the search for an ideal restorative material is a challenge for which dentistry has yet to find a solution .
thus , for each individual clinical situation , dentists must consider certain properties in order to identify the most suitable material .
such properties include biocompatibility , adhesion to the dental structure , absence of marginal leakage , wear and pressure resistance , fluoride release , setting time , facilities related to its manipulation and cost .
glass ionomer cements ( gic ) are widely indicated in modern dentistry , especially in atraumatic restorative treatment ( art ) and pediatric dentistry .
the first commercially produced ionomer had poor esthetic properties , reduced working time and very slow final setting .
other gic were also introduced to the market , such as silver - modified gic ( ketac silver / espe ) , resin - modified gic ( vitremer / 3 m ) and , more recently , conventional gic with high powder / liquid proportion ( chemflex / dentsply , fuji ixgp / gc corporation , ketac molar / espe , vidrion rcaps / ss white ) .
the latter gic have improved mechanical properties in comparison with their predecessors21 and were especially developed for atraumatic restorative treatment ( art ) .
art is a dental care proposal that attempts to control the development of the carious lesion , helping the organism to react against the attack of cariogenic bacteria .
it basically consists of partial removal of the carious lesions and subsequent filling of cavities with an adhesive restorative material in association with preventive and educational measures6,7,12 .
conventional restorative gic are indicated in art for their adhesion capacity and fluoride release properties as well as the chemical setting mechanism , which foregoes technological sophistication , as this treatment was initially proposed for places without the proper infrastructure
. however , such materials are as yet too costly for widespread use in developing countries such as brazil , especially those with high powder / liquid proportion18 .
this leads some professionals to look for alternative materials , such as vidrion r ( ss white ) and even the temporary restorative material irm ( dentsply ) , when performing art among underprivileged populations , such as those in public institutions .
the aim of the present study was to compare the performance of conventional brazilian glass ionomer cements , which are considered much more financially accessible and available in the market , to the performance of imported cements suitable for art with regard to microleakage in class ii restorations of primary molars in an in vitro environment .
the experimental protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the federal university of minas gerais ( report n. 214/01 ) . with the informed consent of children and their families , 40 clinically sound primary second molars were used in the research .
two standard class ii cavity preparations were performed on each tooth just above the cementoenamel junction .
the cavities were prepared with a 1.8-mm round - tipped cylindrical diamond bur ( microdont 4230 ) at high - speed under air and water cooling .
cavity finishing was performed with the same bur at low - speed as well as with manual instruments .
the cavity was cylindrical with approximately 2 mm in diameter and gingival wall situated 1 mm above the cementoenamel junction .
restorative procedures were performed by a single operator who did not exceed 3 hours of daily work at 23c + / - 2c .
the teeth were randomly assigned to two groups of 20 teeth each , according to the gic mixing method used : hand - mixed or capsulated gic .
mesial cavities were restored with brazilian gic and distal cavities were restored with imported gic , according to pin , et al.18 ( 1998 ) , culminating in 4 groups with 20 restorations each : group 1 - vidrion dentin conditioner was applied to the cavity with a disposable brush for 30 seconds and rinsed 3 times with a moist cotton pellet .
the gic vidrion r was measured , mixed by hand and inserted according to the manufacturer 's instructions with the aid of a blunt hollemback instrument ( duflex ) .
group 2 - application of fuji ix liquid to the cavity surface with a disposable brush for 10 seconds , after which the previously described rinsing and drying methods were used .
the gic fuji ix were measured , mixed by hand and inserted according to the manufacturer 's instructions with the aid of a blunt hollemback instrument ( duflex ) .
group 3 - the conditioning procedures and the stainless steel band adaptation were performed in exactly the same manner as in group 1 .
the vidrion rcaps capsule was activated and mixed in agreement with the manufacturer 's instructions .
the capsule was then opened ; the gic was removed and inserted into the cavity with the aid of a centrix syringe .
group 4 - gc cavity conditioner was applied to the cavity with a disposable brush for 10 seconds , after which the previously described rinsing and drying methods were used .
the fuji ixgpfast 
 capsule was activated and mixed in agreement with the manufacturer 's instructions .
the insertion of gic into the cavity was performed directly through the capsule adapted to a metallic applicator ( gc capsule applier ) .
the capsulated gic were mixed using a high - frequency mechanical mixer ( capmix / 3 m espe ) .
as soon as the cement began to lose its shiny appearance , pressure was applied for 30 seconds with an amalgam packer ( duflex ) lubricated with petroleum jelly ( vaseline ) .
fifteen minutes after the restorative procedure was completed , the band was cut and the restoration was finished using a surgical blade adapted to a scalpel .
a layer of varnish was applied ( vidrion v over mesial restorations and fuji varnish over distal restorations ) .
specimens were stored in distilled water at 37c for 24 hours and then polished using paper discs ( sof - lex/ 3 m espe ) . a new layer of varnish was then applied .
the materials used to perform the restorations are displayed in table 1 , along with the respective manufacturers , batches , features and mixing methods .
for the microleakage test , the pulp chambers were filled with ultra fast - setting epoxy resin ( araldite ) to prevent infiltration of the dye solution .
specimens were then entirely covered with two layers of nail varnish , except for the cervical margin of the class ii filling and 1 millimeter beyond it .
next , teeth were immersed in 0.5% methylene blue water solution ( ph 7.2 , at 37c ) for 4 hours , rinsed in tap water , dried for 24 hours and embedded in transparent polyester resin ( crystal ) .
the specimens were half - sectioned on a precision cutting machine ( isomet 1000 ) with a diamond disk ( buehler series 15 hc diamond , n. 11.4215 ) cooled with distilled water .
the cut was meant to coincide with the center of the restorations . nevertheless , anatomical features inherent to deciduous teeth made it impossible to use a single cut in all cases and at times an additional sequential cut was needed .
all sections of each restoration obtained after cutting were assessed by three independent calibrated examiners on a stereomicroscope at 30x magnification to verify dye penetration .
the following criteria based on the work of yap , et al.30 ( 2000 ) were used to score the extent of leakage at the cervical margin : 0 = no dye penetration ; 1 = dye penetration up to half the extension of the cervical wall ; 2 = dye penetration beyond half up to the whole extension of the cervical wall ; 3 = dye penetration reaching the axial wall .
each examiner performed all possible readings for each of the test samples ( 1 test sample = 1 , 2 , 3 or 4 readings , depending on the sections made available by the cuts ) .
median values were used between examiners for each section , as the kappa test revealed fair agreement among them ( 1x2 = 0.61 ; 1x3 = 0.71 ; 2x3 = 0.77 ) .
the kruskal - wallis non - parametric test was applied to compare the median scores of cervical leakage obtained by the three examiners for each of the dental sections ( 1 , 2 , 3 , or 4 section obtained by the cuttings ) and revealed no differences with regard to the percentage of maximum scores .
the wilcoxon test was used for dependent samples in the comparison of the median scores of microleakage obtained for each material .
the material with the best performance was vidrion rcaps ( 62.5% of the samples with light or absence of leakage ) .
the material with the worst performance was fuji ix ( 94.1% of the samples restored with this material presented severe microleakage ) .
when the manually mixed and the mechanically mixed correspondents of each gic were assessed as a group , it was observed ( table 3 ) that a greater percentage of maximum scores for cervical microleakage was found when using the imported gic ( 80.3% , against 55.4% when using the brazilian gic ) . for the wilcoxon test ,
an equal number of samples were needed so that n was 21 in all groups .
the percentages for the equal samples are not presented due to the similarity obtained between them for the total sample .
table 4 displays the wilcoxon test results for comparison of microleakage scores for the different gic .
a highly significant difference was observed ( p=0.001 ) in cervical microleakage scores between brazilian and imported materials , with the former ones presenting smaller values .
when only fuji ixgpfast 
 capsule and vidrion rcaps were compared , the brazilian material also presented significantly lower ( p=0.003 ) cervical microleakage scores than the values presented by the imported material .
however , the difference between these scores could not be considered statistically significant ( p=0.102 ) ( table 4 ) .
assuming the fact that the main intrinsic features of an effective restorative material related to a good marginal sealing are its adhesion capacity to the tooth structure and its dimensional stability , and that conventional gic present chemical adhesion to the tooth2,13 , low linear thermal expansion coefficient - similar to the dental structure4,13- and minimal setting shrinkage2,24 , one might expected them to avoid microleakage and all its consequences . in the present work , however , very high cervical microleakage indices were found for all conventional gic assessed . from the total sample ,
68% presented a maximum score , 22% presented some microleakage and only 10% of samples were leakage - free . the vast majority of papers in related literature also reveal high cervical leakage indices related to conventional gic in both permanent1,24,30 and deciduous8,28 teeth .
a few authors , however , have reported considerable marginal sealing with conventional gic in permanent4 and deciduous27 teeth .
the lack of detailed methodological information makes it hard to conclusively assess the reasons why these authors obtained such good results .
alperstein , et al.1 ( 1983 ) and yap , et al.30 ( 2000 ) have demonstrated considerable microleakage in gic restorations even when samples were not submitted to thermocycling , which is known to increase microleakage values .
this fact raises the question of what factors other than adhesive capacity and dimensional stability account for adequate initial marginal sealing . as in vitro assays presented dye penetration in gic restorations , but the in vivo assays did not detect bacteria under those same restorations , heys and fitzgerald10 ( 1991 ) concluded that either the gap between the dentin and the gic was too small for the bacteria and their byproducts but big enough to allow dye penetration , or the bacteriostatic / bactericide properties of the material were sufficient in preventing the penetration of viable bacteria .
arcoria , et al.2 ( 1990 ) have reported that the methylene blue dye molecule is much smaller than 0.5 mm , which would be the space needed to permit the passage of bacteria and their products through the dentin / restoration interface .
therefore , dye penetration is not an absolute indicator of what could take place in a clinical context and thereby overestimates results on many occasions .
although gic does not avoid microleakage in the in vitro tooth / restoration interface , the material may present a good performance in clinical situations due to its fluoride - releasing capacity that can postpone or prevent the development of secondary carious lesions , which represent the real clinical threat of microleakage18,28 .
furthermore , gic is potentially able to remineralize residual carious dentin to a varying extent in clinical situations such as art in primary molars25 .
its preventive role makes gic widely indicated in pediatric dentistry when the quality of the restoration is often damaged by unsuitable children 's behavior .
the fact that primary teeth have a limited life span also reduces demands on wear resistance , which remains a setback for gic5 .
it is well known that a few clinical events may enhance it ( such as successive dimensional changes of the material caused by sudden temperature changes , mechanical occlusal stress and hygroscopic alterations ) , whereas other events may decrease it ( such as the maturation of the restorative material or prolonged exposure to saliva , causing obliteration of the space between the tooth and the restorative material through the deposition of mineral salts ) on a long - term basis9 .
a number of strategies can be used to simulate these microleakage events in vitro and , when under a very strict control , may actually mimic what occurs in the mouth .
nevertheless , it was decided not to adopt any of these simulating strategies in the present study . instead
, an attempt was made to control all variables to the utmost for only the appreciation of the initial leakage of different appraised gic . in future studies , we intend to include other factors that are known to be equally relevant . as there are reports in the literature that the mixing technique may significantly alter the final properties of the gic3,11,14,16 , we chose to work with brazilian and imported gic used in art , which presented a version in separate bottles and an encapsulated correspondent : vidrion r / vidrion rcaps ( commercialized by the brazilian company ss white ) and fuji ix / fuji ixgpfast 
 capsule ( commercialized by the multinational company gc corporation ) .
brazilian gic presented a more favorable behavior regarding cervical microleakage than the imported gic , although this difference was only statistically significant ( p=0.000 ) when the materials were mechanically mixed .
raggio , et al.20 ( 2002 ) also found smaller microleakage values in class v restorations performed with vidrion r in relation to fuji ix in the cervical wall on deciduous teeth , although this difference was also not statistically significant and the authors only evaluated manually mixed gic .
the difference between the material setting times may be related to the differences found in microleakage .
a very short solidification time may not allow an appropriate flow of gic to the cavity bottom and may therefore disturb the marginal sealing of the restoration .
in the present study , gic with a shorter setting time presented higher values of microleakage than gic with a slower setting time ( setting time according to the manufacturer 's information : fuji ix = 2 min and 20 s ; fuji ixgpfast 
 capsule = 2 min ; vidrion r = 5 min and 30 s ; vidrion rcaps = 3 min and 30 s to 4 min and 30 s ) .
thus , the reduced setting times of the imported materials , especially the encapsulated form , may have disturbed the appropriate gic / dental surface adaptation in the cervical area . on the other hand ,
a slow rate of the gic setting reaction is one of the problems associated to clinical use11 .
thus , a reduction in the setting time of conventional gic is of clinical interest , as the solidification reaction consists of a complex acid / base reaction that is quite sensitive in its initial stage , so that the dehydration or the contamination of the material by humidity during this period can harm the final properties of the gic11,13 .
this is especially true for art when it is not possible to use a rubber dam or even saliva suction .
furthermore , a slow setting time may result in lower overall productivity of clinicians , which is undesirable considering the great demand for dental treatment in countries such as brazil .
once the form of insertion of two gic in the cavities was standardized in the most similar way possible for each mixing method , its influence on differences in microleakage was disregarded .
peutzfeldt and asmussen17 ( 1990 ) and tanumiharja , et al.26 ( 2000 ) demonstrated that variations in the concentrations and in the time of use of polyacrylic acid do not significantly interfere with the resistance adhesive of conventional gic to the dentin , and should also not interfere with microleakage .
thus , we disregarded the influence of the different conditioning agents used in the present study with respect to microleakage [ liquid of the material itself ( 40% polyacrylic acid ) for fuji ix ; gc cavity conditioner ( 20 - 25% polyacrylic acid ) for fuji ixgpfast 
 capsule ; vidrion dentin conditioner ( 11.5% polyacrylic acid ) for vidrion r and vidrion rcaps ] as well as the different conditioning times employed in accordance with the respective manufacturer 's instructions .
considering mechanically mixed gic , a possible explanation for the difference in microleakage may be related to differences between the capsules of the two materials with regard to shape , weight , size and location of the sealing wax that separates the liquid from the powder .
these factors may influence the effective contact between powder and liquid , as well as the extension of the mixture and , consequently , the powder / liquid proportion in the final material11,14 . according to rupp , et al.21 ( 1996 ) , achievement of an appropriate manipulation of encapsulated gic
the mixer speed varies due to a number of factors , including the capsule weight .
however , more studies are necessary to permit conclusions related to the influence of capsule variations on gic properties , including microleakage . in the present study ,
mesial cavities were restored with brazilian gic and distal cavities were restored with imported gic , according to pin , et al.18 ( 1998 ) .
we do not believe that this option had any effect on the results since no differences regarding the direction of enamel prisms at cervical margins , thickness of enamel , aprismatic layer or dentinal tubular pattern have been observed in the related literature between mesial and distal surfaces of second primary molars22 .
well - adapted restorations with adequate marginal sealing are of extreme importance for the success of atraumatic restorative treatment , as isolating the external media is necessary in order to create the proper conditions for the organism to fight the remaining bacterial infection in the dentinal tissue at the bottom of the cavity , and also to remineralize the local dental structure26 .
an interesting result originated from the comparison between gic : a better performance was expected from the imported materials to which improved properties are attributed than the other conventional restorative gic due to the high powder / liquid proportion23,29 .
this seems very appropriate , since they are much more financially accessible products than fuji ix or fuji ixgpfast 
 capsule , allowing their wide use in public health both for art applications and conventional restorative treatment .
however , it is important to keep in mind that the present study only assessed microleakage .
other characteristics that were not evaluated here , such as bond strength , fluoride release , solubility , compressive strength , surface hardness , tensile strength , wear resistance , porosity , fracture resistance , setting time and practicability are of extreme importance to the clinical success of glass ionomer cements .
based on such factors , there may be benefits in using one of the imported materials . according to raggio , et al.20 ( 2002 ) , although the brazilian gic are cheaper , they could present some disadvantages , such as a long setting time , accentuated wear and greater solubility over time , so that the final treatment cost may increase if there is need for further intervention . despite the many limitations presented by the in vitro studies failing to precisely reproduce clinical conditions , they are still considered very useful for indicating directions in the properties of new materials18 .
however , attention should be drawn to the fact that laboratory studies with small sample sizes in carefully controlled and standardized environments , such as the conditions reproduced in this paper , should not be extrapolated to more complex clinical situations .
this makes it of paramount importance to pursue further clinical studies in order to compare in vitro test results with the clinical performance of materials .
none of the conventional restoring gic for atraumatic restorative treatment assessed in the present work was able to avoid the cervical microleakage in class ii restorations of primary molars in an in vitro environment , and all presented high indices of dye penetration in the tooth / restoration interface .
brazilian gic ( vidrion r / vidrion rcaps ) presented a better performance regarding cervical microleakage in comparison to imported gic ( fuji ix / fuji ixgpfast 
 capsule ) .
considering the microleakage alone , it appears viable to use gic vidrion r / vidrion rcaps as an alternative material in atraumatic restorative treatment .
 with the aim of assessing the performance of brazilian and imported glass ionomer cements ( gic ) with regard to microleakage , 40 primary molars received two standard class ii cavity preparations with margins in enamel . 
 twenty cavities were filled with brazilian materials ( vidrion r and vidrion rcaps ) and the other 20 cavities were filled with imported materials ( fuji ix and fuji ixgpfast 
 capsule ) . 
 all fillings were performed by a single operator according to the manufacturer 's instructions . 
 teeth were immersed in 0.5% methylene blue and half - sectioned . 
 three independent calibrated examiners assessed microleakage using scores ( 0 - 3 ) . 
 data were submitted to the kruskal - wallis statistical test and wilcoxon analysis . 
 high microleakage indexes were verified for all ionomer cements : 59.5% of the samples restored with vidrion r or vidrion rcaps and 83.4% of the samples restored with fuji ix or fuji ixgpfast 
 capsule obtained the maximum score ( 3 ) . 
 the brazilian ionomer cements presented less microleakage than imported cements , although this difference was only significant ( p=0.003 ) among the encapsulated materials . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS