different pathological types , tissue differentiation degree , preoperative and postoperative bmi , and platelet count , had no correlation with os of patients with eoc in univariate analysis ( p>0.05 , all ) ( figure 3 , table 6 ) . taken together
, the multivariate analyses revealed that adipor1 expression could be an independent positive prognostic indicator of os of eoc patients ( table 6 ) .
obesity is currently regarded as a risk factor for ovarian cancer , but it is still unclear how obesity contributes to ovarian carcinogenesis .
adiponectin , a protein hormone that regulates many metabolic processes , has been recently reported to be a crucial mediator during the progression of several malignancies associated with obesity , and adiponectin receptor 1 ( adipor1 ) expression in several cancers has been found to be associated with favorable prognosis for patients .
however , the role of adipor1 in carcinogenesis is controversial because expression level of adipor1 varies greatly among different cancers .
compared to normal tissue samples , there was a significant increase in the expression of adipor1 in pancreatic cancer and oesophageal adenocarcinoma ; in contrast , the percentage of adipor1-positive cells was significantly lower in endometrial carcinoma .
moreover , in a recent study , the mrna levels of adiponectin and adipor1 were significantly lower in cancerous ovaries than in normal ovaries , which is consistent with our observation . in our study , adipor1 immunostaining tended to be less intense in cancerous epithelial ovarian tissues compared with normal ovarian tissue , but the difference was not significant , suggesting that adipor1 is involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of ovarian cancer .
a previous report suggested that adiponectin and its receptors can decrease neoplasm metastasis and repress angiogenesis through activation of mitogen - activated protein kinase ( mapk ) . an in vitro study based on 6 gastric cancer cell lines showed that adiponectin treatment can induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cell lines .
moreover , sirna knock - down of adipor1 suppressed the growth inhibitory effects of adiponectin in gastric cancer cell lines . taken together , these data show the potential role adipor1 plays in the development and prognosis of cancer , which may also apply to ovarian carcinogenesis .
tiwari et al . reported that the expression of adiponectin and adipor1 was detectable in eoc tissues and ovarian cancer - derived cell lines . to investigate the relationship between adipor1 and ovarian cancer
, we evaluated the correlation between adipor1 expression and clinicopathological features in ovarian cancer patients .
advance figo stage , ascites , and short platinum - free intervals were confirmed to be correlated with adipor1 expression in eoc patients .
a retrospective study revealed that figo stage is one of the most reliable predictors of the prognosis of patients with eoc .
our data showed that adipor1-positive staining in eoc tissues was negatively correlated with advanced figo stage in eoc patients , which is in agreement with previous reports .
moreover , data from colorectal cancer also showed that adipor1expresstion was negatively associated with tumor grade , and patients with negative expression of adipor1 were shown to be more prone to occurrence of extrathyroidal invasion and multicentricity in thyroid cancer .
presentation of ascites is frequently associated with carcinogenesis of ovarian cancer at the end - stage of disease , and affects the progression of neoangiogenesis .
however , we found no correlation between adipor1 expression and ascites in our study , indicating that expression of adipor1 is of great importance in delaying carcinogenesis in eoc patients .
however , the details of the mechanisms involved need further investigation in larger prospective studies .
recent studies indicated that adipor1-positive expression significantly contributed to improvement of prognosis in different cancers [ 3032 ] .
accordingly , adipor1 was proposed as a potential quantitative biomarker for clinical outcomes of eoc patients . moreover , due to the important role adipor1 plays in mediating the carcinogenesis and progression of eoc , it might be as a promising anti - tumor therapeutic target . more detailed research on the cellular and molecular functions of adipor1 in eoc is needed . moreover , in survival analysis , eoc patients with adipor1-positive expression had significantly longer survival than those with adipor1-negative expression .
accumulating data demonstrate that pfi is a reliable predictor of response and survival after platinum - based chemotherapy for patients with recurrent carcinomas .
patients with more than 12 months of pfi had significantly longer pfs and os compared to patients with less than 6 months of pfi .
however , no significant correlation between adipor1 expression and pfi was observed in patients in our study . on the other hand
, the enrolled patients had disproportional representation of cancer types and figo stages : there were fewer cases of low - to - medium vs. medium - to - high differentiation and figo stages i  ii vs. iii  iv cases , which is a limitation of our study .
it was reported that epithelial ovarian cancers account for 8590% of ovarian cancers , with a subset of epithelial ovarian cancers and high - grade serous ovarian cancers ( hgsocs ) representing nearly 70% of all ovarian cancer cases . moreover , most patients are not diagnosed until the disease is at an advanced stage . therefore , there were more serous ovarian cancers and figo iii 
iv cases in our study . to further confirm our observation , a large - scale investigation with equal distribution of cases based on differentiation and figo stage is needed .
our study results suggest that the expression of adipor1 is an independent prognostic indicator in patients with eoc and is associated with longer pfs and os .
 backgroundadiponectin receptor-1 ( adipor1 ) has been reported to be associated with the risk of obesity - associated malignancies , including epithelial ovarian cancer ( eoc ) . 
 the aim of this study was to determine if adipor1 could serve as a prognosis indicator for patients with eoc.material/methodsin this study , expression of adipor1 in 73 eoc patients consecutively admitted to our hospital was detected by immunohistochemical staining . 
 univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the relationship between adipor1 expression level and progression - free survival ( pfs ) and overall survival ( os ) rates in patients.resultsa relatively lower expression of adipor1 in the cancerous tissues was detected compared to normal ovarian tissues , but the difference was not significant ( p>0.05 ) . adipor1 expression level in eoc patients 
 was negatively correlated with advanced figo stages in patients and tumor differentiation , but had no correlation with pathological types , presenting of ascites , shorter platinum - free interval ( pfi ) , diabetes , preoperative and postoperative body mass index ( bmi ) , or platelet counts ( p>0.05 ) . 
 moreover , patients with adipor1 expression had a significantly longer pfs and os compared to the negative expression group ( p<0.001).conclusionsour findings suggest that adipor1 expression level in cancerous tissues might serve as an independent prognostic indicator in eoc patients and is associated with longer pfs and os . 
Background
Material and Methods
Ethics statement and general information on patients
Immunohistochemical staining
Analysis of immunohistochemical staining
Statistical analysis
Result
AdipoR1 expression in cancerous ovarian tissues
Correlation between AdipoR1 expression and clinicopathological features
Correlation between AdipoR1 expression and progression-free survival (PFS)
Correlation between AdipoR1 expression and overall survival (OS)
Discussion
Conclusions