opinion: CAPITAL TOOL AND MANUFACTURING CO., INC., a Virginia corporation, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MASCHINENFABRIK HERKULES, Hans Thoma GMBH; Christoph Thoma; Roy A. Ridgeway, Defendants-Appellees.
  No. 87-2608.
  United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
  Argued Nov. 30, 1987.
  Decided Jan. 20, 1988.
  Douglas Whitfield Davis (Cheryl G. Ragsdale, Hunton & Williams, Raymond R. Robrecht, on brief), for plaintiff-appellant.
  Roger Keith Rutledge (Rutledge & Rutledge, Gregory L. Lyons, Gerald A. De-chow, Gardner, Moss & Rocovich, P.C., on brief), for defendants-appellees.
  Before RUSSELL and WILKINS, Circuit Judges, and BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge.
  BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge:
  Capital Tool and Manufacturing Co. (Capeo), a developer of automated controls for industrial machinery, brought this action against Roy A. Ridgeway, an engineer formerly employed by Capeo and presently working for Herkules Controls, and against Maschinenfabrik Herkules, a manufacturer of industrial machinery and the parent company of Herkules Controls. Capeo contends that Ridgeway is wrongfully using its trade secrets in his new employment, to the detriment of Capeo and in violation of his contractual obligations and Virginia’s Uniform Trade Secrets Act, Va.Code §§ 59.1-336-343 (Repl.Vol.1987). Capeo sought a preliminary injunction to bar Ridgeway from working for Herkules or any affiliated company and to order Ridge-way and Herkules to refrain from disclosing or misappropriating Capeo’s trade secrets. The district court denied the preliminary injunction. Because the district court properly exercised its discretion by denying the preliminary injunction, we affirm.
  I
  Capeo and Herkules entered into a series of contracts whereby Capeo agreed to develop custom automated controls for certain Herkules notch milling and roll grinding machines and to provide these controls for a period of at least ten years. Her-kules, in return, agreed to purchase these controls from Capeo and made a substantial down payment against the delivery of the prototype models. At the time of this contract, and for some time afterwards, Ridgeway was employed as Capeo’s chief engineer and devoted most of his time to the development of these controls.
  For reasons which are still in dispute, relations between Capeo and Herkules deteriorated, and in March 1987 Herkules announced that it considered the contract terminated. Within days Ridgeway terminated his employment with Capeo. He accepted a position as president and 50% owner of Herkules Controls, a newly formed affiliate of Maschinenfabrik Herkules. There he is involved in developing a roll grinder control.
  When Ridgeway departed for Herkules, Capco’s work on the custom notch mill control was almost completed, while its control for the roll grinder was less far along. Capeo asserts that it is of little consequence that the roll grinder control was not far advanced, because its controls are constructed at least in part out of what it calls a “flexible modular control system.” That means that significant portions of the hardware and software developed for the notch mill control would also be useful for constructing a roll grinder control. Capeo is concerned that in his work on the roll grinder control at Herkules, Ridgeway may be improperly using trade secrets he learned while developing the notch mill control.
  II
  To show that the denial of injunctive relief was reversible error, Capeo advances a three-step argument:
  1) Irreparable injury is not a prerequisite for preliminary injunctive relief when a complainant invokes the Virginia Trade Secrets Act.
  2) Where an injunction explicitly authorized by state law is sought in a diversity case Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938), requires that state standards governing the issuance of preliminary injunctions be followed.
  3) The district court denied an injunction solely because of its mistaken belief that Capeo was obliged to show irreparable injury-
  The difficulty with Capco’s argument lies in its failure to appreciate the difference between final and preliminary injunctions. Capeo relies primarily on Virginia Beach v. South Hampton Roads Veterinary Association, 229 Va. 349, 329 S.E.2d 10 (1985), and Environmental Defense Fund, Inc. v. Lamphier, 714 F.2d 331 (4th Cir.1983). These cases do indeed illustrate a principle common to both Virginia and federal law: a complainant need not allege or prove irreparable harm when it invokes a statute that authorizes injunctive relief. All that need be proved is a violation of the statute. Virginia Beach, 229 Va. at 354, 329 S.E.2d at 13; Environmental Defense Fund, 714 F.2d at 338. In each case the complainant proved a statutory violation after a full trial on the merits, and the court properly granted a final injunction to enforce the statute without requiring proof of irreparable harm.
  There can be little doubt that the same principle would govern the grant of a final injunction in diversity cases. There is no reason to exclude from Erie state substantive law regarding the issuance of final injunctions. This is evident from Erie’s criticism of Black & White Taxicab Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab Co., 276 U.S. 518, 48 S.Ct. 404, 72 L.Ed. 618 (1928), which upheld a federal injunction that would have been denied by a state court applying state law of the forum. See Erie, 304 U.S. at 73 and 75 n. 11, 58 S.Ct. at 819, 821 n. 11.
  But the purpose of a preliminary, as opposed to a final, injunction “is merely to preserve the relative positions of the parties until a trial on the merits can be held.” University of Texas v. Camenisch, 451 U.S. 390, 395, 101 S.Ct. 1830, 1834, 68 L.Ed. 2d 175 (1981). Typically — and this is a typical case — the parties do not provide the court sufficient information to decide the merits of the case when application is made for a preliminary injunction. For this reason a district court must balance the hardship the parties will suffer pending trial according to the factors set forth in Blackwelder Furniture Co. v. Seilig Mfg. Co., 550 F.2d 189 (4th Cir.1977).
  Although Blackwelder dealt with alleged violations of federal law, its principles are applicable to diversity cases. See Federal Leasing, Inc. v. Underwriters at Lloyd’s, 487 F.Supp. 1248, 1260-61 (D.Md.1980), aff'd 650 F.2d 495, 499-500 (4th Cir.1981) (by implication); accord General Electric Co. v. American Wholesale Co., 235 F.2d 606, 608 (7th Cir.1956); 11 Wright and Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 2943 at 390-91 (1973).
  In any event, there is no great difference between federal and Virginia standards for preliminary injunctions. Both draw upon the same equitable principles. Virginia Code § 8.01-628 provides: “No temporary injunction shall be awarded unless the court shall be satisfied of the plaintiffs equity.” This requires the court to examine the plaintiffs right and the existence of impending irreparable injury. See 1 Barton’s Chancery Practice 654-55 (3d ed. 1926).
  It certainly is not the case that Capeo was automatically entitled to a preliminary injunction as a matter of right. Even assuming that the Trade Secrets Act lowers the hurdles which must be cleared before a judge has discretion to issue an injunction, the Act leaves the granting of such injunctions in the discretion of the court. In plain terms, it says that actual or threatened misappropriation may, not must, be enjoined. Virginia Trade Secrets Act, § 59.1-337. Thus, a consideration of those factors which have traditionally guided the exercise of that discretion, such as the district court undertook in this application for a preliminary injunction, remains not only appropriate, but essential.
  The court found that Capeo would suffer no irreparable injury if an injunction were withheld until the close of the trial. Because there was no evidence that Herkules will sell the controls Ridgeway develops except on its own machines, the court found that Herkules is not in present or threatened competition with Capeo and thus is not in a position to inflict competitive injuries on it.
  The district court’s findings are not clearly erroneous. Its denial of a preliminary injunction was well within the bounds of discretion that the law confers on a trial judge.
  AFFIRMED.
instruction: What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
  Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
  When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 
  
  Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "private business (including criminal enterprises)", specifically "manufacturing". Your task is to determine what subcategory of business best describes this litigant.
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