radiography is generally used in determining dental maturation and two - dimensional panoramic radiographs are mainly used in radiography as seen in the dental and forensic literature . however
, different dental age estimation methods have been used to measure tooth development , which include diagrams , charts , and definition of the formative stages at present .
cone beam computed tomography ( cbct ) allows obtaining three - dimensional images of the tooth .
yang et al . mentioned that the clinical use of cbct has shown new techniques for acquiring three - dimensional dental radiographs , resulting in good image quality with low radiation dose .
cameriere et al . emphasized that volumetric study with cbct would be the best method for dental age estimation .
first describe an approach to dental age estimation by cbct using the ratio of pulp / tooth volume that could be calculated for living individuals .
indicated that to improve age estimation goal , including the volume of dental tissues and their ratio ,  further investigation should aim : to acquire larger sample sizes in order to reduce standard errors of age estimation , study the effect of several factors on model parameters , and investigate the use of all types of teeth together  .
limited number of studies is available on the issue of ratio of pulp / tooth volume .
dental age estimation is usually done on the mandibular incisor , canine , or premolar that is , always the monoradicular teeth in the afore - mentioned studies .
nevertheless , no study has investigated the use of tooth germ volume for dental age estimation in multiradicular teeth .
in addition to this , it is a well - known fact that dental development is a multi - factorial phenomenon .
garn et al . in their study have reported in 1965 that they thought genes , harmonies , and even calories have an important role in tooth development .
however , environmental factors are now better known to have a very important role in the dental development .
orthodontic malocclusions on the sagittal , vertical and even horizontal dimensions have been reported to have an effect on dental development .
posterior crossbite is characterized as any abnormal buccopalatinal relationship between mandibular and maxillary molars , premolars , or both in centric occlusion .
uysal et al . indicated that the crossbite patient presented with a tendency to delayed dental maturation .
in addition to this , there is no study investigating the development of 3ms in the crossbite and normal sides . in light of this fact ,
the aim of this study was to investigate mandibular 3ms maturation and volume in the crossbite side and to compare them with the 3ms in the normal sides by two - dimensional and three - dimensional analyses using cbct data .
a retrospective study was performed using cbct data of 25 patients ( 16 females and 9 males ; aged 15 - 23 years ) , selected randomly from the archive of faculty of dentistry in erciyes university .
cbct scans of these patients were previously obtained as a part of the diagnostic records for orthognathic surgery , temporomandibular dysfunction , and impacted canine ; and for this reason they were not subjected to additional radiation .
ethics committee approval was not required due to the archival nature of the research . however , as a usual protocol , all the patients ( or parents ) signed an informed consent agreeing to the use of the patients data ( age , gender , medical history , etc . ) for scientific studies .
all images were obtained in the supine position by using cbct ( newtom 5 g , qr verona , italy ) .
the scanning time was 18 s , collimation height 13 cm , exposure time 3.6 s , and voxel size 0.3 mm .
patients in the study group met the following inclusion criteria : 
 no history of trauma , developmental and acquired craniofacial disorders or maxillofacial surgery prior to orthodontic treatment.no missing tooth ( excluding maxillary 3ms ) and no systemic disease.skeletal class i ( determined by anb ; 0 - 4 ) and normodivergent facial pattern ( determined by sn - gogn angle ; 32  5).unilateral crossbite of at least two teeth determined by plaster models ( 11 patients had all teeth in crossbite , 8 patients had three teeth in crossbite and 6 patients had two teeth in crossbite ) .
no history of trauma , developmental and acquired craniofacial disorders or maxillofacial surgery prior to orthodontic treatment .
skeletal class i ( determined by anb ; 0 - 4 ) and normodivergent facial pattern ( determined by sn - gogn angle ; 32  5 ) .
unilateral crossbite of at least two teeth determined by plaster models ( 11 patients had all teeth in crossbite , 8 patients had three teeth in crossbite and 6 patients had two teeth in crossbite ) .
all records were examined in axial slices , and patients who had two or more unilateral posterior crossbite teeth were determined using the same device ( newtom 5 g , qr verona , italy ) [ figure 1 ] .
primary reconstructions of the data were performed with the mimics software ( materialise hq , leuven , belgium ) .
second , the exported digital imaging and communication in medicine ( dicom ) files were viewed , and segmentations of the mandibular 3ms were carried out using software .
observations were made regarding the patient 's sex , chronological age , anb , and sn - gogn angles .
unilateral crossbite shown in a cone beam computed tomography image panoramic radiograms were obtained by the mimics software ( materialise hq , leuven , belgium ) , and dental development of the 3ms was evaluated according to the method of demirjian et al .
the formation stages of the tooth germs were evaluated based on the formative condition of the crowns and roots of the mandibular 3ms .
this method divides the formation of the crowns and roots of permanent teeth into eight stages .
the formation stage of the mandibular 3 m on the side of the crossbite was evaluated .
the formative condition of the 3 m on the other side of the same jaw was used as the control [ figure 3 ] .
dicom files were imported in a cbct diagnostic and treatment planning software allowing for tooth volume calculations .
the program automatically calculated the volume of the obtained three - dimensional images of the tooth [ figure 4 ] .
all measurements were carried out by a dentomaxillofacial radiologist without knowing the crossbite side and thus a blinding was performed .
the eight stages of tooth development according to demirjian method the formative condition of the third molar on the other side of the same jaw was used as the control volumetric measurement of third molar on the cone beam computed tomography images to test the reproducibility of the assessments of dental developmental stages and volume of mandibular 3ms , the same investigator re - evaluated 15 randomly selected cbcts 2 weeks after the first evaluation .
intra - class correlation coefficients were performed to assess the reliability of volumetric measurements as described by houston .
the coefficients of reliability according to the houston method for volumetric measurements were 0.92 ( mandibular right molar volume ) and 0.98 ( mandibular left molar volume ) , confirming measurement reliability .
kappa coefficients were used to evaluate agreement between the first and second dental maturity assessments and kappa values were found to be above 0.90 .
student 's t - test was used to assess gender differences in the patient 's chronological age , anb , and sn - gogn angles .
a paired t - test was used to compare the differences in the developmental stages and volume of the 3ms between the crossbite and control sides .
since no gender difference was present for mandibular 3msdevelopment stages and volume , the data from both sexes were pooled .
a linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of the number of teeth in crossbite .
all data were analyzed with spss for windows ( version 15.0 , spss , chicago , illinois ) .
panoramic radiograms were obtained by the mimics software ( materialise hq , leuven , belgium ) , and dental development of the 3ms was evaluated according to the method of demirjian et al .
the formation stages of the tooth germs were evaluated based on the formative condition of the crowns and roots of the mandibular 3ms .
this method divides the formation of the crowns and roots of permanent teeth into eight stages .
the formation stage of the mandibular 3 m on the side of the crossbite was evaluated .
the formative condition of the 3 m on the other side of the same jaw was used as the control [ figure 3 ] .
dicom files were imported in a cbct diagnostic and treatment planning software allowing for tooth volume calculations .
the program automatically calculated the volume of the obtained three - dimensional images of the tooth [ figure 4 ] .
all measurements were carried out by a dentomaxillofacial radiologist without knowing the crossbite side and thus a blinding was performed .
the eight stages of tooth development according to demirjian method the formative condition of the third molar on the other side of the same jaw was used as the control volumetric measurement of third molar on the cone beam computed tomography images
to test the reproducibility of the assessments of dental developmental stages and volume of mandibular 3ms , the same investigator re - evaluated 15 randomly selected cbcts 2 weeks after the first evaluation .
intra - class correlation coefficients were performed to assess the reliability of volumetric measurements as described by houston .
the coefficients of reliability according to the houston method for volumetric measurements were 0.92 ( mandibular right molar volume ) and 0.98 ( mandibular left molar volume ) , confirming measurement reliability .
kappa coefficients were used to evaluate agreement between the first and second dental maturity assessments and kappa values were found to be above 0.90 .
student 's t - test was used to assess gender differences in the patient 's chronological age , anb , and sn - gogn angles .
a paired t - test was used to compare the differences in the developmental stages and volume of the 3ms between the crossbite and control sides .
since no gender difference was present for mandibular 3msdevelopment stages and volume , the data from both sexes were pooled .
a linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of the number of teeth in crossbite .
all data were analyzed with spss for windows ( version 15.0 , spss , chicago , illinois ) .
student 's t - test showed no significant sex differences for skeletal facial patterns and chronological ages and thus both genders presented similar characteristic features .
demographic features of the subjects included to the study third molars development stages and volume in relation to crossbite presence are shown in table 2 . paired t - test showed that no statistically significant differences were found in the development of the mandibular 3ms between the crossbite and control sides ( p = 0.714 ) .
in addition , when we evaluated patients one by one , we detected differences in seven patients according to the developmental stages of the 3ms .
on the other hand , 18 of 25 patients development of the 3ms were the same .
although three patients had one developmental stage delay of the mandibular 3 m in the crossbite side , the other four patients had one developmental stage accelerated .
third molar development stage in relation to cross bite presence because student 's t - test showed no significant sex differences for the volume parameters of the 3ms , the data for both genders were pooled .
in contrast to developmental stage similarities , paired t - test showed statistically significant differences for the volume of the mandibular 3ms between the crossbite and control sides ( p = 0.021 ) .
the volume of mandibular 3 m in the crossbite side was less than the volume of 3 m in the control side ( 529.81  199.01 mm and 578.52  217.43 mm , respectively ) .
results of the regression analysis showed that the number of the teeth in crossbite had no affect on the volume of the mandibular 3ms ( r = 0.004 ; p = 0.714 ) .
dental age determination is important in both medical jurisprudence and clinical dentistry . the most common method by which dental age assessment is done is the method of demirjian et al .
this classification method distinguishes the first four stages of crown development ( a - d ) and the last four stages of root development ( e - g ) so it is easy to use .
have reported that this method performed intra- and inter - examination best for radiographic stage assessment of 3ms .
malocclusions in the sagittal , vertical , and horizontal dimensions were previously shown to affect dental development .
therefore , patients who were included in this study were compatible with the horizontal and vertical dimensions as shown in table 1 .
lately , it was shown that children with hypodontia showed a significant delay in dental development when compared with case controls . to eliminate those factors , patients with hypodontia
since above factors affecting dental development was eliminated , the effects of unilateral crossbite might be better understood .
panoramic radiographs are noninvasive methods that are used in the formative condition of the teeth . dental maturation has been successfully determined from two - dimensional panoramic radiographs .
however , these radiographic images were made from accumulated two - dimensional images of the horizontal or parallel aspects of the tooth and therefore , would be difficult to accurately evaluate the development of the teeth , especially 3ms that have generally different eruption and formation anomalies .
furthermore , the entire three - dimensional morphological assessment of 3ms is not possible with panoramic radiographs .
however , the clinical use of cbct has created new opportunities for obtaining three - dimensional tooth radiographs , resulting in reasonable fair image quality at a low radiation dose . in a recent paper ,
ahlowalia et al . in their study have reported that cbct was an accurate means of measuring the volume of artificially created bone cavities .
it was stated that deviation of tooth maturation on the two sides of the same jaw is frequent and few months of tooth maturation difference can be observed . in this study ,
no statistically significant difference for the mandibular 3 m developmental stage between the crossbite and the normal sides was present .
we detected differences only in seven patients in relation to the developmental stages of the 3ms .
although there was no difference in dental maturation as assessed by two - dimensional analyses method , there were statistically significant volume differences between the crossbite and control sides ( p = 0.021 ) .
it was found that mean volume ( 529.81  199.01 mm ) of mandibular 3ms in the crossbite side was less than the mean volume ( 578.52  217.43 mm ) of mandibular 3ms in the normal side .
this result suggests that the presence of mandibular 3ms has a different growth potential even if a similar development stage was observed in two - dimensional radiographs .
this difference might be due to the difference in crown volume in the erupted teeth .
however , we did not differ crown and root volume due to the difficulties in performing this .
furthermore , we investigated the effects of tooth number in the crossbite on volume difference and no effect was found according to the results of the linear regression analysis ( r = 0.004 ; p = 0.714 ) .
the strength of this study is that it is the first study using cbct for the evaluation of mandibular 3 m maturation in unilateral crossbite patients .
however , limitation of this study might be the number of the patients ( 25 patients ) included to the study .
cbct data from the archives were used in the present study because it is not ethically acceptable to expose patients to radiation . according to the findings of celikoglu
et al . , dental age of patients with sagittal skeletal malocclusions was approximately twice more advanced when compared with patients without sagittal skeletal anomaly patterns .
a recently published study have shown that the dental age has been estimated to be more advanced than chronological age in all skeletal malocclusions and dental maturation advanced in cases with a tendency to develop class ii malocclusions . therefore , the inclusion criteria such as no hypodontia , no sagittal and vertical skeletal anomaly reduced the study sample of the present study .
future studies including larger study samples and performed on cbct archive could be welcome to discuss and confirm our findings .
as a result , although two - dimensional data showed that no statistically significant difference was present for the development of mandibular 3ms in the normal and crossbite sides , the volume of 3 m that was calculated by means of cbct was found to be less in the crossbite side than in the normal side .
 objectives : the aim was to investigate mandibular third molar ( 3 m ) 's maturation in the crossbite and normal sides by two- and three - dimensional analyses using cone beam computed tomography ( cbct).materials and methods : a retrospective study was performed using cbct of 25 patients ( 16 females and 9 males ; mean age : 16.8  2.9 years ) with unilateral posterior crossbite . 
 the formation stages and the volume of the mandibular 3ms were evaluated by means of cbct data of the patients without knowing the crossbite side of the patients.results:statistically no significant differences were found in the development of the 3ms between the crossbite and the control sides , whereas the volume of 3 m was found to be less in the crossbite side than in the normal side ( p = 0.021).conclusions : a volume of 3 m was found to be less in the crossbite side than in the normal side . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Evaluation of dental maturation and dental volume
Statistical evaluation
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION