opinion: Lafayette BROWN, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, et al., Defendants, Harry White, et al., Defendants-Appellants.
  No. 88-8187.
  United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.
  Aug. 24, 1989.
  Susan L. Rutherford, Asst. Atty. Gen., Atlanta, Ga., for defendants-appellants.
  Benjamin P. Erlitz, Atlanta, Ga., for plaintiff-appellee.
  Before TJOFLAT, and CLARK, Circuit Judges, and RYSKAMP , Senior District Judge.
  Honorable Kenneth Ryskamp, District Judge, Southern District of Florida, sitting by designation.
  CLARK, Circuit Judge:
  Lafayette Brown was a Tax Field Agent for the Georgia Department of Revenue. During the first two weeks of May 1984, he did not report to work for several days because he was in the hospital. On discharge from the hospital, he received a letter from the Department of Revenue stating that his absence from work was deemed an abandonment of his position. Subsequently, he was told that he had no appeal rights. Mr. Brown filed suit in federal district court for the Northern District of Georgia alleging his termination violated the Fourteenth Amendment, Title VII, and 42 U.S.C. § 1985. After a one day bench trial, the district court granted the plaintiff part of the relief he requested, namely a hearing before the State Personnel Board. The defendants appeal that decision. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). Because we find that the plaintiff had a property interest in continued employment and that the defendants deprived him of that interest without due process, we affirm the district court.
  I.
  A. Facts
  Lafayette Brown worked for the Georgia Department of Revenue from September 1981 through May 1984. He was a classified employee covered by the Georgia Merit Systems Act, O.C.G.A. § 45-20-1 et seq. On Monday, April 30, 1984, Mr. Brown did not report to work, but called in sick to his supervisor, Jacqueline Fitzgerald, stating that he was in the hospital because of possible kidney stones. Record, Vol. 3, at 150. He did not return to work until Friday, May 4th, at which time he brought a doctor’s note. Id. Because he was in pain, however, his supervisor allowed him to leave early. Id. at 48.
  On Monday morning, May 7th, according to Mr. Brown’s testimony, the pain was much worse and he took a taxi to the hospital. When he could not pay the fare, he was arrested and brought to Atlanta City Jail. Id. He was detained overnight on charges of theft, but brought to Grady Hospital on Tuesday morning. Id. at 49. He did not contact his supervisor, however, until Wednesday morning, May 9th, because he was groggy from pain medication. Id. at 90. At that time, he informed Ms. Fitzgerald that he was in the hospital and did not know how long he would be there. Mr. Brown remained in the hospital until Friday May 11th, but had no other contact with his office. On his return home, he received a letter which stated that pursuant to Rule 12, § 12.202 of the Rules and Regulations of the State Merit System, he was deemed to have abandoned his job because he was absent for five days without being on leave. The letter did not indicate whether Mr. Brown had any right to review of the decision. Mr. Brown testified, however, that after receiving the letter he called Joyce Kelly, the Personnel Director, who directed him to John Smith, the Director of Field Services. According to Mr. Brown, Mr. Smith told him there was nothing he could do. Record, Vol. 3, at 54. On July 9th, however, Mr. Brown wrote a letter to the Merit System of Georgia and asked for review of the decision. Record, Vol. 1, Tab 27, Exhibit A. In response, he received a letter stating that he had no right to an appeal. Id. at Exhibit B.
  B. Procedural History
  Mr. Brown filed suit in federal district court alleging violations of the Fourteenth Amendment, Title VII, and 42 U.S.C. § 1985. Mr. Brown named as defendants the Georgia Department of Revenue, the State Personnel Board, the State Merit System, and three employees of the Department of Revenue in their individual and official capacities: Harry White, Gary Robinson, and Jacqueline Fitzgerald. Thus began a long and tortuous procedural history in which the district court attempted to clarify both the proper defendants and the substantive claims. Because the resolution of the issues on appeal necessitates a clear understanding of the procedural history, we present that history in more detail than usual.
  1. The Parties
  In their answer and summary judgment motion, the defendants raised the Eleventh Amendment as a defense. In an order dated March 5, 1987 (“the March 5 order”), the court granted summary judgment for the Department of Revenue, the Merit Systems Board, and the three defendants in their official capacity on Eleventh Amendment grounds. Since the plaintiff sought compensatory relief, the court held the Eleventh Amendment barred the suit against these defendants because the state was the real party in interest. Record, Vol. 1, Tab 23. The court also granted plaintiffs motion to amend the complaint to add three new defendants, all employees of the Department of Revenue in their individual and official capacities: Joyce Kelly, Fred White and John Smith. Then in an order dated July 7, 1987 (“the July 7 order”), the district court also ordered summary judgment on Eleventh Amendment grounds for the three new defendants in their official capacity. Recognizing for the first time that the plaintiff also sought prospective injunctive relief, however, the court held that the Eleventh Amendment did not bar suit against the Personnel Board or the Department of Revenue insofar as it sought equitable relief. Record, Vol. 1, Tab 31.
  Finally, on September 14, 1987, the plaintiff again sought leave to amend his complaint by deleting the state agencies as defendants and substituting Marcus Collins, the Commissioner of the Department of Revenue in his official capacity and the six members of the State Personnel Board in their official capacity: Susan Landrum, Richard Babush, Charles Storm, Pamela Fuller, W. Howard Fowler, and C. Ron Cheeley. The plaintiff also sought reconsideration of the prior dismissal of the Department of Revenue employees in their official capacity. At an oral hearing on that date, the district court granted the motion to amend. Record, Vol. 2, at 11. Therefore, the defendants at trial were: (1) Marcus Collins and the six members of the Personnel Board in their official capacity and (2) the six employees of the Department of Revenue in both their official and individual capacity.
  2. The claims
  The claims asserted by the plaintiff were also subject to a confused history. The complaint alleged violations of the Fourteenth Amendment, Title VII, and 42 U.S.C. § 1985. The plaintiff voluntarily dismissed the latter two claims in the March 5 order. The substance of the case therefore was that the dismissal violated substantive and procedural due process as well as equal protection. In the March 5 order, the district court held there was no property interest created by the Georgia Merit Systems Act and therefore dismissed both the substantive and procedural due process claims. The court then asked the parties to brief the question of whether Pennhurst State School & Hospital v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 104 S.Ct. 900, 79 L.Ed.2d 67 (1984), barred the federal suit because the complaint merely alleged that state officials had violated state law. Record, Vol. 1, Tab 23, at 8. In the course of considering the Pennhurst issue, the district court reconsidered its prior dismissal of the procedural due process claim and allowed the case to proceed to trial on procedural due process and equal protection grounds. On September 15, 1987, the court also reversed its holding dismissing the substantive due process claims. Record, Vol. 1, Tab 38.
  At the conclusion of the bench trial, the district court dismissed the claims against the Department of Revenue employees in their individual capacity, except for John Smith. Although the court found him responsible for the termination, the court determined that he was entitled to qualified immunity. The court also held that the State Personnel Board members had violated the plaintiffs rights by failing to grant him a hearing. The court therefore ordered the members of the Personnel Board to give Mr. Brown a hearing and stayed the other portions of the order pending the outcome of the hearing. Record, Vol. 1, Tab 42. The members of the Personnel Board appealed this order.
  II. THE ISSUES ON APPEAL
  The appellants raise three issues on appeal. First, they contend that the district court erred in allowing the plaintiff to amend the complaint to include the members of the Personnel Board in their official capacity. Second, the appellants argue that the Eleventh Amendment prohibits the relief granted in this case insofar as the district court ordered the state officials to comply with state law. Finally, the appellants argue that the district court erred in finding that the plaintiff was denied procedural due process. We affirm the district court on all three grounds.
  A. Amendment of the Complaint
  The first issue on appeal concerns whether the district court erred in allowing the plaintiff to amend his complaint to add the individual members of the State Personnel Board in their official capacity. The appellants argue that the amendment was not proper under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c) because the substituted defendants had no notice of the suit and did not know that absent the mistake, they would have been named as defendants. The appellants seek support for their argument in Schiavone v. Fortune, 477 U.S. 21, 106 S.Ct. 2379, 91 L.Ed.2d 18 (1986).
  In Schiavone, the plaintiffs originally named “Fortune, Inc.” as a defendant in a libel suit arising from a story in Fortune magazine. Upon learning that Fortune was merely a trademark of Time, Inc., the plaintiff sought to amend the complaint to add Time as a defendant after the statute of limitations had run. The Supreme Court held that for an amendment to relate back under Rule 15(c) four factors must be satisfied:
  (1) the basic claim must have arisen out of the conduct set forth in the original pleading; (2) the party to be brought in must have received such notice that it will not be prejudiced in maintaining its defense; (3) that party must or should have known that, but for a mistake concerning identity, the action would have been brought against it and (4) the second and third requirements must have been fulfilled within the prescribed limitations period.
  Id. at 29, 106 S.Ct. at 2384. The plaintiffs argued that Time received notice of the suit because they had attempted to serve the original complaint on Time, but Time’s agent refused service because Time was not named as a defendant. Since service of the original complaint was not attempted until after the statute of limitations had expired, however, the Court held the fourth requirement had not been met. Id. at 30. 106 S.Ct. at 2385.
  This case is distinguishable on that precise point. The State Personnel Board was served with the original complaint within the statute of limitations period. In this case, we find that service on the Personnel Board as an entity was sufficient notice to the individual members sued in their official capacity. Amending the complaint was necessary to comply with the Eleventh Amendment. See Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 160, 28 S.Ct. 441, 454, 52 L.Ed. 714 (1908) (although Eleventh Amendment bars suit against state, it does not bar suit against state official in official capacity). Since the Personnel Board had been a party to the case, there was no prejudice from the late amendment naming the Board members. Since the members were sued in their official capacity, they could only assert defenses available to the state agencies, not any personal defenses. The Attorney General, who under Georgia law represents all state officials sued in their official capacity, O.C.G.A. § 45-15-3(6), represented the State Board and raised those defenses. Moreover, the fact that the Attorney General raised the Eleventh Amendment defense throughout the proceedings evidenced his awareness of the pleading mistake. In such a situation it is reasonable to conclude that the individual Board members should have known that they were the correct defendants. See Regents of University of Michigan v. Ewing, 474 U.S. 214, 221 n. 6, 106 S.Ct. 507, 511 n. 6, 88 L.Ed.2d 523 (1986); Sims v. State of Florida, 862 F.2d 1449, 1460 (11th Cir.1989) (in banc); Gramegna v. Johnson, 846 F.2d 675, 677 (11th Cir.1988); see also Stevens v. Gay, 864 F.2d 113, 116 (11th Cir.1989).
  B. Pennhurst
  The appellants’ second argument is that the Eleventh Amendment barred the district court from ordering the Personnel Board members to hold a hearing. They argue that under Pennhurst State School & Hospital v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 104 S.Ct. 900, 79 L.Ed.2d 67 (1984), the Eleventh Amendment bars a federal court from ordering the state to comply with state law. This issue need not detain us long for the appellants misconstrue the holding of Pennhurst and the claim presented in this case. Since the plaintiff alleged a violation of the federal Constitution, Pennhurst does not apply. In Pennhurst, the Supreme Court reversed the Third Circuit’s holding that conditions at a state institution for the mentally retarded violated state law. 465 U.S. 89, 104 S.Ct. 900, 79 L.Ed.2d 67 (1984). The court held “that a federal suit against state officials on the basis of state law contravenes the Eleventh Amendment when—as here—the relief sought and ordered has an impact directly on the state itself.” Id. at 117, 104 S.Ct. at 917. The Court reasoned that the exception to the Eleventh Amendment established in Ex parte Young was justified by the “need to promote the supremacy of federal law.” Id. at 105-06, 104 S.Ct. at 910-11. When the suit is brought under state law, however, there is no comparable justification. Id.
  In this case, the district court ordered the State Personnel Board to conduct a hearing. Because the court ordered the hearing to comply with the State Personnel Rules, the appellants argue that the district court ordered the state to comply with state law. Under Pennhurst, however, the determinative question is not the relief ordered, but whether the relief was ordered pursuant to state or federal law. Despite the confusing procedural history of this case, it is clear that the district court ordered the hearing under federal law. Although the final district court order does not explain the grounds for granting relief, at the conclusion of the bench trial the court gave the basis for its ruling:
  [i]t is apparent to me that Mr. Brown did have a right to a hearing before the State Personnel Board and that he was misadvised. It is clear to me that both the state and federal constitutions require in a ease such as this one where the state employee wishes to contest factually the claim that he abandoned his job, that he is entitled to a hearing and the State Personnel Board erred in not notifying Mr. Brown that he was entitled to a hearing.
  Record, Vol. 3, at 216 (emphasis added). Since the relief was granted as a matter of federal due process, Pennhurst is no bar.
  C. Procedural Due Process
  The central issue on appeal is whether the letter from the Personnel Board informing Mr. Brown that he had no right to a hearing violated procedural due process. The Fourteenth Amendment protects against deprivation of liberty or property without due process of law. Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 571-72, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 2706, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972). The first question is whether Mr. Brown had a constitutionally protected property interest in continued employment. We do not need to address the second question, namely what process is due, because the only issue on appeal is the propriety of any hearing rather than the type of hearing necessary.
  The Supreme Court has recognized that “property interests protected by procedural due process extend well beyond actual ownership of real estate, chattels, or money.” Id. at 571-572, 92 S.Ct. at 2706. In Roth, the Court stated:
  Property interests ... are not created by the Constitution. Rather they are created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law — rules or understandings that secure certain benefits and that support claims of entitlement to those benefits.
  Id. at 577, 92 S.Ct. at 2709.
  Mr. Brown is a permanent employee governed by the Georgia Merit Systems Act. The Merit Systems Act states that “[p]er-manent status employees may be dismissed from employment or otherwise adversely affected as to compensation or employment status only if such action is taken in accordance with the rules and regulations of the State Personnel Board.” O.C.G.A. § 45-20-8(a). The appellants argue that under state law Mr. Brown did not have a constitutionally protected property interest in his job because subsection (b) states “[t]his article is not intended to create a property interest in the job, but rather to create only a procedure under which permanent status employees can be dismissed or otherwise affected.” According to the appellants property interests are “created and ... defined by ... state law,” this express disclaimer ends the inquiry.
  The appellee argues that the Georgia Supreme Court’s opinion in Clark & Stephenson v. State Personnel Board, 252 Ga. 548, 314 S.E.2d 658 (1984), interprets the statute to create a property interest. In Clark, the issue facing the Court was whether the declassification of certain positions violated the Georgia Constitution’s prohibition on laws “impairing the obligations of contracts.” Art. I, Sec. I, Para. VII, 1976 Constitution of Georgia. The Court concluded that “to say that the Merit System Act does not create a constitutionally protected contract between the merit system members and the state would overlook the obvious purposes of the Act itself.” Id. at 550, 314 S.E.2d at 660. Because the Act creates a constitutionally protected contract, the Court held that when a position is declassified, the employees are entitled to the protections of the Merit Systems Act before they are demoted. Id. Although the Court was not faced with the question of whether there was a property interest, its reasoning is of significance to such an analysis because it represents the most recent interpretation of the Merit Systems Act. The Court held that the purpose of the Act was to establish a career service in government and personnel administration based on merit. Id. The statute therefore creates a systematic classification of positions based on merit and “reasonable job security for the competent employee” by providing that permanent status employees may not be fired except in accordance with the Personnel Board rules. Id.
  These two sources of state law initially create confusion as to whether the Merit Systems Act creates a constitutionally protected property interest. On closer look, however, it becomes apparent that the statutory disclaimer is not dispositive of the issue. The cases from the Supreme Court and this court reveal that the existence of a property interest is a matter of federal constitutional law that depends on an interpretation of state law. Memphis Light, Gas & Water Division v. Craft, 436 U.S. 1, 9, 98 S.Ct. 1554, 1560, 56 L.Ed.2d 30 (1976). More specifically, as a matter of federal law a property interest is created whenever a public employee can only be fired “for cause.” State law determines whether a particular employee is terminable at will or only for cause. An explicit contractual provision or rules or common understandings may determine that issue. Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 602 & n. 7, 92 S.Ct. 2694, 2700 & n. 7, 33 L.Ed.2d 570 (1972); see Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. 341, 345, 96 S.Ct. 2074, 2078, 48 L.Ed.2d 684 (1976); Hatcher v. Board of Public Education & Orphanage, 809 F.2d 1546, 1551 (11th Cir.1987); Ogletree v. Chester, 682 F.2d 1366, 1370 (11th Cir.1982); Winkler v. County of DeKalb, 648 F.2d 411, 414 (5th Cir.1981); Glenn v. Newman, 614 F.2d 467, 471 (5th Cir.1980). In this case, since the Merit System Act, as interpreted by the Georgia Supreme Court in Clark & Stephenson, and the Personnel Board regulations require cause for dismissal, we find that the appellee had a property interest in his job. An analysis of the case law and the statute and regulations at issue will make this conclusion clear.
  1. Case Law
  In both Roth and Sindermann, nontenured professors brought procedural due process claims when they were not reappointed to their positions. In Sinder-mann, the Court held “[a] person’s interest in a benefit is a ‘property interest’ for due process purposes if there are such rules or mutually explicit understandings that support his claim of entitlement to the benefit and that he may invoke at a hearing.” 408 U.S. at 601, 92 S.Ct. at 2699. The Court held that a contractual provision providing that an employee would only be discharged for cause creates a legitimate entitlement to continued employment absent cause. Id. In Roth, the lack of such language negated a finding of a property interest since the plaintiff could point to nothing else — statute or common law — that gave him any legitimate claim to continued employment. Roth, 408 U.S. at 578 & n. 16, 92 S.Ct. at 2710 & n. 16. In Sindermann, however, the plaintiff did assert that he had an implied guarantee that he would be reemployed. The Court explained that Texas law would determine whether such a guarantee existed. Sindermann, 408 U.S. at 602 n. 7, 92 S.Ct. at 2700 n. 7.
  In Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. 341, 96 S.Ct. 2074, 48 L.Ed.2d 684 (1976), the Supreme Court determined that a police officer in Marion, North Carolina did not have a property interest in his job. The Court noted that “the sufficiency of the claim of entitlement must be decided by reference to state law.” Id. at 344, 96 S.Ct. at 2077 (footnote omitted). First the Court determined that North Carolina law did not recognize implied “for cause” contracts in public employment, but rather required an explicit contractual guarantee of continued employment. Id. at 345, 96 S.Ct. at 2077. The Court therefore looked at the ordinance governing the employment of police officers and found that under state law, the ordinance provided that a police officer “ ‘held his position at the will and pleasure of the city.’ ” Id. at 345, 96 S.Ct. at 2078 (citation omitted). Although the ordinance on its face could “fairly be read” to require cause, the Court deferred to the contrary interpretation of the state law by the district court “who, of course, sits in North Carolina and practiced law there for many years.” Id. The Court emphasized that the determinative factor was that state law classified police employees as “at will.” Since Bishop, there has been no dispute that an employee has a property interest if he may only be dismissed for cause. See Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 105 S.Ct. 1487, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985); cf. Memphis Light, Gas & Water, 436 U.S. at 11, 98 S.Ct. at 1561. (Tennessee residents had a property interest in continued utility service because “[s]tate law does not permit a public utility to terminate service ‘at will’ ”); Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565, 573-74, 95 S.Ct. 729, 735-36, 42 L.Ed.2d 725 (1975) (students had property interest in remaining at school because school officials had limited power to suspend students).
  As the Sindermann Court noted, state law can create an entitlement to a job through explicit contractual provisions or through “rules or mutually explicit understandings.” 408 U.S. at 601, 92 S.Ct. at 2699. This court has recognized that personnel rules and regulations may create a property interest if they impose requirements or procedures regarding dismissals which are analogous to requiring cause. Glenn, 614 F.2d at 472; see Barnett v. Housing Authority of the City of Atlanta, 707 F.2d 1571 (11th Cir.1983); Winkler, 648 F.2d at 414. Recently, however, this court affirmed a district court order declining to follow this line of case law. Wofford v. Glenn Brunswick Memorial Hosp., 864 F.2d 117 (11th Cir.1989). In Wofford, this court read Garmon v. Health Group of Atlanta, 183 Ga.App. 587, 589, 359 S.E.2d 450 (Ga.App.1987), to hold that under state law, internal personnel policies cannot transform an at will employee into a tenured employee. In Garmon, the Georgia Court of Appeals held that an employee of a hospital did not have a suit for wrongful termination because the hospital did not comply with personnel rules. The Garmon Court determined that to allow a suit for wrongful termination would “transform [the plaintiff] from an at-will employee into one under contract to the hospital in violation of O.C.G.A. § 34-7-1.” Id. at 589, 359 S.E.2d at 450. Wofford and Garmon do not control this case for two reasons. First, the plaintiff in Garmon conceded that she was an at will employee; she did not argue that the personnel policy had made her a tenured employee. Id. at 588, 359 S.E.2d at 452. Second and more importantly, Clark & Stephenson holds that the employee is entitled to rely on the Personnel Board regulations as the terms of his contract. Therefore, both the Merit Systems Act and the Personnel Board regulations are relevant to the question of whether a covered employee has a property interest in his job.
  Therefore the case law explains that the appropriate inquiry into whether a property interest exists is determined by considering whether under state law, the employee could be fired only for cause. We must look at both the Merit Systems Act and the Personnel Board’s regulations. The appellant’s argument that the statutory disclaimer ends the analysis misconstrues the function of state law in the analysis. “Although the underlying substantive interest is created by ‘an independent source such as state law,’ federal constitutional law determines whether that interest rises to the level of a ‘legitimate claim of entitlement’ protected by the Due Process Clause” Memphis Light, Gas, & Water Division, 436 U.S. at 9, 98 S.Ct. at 1560 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).
  2. Georgia law
  The appropriate starting point is of course the Merit Systems Act. The Georgia Supreme Court’s recent interpretation of the statute in Clark & Stephenson leaves little room for concluding that a covered employee is terminable at will. As pointed out above, the Court found that the statute was intended to create a merit system and provide job security. Although the Court never used the magic words “for cause,” it did state that the competent employee would have job protection. Moreover, although the statute leaves the task of defining the reasons for dismissal and the procedures to be used to the State Personnel Board, the statute does set forth the minimum procedural requirements for dismissal, namely notice and right to a post-termination hearing. O.C.G.A. § 45-20-8(b). Thus the statute envisions that an employee be allowed to contest the reasons for his dismissal suggesting that there is some substantive limitation on the state’s ability to fire covered employees.
  The Personnel Board Rules and Regulations support a finding that employees may only be dismissed for cause. Rule 15.204 states that a permanent status employee may only be dismissed for “negligence or inefficiency ...; inability or unfitness to perform assigned duties; insubordination; misconduct; conduct reflecting discredit on the department; commission of a felony or other crime involving moral turpitude; chronic tardiness, or absenteeism; failure to report for or remain at work without justifiable cause; or political activity in violation of Rule 3.” Rule 15 provides procedural protections before any adverse action may be taken, namely written advance notice, a reasonable time to refute the charges, and a written determination of the final action. In addition, Rule 14 provides for appeal after final decision for “any purported violations of the rules.”
  Although the words “for cause” do not appear in the regulations, the discretion of the state to dismiss an employee is circumscribed. In addition, the rules explicitly grant the employee a hearing at which to dispute the facts. Moreover, in a prior version of the regulations, which did require cause for dismissal, cause was defined by reference to the language now included in Rule 15.204. See Eley v. Morris, 390 F.Supp. 913, 925 (N.D.Ga.1975) (earlier version included as appendix to opinion). These factors weigh in favor of finding that public employees have a legitimate entitlement to continued employment.
  To avoid that result, the appellants argue that Rule 12 which discusses voluntary abandonment of jobs negates any claim of entitlement to continued employment. The appellants seem to be arguing that since Mr. Brown voluntarily abandoned his job, he had no property interest in it. This argument begs the question since it relies on a characterization of the termination of Mr. Brown’s employment as a voluntary abandonment rather than an involuntary dismissal. Moreover, an employee’s entitlement to continued employment rests on a consideration of the regulations as a whole. As a whole, the regulations provide that an employee is entitled to believe he will have a job unless he does something to disentitle himself to it. He may disentitle himself to it if he abandons it or if his supervisor believes he fits into the categories in Rule 15.204.
  This analysis makes clear that a public employee governed by the Merit Systems Act and the State Board Personnel Rules has a property interest in his job entitling him to the protections of due process. The appellants raise one final argument to avoid having to give Mr. Brown a hearing at this late date. They argue that Brown waived his right to a hearing. Although there may be situations in which the plaintiffs behavior can waive any procedural due process rights to which he was entitled, we do not think this is such a case. The plaintiff never received any notice of his right to review. Indeed, the plaintiffs uncontradicted testimony established that John Smith led him to believe he had no appeal rights. Indeed even after the plaintiff independently realized that he might have a right to appeal, the State Personnel Board sent him a letter stating “[tjhere is no provision for appeal of separation under Rule 12.202 if the separation is done in accordance with the Rule and there is, therefore, no requirement of any notice of appeal.” Record, Vol. 1, Tab 27, Exhibit B. The appellants argue that this letter merely states that an appeal is not possible under the abandonment rule but does not rule out the possibility of an appeal under the catchall provision, Rule 14.212. When considered against the background of Mr. Brown’s dealings with the Department of Revenue officials immediately after his dismissal, however, we think Mr. Brown was reasonable to read this letter to preclude any appeals. In light of these facts, we cannot conclude that the plaintiff waived any rights. See Barnett, 707 F.2d at 1578 (no waiver of due process rights when delay attributable to state officials).
  III.
  We therefore affirm the district court on all grounds. The district court did not err in allowing the amendment to correct the Eleventh Amendment error. The court also was not barred from considering the claims because they were based on federal constitutional law. Finally, the plaintiff had a property interest in his continued employment and he was deprived of that interest without due process of law. The district court order granting Lafayette Brown a hearing by the State Personnel Board is AFFIRMED.
  . Section 1292(a)(1) states:
  (a) ... the courts of appeals shall have jurisdiction of appeals from:
  (1) Interlocutory orders of the district courts of the United States ... granting, continuing, modifying, refusing or dissolving injunctions ...
  . Mr. Brown testified that after explaining this to Ms. Fitzgerald, she said "Okay." Record, Vol. 3, at 50. Ms. Fitzgerald, however, testified that Brown hung up immediately without waiting for any response. Id. at 137, 151. She did testify, however, that on instruction from her supervisor, she went to Grady to verify that he was there. She was told that he was a patient, but she did not see him because he was in a locked ward. Id. at 154.
  . The theft charges were dropped. Record, Vol. 3 at 90.
  . Rule 12.202 states:
  Abandonment of Position. Any employee who is absent from duty for five (5) consecutive work days or equivalent, without proper notification and authorization thereof, within the discretion of the appointing authority or his designee may be deemed to have resigned voluntarily from his position.
  State Personnel Board Rules & Regulations, Record, Vol. 1, Tab 20.
  . Mr. Brown testified that “his comment basically was the letter speaks for itself. There is really nothing else X can say or anybody can say-" Record, Vol. 3, at 51. Mr. Smith did not testify at trial.
  . Jacqueline Fitzgerald was Mr. Brown’s immediate supervisor. Gary Robinson was the Assistant Regional Manager of the Department of Revenue. Harry White was the Regional Manager.
  . The defendants had not explicitly asserted the Eleventh Amendment defense on behalf of the Personnel Board. Record, Vol. 1, Tab 23, at 5.
  . Joyce Kelly was a Director of Personnel for the Department of Revenue. Fred White was the Assistant Director for Field Services and John Smith was the Director of Field Services for the Department.
  . The court’s order did not include any reference to Marcus Collins, the Director of Revenue.
  . The statute of limitations on § 1983 cases in Georgia is two years. Williams v. City of Atlanta, 794 F.2d 624 (11th Cir.1986) (citing Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.S. 261, 105 S.Ct. 1938, 85 L.Ed.2d (1984)). Under the most liberal allowances the statute of limitations would have expired in August 1986.
  . Rule 15(c) states:
  Whenever the claim or defense asserted in the amended pleadings arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth ... in the original pleading, the amendment relates back to the original pleading. An amendment changing the party against whom a claim is asserted relates back if the foregoing provision is satisfied, and, within the period provided by law for commencing the action against the party to be brought in by amendment that party (1) has received such notice of the institution of the action that the party will not be prejudiced in maintaining his defense on the merits and (2) knew or should have known that, but for a mistake concerning the identity of the proper party, the action would have been brought against the party.
  .The Court read the language of Rule 15(c) which required notice to the new parties "within the period provided by law for commencing the action,” to refer to the statute of limitations. Id. at 31, 106 S.Ct. at 2385.
  . Service on the State Merit System and the State Personnel Board was acknowledged on December 19, 1985. Record, Vol. 2, at 9.
  . We reiterate that this holding is dependent on the fact that the Board members were sued in their official capacities. It would be an entirely different case if the members were sued in their individual capacities for damages.
  . Mr. Brown has not alleged any deprivation of liberty.
  . The statutory disclaimer was added to the statute in 1979. 1979 Ga.Laws 783.
  . In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir.1981) (in banc), this court adopted as binding precedent all of the decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to the close of business on September 30, 1981. Id. at 1209.
  . The ordinance provided that "[i]f a permanent employee fails to perform work up to the standard of the classification held, or [is] negligent, inefficient, or unfit to perform his duties, he may be dismissed by the City Manager.” Id. at 344 n. 5, 96 S.Ct. at 2077 n. 5.
  . It is on this point that the case was distinguished from Arnett v. Kennedy, 416 U.S. 134, 94 S.Ct. 1633, 40 L.Ed.2d 15 (1974), in which the Court had interpreted similar federal regulations to require cause for dismissal, thereby creating a property interest. Bishop, 426 U.S. at 345 n. 8, 96 S.Ct. at 2078 n. 8. Although the Arnett Court was badly divided on what process was due, the Court unanimously agreed that the regulations created a property interest. See Arnett, 416 U.S. at 152, 94 S.Ct. at 1643 (opinion of Rehnquist, Burger & Stewart); id. at 166, 94 S.Ct. at 1650 (opinion of Powell & Blackmun); id. at 176, 94 S.Ct. at 1655 (opinion of White); id. at 209, 94 S.Ct. at 1671 (opinion of Marshall, Brennan, & Douglas).
  . There is another problem with the appellants’ argument that the statutory disclaimer ends the inquiry. Although the statute evidences an intent on the part of the Georgia legislature not to create a property interest, we have held that “ ‘the state may not magically declare an interest to be 'non property' after the fact for Fourteenth Amendment purposes, if, for example, a longstanding pattern of practice has established an individual's entitlement to a particular benefit.'" Winkler, 648 F.2d at 414 (quoting Quinn v. Syracuse Neighborhood Corporation, 613 F.2d 438, 448 (2d Cir.1980)). Thus, even if the Georgia Supreme Court had not held as it did in Clark & Stephenson, the appellants’ argument still might not have prevailed.
  . The appellants argue that since Mr. Brown voluntarily left his job, he was not dismissed. However, when Mr. Brown contests the fact that he voluntarily abandoned his job, the appellants argue that Mr. Brown gets no hearing to air his dispute because he voluntarily abandoned his job. If we allowed such circular reasoning to bar Mr. Brown's claim, we would allow the state to obviate a need for a hearing merely by characterizing a dismissal as an abandonment. See Hatcher, 809 F.2d at 1551 (question of whether Georgia courts would consider transfer a "demotion” not the issue; issue is whether the statutory scheme creates a legitimate claim of entitlement).
instruction: What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
  Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
  In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
  To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
  United States of America,
  Plaintiff, Appellant
  v
  International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
  Defendant, Appellee.
  International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
  Defendants, Cross-appellants
  v
  United States of America.
  Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
  of the Board
  Plaintiff, Appellants,
  v
  United States of America,
  Defendant, Appellee.
  This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
  Your task is to identify the state of the first listed state or local government agency that is an appellant.
choices: not Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachussets Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New New New New North North Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode South South Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Wisconsin Wyoming Virgin Puerto District Guam not Panama