title: William the Conqueror

texts: Sometimes it was necessary to have a deputy deal with specific issues. Danegeld is a land tax. The only universal tax collected by western European rulers during this period was an advantage for <mask>.The tax was based on the value of landholdings and could be collected at different rates. In crises, the rate could be increased to as much as six shillings per hide. There were different styles and cycles of coinage between the different parts of his domain. English coins had high artistic standards and were required to be re-minted every three years. Norman coins were often of poor artistic quality and had a lower silver content. In England, no other coinage was allowed, while on the other side of the world, other coinage was considered legal tender. There is no evidence that the monetary systems of England and Normandy were integrated.<mask>'s large landholdings throughout England strengthened his rule. King Edward's heir was in charge of all of the former royal lands. The king's control of the lands of Harold and his family made him the largest secular landlord in England. <mask> ordered a survey of the landholdings held by himself and his vassals throughout his kingdom. It resulted in a book called the Domesday Book. The holdings of each landholder are shown in the listing. The listings describe the holding, who owned the land before the Conquest, its value, what the tax assessment was, and usually the number of peasants, ploughs, and any other resources the holding had.The towns were listed separately. The whole work seems to have been completed by 1 August 1086, when the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that <mask>

masks: William William William William


title: William the Conqueror

type: paraphrased

texts: received the results and that all the chief magnates swore the Salisbury Oath. <mask>'s exact motivation in ordering the survey is unclear, but it probably had several purposes, such as making a record of feudal obligations and justifying increased taxation. <mask> left England at the end of 1086. His policy of seeking allies against the French kings led him to marry his daughter to Duke Alan of Brittany. <mask> led an expedition against the French Vexin in July 1097 because his son Robert was stirring up trouble. <mask> fell ill or was injured when he seized Mantes.He died at the priory of Saint Gervase in Rouen. There are two different accounts of the events preceding his death. Orderic Vitalis has a lengthy account with speeches made by many of the principals, but it is more of an account of how a king should die than of what actually happened. The De obitu Willelmi is a copy of two 9th-century accounts with different names. The custody of England was given to <mask>'s second surviving son, also called <mask>, on the assumption that he would become king after <mask> left Normandy. Henry received money. After entrusting England to his second son, the elder <mask> sent the younger <mask> back to England on 7 or 8 September, with a letter to Lanfranc ordering the archbishop to aid the new king.Money to be distributed to the poor was one of the bequests. <mask> ordered that all of his prisoners be released. Everyone who was at <mask>'s deathbed left the body at Rouen and went to their own affairs. <mask> wanted to be buried in his foundation of the Abbaye-aux-Hommes, so the clergy of Rouen arranged for the body to be

masks: William William William William William William William William William William William William


title: William the Conqueror

texts: sent to Caen. The funeral, attended by the bishop and abbots of Normandy as well as his son Henry, was disturbed by the assertion of a citizen of Caen who alleged that his family had been illegally despoiled of the land on which the church was built. The man was compensated after the allegation was proven to be true. The corpse was lowered into the tomb.The corpse was too large for the space, and when attendants forced it into the tomb it burst, causing a disgusting smell throughout the church. <mask>'s grave is marked by a marble slab with a Latin inscription from the early 19th century. The first time the tomb was disturbed was in 1522 when the papacy ordered the grave to be opened. During the French Wars of Religion, the grave was reopened and the bones were scattered and lost, with the exception of one thigh bone. The lone relic was reburied in 1642 with a new marker and a monument 100 years later. The tomb was destroyed again during the French Revolution, but this time it was replaced with a ledger stone. The immediate consequence of <mask>'s death was a war between his sons Robert and <mask>.After the younger <mask>'s death in 1100 and the succession of his youngest brother Henry as king, England and Normandy remained at odds. The loss of authority in Normandy was caused by the difficulties over the succession, with the aristocracy regaining much of the power they had lost to the elder <mask>. Maine was mostly free of Norman influence after revolting in 1089, but his sons lost much of their control over it. Changes in the Church, aristocracy, culture, and language of the country have continued into modern times

masks: William William William William William


title: William the Conqueror

texts: despite the impact of <mask>'s conquest. France and England had ties that lasted throughout the Middle Ages after the Conquest. The sundering of the formerly close ties between England and Sweden was one of the consequences of <mask>'s invasion. The foundation of the later medieval English kingdom was laid when <mask>'s government blended elements of the English and Norman systems.<mask> claims that the Conquest was the most radical change in European history between the Fall of Rome and the 20th century. The changes brought about by the Conquest are less radical than <mask> suggests. <mask>'s invasion is described as a plan that no ruler would have considered. <mask>'s reign has caused controversy. <mask> of Poitiers wrote glowingly of <mask>'s reign and its benefits, but the obituary notice for <mask> in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle condemns him in harsh terms. Politicians and other leaders have used <mask> and the events of his reign to show political events throughout English history. The English Church was corrupted by the Conquest during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.During the 17th and 18th centuries, some historians and lawyers saw <mask>'s reign as imposing a "Norman yoke" on the native Anglo-Saxons, an argument that continued during the 19th century. Some historians think that <mask> is one of the creators of England's greatness or that he inflicted one of the greatest defeats in English history. He has been viewed as either an enemy of the English constitution or its creator. <mask> and his wife had at least nine children. The birth order of the sons is clear, but no source gives the relative order of the

masks:
William
William
William
Richard Southern
Southern
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William


title: William the Conqueror

texts: daughters' birth. Robert died on February 10, 1134. The Duke of Normandy married the daughter of the Count of Conversano.Richard died around 1075. <mask> died on August 2nd, 1100. The King of England died in the New Forest. Henry died on December 1st. Edith was the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland. His second wife was a woman. The betrothed to Harold Godwinson was a nun of Saint Léger at Préaux.Cecilia was born in 1066 and died in 1127. Matilda was born around 1061 and died around 1086. A daughter of <mask> was mentioned in the book. Alan IV was the Duke of Brittany. Adela was married to Count of Blois. Alfonso VI of Len and Castile was betrothed to Agatha. There are no illegitimate children born to <mask>.11th-century French people, 11th-century monarchs of England, and 11th-century Dukes of Normandy were all killed by horse-riding

masks: William William William


title: Waldo Frank

texts: <mask> was an American novelist, historian, political activist, and literary critic who wrote for The New Yorker and The New Republic during the 1920s and 1930s. <mask>'s studies of Spanish and Latin American literature and culture are considered to be an intellectual bridge between the two continents. <mask> was the first chair of the League of American Writers and was a radical political activist during the Great Depression. <mask> broke with the Communist Party, USA in 1937 over its treatment of exiled Soviet leader Leon Trotsky, who <mask> met in Mexico in January of that year. During his family's summer vacation, <mask> was born in Long Branch, New Jersey on August 25, 1889. He was the youngest of four children and the daughter of a Confederate blockade runner during the American Civil War. The young <mask> was raised on the Upper West Side of New York City.He spent a year at a college prep school in Lausanne, Switzerland, after he was expelled from school for refusing to take a Shakespeare course. <mask> earned a bachelor's degree before completing his master's degree at Yale University. <mask> went to Paris in 1913 to read and write after working as a reporter for the New York Times. <mask> returned to New York City after World War I ended. <mask>'s first published novel was a look into a man contemplating suicide. The novel was based on the ideas of two New England writers. <mask> became associate editor of The Seven Arts in 1916, a journal that ran for just twelve issues but became an important artistic and political influence.The decline in subscriptions and supporting funds was caused by the position of its contributors. James Oppenheim, the founder and general editor of the magazine, was one of the contributors. <mask> married Margaret in January 1917. Art therapy is when she developed techniques. <mask> and Jean Toomer became friends in 1921. He was an editor for Toomer's first novel, Cane, which was inspired by his work as a school principal in the rural South. He resisted being classified as a black writer and said he was "an American".Their friendship ended

masks:
Waldo David Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Waldo Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank


title: Waldo Frank

texts: after 1923 due to an affair between Toomer and Naumburg. <mask> was a regular contributor to the New Yorker. <mask> registered for the draft in 1917 because he was an anti-militarist. He was a contributing editor of The New Republic in 1925. <mask> and others worked to raise money for striking workers in Southern textile mills. He went to the Soviet Union in the summer and early fall of 1931 and wrote a book about it. In support of striking coal miners, <mask> was attacked and forcibly removed from the strike area in Kentucky in 1932.<mask> was tapped to speak at the opening session of the League of American Writers' convention in 1935, after moving close to the Communist Party, USA (CPUSA). <mask> was elected as the organization's chairman. <mask> was active in the ranks of Professional Groups for Browder and Ford during the 1936 United States Presidential election. <mask> was arrested with Earl Browder when they were campaigning for the Communist Party in Terre Haute, Indiana on September 30, 1936. <mask> went to Mexico in January of 1937 to attend the League of Revolutionary Artists and Writers congress. Leon Trotsky was held by the Joseph Stalin-led world Communist movement to be the leader of an international conspiracy to sabotage and overthrow the government of the USSR and the Russian Revolution itself. <mask> suggested in a letter to The New Republic that an international tribunal be established to investigate the merit or lack of the charges against Trotsky.The break between <mask> and the Communist Party and his denunciation at the Second Convention of the League of American Writers was caused by a harsh reply from Earl Browder. After visiting revolutionary Cuba in 1959 and being impressed, <mask> accepted the position of chairman of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. Cuba: Prophetic Island, a sympathetic account of the Cuban revolution, was published in 1961. A living cultural bridge between North America and Latin America was created by Hispanic cultural studies. <mask> traveled to Spain in 1921 with a belief in Hispanic spiritual values. He published a cultural

masks: Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank


title: Waldo Frank

texts: study. There needed to be an organic synthesis of the two Americas.He thought that Spain had achieved a "spiritual synthesis of its warring religions" and could be an example for the New World. Ernest Hemingway mocked <mask>'s ideas in his novel, Death in the Afternoon. <mask>'s novel, Rediscovery of America, expressed some of his utopian ideas. <mask> turned his attention to politics after this and other novels weren't as successful as he thought they were. His thesis about Latin America's spiritual strengths won him a lot of attention when he toured there in 1929. His lecture tour was organized by the University of Mexico. The journal Amauta had parts of Rediscovery of America that were not <mask>'s.<mask>'s literary influence was greatest in South America. He had a close relationship with Ciro Alegria. The United States State Department asked him to tour in 1942 in order to discourage alliances with the Nazi government in Germany during World War II. <mask> was declared a persona non grata by the Argentine government after he denounced the pro-Nazi drift. <mask> was attacked in his apartment by six armed men in response to some opinions he expressed in regards to Argentine neutrality in the war. He was kicked and pistol-whipped. He had a concussion that was marked severity.The attack was believed to be the work of pro-Nazi sympathizers who posed as detectives to see if <mask>'s papers were in order. <mask> published South American Journey in 1943 and Birth of a World: Simon Bolivar in terms of His Peoples in 1951 based on his travels in the region. On January 9, 1967, <mask> <mask> died in White Plains, New York. Virgin Spain: Scenes from the Spiritual Drama of a Great People is a book by Chalk Face. An introduction to a philosophy of American life was published in Primer mensaje a la América Hispana. There is a man named Charlie Chaplin. The novel "<mask> <mask> in the Hispanic World: The First Phase" was written by Arnold Chapman.44, No. The 4th of December, 1961, pp. The American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese External links the papers of <mask>

masks: Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Waldo Frank Waldo Frank Waldo


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: The German Field Marshall of the Wehrmacht was convicted of war crimes after the Second World War. <mask> joined the army at a young age and served on both the Western and Eastern Front during the First World War. He rose to the rank of captain by the end of the war and helped Germany rebuild its armed forces during the inter-war period. He was the Chief of Staff to the Army Group South during the invasion of Poland at the beginning of the Second World War. <mask>'s plan was chosen by Hitler for the invasion of France in May 1940. Anticipating a firm Allied reaction should the main thrust of the invasion take place through the Netherlands, <mask> devised an innovative operation that called for an attack through the woods of the Ardennes. He was promoted to general at the end of the campaign and was involved in the invasion of the Soviet Union.He was promoted to field marshal on July 1, 1942, after he participated in the siege of Leningrad. In December 1941, Germany's fortunes in the war took a turn for the worse, and in the following year, <mask> commanded a failed relief effort. The destruction of three Soviet armies and the retreat of three others resulted from <mask>'s counteroffensive in the Third Battle of Kharkov. He was one of the commanders at the Battle of Kursk. His disagreements with Hitler led to his dismissal. He was taken

masks: Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: prisoner by the British in August 1945, several months after Germany's defeat. In August 1946, <mask> gave testimony at the main Nuremberg trials of war criminals, and prepared a paper that helped cultivate the myth of the clean Wehrmacht.The poor treatment of prisoners of war and failing to protect civilian lives were some of the war crimes he was convicted of in 1949. He was sentenced to eighteen years in prison, but his sentence was reduced to twelve and he only served four years. He was a military advisor to the West German government. His memoir, Verlorene Siege, translated into English as Lost Victories, was highly critical of Hitler's leadership, and dealt with only the military aspects of the war. <mask> died in 1973. <mask> was born in Berlin, the tenth son of a Prussian aristocracy and a general. His father's family had Kashubian ancestry and was entitled to use the coat of arms.Hedwig <mask> was adopted by the <mask>s because they were unable to have children. Martha, the daughter of Hedwig's deceased brother, was previously adopted by them. <mask>'s mother's brother and paternal grandfather were both generals in the Franco-Prussian War, as were his adoptive fathers. Military officers rose to the rank of general on his side of the family. Gertrud, the wife of the future Generalfeldmarschall and President of Germany, was the

masks:
Manstein
Manstein
Manstein
von Sperling
von Manstein
Manstein


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: sister of Hedwig and Helene. The Imperial Lyzeum was a Catholic Gymnasium in Strasbourg from 1894 to 1899. He joined the cadet corps.<mask> was reported to be smart and capable as a cadet. He was commissioned into the Third Foot Guards in March 1906 after six years in the cadet corps. In January 1907 he was promoted to lieutenant and in October 1913 he began the three-year officer training programme. When the First World War began in August 1914 all students of the academy were ordered to report for active service, <mask> only completed the first year of the programme. He did not complete the rest of his training. <mask> served on both the German Western and Eastern Fronts during the First World War. He was promoted to lieutenant at the beginning of the war and participated in the invasion of Belgium.The site of a massive citadel surrounded by outlying forts was captured in August 1914. In September, <mask>'s unit was transferred to East Prussia and attached to the Eighth Army. After seeing action in the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes, his unit was assigned to the Ninth Army, which was in the process of moving from Upper Silesia to Warsaw. <mask> was wounded during the retreat after the Ninth Army was forced to withdraw in the face of a Russian attack. One bullet hit his sciatic nerve, causing the leg to be numb, and he was shot in


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: the left shoulder and left knee. Recovery took six months in hospital. On 17 June 1915, after a period of home leave, <mask> was assigned to the Tenth Army as an assistant general staff officer of operations.As the Tenth Army undertook successful attacks on Poland, Lithuania, Montenegro, and Albania, he learned how to plan and conduct offensive operations. <mask> was stationed at a new headquarters near the action during the offensive operations at Verdun in 1916. The area near the River Somme where he served as a staff supply officer was the scene of several battles during the war. A series of defensive positions between Verdun and Lens were taken over by the British and French during the winter of 1916. During the German occupation of the area, <mask> was transferred to the 4th Cavalry Division, where he served until 1917. <mask>'s unit was no longer needed on the Eastern Front after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. The German Imperial Army was starting to lose the war.On 11 November 1918, the armistice was signed. <mask> married the daughter of a Silesian landowner in 1920. He proposed after meeting her for the first time. She died in 1966. They had a daughter, Gisela, and two sons, Gero and Rdiger. Gero, a lieutenant in the Wehrmacht, died on the battlefield in the northern sector of the Eastern Front on


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: October 29, 1942. Gisela was married to a decorated officer.The Second World War saw the deployment of the Panzer-Regiment 15. <mask> was in the armed forces after the war ended. He worked for the Frontier Defence Force in Breslau until 1919. He was involved in the restructuring of the German Imperial Army of 500,000 men into the Reichswehr, which was restricted to 100,000 men by the Versailles Treaty. <mask> was chosen as one of only 4,000 officers allowed under the treaty, because he was recognised from an early age as a talented and intelligent commander. He served as a staff officer for Wehrkremmando II and IV and taught military history and tactics until 1927. He was promoted to major and served with the General Staff at the Reichswehr Ministry in Berlin, as well as visiting other countries to learn about their military facilities.He commanded the light infantry battalion of the 4th infantry until 1934, when he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. The Nazi Party took power in Germany in 1933. In violation of the Versailles treaty, the Reichswehr had been secretly re-arming since the 1920s; the new government formally renounced the Treaty and proceeded with large scale German re-armament and expansion of the military. The chief of staff of Wehrkreiskommando III moved <mask> back to Berlin as full colonel in February 1934. He was

masks: Manstein Manstein Manstein


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: appointed the Head of the Operations Branch of the Army General Staff on July 1, 1935. A defensive plan to protect Germany from attack by France was developed by <mask> during his time there. <mask> was in contact with two people who advocated drastic changes in warfare.The Chief of the Army General Staff, Ludwig Beck, was against such drastic changes, and therefore <mask> proposed an alternative: the development of self-propelled assault guns that would provide heavy direct-fire support to infantry. In World War II, the StuG vehicles were among the most successful and cost-effective German weapons. He became the deputy chief of staff to General Beck in October 1936. <mask> was promoted to the rank of Generalleutnant on February 4, 1938. The transfer meant that <mask> did not get Beck's post as Chief of the Army General Staff in August, despite <mask>'s urgings not to do so, as he felt Hitler's intended invasion of Czechoslovakia would be premature. General Halder took <mask>'s former post as deputy chief of staff. There was a lasting hatred between the two men.<mask> praised Hitler as a leader sent by God to save Germany in his speech at the celebration of Hitler's 50th birthday. He warned the "hostile world" that if it kept blocking the way of the German people, then he would be happy to see a world war. The rise of officers such as

masks: Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: <mask> was part of a tendency for technocratic officers, usually ardent National Socialists, to come to the fore. <mask> was appointed Chief of Staff to the Army Group South after the Second World War invasion of Poland. He worked with the Chief of Operations to develop the operational plan. <mask>'s plan called for the concentration of the majority of the army group's armored units into the 10th Army, which would lead to the encirclement of Polish forces west of the River Vistula. Two other armies would provide flank support for Reichenau's push towards Warsaw in <mask>'s plan.<mask> thought it would be better to keep Poland as a buffer between Germany and the Soviet Union. He was worried that the Allied attack from the west would draw Germany into a two-front war. <mask> took part in a conference in August of 1939 where Hitler told his commanders to destroy Poland as a nation. He would state in his memoirs that he didn't know at the time that Hitler was going to kill Poles. He and other Wehrmacht generals received reports on the activities of the Einsatzgruppen, the Schutzstaffel death squad tasked with following the army into Poland to kill intellectuals and other civilians. The squad was assigned to round up Jews for relocation to ghettos and Nazi concentration camps. <mask> was accused of war crimes relating to Jewish and civilian

masks: Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: make a surprise thrust in Sedan, thus pushing the plan in the direction that <mask> had suggested. The documents detailing Fall Gelb were handed over to the Belgians on January 10, 1940. Generals Halder and Brauchitsch resented <mask>'s insistence that his plan be implemented in place of theirs.Halder had <mask> removed from Rundstedt's headquarters and sent to Stettin to lead the XXXVIII Army Corps. The Manstein Plan, a modified version of <mask>'s ideas, was approved by Hitler after he met with him. Gnther <mask>'s 4th Army had a small role in the operations in France. The first breakthrough east of Amiens was achieved by his corps during the second phase of the invasion plan. <mask> was promoted to full general and awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross after the invasion of France. The Battle of Britain <mask> advocated for a German invasion of Great Britain. The operation was risky but necessary.Air superiority was a requirement for the planned invasion. One of the four units assigned to the first wave was to be shipped across the English Channel from Boulogne to Bexhill. During the Battle of Britain, the Royal Air Force was unable to overcome the Luftwaffe. <mask> spent the rest of the year in Paris and at home. The invasion of the Soviet Union was planned by the German High Command. <mask> was one of 250 commanders to be

masks:
Manstein
Manstein
Manstein
Manstein
von Kluge
Manstein
Manstein
Manstein
Manstein


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: briefed for the upcoming major offensive, first seeing detailed plans of the offensive in May 1941. His corps was part of the Fourth Panzer Group under the command of General <mask>.The Army Group was tasked with moving through the Baltic States. The offensive was launched six days before <mask> arrived at the front. The German attack on the whole front line began on June 22, 1941. The bridges near the town of Daugavpils were to be secured with the help of <mask>'s corps. The Battle of Raseiniai took place after the Soviet forces mounted a number of counterattacks. <mask>'s corps advanced quickly, reaching the Dvina River in 100 hours. He was well ahead of the rest of the army group.The two corps were tasked with encircling the Soviet formations in a pincer movement. After penetrating deep into the Soviet lines, his corps was the target of a counteroffensive by the Soviet 11th Army. <mask>'s 8th Panzer Division was cut off. The Red Army was able to stop <mask>'s advance at Luga because it was badly mauled. The corps regrouped. <mask> was given the 4th SS Polizei Division and the 8th Panzer was sent on anti-partisan duties. The attack was delayed many times.When <mask> received orders to begin the advance toward Leningrad, the assault on Luga was still going on. The X Corps was in danger of being encircled when he moved to his new

masks:
Erich Hoepner
Manstein
Manstein
Manstein
Manstein
Manstein
Manstein
Manstein


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: headquarters at Lake Samro, so he was told to send his men towards Staraya Russa. The Red Army launched an offensive against Army Group North on August 12th, cutting off three divisions. <mask> returned to Dno Leningrad because he was frustrated with the loss of the 8th Panzer. His counteroffensive led to a major Soviet defeat when his unit encircled five Soviet divisions. 12,000 and 141 tanks were captured. His opponent, General Kachanov of the 34th Army, was executed for the defeat.<mask> tried to get rest days for his men, who had been fighting in poor terrain and poor weather since the start of the campaign. They were told to go east on Demyansk. He was informed that he would take over the 11th Army of Army Group South in Ukraine when he was near the city. In September 1941 <mask> was appointed commander of the 11th Army after its previous commander, Colonel-General Eugen <mask>, died when his plane landed in a Soviet minefield. During its advance into the Soviet Union, the 11th Army was tasked with invading the Crimean Peninsula, capturing Sevastopol, and pursuing enemy forces on the flank of Army Group South. Hitler wanted to cut off the Soviet supply of oil from the Caucasus and prevent the Red Army from using air bases. <mask>'s forces achieved a rapid breakthrough against the Soviets.After most of the neck of the Isthmus had

masks:
Manstein
Manstein
Manstein
von Schobert
Manstein


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: been taken, his forces were substantially reduced, leaving six German divisions and the Third Army. <mask> complained of a lack of air support to contest Soviet air superiority in the region, as the rest of the Perekop Isthmus was captured slowly and with some difficulty. The road between Simferopol and Sevastopol was cut off on October 31st. The next day, the forces captured Simferopol. By 16 November, the 11th Army had captured all of the peninsula. The Red Army evacuated 300,000 people from the city. <mask> ordered an investment in the city after his first attack on the city failed.He launched another offensive by 17 December. On December 26 and December 30 the Soviets landed on the Kerch Straits to take back the peninsula. Most of the heavy equipment of the 46th Infantry Division was lost when they withdrew from the Kerch Peninsula in defiance of <mask>'s orders. <mask> sent most of his forces east to destroy the Soviet bridgehead after he canceled a planned restart of the attack. Stalin pushed the Soviet forces to conduct further offensives because they were in a superior position as they were able to re-supply by sea. The critical rail- and road-access points were not captured by the Soviet troops. <mask> was assigned major air support for the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula.<mask> had the 11th Army attack in the north because they

masks: Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: were outnumbered on the ground. The Soviet troops left. The capture of 170,000 prisoners, 1,133 guns and 258 tanks was recorded in <mask>'s memoirs. On 16 May, he was captured. The Wehrmacht lost a lot of men. After a month's delay, <mask> focused once more on the capture of Sevastopol, a battle in which Germany used some of the largest guns ever built. Super- heavy Karl-Gert mortars and the "Dora" railway gun were brought in for the assault.On the morning of June 2, 1942, a furious barrage began. The bombardment continued for five days before the ground assault began. The 11th Army focused on the northern approaches to the city during the month of June. Both sides had high Casualties as the month went on. <mask> was aware of the need to act before the German offensive of 1942 reduced the availability of reinforcements and supplies. The operation was a success. Hitler promoted <mask> to Generalfeldmarschall on the same day that German forces entered the city.The city was taken over by the Germans on July 4. Manstein was involved in atrocities against the Soviet population, especially those committed by Einsatzgruppe D, one of several Schutzstaffel groups that were tasked with the elimination of the Jews of Europe. In the wake of Manstein's 11th Army, Einsatzgruppe D was provided with vehicles, fuel, and drivers. The Einsatzgruppe was

masks: Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: planning to shoot Jews to prevent them from escaping. Captain Gunzert went to Manstein to ask him to stop the killings after he witnessed Einsatzgruppe D massacre a group of Jewish women and children. <mask> told Gunzert to forget what he had seen and concentrate on fighting the Red Army. The charges against <mask> related to Nazi maltreatment and killing of Jews and prisoners-of-war in the Crimea.After the capture of Sevastopol, Hitler felt that <mask> was the right man to command the forces at Leningrad, which had been under siege since September 1941. <mask> was transferred to the front with elements of the 11th Army. <mask> had a plan to cut off Leningrad's supply line at Lake Ladoga because he lacked proper forces to storm the city. The Red Army launched the Sinyavin offensive on the day he arrived. The offensive appeared to break through the German lines, lifting the siege on the 18th Army. <mask> was ordered to take offensive action by Hitler after he telephoned him directly. He launched a counteroffensive on September 21st that cut off the two Soviet armies.Throughout October, fighting continued. The Wehrmacht could not make a decisive assault on Leningrad because of attrition. The Soviet forces lifted the siege in January 1944. In 1942, the Wehrmacht launched a massive offensive against the Caucasian oilfields in an attempt to


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: resolve their shortage of oil. Stalingrad, a key city on the River Volga, was captured by the 6th Army after German air attacks. His troops entered the city on September 12. There was street fighting and hand-to-hand combat.The goal of the counteroffensive was to encircle the German armies and trap them in the city. <mask> was appointed commander of the newly created Army Group Don, which was tasked with mounting a relief operation to reinforce the German hold on Stalingrad. The 6th Army would be able to hold on thanks to adequate air support, according to <mask>'s initial assessment. Gero was killed in battle in October 1942. The worst thing that happened to him was this. Winter Storm achieved some initial success. The 23rd, 6th, and 17th Panzer Divisions, as well as the supporting units of the LVII Panzer Corps, came under attack by the Soviet tanks at the Myshkova River on December 20th.The 6th Army should attempt to break out after <mask> made a request to Hitler. Both <mask> and Paulus were reluctant to disobey Hitler's orders. The conditions inside the city deteriorated due to the cold weather and inadequate supplies of food. Due to poor weather, a lack of aircraft, and mechanical difficulties, the Reichsminister of Aviation assured Hitler that the trapped 6th Army could be adequately supplied by air. <mask> tried to convince


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: Hitler to allow Paulus to surrender. Paulus surrendered with his remaining 91,000 soldiers on January 31, 1943, despite Hitler's wishes. After the end of the war, only 6,000 survivors returned to Germany.<mask> thought he did his best for the 6th Army. The encircled men saw it differently, with American historians writing that <mask>'s message to Hitler on 24 November advising him that the 6th Army should not break out, along with Gring's statements that the Luftwaffe could supply Stalingrad, sealed the fate. Historians have pointed out that the events at Stalingrad in <mask>'s memoir were probably made up. "Because of the sensitivity of the Stalingrad question in post-war Germany, <mask> worked as hard to distort the record as on his massive involvement in the murder of Jews", wrote Weinberg. The Red Army launched an offensive of their own. The plan was to cut off the German Army Group A. After the launch of Winter Storm, the Soviet army had to reallocate forces to prevent the relief of Stalingrad, so the operation was scaled down.<mask> was forced to divert forces because of the offensive. The LVII Panzer Corps was prevented from joining up with the 336th Infantry Division, the 3rd Luftwaffe Field Division, and the 11th Panzer Division because of the attack. The Panzer Corps held a line along the river against the Soviets. The 11th


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: Panzer Division was used to fight the Soviets. On the verge of collapse, the German units were able to hold the line, but the Italian 8th Army on the flanks was overwhelmed and destroyed. The Red Army planned a series of offensives in January and February 1943 to destroy the German forces in southern Russia. After the destruction of the remaining Hungarian and Italian forces during the Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive, the German forces were cut off from the east of the country.The southern part of the German front was threatened by those operations. Army Group Don, Army Group B, and parts of Army Group A were united as Army Group South in February to deal with the threat. In February 1943, the Red Army broke through the German lines and took Kursk. <mask> repeatedly called for reinforcements as Army Groups B and Don were in danger of being surrounded. The city was ordered to be evacuated on February 15th after Hitler called for it to be held "at all costs". <mask> convinced Hitler that offensive action was needed in the area to regain the initiative and prevent encirclement after he arrived at the front. The troops were reorganised and reinforcements were brought in.The counteroffensive launched by <mask> on 20 February became known as the "backhand blow", as the Soviets believed that <mask> would retreat. Some 23,000 Soviet soldiers were


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: killed by the Wehrmacht by 2 March. Hitler traveled to the front lines in the Ukranian on 10 March 1943 where he met with <mask> to discuss the situation. <mask> carefully assembled his available forces along a wide front to prevent their encirclement and the Germans regained the city after bloody street fighting. He was given the Oak Leaves for the Knight's Cross. Belgorod was captured on 18 March. <mask>'s counteroffensive resulted in the destruction of three Soviet armies and the retreat of three others.There were over 50,000 dead and over 15,000 taken prisoner by the Soviets in the preceding month. 600 tanks and 1,200 pieces of artillery were captured or destroyed. The spring thaw ended operations in the area by 23 March. The enemy was to be eliminated at Kursk. Hitler was concerned that a pincer attack on the Kursk salient would draw forces away from the Donets Basin. The ground was too muddy to move the tanks. The launching of the operation would be delayed while more troops were gathered in the area and the mud solidified.The Red Army moved in large numbers of reinforcements and their intelligence reports revealed the expected locations and timing of the German thrusts. One of the largest battles in history took place during the last German offensive on the Eastern Front. By the time the Wehrmacht launched their initial assault


title: Erich von Manstein

masks: Manstein Manstein


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: On July 13th, after the Allies landed in Sicily, Hitler ordered a withdrawal. <mask> felt that the Soviet forces had exhausted their reserves in the area, so he didn't want to stop until his own reserves had been committed. The operation was called off by Hitler. Modern historians don't think that a successful German continuation of the offensive will happen. The Battle of Kursk was seen as a German victory by the Dnieper <mask>, as he believed he had destroyed much of the Red Army's offensive capacity.The Red Army was able to recover much faster than <mask> anticipated. <mask> moved his panzer reserves to the lower Dnieper because he didn't know there was a diversion. Army Group South was put under heavy pressure by a Soviet offensive. After two days of heavy fighting, the Soviet troops broke through the German lines and took Belgorod. Hitler sent reinforcements to the Grodeutschland, the 7th Panzer, the 2nd Das Reich, and the 3rd Totenkopf Divisions. Construction began of defensive positions along the Dnieper, but Hitler refused requests to pull back. Between 13 and 17 August, <mask> fought a series of battles near Okhtyrka and Bohodukhiv, which resulted in heavy casualties as they ran into Soviet lines.He told the OKH that his forces in the Donets river area were holding a too-wide front with insufficient numbers and that he needed


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: to either withdraw to the Dnieper River or get reinforcements. <mask>'s northern flank was threatened by continuous pressure from the Soviet forces. <mask> was able to close the gap between the 4th Panzer and 8th Armies after the Red Army threw their main reserves into the fight. <mask> was allowed to go back across the Dnieper on September 15. <mask> faced charges at his war crimes trial for ordering scorched earth actions during the withdrawal. Soviet losses in July and August included over 1.6 million casualties, 10,000 tanks and self-propelled artillery pieces, and 4,200 aircraft. German losses were more difficult to sustain as there were no more men and materiel to draw on.<mask> tried to convince Hitler to reorganize the high command and let his generals make more of the military decisions. <mask> withdrew to the west bank of the Dnieper in September 1943 in an operation that for the most part was well-ordered, but at times became disorganized as his exhausted soldiers became "unglued". Many Soviet civilians brought livestock and personal property with them when they traveled west. As had been the case throughout the campaign, the Red Army used maskirovka to disguise the timing and exact location of their intended offensive, but <mask> correctly deduced that the next Soviet attack would be towards Kiev. Many German generals'


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: belief in Nazi racial theories made the idea that Slavs could manipulate German intelligence completely implausible. The outnumbered Fourth Panzer Army was met by the 1st Ukrainian Front. On 1 November, Vatutin first made a thrust near the north of Kiev and then attacked near the south.The German troops were taken completely by surprise when Vatutin captured the bridgehead and gained a foothold on the west bank of the Dnieper. On 6 November, Kiev was liberated. The 17th Army was cut off by the 4th Ukrainian Front in October. After receiving reinforcements, the Red Army continued to advance on the cities of Zhytomyr and Korosten, despite the fact that they were retaken in mid-November. Hitler turned down <mask>'s requests for more reinforcements. Hitler was told by <mask> that the Dnieper line was no longer viable and that he needed to retreat. <mask> again requested changes in the highest levels of the military leadership, but was turned down as Hitler believed that he alone was capable of managing the wider strategy.The Soviet offensive forced <mask> to retreat further west. He ordered the German XI and XXXXII Corps to break out of the Korsun Pocket without waiting for permission from Hitler. The Wehrmacht was well back of the river by the beginning of March. <mask>'s 1st Panzer Army became encircled on 21 March when Hitler's order to


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: defend all positions to the last man was not received in time. <mask> tried to convince Hitler to change his mind. <mask> was relieved of his command by Hitler on March 30, 1944. <mask> was on the cover of the January 1944 issue of Time magazine with the caption "Retreat may be masterly, but victory is in the opposite direction".On 30 March 1944, <mask> received the Swords of the Knight's Cross and handed over control of Army Group South to Model during a meeting at Hitler's mountain retreat. Model's adjutant, Gnther Reichhelm, later described the scene and <mask>'s response: While on medical leave after surgery to remove a cataract in his right eye, <mask> recovered at home in Liegnitz and in a medical facility in Dresden. He was in danger of losing his sight because of an illness. <mask> was at a seaside resort on the Baltic on the day of the failed assassination attempt on Hitler's life. <mask> was not involved in the conspiracy even though he had met with three of the main conspirators. <mask>'s house was placed under watch by the Gestapo. When it became obvious that Hitler was not going to appoint him to a new post, <mask> bought an estate in East Pomerania, but he was forced to abandon it when the Soviets overran the area.On January 22, 1945, his home at Liegnitz had to be evacuated and he and his family took refuge in Berlin.

masks: Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: <mask> tried to get an audience with Hitler in the Fhrerbunker but was turned away. After the war in Europe ended in 1945, he and his family moved further west into Germany. <mask> was being treated in a hospital in Heiligenhafen when he was arrested by the British and taken to a prisoner of war camp near Lneburg. <mask> was moved to Nuremberg in 1945. The Palace of Justice is the location of the Nuremberg trials of major Nazi war criminals. While there, <mask> helped prepare a document for the trial of the General Staff and the OKW.The myth that the Wehrmacht was not responsible for the events of the Holocaust rose as a result of this document. He gave oral testimony about the Einsatzgruppen, the treatment of prisoners of war, and the concept of military obedience, all of which were related to Hitler's order to shoot all Soviet political commissars. <mask> said he did not carry out the order. According to documents presented at Nuremberg and <mask>'s own trial, he received regular reports regarding the execution of hundreds of political commissars. He testified that soldiers under his command were not involved in the murder of Jewish civilians. During his testimony, Ohlendorf said that <mask> was aware of what was happening and that the Eleventh Army was involved. The General Staff and the OKW were declared not to be a criminal


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: organisation.They decided that a collection of military officers was not a group as defined by article 9 of their charter. <mask> was held by the British as a prisoner of war at Island Farm in Bridgend, Wales, waiting to hear if he would face a war crimes trial. He kept apart from the other inmates, taking solitary walks, tending a small garden, and beginning work on the drafts of two books. The British author wrote to <mask> and others at Island Farm and visited inmates of several camps around Britain while preparing his best-selling 1947 book On the Other Side of the Hill. <mask> was described as an operational genius by Liddell Hart. The English edition of <mask>'s memoir, Verlorene Siege (Lost Victories), was arranged by Hart after the two remained in contact. In July 1948, the British cabinet decided to prosecute <mask> for war crimes.He and three other senior officers were transferred to await trial. Brauchitsch died in October and Rundstedt and Strauss were released on medical grounds in March 1949. <mask>'s trial took place from August to December 1949. Three of the charges <mask> faced were related to events in Poland and fourteen were related to events in the Soviet Union. maltreatment of prisoners of war, co-operation with the Einsatzgruppe D in killing Jewish residents of the Crimea, and using "scorched earth" tactics while


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: retreating from the Soviet Union were some of the charges. The prosecution used an order <mask> had signed on 20 November 1941 to build their case that he knew about and was involved in the genocide. The "Jewish Bolshevik system" and the "harsh punishment of Jewry" were called for in the order.<mask> claimed that he asked for a draft of the order but didn't remember signing it. Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies wrote in 2008 that <mask> committed perjury when he claimed not to remember signing the Severity Order and that he agreed with Hitler's idea that the war against the Soviet Union was a war to destroy Judeo-Bolshevism. <mask>'s defence argued that his order calling for all Jews to be executed was justified because he wanted to protect his men from partisan attacks. Even if the orders were illegal, <mask> was not compelled to disobey them. The Nazi racial policy was found to be repugnant by <mask>. <mask> had no knowledge of or involvement in genocide according to 16 other witnesses. Paget called the Soviets "savages", arguing that <mask> showed restraint as a "decent German soldier" when fighting against the Soviets, who displayed "appalling savagery".One of the key points of the trial was whether or not <mask> was responsible for the activities of Einsatzgruppe D, a unit not under his direct control but operating in his zone of

masks: Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein Manstein


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: command. The prosecution claimed that <mask> had a duty to know about the activities of this unit and to stop their genocidal operations. Ronald Smelser and Benot Lemay believe that he perjured himself at his trial and at Nuremberg. <mask> was sentenced to eighteen years in prison after being found guilty on nine of the charges. He was found guilty of allowing subordinates to shoot civilians and shooting Soviet war prisoners. <mask>'s supporters in Britain and Germany protested. The sentence was seen as a political decision in Germany and the British press.In February 1950, the sentence was reduced to 12 years. Paget published a best-selling book in 1951 about <mask>'s career and trial, which portrayed <mask> as an honorable soldier fighting heroically despite overwhelming odds on the Eastern Front and who had been convicted of crimes that he did not commit. The cult surrounding <mask>'s name was helped by the book. His release on 7 May 1953 was partly a result of a recurrence of his eye problems but also the result of pressure by a number of people. Adenauer made Germany's re-armament contingent on the release of their war criminals, as well as the British wanting Germany to take part in the defence of Western Europe. In order to stop the spread of communism, it was necessary to remove the Jews from European society, according to


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: Antisemitism <mask>. <mask> did nothing to prevent the killing of Jews and other civilians in the areas where his units were operating, and in which his Eleventh Army actively participated, according to his order of 20 November 1941.The 1941 letter <mask> sent to Otto Ohlendorf shows that he was aware of the Einsatzgruppen massacres. <mask> thought his men deserved the watches since they were helping Ohlendorf's men with their work. The only time that <mask> complained about the Einsatzgruppen was in this letter. The number of Jews killed in the Holocaust was overstated according to <mask>. During this time, antisemitism was common in Germany and throughout Europe, and <mask>'s attitude towards the Jews had its roots in his exposure to and assimilation of these views. His actions were a reflection of his loyalty to Hitler and the Nazi regime, as well as of his sense of duty based on traditional Prussian military values. His criticism of Hitler was based on their disagreements over the conduct of the war, not the regime's racial policies.Antony Beevor and Benot Lemay believe that <mask> had Jewish ancestry. The introduction of the Aryan paragraph was opposed by <mask>. He wrote a letter of protest to General Beck, saying that anyone who had volunteered to serve in the armed forces had already proven their worth. <mask> might have been


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: interested in protecting his two grandnephews who were already serving in the Reichswehr. He may have been concerned about his Jewish heritage. The results of the investigation into <mask>'s ancestry are unknown because the report was not completed. <mask> was called on in 1955 by the Amt Blank to formulate plans for the re-founding of the German army, along with ten other former senior officers.He gave an analysis of strategic power considerations and the country's defence and spoke about whether the country should have a professional army or a conscripted army. The length of service for conscripts should be at least 18 months, according to his opinion. He came up with the idea to form a reserve force. In 1955, <mask>'s war memoir, Verlorene Siege (Lost Victories), was published in West Germany and was later translated into several other languages. The book was critical of Hitler and his leadership style. <mask>'s emphasis on the purely military aspects of the war, while ignoring the political and moral aspects, was seen by historians as a way for him to absolve himself and the high command of any responsibility for the events of the Holocaust. He became the center of a military cult which cast him not only as one of Germany's greatest generals, but also one of the greatest in history, because of his favorable portrayal of himself.He


title: Erich von Manstein

texts: was described as a militrische Kult- und Leitfigur, a military cult figure and leading personality, by both the public and historians. Biographers, including Benot Lemay, feel that his focus on military matters to the exclusion of moral issues cannot be considered ethical. After his release from prison, <mask> and his wife lived in Essen and Bonn for a while before moving to a house near Munich. The second volume of his memoirs, "A Soldier's Life", was published in 1958. His wife, Jutta Sibylle <mask>, died in 1966. On <mask>'s 80th birthday, General de Maizire sent him a message. On the night of 9 June 1973, <mask> died of a stroke at the age of 85.The last surviving German field marshal was buried with full military honours. Hundreds of soldiers from all ranks attended his funeral. In <mask>'s obituary, the magazine said, "He assisted in the march to catastrophe--misled by a blind sense of duty." The Iron Cross of 1914, 1st and 2nd class Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords Knight's Cross, First Class of the Friedrich Order with Swords Hanseatic Cross, and the Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 were <mask>'s testimony at Nuremberg is contained in three files at the Yale University Avalon Project. There are books and articles. There is an English translation of Lost Victories.It was published in

masks:
Manstein
von Manstein
Manstein
von Manstein
Manstein
Manstein


title: Walter Heiligenberg

texts: <mask><mask> is best known for his work on one of the best neurologically understood behavioral patterns in animals. The main focus of his research was the weakly electric fish and the neural basis for its jamming avoidance response behavioral process. As an international scientist, he worked alongside other neuroethologists and researchers to further explain animal behavior in a comprehensive manner and through the application of a strict analytical and quantitative method. His life was dedicated to researching that which could be applicable to "all complex nervous systems", as well as the general principles of nature, which DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch <mask> was born in Berlin, Germany, but moved to Mnster after death. He moved to San Diego, California, in 1972 after spending part of his early adulthood in Seewiesen. On September 8, 1994, <mask> was killed in a plane crash while on his way to deliver a lecture at the University of Pittsburgh.<mask>'s interest in ethology began at a young age when he met Konrad Lorenz, one of the founding fathers of modern ethology. His interest in fish and animal behavior flourished thanks to Lorenz's

masks:
Walter F
. Heiligenberg
Heiligenberg
Heiligenberg
Heiligenberg


title: Walter Heiligenberg

texts: of an entire behavioral pattern that could be explained from sensory input to motor output. The built-in electric organ of Eigennmania was found to be adaptive for location of external objects and for communication. The year 1995<mask> continued to study the potentially more complex social behaviors. The decades' worth of work was expressed through the book, " Neural Nets in Electric Fish," in which he explains observed phenomena of the jamming avoidance response, the nature of the electrical stimuli, the neural networks triggering them, and even explains it with respect to other sensory and species' systems. He was a pioneer in the neuroethology community because of his inclination to successfully use computational methods. <mask> directed his fellow researchers and graduate students to explore behavioral phenomena through neuroscience. His openness with his graduate students was notable, as he encouraged them not only to use and learn new techniques and other interests in different fields, but was also willing to allow them independently started projects and papers published without being named as a co-author. His personal work utilized the useful aspects of both neuroscience and ethology, which addressed the single-unit interactions and more complicated patterned processes. His methodology was based on the belief that it would be the most promising if the behavior investigated is easy to

masks: Heiligenberg Heiligenberg


title: Walter Heiligenberg

texts: understand.The patterns of behavior which still function while under restricted conditions are suitable. A list of the journal articles he helped to author can be found through the website. There is a complete list of Heiligenberg lab publications up to 2000 in Zupanc and Bullock's 2006 article titled "<mask>iligenberg: the jamming avoidance response and beyond?" Zupanc and Bullock were published in 2006). The website for the Heiligenberg Lab is at http://www.cnl.salk.edu/%7Ekt/Heiligenberg_Lab.html. Heiligenberg's dedication and research made him a leader in the community. He received several awards at the time of his death, including the Merit Award from the National Institute of Mental Health.<mask> has been an editor for the journal since 1981 and served as senior editor in 1994. The International Society of Neurologicalethology named a student travel award after him. Autrum, H. 1994, references Konrad Lorenz Erich von Holst and the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology. <mask> lived from 31.1.1938 to 8.9.1994. J Comp A 175 was published. Glenn Northcutt, Bullock, Theodore, and Cicourel. 1995.<mask><mask> is from San Diego. In Memoriam of the University of California. The 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846

masks:
Walter He
Heiligenberg
Walter Heiligenberg
Walter F
. Heiligenberg


title: Walter Heiligenberg

texts: 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 Catherine Carr. 1994. <mask>iligenberg. J Comput Neurosci 4.<mask>. 1969. The effect of chirps on a cricket's chirp. Z Vergl Physiol 65 is a medical journal. <mask>. 1965. There is a relationship between digging movements and aggressive behavior in cichlids.Anim Behav 13: 163-170. <mask>. 1977. A neuroscience approach to the principles of electric fish. New York: Springer-Verlag. <mask>. 1991.Neural Nets in fish. MIT Press is in Cambridge. Moortgat, K.T. The lab is named after Heiligenberg. The Heiligenberg Lab can be found at http://www.cnl.salk.edu/%7Ekt/Heiligenberg_Lab.html. Gunther K. H. Zupanc was born in 2004. An approach to behavioral neuroscience.Oxford University Press. Theodore and Zupanc are related. 2006 <mask> talks about the jamming avoidance response. J Comp Physiol A was published in 192. There were Accidental deaths in Pennsylvania and victims of aviation

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Walter He
Walter Heiligenberg
Walter Heiligenberg
Walter Heiligenberg
Walter Heiligenberg
Walter Heiligenberg


title: Fred Lynn

texts: <mask> is an American former professional baseball player who played in Major League Baseball from 1974 through 1990 as a center fielder. In 1975, he became the first player to win the Most Valuable Player Award and the MLB's Freshman of the Year Award in the same year. <mask> was elected to the College Baseball Hall of Fame in 2007. <mask> was born in Chicago and graduated from El Monte High School in 1969. He was drafted by the New York Yankees but chose to attend the University of Southern California, where he was a member of the USC baseball team that won the College World Series in 1971 and 1973. He won a silver medal at the 1971 Pan American Games. He was the 41st overall pick in the second round of the MLB draft.<mask> played in Boston's minor league system from 1973 to 1974 with Double-A Bristol and Triple-A Pawtucket. In a Boston loss to the Milwaukee Brewers, <mask> made his major league debut. He played in 15 games through the end of the season. In 1975, <mask> had an outstanding season, batting.331 with 21 home runs and 105 runs. He won a Gold Glove Award for his defensive play and finished second in batting in the American League. <mask> became the first player to win both the Most Valuable Player Award and the Freshman of the Year Award at the same time in the same season, and the feat was duplicated by Suzuki in 2001. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217

masks:
Fredric Michael Lynn
Lynn
Lynn
Lynn
Lynn
Lynn
Lynn
Lynn


title: Fred Lynn

masks: Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn


title: Fred Lynn

texts: Greatest Baseball Players of All Time by Lawrence and Donald Honig. <mask> was a free agent after the 1984 season and signed a five-year contract with the Baltimore Orioles on December 11. His signing cost the ballclub three of its top five picks in the 1985 MLB Draft and was part of Edward Bennett Williams' ill-fated attempt to buy championships which resulted in last-place finishes in 1986 and 1988. <mask>'s time in Baltimore was most noted for his complaints about the Orioles' caps which he called "the hat with the funny little duck on it." <mask> played for the Orioles from 1985 to 1988 and had a.265 batting average with 87 home runs.On August 31, 1988, the Orioles traded <mask> to the Detroit Tigers. There was controversy about <mask>'s eligibility for the playoffs after Detroit traded for him. His acquisition was made on the day of the MLB trade deadline, and <mask> did not arrive in Chicago until after the deadline had passed, which meant he was ineligible for the playoffs. The player didn't need to report to his new team before the deadline if the transaction was completed by the deadline. Detroit finished one game behind Boston in the American League East. <mask> played 27 games for Detroit in the 1988 season, batting.222 with seven home runs and 19 RBIs. He played in over 100 games in 1989 and played well, batting.241 with 11 home runs.<mask> became a free agent in 1989.

masks: Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn


title: Fred Lynn

masks: Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn


title: Fred Lynn

texts: 800-273-3217 <mask> was a nine-time All-Star, batting an overall 6-for-20 (.300) in All-Star Games with four home runs and ten RBIs, including the first grand slam in All-Star Game history, which he hit in the 1983 game. Stan Musial had six home runs in the All-Star Games. <mask>'s career was hampered by injuries caused by fearless play, such as a broken rib from crashing into an outfield wall, or knee injuries from breaking up double plays, and playing all-out defensively. He never played more than 150 games in a season.<mask> considers himself a member of the Red Sox family despite playing for five different teams. I'm a red-sock. I didn't want to leave the team. <mask> said that from 1973 to 1980 he was their property. I thought I would spend my entire career in Boston. Even though I was going to the Angels and playing for Gene Autry, it was tough. <mask> worked as a baseball color analyst for ESPN from 1991 to 1998 and did some College World Series and west coast MLB games.He is a spokesman for Gillette and occasionally entertains clients at Red Sox games from the Skybox. <mask> has raised thousands of dollars through charity work for Childhaven, a home for abused and neglected children, and the FACE Foundation, an animal charity. In the days leading up to the MLB All-Star Game, he has been a frequent participant in the All-Star legends and celebrity softball game. <mask> was

masks: Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn


title: Fred Lynn

texts: selected by fans to the All-Fenway Team in 2012 after being selected into the USC Hall of Fame in 1994. <mask> and his wife, Natalie, reside in Carlsbad, California. He had two children from his first marriage. List of Major League Baseball home run leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball players who hit for the


title: Publius Licinius Crassus (son of triumvir)

texts: Tertulla, daughter of Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus, was one of the two sons of Publius Licinius Crassus. The last generation of Roman nobiles came of age and began a political career before the collapse of the Republic. His peers included Marcus Junius Brutus, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, and the historian. <mask> was under Julius Caesar in Gaul from 58 to 56 BC. Too young to receive a formal commission from the senate, Publius distinguished himself as a commanding officer in campaigns among the Armorican nations. He was praised for his speaking ability and good character by both Caesar and Cicero. Publius married Cornelia Metella, the intellectually gifted daughter of MetellusScipio, and began his active political career as a triumvir monetalis and by providing a security force during his father's campaign for a second consulship.<mask>'s career was cut short when he died in the war against the Parthian Empire. He married the older Pompeius Magnus with whom he probably had no children. With Roman naming conventions, the oldest son almost always carries on his father's name, while younger sons are named for a grandfather or uncle. The achievements of <mask>, named after his grandfather and uncle, eclipse those of his brother to such an extent that some have questioned the traditional birth order. Ronald Syme and <mask> argue that <mask> is the more talented brother and that Marcus is the older one. <mask> grew up in a household that was stable and orderly according to Plutarch. The biographer

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Publius
Publius
Publius
Elizabeth Rawson
Publius
Publius


texts: the supreme value and on the Aristotelian conception of human beings as by nature political. The view of man as a political animal would have been good for the family's politics. According to Cicero, the Peripatetics and Academics provided the best oratorical training and also practiced debating both sides of an issue.The young Crassus must have thrived on this training, for Cicero praises his abilities as a speaker and in the Brutus places him in the company of gifted young orators whose lives ended before they could fulfill their potential: The secondary education of a Roman male of the governing classes typically required a stint <mask>, Marcus, and Decimus may have been contubernales during Caesar's time in Spain. After the civil war of 87 BC, <mask>'s father found refuge among friends in Spain, avoiding the fate of <mask>'s uncle. Caesar's field commission of <mask> in Gaul indicates a high level of confidence, perhaps because he had trained the young man himself and knew his abilities. <mask>'s political sympathies are not known. Despite his active support on behalf of his father in the elections for 55 BC and his ties to Caesar, he admired and was loyal to Cicero and played a mediation role between Cicero and the elder Crassus, who was often at odds with the outspoken orator. Publius had a degree of political independence.Cicero hoped that he could steer the talented young man away from a popularist and militarist path towards the example of his consular grandfather, who had a traditional and

masks: Publius Publius Publius Publius Publius


texts: moderate political career. Cicero speaks of young Crassus with approval and affection and criticizes his impatience. <mask> <mask> was an officer under Caesar in Gaul. Caesar's military rank has been a topic of debate. Although he held commands, <mask> was neither an elected military tribune nor legatus appointed by the senate, and the Greek historian contributes to the confusion by applying Greek terminology to <mask>. <mask> was the elder son and people have tried to make a quaestor of him. The Bellum Gallicum consistently identifies officers with regard to their place in the military chain of command, and Caesar's omission supports this view.The only other Roman Caesar calls Publius adulescens, which is akin to a technical term for a young man not holding any formal post. Caesar refers to <mask> as dux, a non-technical term of military leadership, in the third year of the war. <mask> is said to be with his men as an adulescentulo duce, their "very young" or "under-age leader." In the first year of the Gallic Wars, Caesar and his Celtic Aeduan allies waged an offensive against the Germanic Suebi and their allies. <mask> <mask> was given command of the cavalry during the first year of fighting against the Suebi. In 58 BC, Caesar's cavalry auxiliaries numbered 4,000, of which the Aedui and Gallic nations of Gallia Transalpina were already a Roman province. In Caesar's army, the primary strategic applications of cavalry were intelligence gathering, communications, and patrols.The cavalry charge was

masks: Publius Crassus Publius Publius Publius Publius Publius Publius Crassus


texts: not very frequent. A lack of strategic coordination and conflicting loyalties led to poor performance in the war against the Helvetii, which Caesar sought to correct with a more centralized command. <mask> <mask> was the first Roman named as a cavalry commander in the war, and may have been given the task of restructuring. Caesar says that the army was unable to release a volley of javelins because it was 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 The auxiliaries seem to have remained on the fringes of action. Caesar gave Crassus credit for accurately assessing the status of the battle from his superior vantage point and for ordering in the third line of infantry at the critical moment. Initiative is implied.After the Suebi were routed, the horsemen pursued those who escaped. The second year of the war was in northern Gaul. Caesar revealed in the last chapter of his book that <mask> had been placed in command of the 7th Legion, which had suffered heavy casualties at the Battle of the Sabis. Caesar says that he sent

masks: Publius Crassus Publius


texts: often a formal negotiated term in a treaty; among the Celts, hostages were also exchanged as a pledge of mutual alliance with no loss of status, a practice that should be placed in the context of other Celtic social institutions. Hostage arrangements seem to have been a more effective form of diplomatic pressure than taking hostages by the Romans. A concept of international law, expressed in Latin by the phrase ius gentium, existed by custom and consensus. Unless parties to a treaty violated its terms, the safety of hostages was guaranteed and the subjecting of hostages to punishment was not considered to be violating the ius gentium. It is not clear what negotiations Publius Crassus had had with the Armoricans. Syme remarked that Caesar liked energy and enterprise, but not always with happy results. Caesar often downplays legal and administrative arrangements in favor of military narrative in his writings.The situation faced by <mask> Crassus in Brittany involved both the mundane matter of feeding the legion under his command as well as diplomacy among multiple polities, much of which had to be conducted on initiative during Caesar's absence. The building of a Roman fleet on the river Loire during the winter of 57–56 BC has been interpreted by several modern scholars as preparation for an invasion of Britain, to which the Armoricans would have objected as a threat to their own trade relations with the island. The exciting naval battle that ensues from the crisis is what Caesar is most expansive


texts: about. Caesar had not yet returned to the front from his winter quarters in Ravenna, where he had met with <mask>'s father for political deal-making, when he received reports of the hostage situation in Armorica. The campaign against the Veneti and their allies was conducted by Decimus Brutus as a naval operation in the summer of 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 Caesar doesn't give an explanation for transferring Crassus from command on the armorican front, but he does say that he ordered him to go into Aquitania with a great number of cavalry. Caesar orders the execution of the entire Venetian senate in a break with his policy of working with the Gallic aristocracy over the previous two years.While naval operations were taking place in the waters of the Veneti, <mask> <mask> was sent south to Aquitania with a force consisting of twelve Roman legionary cohort, allied Celtic cavalry and volunteers from Gallia Narbonensis. Ten cohort is the standard complement of the Caesarian legion, and the twelve cohort are not identified by any unit number. Caesar relates Publius's challenges and

masks: Publius Publius Crassus


texts: successes in a way that is clear about their military nature. Caesar regards the victories of <mask> Crassus as impressive for a number of reasons. At the time, he was 25. A thousand of his Celtic cavalry remain under his command and loyal to him, even though he was greatly outnumbered. Caesar is close to presenting a military resume that outlines the qualities of a good officer.The young dux brought the power of war machines to bear in laying siege to a stronghold of the Sotiates, and after surrendering, he showed clemency, a quality on which Caesar prided himself. At a war council, Crassus got the opinion of his officers and came up with a plan of action. He used stealth, surprise, and deception to demonstrate his foresight and strategic thinking. Caesar believes that the Armorican mission may have been a deficiency due to the lack of supply lines. The experienced men who had trained in Roman military tactics with the gifted rebel Quintus Sertorius on the Spanish front of the civil wars in the late 80s and 70s BC were able to out-general the young men who had not trained in Roman military tactics. <mask> <mask> returned to Rome in the fall of 56 BC or as late as January 55 BC. The presence of a thousand troops from Gaul had a noticeable effect on the consular elections.Publius Clodius Pulcher was murdered in public three years after street violence became an instrument of political pressure. Pompeius Magnus and <mask> were elected to their second joint consulship for the year of 55. Several steps

masks:
Publius
Publius
Crassus
Marcus Crassus


texts: were taken to advance Publius's career. Monetalis Publius Crassus was authorized to issue coinage in the year of his father's consulship. When the age requirement of 30 was met, this office was used as a preliminary to the political career track for senators' sons. A bust of Venus is depicted on the reverse of a denarius, which is one of the coins issued by <mask> Crassus. The short-skirted equestrian has a spear in her left hand.There is a shield at her feet. She may be a representation of Gallia to honor the Gallic cavalry who were deployed with him for Syria and to commemorate the military achievements of Crassus in Gaul. When Augur <mask> was co-opted into the college of augurs, he received an additional boost to his career. The augurs have no direct political power, but they have the right to refuse religious ratification. It shows great expectations for <mask>'s future. Cicero became the new dean of the augural college two years after <mask>'s death. <mask> married a highly educated woman who was around sixteen or seventeen when he was in Rome.She was the descendant of the last surviving branch of the Scipiones. <mask> would have been in his twenties. His military service delayed his marriage to a later age than a Roman noble would. If <mask> had not left for Gaul, Cornelia would have been too young to marry him, and his worth as a husband would not have been as evident. The political value of the marriage for <mask> lay in family ties to the so-called optimates, a continually realigning group

masks: Publius Publius Publius Publius Publius Publius Publius Publius


texts: of conservative senators who sought to preserve the traditional prerogatives of the aristocracy and prevent exceptional individuals from dominating through direct appeal to the people. <mask>'s brother was married to a daughter of Metellus Creticus (consul 69 BC), and both matches signal their father's desire for rapprochement with the optimates, despite his working arrangements with Caesar and Pomp. The Battle of Carrhae has a political background in Rome.Cicero wrote a letter in February 55 BC about a meeting at his father's house. Cicero would not oppose a legatio, or state-sponsored junket, to the East by his enemy Clodius Pulcher in exchange for <mask> supporting an unidentified favor sought by Cicero. It is not clear if Clodius's trip to Byzantium or Galatia was connected to his own intentions in the East. The prolongment of Caesar's Gallic command and the granting of an extended five-year proconsular province for each of the consuls of 55 BC was the result of the triumviral negotiations at Ravenna and Luca. The Spanish provinces went to Pompeius in order to launch a war against Parthia. The war was opposed by some Romans. Cicero says it was a war nulla causa because Parthia had a treaty with Rome.Others may have objected less to a war with Parthia than to the attempt of the triumvirate to amass power. <mask> set sail from Brundisium in 55 BC despite objections. The wealthy <mask> was hearing-impaired when he embarked on the Parthian invasion. After five years of war in Gaul, the military

masks:
Publius
Marcus Crassus
Marcus Crassus
Marcus Crassus


texts: reputation of Crassus was inferior to that of Pompeius and, as a result, modern historians tend toward envy and rivalry. The war was meant to provide an arena for <mask>'s abilities as a general, which he had begun to demonstrate in Gaul, according to <mask>. When Cicero enumerates Publius's many fine qualities and then mourns and criticizes his young friend's destructive desire for gloria, he implies that Publius helped with preparations for the war. Both Pompeius and Crassus had troops in Italy.<mask> is said to have left for Parthia from Gaul. It is questionable if the thousand-strong force he used to pressure elections in January 55 BC were the same men who were stationed in Cisalpina. <mask> and his Celtic cavalry troopers did not join his father in Syria until the winter of 54–53 BC, a year after the elder Crassus's departure. Caesar launched his first invasion of Britannia after dealing with a renewed threat from Germanic tribes from across the Rhine. Battle of Carrhae: The battle is related to the Parthian campaign. <mask> was criticized for doing little to advance the invasion during the first year of his proconsulship despite opposition to the war. After entering winter quarters, he spent his time on the 1st-century BC equivalent of number-crunching and wealth management, rather than organizing his troops and engaging in diplomatic efforts to gain allies.The beginning of the war was ill-omened after <mask> <mask> arrived. <mask> stumbled at the gate after an inventory of the treasury at

masks:
Publius
Elizabeth Rawson
Publius
Publius
Marcus Crassus
Publius
Crassus
Publius


texts: the Temple of Atargatis. <mask> was seen as the true cause of the disaster according to the reporting. The military advance was attended by a number of bad omens, and the elder Crassus was at odds with his quaestor, Cassius Longinus, the future assassin of Caesar. The strategic sense of Cassius is superior to that of his commander. Most of the officers thought the army should rest after a long march through hostile terrain and reconnoiter at a critical juncture at the river Balissus. <mask> was inspired by <mask> and his Celtic cavalry to do battle, and after a quick halt in ranks for refreshment, the army marches headlong into a Parthian trap.The strength of the seven armies commanded by <mask> ranged from 28,000 to 40,000, along with 4,000 cavalry and a comparable number of light infantry. The force they faced was vastly outnumbered by the Roman army. The primary value of the Gallo-Roman cavalry was mobility, not force, being lightly armed and protected. By contrast, the one thousand heavily armored Parthian cataphracts rode barded horses and carried long heavy lances, the reach and power of which was 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 The reputation of the legionaries for excellence in combat at close quarters had been

masks:
Publius
Marcus Crassus
Publius
Marcus Crassus


texts: anticipated by the Parthian general Surena, and answered with heavy cavalry and long-range weaponry. The legionaries were drawn into a defensive square, a shield-wall of which they could not accomplish anything and risked being surrounded. <mask> <mask> led out 1,300 cavalry, 500 archers, and 4,000 elite infantry in a desperate attempt to prevent encirclement.The Parthian wing retreated after abandoning their attempt to surround the army. <mask> was pursued. <mask> found himself in an ambush when his force was out of range of the main army. With casualties mounting, <mask> decided that a charge was his only option, but most of his men could not respond to the call. The young leader was followed by the Gallic cavalry. The cataphracts came back with a counter charge that gave them the advantage in number and equipment. The Gallic spears had a limited effect on the armor of the cataphracts.Light armor made the Gauls more vulnerable when the two forces closed. They wrested the Parthian lances from the enemy horsemen. The Parthian horses were stabbed in the belly by other Gauls, a tactic that had been used against Caesar's cavalry by the Germans the previous year. The Gauls were forced to retreat after their wounded leader was carried away to a nearby sand dune. They lock shields to form a perimeter after driving their horses into the center. The men were exposed to the volleys of arrows because of the slope. Two Greeks tried to convince <mask> to flee to a nearby city while his troops held off the

masks: Publius Crassus Publius Publius Publius Publius


masks: Publius Publius Crassus Publius


texts: was one of the worst military disasters. The civil war between Caesar and Pompeius is said to have been made inevitable by the deaths of two people: Caesar's daughter Julia, whose political marriage to Pompeius surprised Roman social circles, and <mask>, Caesar's political influence and wealth. It would be pointless to speculate on what role <mask> had in the civil war or Caesar's dictatorship. His career is similar to that of Decimus Brutus, who was involved in the assassination of Caesar. Caesar was planning a war against Parthia at the time of his death. Marcus had another defeat by the Parthians. Augustus restored the lost standards of the Roman army.See also Cornelia Metella. Cornelia claims that she tried to kill herself after learning of her husband's death. Since Roman widows were not expected to display suicidal grief, Plutarch's dramatization may suggest the depth of Cornelia's emotion at the loss. She is not likely to have been more than twenty years old. Syme speculated about an unknown daughter, though the marriage seems to have produced no children. Pompeius was older than thirty years. After the death of a spouse, swift remarriage was common for the Romans.The marriage was said to be passionate despite the age difference. When Pompeius was beheaded in Egypt during the civil war, Cornelia was widowed a second time. In Roman literature, Cornelia is almost like a gifted woman whose life is limited by the tragic ambitions of her husbands. In his Life of Pompey, Plutarch blames the weight

masks:
Marcus Crassus
Publius


texts: of her own daimon for Pompeius's change of fortune. Susan Treggiari says that the portrayal of the couple is not to be compared to that of star-crossed lovers elsewhere in poetry. P. Licinius?Apollonius was the Greek secretary who accompanied <mask> on the Parthian campaign and wrote a lost biography of him. Cicero wrote a letter of recommendation to Caesar, praising him for his loyalty, eight years after the battle. The Roman custom is to have taken the name <mask> Licinius Apollonius since he was manumitted as a term of <mask>'s will. Apollonius's biography is thought to be the source of the laudatory account of <mask>'s death. Marcus was Caesar's quaestor in 54 BC, the year before the Parthian defeat. His service record is not up to date. Marcus was appointed governor of Cisalpine Gaul by Caesar in 49 BC.He seems to have remained loyal to Caesar. The Augustan historian Pompeius Trogus, of the Celtic Vocontii, said that the Parthians were worried about being retaliated against by the Roman forces if they won the war against them. Marcus resembled his uncle <mask> in the scope of his military talent and ambition, and was not afraid to assert himself under the authority of Augustus. Syme called Marcus an "illustrious rebel" and he was to be the last Roman outside the family to win a victory. Historians record the death of <mask> along with that of his father. The military disaster is often mentioned by Latin poets. The Temple of Mars Ultor was built by Augustus to fulfill a vow made to the god if he

masks: Publius Publius Publius Publius Publius Publius


texts: would help avenge Caesar's murder and the Roman loss at Carrhae.<mask> was taken note of as a most illustrious and outstanding young man by Eutropius. The Tin Islands off the coast of the Iberian Peninsula have been referred to by the geographer as the Cassiterides. <mask>'s occupation of Armorica is thought to have resulted in the creation of this prose work. <mask>'s Armorican mission may have been prompted in part by business interests, as scholars of the 20th and early 21st centuries assign authorship to the grandfather, during his proconsulship in Spain in the 90s BC. <mask> has a selected bibliography. Latomus 41 was titled "Crassorum funera." Ronald Syme.The Sons of Crassus was written by Latomus. The Romans killed in action <mask> Moneyers of ancient Rome, who committed

masks:
Publius
Publius
Publius
Elizabeth Rawson
Publius


title: Donn F. Eisele

texts: A United States Air Force officer, test pilot, and later a NASA Astronaut, <mask> was born on June 23, 1930. The command module pilot seat was occupied by him during Apollo 7. After retiring from both NASA and the Air Force, he became the Peace Corps country director for Thailand. <mask> was born in Columbus, Ohio, on June 23, 1930, and graduated from West High School in 1948. He was a Scout. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1952 and went on to serve in the United States Air Force. He received a degree in Astronautics from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology in 1960.TheAerospace Research Pilot School (Class 62A) at Edwards Air Force Base, California, was where he graduated in 1962, and his classmates included Charles Bassett and <mask>. At the Air Force Special Weapons Center at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, Eisele was a project engineer and experimental test pilot. He flew test flights for special weapons development. 3,600 of the 4,200 hours he flew were in jet aircraft. The third group of astronauts was selected in October 1963. The Apollo 1 crew had two pilots, one of which was Eisele. Senior Pilot Ed White and "Gus" Grissom.After dislocating his shoulder twice in January 1966, Roger B. Chaffee replaced him. Command Pilot Walter "Wally" Schirra and Pilot Walter Cunningham were named to the crew for the second Apollo flight after corrective surgery on January 27. At this time, she was promoted to the Senior Pilot position. The cancellation of Apollo 2 was due to the fact that it would be an unnecessary

masks:
Donn Fulton Eisele
Eisele
Theodore Freeman


title: Donn F. Eisele

texts: repeat of Apollo 1. The first crewed Apollo mission was named after the Apollo 1 astronauts who were killed in the January 27, 1967, fire. It would be called Apollo 7. As the launch date approached, he was having an extramarital affair with a woman who would later become his second wife.The crew was warned that they were all "expendable" and that any extramarital affairs must not become public. Apollo 7 was the first crewed flight test of the third generation United States spaceship and was launched on October 11, 1968. The Senior Pilot title was changed to Command Module Pilot by this time. Together with Schirra and Cunningham, <mask> acted as a navigator, taking star spotting and aligning the guidance and navigation platform. The crew successfully fired the service module's engine. They broadcasted the first live televised coverage of crew activities. Apollo 7 was placed in an Earth-orbit with apogee and perigee.The 260-hour, 4.5 million mile shakedown flight was successfully concluded on October 22, 1968, with splashdown occurring in the Atlantic 8 miles from the carrier Essex and only from the predicted target. She spent 260 hours in space. The 1969 Apollo 10 flight had a backup Command Module Pilot. He was a technical assistant for manned spaceflight at the NASA Langley Research Center until 1972, when he retired from both NASA and the Air Force. In 1972 she became the Country Director of the U.S. Peace Corps in Thailand. After returning from Thailand, he became the Sales Manager for the division. Private and corporate accounts were handled by Eisele.In 1980,


title: Donn F. Eisele

texts: she moved to Florida. In 1981 she was appointed to a vacant seat on the city commission and served for a year. <mask> <mask> Park was named after him after his death. The Concorde came out of Miami and New York. In 1987, at the age of 57, <mask> died of a heart attack while on a business trip to Tokyo, Japan, where he was to attend the opening of a new Space Camp patterned on the one at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center. His ashes were buried in Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors after he was cremated in Japan. A member of the Luther B. Turner Lodge # 732 in Columbus, Ohio, she was an Eagle Scout.He received a number of awards and honors during his career. The National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Special Trustees Award was presented to him in 1969. In 1983, a group of Apollo astronauts were going to be in the International Space Hall of Fame. In 1997 he was one of 24 Apollo astronauts to be in the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame. He was posthumously awarded a NASA medal for his Apollo 7 mission. In the Shadow of the Moon is a family-approved account of Donn's life. Apollo Pilot was published by the University of Nebraska Press.From the Earth to the Moon starred John Mese. The final three episodes of The Astronaut Wives Club were filmed in 2015. On October 23, 2007, Susan Black gave a sample of a Moon rock to the library. The only library in the United States that has a lunar rock on display is in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The Moon rock can be seen in museums and schools. There are links to the List of Eagle Scouts and the Astronaut

masks: Donn Eisele Eisele


title: Joseph Pinetti

texts: <mask> was known as <mask> in France. He was born in Tuscany, Italy and died in Russia. He was known as The Professor of Natural Magic. He was the most celebrated magician of his time and performed in the later part of the 18th century. He was the first magician to take advantage of advertising. The author of the Physical Amusements helped expand the art of magic and created new effects. Magicians performed in the streets.While other performers carried their equipment in bags tied around their waist and carried their tables under their arms, Pinetti brought his experiments into the theatre. <mask>'s gadgets were made of gold and silver. He presented his tricks as scientific experiments in his cabinet of curiosities. He was a pudgy man who looked like a king. He would change his clothes three or four times during the performance. He was a professor before he became a magician. He did tricks for his students.He was able to reproduce those demonstrations for his friends. He was encouraged to do it for the public. <mask> billed himself as the Roman Professor of Mathematics by 1780. He used the name Theophrastus Paracelsus. Pinetti tied a ribbon around the pigeon's neck. There was a projection on the wall. He cut the shadow image of the bird's neck with a knife and beheaded it.Professor <mask> often performed in the theatre des Menus Plaisirs du Roi. His stage setting was easy to understand. There were silk curtains around the stage, tables painted gold, and two crystal chandeliers hanging from above. Critics in France said that

masks:
Joseph Pinetti Willedall de Merci
Giovanni Giuseppe Pinetti
Pinetti
Pinetti
Pinetti


title: Joseph Pinetti

texts: <mask>'s opening night audience was large. They talked about the 23 experiments the Professor demonstrated. He had no problem charming the audience even though he only knew a few words in French. He was the talk of Paris.The King wanted him to do a private performance. The seats were booked weeks in advance for his run in Paris. A book was published in March 1784 that revealed all of Professor <mask>'s experiments were just tricks. Henri Decremps, a lawyer and student of physics, wrote La Magic Blanche Dévoilée. It was assumed that the book was a revelation on <mask>'s methods. It quickly became a best seller. The damage was done even though not all of the tricks were explained.There was a drop in attendance at the theatre. The suspense that was brought by the experiments was ruined by the book. <mask> published his own book in June. This was not the expose that Decremps wrote, but an instruction book teaching how to use a company. He presented his experiments at the New Theatre in London. He performed for the royal family. He competed with another conjurer, Philip Breslaw, in London.The tour was shortened when another book was published showing the new tricks of <mask>'s. Decremps tried to perform as a magician but was not as skilled as he was in his books. Robert-Houdin mentioned Professor <mask> in his memoirs. He told a story about a confrontation between his mentor and Pinetti. He claimed that <mask> was scheming to ruin de Grisy. After he was humiliated, de Grisy was able to learn the profession well. <mask> was forced to

masks: Pinetti Pinetti Pinetti Pinetti Pinetti Pinetti Pinetti Pinetti


title: Joseph Pinetti

texts: leave France.It was not certain if there was a Count or if he was an adversary of Pinetti. Professor <mask> flaunted his wealth wherever he went and was known for the amount of money he made throughout his career. He continued his tour throughout Europe. His flaunting backfired on him in Berlin. He arrived in Berlin in a coach with four white horses. He was dressed as a nobleman. His chest was covered in chivalric orders.He was the talk of the town with his strutting. The King of Prussia, known as Frederick the Great, strolled by in a coach with only two horses. He never saw a guard salute a man before. He was told that it was Professor <mask>. Pinetti was ordered to leave Berlin by Frederick the Great after he saw this. He said that Berlin wasn't large enough for the King of Prussia and the King of Conjurers. Pinetti was treated better by the monarch of Russia.The Czar gave the Professor a large ring and a diamond-encrusted necklace because he was so impressed by <mask>'s experiments. He made a lot of money in Russia, but lost most of it when he invested in balloon ascensions. <mask> had a long and cruel illness. He was reduced to poverty because of his wealth. He was taken in by a nobleman from the town of Berdichev. The nobleman gave shelter to the dying man. <mask> died of his illness.The Journal de Paris References Physical Amusements and Diverting Experiments. The so-called Bachaumont is a Mémoires secrets. XXV, 9. <mask>, Philadelphia, and Enslin are located in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of

masks: Pinetti Pinetti Pinetti Pinetti Pinetti Pinetti