opinion: FAR EAST CONFERENCE et al. v. UNITED STATES et al.
  No. 15,
  Misc.
  Argued. January 30, 1952.
  Decided March 10, 1952.
  Elkan Turk argued the cause for the Far East Conference et al., petitioners. With him on the brief were John Milton and Seymour H. Kligler.
  John W. Davis argued the cause for the Isthmian Steamship Co., petitioner. With him on the brief was. Josiah Stryker.
  **/. Roger Wollenberg argued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief were Solicitor General Perlman and Assistant Attorney General Morison.
  Arthur M. Boal argued the cause for the Federal Maritime Board, respondent. With him on the brief were • Francis S. Walker and George F. Galland.
  Me. Justice Frankfurter
  delivered the opinion of the Court.
  This is a suit in the District Court for New Jersey to enjoin violations of the Sherman Law. 26 Stat. 209, 15 U. S. C. §§ 1 and 2. The defendants were the Far East Conference, a voluntary association, and its constituent members, steamship companies engaged in what is known as' the “outbound Far East trade.” The Conference was organized in 1922, and the Conference Agreement under which it .operates was approved by the United States Shipping Board, exercising authority under the Shipping Act of 1916, as amended. Under this Agreement there has been established a dual system of rates, called the contract and noncontract rate system. Shippers who agreed to use exclusively bottoms of Conference members paid one rate'; those who did not bind themselves by such exclusive patronage contract paid a fixed higher rate. Shippers who adhered to the exclusive patronage contract were not tied to a particular carrier; they were free to choose among Conference carriers. The Conference members, however, were obligated to supply facilities sufficient to handle freight destined for the Far East. This system of two levels of freight rates constituted the gravamen of the Government’s suit.
  Admitting the dual-rate system, the defendants, justified on the merits but moved that the complaint be dismissed. on the ground that the nature of the issues required that resort must first be had to the Federal Maritime Board before a District Court could adjudicate the Government’s complaint. ' The Board, as intervenor, joined in this motion. It was denied by the District Court, 94 F. Supp. 900, and we brought the case here, under § 262 of the Judicial Code, 28 U. S. C; § 1651 (a), because there are in issue important questions regarding the relation between the Sherman Law and the Shipping Act. 342 U. S. 811.
  At the threshold we must decide whether, in a suit brought by the United States to enjoin a dual-rate system enforced in concert by steamship carriers engaged in foreign trade, a District Court can pass on the merits^ of the complaint before the Federal Maritime Board has passed upon the question'. We see no reason to depart from United States Navigation Co. v. Cunard Steamship Co., 284 U. S. 474. That case answers our problem. There a. competing carrier invoked the Antitrust Acts for an injunction against a combination of carriers in the North Atlantic trade which were alleged to operate a dual-rate system similar to that here involved. The plaintiff had not previously challenged the offending practice before the United States Shipping Board, the predecessor in authority of the present Maritime Board. This Court sustained the two lower courts, 39 F. 2d 204 (D. C. S. D. N. Y.) and 50 F. 2d 83 (C. A. 2d Cir.), dismissing the bill because initial consideration by the Shipping Board of the circumstances in controversy had not been sought. After a detailed analysis of the provisions of the Shipping Act and their relation to the construction theretofore given to the Interstate Commerce Act, this was the conclusion:
  “The [Shipping] act is restrictive in its operation upon some of the activities of common carriers by water, and permissive in reápect of others. Their business involves questions of an exceptional character, the solution of which may call for the exercise of a high degree of expert and technical knowledge. Whether a given agreement among such carriers should be held to contravene the act may depend upon a consideration of economic relations, of facts peculiar to the business or its history, of competitive conditions in respect of the shipping of foreign countries, and of other relevant circumstances, generally unfamiliar to a judicial tribunal, but well understood by an administrative body especially trained and experienced in the intricate and technical facts and usages of the shipping trade; and with which that body, consequently, is better able to deal. Compare Chicago Board of Trade v. United States, 246 U. S. 231, 238; United States v. Hamburgh-AmericaS. S. Line, 216 Fed. 971.
  n
  “A comparison of the enumeration of wrongs charged in the bill with the provisions of the sections of the Shipping Act above outlined conclusively shows, without going into detail, that the allegations either constitute direct and basic charges of violations of these provisions or are so interrelated with such .charges as to be in effect a component part of them; and the remedy is that afforded by the Shipping Act, which to that extent supersedes the antitrust laws. Compare Keogh v. Chicago & N. W. Ry. Co., supra [260 U. S. 156], at p. 162. The matter, therefore,, is within the exclusive preliminary jurisdiction of the Shipping Board. The scope and evident purpose of the Shipping Act, as in the cáse of thé Interstate Commerce Act, are demonstrative of this conclusion.” 284 U. S. 474, 485.
  The Court thus applied a principle, now firmly established, that in cases raising issues of fact not within the conventional experience, of judges or cases requiring the exercise of administrative discretion, agencies created by Congress for regulating the subject matter should not be passed over. This ié. so even, thoügh the facts after théy have, been appraised by specialized competence serve as a premise for legal cohsequences to be judicially defined. • Uniformity, and consistency in the regulation of business entrusted to a particular agency are secured, and the limited functions of review by the judiciary are mor^ rationally exprcised, by preliminary resort for áscertaining and interpreting the circumstances underlying legal issues to agencies that are better equipped than courts by specialization, by insight gained through experience, and by more flexible procedure.
  It is significant that this mode of accommodating the complementary roles of courts and administrative agencies in the enforcement of law was originally applied in a situation where the face of the statute gave the Interstate ' Commerce Commission and the courts concurrent jurisdiction. “The pioneer work of Chief Justice White” in Texas & Pacific R. Co. v. Abilene Cotton Oil Co., 204 U. S. 426, as his successor characterized it, 257 U. S. xxvi, was one of those creative judicial labors whereby modern administrative law is being developed as part of our traditional system of law. In this case we are merely applying the philosophy which was put in memorable words by Mr. Justice (as he then was) Stone:
  “... . court and agency are not to be regarded as wholly independent and unrelated instrumentalities of justice, each acting in the performance of its prescribed statutory duty without regard to the appropriate function of the other-in securing the plainly indicated objects of the statute. . Court and agency are the means adopted to attain the prescribed end, and so far as their duties are defined by the words of the statute, those words should be construed so as to attain that end through coordinated action. . Neither body should repeat in this day the mistake made by the courts of law when equity was struggling for recognition as .an ameliorating system of justice; neither can rightly be regarded by the other as an alien intruder, to be tolerated if must be, but never to be encouraged or aided by the other in the attainment of the common aim.” United States v. Morgan, 307 U. S. 183, 191.
  The sole distinction between the Cunará case and this is that there a private shipper invoked the Antitrust Acts and here it is the Government. This difference, does not touch the factors that determined the Cunará case. The same considerations of administrative expertise apply, whoever initiates the action. The same Antitrust Laws and the same Shipping Act apply to the same dual-rate system. To- the same extent they define the appropriate orbits of action as between court and Maritime Board.
  But the Government argues that it should not be forced •to go first to the Board because the United States may n.ot be deemed a “person” who under § 22 of the Shipping Act may file a complaint with the Maritime Board. Surely the large question here in issue ought, not to turn on such a debating point. It is almost frivolous to suggest that the Maritime Board would deny standing to the United States as a complainant. The Board has consistently treated the United States as a “person” within its rule for intervention. We ought not to dally longer with this objection, considering the fact that the United States, as a matter of common knowledge, is today one of the largest shippers in the Far East trade. The matter seems to be disposed of by United States v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 337 U. S. 426, 430 et seq., involving similar provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act.
  Having concluded that initial submission to the Federal Maritime Board is required, we may either order' the case retained on the District Court docket pending the Board’s action, General American Tank Car Corp. v. El Dorado Terminal Co., 308 U. S. 422, 432-433; El Dorado Oil Works v. United States, 328 U. S. 12, 17; see United States v. Interstate Commerce Commission, supra, at 465, n. 12, or order dismissal of the proceeding brought in..the District Court. As distinguished from the situation presented by the first El Dorado case, supra, which was a contract action raising only incidentally a question proper for initial administrative decisipn, the present case involves questions within the general scope of the Maritime Board’s jurisdiction. Shipping Act of 1916, §§ 14, 15, 39 Stat. 728, 733, 46 U. S. C. §§ 812, 814. An order of the Board will be subject to review by a United States Court of Appeals, with opportunity for further review in this Court on writ of certiorari. Pub. L. No. 901, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., §§ 2, 10, 64 Stat. 1129, 1132. If the Board’s order is favorable to the United States, it can be enforced by process of the District Court on the Attorney General’s application. 39 Stat. 728, 737, 46 U. S. C. § 828. We believe that no purpose will here be served to hold the present action in abeyance in the District Court while the proceeding before the Board and subsequent judicial review or enforcement of its order are being pursued. A similar suit is easily initiated later, if appropriate. Business-like procedure counsels that the Government’s complaint should now be dismissed, as was the complaint in United States Navigation Co. v. Cunard Steamship Co., supra.
  The judgment of the District Court must be
  Reversed.
  Mr. Justice Clark took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
  The jurisdiction of the District Court was based on § 4 of the Sherman Law: “The several district courts of the United States are 1 invested with'jurisdiction \ to prevent and restrain violations of sections 1-7 of this title ..." 26 Stat. 209, 15 U. S. C. § 4.
  Section 3 of the Shipping Act of 1916 created.the Shipping Board. 39 Stat. 728, 729. Through several steps its functions haye come to its present successor, the Federal Maritime Board. By Executive Order No. 6166, June 10, 1933, § 12, its functions were transferred to the United States Shipping Board Bureau in the Department of Commerce. In 1936 Congress created the United States Maritime Commission, 49 Stat. 1985, 1987, 46 U. S. C. § 1114; and in 1950 the present Federal Maritime Board was established. Reorganization Plan No. 21 of 1950, 15 Fed. Reg. 3178-3180.
  39 Stat. 728, 46 U. S. C. § 801 et seq.
  The irrelevance of the failure to file the rates themselves with the Board was laid bare in United States Navigation Co. v. Cunard Steamship Co., 284 U. S. 474, 486-487:
  “If there be a failure to file an agreement as required by § 15, the board, as in the case of other violations of the act, is fully authorized by § 22, supra, to afford relief upon complaint or upon its own motion.' Its orders, in that respect, as in other respects, are then, under §,31, for the first time, open to a judicial proceeding to enforce, suspend or set them aside in accordance, generally, with the rules and limitations announced by this court in respect of like orders made by the Interstate Commerce Commission.”
  39 Stat. 728, 736, 46. U. S. C. § 821.
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