opinion: AVCO CORP. v. AERO LODGE NO. 735, INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MACHINISTS & AEROSPACE WORKERS, et al.
  No. 445.
  Argued March 11, 1968.
  Decided April 8, 1968.
  J. Mack Swigert argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs were Warren G. Sullivan, Don A. Banta,-William Waller, Robert G. McCullough and John B. Hollister.
  Bernard Dunau argued the cause for respondents. With him on the brief were Plato E. Papps, Cecil D. Branstetter and Carrol D. Kilgore.
  Briefs of amici curiae, urging reversal, were filed by Jerome Powell, Robert M. Scott and William H. Willcox for the Chamber of Commerce of the United States et al., and by Herman Lazarus and Harold Jacobs for the Labor Relations Committee of Council of State Chambers of Commerce et al.
  Brief of amicus curiae, urging affirmance, was filed by J. Albert Woll, Laurence Gold and Thomas E. Harris for the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations.
  Me. Justice Douglas
  delivered the opinion of the Court.
  Petitioner filed a suit in a state court in Tennessee to enjoin respondent union and its members and associates from striking at petitioner’s plant. The heart of the complaint was a “no-strike” clause in the collective bargaining agreement by which “grievances” were to be settled amicably or by binding arbitration. The eligibility of employees for promotion engendered disputes— allegedly subject to the grievance procedure — which so far as appears involved no violence or trespass but which resulted in work stoppages and a walkout by employees. The state court issued an ex -parte injunction.
  Respondents then moved in the Federal District Court for removal of the case. A motion to remand to the state court was made and denied, the District Court-ruling that the action was within its original jurisdiction. The District Court granted respondents’ motion to dissolve the injunction issued by the Tennessee court. The Court of Appeals affirmed. 376 F. 2d 337. We granted the petition for certiorari (389 U. S. 819) because of an apparent conflict between the decision below and American Dredging Co. v. Local 25, 338 F. 2d 837, from the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.
  The starting point is § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, 61 Stat. 156, 29 U. S. C. § 185, which, we held in Textile Workers v. Lincoln Mills, 353 U. S. 448, was fashioned by Congress to place sanctions behind agreements to arbitrate grievance disputes. We stated:
  “We conclude that the substantive law to apply in suits under § 301 (a) is federal law, which the courts must fashion from the policy of our national labor laws. . . . The Labor Management Relations Act expressly furnishes some substantive law. It points out what the parties may or may not do in certain situations. Other problems will lie in the penumbra of express statutory mandates. Some will lack express statutory sanction but will be solved by looking at the policy of the legislation and fashioning a remedy that will effectuate that policy. The range of judicial inventiveness will be determined by the nature of the problem. . . . Federal interpretation of the federal law will govern, not state law. . . . But state law, if compatible with the purpose of § 301, may be resorted to in order to find the rule that will best effectuate the federal policy. . . . Any state law applied, however, will be absorbed as federal law and will not be an independent source of private rights.” 353 U. S., at 456-457.
  An action arising under § 301 is controlled by federal substantive law even though it is brought in a state court. Humphrey v. Moore, 375 U. S. 335; Local 174 v. Lucas Flour Co., 369 U. S. 95; Charles Dowd Box Co. v. Courtney, 368 U. S. 502. Removal is but one aspect of “the primacy of the federal judiciary in deciding questions of federal law.” See England v. Medical Examiners, 375 U. S. 411, 415-416.
  It is thus clear that the claim under this collective bargaining agreement is one arising under the “laws of the United States” within the meaning of the removal statute. 28 U. S. C. § 1441 (b). It likewise seems clear that this suit is within the “original jurisdiction” of the District Court within the meaning of 28 U. S. C. §§ 1441 (a) and (b). It is true that the Court by a 5-to-3 decision in Sinclair Refining Co. v. Atkinson, 370 U. S. 195, held that although a case was properly in the federal district court by reason of § 301, the Norris-LaGuardia Act bars that court from issuing an injunction in the labor dispute. The nature of the relief available after jurisdiction attaches is, of course, different from the question whether there is jurisdiction to adjudicate the controversy. The relief in § 301 cases varies — from specific performance of the promise to arbitrate (Textile Workers v. Lincoln Mills, supra), to enforcement or annulment of an arbitration award (United Steel Workers v. Enterprise Wheel & Car Corp., 363 U. S. 593), to an award of compensatory damages (Atkinson v. Sinclair Refining Co., 370 U. S. 238), and the like. See Smith v. Evening News Assn., 371 U. S. 195, 199-200. But the breadth or narrowness of the relief which may be granted under federal law in § 301 cases is a distinct question from whether the court has jurisdiction over the parties and the subject matter. Any error in granting or designing relief “does not go to the jurisdiction of the court.” Swift & Co. v. United States, 276 U. S. 311, 331. Cf. Zwickler v. Koota, 389 U. S. 241, 254-255. When the Court in Sinclair Refining Co. v. Atkinson, supra, at 215, said that dismissal of a count in the complaint asking for an injunction was correct “for lack of jurisdiction under the Norris-LaGuardia Act,” it meant only that the Federal District Court lacked the general equity power to grant the particular relief.
  Title 28 U. S. C. § 1337 says that “The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action or proceeding arising under any Act of Congress regulating commerce . . . It is that original jurisdiction that a § 301 action invokes. Textile Workers v. Lincoln Mills, supra, at 457.
  Affirmed.
  28 U. S. C. § 1441 provides in relevant part:
  “Actions removable generally.
  “(a) Except as otherwise expressly provided by Act of Congress, any civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction, may be removed by the defendant or the defendants, to the district court of the United States for the district and division embracing the place where such action is pending.
  “(b) Any civil action of which the district courts have original jurisdiction founded on a claim or right arising under the Constitution, treaties or laws of the United States shall be removable without regard to the citizenship or residence of the parties. . . .”
  We find it unnecessary to rule on the holding of the Court of Appeals below that “the remedies available in State Courts are limited to the remedies available under Federal law.” 376 F. 2d, at 343. That conclusion would suggest that state courts are precluded by § 4 of the Norris-LaGuardia Act from issuing injunctions in labor disputes, even though the defendant does not exercise his right — which we confirm today — to remove the case to the District Court under 28 U. S. C. §1441 (b), and the state court therefore retains jurisdiction over the action. We have no occasion to resolve that matter here, since respondents did elect to have the case removed.
  See A. Dobie, Handbook of Federal Jurisdiction and Procedure 346 (1928); H. Hart & H. Wechsler, The Federal Courts and the Federal System 727-733, 1019-1020 (1953).
  Another question raised here is whether the District Court, to which the action had been removed, should have dissolved the injunction issued by the Tennessee state court. There is, of course, no question of the power of the District Court to dissolve the injunction. See 28 U. S. C. § 1450. Whether it did so because it felt that action was required by Sinclair Refining Co. v. Atkinson, 370 U. S. 195, or because of its equity powers or both is not clear. But the Court of Appeals went much further and said in a dictum that “the remedies available in State Courts are limited to the remedies available under Federal law.” 376 F. 2d, at 343. We reserve decision on those questions 1
instruction: What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to determine the bases on which the Supreme Court rested its decision with regard to the legal provision that the Court considered in the case. Consider "judicial review (national level)" if the majority determined the constitutionality of some action taken by some unit or official of the federal government, including an interstate compact. Consider "judicial review (state level)" if the majority determined the constitutionality of some action taken by some unit or official of a state or local government. Consider "statutory construction" for cases where the majority interpret a federal statute, treaty, or court rule; if the Court interprets a federal statute governing the powers or jurisdiction of a federal court; if the Court construes a state law as incompatible with a federal law; or if an administrative official interprets a federal statute. Do not consider "statutory construction" where an administrative agency or official acts "pursuant to" a statute, unless the Court interprets the statute to determine if administrative action is proper. Consider "interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order" if the majority treats federal administrative action in arriving at its decision.Consider "diversity jurisdiction" if the majority said in approximately so many words that under its diversity jurisdiction it is interpreting state law. Consider "federal common law" if the majority indicate that it used a judge-made "doctrine" or "rule; if the Court without more merely specifies the disposition the Court has made of the case and cites one or more of its own previously decided cases unless the citation is qualified by the word "see."; if the case concerns admiralty or maritime law, or some other aspect of the law of nations other than a treaty; if the case concerns the retroactive application of a constitutional provision or a previous decision of the Court; if the case concerns an exclusionary rule, the harmless error rule (though not the statute), the abstention doctrine, comity, res judicata, or collateral estoppel; or if the case concerns a "rule" or "doctrine" that is not specified as related to or connected with a constitutional or statutory provision. Consider "Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction" otherwise (i.e., the residual code); for issues pertaining to non-statutorily based Judicial Power topics; for cases arising under the Court's original jurisdiction; in cases in which the Court denied or dismissed the petition for review or where the decision of a lower court is affirmed by a tie vote; or in workers' compensation litigation involving statutory interpretation and, in addition, a discussion of jury determination and/or the sufficiency of the evidence.