opinion: CITY OF ANGELS BROADCASTING, INC., Appellant, v. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, Appellee, Fidelity Television, Inc., RKO General, Inc., Intervenors.
  No. 83-1741.
  United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.
  Argued May 8, 1984.
  Decided Sept. 28, 1984.
  Frank H. Penski, New York City, with whom Stephen Kurzman and Shelby D. Green, Washington, D.C., were on brief, for appellant.
  J. Roger Wollenberg, Washington, D.C., with whom Joel Rosenbloom, Harold David Cohen, William H. Fitz and Jack N. Goodman, Washington, D.C., were on brief, for intervenor, RKO General, Inc.
  Daniel M. Armstrong, Associate Gen. Counsel, F.C.C., Washington, D.C., with whom Bruce E. Fein, Gen. Counsel and Sue Ann Preskill, Counsel, F.C.C., Washington, D.C., were on brief, for appellee.
  Nathaniel F. Emmons, Washington, D.C., with whom Eugene F. Mullin, Washington, D.C., was on brief, for intervenor, Fidelity Television, Inc. Howard A. Topel, Washington, D.C., also entered an appearance for Fidelity Television, Inc.
  Before TAMM, WILKEY and STARR, Circuit Judges.
  STARR, Circuit Judge.
  City of Angels Broadcasting, Inc. appeals from a Federal Communications Commission order denying its motion to intervene in a proceeding to determine the recipient of a Los Angeles television station license. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 402(b). For the reasons which follow, we hold that it was within the Commission’s discretion to deny appellant’s admittedly untimely request to intervene in an ongoing comparative proceeding.
  I
  This appeal is the latest chapter in a continuing drama at this court and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC or Commission) involving the efforts of RKO General, Inc. (RKO) to retain its television and radio licenses against various charges of wrongdoing levelled against it and its parent, the General Tire & Rubber Company (General Tire). The only question presently before us is whether the FCC acted arbitrarily in denying appellant City of Angels Broadcasting, Inc. (City of Angels) leave to intervene in an ongoing comparative license renewal proceeding with respect to a Los Angeles television license currently held by RKO. An analysis of this straightforward question, however, requires an understanding of the protracted history leading up to the present appeal.
  Our story begins two decades ago. In 1965, RKO petitioned the FCC to renew its license for Channel 9, Station KHJ-TV in Los Angeles. A timely application for a construction permit for a new television station on Channel 9 was subsequently filed by Fidelity Television, Inc. (Fidelity). At that early juncture, City of Angels was nowhere to be found. Confronted with these two competing applications, the Commission scheduled a comparative hearing to resolve RKO’s renewal application and Fidelity’s mutually-exclusive application for a construction permit. After adducing evidence, a Hearing Examiner issued an order in 1969 granting Fidelity’s construction permit application and denying RKO’s application for renewal. RKO General, Inc. (KHJ-TV), 44 F.C.C.2d 149 (Initial Decision 1969).
  While RKO was appealing this adverse decision to the full Commission, across the country another RKO license was under siege. In that proceeding, competing applicants were challenging RKO’s license renewal for Channel 7, WNAC-TV in Boston. See RKO General, Inc. (WNAC-TV), 20 F.C.C.2d 846 (1969). In the Boston proceeding, issues were designated for hearing with respect to anticompetitive practices allegedly engaged in by RKO and its parent company, General Tire, whereby General Tire would condition its purchases of products or materials upon an agreement that the suppliers would purchase advertising time on RKO stations. See RKO General, Inc. (WNAC-TV), 78 F.C. C.2d 1, 38-47 (1980). Known as reciprocal trade dealings, those practices had been raised in the Los Angeles proceeding, although not as broadly as they were subsequently presented in the Boston proceeding. Accordingly, the Commission’s Broadcast Bureau asked the Commission to reopen the Los Angeles hearing for consideration of new evidence being developed in Boston on the reciprocity issue, as well as for consideration of an additional RKO fitness issue concerning the candor of certain witnesses who testified in the original hearing with respect to the alleged reciprocal trade practices.
  In an order designed to streamline consideration of RKO’s challenge to the Hearing Examiner’s decision, the Commission declined to reopen the Los Angeles proceeding. RKO General, Inc. (KHJ-TV), 31 F.C.C.2d 70 (1971). Instead, the Commission made Fidelity a party to the Boston proceeding, in which evidence as to RKO’s fitness was to be adduced. Id. at 74. Such a procedure, according to the Commission, would adequately protect Fidelity’s right to adduce new evidence bearing upon RKO’s fitness in the event the Commission reversed the Hearing Examiner’s decision in favor of Fidelity and found RKO comparatively superior. Id. If, on the other hand, the Commission affirmed the Hearing Examiner’s decision, any evidence adduced against RKO in Boston would necessarily become immaterial to the Los Angeles proceeding. Id.
  After some prodding by this court, see Fidelity Television, Inc. v. FCC, 502 F.2d 443, 446-47 (D.C.Cir.1974) (detailing actions taken by this court during 1973 in response to Fidelity’s petition for writ of mandamus to compel allegedly unreasonably delayed agency action), the FCC in late 1973 issued a decision in RKO’s Los Angeles appeal. RKO General, Inc. (KHJ-TV), 44 F.C.C.2d 123 (1973). .Reversing the Hearing Examiner’s conclusion in favor of Fidelity, the Commission held that RKO should have been granted renewal of its license on the basis of the record compiled in the Los Angeles proceeding. In a 3-2 decision that prompted excoriating criticism from the dissenting Commissioners, see id. at 140-42 (Commissioner Johnson, dissenting); id. at 142-48 (Commissioner Lee, dissenting), the FCC majority found RKO and Fidelity to be similarly qualified and stated that “credit must be given in a comparative renewal proceeding, when the applicants are otherwise equal, for the value to the public in the continuation of the existing service.” Id. at 137. Recognizing, however, that further character evidence might be adduced against RKO during the Boston proceeding, the Commission left open the possibility that Fidelity might ultimately be entitled to the Los Angeles license. Specifically, the Commission ordered that “the application of RKO ... is DEEMED TO BE GRANTED, and that the application of Fidelity ... IS DEEMED TO BE DENIED, subject to whatever action may be deemed appropriate following resolution of the matters in [the Boston proceeding].” Id. at 138.
  When Fidelity subsequently appealed from this order, the Commission moved to dismiss the appeal on the ground that its order was merely interlocutory, inasmuch as Fidelity’s application had not been finally denied within the meaning of the applicable judicial review provision, 47 U.S.C. § 402(b)(1). This court disagreed. Fidelity Television, Inc. v. FCC, 502 F.2d 443 (D.C.Cir.1974). We held that the challenged order was immediately reviewable inasmuch as it finally approved RKO’s renewal application subject to possible defea-sance only upon termination of the Boston proceeding. See id. at 448-53. When the challenged order was subsequently reviewed on the merits, this court held that the FCC “did not commit reversible error” in renewing RKO’s license and denying Fidelity’s application for a construction permit. Fidelity Television, Inc. v. FCC, 515 F.2d 684, 702 (D.C.Cir.), cert, denied, 423 U.S. 926, 96 S.Ct. 271, 46 L.Ed.2d 253 (1975). The court noted, however, that its affirmance was “conditional (as was the Commission’s decision) on the ultimate outcome of the [Boston] proceedings.” Id. at 703 n. 45.
  Shortly after the court’s affirmance of the FCC’s Los Angeles decision, new fitness issues with respect to RKO emerged in the Boston proceeding. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) challenged as violative of the federal securities laws certain undisclosed domestic and overseas conduct engaged in by RKO’s parent company, General Tire. The SEC proceeding resulted in the filing of a consent decree on May 10, 1976, requiring General Tire to undergo an operational review by five non-management directors that would culminate in the issuance of a Special Report. This report, released on July 1, 1977, bore obvious relevance to the FCC proceedings inasmuch as the report admitted wide-ranging corporate misconduct. The Special Report concluded that deficient recordkeep-ing and accounting practices had caused inaccuracies in RKO financial disclosures filed with the FCC. In 1978, before the FCC could act upon the information contained in General Tire’s Special Report, RKO and the two competing applicants for the Boston television license proposed a settlement whereby RKO would assign the license to a new entity to be created by the merger of the two other applicants.
  This proposed settlement, which was expressly made contingent upon an FCC finding that RKO was qualified to be a broadcast licensee, obviously had dramatic ramifications for the future of the Boston case as a contested proceeding. It was thus crucial for Fidelity, as well as for another RKO competitor, Multi-State Communications, Inc. (an applicant for a television license held by RKO in New York which had also been made a party to the Boston proceeding), to have its participatory rights in the Boston proceeding broadly construed. On the other hand, it was to the benefit of RKO and the formerly competing Boston applicants for such rights to be narrowly interpreted. These latter parties accordingly argued that the original FCC order allowing Fidelity to participate in the Boston proceeding was limited to the issue of anticompetitive reciprocal practices engaged in by RKO and General Tire. Rejecting this argument, the FCC ordered that Fidelity (and Multi-State Communications, Inc.) be allowed to participate on all issues bearing upon RKO’s fitness to be a broadcast licensee. The Commission subsequently explained that:
  Both Fidelity and Multi-State have a clear, substantial interest in the outcome of the Boston proceeding____ [T]he same reasoning which led the Commission to allow Fidelity and Multi-State to participate as to [the reciprocity and related] issues applies to the matters under consideration as a result of the SEC investigation, since these matters also bear upon RKO’s basic qualifications. Moreover, it is quite clear that a Commission determination that RKO is qualified in all respects to be a Commission licensee — a determination requested by the [Boston] parties — would have a significant impact on the Los Angeles and New York proceedings. Hence, fairness requires that Fidelity and Multi-State have an opportunity to participate in the Boston case to the extent it concerns RKO’s qualifications.
  RKO General, Inc. (WNAC-TV), 78 F.C. C.2d 1, 24 (1980).
  On the merits, the Commission found that RKO was unfit to be a licensee of the Boston television station. RKO General, Inc. (WNAC-TV), 78 F.C.C.2d 1 (1980). The Commission finding was based upon three independent grounds: (1) RKO’s reciprocal trade practices; (2) RKO’s inaccurate financial reports; and (3) RKO’s lack of candor during the Boston proceeding. In a companion decision, the FCC held that these three factors also disqualified RKO as a licensee of Channel 9 in Los Angeles. The Commission thereupon ordered further pleadings on whether the application of Fidelity, as RKO’s sole competitor in the licensing proceeding, could thus be granted. RKO General, Inc. (KHJ-TV), 78 F.C. C.2d 355 (1980). See also RKO General, Inc. (WOR-TV), 78 F.C.C.2d 357 (1980) (disqualifying RKO, on basis of the above three factors, as licensee of the New York television station).
  RKO challenged these qualification orders in separate appeals that were then consolidated by this court. RKO General, Inc. v. FCC, 670 F.2d 215 (D.C.Cir.1981), cert, denied, 456 U.S. 927, 102 S.Ct. 1974, 72 L.Ed.2d 442 and 457 U.S. 1119, 102 S.Ct. 2931, 73 L.Ed.2d 1331 (1982). We rejected two of the three disqualifying factors proffered by the FCC, holding that neither the reciprocal conduct, id. at 222-25, nor the financial misrepresentations, id. at 225-26, could on the record before us support RKO’s disqualification. On the other hand, the court did uphold the Commission’s reliance upon RKO’s lack of candor (i.e., nondisclosure of material facts) during the Boston proceeding as a basis for disqualifying RKO from holding the license for Boston’s Channel 7. Id. at 228-36. While noting that “it may well be that such a finding [i.e., lack of candor] is inconsistent with a licensee holding a license anywhere,” id. at 237, we stressed that RKO’s lack of candor in the Boston proceeding could not automatically justify revocation of its Los Angeles or New York City licenses. Id. at 236-37. Instead, we directed that further proceedings be undertaken with respect to those two licenses so as to allow RKO an opportunity to demonstrate (e.g., by presenting evidence of meritorious programming) why its performance in Los Angeles and New York City merited different treatment. Id. at 237. Accordingly, the Boston decision was affirmed, while the Los Angeles and New York City cases were remanded for further proceedings.
  While these events were unfolding, City of Angels and another company had in the meantime filed separate petitions with the FCC in June 1980 seeking to intervene in the Los Angeles proceeding after the Commission attempted to disqualify RKO as a Los Angeles licensee. In its June 1983 order that is the subject of this appeal, the Commission denied these intervention requests. RKO General, Inc. (KHJ-TV), 54 Rad.Reg.2d (P & F) 53 (1983). We now affirm.
  II
  A
  City of Angels' appeal from the FCC’s denial of its petition to intervene is predicated upon the assumption that the Los Angeles proceeding remains a live ongoing proceeding. RKO challenges this assumption, however, arguing ingeniously that the proceeding in fact came to an end in 1981 when this court held that RKO could not be denied a broadcast license based upon reciprocal trade practices engaged in during the early 1960s. In RKO’s theory of the case, the sole condition contained in the Commission’s grant of its license renewal in the face of Fidelity’s challenge was based upon the reciprocity issue; once this issue was resolved favorably to RKO, the argument goes, the proceeding automatically terminated. Fidelity’s sole lingering hope to defease RKO’s license was, in RKO’s view, thereby extinguished.
  None of the other parties before the court accepts RKO’s creative characterization of the FCC’s proceedings. Quite to the contrary, both the Commission and Fidelity argue vigorously that the Los Ange-les proceeding will not be over until all fitness issues raised against RKO in the Boston proceeding have been resolved. Inasmuch as the effect of RKO’s lack of candor in the Boston proceeding upon its Los Angeles license is yet to be determined, these parties maintain that the Los Angeles proceeding is still alive and well.
  In support of their respective arguments, the contending sides are able to find comfort in the language of the manifold judicial and administrative opinions that the RKO licensing saga has spawned. Compare Fidelity Television, Inc. v. FCC, 515 F.2d 684, 703 n. 45 (D.C.Cir.1975) (broadly conditioning affirmance “on the ultimate outcome of the [Boston] proceedings”), cert, denied, 423 U.S. 926, 96 S.Ct. 271, 46 L.Ed.2d 253 (1975) and RKO General, Inc. (KHJ-TV), 44 F.C.C.2d 123, 138 (1973) (grant of channel 9 license to RKO made “subject to whatever action may be deemed appropriate following resolution of the matters” in the Boston proceeding) with Fidelity Television, Inc. v. FCC, 502 F.2d 443, 452 (D.C.Cir.1974) (“[I]n the event the court affirms the Commission and no decisive evidence of anticompetitive activity on the part of RKO is developed in the Boston proceeding, RKO preserves its [Los Ange-les] license”) and RKO General, Inc. (KHJ-TV), 31 F.C.C.2d 70, 74 (1971) (limiting Fidelity’s Boston “participation to matters pertaining to RKO’s character qualifications to be a Commission licensee either by reason of antitrust or anticompetitive activities or by reason of the alleged conduct which forms the basis for the [candor] issues added by the Review Board”).
  The imprecision which with the benefit of hindsight we can discern in the various opinions is entirely understandable. At that time no one, of course, could peer into the future and foresee that the Boston proceeding would significantly expand beyond the reciprocity and related issues. See RKO General, Inc. v. FCC, supra, 670 F.2d at 236 (“The FCC could not have known, when it conditioned [the Los Ange-les proceeding] as it did, that the Boston outcome would turn on a lack of candor issue that had not even been designated in the Boston proceeding.”). It would therefore be disingenuous now to attribute to isolated quotations from these opinions a meaning they were never intended to bear.
  In our view, the better approach is to acknowledge that these opinions did not address the extent of Fidelity’s participatory rights beyond the reciprocity-related issues and then to ask whether the FCC order conditioning the renewal of RKO’s Channel 9 license (as well as the denial of Fidelity’s construction permit) upon the outcome of the Boston proceeding was sufficiently broad to accommodate Fidelity’s participation as to subsequently arising issues bearing upon RKO’s fitness as a broadcast licensee. The FCC has, of course, consistently answered this question in the affirmative. Our review, in turn, of the Commission’s construction of its own prior order is narrow: we may not overturn it unless there are compelling indications that it is wrong. See Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Clerks, Consolidated System Board of Adjustment 46 v. Burlington Northern Inc., 671 F.2d 1085, 1088 (8th Cir.1982); cf. Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367, 381, 89 S.Ct. 1794, 1801, 23 L.Ed.2d 371 (1969); Udall v. Tallman, 380 U.S. 1, 4, 85 S.Ct. 792, 795, 13 L.Ed.2d 616 (1965) (“The Secretary’s interpretation may not be the only one permitted by the language of the orders, but it is quite clearly a reasonable interpretation; courts must therefore respect it.”) (citations omitted); Tele-Media Corp. v. FCC, 697 F.2d 402, 420 (D.C.Cir.1983). We are, under the circumstances before us, quite unable to hold that the Commission was unreasonable in interpreting its 1973 order in the fashion it did.
  Our deference to the agency’s reading of its own orders is buttressed in this instance by the specific action taken by this court in 1981 when it remanded the Los Angeles case to the Commission for further proceedings. See RKO v. FCC, supra, 670 F.2d at 236-37. Despite our holding that reciprocal conduct would not support RKO’s disqualification as a broadcast licensee, see id. at 222-25, this court remanded the Los Angeles case to the FCC “for further consideration as it deems appropriate.” Id. at 236. Furthermore, although the orders in which the FCC had rejected RKO’s attempt to limit Fidelity’s participation to reciprocity-related issues were among those under review, the court made no mention of any disagreement whatever with the FCC’s decision in this respect. On the contrary, the court suggested that RKO’s lack of candor in the Boston proceeding might well be a sufficient basis for stripping its Los Angeles license. See id. at 237. We therefore reject RKO’s argument that the terms of the Commission’s 1973 order dictate the conclusion that the RKO/Fidelity comparative proceeding is an irrevocably closed chapter.
  III
  A
  City of Angels’ request to join this ongoing proceeding, although nominally styled a petition to intervene, seeks in essence to have the FCC consider the merits of its application for a construction permit for a television station that would operate on Channel 9 in Los Angeles. Accordingly, the parties have correctly identified the issue as whether the FCC committed reversible error when it refused to waive an administrative “cut-off” rule. That rule quite sensibly prescribes a date after which construction permit applicants which are mutually exclusive with previously-filed license renewal applications will generally not be accepted. See 47 C.F.R. § 73.-3516(e) (current version). Resolution of this issue requires an understanding of the purposes served by the cut-off rule, as well as an understanding of this court’s role in reviewing an agency’s refusal to waive one of its own regulations.
  The FCC’s cut-off rule was prompted by the watershed decision in Ashbacker Radio Corp. v. FCC, 326 U.S. 327, 66 S.Ct. 148, 90 L.Ed. 108 (1945), requiring the Commission to conduct a comparative hearing whenever mutually exclusive broadcast applications have bepn filed. See also 47 U.S.C. § 309(e) (statutory codification of the Ash-backer “full hearing” requirement). Intended to fill a void identified by the Supreme Court in Ashbacker, see 326 U.S. at 333 n. 9, 66 S.Ct. at 151 n. 9, the rule has consistently been approved by this court as a valid means by which the FCC may carry out its mandate of affording a comparative hearing to mutually exclusive broadcast applicants. See, e.g., Committee for Open Media v. FCC, 543 F.2d 861, 873 (D.C.Cir. 1976); Radio Athens, Inc. (WATH)v. FCC, 401 F.2d 398, 400-01 (D.C.Cir.1968); Century Broadcasting Corp. v. FCC, 310 F.2d 864, 866 (D.C.Cir.1962); Ranger v. FCC, 294 F.2d 240, 243 (D.C.Cir.1961).
  The cut-off rule basically serves two purposes. First, it advances the interest of administrative finality: “There must be some point in time when the Commission can close the door to new parties to a competitive hearing or, at least hypothetically, no licenses could ever be granted.” Radio Athens, supra, 401 F.2d at 401. Second, it aids timely broadcast applicants by granting them a “protected status,” see Ranger, supra, 294 F.2d at 243, that allows them to prepare for what often will be an expensive and time-consuming contest, fully aware of the competitors they will be facing. See, e.g., Bronco Broadcasting Co., 50 F.C.C.2d 529, 533-34 (1974); Howard University, 23 F.C.C.2d 714, 716 (1970).
  In the present case, the FCC determined that these dual purposes would be thwarted by waiving the cut-off rule so as to allow City of Angels to file its construction permit application fourteen years late. The scope of our review of this determination is narrow and contained. See generally 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). As we recently had occasion to note, “[a]n applicant for a waiver not only bears the burden of convincing the agency that it should depart from the rules, but on judicial appeal, the applicant must show that the agency’s rea-sonings for declining the waiver were ‘so insubstantial as to render that denial an abuse of discretion.’ ” Thomas Radio Co. v. FCC, 716 F.2d 921, 924 (D.C.Cir.1983); see also ICBC Corp. v. FCC, 716 F.2d 926, 929 (D.C.Cir.1983) WAIT Radio v. FCC, 459 F.2d 1203, 1207 (D.C.Cir.) (“ ‘An applicant for waiver faces a high hurdle even at the starting gate.’ On ... appeal to this court, the burden ... is even heavier.”), cert, denied, 409 U.S. 1027, 93 S.Ct. 461, 34 L.Ed.2d 321 (1972) (citation omitted). We are quite unable to say that the Commission abused its discretion, or otherwise acted arbitrarily, when it refused to waive its cut-off rule.
  In refusing City of Angels’ waiver request (as well as the request of another untimely applicant), the Commission correctly noted that the cut-off rule is “designed to permit [it] to close the door to new parties so that a choice can be made between timely filed applicants, thereby giving timely filed applicants protection against opportunistic late-comers.” RKO General, Inc. (KHJ-TV), 54 Rad.Reg.2d (P & F) 53, 58-59 (1983) (footnotes omitted). The FCC concluded that there were “no unusual and compelling circumstances warranting waiver of this rule.” Id.
  This conclusion was well within the Commission’s broad discretion. This proceeding has now been before the agency and the courts for almost twenty years. It defies reason to suggest that the Commission abused its discretion by concluding that to permit at this late date new competitors for the Channel 9 license would thwart the vital goal of bringing about a fair and final resolution of this long and drawn-out controversy. Furthermore, the Commission’s reference to “opportunistic late-comers” indicates that the agency was concerned that granting waivers would contravene the protected status of Fidelity, which for almost twenty years has expended the substantial time and resources necessary to wage this unfortunately protracted battle. For these reasons we reject City of Angels’ contention that the Commission abused its discretion in refusing to grant a belated intervention application.
  B
  City of Angels mounts two additional arguments that, carried to their logical conclusion, go beyond a challenge to the denial of an intervention petition. First, it argues that the record in this case is so stale that the proceeding must be reopened. Second, it argues that this court’s decision in New South Media Corp. v. FCC, 685 F.2d 708 (D.C.Cir.1982), requires that new applicants be allowed to compete for the Channel 9 license. Acceptance of either of these arguments would result in our holding that the RKO/Fidelity comparative proceeding must be terminated in favor of an entirely new proceeding in which any applicant who so desired could compete. This is, of course, the same result championed by RKO. See supra Part II. Unlike RKO, which would have us arrive at this destination by holding that the Commission erroneously construed its own prior orders, City of Angels contends that the Commission is obligated under governing case law to scrap this proceeding and begin anew.
  Before examining City of Angels’ specific contentions, we set the stage for this branch of our inquiry by observing that the Commission enjoys wide discretion in fashioning its own procedures. Section 4(j) of the Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. § 154(j), provides in broad fashion that the FCC “may conduct its proceedings in such manner as will best conduce to the proper dispatch of business and to the ends of justice.” In FCC v. Schreiber, 381 U.S. 279, 85 S.Ct. 1459, 14 L.Ed.2d 383 (1965), the Supreme Court stated that this provision indicates that “Congress has left largely to [the Commission’s] judgment the determination of the manner of conducting its business which would most fairly and reasonably accommodate the proper dispatch of its business and the ends of justice.” Id. at 289, 85 S.Ct. at 1467 (internal quotation omitted). The Court further noted that this congressional delegation of authority to the FCC encompassed the “power to resolve subordinate questions of procedure such as the scope of the inquiry, whether applications should be heard contemporaneously or successively, whether parties should be allowed to intervene in one another’s proceedings, and similar questions.” Id. (internal quotation and punctuation omitted). In like manner, we have consistently recognized that the FCC is vested with broad discretion in structuring its own proceedings. See, e.g., MCI Telecommunications Corp. v. FCC, 712 F.2d 517, 533 (D.C.Cir.1983); Western Union Telegraph Co. v. FCC, 665 F.2d 1112, 1121 & n. 13 (D.C.Cir.1981); Nader v. FCC, 520 F.2d 182, 195-97 (D.C.Cir.1975). For the following reasons, we are firmly persuaded that the arguments advanced by City of Angels fall short of overcoming the presumption that the FCC, rather than this court, should determine how best to structure comparative hearings in furtherance of the public interest.
  City of Angels’ first argument is that both Fidelity and the Los Angeles area served by Channel 9 have undergone dramatic changes since the inception of this proceeding such that the record compiled by the FCC is now stale. There can be no doubt, as the dissent argues, that significant changes have swept over Los Angeles County during the past twenty years. The staleness argument in this case, however, is severely undercut by the fact that the record has been updated in accordance with 47 C.F.R. § 1.65. That rule requires that applications be updated to reflect any substantial changes that may be of decisional significance. We further note that an extremely heavy burden looms before a party seeking to overturn a final administrative order on grounds of staleness. See, e.g., Bowman Transportation, Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight System, Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 294-296, 95 S.Ct. 438, 446-447, 42 L.Ed.2d 447 (1974). The contention advanced by petitioner, and embraced by the dissent, is even more dramatic. City of Angels asks us to hold, in advance of a final administrative determination with respect to the license for Channel 9, that the record will inevitably be too stale to support an award to either RKO or Fidelity. City of Angels has not shown, even assuming that such a showing could ever be made, that the FCC in the present case will be unable to compile a record sufficiently fresh to withstand a staleness attack.
  City of Angels’ final argument is that the Commission’s decision to continue the RKO/Fidelity proceeding rather than begin an entirely new proceeding is inconsistent with this court’s decision in New South Media Corp. v. FCC, supra. We held in New South Media that it was unreasonable for the FCC not to accept competing applications for certain RKO radio and television licenses that had been conditionally renewed, subject to noncomparative hearings that were deferred for periods ultimately extending well beyond the applicable three-year license renewal period. In mandating Commission acceptance of competing applications for these licenses, we relied heavily upon the well-established principle that the public interest is best served by comparative hearings to determine broadcast license awards. See id. at 714-15. We held that the Commission “ha[d] not adequately accounted for an action destined to prolong by months and in some cases even years licensee RKO’s immunity from competitive challenge and comparative evaluation.” Id. at 715. In so holding, however, the court was careful to distinguish the situation before it from situations in which would-be competitors “tried to intrude” in an ongoing proceeding that had extended beyond what would normally have been the expiration date of the license term at issue. See id. at 715-16 (distinguishing Committee for Open Media v. FCC, 543 F.2d 861 (D.C.Cir.1976)).
  In light of the fact that concern for competition formed the basis for this court’s decision in New South Media, City of Angels’ reliance upon that case is misplaced. RKO and Fidelity have been, and continue to be, engaged in the type of “license competition that normally propels a licensee to better broadcasting.” Cf. Committee for Open Media, supra, 543 F.2d at 873 (quoted in New South Media, supra, 685 F.2d at 716). Indeed, City of Angels argues at one point that a continuation of the RKO/Fidelity comparative proceeding would “effectively shield Fidelity from needed com-petition____” Brief for Appellant at 13 (emphasis supplied). The defect in the FCC proceeding identified by this court in New South Media was, of course, precisely the opposite. There, an incumbent licensee (RKO) was the party found to have been improperly shielded from competition. We are unmoved by City of Angels’ claim, which appears dubious in any event, that a construction permit applicant (Fidelity) is not receiving ample competition from an incumbent licensee (RKO). Cf. New South Media, supra, 685 F.2d at 715 (“[T]he court has attempted to close review of Commission policy regarding (renewal expectancy’ to ascertain whether the FCC is according incumbent licensees undue protection to the detriment of the public.”) (citing Central Florida Enterprises, Inc. v. FCC, 683 F.2d 503 (D.C.Cir.1982), cert, denied, 460 U.S. 1084, 103 S.Ct. 1774, 76 L.Ed.2d 346 (1983)). In sum, New South Media is by its own terms inapposite to a case involving an ongoing comparative proceeding.
  IV
  We have examined with care the contentions that this court should mandate termination of the RKO/Fidelity comparative proceedings, and have found them, upon analysis, to be without merit. Obviously, one cannot resist being given to dismay over the sheer length of this proceeding. Nevertheless, we take the case as it comes to us. And it is our considered view that, given the present posture of the case, it would be inappropriate to order a new proceeding. Notwithstanding City of Angels’ vigorous protestations to the contrary, the inevitable result of opening his proceeding to all comers would be yet further delay in determining who should be the licensee of Channel 9 in Los Angeles. This we decline to do.
  The decision under review is therefore
  Affirmed.
  . The Los Angeles Hearing Examiner received evidence on the reciprocity issue only insofar as it bore relevance to RKO’s stewardship of KHJ-TV in Los Angeles. See RKO General, Inc., 44 F.C.C.2d 149, 152 (Initial Decision 1969).
  . Although the Commission also based its finding upon certain nonbroadcast misconduct engaged in by RKO’s parent company, we did not construe the FCC’s opinion as relying upon this element as an independent disqualifying factor. RKO General, Inc. v. FCC, 670 F.2d 215, 222, 226-27 (D.C.Cir.1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 927, 102 S.Ct. 1974, 72 L.Ed.2d 442 and 457 U.S. 1119, 102 S.Ct. 2931, 73 L.Ed.2d 1331 (1982).
  . RKO was subsequently able to avoid these further proceedings in New York yet retain its license by taking advantage of newly-enacted legislation that granted it an automatic five-year license in return for relocating its station to New Jersey. See Multi-State Communications, Inc. v. FCC, 728 F.2d 1519 (D.C.Cir.1984).
  . It should be noted that the relevant order in this determination is the FCC order conditionally granting RKO’s application while conditionally denying Fidelity’s application. This court's subsequent affirmance of the order did not purport to in any way modify it; instead, we simply adopted the FCC order. See Fidelity v. FCC, supra, 515 F.2d at 703 n. 45.
  . The fulcrum of the dissent’s position is that the comparative hearing between RKO and Fidelity "was closed off in 1973 by the action of the FCC” in a conditional order which this court affirmed in 1975. In the dissent’s view, from that juncture "the Commission could entertain challenges to the license-holder of channel nine only in new jproceedings.” Infra at 669. From the manifold events which unfolded in the Byzantine history of this proceeding, the dissent perceives the death knell for the RKO-Fidelity struggle in this court’s decision in 1974. Fidelity Television, Inc. v. Federal Communications Comm'n, 502 F.2d 443, 449-52 (D.C.Cir.1974) (per curiam).
  We could not be more fully agreeable to the salutary principle that a prior decision of this court is fully binding on us. Our disagreement with our dissenting colleague is in no wise occasioned by disaffection with that bedrock rule; to the contrary, we embrace it and depart from the dissent only in the more modest respect of applying that venerable principle to the facts before us. In our view, this court's 1974 decision in Fidelity Television did not even purport to decide once and for all the rights of RKO and Fidelity with respect to the Los Angeles comparative proceeding. The court went to some lengths to demonstrate that the Commission’s December 6, 1973 order was reviewable, by virtue of, inter alia, its effects upon Fidelity during the pendency of the Boston proceeding. Fidelity was, the court found, affected by and would •continue to be affected by the December 1973 order since the on-going Boston proceeding would not likely "terminate in the near future.” 502 F.2d at 451. This was by no means thought to be the end of the RKO-Fidelity epic, however, and this court frankly recognized that fact: "[T]he effect of the 6 December order will be felt in a concrete way for quite some time.” Id. “Quite some time” is a far cry from the eternal demise of the Los Angeles comparative proceeding now perceived by the dissent. Indeed, our brethren in 1974 went on in language that we find convincingly clear:
  The 6 December order may not be the very last order issued by the Commission in the Los Angeles proceeding if RKO ultimately loses its license from KHJ-TV as a result of the Boston proceeding.
  Id. This proved prophetically accurate, as we have already seen. The December 6, 1973 order simply did not relegate the Fidelity-RKO struggle to the historical annals of the television broadcasting industry. To us, rather, the conclusion is inescapable that "the Los Angeles proceeding,” which this court addressed in 1974, was still alive, pending the conclusion of the Boston proceeding.
  Our conclusion here thus simply cannot reasonably be read as doing violence to the handiwork of our brethren a decade ago and resurrecting Phoenix-like the Los Angeles proceeding from ashes purportedly created by this court's 1974 decision.
  And the dissent doubtless perceives the weakness of its revisionist reading of our 1974 decision by promptly moving to the higher ground of policy and logic underlying the Commission's cut-off rule. From there, the dissent launches a barrage against application of the cut-off rule based upon the polestar of the public interest. Suffice it to say, as we suggest more fully in the text, that the appropriate province of judicial review is not to overturn agency action which is permitted by and consistent with its own rules simply by virtue of policy concerns within the judiciary over perceived Pharisaic attitudes afflicting the agency in the enforcement of its own rules.
  . The current version of the cut-off rule provides:
  § 73.3516 Specification of facilities.
  (e) An application for a construction permit for a new broadcast station or for modification of construction permit or license of a previously authorized broadcast station will not be accepted for filing if it is mutually exclusive with an application for renewal of license of an existing broadcast station unless it is tendered for filing by the end of the first day of the last full calendar month of the expiring license term.
  (1) If the license renewal application is not timely filed as prescribed in § 73.3539, the deadline for filing applications mutually exclusive therewith is the 90th day after the FCC gives public notice that it has accepted the late-filed renewal application for filing.
  (2) If any deadline falls on a nonbusiness day, the cutoff shall be the close of business of the first full business day thereafter.
  (3) The dates when the licenses of all broadcast and broadcast auxiliary services regularly expire are listed in §§ 73.733, 73.-1020 and 74.15.
  47 C.F.R. § 73.3516(e). It is conceded that City of Angels’ application for a construction permit was untimely. The Commission, in a statement that no party disputes, asserts that "[ujnder the rules in effect at the time RKO and Fidelity filed their applications, other competing applications could have been filed until June 7, 1966, the day before the Commission designated the RKO and Fidelity application for hearing.” Brief for Ap-pellee at 20 n. 20. Thus, City of Angels, which filed its first pleading with the Commission on June 13, 1980, missed the deadline by more than fourteen years.
  . We obviously do not mean to suggest that the cut-off rule gives timely applicants a vested right against challenge from untimely competitors. See, e.g., Denton Channel Two Foundation, Inc., 85 F.C.C.2d 983 (1981) (waiver granted noncommercial educational applicant who filed application three months late). It is, however, manifestly within the Commission’s discretion to consider the effects that acceptance of an overdue filing would have upon timely applicants.
  . We have previously noted that delay in these proceedings works to RKO’s benefit by allowing it to retain its licenses during the interim period. See New South Media Corp. v. FCC, 685 F.2d 708, 712, 715-17 (D.C.Cir.1982); see generally 47 U.S.C. § 307(d) ("Pending any hearing and final decision on [a license renewal] application ..., the Commission shall continue such license in effect.”).
  . There is no "artificial” limitation here, as the dissent would have it, infra at 668, on the pool of competing candidates. The limitation derives, rather, from the application of Commission rules of long standing, nothing more, nothing less. We can divine no artifice employed by the Commission to limit the contenders to the two applicants who were beyond cavil the only timely applicants for the license in question.
  . City of Angels points out that shifts have occurred among Fidelity's management and shareholders since the inception of this proceeding. In its opening brief, appellant appeared to assert that these shifts constituted a transfer of control within the meaning of 47 C.F.R. § 73.-3572(b), and thereby deprived Fidelity of its cut-off rights. Brief for Appellant at 16-17. Fidelity disputed this interpretation of the regulation, arguing that a transfer of control within the meaning of the regulation “occurs only when control of an applicant passes to persons whose qualifications have not been previously disclosed to and reviewed by the Commission." Brief for Intervenor Fidelity at 25 (citations omitted). In its reply brief, City of Angels clarified that “[t]he point is not ... that an unauthorized transfer of control has occurred requiring that Fidelity suddenly be thrust to the end of the processing line, but rather that the Fidelity before this court today is not the Fidelity that filed an application for Channel 9 in 1965.” Reply Brief for Appellant at 5. We therefore do not interpret City of Angels’ argument to be that the Commission erroneously failed to invoke 47 C.F.R. § 73.3572(b).
  . It is thus entirely unnecessary to throw up our hands and despairingly conclude, as the dissent seemingly does, that epochal changes in Los Angeles cannot be taken into account by the Commission at this juncture. The record here is not frozen. We assume that the Commission reads the weekly news magazines as well, and will not be blind in the days to come to population growth and demographic changes in Los Angeles. We are not aware of any Commission principle to the effect that the more things change, the more they remain the same. And we simply will not presume in advance that the Commission is either unwilling or incapable of having a developed, up-to-date record on which ultimately to act in bringing this proceeding promptly to a close.
  . The cases cited by City of Angels in which this court has required an ongoing FCC proceeding to give way to a new proceeding opened to additional applicants uniformly involved some circumstance, generally the presence of ex parte contacts, that cast doubt upon the integrity of the Commission's proceedings. For example, our decision in Sangamon Valley Television Corp. (“SVTC") v. United States, 294 F.2d 742 (D.C.Cir.1961), after remand sub nom. Fort Harrison Telecasting Corp. v. FCC, 324 F.2d 379 (D.C.Cir.1963), cert, denied sub nom. SVTC v. United States, 376 U.S. 915, 84 S.Ct. 665, 11 L.Ed.2d 611 (1964), concerned the same ex parte contacts that had originally led the Supreme Court to vacate and remand the case to this court for further proceedings. See SVTC v. United States, 358 U.S. 49, 79 S.Ct. 94, 3 L.Ed.2d 47 (1958) (per curiam), on remand, 269 F.2d 221 (D.C.Cir.1959). In our 1961 decision, we decided that the same “basic fairness" that prohibits ex parte contacts required, given all the circumstances, a fresh start in what had been a tainted proceeding. See 294 F.2d at 743. Similarly, our decision in WORZ, Inc. v. FCC, 345 F.2d 85 (D.C.Cir.), cert, denied, 382 U.S. 893, 86 S.Ct. 180, 15 L.Ed.2d 150 (1965), was an outgrowth of the Supreme Court's vacation and remand on an earlier decision,in the same proceeding for consideration of ex parte contacts. See WORZ, Inc. v. FCC, 358 U.S. 55, 79 S.Ct. 114, 3 L.Ed.2d 48 (1958). In requiring that new applications be considered, we noted that "th[e] case had been beset throughout by a variety of dubious cir-cumstances____" 345 F.2d at 86.
  We fully recognize that some of our opinions in these cases contain language expressing concern with the length of the proceedings. See, e.g., id. (dubious circumstances "have prolonged the ultimate choice an unconscionably long period beyond the assembling of the facts upon which that choice must of necessity be based”). It is significant, however, that in no case cited to us did this court hold that the record’s potential staleness, standing alone, justified our requiring in advance of the termination of an administrative proceeding that the proceeding begin anew. Given both the extent of our deference to the FCC’s structuring of its own proceedings and the Supreme Court’s teaching in Bowman that a court shall rarely be justified in overturning an administrative decision on sta.eness grounds, we have doubts as to whether there could be justification for a court to hold that an ongoing FCC proceeding must be terminated because the Commission will be unable to produce a record amply fresh to support its eventual decision.
  . The New South Media court did not decide the question left open in Committee for Open Media — whether a competing applicant may intervene in an ongoing but non-comparative license-renewal proceeding that has extended beyond the license term at issue — and neither do we. In New South Media, we quoted the Committee for Open Media court’s distillation of the "conflicting considerations” that would underlie resolution of this question:
  The court observed first that "without a moratorium on competing applications while a renewal hearing progresses, a final resolution on renewal might be severely hampered.” [543 F.2d] at 873. On the other hand, the court stated, if the Commission barred competitors during the full-run of protracted renewal proceedings, a station’s audience would be deprived "perhaps for a long time, of potential license competition that normally propels a licensee to better broadcasting.” Id.
  685 F.2d at 716. The present case, involving as it does an ongoing comparative proceeding, does not implicate this latter concern.
  . The dissent's suggestion that the result here is guided by the "desire to put RKO out of the broadcasting business in Los Angeles,” infra at 668, misperceives our role in the review of agency action. Our task, limited but important, is a straightforward one — to determine whether the Commission erred in refusing City of Angels’ motion to intervene in this proceeding. It is not our mission to seek to put RKO or any other entity out of the broadcasting business in Los Angeles or anywhere else.
instruction: What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
  Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
  When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 
  
  Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "private business (including criminal enterprises)", specifically "other". Your task is to determine what subcategory of business best describes this litigant.
choices: medical clinics, health organizations, nursing homes, medical doctors, medical labs, or other private health care facilities private attorney or law firm media - including magazines, newspapers, radio & TV stations and networks, cable TV, news organizations school - for profit private educational enterprise (including business and trade schools) housing, car, or durable goods rental or lease entertainment: amusement parks, race tracks, for profit camps, record companies, movie theaters and producers, ski resorts, hotels, restaurants, etc. information processing consulting security and/or maintenance service other service (including accounting) other (including a business pension fund) unclear