opinion: GIORDANO v. UNITED STATES.
  No. 28.
  Decided March 24, 1969
  Carlton Roeser for petitioner in No. 28. Irving Anolik for petitioner in No. 54. Maurice Edelbaum for petitioner Franzese, William L. Lynch for petitioner Crabbe, Raymond A. Brown for petitioner Matera, and Peter L. F. Sabbatino for petitioner Potere in No. 84. Raymond J. Smith and Morris A. Haft for petitioner in No. 106. Maurice J. Walsh and John Powers Crowley for petitioner in No. 124. Charles A. Bellows for petitioner in No. 129. Ediuard Bennett Williams, Harold Ungar, Steven M. Umin, and Mr. Walsh for petitioner in No. 168. Charles Morgan, Jr., Howard Moore, Jr., George Pontikes, Marvin Karpatkin, Melvin L. Wulf, and Eleanor H. Norton for petitioner in No. 271. Edward J. Caliban, Jr., Mr. Crowley, and Robert S. Bailey for petitioners in No. 317. Anthony J. DeMarie for petitioner in No. 474. Morris A. Shenker, Joseph A. Fanelli, Jacques M. Schiffer, Cecil D. Branstetter, and Daniel B. Maher for petitioners in No. 546. Clyde W. Woody and Marian S. Rosen for petitioner in No. 668. Herald Price Fahringer and Frank G. Raichle for petitioner in No. 715. Messrs. Walsh and Shenker for petitioner Hoffa, George Callaghan for petitioner Strate, Richard E. Gorman for petitioner Burris, Mr. Schiffer for petitioner Weinblatt, and Harvey M. Silets for petitioner Kovens in No. 895. Frank Ragano for petitioner in No. 911.
  Solicitor General Griswold for the United States in No. 28. Solicitor General Griswold, Assistant Attorney General Vinson, Beatrice Rosenberg, and Sidney M. Glazer for the United States in No. 54. Solicitor General Griswold, Assistant Attorney General Vinson, Miss Rosenberg, and Roger A. Pauley for the United States in Nos. 84, 271, and 317. Solicitor General Griswold, Assistant Attorney General Vinson, and Miss Rosenberg for the United States in Nos. 106, 129, and 168. Solicitor General Griswold, Assistant Attorney General Vinson, Miss Rosenberg, and Leonard H. Dickstein for the United States in No. 124. Solicitor General Griswold, Assistant Attorney General Vinson, Jerome M. Feit, and Mr. Glazer for the United States in No. 474. Solicitor General Griswold, Assistant Attorney General Vinson, Theodore George Gilinsky, and Mr. Pauley for the United States in No. 546. Solicitor General Griswold, Assistant Attorney General Vinson, Miss Rosenberg, and Paul C. Summitt for the United States in No. 668. Solicitor General Griswold, Assistant Attorney General Wilson, Mr. Feit, and Kirby W. Patterson for the United States in No. 715. Solicitor General Griswold, Assistant Attorney General Wilson, Miss Rosenberg, and Mr. Feit for the United States in Nos. 895 and 911.
  Together with No. 54, Scandifia v. United States; No. 84, Franzese et al. v. United States; No. 106, Evans v. United States; No. 124, Aiuppa v. United States; No. 129, Amabile v. United States; No. 168, Battaglia v. United States; No. 271, Clay, aka Ali v. United States; No. 317, Di Pietto et al. v. United States; No. 474, Natarelli v. United States; No. 546, Hoffa et al. v. United States; No. 668, Stassi v. United States; No. 715, Randaccio v. United States; No. 895, Hoffa et al. v. United States; and No. 911, Dranow v. United States, also on petitions for writs of certiorari. Nos. 54, 84, 474, and 715 are to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; Nos. 271 and 668 are to the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit; No. 546 is to the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit; Nos. 106, 129, 168, 317, 895, and 911 are to the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit; and No. 124 is to the Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit.
  Per Curiam.
  The petitions for writs of certiorari are granted, except that in No. 84 the writ is granted as to petitioner Franzese only and denied as to the other petitioners, and in No. 317 the petition is granted as to petitioners Mirro and McDonnell only and denied as to the other petitioners. The judgments of the Courts of Appeals in these cases are vacated, and the cases remanded to the respective District Courts for further proceedings in conformity with Alderman v. United States, Ivanov v. United States, and Butenko v. United States, ante, p. 165. It is not evident from the records in some of these cases whether the surveillances at issue were unlawful. It may be that the overhearings in some instances were not achieved by trespass, see Katz v. United States, 389 U. S. 347 (1967); Desist v. United States, ante, p. 244, and Kaiser v. New York, ante, p. 280, or for some other reasons were not unlawful. As we held in Alderman, Ivanov, and Butenko, ante, at 170, n. 3, “the District Court must develop the relevant facts and decide if the Government’s electronic surveillance was unlawful.” Of course, a finding by the District Court that the surveillance was lawful would make disclosure and further proceedings unnecessary. Similarly, it is not clear that each petitioner has standing to assert the illegality of the surveillance or of the introduction of its fruits. As in Alderman, Ivanov, and Butenko, these issues are to be resolved by the District Courts in the first instance.
  Mr. Justice Black dissents, except in Nos. 895 and 911, in the consideration and disposition of which he took no part.
  Mr. Justice White took no part in the consideration or disposition of Nos. 546, 895, and 911.
  Mr. Justice Marshall took no part in the consideration or disposition of Nos. 28, 106, 129, 168, 271, 546, 895, and 911.
  We read the papers filed by the United States in these two cases as stating that the surveillances neither invaded the premises of the other petitioners nor overheard their conversations.