Mr. Chief Justice Warren
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The petitioner brought an action under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, 45 U. S; C. §§ 51-60, in the Federal District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania to recover for injuries caused by the alleged negligence of the respondent Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) and the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad (P&LE). At the close of the evidence, the District Court directed a verdict in favor of the P&LE on the ground that the evidence failed to establish that the petitioner was-an employee of that company as required by § 1 of the Act (45 U. S. C. § 51). The case against the B&O, .however, was submitted to the jury which returned a verdict of $40,000 for the petitioner. The District Court denied a motion for judgment n. o. v. and entered judgment as found by the jury. On appeal, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, one judge dissenting, reversed, holding that the petitioner failed to establish negligence on the part of the B&O. 303 F. 2d 596. A rehearing en banc was denied. We granted certiorari. 371 U. S. 908.
The petitioner was employed by the B&O at its Mahoningtown station in New Castle, Pennsylvania. The railroad complex at Mahoningtown consisted of four sets of tracks, two owned and operated by the B&O and two by the P&LE. On the B&O side, the B&O maintained a station and station facilities. Although, the P&LE maintained a station, it kept no employees, all necessary services for the two stations being provided by B&O employees. The B&O ticket agent issued tickets in the B&O station for the P&LE trains. The petitioner provided janitor work for both stations and assisted the loading and unloading of mail cars for the trains of both railroads. The petitioner was paid by the B&O and was under the sole supervision of the B&O ticket agent.
On the date of the accident, October 15, 1956, the petitioner handled, the mail for the P&LE train scheduled to depart Mahoningtown at 12:25 a. m. The petitioner loaded 20 to 25 bags of mail on a B&O wagon at the B&O station. He crossed the B&O and P&LE tracks to the P&LE platform and, when the P&LE train pulled up, brought the wagon alongside the mail car door. On this occasion, in spite of the efforts of the petitioner and the P&LE baggageman, one Beck, the sliding door on the P&LE car would not open more than 18 or 20 inches. According to the petitioner, Beck commented thai'he had reported the defective door to the P&LE which had yet to fix it and that they would have to. get the mail on and off as best they could. The petitioner, standing on the wagon, had no difficulty throwing the smaller bags in the restricted opening. The larger ones, however, weighing from 80 to 100 pounds, ¿required the petitioner “to twist around,” and “to keep pushing and forcing them” to get them in the opening. In the process of this unusual exertion, the petitioner felt something snap in his back. He- reported the injury immediately to the B&O ticket agent. Treatment of the injury eventually required the removal of a ruptured .intervertebral disc and resulted in the petitioner’s permanent disability. On the basis of this evidence, the jury found for the petitioner.
Before considering the merits of the decision below, the petitioner raises a procedural point,, claiming that he was denied a rehearing en banc in the Third Circuit Court of •Appeals in violation of his rights under 28 U. S. C. § 46 (c). At the time the petitioner filed his motion for rehearing en banc there were eight active judges serving on the Third Circuit. Four judges voted to grant the rehearing, two voted to deny, and two abstained. The rehearing was denied. The petitioner claims that to grant a rehearing en banc, the statute requires only a majority of those present. The Third Circuit requires an absolute majority pf the active members of the court. Section 46 (c) provides:
“Cases and controversies shall be heard and determined by a court or division of not more than three judges, unless a hearing or rehearing before the court in banc is ordered by a majority of the circuit judges of the circuit who are in active service. A court in banc'shall consist of all active circuit judges of the circuit.”
The Court had occasion to consider this section at length in Western Pac. R. Corp. v. Western Pac. R. Co., 345 U. S. 247. It there said:
“In our view, § 46 (c) is not addressed to litigants. It is addressed to the Court of Appeals. It is a grant of power. It vests in the court the power to order hearings en banc. It goes no further. It'neither forbids nor requires each active member of a Court of Appeals to entertain each petition for a hearing or rehearing en banc. The court is left free to devise its own administrative machinery to provide the means whereby a majority may order such a hearing.” Id., at 250.
The Court went on to say that the rights of the litigant go no further than the right to know the administrative machinery that will be followed and the right to suggest that the en banc procedure be set in motion in his case. The practice of the Third Circuit has been fully revealed by Judge Maris in Hearing and Rehearing Cases In Banc, 14 F. R. D. 91, which was referred to with approval by this Court in United States v. American-Foreign S. S. Corp., 363 U. S. 685, 688, n. 5. ’’Although every petition for rehearing is submitted to every member of the court, a judge is not required to enter a formal vote on the petition. Such a procedure is clearly within the scope of the court’s discretion as we spoke of it in Western Pacific. For this Court to hold otherwise would involve it unnecessarily in the internal administration of the Courts of Appeals.
Turning to the merits, there can be no question that the petitioner is an employee of the B&O as required by § 1 of the F. E. L. A. Although the B&O suggests that the petitioner may have been the employee of the P&LE within the meaning of the common law loaned-servant doctrine, Standard Oil Co. v. Anderson, 212 U. S. 215; Linstead v. Chesapeake &.Ohio R. Co., 276 U. S. 28, 32-34, there is no evidence in the record to support such a conclusion. In describing the loaned-servant doctrine, the Court in Anderson stated that when the nominal employer furnishes a third party “with men to do the work and places them under his exclusive control in the performance of it, [then] those men become pro hac vice the servants of him to whom they are furnished.” 212 U. S., at 221. The Court concluded that under the common law loaned-servant doctrine immediate control and supervision is critical in determining for whom the servants are performing services. In the present case, the undisputed facts show that the petitioner was at all times paid by the B&O and under the sole supervision of B&O employees. The intimations of the B&O that the petitioner might' have been given directions by the P&LE baggageman is at most an example of the minimum cooperation necessary to carry out a coordinated undertaking, and, as noted- in Anderson, cannot amount to control or supervision. 212 U. S., at 226. The whole tenor of the services the B&O provides for the P&LE speaks of an agreement by the B&O to manage and operate the P&LE station at Mahoningtown. On such evidence, the petitioner is clearly an employee of the B&O even under the common law loaned-servant doctrine, and we therefore need not consider the extent to which that doctrine applies to cases under the F. E. L. A. See Linstead v. Chesapeake Ohio R. Co., supra; compare Sinkler v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., 356 U. S. 326, 329-330.
The only remaining issue is the negligence, if any, of the respondent B&O. The trial judge instructed the jury that
. . a railroad is under a duty to exercise ordinary prudence, caution and care to inspect and to furnish its employees with cars on' which they work equipped with reasonably safe doors, even though the cars are owned by another railroad. A failure of the B&O Railroad to do so is negligence, providing that the railroad can foresee that one of its employees may be injured in performing his work in connection with that car and its equipment which are not reasonably safe.”
No exception was taken to this charge. In his opinion denying the B&O’s motion for judgment n. o. v., the trial judge relied on a series of court.of appeals decisions standing for the more broad proposition that a railroad has the nondelegable duty to provide its employees with a safe place to work even when they are required to go onto the premises of a third party over which the railroad has no control. See Kooker v. Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R. Co., 258 F. 2d 876; Chicago Great Western R. Co. v. Casura, 234 F. 2d 441; Beattie v. Elgin, J. & E. R. Co., 217 F. 2d 863. These decisions are in accord with the opinions of this Court in Bailey v. Central Vermont R. Co., 319 U. S. 350; Ellis v. Union Pac. R. Co., 329 U. S. 649; Harris v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 361 U. S. 15, reversing 168 Ohio St. 582, 156 N. E. 2d 822. The present case has been argued to us on the basis of these same decisions and the safe-plaee-to-work doctrine. The respondent admits the general statements of the doctrine in these cases. It bases its defense solely on the proposition that because the P&LE train had just pulled into the station, the B&O did not have sufficient opportunity to obtain actual or constructive notice of the defective mail ear door. The respondent relies on two lower court cases holding that where the defect in the premises of the third party arose within minutes or hours of the accident, there was insufficient time as a matter of .law for the railroad to be held to have notice. Kaminski v. Chicago R. & I. R. Co., 200 F. 2d 1; Wetherbee v. Elgin, J. & E. R. Co., 191 F. 2d 302, subsequent appeal reported in 204 F. 2d 755, cert. denied, 346 U. S. 867.
Whatever the validity of these last two cases, they do not have relevance here. We hold that the B&O had a duty to inspect P&LE cars before permitting its employees to work with them. The standard of care applicable to the use of cars belonging to a. foreign railroad was settled long before the accident in this case. In Baltimore & Potomac R. Co. v. Mackey, 157 U. S. 72, an employee of the -Baltimore & Potomac was killed when a defective brake did not hold on a freight car hauled by the Baltimore & Potomac, but belonging to another railroad. Relying on the language of an earlier New York decision, Gottlieb v. New York & Lake Erie R. Co., 100 N. Y. 462, 467, 3 N. E. 344, 345, the Court concluded that a railroad
“. . . is bound to inspect foreign cars just as it would inspect its own cars. It owes the duty of inspection as master .... When cars come to it which have defects visible or discoverable by ordinary inspection, it must either remedy such defects or refuse to take such cars; so much at least is due from it to its employés.” 157 U. S., at p. 90.
The Court did not have to look far for the “sound-reason and public policy” behind this principle. Relying on'the language of the lower court, the Court said:
“It would be most unreasonable and cruel to declare, that, while the faithful workman may obtain compensation from a company for defective arrangement of its own cars, he would be without redress against the same company if the damaged ear that occasioned the injury happened to belong to another company.” 157 U. S., at p. 89.
This decision was reaffirmed and extended a short time later in Texas & Pac. R. Co. v. Archibald, 170 U. S. 665. In that case, the Texas & Pacific accepted a car of the Cotton Belt Railway for loading at a cottonseed oil mill on a spur off the Texas & Pacific track. In the process of switching, an employee of the Texas & Pacific was seriously injured due to a defective coupling on the foreign car; The Texas & Pacific attempted to distinguish the Baltimore & Potomac case on the ground that the duty to inspect did not apply when a railroad accepted a foreign car only for loading rather than for hauling over its line in one of its trains. The Court dismissed the argument, summarily:
“The argument wants foundation in reason and is unsupported by any authority. In reason, because, as the. duty of the company to use reasonable diligence to furnish safe appliances is ever present, and applies to its entire business, it is beyond reason to attempt by a purely arbitrary distinction to take a particular part of the business of the company out of the operation of the general rule, and thereby to exempt it, as- to the business so separated, from any obligation to observe reasonable precautions to furnish appliances which are in good condition.” 170. U. S., at p. 670.
See generally, Annotation, 41 L. R. A. 101. The rules adopted in these two cases are unavoidably applicable to the present case. The B&O required the petitioner to work with cars belonging to the P&LE, taking no precautions whatsoever to protect him from possible defects in these cars, defects for which it would be liable should they appear in its own cars. As Texas & Pacific makes abundantly clear, there is no de minimis rule called into play on account of the brevity of the sojourn of the P&LE train in Mahoningtown station, since the length of the sojourn is irrelevant to the duty owed to the employee working with the car. Nor is it an answer to claim that the B&O lacked control or supervision over the P&LE car. Such arguments have never supported an exception to the employer’s duty to provide a safe place to work, Chicago Great Western R. Co. v. Casura, supra, p. 447; Beattie v. Elgin, J. & E. R. Co., supra, p. 865; Terminal R. Assn, of St. Louis v. Fitzjohn, 165 F. 2d 473, 476-477, and have no greater relevance here with respect to the duty to provide reasonably safe cars, see Annotation, 41 L. R. A. 101. The B&O may adequately protect itself by refusing to permit its employees to service the car. Since the instructions to the jury adequately reflect the holdings in these cases and since the B&O’s failure to inspect is uncontested, the jury verdict should have been affirmed.
Although recovery in this case is supported by the common law, it is also required by any reasonable construction of the Federal Employers’ Liability Act itself. As we stated in Sinkler v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., 356 U. S. 326, 330: “it was the conception of this legislation that the railroad was a- unitary enterprise, its economic resources obligated to bear the burden of all injuries befalling those engaged in the enterprise arising out of the fault of any-other member engaged in the common endeavor.” . If recovery were denied in this case, the railroads, by the simple expedient of doing each other’s work, could tie their employees up in legal technicalities over the proper railroad'to sue for injuries and perhaps remove from coverage of the Act a significant area of railroad activity. It would subject the employee once more to the stricter negligence standards of the common law. and such debilitating doctrines as assumption of risk. Cf. Texas & Pac. R. Co. v. Archibald, 170 U. S. 665, 673.
In our opinion the case was submitted to the jury under proper instructions, and there was a reasonable basis in the evidence for the verdict which the jury returned.
Reversed.
The testimony of" the B&O ticket agent on duty at the time of the petitioner’s injury stands undisputed in the record:
“Q. [By the Court] Did the P&LE have any boss there that night?
"A. No, sir, the P&LE didn’t have any employees whatsoever connected with that operation there.
“Q. Under whose supervision was Mr. Shenker?
“A. He was under the ticket' agent, Mr. Boyd.
“Q. On that turn when he got hurt?
“A. On that turn he was under my supervision.
“Q. During the four months you say he worked there, did any P&LE employee give directions or orders to" the plaintiff?
“A. No, sir.
“Q. From whom did he receive-direction' and orders, instructions?
“A. From me or Mr. Boyd would let me know what he wanted done and I would tell Mr. Shenker.
"Q. And you and Mr. Boyd were exclusively Baltimore & Ohio Railroad employees?
“A. Yes, sir.”
The Court in Texas & Pacific went on to hold that the railroad will not be held to its duty to inspect where the employee himself becomes aware of the defect yet continues to work with the car with knowledge of its defect. This exception to the rule was based on the belief that the employee assumes the risk of handling appliances which are known to be defective. * 170 U. S., at pp. 672-673. This exception, of course, is no longer relevant under the F..E. L. A., since § 4 of the Act expressly eliminates assumption of risk as a defense to negligence on the part of the employer. In its place, the railroad may raise contributory negligence on the part of the employee in mitigation of damages, a defense that was raised in this case and on which the jury was properly charged.
What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to determine whether the decision of the court whose decision the Supreme Court reviewed was itself liberal or conservative. In the context of issues pertaining to criminal procedure, civil rights, First Amendment, due process, privacy, and attorneys, consider liberal to be pro-person accused or convicted of crime, or denied a jury trial, pro-civil liberties or civil rights claimant, especially those exercising less protected civil rights (e.g., homosexuality), pro-child or juvenile, pro-indigent pro-Indian, pro-affirmative action, pro-neutrality in establishment clause cases, pro-female in abortion, pro-underdog, anti-slavery, incorporation of foreign territories anti-government in the context of due process, except for takings clause cases where a pro-government, anti-owner vote is considered liberal except in criminal forfeiture cases or those where the taking is pro-business violation of due process by exercising jurisdiction over nonresident, pro-attorney or governmental official in non-liability cases, pro-accountability and/or anti-corruption in campaign spending pro-privacy vis-a-vis the 1st Amendment where the privacy invaded is that of mental incompetents, pro-disclosure in Freedom of Information Act issues except for employment and student records. In the context of issues pertaining to unions and economic activity, consider liberal to be pro-union except in union antitrust where liberal = pro-competition, pro-government, anti-business anti-employer, pro-competition, pro-injured person, pro-indigent, pro-small business vis-a-vis large business pro-state/anti-business in state tax cases, pro-debtor, pro-bankrupt, pro-Indian, pro-environmental protection, pro-economic underdog pro-consumer, pro-accountability in governmental corruption, pro-original grantee, purchaser, or occupant in state and territorial land claims anti-union member or employee vis-a-vis union, anti-union in union antitrust, anti-union in union or closed shop, pro-trial in arbitration. In the context of issues pertaining to judicial power, consider liberal to be pro-exercise of judicial power, pro-judicial "activism", pro-judicial review of administrative action. In the context of issues pertaining to federalism, consider liberal to be pro-federal power, pro-executive power in executive/congressional disputes, anti-state. In the context of issues pertaining to federal taxation, consider liberal to be pro-United States and conservative pro-taxpayer. In miscellaneous, consider conservative the incorporation of foreign territories and executive authority vis-a-vis congress or the states or judcial authority vis-a-vis state or federal legislative authority, and consider liberal legislative veto. The lower court's decision direction is unspecifiable if the manner in which the Supreme Court took jurisdiction is original or certification; or if the direction of the Supreme Court's decision is unspecifiable and the main issue pertains to private law or interstate relations