patients with frequent angina ( 1 episode per week ) report greater physical limitations and decreased quality of life compared with patients with minimal angina.1 the goals of chronic stable angina management are not only to control symptoms , but also to reduce the risk of adverse clinical outcomes.26 as symptom control impacts the patient s quality of life , maximum consideration should be given to the array of available management options that aim to reduce angina symptoms . for many patients
, this would include a physical activity program aimed at improving exercise tolerance in accordance with current secondary prevention guidelines .
several studies have shown that optimal medical therapy , along with aggressive risk factor modification , is as effective as revascularization in reducing the risk of adverse coronary events.79 optimal medical therapy includes anti - anginal or anti - ischemic as well as disease- modifying therapy.8,10 the anti - ischemic agents include short- and long - acting nitrates , beta - blockers , and calcium channel blockers.3,4,11 these agents reduce angina symptoms and prolong exercise duration and/ or time to st - segment depression.3,11 frequently , a combination of drugs is necessary for optimal symptom control.3 nitrates work primarily by venodilation and afford rapid relief of angina.12 a number of placebo - controlled studies have shown that the sublingual application of nitroglycerin increases exercise duration in patients with stable angina.1317 published data also suggest that residual and recurrent angina is frequently experienced by patients who have already undergone either a percutaneous or surgical revascularization procedure , and these patients require continued medical therapy with multiple anti - anginal agents , including short- and long - acting nitrates , for control of their symptoms.8,18,19 increased physical exercise is also important in patients with stable angina to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events , and current recommendations call for the use of sublingual nitroglycerin as part of optimal medical therapy.5,20 this randomized , double - blind , placebo - controlled , crossover , dose - ranging multicenter study in patients with chronic stable angina evaluated the effect of a sublingual nitroglycerin spray formulation on time to onset of angina during exercise , total exercise duration , and time to exercise - induced myocardial ischemia , as evidenced by electrocardiographic st - segment depression .
brief results were previously published in german.21 the goal of the present article is to more fully describe the study methodology , patient characteristics , and detailed results in the context of current optimal medical therapy .
this study was carried out at four centers in the united states and conducted in accordance with the international conference on harmonisation guidelines for good clinical practice and food and drug administration guidelines .
all patients provided written informed consent at the screening visit , prior to starting any study - related procedures .
adults ( 18 years of age ) with coronary artery disease as documented by a 50% reduction in arterial lumen diameter in 1 or more major coronary arteries or their primary branches , a previously documented myocardial infarction , or reversible perfusion defect on stress thallium-201 scintigraphy and a diagnosis of chronic stable exertional angina that had been made at least 2 months prior to screening were eligible to be screened . in the 2 months
prior to study entry , patients were required to have been on a stable medical treatment regimen for their angina .
patients with unstable angina , myocardial infarction , coronary angioplasty , or cardiac surgery within 3 months of screening were excluded .
additional exclusion criteria included a history of congestive heart failure ( nyha iii or iv ) , significant disease of the cardiac conduction system , uncontrolled hypertension or hypotension , any physical conditions known to affect st - segment morphology , or severe organ damage or disease of any system .
patients were not permitted to receive concomitant therapy with long - acting nitrates or digitalis preparations during the study .
in addition , participation in an investigational drug study within 1 month prior to the screening visit or while participating in the study was prohibited .
patients with clinically significant deviations from normal in either the physical exam or lab parameters and patients with peripheral arterial disease that limited their exercise capacity were also excluded . according to the approved protocol , each center was to enroll a minimum of 12 patients to ensure evaluable outcomes for 40 patients at the end of study . following an initial screening visit , eligible patients returned for a baseline exercise tolerance test ( ettb ) according to a standard bruce protocol.22 of note
, exercise testing is associated with minimal complications ; death and myocardial infarction occur at a rate of 1 per 2,500 tests performed.15,23 patients who developed angina within 39 minutes of commencing exercise were eligible to continue in the study . following a 90-minute rest period , these patients were assessed for nitrate response .
patients who were able to exercise for 60 seconds longer in this ett ( ettres ) than in the ettb were eligible to continue in the study . at their next visit , patients completed a confirmatory ett ( ettconf ) to establish reproducibility ( within 20% ) of the time to development of moderate angina when compared to the ettb . in order to reduce baseline variability ,
study - related sublingual nitroglycerin was discontinued 6 hours prior to testing , while other anti - anginal medications were discontinued approximately 24 hours prior to each visit . after baseline and confirmatory etts
the goal of this crossover study design with each patient serving as his / her own control was to minimize the impact of any training effect on the mean values for each treatment dose .
the crossover period consisted of 5 additional visits within 14 days , at which patients were administered placebo or sublingual nitroglycerin spray ( 0.2 mg , 0.4 mg , 0.8 mg , or 1.6 mg ; nitrolingual pumpspray , g. pohl - boskamp gmbh & co. kg , germany ) . in order to minimize the impact of any training effect , patients completed a control ett ( ettc ) and an investigational ett ( ettinv ) at each visit .
ettc studies were carried out at approximately the same time of day as the introductory ett studies ( ettb and ettconf ) . following a 90-minute rest period ,
primary efficacy endpoints were time to onset of angina symptoms and time to development of moderate angina ( defined as the level of activity at which the patient would normally stop activity ) .
the secondary endpoint was time to 1-mm st - segment depression ( myocardial ischemia ) . to minimize the impact of any training effect , efficacy endpoints are described as the mean difference between ettinv and ettc at each visit .
the difference between the confirmation and baseline etts was then subtracted from this value to further reduce the impact of any training effect .
safety parameters included evaluation of all changes in physical examination , vital signs , ecg , and laboratory evaluations .
this study was carried out at four centers in the united states and conducted in accordance with the international conference on harmonisation guidelines for good clinical practice and food and drug administration guidelines .
all patients provided written informed consent at the screening visit , prior to starting any study - related procedures .
adults ( 18 years of age ) with coronary artery disease as documented by a 50% reduction in arterial lumen diameter in 1 or more major coronary arteries or their primary branches , a previously documented myocardial infarction , or reversible perfusion defect on stress thallium-201 scintigraphy and a diagnosis of chronic stable exertional angina that had been made at least 2 months prior to screening were eligible to be screened . in the 2 months
prior to study entry , patients were required to have been on a stable medical treatment regimen for their angina .
patients with unstable angina , myocardial infarction , coronary angioplasty , or cardiac surgery within 3 months of screening were excluded .
additional exclusion criteria included a history of congestive heart failure ( nyha iii or iv ) , significant disease of the cardiac conduction system , uncontrolled hypertension or hypotension , any physical conditions known to affect st - segment morphology , or severe organ damage or disease of any system .
patients were not permitted to receive concomitant therapy with long - acting nitrates or digitalis preparations during the study .
in addition , participation in an investigational drug study within 1 month prior to the screening visit or while participating in the study was prohibited .
patients with clinically significant deviations from normal in either the physical exam or lab parameters and patients with peripheral arterial disease that limited their exercise capacity were also excluded .
according to the approved protocol , each center was to enroll a minimum of 12 patients to ensure evaluable outcomes for 40 patients at the end of study . following an initial screening visit ,
eligible patients returned for a baseline exercise tolerance test ( ettb ) according to a standard bruce protocol.22 of note , exercise testing is associated with minimal complications ; death and myocardial infarction occur at a rate of 1 per 2,500 tests performed.15,23 patients who developed angina within 39 minutes of commencing exercise were eligible to continue in the study . following a 90-minute rest period , these patients were assessed for nitrate response .
patients who were able to exercise for 60 seconds longer in this ett ( ettres ) than in the ettb were eligible to continue in the study . at their next visit
, patients completed a confirmatory ett ( ettconf ) to establish reproducibility ( within 20% ) of the time to development of moderate angina when compared to the ettb . in order to reduce baseline variability ,
study - related sublingual nitroglycerin was discontinued 6 hours prior to testing , while other anti - anginal medications were discontinued approximately 24 hours prior to each visit . after baseline and confirmatory etts
the goal of this crossover study design with each patient serving as his / her own control was to minimize the impact of any training effect on the mean values for each treatment dose .
the crossover period consisted of 5 additional visits within 14 days , at which patients were administered placebo or sublingual nitroglycerin spray ( 0.2 mg , 0.4 mg , 0.8 mg , or 1.6 mg ; nitrolingual pumpspray , g. pohl - boskamp gmbh & co. kg , germany ) . in order to minimize the impact of any training effect , patients completed a control ett ( ettc ) and an investigational ett ( ettinv ) at each visit .
ettc studies were carried out at approximately the same time of day as the introductory ett studies ( ettb and ettconf ) . following a 90-minute rest period ,
primary efficacy endpoints were time to onset of angina symptoms and time to development of moderate angina ( defined as the level of activity at which the patient would normally stop activity ) .
the secondary endpoint was time to 1-mm st - segment depression ( myocardial ischemia ) . to minimize the impact of any training effect , efficacy endpoints are described as the mean difference between ettinv and ettc at each visit .
the difference between the confirmation and baseline etts was then subtracted from this value to further reduce the impact of any training effect .
safety parameters included evaluation of all changes in physical examination , vital signs , ecg , and laboratory evaluations .
of the 61 patients assessed for eligibility , 10 patients did not meet the protocol criteria and were therefore excluded .
a total of 51 patients performed the baseline exercise test and qualified for continuation . following a 90-minute rest period
, patients underwent a subsequent stress test after receiving 0.4 mg of open - label sublingual nitroglycerin spray .
all 51 patients showed an improvement in exercise duration of 60 seconds or greater ( range 1.024.7 minutes ) .
a total of 51 patients between the ages of 34 and 77 years continued in the double - blind phase and were randomized to 1 of 5 treatment sequences .
two patients did not complete the study ( 1 patient was lost to follow - up and 1 patient discontinued prematurely due to ventricular tachycardia / fibrillation requiring cardioversion after the control exercise test at visit 5 ; this event was not considered to be treatment related ) .
overall patient characteristics including angina and cardiovascular event history , along with concomitant medications , are described in table 1 . a dose - dependent increase in time to onset of moderate angina
the time to onset of angina was significantly higher in all treatment groups ( 0.2 mg , 0.4 mg , 0.8 mg , and 1.6 mg ) than in the placebo group ( table 2 , fig .
the increase in time to onset of angina and to onset of moderate angina was most pronounced in the 1.6-mg group , with dose linearity between 0.4- and 1.6-mg doses of nitroglycerin spray .
the occurrence of a minimum 1.0-mm st - segment depression was later in all treatment groups ( 0.2 mg , 0.4 mg , 0.8 mg , 1.6 mg ) compared with the placebo group ( table 2 , fig .
of 51 patients , 12 ( 24% ) reported adverse events at the qualification visit ( open - label sublingual nitroglycerin response test ) .
adverse events considered related to treatment were reported for 2 ( 4% ) , 4 ( 8% ) , 8 ( 16% ) , 9 ( 18% ) , and 13 ( 26% ) patients receiving placebo and 0.2 mg , 0.4 mg , 0.8 mg , and 1.6 mg nitroglycerin spray , respectively .
the most frequently reported adverse events of this nature were headache and dizziness , all of which were mild to moderate in severity .
the incidence of treatment - related adverse events was dose dependent , with the incidence of headache increasing from 0 with placebo to 3 ( 6% ) , 5 ( 10% ) , 6 ( 12% ) , and 8 ( 16% ) after 0.2 mg , 0.4 mg , 0.8 mg , and 1.6 mg nitroglycerin spray , respectively .
no serious adverse events related to treatment were reported . per protocol , patients with systolic blood pressure ( sbp ) less than 100 mmhg were excluded from the study .
symptomatic hypotension was not reported as an adverse event , however sbp decreased to a level of 100 mmhg or less in 1 ( 2% ) , 0 ( 0% ) , 1 ( 2% ) , 0 ( 0% ) , and 3 ( 5% ) patients after receiving placebo and 0.2 mg , 0.4 mg , 0.8 mg , and 1.6 mg nitroglycerin spray in the double - blind phase .
of the 61 patients assessed for eligibility , 10 patients did not meet the protocol criteria and were therefore excluded .
a total of 51 patients performed the baseline exercise test and qualified for continuation . following a 90-minute rest period
, patients underwent a subsequent stress test after receiving 0.4 mg of open - label sublingual nitroglycerin spray .
all 51 patients showed an improvement in exercise duration of 60 seconds or greater ( range 1.024.7 minutes ) .
a total of 51 patients between the ages of 34 and 77 years continued in the double - blind phase and were randomized to 1 of 5 treatment sequences .
two patients did not complete the study ( 1 patient was lost to follow - up and 1 patient discontinued prematurely due to ventricular tachycardia / fibrillation requiring cardioversion after the control exercise test at visit 5 ; this event was not considered to be treatment related ) .
overall patient characteristics including angina and cardiovascular event history , along with concomitant medications , are described in table 1 .
a dose - dependent increase in time to onset of moderate angina was seen following administration of nitroglycerin spray ( table 2 , fig .
the time to onset of angina was significantly higher in all treatment groups ( 0.2 mg , 0.4 mg , 0.8 mg , and 1.6 mg ) than in the placebo group ( table 2 , fig .
the increase in time to onset of angina and to onset of moderate angina was most pronounced in the 1.6-mg group , with dose linearity between 0.4- and 1.6-mg doses of nitroglycerin spray .
the occurrence of a minimum 1.0-mm st - segment depression was later in all treatment groups ( 0.2 mg , 0.4 mg , 0.8 mg , 1.6 mg ) compared with the placebo group ( table 2 , fig .
overall , nitroglycerin spray was generally well tolerated . of 51 patients , 12 ( 24% )
reported adverse events at the qualification visit ( open - label sublingual nitroglycerin response test ) .
adverse events considered related to treatment were reported for 2 ( 4% ) , 4 ( 8% ) , 8 ( 16% ) , 9 ( 18% ) , and 13 ( 26% ) patients receiving placebo and 0.2 mg , 0.4 mg , 0.8 mg , and 1.6 mg nitroglycerin spray , respectively .
the most frequently reported adverse events of this nature were headache and dizziness , all of which were mild to moderate in severity .
the incidence of treatment - related adverse events was dose dependent , with the incidence of headache increasing from 0 with placebo to 3 ( 6% ) , 5 ( 10% ) , 6 ( 12% ) , and 8 ( 16% ) after 0.2 mg , 0.4 mg , 0.8 mg , and 1.6 mg nitroglycerin spray , respectively .
no serious adverse events related to treatment were reported . per protocol , patients with systolic blood pressure ( sbp ) less than 100 mmhg were excluded from the study .
symptomatic hypotension was not reported as an adverse event , however sbp decreased to a level of 100 mmhg or less in 1 ( 2% ) , 0 ( 0% ) , 1 ( 2% ) , 0 ( 0% ) , and 3 ( 5% ) patients after receiving placebo and 0.2 mg , 0.4 mg , 0.8 mg , and 1.6 mg nitroglycerin spray in the double - blind phase .
lifestyle modifications , including supervised exercise therapy , play an important role in the success of optimal medical therapy.2427 however , patients with stable angina generally have impaired exercise tolerance and reduced daily physical activity.28 sublingual nitroglycerin increases physical exercise tolerance which , in turn , helps to increase the amount of exertion possible prior to the onset of angina.12,13 sublingual forms of nitroglycerin are readily absorbed through mucous membranes , and their effect is prompt , reliable , and more effective than other forms of nitroglycerin , including ointments , transdermal patches , and sustained - release preparations.11,29 the results of this study are in line with prior findings and demonstrate a significant improvement in exercise tolerance with sublingual nitroglycerin spray in patients with stable angina .
although sublingual nitroglycerin spray was generally well tolerated , an increase of treatment - related adverse events was observed with higher dose levels ( 26% of patients with 1.6 mg nitroglycerin spray ) .
one important issue that is not specifically addressed in this study is the clinical relevance of the nearly 1-minute improvement in exercise duration with sublingual nitroglycerin spray over placebo .
it must be recognized that this improvement was experienced by patients who were exercising at a higher work load ( higher speed and incline during the treadmill test ) after receiving the study medication .
as most real - world patients have a much slower walking pace , this finding indicates that prophylactic nitroglycerin spray might allow much greater increases in walking times during normal daily activities .
although this outcome was not formally evaluated in the present study or discussed in previous publications to our knowledge , patients have often reported a marked increase in angina - free walking time and exercise duration after taking prophylactic sublingual nitroglycerin .
since this study of sublingual nitroglycerin spray was conducted , there have been significant changes in optimal medical therapy for stable coronary artery disease .
this is particularly apparent in the greater use of beta - blockers compared with calcium channel blockers and long - acting nitrates to treat angina , and the routine use of daily aspirin and a statin to reduce serious cardiovascular outcomes.3,8 although beta - blockers are currently considered a standard treatment for stable angina , patients receiving these medications may continue to experience angina.30 however , patients with a history of beta - blocker use who are appropriately supplemented with sublingual nitroglycerin or long - acting nitrates show significant improvements in angina - free exercise duration and total walking time compared with placebo.3,5,29 the american college of cardiology and american heart association guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina emphasize the initial use of medical therapy.5,20,31 these guidelines include the recommendation for all patients to undergo a risk assessment with a physical activity history and/or an exercise test to guide prognosis and prescription .
ett is associated with a very low rate of serious adverse events such as death ( 0.5 per 10,000 tests ) , myocardial infarction ( 3.58 per 10,000 tests ) , or serious arrhythmias ( 4.78 per 10,000 tests).15 guideline - compliant medical therapy improves clinical outcome in many patients with stable angina , as evidenced by an observational study in which increasingly guideline - compliant therapy was associated with a reduction in death and myocardial infarction in patients with stable angina during 1 year of follow - up.32 indeed , implementation of a quality improvement program in utah to enhance the prescription of appropriate discharge medications among patients with cardiovascular disease was associated with improvements in cardiovascular readmission rates and reductions in mortality.33 a number of studies have compared the effect of optimal medical therapy versus revascularization on symptoms and outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease and stable angina . in general , these studies have shown that optimal medical therapy is effective in controlling symptoms and , along with risk factor modification , can reduce the risk of adverse cardiac events.8,34 moreover , these studies have shown that there is no significant difference in serious adverse clinical events , such as myocardial infarction and death , between patients who have received medical therapy and those who have undergone revascularization.2,5,8 the clinical outcomes utilizing revascularization and aggressive drug evaluation ( courage ) trial , which compared the efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention ( pci ) plus optimal medical therapy versus optimal medical therapy alone , demonstrated similar rates of death and nonfatal myocardial infarction in both patient groups over a follow - up period of 55 months.8 moreover , both groups demonstrated a substantial reduction in angina symptoms , with 74% and 72% of patients in the pci and optimal medical therapy groups , respectively , angina - free after 5 years of follow - up.8 further analysis of data from the courage study found that both groups of patients had marked improvements in health status , including reductions in angina symptoms , and improved quality of life .
although the pci group demonstrated significantly greater health benefits in the short term , these benefits disappeared after longer - term follow - up , and by 36 months there was no significant difference in health status between the 2 groups.9 the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation 2 diabetes trial in patients with diabetes , coronary artery disease , and classic angina compared the effects of revascularization with medical therapy alone on clinical outcomes . during the 5-year follow - up
, no difference was found between the medical therapy and revascularization groups on the risk of all - cause death , myocardial infarction , or stroke.34 furthermore , a meta - analysis of 11 randomized trials comparing pci with conservative treatment in patients with stable coronary artery disease found no significant difference between the 2 treatment strategies with regard to overall mortality , cardiac death , or myocardial infarction.7 current recommendations state that patients with stable angina may defer surgical intervention without additional risk to allow for determination of response to optimal medical therapy.5,11 despite the published outcome data and current guideline recommendations , many patients are still referred for revascularization , mainly due to a belief that these procedures reduce the risk of myocardial infarction or death more effectively than optimal medical therapy alone.2,3,8,35 additional studies assessing the long - term benefits of exercise in the context of medical therapy compared with revascularization outcomes could help to further inform the clinical decision making process .
in this study , sublingual nitroglycerin spray was shown to increase time to onset of moderate angina during exercise .
this improvement in physical exercise tolerance may be of great clinical relevance , as the prophylactic use of sublingual nitroglycerin spray allows patients to face exertion with confidence and permits exercise for a longer amount of time .
these results support the use of sublingual nitroglycerin spray as nitrate therapy in patients with stable angina who are being managed with optimal medical therapy .
this approach may also be beneficial for patients who have persistent angina post - revascularization .
further studies are needed to evaluate the long - term beneficial effects of using routine prophylactic nitroglycerin spray in patients with stable angina to increase exercise duration and improve quality of life and well - being .
 backgroundsublingual nitroglycerin increases exercise duration in patients with stable angina . 
 brief results from this study were published previously in german . here , we more fully describe the study methodology , patient characteristics , and detailed results.methodsthis double - blind , crossover study enrolled 51 patients with stable angina . 
 patients were randomized to 1 of 5 treatment sequences and were administered placebo or nitroglycerin spray ( 0.2 mg , 0.4 mg , 0.8 mg , or 1.6 mg ) . 
 patients carried out 1 control exercise tolerance test ( ett ) and 1 investigational ett at each visit.resultsdose-dependent increases in time to onset of angina , time to onset of moderate angina , and the occurrence of a minimum 1.0-mm st - segment depression were seen following administration of nitroglycerin spray.conclusionsthese results support the use of sublingual nitroglycerin spray in patients with stable angina who are being managed with medical therapy and in patients who have persistent angina post - revascularization . 
Introduction
Methods
Study approval and consent
Patients
Study Design and Treatment
Outcomes
Results
Patient characteristics
Efficacy
Safety
Discussion
Additional Considerations
Conclusions