Mr. Justice Brennan
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case, involving questions under the so-called Jencks Act, 18 U. S. C. § 3500, is before the Court for the second time. When it was first here, we held inadequate the procedure employed by the trial court for ascertaining whether notes takén by Federal Agent John F. Toomey, Jr., at his interview with Dominic Staula — a key government witness at petitioners’ trial for bank robbery — or the Interview Report compiled by Toomey from his notes, were producible statements within the meaning of §3500 (e)(1) or (e)(2). 365 U. S. 85. We declined to order petitioners’ convictions vacated, but remanded “to the trial court with direction to hold a new inquiry consistent with this opinion . . . [and] supplement the record with new findings . . . .” 365 U. S., at 98-99.' On remand the trial judge held a hearing at which Toomey but not Staula testified. Toomey gave the following testimony: On the day following the robbery he interviewed Staula privately. Staula was a depositor of the bank and had been an eyewitness to' the crime. ' Toomey took longhand notes of the interview, which were “complete . . . with respect to the pertinent information” given by Staula, although not a complete, word-for-word transcription of what he had said. Toomey then recited back to Staula the substance of his account, referring to his notes, and Staula said that Toomey had got it straight. Staula did not read or sign the notes. About seven hours later Toomey, after rearranging his notes to accord with the chronology of Staula’s account, dictated the Interview Report, relying primarily on his notes but also on memory. After checking the transcribed report against the notes and finding it accurate, he destroyed the notes.
On the basis of this testimony and the record of Sfatila’s testimony at petitioners’ trial, the trial judge held that neither the notes nor the Intérview Report was producible under the Jencks Act. 206 F. Supp. 213. On appeal, the Court of Appeals expressed dissatisfaction with the judge’s conduct of the hearing but accepted his ruling that the Interview Report was not producible. 296 F. 2d 527. However, the court held that the status of the. notes could not be adequately determined without fresh testimony from Staula. Accordingly the court, while retaining jurisdiction of the' appeal generally, ordered a further hearing before a district judge other than the trial judge, with both Staula and Toomey to testify, for a determination “whether Staula signed or otherwise adopted or approved the notes.” Id., at 534.
At this hearing Staula testified that he had not read or signed Toomey’s notes but had told Toomey that what the latter had repeated back to him was, to the best of his knowledge, what had happened. Toomey amplified his earlier testimony. On this record the second district judge concluded, 199 F. Supp. 905, that Toomey’s oral presentation to Staula had “not merely adhered to the substance [of the notes] ■ but so far as practical to the precise words,” id., at 906; that Staula had adopted this presentation; that the Interview Report was “almost in ipsissima verba the narrative . . . [Toomey] had just checked with Staula,” id., at 907; and that therefore the report was producible as “a written statement made by said witness and .' . . adopted ... by him.” 18 U. S. C. 13500 (e)(1).
The Court of Appeals then filed a supplemental opinion in which it accepted the second district judge’s findings but held that the report was neither a written statement approved by Staula nor a copy of such a statement, and hence did not come within § 3500 (e)(1). 303 F. 2d 747. We granted certiorari .and leave to proceed in forma pauperis.. 371 U. S. 919. We reverse. We agree with the second district judge that the Interview Report was producible under § 350.0 (e)(1); consequently, we do not reach the other issues tendered by petitioners.
In Campbell I, we posed the following questions to frame the hearing on remand:
“Did Toomey write down what Staula told him at the interview? If so, did Toomey give Staula the paper ‘to read over, to make sure that, it was right/ [as Staula had testified at the trial]- and did Staula sign it?
“Was the Interview Report the paper Staula described, or a copy of that paper? In either case, as the trial judge ruled, the Interview Report would be a producible ‘statement’ under subsection (e)(1).” 365 U. S., at 93.
We now know that the “paper Staula described” was Toomey’s interview notes, and that Staula adopted Toomey’s oral presentation based on the notes. Plainly, if Toomey in making the oral presentation was in fact reading the notes back to Staula, the latter’s adoption of the oral presentation would constitute adoption of a written statement made by him, namely,- the notes. See United States v. Annunziato, 293 F. 2d 373, 382 (C. A. 2d Cir. 1961); United States v. Aviles, 197 F. Supp. 536, 556 (D. C. S. D. N. Y. 1961). The producibility of the Interview Report under §3500 (e)(1) would therefore seem to depend upon, the answers to two questions: whether Toomey’s oral version of the notes may fairly be deemed a reading back of the notes to Staula; and whether the Interview Report may fairly be deemed a copy of the notes.
We think these questions properly are ones of fact, the determination of which by the district judge may not be disturbed unless clearly erroneous. “Final decision as to production must rest, as it does so very often in procedural and evidentiary matters, within the good sense and experience of the district judge guided by the standards we have outlined, and subject to the appropriately limited review of appellate courts.” Palermo v. United States, 360 U. S. 343, 353. Cf. id., at 360 (concurring opinion); Hance v. United States, 299 F. 2d 389, 397 (C. A. 8th Cir. 1962); United States v. Thomas, 282 F. 2d 191 (C. A. 2d Cir. 1960). “The inquiry . . . [is] a proceeding necessary to aid the judge to discharge the responsibility laid upon him to enforce the. statute. . . . The statute . . . implies the duty in the trial judge affirmatively to administer the statute in such way as can best secure relevant and available evidence . . . .” 365 U. S., at 95. To determine the accuracy with which Toomey’s oral presentation and Interview Report reproduced his notes was preeminently a task for a nisi prius, not an appellate, court. It required the ad hoc appraisal of one of the “myriad” “possible permutations of fact and circumstance,” Palermo v. United States, supra, at 353, present in such cases; it may well have depended upon .nuances of testimony and demeanor of witnesses; and it concerned a subject, rulings on evidence, which is peculiarly the province of trial courts.
For the purpose of applying the clearly-erroneous standard in the instant case, we deem controlling the findings of the second district judge. As the Court of Appeals correctly held, the first hearing did not conform to our mandate in Campbell I because Staula was not called to testify; and the hearing was unsatisfactory in other respects. • Mpreover, while Toomey's testimony at. the second hearing did not contradict his earlier testimony, it was considerably more detailed. Also, we perceive no basic inconsistency betweten the fact-findings made at the first hearing and those made at the second, although the later findings were more elaborate. Finally, we read the supplemental opinion of the Court of Appeals as having accepted the later findings as controlling and based, its decision upon them.
In so doing, the Court of Appeals implicitly .concluded that the later finding's were hot clearly erroneous. That conclusion was surely sound. Although there may well be small differences as among the notes, oral presentation, and Interview Report, it is not seriously suggested that there was a material variance or inconsistency among them. And the district judge was entitled to infer that' ■an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of some 15 years’ experience would record a potential witness’ statement with sufficient accuracy as to obviate any need for "the courts to consider whether it would be “grossly unfair to állow the defense to use statements to impeach a witness which could not fairly be said to be the witness’ own.” Palermo v. United States, supra, at 350. We cannot say, therefore, that the second district judge’s finding that the Interview Report was a copy of a written statement made and adopted by Staula was clearly erroneous.
Our holding today only gives effect to the “command of the statute [which] is . . . designed to further the fair and just administration of criminal justice . . . .” Campbell I, 365 U. S., at 92. Petitioners — Alvin R. Campbell and Arnold S. Campbell, brothers, and Donald Lester — were convicted of a serious crime and sentenced to long prison terms. At their trial, held four months after the bank robbery, Staula testified that there had been three robbers. One, who had worn “a white shirt with short sleeves,” Record, Campbell I, No. 53, October Term 1960, p. 141, he said resembled Lester. Another, who “had on a blue suit,” id., p. 142, he said resembled Arnold Campbell. The third he had glimpsed “[a]t the vault,” id., p. 170, but could not describe'. ■ The Interview-Report, however, states that Staula “did not observe a third man in the bank.” Of the two he did observe, one is described as wearing a “[d]ark blue suit” and “[w]hite shirt”; but at the trial, when asked whether he remembered “what kind of a shirt,, if any, the man in the blue suit was wearing,” Record, supra, p. 148, Staula answered: “No, because I saw him from the side. I didn’t see the front of him. I didn’t see his. shirt.” Ibid. And in the description in the report of the second man Staula observed, there is no mention of his wearing “a white shirt with short sleeves”; he is only described as “wearing gray chino pants,” and the report adds that Staula “only observed the man ... for an instant and could give no further description of him.” Surely fairness in federal criminal procedure, which the Jencks Act was enacted to secure, Campbell I, 365 U. S., at 92, demands that this Interview Report, reasonably found to be an accurate copy of a written statement made the day after the robbery by Staula and adopted by him as his own, be producible for impeachment purposes.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals and the judgments of conviction are vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
It is so ordered.
The Act provides in part:
“(b) After a witness called by the United States has testified on direct examination, the court shall, on motion of the defendant, order the United States to produce any statement (as hereinafter defined) of the witness in the possession of the United States which relates to the subject matter as to which the witness has testified. If the entire contents of any such statement relate to the subject matter of the testimony of the witness, the court shall order it to be delivered directly to the defendant for his examination and use.
“(d) If the United States elects not to comply with an order of the court under paragraph (b) or (c) hereof to deliver to the defendant any such statement, or such' portion thereof as the court may direct, the .court shall strike from the record the testimony of the witness, and ’the trial shall proceed,unless the court in its discretion shall determine that the interests of justice require that a mistrial be declared.
“(e) The term ‘statement’, as used in subsections ■ (b), (c), and (d) of this section, in relation to any witness called by the United States, means—
“(1) a written statement made by said witness and signed or otherwise adopted or approved by him; or
“(2) a stenographic, mechanical, electrical, or other recording, Or a transcription thereof, which is a substantially verbatim recital of an oral statement made by said witness to an agent of the Government and recorded contemporaneously with the making of such oral statement.”
Specifically, we held that the district judge was required to hold a nonadversary hearing on the producibility of the notes and Interview Report. We also directed that attention be given the question what sanctions, if any, would be appropriate if it developed that the notes were producible but had been destroyed and that no copy had survived. See 365 U. S., at 98, 18 U. S. C; § 3500 (d).
The Interview Report was released by the Court of Appeals and was included in the record before this Court in Campbell I. The .full text of the report is reproduced-in 365 U. S., at 90 and 91, n. 3.
Although Toomey testified at the hearing that Staula had not signed or read the notes, Staula had testified at petitioners’.trial: “I +hink they wrote down what I said, and then I think they gave it back to me to read over, to make sure that it was right. And I think I had to sign it. Now, I am not sure. I couldn’t remember before.” 365 U. S., at 89, n. 2. Staula was referring to his interview with Toomey.
These issues, basically, are whether the Interview Report is producible under § 3500 (e) (2) of the Jencks Act and whether, if the notes are producible under the Act, their destruction gives rise to sanctions under subsection (d), or permits secondary evidence of their contents to be produced. The second district judge found that the Interview Report was a substantially verbatim recording of Staula’s oral statement to Toomey and hence producible under § 3500 (e) (2). The Court of Appeals disagreed. Moreover, in denying rehearing, the Court of Appeals rendered an opinion holding that no sanctions could- attach to Toomey’s destruction of his notes because such destruction had not been in bad faith. 303 F. 2d, at 751. Our holding that the Interview Report is producible under § 3500 (e) (1) makes it unnecessary for us to consider any of the other issues, and we intimate no view on the- correctness of the Court of Appeals’ rulings on them.
It is settled, of course, that a written statement, to be producible under §3500 (e)(1), need not be signed by the witness, Campbell I, at 93-94; Bergman v. United States, 253 F. 2d 933, 935, n. 1 (C. A. 6th Cir. 1958); cf. United States v. Allegrucci, 299 F. 2d 811, 813 and n. 3 (C. A. 3d Cir. 1962), or written by him, Campbell I, at 93; United States v. Thomas, 282 F. 2d 191, 194 (C. A. 2d Cir. 1960) ; H. R. Rep. No. 700, 85th Cong., 1st Sess. 5-6 (1957); Note, The Supreme Court, 1960 Term, 75 Harv. L. Rev. 40, 181-182 (1961), or be a substantially verbatim recording of a prior oral statement, see United States v. McCarthy, 301 F. 2d 796 (C. A. 3d Cir. 1962); United States v. Berry, 277 F. 2d 826 (C. A. 7th Cir. 1960).
The producibility of statements under the Jencks Act and their admissibility under the rules of evidence are separate questions, United States v. Berry, 277 F. 2d 826, 830 (C. A. 7th Cir. 1960), but obviously closely related.
“While technically the court called Tpomey itself and permitted the defendants- to Cross-examine, the restrictions imposed upon counsel were such that it was cross-examination in name only. In spite of the fact that the witness was a special agent of long standing who had discussed his testimony with the Assistant U. S. Attorney immediately before the hearing, the court hovered constantly over him like an over-anxious mother. With respect to correlation between the notes, Staula’s statements, and the eventual report, the Supreme Court’s directions for a non-adversary proceeding to assist the court in performing its duty, with the defendants permitted to •cross-examine, were honored largely in the breach:” 296 F. 2d, at 529.
The first district judge’s findings, so far as pertinent to the issue of producibility under §3500-(e)(1), read as follows;.
“3. . . . Agent Toomey • repeated to Mr. Staula, from memory and using’the notes-which he had taken only to refresh his recollection, the substance of the story which Mr. Staula had related to him. •. . .
' “4.' Agent Toomey did not transcribe the story related to him by Mr. Staula word for word.” 206 F. Supp., at 214. We do not read these_ as findings that Toómey’s oral presentation was not an accurate reproduction of the contents of the notes. Apparently, the judge based his conclusion of nonprodueibility under § 3500 (e) (1) on the legally erroneous supposition that adoption of an- oral presentation of a written statement did not constitute a permissible mode of adopting • the written statement.
One judge, concurring in the Court of Appeals, questioned the correctnéss of the Distict Court’s finding that the Interview Report recorded Staula’s statement “almost in ipsissima .verba.” 303 F. 2d, at 751. But he did not suggest, nor, we think; could he on this record, that there were material differences between the statement and ■ the report. It is not suggested, for example, that the descriptions of the robbers in the report or the statement in the report ■ that Staula had not observed a' third robber — the crucial' portions of the report for impeachment purposes — differed in the slightest relevant' particular from the notes or oral presentation. The only variances, apparently, are grammatical, and syntactical changes, rearrangement into chronological order, and omissions and additions of information immaterial for impeachment purposes.
As a copy, we consider, the report admissible as independent evidence for impeachment purposes, and not merely as secondary evidence of. the notes which have been destroyed: See generally United States v. Annunziato, supra, at 382; United States v. Thomas, supra, at 194-195.
“Every experienced trial judge and trial lawyer knows the value for impeaching purposes of statements of the witness recording the events before time dulls treacherous memory. Flat contradiction between the witness’ testimony and the version of the events given in. his reports is not the only test of inconsistency. The omission from the reports pf facts related at the trial, or a contrast in emphasis upon the same facts, even a different order of treatment, are also relevant to the cross-examining process of testing the credibility of a witness’ trial testimony.” Jencks v. United States, 353 U. S. 657, 667. The Jencks Act, of course, “reaffirms” our holding in Jencks v. United States, supra. Campbell I, at 92.
We intimate no view on the probative weight to be accorded the Interview Report as impeaching Staula’s trial testimony; that is a matter for the triers of facts. And of course nothing we say is intended to suggest that a showing of inconsistency is a prerequisite to the production of documents under the Jencks Act. Jencks v. United States, supra, at 667-668; 18 U. S. C. §3500 (b).
Understandably, no contention has been made that the refusal to produce the Interview Report can be deemed harmless error under the principles laid down in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U. S. 367. Cf. Gordon v. United States, 344 U. S. 414.
What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to determine whether the decision of the court whose decision the Supreme Court reviewed was itself liberal or conservative. In the context of issues pertaining to criminal procedure, civil rights, First Amendment, due process, privacy, and attorneys, consider liberal to be pro-person accused or convicted of crime, or denied a jury trial, pro-civil liberties or civil rights claimant, especially those exercising less protected civil rights (e.g., homosexuality), pro-child or juvenile, pro-indigent pro-Indian, pro-affirmative action, pro-neutrality in establishment clause cases, pro-female in abortion, pro-underdog, anti-slavery, incorporation of foreign territories anti-government in the context of due process, except for takings clause cases where a pro-government, anti-owner vote is considered liberal except in criminal forfeiture cases or those where the taking is pro-business violation of due process by exercising jurisdiction over nonresident, pro-attorney or governmental official in non-liability cases, pro-accountability and/or anti-corruption in campaign spending pro-privacy vis-a-vis the 1st Amendment where the privacy invaded is that of mental incompetents, pro-disclosure in Freedom of Information Act issues except for employment and student records. In the context of issues pertaining to unions and economic activity, consider liberal to be pro-union except in union antitrust where liberal = pro-competition, pro-government, anti-business anti-employer, pro-competition, pro-injured person, pro-indigent, pro-small business vis-a-vis large business pro-state/anti-business in state tax cases, pro-debtor, pro-bankrupt, pro-Indian, pro-environmental protection, pro-economic underdog pro-consumer, pro-accountability in governmental corruption, pro-original grantee, purchaser, or occupant in state and territorial land claims anti-union member or employee vis-a-vis union, anti-union in union antitrust, anti-union in union or closed shop, pro-trial in arbitration. In the context of issues pertaining to judicial power, consider liberal to be pro-exercise of judicial power, pro-judicial "activism", pro-judicial review of administrative action. In the context of issues pertaining to federalism, consider liberal to be pro-federal power, pro-executive power in executive/congressional disputes, anti-state. In the context of issues pertaining to federal taxation, consider liberal to be pro-United States and conservative pro-taxpayer. In miscellaneous, consider conservative the incorporation of foreign territories and executive authority vis-a-vis congress or the states or judcial authority vis-a-vis state or federal legislative authority, and consider liberal legislative veto. The lower court's decision direction is unspecifiable if the manner in which the Supreme Court took jurisdiction is original or certification; or if the direction of the Supreme Court's decision is unspecifiable and the main issue pertains to private law or interstate relations