hepatoid adenocarcinoma ( hac ) is a very unusual histological type of primitive extrahepatic cancer .
hac can virtually never be distinguished at pathologic examination , on the basis of morphology alone , from hepatocellular carcinoma , whose gross and microscopic features ( sheet - like or trabecular proliferation of neoplastic cells with abundant , eosinophilic cytoplasm , arranged in a solid pattern with sinusoid - like spaces lined by endothelium ) it shares .
a final differential diagnosis can be obtained , in most cases , only through immunohistochemistry . as possible origins of this tumor , cancer arising from ectopic liver cells embedded in the organs where hac develops and neoplastic transformation of persistent germ cells or of nonhepatic epithelium capable of multipotential differentiation have been hypothesized .
the majority of hacs produce alpha - fetoprotein , whose plasma levels may be very high ; however , some cases have been described in whom alpha - fetoprotein was normal .
hac occurs in patients with no history of hepatic disease , alcoholism or addiction to other potential sources of hepatic damage ; their livers demonstrate no functional or morphological abnormalities .
blood samples do not reveal elevated levels of hepatic enzymes , and imaging examinations fail to detect any major alteration as to volume and structure of the liver , except in the cases where hepatic metastases develop .
no more than 30 hacs , to our knowledge , have been reported to date .
twelve of them , in most cases leading to a poor prognosis , occurred in the lungs ; moreover , 2 histologically inhomogeneous pulmonary cancers have been described containing scattered hepatoid foci [ 9 , 10 ] .
the majority of extrapulmonary hacs occur in the stomach , while 1 or 2 cases each were found in the mediastinum , esophagus , gallbladder , pancreas , ampulla of vater , renal pelvis , bladder , endometrium , ovary , and testicle .
we were not able to find , in the english literature , any published paper reporting soft - tissue localizations of hac .
a 68-year - old nonsmoker , nonalcoholic woman , who did not report any exposition to agents inducing liver damage and who had no history of hepatic or pulmonary disease nor of any kind of cancer , underwent a conventional radiography of her left shoulder , complaining of localized pain . an ill - defined radiolucent area ( fig .
1a ) , expression of osteolysis , was found within the scapula . a magnetic resonance examination of the shoulder was therefore performed a few days later , which demonstrated a large ( 8  5.5  4.5 cm ) smooth - margined mass , moderately inhomogeneous and fairly enhancing after intravenous administration of paramagnetic contrast medium , infiltrating the scapular girdle both in its muscular ( mainly in the supraspinatus muscle ) and in its bony component ( fig .
1b , c ) , confirming the radiographic finding and indicating a malignant soft - tissue mass with adjacent bone invasion .
ultrasound - guided fine - needle aspiration biopsy of the soft - tissue mass showed malignant cells in a trabecular pattern containing biliary thrombi ( fig .
2 ) ; these features were considered by the pathologist a clue to the diagnosis of a soft - tissue localization of a hepatocellular carcinoma .
no significant abnormalities were found in blood samples : in particular , hepatic enzymes , the other liver function parameters and the serum level of alpha - fetoprotein ( 2.4 ng / ml ) were all normal .
moreover , at both ultrasound and computed tomography ( ct ) examinations the liver had normal size and margins , with normal hepatic vessels ; no focal lesions were detected and echotexture and density were homogeneous .
a 4.5  4  4 cm solid , partly inhomogeneous mass with pleural adhesion was , however , found at ct in the upper lobe of the left lung ( fig .
pathologic examination of a ct - guided biopsy of the pulmonary mass revealed hepatocellular carcinoma - like neoplastic tissue whose pattern was undistinguished from the specimen obtained in the soft - tissue mass .
a double localization of hac , in the lung and in the soft tissues of the shoulder , was therefore diagnosed , the latter presumably being a metastasis from the former .
fifteen months after the diagnosis , she is alive and symptom - free ; the size of both the soft - tissue and the pulmonary lesions has significantly reduced and no further localizations have appeared in any other organ or in the lymph nodes .
due to its low prevalence , hac is never taken into consideration when an extrahepatic mass is found at imaging or endoscopy .
one might suspect that in some cases of hac the correct diagnosis is not achieved , particularly in the elderly or in patients with severe underlying disease , in whom the diagnostic workout sometimes concludes with a generic cytological ascertainment of the presence of malignant cells within a lesion .
in addition to its rarity , hac may be underdiagnosed because of the absence of unequivocal imaging features . in the only paper published in the radiological literature on this topic  
some ct characteristics have been identified as relatively common to hacs , whatever their localization .
according to these authors , hacs are usually large - sized tumors , with the same density of the normal liver at baseline scan ( the presence of necrotic areas , however , often makes masses appear inhomogeneous ) , and moderately enhance after intravenous iodinated contrast medium administration ; invasion of adjacent anatomical landmarks ( such as the pleural surface for pulmonary hacs ) , regional lymphadenopathies and distant metastases are frequently observed . in this series , however , only one of the tumors was localized in the lung , and none of the imaging features described is considered by the authors themselves typical enough to direct the diagnosis .
3 ) shares some of these ct characteristics ( large size , slight inhomogeneity , adhesion to the pleura ) , its features being nevertheless largely nonspecific .
similar characteristics as to volume , structure and invasion of the adjacent tissues ( fig .
1b , c ) can be identified in the shoulder mass , which makes our case unique : to our knowledge soft - tissue hacs have never been previously described , either isolated or in association with involvement of the lung , the stomach or other organs .
moreover , serum alpha - fetoprotein in our patient was normal , which did not aid the diagnosis .
on the other hand , to date this patient has experienced a better prognosis than the average of her counterparts . in conclusion , we suggest that hac 
although rare  should be included in the differential diagnosis when , in patients with a normal liver ( especially if serum alpha - fetoprotein is raised ) , a mass similar in histology to hepatocellular carcinoma is found at any extrahepatic location .
 hepatoid adenocarcinoma ( hac ) is a rare type of extrahepatic cancer , whose pathologic features are indistinguishable from those of hepatocellular carcinoma . about thirty cases , nearly half of which occurring in the lung , have been described in patients with a normal liver . 
 no imaging features are typical enough to allow a correct diagnosis . 
 a localization of hac in the soft tissues of the shoulder with invasion of the scapula in a woman without other symptoms is reported in this paper ; soft - tissue hacs have never been described to date . 
 an associate pulmonary hac was eventually found in this patient . 
Introduction
Case Report
Discussion