opinion: FARMLAND INDUSTRIES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. SEABOARD COAST LINE RAILROAD COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.
  No. 83-3685
  Non-Argument Calendar.
  United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.
  June 8, 1984.
  Stanley H. Eleff, Tampa, Fla., for plaintiff-appellant.
  Nathan D. Goldman, Tampa, Fla., for defendant-appellee.
  Before HILL, JOHNSON and HENDERSON, Circuit Judges.
  PER CURIAM:
  In November, 1977, Farmland Industries, Inc. (Farmland) shipped eight rail cars of Diammonium Phosphate and Phosphoric Acid on the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad Company (Seaboard); the train derailed and the shipments were destroyed. Farmland did not submit a claim to Seaboard for the damage until February, 1979. Farmland subsequently filed this case in the district court to recover the value of six of the carloads. (Seaboard inexplicably paid for the loss of two carloads but declined to pay for the remaining six carloads which are at issue in this case.) The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Seaboard, holding that Farmland could not prevail because it failed to submit its claim for damage to Seaboard within the nine month period set forth in Seaboard’s standardized bill of lading. Farmland appealed to this court; we affirm.
  Congress, by statute, has mandated that a railroad carrier must provide a period of at least nine months for the filing of claims. 49 U.S.C. § 11707(e). Following the lead of the statute, virtually all carriers have adopted uniform bills of lading that require claims to be filed within the statutory minimum time of nine months. Farmland admits that it did not submit a claim in conformity with the requirements of the bill of lading within the nine month period. Farmland nevertheless argues that its failure to file a claim should be excused under the “actual knowledge” exception developed by the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. See Hopper Paper Company v. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 178 F.2d 179 (7th Cir.1949), cert. denied, 339 U.S. 943, 70 S.Ct. 797, 94 L.Ed. 1359 (1950). In Hopper, the plaintiff’s entire shipment was destroyed, and the defendant advised the plaintiff of the loss. The plaintiff then informed the defendant of the exact value of the shipment, but the plaintiff transmitted the information in a nonconforming notice. The court excused the plaintiff’s failure to comply with the notice provisions, holding that the defendant had received “actual knowledge of all the conditions as to the damages that a written notice could give.” 178 F.2d at 181.
  The district court noted that the Hopper rule has not been adopted by either this circuit or the former Fifth Circuit, see East Texas Motor Freight Lines v. United States, 239 F.2d 417, 420 (5th Cir.1956) (distinguishing Hopper); however, the district court declined to decide whether this circuit would adopt the Hopper rule because it found the facts in this case distinguishable from those in Hopper. The district court stated:
  The carrier in Hopper not only knew that the shipper's entire cargo was destroyed but also knew, pursuant to a nonconforming notice, the exact value of that loss. One of the principal functions of the notice requirement in the bill of lading is to allow the carrier to exactly compute its losses. Unlike Hopper, the defendant in the instant case did not receive notice of the specific amount of the plaintiff’s damage claim. Thus, while the Hopper Court could correctly describe the submission of a conforming notice as a “useless act,” under the facts in the present case, such a description is not accurate.
  Memorandum Opinion at 3. Thus, the district court held that Farmland’s failure properly to give notice precluded, it from recovery even under the Hopper rule.
  We hold that the district court properly distinguished Hopper from the present case and entered summary judgment for Seaboard. We somewhat doubt that this circuit would adopt the Hopper holding, which has not been widely followed. See Wisconsin Packing Co. v. Indiana Refrigerator Lines, 618 F.2d 441, 452 & n. 1 (7th Cir.1980) (en banc) (Sprecher, J., dissenting) (“every citation of Hopper by other courts either criticizes it or holds it narrowly to its facts”). We need not decide whether to adopt the Hopper rule in resolving this case, however, because this case is distinguishable from Hopper, falling within the general rule that the plaintiff must properly give notice. See East Texas Motor Freight Lines, 239 F.2d at 418-21.
  The judgment of the district court is
  AFFIRMED.
instruction: What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
  Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
  When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 
  
  Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "private business (including criminal enterprises)", specifically "manufacturing". Your task is to determine what subcategory of business best describes this litigant.
choices: auto chemical drug food processing oil refining textile electronic alcohol or tobacco other unclear