Mr. Justice Whittaker
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Upon an information charging “Assault to Murder in the First Degree,” petitioner was put to trial, without counsel, before a jury in a Florida court, was convicted of “Assault to Murder in the Second Degree” and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of 20 years which he is now serving. No appeal was taken, but within a year from his conviction petitioner filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the Supreme Court of Florida.
In that rather inartfully drawn petition, prepared in the penitentiary, at least the following allegations were made with reasonable clarity: When brought before the court for trial, petitioner, an indigent, ignorant and mentally ill Negro then 29 years of age, advised the court that he was without, and unable to obtain, counsel to conduct his defense and asked that counsel be appointed to represent him. The judge declined to do so, saying (1) “[S]ince this is not a capital offence you are not entitled to a court appointed attorney,” and (2) “you won’t need a Lawyer in this case.” Immediately, a jury was impaneled, the trial began, and petitioner was left to conduct his own defense. But, having “never before appeared in any court on a felony, and . . . not understand [ing] court procedure or know [ing] how to defend himself,” petitioner was unable effectively to conduct and present his defense, and, in consequence, the court’s denial of his request for counsel deprived him of due process of law guaranteed by both the Florida and the United States Constitutions.
The Florida Supreme Court issued a provisional writ of habeas corpus directing respondent to make a proper return. Respondent’s return denied that “petitioner’s constitutional rights were violated by the court’s alleged refusal to appoint counsel in his behalf,” attached a copy of (1) a partial transcript of proceedings at the trial, (2) the judgment of conviction and sentence, and (3) the commitment, and asserted that petitioner was being lawfully imprisoned under the latter document. Finding nothing “in this record of the trial to show whether or not any request was made of the trial judge to appoint counsel to aid the petitioner in his defense,” and believing “that the issues were [not] so complex, or [that] the petitioner was [not] so young, ignorant and inexperienced, as to bring into play the exception to the rule requiring appointment of counsel only in capital cases and to require further inquiry into the procedure culminating in his conviction and sentence,” the Florida Supreme Court, without any hearing upon petitioner's allegations, discharged the writ and remanded petitioner to custody. 113 So. 2d 381. We granted certiorari to determine whether the allegations in the habeas corpus petition, as supplemented by other portions of the record, are such as entitled him to a full hearing thereon, and, if so and if those allegations be found true, whether petitioner was denied due process of law guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. 362 U. S. 910.
It is thoroughly settled that:
“ Where the gravity of the crime and other factors — such as the age and education of the defendant, the conduct of the court or the prosecuting officials, and the complicated nature of the offense charged and the possible defenses thereto — render criminal proceedings without counsel so apt to result in injustice as to be fundamentally unfair/ the Constitution requires that the accused must have legal assistance at his trial.” Cash v. Culver, 358 U. S. 633, 637, and cases cited.
The record shows that petitioner was involved in a minor altercation with the proprietors — two men named Scurry — of what is referred to as a “jook,” called the “Blue Chip,” located in the “colored quarters” of Lake Wales, Florida, during the evening of December 10, 1957, and was ordered to leave the place, which he did. Soon afterward, petitioner, “without shirt or shoes” and armed with a shotgun, approached the “Blue Chip” and, although a number of persons, including one of the Scurrys, were standing on the sidewalk, petitioner fired the gun in their direction. Some of the pellets struck the lower legs of four persons, but Scurry was not hit. City police officers immediately arrested petitioner. They stated that, in the course of transporting him to jail, petitioner said that “he was sorry he shot these other boys, he intended to kill Scurry.” On this premise, petitioner was charged with and tried for “Assault to Murder in the First Degree.”
Although the record does not disclose the extent of petitioner’s education, there is abundant evidence that it was slight. Moreover, the record shows that he suffered head injuries in the Army in 1952, and ever since has been subject to “blackout spells” when excited. For a period of months following April 8, 1956, he underwent treatment for his mental condition in the Veterans Hospital at Bay Pines, Florida, and during four months of that period he was detained in the psychopathic ward. In October 1956, he was released, apparently to his mother as his guardian, but he continued to return to the hospital to “get pills.”
The record shows that petitioner was incapable of questioning witnesses and otherwise unable to conduct his defense. The State produced four witnesses — the complaining witness, Ellix Scurry, and three police officers. Petitioner asked two questions of the witness Scurry and obtained answers thereto. His third “question” was precluded by the judge, although not objected to by the State, because “that is testifying and it isn’t time for you to testify.” Petitioner asked no further questions of Scurry, did not cross-examine the other three witnesses, nor did he make a single objection during the trial. When the State rested, the judge said to petitioner: “All right, now, Elijah, that is the State’s case. If you want to, you can take the stand and tell your side of it. If you don’t want to, you don’t have to . . . .” Petitioner then took the stand and, after mentioning his head injury, “blackout spells” and hospital treatment for his mental illness, testified that he must have suffered a “blackout spell” preceding and during the shooting incident as “that part is a complete blank,” but that he is sure he did not “intend to kill anybody.” He then attempted to put in evidence a doctor’s statement which he said verified his claim of suffering “blackout spells.” Although the State did not object, the judge said “This statement would not be admissible. You could put the doctor on and have him testify; but we cannot admit any statement like this,” and the statement was not received in evidence. At the conclusion of petitioner’s testimony, the judge said to petitioner: “Now, Lige, if you had an attorney, he would argue the case before the jury” and advised petitioner that, if he desired, he could “plead [his] case.” Petitioner replied: “Well, sir, I don’t quite understand the meaning of that,” and he did not make any argument to the jury.
These facts tend strongly to show that petitioner’s ignorance, coupled with his mental illness and complete unfamiliarity with the law and court procedures, and the scant, if any, help he received from the court, made the trial fundamentally unfair.
In addition to this showing of petitioner’s lack of education and mental illness and his consequent inability to defend himself, the record at least implicitly discloses a number of highly complex legal questions, beyond the comprehension of almost any layman.
The Florida assault law appears to be replete with distinctions and degrees. Mayhem, bare assault, assault and battery, aggravated assault and assault with intent to commit felony are all statutory offenses. Assault with intent to commit felony — apparently the crime intended to be charged against petitioner — incorporates by reference all Florida felonies and the degrees thereof. The Florida homicide statutes appear to create four separate offenses — manslaughter, and murder in the first, second and third degrees. In considering the interplay between homicide and assault with intent to commit felony, the Florida courts have held that, although one may be guilty of assault with intent to commit manslaughter, Lassiter v. State, 98 Fla. 370, 123 So. 735, there is no such thing as assault with intent to commit murder in the second or third degree because — inasmuch as those crimes do not require a finding of “intent” — such would be “an assault with intent to commit an act without intent.” Tillman v. State, 81 Fla. 558, 564, 88 So. 377, 380.
To establish the requisite “intent” to commit any of the grades or degrees of unlawful homicide “it will not be sufficient to show that the killing, had it occurred, would have been unlawful and a felony, but it must be found that the accused committed the assault with intent to take life, for although an unintentional or involuntary killing may in some cases be unlawful and a felony, no man can intentionally do an unintentional act; and without the intent the assault can not be punished under this statute, even though the killing, had it been committed, would have amounted to a felony. . . .” Williams v. State, 41 Fla. 295, 298, 26 So. 184, 185.
If, in firing the gun, petitioner did not have this felonious “intent to kill,” his greatest possible crime would have been “Aggravated Assault” — an assault “with a deadly weapon, without intent to kill.” This is not an academic distinction, for 15 years' difference in punishment is involved. The only testimony in this record of “intent to kill” was that of the police officers who testified that while transporting him to jail on the night of the occurrence, petitioner stated that he “intended to kill Scurry.” That testimony appears to have been admitted without the slightest inquiry as to whether the statement was freely and voluntarily made by petitioner. Admission of that crucial evidence, in those circumstances, shows a patent violation of the Florida law which renders inadmissible all admissions made to law officers by an accused while under arrest unless the State affirmatively shows that they were freely and voluntarily made. Louette v. State, 152 Fla. 495, 12 So. 2d 168; Thomas v. State (Fla. 1957), 92 So. 2d 621; Williams v. State (Fla. 1954), 74 So. 2d 797. These complex and intricate legal questions were obviously “beyond the ken of a layman.” Cash v. Culver, supra, at 638.
Indeed, it is questionable whether such a crime as the one upon which petitioner was charged, tried and convicted — “Assault to Murder,” not “Assault with Intent to Commit Felony” — actually exists under the Florida law, Williams v. State, supra, and it is equally uncertain whether the verdict, convicting petitioner of “Assault to Murder in the Second Degree,” is sufficient to support the judgment in the light of 2 Fla. Stat. 1957, p. 2957, § 921.03, which contains the provision that “no judgment of guilty shall be rendered on a verdict unless the jurors clearly express in it a finding against the defendant upon the issue.” See also French v. State, 96 Fla. 657, 118 So. 815.
Moreover, the record contains facts which would have instantly suggested to counsel that petitioner might have a good insanity defense. “[W]hen there is testimony of insanity sufficient to present a reasonable doubt of sanity the presumption [of sanity] vanishes. The defendant is then entitled to an acquittal if the state does not overcome the reasonable doubt.” Farrell v. State (Fla. 1958), 101 So. 2d 130, 133. It is too much to expect this mentally ill petitioner effectively to raise and establish the defense of his own insanity, and, so far as this record shows, neither thé prosecutor nor the trial court took any notice of the matter.
The question treated in the separate concurring opinion only lurks in the record, as it was not raised, briefed or argued here, and therefore we do not reach or express any views upon it.
For the totality of the reasons reviewed, due process of law required that petitioner have the assistance of counsel at the trial of this case, if the facts and circumstances alleged in his habeas corpus petition are true. On the present record it is not possible to determine their truth. But the allegations themselves made it incumbent on the Florida court to grant petitioner a hearing and to determine what the true; facts are.
Reversed.
Such is the rule, in those circumstances, whether or not the accused requested the appointment of counsel. Uveges v. Pennsylvania, 335 U. S. 437, 441.
The following statements, made by petitioner at his trial, are clear evidence of his lack of education: “when I gets excited, I blacks out”; “I had it because I throwed it down myself”; "... without no shirt and no shoes”; “I goes and gets pills.”
On this score petitioner testified:
“When I was in the hospital, I stayed over there four months locked in the ward, psycho part of it; and the four months I was over there, I had to stay in there locked up all the time. Mama was the only one that could come and see me. And, well, about the latter part of the four months he give me a weekend pass. He was trying me to see if I would come back.
“And I went home and I come back on time. And I asked mama to come and sign for me as that was the only way I could get back. I had to have a guardian to sign. And she come over there that day and begged the doctor to let me go home.”
2 Fla. Stat. 1957, p. 2800, §§ 784.01-784.06.
2 Fla. Stat. 1957, p. 2800, §784.06, which provides:
“ASSAULT WITH INTENT TO COMMIT FELONY. — Whoever commits an assault on another, with intent to commit any felony punishable with death or imprisonment for life, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison not exceeding twenty years. An assault with intent to commit any other felony shall be punished to an extent not exceeding one-half the punishment which could have been inflicted had the crime been committed.”
2 Fla. Stat. 1957, p. 2798, § 782.07.
2 Fla. Stat. 1957, p. 2797, § 782.04.
2 Fla. Stat. 1957, p. 2800, § 784.04.
Five years is the maximum sentence for aggravated assault under § 784.04, whereas a 20-year sentence may be imposed for assault with intent to commit felony under § 784.06.
What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to determine whether the decision of the court whose decision the Supreme Court reviewed was itself liberal or conservative. In the context of issues pertaining to criminal procedure, civil rights, First Amendment, due process, privacy, and attorneys, consider liberal to be pro-person accused or convicted of crime, or denied a jury trial, pro-civil liberties or civil rights claimant, especially those exercising less protected civil rights (e.g., homosexuality), pro-child or juvenile, pro-indigent pro-Indian, pro-affirmative action, pro-neutrality in establishment clause cases, pro-female in abortion, pro-underdog, anti-slavery, incorporation of foreign territories anti-government in the context of due process, except for takings clause cases where a pro-government, anti-owner vote is considered liberal except in criminal forfeiture cases or those where the taking is pro-business violation of due process by exercising jurisdiction over nonresident, pro-attorney or governmental official in non-liability cases, pro-accountability and/or anti-corruption in campaign spending pro-privacy vis-a-vis the 1st Amendment where the privacy invaded is that of mental incompetents, pro-disclosure in Freedom of Information Act issues except for employment and student records. In the context of issues pertaining to unions and economic activity, consider liberal to be pro-union except in union antitrust where liberal = pro-competition, pro-government, anti-business anti-employer, pro-competition, pro-injured person, pro-indigent, pro-small business vis-a-vis large business pro-state/anti-business in state tax cases, pro-debtor, pro-bankrupt, pro-Indian, pro-environmental protection, pro-economic underdog pro-consumer, pro-accountability in governmental corruption, pro-original grantee, purchaser, or occupant in state and territorial land claims anti-union member or employee vis-a-vis union, anti-union in union antitrust, anti-union in union or closed shop, pro-trial in arbitration. In the context of issues pertaining to judicial power, consider liberal to be pro-exercise of judicial power, pro-judicial "activism", pro-judicial review of administrative action. In the context of issues pertaining to federalism, consider liberal to be pro-federal power, pro-executive power in executive/congressional disputes, anti-state. In the context of issues pertaining to federal taxation, consider liberal to be pro-United States and conservative pro-taxpayer. In miscellaneous, consider conservative the incorporation of foreign territories and executive authority vis-a-vis congress or the states or judcial authority vis-a-vis state or federal legislative authority, and consider liberal legislative veto. The lower court's decision direction is unspecifiable if the manner in which the Supreme Court took jurisdiction is original or certification; or if the direction of the Supreme Court's decision is unspecifiable and the main issue pertains to private law or interstate relations