 the transmission risk of foot - and - mouth disease ( fmd ) in japan was evaluated using a 
 mathematical fmd transmission model . 
 the distance - based transmission rate between farms , 
 which was parameterized using the fmd epidemic data in 2010 in japan , was used to 
 calculate the local - level reproduction numbers  expected numbers of secondary infections 
 caused by one infected farm  for all cattle and pig farms in the country , which were then 
 visualized as a risk map . 
 the risk map demonstrated the spatial heterogeneity of 
 transmission risk in the country and identified risk areas with higher possibility of 
 disease spread . 
 this result suggests that , particularly in high - risk areas , it is 
 important to prepare for the smooth and efficient implementation of control measures 
 against fmd outbreaks . 
Supplementary Material