opinion: GROUND GRIPPER SHOE CO. v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE.
  No. 2644.
  Circuit Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
  Jan. 10, 1933.
  Walter Powers and Sherburne, Powers & Needham, all of Boston, Mass., for petitioner for review.
  ■ Francis H. Horan, Sp. Asst, to Atty. Gen. (G. A. Youngquist, Asst. Atty. Gen., Sewall Key and J. P. Jackson, Sp. Assts. to Atty. Gen., and C. M. Charest, Gen. Counsel, and Prew Savoy, Sp. Atty., Bureau of Internal Revenue, both' of Washington, D. C., on the brief), for the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
  Before BINGHAM, WILSON, and MORTON, Circuit Judges.
  MORTON, Circuit Judge.
  This is a petition to review a decision of the Board of Tax Appeals (Revenue Act of 1926, e. 29, §§ 1001-1003, 44 Stats. 9, 109, 110 [26 USCA §§ 1224^-1226]). The petitioner contends that it and the Ground Gripper Stores, Inc., were affiliated corporations during the period here in question within the meaning of section-240 of the Revenue Act of 1918, and the same section of the Revenue Act of 1921 (40 Stat. 1081, 42- Stat. 260). The Board of Tax Appeals decided that the two corporations were not affiliated.
  There is no controversy about the facts. The petitioner (which we shall refer to as the Shoe Co.) manufactures shoes that are sold at retail through the other corporation (which we shall refer to as tlie Stores Co.). The taxes in question are those for the period from July 1, 1920, to April SO1, 1921, $20,-832.84; and for the fiscal year April 30, 1921, to April 30, 1922, $46,946.02. During the entire period in question the Shoe Co.’s capital stock consisted of 10,000 shares common and 5,000 shares preferred. The voting power was vested in the common stoek only. W. A. Julian owned 80 per cent, of it and was the dominant and controlling stockholder.
  Prior to the time here in question the E. W. Burt Company had manufactured a shoe known as the Ground Gripper shoe, which it retailed through a chain of stores. The Shoe Co. acquired the entire business of the Burt Company. The Stores Co. was then organized by Julian for the purpose of marketing these shoes at retail. It took over from the Shoe Co. the chain o£ stores acquired from the Burt Company; and it also purchased a chain of stores owned by the Dom Shoe Company, which had also been a retail outlet for the Ground Gripper shoe. The Stores Co. paid for the stores transferred to it by the Shoe Co. by issuing 3,605 shares of its common and 1,663 shares of its preferred stock to the Shoe Co., and for the stores, transferred to it by the Dom Company, by issuing to the Dom Company 3,395 shares of its common and 1,147 shares of its preferred stock. This was substantially all the stock which it issued. The common was the voting stock. ■
  The result was that Julian controlled the Shoe Co., and the Shoe Co. controlled the Stores Co.; but in the Stores Co. there was a large minority interest owned by Dorn. Dom was the president and manager of the Stores Co. Julian at all times dominated both companies. It was orally agreed between Julian and Dorn that, in case Dom left the employ of the Stores Co. for any reason, the Shoe Co. could purchase Dorn’s stock in the Stores Co. This put it in the power of the Shoe Co. to acquire Dorn’s stock by bringing about his discharge from the Stores Co.
  Two Revenue Acts are involved—those of 3918, § 240 (b), and of 1921, § 240 (e). The wording of the two sections is, however, identical. “For the purpose of this section two or more domestic corporations shall be deemed to be affiliated (1) if one corporation owns directly or controls through closely affiliated interests or by a nominee or nominees substantially all the stoek of the other or others, or (2) if substantially all the stock of two or more corporations is owned or controlled by the same interests.”
  The petitioner does not contend that clause 2 of these sections applies. It is clear that the Shoe Co. does not own directly substantially all of the stoek of Stores Co. The question before us then is a very narrow one, whether the Shoe Co. “controls through closely affiliated interests * * * substantially all the stock” of the Stores Co.
  In both clauses of the statute the dominant word is “control.” The meaning of “control” under clause 2 is settled by Handy & Harman V. Burnet, Commissioner, 284 U. S. 136, 52 S. Ct. 51, 76 L. Ed. 207, which holds that the control must bo enforceable legal control, “control resting solely on acquiescence, the exigencies of business or other considerations having no binding force is not sufficient to satisfy the statute.” Butler, J., at page 141 of 284 U. S., 52 S. Ct. 51, 53, 76 L. Ed. 207. We see no reason why “control” in the first clause should not be given the same meaning as in the second. It means absolute power in one corporation to control substantially all the stock of the other. Howes Bros. Hide Co. et al. v. Commissioner, 49 F.(2d) 878 (C. C. A. 1), was reversed in Burnet, Commissioner, v. Howes Bros. Hide Co. et al., 284 U. S. 583, 52 S. Ct. 126, 76 L. Ed. 505, and is no longer law.
  Applying these views of the law to the facts before us: Nearly half the voting stock of the Stores Co. was owned by Dom. Over this stoek the Shoe Co. had no control whatever. It had no control over Dom with respect to it, except a right tot purchase it in case of the termination of Dorn’s employment by the Stores Co. for any reason. The fact that under some conditions Dorn’s stoek might be taken over by the Stores Co. has nothing to do with the matter. Until so taken over it was Dorn’s stock.
  The decision of the Board of Tax Appeals is affirmed.
instruction: What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
  Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
  When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 
  
  Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "private business (including criminal enterprises)", specifically "manufacturing". Your task is to determine what subcategory of business best describes this litigant.
choices: auto chemical drug food processing oil refining textile electronic alcohol or tobacco other unclear