opinion: FRANCIS et al. v. SOUTHERN PACIFIC CO.
  No. 400.
  Argued February 5, 1948.
  Decided March 15, 1948.
  Parnell Black argued the cause for petitioners. With him on the brief were Calvin W. Rawlings and Harold E. Wallace.
  Paul H. Ray argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief was S. J. Quinney.
  Mr. Justice Douglas
  delivered the opinion of the Court.
  Petitioners are the minor children of Jack R. Francis who was killed while riding as an interstate passenger on one of respondent’s trains. They brought this suit, acting through their general guardians, to recover damages on account of his death. Jurisdiction in the federal court was founded on diversity of citizenship. The trial judge submitted to the jury only the question of respondent’s wanton negligence. The error alleged is his refusal to submit to the jury the issue of ordinary negligence. The jury returned a verdict for respondent. The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. 162 F.2d 813.
  The Circuit Court of Appeals held that Utah law creates a right of action in the heirs for the wrongful death of the decedent and' that the action is distinct from any which decedent might have maintained had he survived. But the court held that the action is maintainable only where the decedent could have recovered damages for his injury if death had not ensued. In this case the decedent, an employee of respondent, was riding on a free pass not in connection with any duties he had as an employee but as a passenger only. The Circuit Court of Appeals therefore held as a matter of federal law that respondent would not have been liable to decedent for damages caused by ordinary negligence, relying on Northern Pacific R. Co. v. Adams, 192 U. S. 440. It concluded that respondent had the same defense against the heirs. We granted the petition for a writ of certiorari to reexamine the relationship between local law and federal law respecting the liability of interstate carriers under free passes.
  In Van Wagoner v. Union Pac. R. Co., — Utah —, 186 P. 2d 293, decided after the petition for certiorari in the present case was filed, the heirs sued to recover damages for the death of the decedent in a grade-crossing accident. The court held that a defense of contributory negligence which would have barred recovery by the decedent likewise bars the heirs. In view of this ruling by the Utah Supreme Court we cannot say that the Circuit Court of Appeals committed plain error in holding that respondent had the same defenses against petitioners as it would have had against the decedent. Yet it requires such showing of error for us to overrule the lower courts in their applications of Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U. S. 64. See Palmer v. Hoffman, 318 U. S. 109, 118; MacGregor v. State Mutual Co., 315 U. S. 280; Steele v. General Mills, 329 U. S. 433, 439. Cf. Wichita Co. v. City Bank, 306 U. S. 103.
  The free pass in the present case stated that “the user assumes all risk of injury to person or property and of loss of property whether by negligence or otherwise, and absolves the issuing company . . . from any liability therefor.” In Northern Pacific R. Co. v. Adams, supra, a similar provision in a free pass was sustained as a defense to an action brought under an Idaho statute by the heirs of a passenger. That was in 1904. The Adams decision was soon followed by Boering v. Chesapeake Beach R. Co., 193 U. S. 442. Then in 1906 came the Hepburn Act which under pain of a criminal penalty prohibited a common carrier subject to the Act from issuing a “free pass” except, inter alia, to “its employees and their families.” 34 Stat. 584, 49 U. S. C. § 1 (7). Thereafter in 1914 the Court held that the rule of the Adams case was applicable under the federal statute and that the “free pass” was nonetheless a gratuity though issued to an employee of the carrier. Charleston & W. C. R. Co. v. Thompson, 234 U. S. 576. Kansas City So. R. Co. v. Van Zant, 260 U. S. 459, followed in 1923 and held that the liability of an interstate carrier to one riding on a “free pass” was determined not by state law but by the Hepburn Act. The Court said, p. 468, “The provision for passes, with its sanction in penalties, is a regulation of interstate commerce to the completion of which the determination of the effect of the passes is necessary. We think, therefore, free passes in their entirety are taken charge of, not only their permission and use, but the limitations and conditions upon their use. Or to put it another way, and to specialize, the relation of their users to the railroad which issued them, the fact and measure of responsibility the railroad incurs by their issue, and the extent of the right the person to whom issued acquires, are taken charge of.”
  For years this has been the accepted and well-settled construction of the Hepburn Act. During that long period it stood unchallenged in this Court and, so far as we can ascertain, in Congress too. Then came the Transportation Act of 1940, 54 Stat. 898, 900, with its comprehensive revision of the statutes of which the Hepburn Act was part. Amendments were made to the free-pass provision of the Act to permit free transportation of additional classes of persons. No other amendments to the free-pass provision were made. It was reenacted without further change or qualification. In view of this history we do not reach the question of what construction we would give the Hepburn Act were we writing on a clean slate. The extent to which we should rely upon such history is always a difficult question which has frequently troubled the Court in many fields of law and with varied results. See Girouard v. United States, 328 U. S. 61, 69, 70; Helvering v. Hallock, 309 U. S. 106, 119, 123. But in the setting of this case, we find the long and well-settled construction of the Act plus reenactment of the free-pass provision without change of the established interpretation most persuasive indications that the rule of the Adams, Thompson, and Van Zant cases has become part of the warp and woof of the legislation. See Missouri v. Ross, 299 U. S. 72, 75; United States v. Elgin, J. & E. R. Co., 298 U. S. 492, 500; United States v. Ryan, 284 U. S. 167, 175; Hecht v. Malley, 265 U. S. 144, 153; Electric Battery Co. v. Shimadzu, 307 U. S. 5, 14. Any state law which conflicts with this federal rule governing interstate carriers must therefore give way by virtue of the Supremacy Clause. For it was held in the Van Zant case that the free-pass provision of the Hepburn Act was a regulation of interstate commerce “to the completion of which the determination of the effect of the passes is necessary.” Thus there is no room for the application of Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, supra, on this phase of the case. The Van Zant case arose not in a lower federal court but in a state court; the holding was not a declaration of a “general commercial law” but a ruling that “the incidents and consequences” of the pass were controlled by the federal act “to the exclusion of state laws and state policies.” 260 U. S. at 469.
  Petitioners contend that the jury panel from which the jury in this case' was selected was drawn contrary to Thiel v. Southern Pacific Co., 328 U. S. 217. We do not stop to inquire into the merits of the claim. The objection was made for the first time in the motion for a new trial. It seems to have been an afterthought, as the Thiel case was decided a few weeks after the verdict of the jury in the present case. If not an afterthought, it is an effort to retrieve a position that was forsaken when it was decided to take a gamble on the existing jury panel. In either case the objection comes too late. Cf. Queenan v. Oklahoma, 190 U. S. 548, 552.
  Affirmed.
  The Utah Supreme Court in its original opinion in the Van Wagoner case stated that the right granted the heirs is a “right to proceed against the wrongdoer subject to the defenses available against the deceased, had he lived and prosecuted the suit.” On petition for rehearing that statement was eliminated and the following one substituted: "Under the facts of this case the right to proceed against the wrongdoer is subject to the defense of contributory negligence.” 189 P. 2d 701.
  That ruling is no deviation from the Utah law as construed by the lower federal courts. It supports the view of Utah law taken by the Circuit Court of Appeals and is in line with the weight of authority in the state courts. See Mellon v. Goodyear, 277 U. S. 335, 344-345. Hence we do not deem it appropriate to remand the case for consideration of the intervening decision in the Van Wagoner case. Cf. Huddleston v. Dwyer, 322 U. S. 232.
  The Court said, pp. 453-454:
  “The railway company was not as to Adams a carrier for hire. It waived its right as a common carrier to exact compensation. It offered him the privilege of riding in its coaches without charge if he would assume the risks of negligence. He was not in the power of the company and obliged to accept its terms. They stood on an equal footing. If he had desired to hold it to its common law obligations to him as a passenger, he could have paid his fare and compelled the company to receive and carry him. He freely and voluntarily chose to accept the privilege offered, and having accepted that privilege cannot repudiate the conditions. It was not a benevolent association, but doing a railroad business for profit; and free passengers are not so many as to induce negligence on its part. So far as the element of contract controls, it was a contract which neither party was bound to enter into, and yet one which each was at liberty to make, and no public policy was violated thereby.”
  See H. R. Rep. 2016,76th Cong., 3d Sess., p. 59.
choices: Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Federated States of Micronesia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Marshall Islands Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Palau Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virgin Islands Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States Interstate Compact Philippines Indian Dakota