opinion: WILLIAMS v. FAVRET.
  No. 11840.
  Circuit Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
  May 13, 1947.
  Rehearing Denied June 17, 1947.
  McCORD, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
  P. Z. Jones and Ross R. Barnett, both of Jackson, Miss., for appellant.
  John Harvey Thompson, of Jackson, Miss., for appellee.
  Before HUTCHESON, McCORD, and WALLER, Circuit Judges.
  HUTCHESON, Circuit Judge.
  As appellant stated it in substance in his complaint and in haec verba in his brief, the suit was “for damages caused by defendant’s refusal to contract with him for electrical work on a navy contract at Gulf-port, Mississippi”, which had been awarded to defendant as successful bidder.
  The claim was that though he had invited a bid from plaintiff, had used it in bidding and obtaining the contract, and had accepted it, defendant had failed and refused to enter into a subcontract with plaintiff.
  Defendant admitted that in making his bid as general contractor he had received and used plaintiff’s bid, and that the general contract had been awarded to him, but he categorically denied that he, or anyone acting with his authority, had ever accepted plaintiffs bid or otherwise obligated defendant to subcontract the electrical work to plaintiff.
  At the conclusion of plaintiff’s evidence, the defendant moved for judgment, and the district judge, before whom the case was tried without a jury, sustained the motion, made findings of fact and of rule, and entered judgment for defendant.
  Plaintiff is here insisting that the facts taken as a whole establish that a contract resulted and that it was error to deny him recovery. As his brief presents it, “The action was based upon an exchange of telegrams alleged by appellant to constitute an offer and acceptance which created the agreement to award him a subcontract”. The argument is that while the telegrams of the 4th and 6th did not constitute an unconditional acceptance of the bid, they constituted a conditional acceptance, the condition being that defendant, as general contractor, be awarded the contract. Citing Louisiana Civil Code Sections and cases construing them, plaintiff develops his argument thus: The obligation was a sus-pensive obligation so long as the contract from the government was not awarded to appellee under his bid, but the awarding of the contract to appellee, converted the conditional into an unconditional obligation.
  We cannot agree. Plaintiff’s bids to the several contractors weré offers expressly made to continue until June 6th, and then be withdrawn in the absence of advices from the contractors that they were used in the figuring. Such advices were sent, and the bids remained open offers until accepted or withdrawn. That an offer does not ripen into a contract until acceptance is hornbook law. Plaintiff recognizes that this is so. He seeks "to avoid its effect here by importing into the exchange of telegrams a conditional acceptance. Unfortunately for plaintiff, it is just as much hornbook law that where a contract is claimed as resulting from an offer and an acceptance, the offer must be clear, definite and complete, and the acceptance must be in the terms of the offer. The plaintiff’s telegram of the 4th was not a conditional offer. It was an absolute one to continue under the condition fixed until accepted. Defendant’s telegram of the 6th sent in direct response to plaintiff’s of the 4th contains nothing from which an acceptance of the offer, conditional or otherwise, can be implied.
  The district judge was right in holding that the exchange of telegrams constituted no contract. He was right too in holding that plaintiff did not prove a contract resting in parol. The judgment is affirmed.
  Plaintiff testified: that he, a general electrical contractor, received invitations from general contractors, including the defendant, to submit quotations on ihe electrical work for the naval station, that by wire, as follows, he submitted estimates to all of them:
  “Item 1 Base Bid $17,500.00
  Item 2 Deduct 275.00
  Item 3 Deduct 600.00
  “If our estimate used wire us collect prior to June 6 or else same is withdrawn.”
  •and that defendant and another contractor had wired him that his bid w'as used, defendant’s wire being as follows:
  “June 6
  We used your bid for wiring on barracks and dispensary Gulfport.”
  " He testified further: that later on he 'learned, though not from defendant, that defendant was low bidder; that still latter, Harold Favret, defendant’s son, told him that it would probably be two or .three weeks before the contract would come through and when it did. plaintiff would get the subcontract; that not getting the contract, he wrote defendant on June 26th that he would like to receive the subcontract as early "as possible so .as to begin getting ready for perform.■ance; and that defendant replied: “Acknowledging receipt of your letter of tlio 26íh inst. The electrical work has been let to the Busy Electric Co. Your bid, after given full consideration was found ;to be incomplete.”
  He further testified that his bid was •not incomplete; that it followed the bid forms, plans and specifications. Harold Favret, called by plaintiff, testified that he was an estimator and that he was mot authorized lo make contracts, and no proof was offered by plaintiff showing, or tending to show that lie was so authorized. In addition, Favret denied plaintiff’s testimony' that he had stated that plaintiff would receive the electrical subcontract. In explanation of the June 6 telegram, he testified that he sent it in compliance with the request in plaintiff’s telegram in order to keep the offer of the bid open.
  “ (2) That the invitation for bids on the electrical work as shown by the card, Exhibit P2 to the deposition of Harold Favret, and the telegram of June 5th from the plaintiff to the defendant, and the answer of the defendant to the plaintiff by telegram of June 6, 1944, do not constitute a contract; that, the words in the telegram of June 6th from defendant to plaintiff, reading as follows; ‘We used your bids for wiring on barracks and dispensary Gulfport’ did not amount to an acceptance of plaintiff’s offer; and that, therefore, no written contract was entered into.
  “(3) That the employee of the defendant, Harold Favret, was not authorized to accept an order or to bind the defendant for the work, or to contract; and that, therefore, the said Harold Favret did not ratify and contract on behalf of the plaintiff as against the defendant.
  “That the employee Christopher was not authorized to enter into any contract or ratify any contract for the defendant in favor of plaintiff.”
  “(3) The Court is of the opinion that under the law no contract, written or verbal, was entered into between the plaintiff and the defendant.
  “(2) That the relief sought by the complainant should be denied.”
  2021, 2026, 2028; Decker v. Renaudin, 10 La.App. 725, 122 So. 600; Monteleone v. Blache, 11 La.App. 99, 120 So. 900.
instruction: What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
  Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
  When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 
  
  Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "private business (including criminal enterprises)", specifically "construction". Your task is to determine what subcategory of business best describes this litigant.
choices: residential commercial or industrial other unclear