title: Elly Kleinman

texts: communities if therapists restore them to the highest functional level. Staffing solutions for skilled healthcare professionals are provided by Global Professional Staffing. The company is committed to providing rehabilitative solutions across the continuum of care. In addition to the team of therapists that provide services to assisted living and skilled nursing facilities and patients in their home, throughout the United States, outpatient and community programs, Phyt provides management solutions and staffing solutions to its business partners. Outpatient rehabilitation therapy services include Medicare part B rehabilitation services in assisted living facilities and to patients in their own home.Care Management offers health care consulting and management services. MedPack Pharmacy can help with prescription needs. MedPack is both a mail order and a hand delivered supplier of medications. MedPack offers pharmacy services to assisted living and skilled nursing facilities. Covid testing and vaccinations are provided by MedPack. Kleinman is still in charge of all aspects of management and strategy for the Americare Companies. Amud Aish Memorial Museum/Kleinman Holocaust Education Center is an organization and museum which serves as a memorial to The Holocaust.The purpose of the center was to document the history of the Holocaust, to perpetuate the legacy of those who remained loyal to Jewish faith and practice after the Holocaust, and to rebuild Torah Judaism in the United States and throughout the world. <mask> Aish. He is the founder and president of Amud Aish and has contributed to many Holocaust–related events. Amud Aish is a venue where a range of organizations and programs can join their resources and make them work in a comprehensive way. The Amud Aish Memorial Museum is located in the Mill Basin section of Brooklyn. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum was designed by David Layman, who also designed the center. Through the lens of faith is a faith based exhibit that was opened by


title: Elly Kleinman

type: paraphrased

texts: Amud Aish.The chief curator of the Amud Aish Memorial Museum is Dr. Henri Lustiger-Thaler. The photography for the exhibit was done by Caryl Englander. Ohel's board of directors co-chairman is <mask>. The Kleinman Family Ohel Regional Family Center opened in 2009. <mask> was honored at Ohel's inaugural legislative breakfast as a token of appreciation. He is the chairman of the Board of Camp Kaylie. Kleinman is a private donor.He was one of the first six people to give money to the cause. <mask> and other philanthropists were recognized at the 70th anniversary ceremonies of the liberation of the Nazi German concentration and extermination camps. The Center for Initiatives in Jewish Education is a non-profit organization that was founded in 2001 with a mission to enhance and enrich the quality of Jewish education throughout the United States. In memory of his father, Rofeh Cholim donated to the new division of RCCS in Israel. Immigrant Russian children and their families are assisted by Shuvu, an Israeli organization with a network of schools. <mask> and his wife are benefactors of Yeshiva Darchei Torah. They were honored for their contribution at the yeshiva's 38th annual dinner.The Western Wall (Kotel) Heritage Foundation in Jerusalem, Israel, and Dorog Institutions in Israel are benefactors of the Kleinmans. Senator Joe Lieberman presented him with the Congressional US Israel Friendship Award. <mask> is a member of the Orthodox Jewish community. He supports the Torah and chesed institutions around the world. Kleinman was the chairman of the Twelfth Si Hashas. Over 92,000 people were present for the ceremony that took place at the stadium, which is considered to be the largest such gathering in history. Revival of Orthodoxy after the Holocaust and dedication to Torah study were stressed as the main themes of the evening.The purpose of the event was to show the strength of Torah Judaism and its resurgence in America after the Holocaust. Business people from New York City and people from Brooklyn

masks: Kleinman Kleinman Kleinman Kleinman Kleinman


title: Darryl Flahavan

texts: <mask> is an English football coach and former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is the goalkeeper coach at Wigan Athletic. He has spent most of his career in The Football League, winning the PFA League One player of the year and was named in the League One Team of the Year in 2005–06. <mask> couldn't break into the first team at his hometown club because he was competing with goalkeepers such as Paul Jones, Dave Beasant and Maik Taylor. He made his name with Conference side Woking after leaving Saints on a free transfer in 1998. He was signed by Southend in 2000. <mask> made over 350 appearances for the club during his time there, helping them from league two into the championship in back to back seasons.One of the main reasons for the club's rise through the divisions was <mask>. <mask> put in a man of the match display against Manchester United in the League Cup on 7 November 2006, making a string of saves. The game was won by Eastwood with a free kick. <mask> produced another man of the match display as Southend were knocked out of the competition in the quarter finals by Spurs at White Hart Lane. Crystal Palace <mask> signed a three-year contract to compete for the first team shirt at Crystal Palace after signing for the Championship side on a free transfer. He turned down the one-year deal. In August 2008, <mask> made his Palace debut.<mask> played against Palace in the next round. Even though <mask> saved a penalty, Palace lost the game 2–1. The following season saw <mask> remain at the club despite speculation linking him with a move away, and he made his first home league appearance for the Eagles in the 0–2 home defeat to Newcastle United. This was

masks: Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan


title: Darryl Flahavan

texts: his last appearance for the Eagles. He joined the club on a loan until the end of the 2008–09 season, but did not play for the club due to an injury. <mask> was signed on a month emergency loan in November of 2009. <mask> played for his former club in the FA Cup.He went on to play 20 games for the club after his loan was extended until the end of the season. <mask> began training with Pompey ahead of a possible move to the club his older brother played for. <mask> was signed on a one-month deal by Pompey. The number 37 was given to him. <mask> signed a new one-month deal at Fratton Park on September 23 and again on October 26. His contract was extended until the end of the season. Jamie Ashdown played the full 90 minutes in all 50 of Pompey's matches in the 2010–11 season.He left after his contract expired. <mask> signed a one-year deal with the club on June 28, 2011. <mask> was expected to provide competition for Shwan Jalal when working with Lee Bradbury and Neil Moss. He signed a new one-year contract in January. <mask> played in all but two of Bournemouth's 46 league games. <mask> was out of the 2012–13 season due to a shoulder injury. <mask> signed a new one-year deal in May.<mask> left Bournemouth in order to play football. <mask> signed for Crawley Town on a short-term deal after his release. He kept a clean sheet in the victory over York City. He left in January of 2016 <mask> retired from playing in June of 2016 and was appointed the goalkeeper coach of the new head coach at the time. During his playing days, <mask> was a teammate of Monk's at Saints. <mask> was appointed goalkeeping coach of Birmingham City when Monk took over as manager.He joined

masks: Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan Flahavan


title: Darryl Flahavan

texts: Wednesday as their goalkeeper coach. He left the club on November 9, 2020. He joined Wigan Athletic as the goalkeeping coach. <mask> was born in the UK. <mask>'s brother was a professional football goalkeeper. He died in a car crash. He has a son named after his brother.There are external links to 1978 births. The players are from Woking. The players are from Southend United F.C. The players are from Crystal Palace F.C. The players are fromLeeds United F.C. The players are from Oldham Athletic A.F.C. The players are from Pompey F.C.The players are from Bournemouth and Crawley Town. The English Football League has players in the National League. The staff at the F.C. are not playing. The staff at the F.C. are non-playing. The staff at Wednesday F.C. are not playing. Wigan Athletic F.C. does not have a playing staff. The staff is not

masks: Flahavan Flahavan


title: Andreas Öchsner

texts: The head of discipline in mechanical engineering is <mask>. The Centre for Mass and Thermal Transport in Engineering Materials is headed by him. He is the author and co-author of over 150 journal papers, 70 conference papers and 15 book-chapters in the area of advanced materials and structures. He is an author and co-author of 13 research monographs. Education D. Sc. The University ofNewcastle is in Australia. The 1997 Research Interests of Cellular Materials (Metals and Ceramics) Experimental and Computational Mechanics Thin Structures and Interphases Diffusion Simulation in Metals were published.VDI Verlag 2003 is in Dsseldorf. A. chsner is the author of Eindimensionale Finite Elemente - Ein Einstieg in die Methode. Springer Verlag 2010. The Formulae for the Stress Distribution in Round Tensile Specimens at Neck Presence was written by M. Gromada, G. Mishuris, and A. chsner. There are SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. Springer Verlag 2011. An introduction to the FE Method was written by A. chsner.Springer Verlag in Berlin. A. chsner wrote an introduction to scientific publishing. There are SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. Springer Verlag 2013). Modeling and Simulation of Rods and Beams is part of A. chsner: Elasto-Plasticity of Frame Structure Elements. Springer Verlag in Berlin. S.I.Yengejeh, S.A. Kazemi, and A. chsner wrote A Primer on


title: Sai Sai Kham Leng

texts: <mask>laing was born on 10 April 1979 and is a musician, model, novelist, and actor. He is one of the most successful male singers in the history of hip hop music. Early life and education <mask> was born on 10 April 1979 in Taunggyi, and is the son of <mask> and Cho Cho San Tun. One of the senior government officials assassinated on 19 July 1947 was Sao San Tun, his great-grandfather. <mask> has four siblings, two younger sisters and a younger brother. After he was born, his parents moved back to Taunggyi. He graduated from B.E.H.S (1) Taunggyi in 1996.He was in the 4th grade when his parents divorced. He was living with his father after his divorce. He didn't see his mom for six years. In the eighth standard, Leng became a judo player. He won district-level contests in high school. He was admitted to Dagon University in 2003 and graduated in 2003 with a degree in English. <mask> moved to the capital city of Myanmar to become a singer.He began his music career in 1998 when he was still a university student. Hip hop was new to the country and not widely accepted by the public. <mask> wanted to be able to produce and distribute a solo album. He released his first album in 2000. He stood up and tried again despite the album being a failure. A place to stand in the music industry was created by the success of the second album "Thangegyin Myar Swar" which was released in 2001. "February Mhat Tann" was <mask>'s third album.One of the songs from that album hit the number one spot in the country. The album was a commercial success. <mask> became a household name with hits such as February Mhattan (February Diary), Ever Golli and Happy Sai Sai Birthday. The release of

masks:
Sai Sai Kham H
Sai Sai Kham Leng
Kham Leng
Sai
Sai
Sai
Sai
Sai


title: Sai Sai Kham Leng

texts: <mask>'s album "Sai Sai Live in Yangon" spawned more hits. In 2004, <mask> embarked on his first solo concert "Sai Sai Live" followed by "Sai Sai Birthday Show" an outdoor concert on 10 April 2004, gaining thousands of ticket sales which is the highest number in the music industry. Thousands of tickets have been sold for the popular concert which has become an annual affair. <mask> runs a music production company as well as directing music videos."Sai Sai Hu Khaw Thi" was released in 2005, followed by "Happy Sai Sai Birthday" in 2007, and "Date Date Kye" in 2009. <mask> performed in the opening and closing ceremonies of the Southeast Asian Games. The animation music video for "Nga Yee Zar Ka Po Mite" was released on April 1st. Since the day the music video was released on Sai Sai Kham Leng's official Facebook page and YouTube channel, it has become popular and was praised for the animation quality. The music video had 2 M views in 7 days. In 1997 <mask> joined John Lwin's John International Modeling Agency. He was a model in commercials.<mask> has acted in over 50 films. His first big-screen role was in the film "Mingalabar". He played the main role in his second big-screen film, "Gon Shane Pyin Chit Chin Thate Khar", where he was joined by Thet Mon Myint and Htun Eaindra Bo. In 2008, <mask> took on his first big-screen leading role in the film "Yin Khon Hninsi" with other actors. The drama film Adam, Eve and Datsa was directed by Wyne and starred <mask> as the male lead. He played the leading role in the film Slaves of Cupid, which was released in the country on August 28, 2015. The film became the most watched film at that time.<mask>'s portrayal of the

masks: Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai


title: Sai Sai Kham Leng

texts: character earned praise from fans for his acting performance and character interpretation, which resulted in a resurgence of popularity. He played a leading role in the film Angel ofEDEN with Paing Phyo Thu, Mya Hnin Yee Lwin, May Grace Parry and Wint Yamone Naing. He played the leading role in the film Thingyan Pyatike, which was directed by Maung Myo Min and was released in the country on April 1, 2016 He starred as the male lead in the Thai-Burmese film From Bangkok to Mandalay, which earned him a nomination for the Thailand National Film Association Awards for best actor. The film was shown in Thailand on 10 November 2016 and in Myanmar on 27 October. <mask> collaborated with a local hip-hop artist and Coca-Cola to create a song for the World Cup campaign, "The World is Ours". He collaborated with a former 2NE1 member for a song called "Red Light".The Korean-English version was released in December of 2020. The Korean version was released the next day. <mask> started working as a brand ambassador for Coca-Cola. He was an ambassador for Coca-Cola and starred in a local television commercial. The song 'Refreshing days' was produced by <mask> and Bobby as part of Coca-Cola's 'Open Happiness' campaign. <mask> was appointed as brand ambassador for the global chain of fast-food restaurants in East Asia. <mask> was appointed as a brand ambassador.At the same time, he was appointed as brand ambassador for Honda Motorcycles. <mask> became an ambassador for mJams Music Store in 2016 after becoming brand ambassador for BRAND'S. <mask> was appointed as brand ambassador for a watch brand in December. He became the brand ambassador for the G-Shock brand. <mask> was the

masks: Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai


title: Sai Sai Kham Leng

texts: brand ambassador for the Japanese men's grooming brand. <mask> is the brand ambassador for the world leading company in the digital payment business, VISA. Most of his fans are girls and ladies of all ages, and he launched a new cosmetic series called SAI Cosmetix under that trading company.In October 2016 he launched three new shades of lipstick and a mascara called "Love is in the Air". <mask> was involved in the National Tuberculosis Programme in 2015, which aimed to increase knowledge about how Tuberculosis spreads. The 3MDG Fund supported his advocacy in this area with the NTP. He stayed silent for the first few weeks after the coup, only responding after his fans asked him to. On the night of February 1, <mask> Kham Leng changed his profile image to a red square, the colour of the NLD, and posted that he hoped everyone was safe and sound. He became a target of social boycotts because he didn't join the protests. His relationship with an actress was one of the most fascinating relationships within the celebrity world.They broke up after a while. <mask> is a single person. He is unsure about marriage as he comes from a broken family. He is a Theravada Buddhist. <mask> was nominated for three World Music Awards. It's the World's Best Male

masks:
Sai
Sai
Sai Sai
Sai
Sai


title: Antoni Koper

texts: A lieutenant in the Polish Home Army and active in the Polish resistance movement during World War II, <mask> was born in 1906. He fought in the Warsaw Uprising and helped rescue Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto. After escaping from a Nazi prison camp, he fled to London and then to the United States. He was employed by the Defense Language Institute, the United States Information Agency, and the Voice of America. He died of cancer in 1990. <mask> was born in Warsaw, Poland in 1906 and graduated from the University of Warsaw. He was fighting with the Polish Army in the September 1939 invasion of Poland when he decided to become a journalist.After Germany annexed Poland, <mask> returned to Warsaw. A friend hired him to work at the municipal tax bureau because he was not allowed to work as a journalist under the occupation government. An identity card given to him by the tax bureau allowed him to move freely about Warsaw, without fear of being caught in a Nazi roundup and possibly transported to a labor camp. During the occupation of Warsaw, <mask> and a friend spent their nights publishing underground newspapers and forging travel and identification documents on a secret printing press. During the day, instead of collecting taxes, <mask> would use his Ausweiss to visit Jewish friends in the ghetto, to whom he smuggled such luxuries as soap and Portuguese sardines, as well as the forged papers needed to escape to the Aryan side of the city. He had first met her in 1935 while she was studying journalism at the University of Warsaw. She had been relocated to the ghetto in October 1940, but she also held an anusweiss,

masks:
Antoni Stefan Koper
Antoni Koper
Koper
Koper
Koper


title: Antoni Koper

texts: provided to her by a friend on the Jewish Council.She and her family were taken to their deaths at Treblinka during the Grossaktion Warsaw. Marguiles said that if she wanted to escape, they must start planning now. Margulies was prepared, having twice been caught up in roundups despite her papers. On a snowy night in February 1943, Marguiles found her way to a place along the ghetto wall where a secret opening was revealed to her, allowing her to travel through the wall in a horse-drawn carriage. There was an apartment building located at 6 Ratuszowa Street, in the right bank suburb of Praga, which was cared for by <mask> and his mother. Also hidden were Dr. Maximilian Ciesieleski, Henryk Finkelstein, MIeczyslaw Goldstein, and Marek Stok. Between 1942 and 1944, they were among thirteen ghetto refugees who hid in <mask>'s apartment.During the months preceding the Warsaw Uprising, Marguiles helped deliver the underground newspaper he was publishing. The Allies were warned about the German invasion of the Soviet Union. In August 1944, as a member of the Polish Home Army, he fought the Germans in the Warsaw Uprising, undaunted by extraordinary personal risk. The Germans took the prisoner when Warsaw fell. He joined the Polish Army after escaping a Nazi prison camp. He worked in counter-intelligence after the war ended. Sophie Margulies was a nurse who treated Polish Home Army casualties after the war ended.They moved to Germany, where <mask> wrote news articles for Polish Soldiers Daily. Peter was born there in 1947. Before emigrating to the United States, the <mask> family spent a short time in London, where their

masks: Koper Koper Koper Koper


title: Antoni Koper

texts: son earned a doctorate in journalism from the Polish University of London. He moved his family to the United States in 1952 to take a position as a professor at the Defense Language Institute. In 1959 they relocated to Washington, DC, where <mask> worked at the USIA until he retired in 1979. Amerika, the Polish language version of the Cold War era "soft propaganda" magazine, was edited by <mask> at USIA. The Polish Veterans Association was in Washington D.C. when martial law was declared in Poland.We are sitting on the sidelines. The post office doesn't work, the telephone doesn't work, and traveling is impossible. In this time and age, it's unbelievable that the country can be locked up. After martial law ended, he was called out of retirement to work as an editor for Voice of America. In 1989, after the 50th anniversary of the Invasion of Poland, <mask> and his wife returned to Poland to see how the country had changed, and to visit with the few survivors. The beauty of Warsaw before the invasion was recalled by him. "For a visit you can try, but you can't really go home again," he told USA Today."I did not find my Warsaw during our visit to Poland," she remembered. In June of 1990 the Israeli Government gave the award to <mask>. On June 13, 1990, <mask> died of cancer in Arlington, Virginia. His wife and son were by his side. He was posthumously honored by the Israeli diplomatic delegation to the United States at a ceremony attended by his family. The history of the Polish underground press in Germany was published in 1993. The University of Warsaw alumni have links to External links at yadvashem.org and

masks: Koper Koper Koper Koper Koper


title: Felix Sturm

texts: <mask>, better known as Adnan ati, is a Bosnian-German professional boxer. He holds multiple world titles in two weight classes, including the WBO and IBF super-middleweight titles. At the 2000 European Championships, he won a gold medal in the light-middleweight division. In 1997 the 2nd place at Light Middleweight in German National Championships was lost to Jrgen Brhmer, who went on to win the German National Light Middleweight champion. The 1999 German National Light Middleweight champion was defeated by the 2000 Light Middleweight champion at the European Championships. Represented Germany at the 2000 Olympic Games in Australia. He finished his amateur career with a record of 143 wins and 10 losses.On January 27, 2001, Sturm made his professional boxing debut against Antonio Ribeiro. He qualified for the Olympics but lost his fight to Jermain Taylor. On May 10, 2003 Sturm won the WBO Inter-Continental title. On 13 September 2003 he replaced the injured Bert Schenk in a WBO title bout and won the match. Rubén Varn Fernndez was from Spain. Oscar De La Hoya and <mask> faced off in Las Vegas on June 5, 2004. All three judges scored the fight 115-113 for De La Hoya, while Harold Lederman scored the fight 115-113 for Sturm.The Compubox counted the number of punches landed by both De La Hoya and Sturm. The decision was protested by the Nevada Athletic Commission. Sturm defeated Maselino Masoe in a unanimous decision to win the title. He won the title back from Castillejo in a twelve round unanimous decision on April 28, 2007, after defeating Topp by TKO in the sixth round. After defeating Castillejo, Sturm became a three-time world champion. He drew with Randy in their first fight and won by unanimous decision in their second fight. On November 2, 2008, Sturm retained his title with a unanimous decision over Sebastian Sylvester.He improved to 31-2 with one draw. He defended his title against Khoren Gevor in Nuerburg, Germany. After a year of not fighting, Sturm came back

masks:
Felix Sturm
Felix Sturm


title: Felix Sturm

texts: to defend his title against Giovanni Lorenzo, who became the WBA "Super" champion. The judges scored the fight 116-109 twice and 118-109 on the scorecards, as Sturm defeated Lorenzo by a unanimous decision. He lost his title to Daniel Geale after defeating Matthew Macklin and Sebastian Zbik. The title was on the line. He is the first four-time world champion from Germany.Barker had a serious hip injury and was no longer able to continue. The title was on the line. The Englishman retired from boxing a month later. Sturm lost his title to Sam Soliman. The official scores were-110-118 and 111–117. Sturm became a two-weight world champion after defeating Fedor Chudinov. After the fight, the samples that were taken from Sturm before the fight were suddenly challenged, as the location, time of arrival was not documented, the sample documents were not complete.Sturm wasn't stripped of his titles because of the inaccuracy. He moved to Bosnia and Herzegovina. He complained about being treated unfairly by the investigators in a post he shared on social media. He was only told about the results two months after the first sample, and he wasn't told why it took so long. After engaging a lawyer who requested all the required documents from the investigators he noticed that the last page was missing. It was written in a social media post. He was denied the right to let the b-sample be analysed by another laboratory after he submitted further inquiries.The WBA didn't suspend him because of these problems. On December 19, 2020, Sturm had his first fight in over a year. Sturm dominated his opponent throughout the fight and won a unanimous decision. Two of the judges scored the fight 100-90. Adnan ati was born in Germany. His parents, amil and Zahida, were ethnic Bosniaks who migrated to Germany in the 1970s. ati was a professional boxer under the stage name <mask>.He has both German and Bosnian citizenship. <mask> was jailed for tax evasion in May 2020 and has a profile at


title: Thomas Batts

texts: <mask> was an explorer of western Virginia. <mask> was a son of John and Martha Batte of Oakwell Hall and a daughter of <mask> and Deane of Chester. The Visitation of Yorkshire was written by William Dugdale. Henry and William, brothers of Captain John Batte, settled in Virginia in 1666. <mask> and Henry Batte, sons of Captain John Batte, were also in Virginia in 1666. On April 29, 1666, a grant for land in Charles City County, Virginia was issued to <mask> and <mask> sons of Mr. <mask>. The land was formed in 1703 in Prince George County, Virginia. <mask> was a Justice of the Peace in Henrico County.In 1701, there was a <mask>. The records of Henrico County, Virginia show that <mask> died in 1701 and his daughter Martha died on January 1, 1713. John Banister, Clerk, certain slaves, was made over to "<mask> the elder" on June 1, 1689. Martha Batte married Abraham Wood Jones, John Banister, and Stephen Cocke. In 1691, <mask>' son <mask> Jr. died in Henrico County, along with his daughters Ann, Martha and Mary. The July 10, 1680 land grant to Maj. General Abraham Wood shows that <mask> and Abraham Wood were adjoining land owners. A number of Henrico County records have <mask> in them."<mask>" appeared with William Byrd as early as 16 73 when he witnessed a transaction. On April 8, 1674, "<mask>ts" patented a tract of 1,862 acres on the North side of the Appamattox River. A portion of the patent was sold when 100 acres were sold by <mask>. Gabriel Arther and his wife Mary were married on September 13, 1684. On December 1, 1686, Gabriel Arther sold this 100 acre parcel to the Hon. William Byrd is an attorney. <mask>'s 1674 patent

masks:
Thomas Batts
Thomas Batts
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Batts
Henry Batts
John Batts
Thomas
Thomas Batt
Thomas Batte
Thomas Batte
Thomas
Thomas Batte
Thomas Batts
Thomas Batte
Thomas Battes
Thomas Bat
Thomas Batte
Thomas Batte


title: Thomas Batts

texts: was sold by <mask> Jr. and <mask> Sr.On September 1, 1671, <mask>, <mask>, and Robert Fallam set out from Appomattox Town. They were acting under a commission granted to Abraham Wood "for finding out the ebbing and flowing of the water behind the mountains, in order to the discovery of the South Sea" The New River is named after the Woods River, which was discovered by the Batts and Fallam group. The person who died during the expedition was <mask>. According to the Batts-Fallam Journel, on September 17, 1671, the Indians were impatient of longer stay. The first, C.R., was for his Majesty, the second, W. B., was for the Governor, and the third, A. W., was for Maj.-Gen. Abraham Wood. The expedition came back to Fort Henry.The History and Present State of Virginia, in Four Parts The History and Present State of Virginia, in Four Parts was written by Robert Beverly and his son-in-law William Berkeley. They set out from Appamattox. He states that the Indians are Capt. Batt had with him and made a Halt. They said that the Nation of Indians made Salt and sold it to their neighbours. This was a powerful and powerful group of people, who had once discovered their Towns. Capt.Batt was unsuccessful in getting the Arguments forward. To please the Indians, the Hopes of this Discovery were frustrated and had to return. The publication has a reference to Capt. Captain Henry Batt is only referred to once. It is not known if the reference to Henry Batt was a mistake or a reference to an expedition other than the <mask>ts and Robert Fallom expedition. The Batts and Fallam exploration was used in treaty negotiations to bolster England's claim to

masks:
Thomas Batte
Thomas Batte
Thomas Batts
Thomas Wood
Thomas Wood
Thomas Bat


title: Paul Gardner (ice hockey)

texts: He is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and a former centre. He is the son of a former NHL player. He was born in Fort Erie, Ontario, but grew up in Toronto, Ontario. He played in the 1968 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team. He was drafted by the Kansas City Scouts of the National Hockey League in 1976, but they moved to Denver the next year and renamed the Rockies. After being drafted by the Toronto Toros of the World Hockey Association, he chose to pursue NHL opportunities and joined the Rhode Island Reds of the Rockies farm team. He scored thirty goals and 59 points in sixty games in the National Hockey League.He scored 30 more goals in 46 games during his second year in the league, finishing second on the club in both goals and points. The Colorado Rockies traded him to the Toronto Maple Leafs midway through his third season in the NHL. <mask> would suit up for the same team his father played for as the Maple Leafs moved to Toronto. Dave had a 350 game NHL career and spent two years in Toronto with the OHA's Toronto Marlboros. <mask> wouldn't have a lot of good hockey memories in the city. He scored 7 goals and 9 points in 11 games for the Leafs after the trade. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217

masks: Paul Paul


title: Paul Gardner (ice hockey)

texts: 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217After failing to make the roster to start the 1980-81 season, the Maple Leafs dealt Dave Burrows, <mask> and Kim Davis to the Pittsburgh Penguins. One of the club's top scoring threats was <mask>, who scored 34, 36 and 28 goals in three seasons. He was assigned to the Pittsburgh minor league team in Baltimore after he had no goals in 16 games. In 54 games, he scored 32 goals and 81 points. After playing well in the American League, he was offered a contract by the Washington Capitals. In 12 games with Washington, <mask> had 2 goals and 6 points. In 64 games, he scored 51 goals and 130 points.The Caps decided not to bring him back for a second year. The Buffalo Sabres signed a free agent to a deal but he only appeared in two games as they dominated the American Hockey League for the rest of the season. He retired from professional hockey at the end of his career. When the team was short on players due to injury, the Portalnd Pirates needed a new coach and he was called into action. He picked up an assist in the game. During his pro career, he suited up with seven different American Hockey League teams and he produced at a point-a-game or better for every one of them. After his playing career ended, he jumped into the coaching profession, becoming the head coach of the Newmarket Saints of the American Hockey League for four seasons.He became an assistant coach for the Baltimore Skipjacks under Barry Trotz. When they moved to

masks:
Paul Marshall
Gardner
Gardner


title: Paul Gardner (ice hockey)

texts: Nashville to work for the expansion Predators, Trotz and <mask> were promoted to the NHL level. After the 2002–03 season, he became a pro scout for the organization. He was named head coach of the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl team in January of 2007. He was released in February 2008 after guiding the team to a nine-game winning streak. In the summer of 2008, he was named head coach and assistant coach of the Belarus national team. His contract was canceled due to personal reasons.He became the coach of the Freezers in December of 2008 and guided them to the playoffs. In his second season at the helm, Hamburg did not make the playoffs. His contract ended at the end of the season. The Mississippi RiverKings are in the Central Hockey League. The team relieved him of his duties on July 29, 2011. The head coach of the Bloomington Blaze was named in September 2011. The Braehead Clan of the Elite Ice Hockey League had a new head coach in January.He did not have his contract renewed after guiding the Scottish club to the playoffs. The head coach of Dutch Eredivisie side Tilburg Trappers signed a two-year deal with the team. The Trappers won back-to-back Dutch cup titles under his guidance. The German second-division club Lausitzer Fchse hired a new head coach in January. He was on the job through the end of the season. The sporting director of Lwen Frankfurt, Rich Chernomaz, was working with the coach on June 29, 2016 In his first year in charge, he guided the team to the DEL2 title.The Frankfurt team had lost the first two games of the playoffs against Kassel, which led to the dismissal of <mask>. The Leaside Sports Hall of Fame has a person in it. Notable families in the NHL are listed at

masks: Gardner Gardner


title: Rinosuke Ichimaru

texts: He was an admiral in the Second World War. The first fighter pilot of the Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun Kk Hombu was a pioneer. He commanded many air units during the Second World War. He died in combat against the US Marines on March 26, 1945, after assuming command of the Imperial Navy forces on the island of Iwo Jima. On September 20, 1891, <mask> was born. On March 31, 1910, he graduated from the Etajima Naval Academy. He earned the rank of Ensign after finishing his studies on December 19, 1913.He traveled on the Azuma. He began serving the battle cruiser Kong on August 11, 1914. He was transferred to the Izumo on 24 October. On December 1, 1914, <mask> Ichimaru was promoted to Lieutenant. He remained on the Azuma until September 1, 1916, when he was switched back to the Kong. He began basic course at the naval school in December of 1916. He began to study torpedoes on 1 June 1917.Rinosuke attended the course for pilots students of the Japanese Imperial Navy on December 1st, 1917. He was assigned to the Air Group on January 1, 1918. The new Hsh aircraft carrier was destined to operate from the boarded air group on September 25, 1919. He was promoted to Lieutenant on December 1st. He was placed in charge of the Omura Aircraft Group on December 1, 1923. On January 7, 1925, he was transferred to the Kasumigaura Aircraft Group. He was appointed to the rank of Lieutenant

masks:
Rinosuke Ichimaru
Rinosuke


title: Rinosuke Ichimaru

texts: Commander on December 1.During a test flight on a fighter, he was involved in an accident that left him with serious injuries to his skull and face. According to the testimony of his daughter, he took three years to recover from his surgery. He kept a limp from this incident. During his recovery, he read many books, painted pictures and wrote poetry in Japanese and Chinese classic style, becoming famous in poetry. He was an instructor at the Kasumigaura flight school on December 1, 1927. He became an official instructor after being promoted to Commander on December 1, 1930. He joined the General Staff of the 1st Aircraft Division on 1 November 1934, three years after becoming an executive officer at the Sasebo Air Group.He boarded the Kaga aircraft carrier as an executive officer on May 25, 1935. After the Second Sino-Japanese War and Second World War, <mask> Ichimaru was assigned to the Chinkai Guard District in Korea, where he took command of the Air Group on October 1, 1936. He was promoted to the rank of Captain two months later. After the Second Sino-Japanese war broke out, he became commander of the Yokohama Air Group. He took command of the 1st Naval District on December 15 after only one month in this position. He took command of the Chichi Jima Aircraft Group on April 1, 1939. He was put in charge of the 13th Air Group on November 6.He was involved in the bombing


title: Rinosuke Ichimaru

texts: of the city of Wuhan. He was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral on 1 May 1942. He was in charge of the 1st Attack Force during the battle of Guadalcanal and the battle of the Eastern Solomon. Heavy losses were suffered by the force. He assumed command of the 21st Air Flotilla on September 1, 1942, but was recalled to Japan in 1943 and became commander of the 13th airborne group. He took command of the 27th Air Flotilla on the island of Iwo Jima on the 10th of August 1944 after being transferred to the General Staff of the 3rd Air Fleet. On August 10, the day after the Battle of Iwo Jima, Vice admiral Sadaichi Matsunaga was replaced by admiral <mask>, who was in disagreement with the garrison commander about the defensive strategy to be adopted.2,126 sailors, aviators and marines were placed under his orders in the days that followed. When the planes of his flotilla were lost in the US bombing, he decided to put his troops under the command of Kuribayashi. Ichimaru did not include a defense in depth. The admiral would have preferred to fight on the beaches and defend the airfield. 135 casemates were built despite the differences of opinion between the commander in chief and the men of Ichimaru. 7,347 imperial navy men were led by Ichimaru when the US landings began. He was promoted to the posthumous rank of Vice admiral after he was believed to have been killed in the


title: Rinosuke Ichimaru

texts: book and thought the sword he bought for $25 as a war souvenir was that of the admiral. He discovered that it was the sword of Ichimaru after further research. A Japanese war veteran brought it back to Japan. The NHK TV organized a meeting that allowed the sword to be returned to the admiral's wife. She gave the sword to the museum.The museum was robbed and the sword was taken. Sueko died after the robbery. A doctor bought a sword at an antique shop and had it looked at. The weapon was returned to the family after it was identified as the sword of Ichimaru. In Clint Eastwood's film Letters From Iwo Jima, <mask> is portrayed. He is played by an actor. There were deaths of Japanese admirals in World War


title: Carlos Watson (journalist)

texts: <mask> is an American businessman, journalist, and television host. He was a contributor on MSNBC and anchor on CNN before founding Ozy, a media company. After co-founding Achieva College Prep Service, he sold it to The Washington Post and Kaplan. Ozy raised over 70 million dollars from investors during his time as CEO. The <mask> Show was a daily interview show on the internet. After a New York Times article alleged that Ozy had made misrepresentations to investors, the public DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch On October 1, 2021, he resigned from the board of NPR.Ozy's board of directors announced that the company was shutting down. Ozy will stay in operation, according to an October 4 interview with Today. One of four siblings was born to Jamaican parents and was raised in Miami, Florida. He describes himself as a descendant of teachers. They struggled financially as a working-class family and often needed help from food stamps. <mask> was labeled a problem child early in life and was asked to leave kindergarten in 1974, but returned to first grade the next year. He attended Ransom School and Harvard University.He wrote more than 50 articles for the Miami Herald and the Detroit Free Press during his high school and college days. He graduated from Harvard University with a degree in government. He managed Bill Clinton's

masks:
Carlos
Carlos Watson
Carlos


title: Carlos Watson (journalist)

texts: 1992 Election Day effort in Miami-Dade County, Florida. He was an editor and president of the student government at the law school. After graduating from law school, he started work at McKinsey. After two years at McKinsey, he left to co-found Achieva College Prep Service. Achieva was sold to Kaplan, Inc.He was the Global Head of Education Investment Banking at Goldman. He and Laurene Powell Jobs founded College Track in 1997. He began his television career in 2002 with appearances on Fox News and Court TV as a political analyst. He hosted an interview show on CNBC. After hosting a second interview show and being offered his own continuing interview show on CNBC, he joined CNN as a regular newscast contributor. He was a political commentator on CNN for two years, most notably covering the 2004 presidential election. During his time at CNN, he hosted two airings of his own prime-time show and wrote a column on CNN's website.The host of Meet the Faith also hosted the show. A series of one-hour interview specials called "Conversations with <mask>" was hosted by the author and won two awards. In 2004, he was named one of the Peoples "Hottest" Bachelors and in 2008 he was on the Extras list of most eligible bachelors. In 2009, she was named co-anchor of an hour-long MSNBC segment with Contessa Brewer. From mid-to-late 2009, he was a founder and investor in The Stimulist. PBS announced a new debate program in March of 2016 called Point Taken. He was elected to the Board of Directors of NPR.He was reelected to a second three-year term on September 17, 2021. On the same day a governance committee was going to meet to determine his future, he resigned from the board. Black Women


title: Carlos Watson (journalist)

texts: OWN the Conversation was an executive producer. The Outstanding News Discussion and Analysis award was won by "Motherhood". He was supposed to present the documentary awards at the awards show, but stepped down after the New York Times reported on Ozy. Ozy, a daily digital news and culture magazine, was launched in September of 2013). Laurene Powell Jobs was one of the investors that Ozy raised over $70 million from.The publication became a producer of TV shows and podcasts. Ozy had partnerships with several media companies. Ozy's TV shows and Ozy Fest events were hosted by <mask>. Ozy Media was the subject of a New York Times article in September of 2021. An email was sent to all Ozy staff, and was posted to his account, which referred to the Times article as a "ridiculous hitjob". Five former Ozy employees reported that, as a New York article summarized, "<mask>'s demands, expectations, and plans were often detached from reality, yet were enforced with an intensity that some felt bordered on cruelty." The wife of a rock star alleged that the couple had invested in the business."This guy is the biggest shyster I have ever seen in my life," she said. The Osbournes received shares of Ozy stock as part of a legal settlement, which led to them being referred to as investors. She told CNBC that she was repeatedly offered shares in Ozy. Ozy ceased operations on October 1, 2021. On October 4th, the company would remain in business. From Silicon Valley to CNN, cover story in Winter 2006 births 1969 African-American business people African-American journalists African-American television hosts American online publication editors American television reporters and

masks: Watson Watson


title: John B. Jackson

texts: <mask> was an American lawyer and diplomat who spent most of his career in Europe and the Middle East. <mask> was born in Newark, New Jersey on August 19, 1862, to one of the most well-known families in New Jersey. He was the son of Nye and <mask>. <mask>, <mask>, and the Rev. were his siblings. <mask> is the wife of Beaux-Arts architect Lewis Stewart. Before the Pennsylvania took over the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company, his father was one of the directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad. His paternal grandparents were a Governor of Massachusetts and a signer of the Declaration of Independence.His paternal grandparents were Capt. The Nyes are from Sandwich, Massachusetts. <mask> decided early on in his naval career that he wanted to be a naval man. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy. He received an M.A. from Princeton University in 1896. A degree. He spent two years with the European Squadron, a part of the United States Navy, after graduating from the Naval Academy.He was a junior aide to the commander-in-chief. Due to his wife's ill health, he resigned his commission as an ensign on June 30, 1886, shortly after he was ordered to join the Pacific Squadron. He was admitted to the New York bar on February 14, 1889. <mask> began his diplomatic career when he was appointed second secretary of the legation in Germany by President <mask>. He spent twelve years in the country under four different administrations, the last being when he was secretary of the embassy in Berlin. He traveled from Berlin to The Hague in 1898 to

masks:
Jackson
Jackson
Frederick Jackson
Philip Nye Jackson
William Fessenden Jackson
Martha Nye Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Benjamin Harrison


title: John B. Jackson

texts: attend the ceremonies for the accession of Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. <mask> wrote to Secretary of State <mask> in March of 1902, saying that Prince Henry of Prussia's successful visit to the U.S. would "foster improved relations between the United States and Germany."He was interim in charge of the embassy for a total of twenty months. During the height of the Boxer Rebellion in China, he was in charge of the last month of the Spanish–American War. <mask> was appointed the U.S. Minister to Greece, Romania and Serbia during the recess of the U.S. Senate. Confirmation made him recommissioned on December 8, 1902. He was appointed Minister to Chile on October 13, but declined. He presented his credentials in Greece on December 24, 1902, in Romania on April 7, 1903, and in Serbia on May 9, 1904. In addition to his responsibilities in Greece, he was also appointed as Minister to Bulgaria on June 5, 1903, and as Minister to Montenegro on March 8, 1905.He presented his credentials in Bulgaria and Montenegro. The United States was represented at the King Peter I of Serbia's coronation. He served as Minister to Persia until he left his post on July 3, 1909. He was appointed Minister to Cuba on December 21, 1909 and served until he presented his recall on October 27, 1911. He was the Minister to Serbia and Bulgaria before he was recalled from Havana. He was the special representative of the president with the rank of ambassador for the coming of the crown prince of Bulgaria. <mask> submitted his resignation after Wilson became president in 1913, and

masks:
Jackson
John Hay
Jackson
Jackson


title: John B. Jackson

texts: it was accepted in August 1913, leaving Bucharest in the end of October 1913.Charles J. Vopicka succeeded him. <mask> volunteered his services to the American embassy in Berlin after World War I. On January 16, 1915, he was made a special agent of the Department of State to assist the American Ambassador in matters relating to the war. After diplomatic relations were broken off in February 1917, he went to Switzerland. <mask> told Francis B. Keene that he and his wife were to move to Switzerland before King Constantine arrived. "During my time in Athens, when I was Uncle Jack to my niece who was living with us, the whole diplomatic group, including the heir to the throne, Prince Constantine, called me Uncle Jack," he said. It wouldn't be the same for me to be Uncle Jack when we are at war.We are leaving before he arrives. <mask> was married to Florence A<mask> on April 26, 1886. The Second Presbyterian Church is in Philadelphia. <mask> was a partner in the Baldwin Locomotive Works and his daughter, Florence, lived at 814 N. Broad Street in Francisville, Philadelphia. He was a member of the New York Bar Association, the Union League Club, the University Club of New York, the Rittenhouse Club in Philadelphia and the Imperial Yacht Club in Germany. <mask> died in a Swiss town at the foot of the Alps on December 20, 1920, after a long illness. The Rev. is his brother.Frederick W<mask> was buried at a cemetery in Philadelphia. On November 12, 1936, his widow died of uremia. The Jackson Family of New Jersey has a collection at the U.S. Department of

masks:
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
. Baird
Matthew Baird
Jackson
. Jackson


title: Miralem Sulejmani

texts: <mask> is a Serbian professional footballer who plays for BSC Young Boys and the Serbia national team. He was the most expensive football player to have ever been purchased by a Dutch club. He played 137 games and scored 44 goals over the course of seven seasons. He won five major titles in two years after moving to Benfica. He became a first team regular again after moving to Young Boys. He started his club career at the age of 11 at the local FK BSK Batajnica. After making his first appearance for the seniors in the 2005–06 season, he quickly drew interest from Dutch clubs and also spent time at a farm team.The transfer of <mask> to Heerenveen was effective in January of the following year. The move was controversial, with several arguments occurring between the Dutch side and his agent. The player was suspended by Partizan after a meeting with the Football Association of Serbia, keeping him out for the rest of the season after Heerenveen appealed. On 17 August 2007, <mask> made his official debut with the Friesland team against Willem II. He scored his first goal in the Eredivisie in the second match of the season, but his team lost and he finished the season with 15 goals to rank fifth in the scoring charts. After weeks of speculation, it was announced that an agreement had been reached for the transfer of <mask>. The Dutch transfer-record was broken by the Amsterdam club when they paid 16.25 million to Heerenveen.The player signed a five-year contract that stated "I am a footballer and I only want to think about football". In his first year with the club, Sulejmani netted ten

masks:
Miralem Sulejmani
Sulejmani
Sulejmani
Sulejmani


title: Miralem Sulejmani

texts: official goals, including two in seven contests in the UEFA Cup, as the club reached the round-of-16. The final round-of-32 aggregate score was 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 On 11 August 2010, West Ham United confirmed that they had agreed terms with Sulejmani to take him on a year-long loan, subject to the granting of a work permit, which was denied the following day. He scored 19 goals in 54 appearances in the next two seasons, leading to back-to-back national championships. After 30 minutes in a match against Roda JC, Sulejmani was seriously injured. He will miss the rest of the season after the medical team decided he would have to have surgery.He was set to join S.L in February of the following year. The coach demoted him to the reserves after he was confirmed as a free agent. Several days after the initial reports of the deal with Benfica appeared, it was finally confirmed that <mask>, along with countryman Filip urii, passed medical tests and agreed to a five-year contract. The


title: Miralem Sulejmani

texts: countryman was praised by Predrag Mijatovi. In the second half of a 2–1 home win against Gil Vicente FC, <mask> came in. He scored his first official goal for his new club on December 15th in the 3–2 win at S.C. Olhanense. In the third round of the league cup, <mask> made his comeback as a substitute, seven months after his injury in the Europa League final.On June 9, 2015, Young Boys announced that <mask> had joined them. Young Boys won the Swiss Super League for the first time in 32 years. Zvonko ivkovi named <mask> in his 18-man squad for the European Under-19 Football Championship. He converted two penalties for the under-21s in their 8–0 demolition of Hungary in a qualification match for the European Championships. On February 6, 2008, <mask> made his senior team debut in a friendly with Macedonia. He scored his first international goal in September 2012 against Wales. The family of <mask>'s father moved from Kosovo to Serbia in 1948.His father was a football player for OFK Beograd. <mask>'s mother is a Serb. <mask> was a professional footballer for many years in the Dutch top flight, whereas Danko was a professional footballer for many years in the Dutch top flight. He met his girlfriend in 2010. He became a father in 2011. Career statistics for Club 1 include the UEFA Cup and Europa League. The Shield and Taa da Liga matches are included.The score column indicates the score after each goal for Serbia. The winner of the 2010–11, 2012–13 KNVB Cup and the runner-up of the Taa de Portugal will be crowned the winner. Serbian expatriates play football in the Netherlands, Portugal, and

masks: Sulejmani Sulejmani Sulejmani Sulejmani Sulejmani Sulejmani Miralem Sulejmani


title: James Madison

texts: The 4th president of the United States was <mask>., who was born in 1751 and died in 1836. He is considered the "Father of the Constitution" because of his role in drafting and promoting the Bill of Rights. He was the 5th Secretary of State under Thomas Jefferson and co-authored The Federalist Papers. <mask> was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the Continental Congress after the American Revolutionary War. He helped organize the Constitutional Convention, which produced a new constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation. The Virginia Plan was the basis for the Constitutional Convention's deliberations, and <mask> was one of the most influential individuals at the convention. One of the most influential works of political science in American history was written by him, along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, when they collaborated on The Federalist Papers, a series of pro-ratification essays.<mask> was an important leader in the House of Representatives and served as a close adviser to George Washington. He is believed to be the main force behind the Bill of Rights. <mask> was against the economic program and centralization of power favored by the Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton. One of the nation's first major political parties was founded by him along with Jefferson. After Jefferson was elected president, <mask> served as his Secretary of State. The

masks:
James Madison Jr
Madison
Madison
Madison
Madison
Madison


title: James Madison

texts: Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States. After Jefferson's victory in the presidential election, <mask> succeeded him.He led the United States into the War of 1812 after the British seized American shipping. Many Americans believed that the war was a successful second war of independence against Britain. <mask> was re-elected in 1812 by a smaller margin than in the previous election. <mask> was convinced of the need for a stronger federal government after the war. The Second Bank of the United States was created by him. <mask>'s presidency added 23 million acres of Native American land to the United States. After completing his presidency in 1817, <mask> retired from public office.Like Jefferson and Washington, <mask> was a wealthy slave owner who never treated his slaves harshly and provided for them, but his slaves experienced "the lack of basic freedom of action and opportunity for advancement that defined the deep and profound discrepancy between enslaved and most free Virginians." He never reconciled his republican beliefs with his slave ownership. He never freed his slaves because he was forced to pay debts. One of the most important founding fathers of the United States is <mask>, and historians have ranked him as an above-average president. <mask>, Jr. was born on March 16, 1751 at a plantation in the Colony of Virginia. His family had lived in Virginia.

masks:
Madison
Madison
Madison
Madison
Madison
Madison
James Madison
James Madison


title: James Madison

masks: Madison Madison


title: James Madison

texts: of William and Mary, which is thought to be more likely to harbor infectious disease. The College of New Jersey was named after him in 1769. He studied Latin, Greek, theology, and the works of the Enlightenment. <mask> was a leading member of the American Whig–Cliosophic Society, which competed on campus with a political counterpart. The future Attorney General was <mask>'s closest friend. <mask> and another classmate completed a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree in just two years, graduating in 1741. After graduating from college, <mask> contemplated entering the clergy or practicing law, but instead chose to study Hebrew and political philosophy under the college's president.He returned to his home in 1772. The philosophy, values, and modes of thinking of the Age of Enlightenment were influenced by <mask>'s ideas. According to a biographer, <mask> was immersed in the liberalism of the Enlightenment and converted to political radicalism. <mask>'s theories would advance the rights of happiness of man, and his most active efforts would serve devotedly the cause of civil and political liberty. <mask> served as a tutor to his younger siblings after returning to Montpelier. <mask> began to read law books. He asked William to send him a plan to read law books.At the age of 22, there was no evidence that <mask> wanted to become a lawyer. He had a good knowledge of legal publications.

masks:
Madison
Madison
Madison
Madison
Madison
Madison
James Madison
Madison
Madison
Madison


title: James Madison

texts: <mask> never joined the bar or practiced law despite being a law student. <mask> was sensitive to the phrase "demi-Lawyer", or "half-Lawyer", a derisive term used to describe someone who read law books but did not practice law. <mask> studied ancient democracies of the world in preparation for the Constitutional Convention after the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament to help fund British America. The beginning of the American Revolution was marked by the colonists' opposition to the tax.Parliament's right to impose taxes on the colonists was at the center of the disagreement. However, events deteriorated until the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War of 1775–83, in which the colonists split into two groups: Loyalists, who continued to adhere to George III, and thePatriots, who joined under the leadership of the Continental Congress. <mask> sympathized with those who resisted British rule and believed that Parliament had overstepped its bounds by trying to tax the American colonies. <mask> believed that an established religion was detrimental to freedom of religion because it encouraged excessive deference to the authority of the state. The local Committee of Safety was a pro-revolution group that oversaw the local militia. He served as his father's second-in-command until he was elected as a delegate to the Fifth Virginia Convention, which was

masks: Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison


title: James Madison

texts: charged with producing Virginia's first constitution. <mask> rose to prominence in Virginia politics as a wartime leader despite never seeing battle in the Revolutionary War.He convinced delegates at the Virginia constitutional convention to change the Virginia Declaration of Rights to provide for equal entitlement, rather than just tolerance. <mask> was elected to the Virginia governor's Council of State after he became part of the Virginia House of Delegates. He became close to Governor Thomas Jefferson. The United States Declaration of Independence was published on July 4, 1776. <mask> contributed to the discussion of religious freedom affecting the drafting of the Articles. The larger Virginia Convention made changes to the article on religious freedom. The amendment included a section on the right to a uniform government.<mask> was elected to the Second Continental Congress when he was a member of the Council of State. America was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217

masks: Madison Madison Madison Madison


title: James Madison

texts: 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 J.G.A. is a historian. Stagg, Madison worked to become an expert on financial issues, becoming a legislative workhorse and master of parliamentary coalition building. Congress would have the power to raise revenue through tariffs on imports if the Articles of Confederation were amended by Madison. The amendment was defeated because it failed to win the approval of all thirteen states. While a member of Congress, Madison was an ardent supporter of a close alliance between the United States and France, and as an advocate of westward expansion, he insisted that the new nation had to assure its right to navigation on the Mississippi River and control of all lands east of it in the Treaty<mask> was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1784. <mask> and Jefferson drafted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. The amendment guaranteed freedom of religion and disestablished the Church of England. <mask> and <mask> formed a partnership to purchase land along the Mohawk River. <mask> advocated for reform of the Articles of Confederation. After the end of the

masks:
Madison
Madison
Madison
James Monroe
Madison


title: James Madison

texts: Revolutionary War, he became worried about the weakness of the central government. He was troubled by the laws that legalized paper money and denied diplomatic immunity to ambassadors from other countries.He was concerned about the inability of Congress to conduct foreign policy, protect American trade, and foster the settlement of the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. As <mask> wrote, "a crisis had arrived which was to decide whether the American experiment was to be a blessing to the world, or to blast for ever the hopes which the republican cause had inspired." He was heavily influenced by Continental Enlightenment texts sent by Jefferson from France and committed to an intense study of law and political theory. The Dutch Republic, the Swiss Confederation, and the Achaean League are examples of ancient and modern confederacies. With so many interests competing against each other, <mask> hoped to minimize the abuses of majority rule. <mask> is concerned about navigation rights to the Mississippi River. According to historian John Ketchum, his desire to fight the proposal played a major role in <mask> returning to Congress in 1787.The 1785 Mount Vernon Conference, which settled disputes regarding navigation rights on the Potomac River, was a model for future interstate conferences. He was one of the delegates who called for another convention to


title: James Madison

texts: consider amending the Articles. <mask> helped convince the other Congressmen to authorize the Philadelphia Convention to propose amendments after winning the election to another term in Congress. Many members of Congress were wary of the changes the convention might bring, but they all agreed that the existing government needed some sort of reform. General Washington, who was popular throughout the country, and Robert Morris, who was influential in casting the critical vote of the state of Pennsylvania, would both support <mask>'s plan to implement a new constitution. The need for constitutional reform in the eyes of Washington and other American leaders was reinforced by the outbreak of Shays' Rebellion. At the Philadelphia Convention on May 25, 1787, <mask> worked with other members of the Virginia delegation, including George Mason, to create and present the Virginia Plan.The plan called for three branches of government, a bicameral Congress, and a federal Council of Revision in order to create a new federal constitution. The Virginia Plan gave the Senate the power to overturn any law passed by state governments. The structure of the executive branch was not laid out in the Virginia Plan, but <mask> preferred a single executive. Many delegates were surprised to learn that the plan called for the creation of a new constitution to be approved by special convention in each state


title: James Madison

texts: rather than by the state legislature. The delegates went into a secret session to consider a new constitution with the approval of Washington and Franklin. Though the Virginia Plan was extensively changed during the debate and presented as an outline rather than a draft of a possible constitution, its use at the convention has led many to call <mask> the "Father of the Constitution". The delegates held <mask> in high esteem after he spoke over 200 times.In the management of every great question he evidently took the lead in the Convention, and he always comes forward as the best informed man of any point in debate. The convention produced a constitution that <mask> believed would decide for ever the fate of republican government around the world, and he kept notes about it. <mask> wanted to create a system of government that would prevent the rise of groups that thought a Constitutional Republic would be the best way to go. The Scottish Enlightenment philosopher David Hume had a similar definition to that of <mask>'s. The dangers they impose upon the American Republic were described by <mask>. There is an essay called the Federalist No. A "number of citizens who are united by a common impulse of passion or interest adverse to the rights of other citizens or permanent and aggregate interest of the community" was described by 10 <mask>.The Scottish Economist Adam Smith believed that

masks: Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison


title: James Madison

texts: every civilized society developed into economic factions based on the interests of individuals. <mask> advocated for a free system of commerce among the states as he believed it would benefit society. The approval of a constitution similar to the one proposed in the Virginia Plan would be ensured by a coalition of Southern and Northern states. The New Jersey Plan was presented by delegates from small states who argued for more power for state governments. The Connecticut Compromise was proposed by Roger Sherman to balance the interests of small and large states. Each state was given equal representation in the Senate and the state legislature was given the power to choose members of the Senate during the convention. <mask> convinced his fellow delegates to have the Constitution approved by the convention rather than the state legislature.He helped ensure that the President would have the power to veto federal laws and be elected independently of Congress through the Electoral College. <mask> thought the new constitution didn't give enough power to the federal government compared to the state governments, but he still thought it was an improvement over the Articles of Confederation. According to historian Gordon Wood, the ultimate question before the convention was not how to design a government, but whether sovereignty should be transferred to the national government, or if the

masks: Madison Madison Madison


title: James Madison

texts: constitution should settle somewhere in between. The delegates at the Philadelphia Convention wanted the federal government to be able to raise revenue and protect property rights. Those who thought democracy in the state legislatures was too subjective wanted sovereignty to be transferred to the national government, while those who didn't think this was a problem wanted to retain the model of the Articles of Confederation. The change to the status quo envisioned in the Virginia Plan was strongly opposed by many delegates who shared <mask>'s goal of strengthening the central government. <mask> shifted the debate away from a position of state sovereignty when he lost most of his debates over how to amend the Virginia Plan.<mask>'s influence was important since most of the disagreements over what to include in the constitution were over the balance of sovereignty between the states and the national government. Wood says that <mask>'s contribution was to shift the debate toward a compromise of "shared sovereignty" between the national and state governments. After the Philadelphia Convention ended in September 1787, <mask> convinced his fellow congressmen to remain neutral in the debate and allow each state to vote on the Constitution. The Anti-Federalists began a public campaign against the Constitution. Hamilton and Jay began publishing pro-ratification newspaper articles. Hamilton


title: James Madison

texts: approached <mask>, who was in New York on congressional business, to write some of the essays after Jay dropped out. The essays were written by Hamilton, <mask>, and Jay in six months.The new Constitution was defended and argued for by the Federalist Papers. The articles became a handbook for the supporters of the Constitution when they were published in book form. The most important work in political science that ever has been written is likely to be written in the United States. No. In the 20th century, <mask>'s first contribution to The Federalist Papers became highly regarded for its advocacy of representative democracy. <mask> argues that the negative effects of factions can be limited through the formation of a large republic. In large republics, the amount of groups that emerge will dull the effects of others.In the 18th century. The separation of powers between three branches of the federal government, as well as between state governments and the federal government, established a system of checks and balances that ensured that no one institution would become too powerful. Several smaller states voted to approve the Constitution while <mask> and Hamilton continued to write. <mask> returned to Virginia after finishing his last work. <mask> was persuaded to stand for election to the Virginia Ratifying Convention by the strength of the Anti-Federalists. Washington and <mask> led

masks: Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison


title: James Madison

texts: the group in favor of the Constitution's ratification, while Patrick Henry was the most prominent member of the group that wanted amendments to the Constitution. The Constitution was approved by eight of the required nine states when the Virginia Ratifying Convention began.If Virginia were to fail to join the new government, George Washington would be disqualified from being the first president. At the start of the convention in Virginia, <mask> knew that most delegates had already made up their minds, and he focused his efforts on winning the support of the relatively small number of undecided delegates. At the convention, his long correspondence with Randolph paid off as he announced that he would support an amendment to the Constitution. <mask>'s expertise on the subject he had long argued for allowed him to respond with rational arguments to Henry's emotional appeals. <mask> argued in his final speech to the convention that the failure to approve the Constitution would lead to the collapse of the entire effort, as each state would seek favorable amendments. The convention voted 89–79 to approve the Constitution, making Virginia the tenth state to do so. Washington won the country's first presidential election after New York ratified the constitution.After Virginia ratified the constitution, <mask> returned to New York and resumed his duties in the Congress of the Confederation.


title: James Madison

texts: The state legislature elected two Anti-Federalist allies of Henry, even though <mask> wanted a seat in the Senate. <mask> ran for the House of Representatives because he was deeply concerned about his political career and the possibility that Henry and his allies would arrange for a second constitutional convention. The Virginia legislature created congressional districts to deny <mask> a seat, and Henry recruited Monroe, a strong challenger to <mask>. <mask> was locked in a tough race against Monroe and promised to protect individual liberties. In an open letter, <mask> wrote that while he had opposed requiring alterations to the Constitution before ratification, he now believed that "amendments, if pursued with a proper moderation and in a proper mode, may serve the double purpose of satisfying the minds of well- meaning opponents and of satisfying In Virginia's 5th district election, <mask> gained a seat in Congress with 57 percent of the vote.<mask> was considered the person who best understood the constitution by President Washington. The official House response to Washington's speech was prepared by <mask>. His influence helped Thomas Jefferson become the first Secretary of State. He introduced a bill similar to the one he had advocated for under the Articles of the Confederation at the start of the first Congress. The Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton introduced an ambitious

masks: Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison


title: James Madison

texts: economic program that called for the federal assumption of state debts and the funding of that debt through the issuance of federal securities. Hamilton's plan favored Northern speculators and was disadvantageous to states such as Virginia that had already paid off most of their debt, and <mask> emerged as one of the principal Congressional opponents of the plan. The Compromise of 1790 resulted in the enactment of Hamilton's assumption plan through the Funding Act of 1790.The federal capital district of Washington, D.C. was established as a result of the Residence Act. <mask> was the leader in pushing for the passage of several constitutional amendments that would form the Bill of Rights. His primary goals were to fulfill his 1789 campaign pledge and to prevent the calling of a second constitutional convention, but he also hoped to protect individual liberties against the actions of the federal government and state legislatures. He believed that the enumeration of specific rights would encourage judges to protect them. The Bill of Rights was introduced on June 8, 1789, after studying over two-hundred amendments that had been proposed. Among other things, his amendments would protect freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and the right to peaceful assembly. <mask> was largely responsible for proposals to guarantee freedom of the press, protect property from government seizure, and


title: James Madison

texts: ensure jury trials.He proposed an amendment to prevent states from abridging equal rights of conscience, or freedom of the press, or the trial by jury in criminal cases. <mask>'s Bill of Rights faced little opposition, he mostly co-opted the Anti-Federalist goal of amending the Constitution, but didn't propose amendments that would hurt the Constitution's supporters. The proposed amendments were mostly adopted by the House of Representatives. The final change to the Constitution's preamble and <mask>'s proposal to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states were eliminated. <mask> was disappointed that the Bill of Rights did not include protections against actions by state governments, but the passage of the document mollified some critics of the original constitution and shored up his support in Virginia. The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, after ten amendments were formally proposed by Congress to the states. The Democratic-Republican Party was founded after 1790.One group of people, led by Jefferson and <mask>, sought close relations with France. The Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton led a group that favored close relations with Britain. Hamilton proposed the establishment of a national bank to provide loans to emerging industries and to oversee the money supply. The Democratic-Republican Party fought back against Hamilton's attempt to expand


title: James Madison

texts: the power of the Federal Government at the expense of the sovereignty of the individual States by opposing the formation of a national bank. <mask> used his influence in the Democratic-Republican Party to argue that empowering financial interest was a threat to the republican virtues of the United States. Congress did not have the power to create such an institution according to <mask>. Congress passed a bill to create the First Bank of the United States despite <mask>'s opposition.Washington signed the banking bill in February of 1791. <mask> became concerned that Hamilton would seek to abolish the federal republic in favor of a centralized monarchy when he implemented his economic program. <mask> once again challenged Hamilton's proposal on constitutional grounds after he submitted his Report on Manufactures. He wanted to form a political party based on opposition to Hamilton's policies. The National Gazette, a Philadelphia newspaper that attacked Hamilton's proposals, was established by <mask> along with Jefferson. In an essay published in the National Gazette in September 1792, <mask> wrote that the country had been divided into two groups, one which believed in "the doctrine that mankind are capable of governing themselves" and the other which wanted a monarchy. Those opposed to Hamilton's economic policies coalesced into the Democratic-Republican Party, while those who supported


title: James Madison

texts: the administration's policies joined the Federalist Party.Both major parties supported Washington in the 1782 presidential election, but the Democrats wanted to oust John Adams. Adams was re-elected by a comfortable electoral-vote margin despite the party backing New York Governor George Clinton for vice president. After Jefferson left office in 1793, <mask> became the leader of the Democratic-Republican Party. Britain and France went to war in 1793, and the U.S. was caught in the middle. While the differences between the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists had previously centered on economic matters, foreign policy became an important issue as <mask> and Jefferson favored France and Hamilton favored Britain. The war with Britain began after the British seized hundreds of American ships that were trading with French colonies. <mask> believed that a trade war with Britain would allow Americans to assert their independence.<mask> maintained that the British West Indies could not live without American food. Washington secured friendly trade relations with Britain through the Jay Treaty. The treaty "sacrifices every essential interest and prostrates the honor of our country", wrote Robert R. Livingston in a letter to <mask>. Washington and <mask> ended their friendship because of <mask>'s strong opposition to the treaty. Washington decided to retire after serving two terms and


title: James Madison

texts: <mask> helped convince Jefferson to run for the presidency. John Adams defeated Jefferson in the electoral vote despite <mask>'s efforts. Jefferson became vice president because he finished second in the electoral vote.<mask> returned to his home at Montpelier after declining to seek re-election. Adams's cabinet members were against the idea of appointing <mask> to the American delegation charged with ending French attacks on American shipping. After a diplomatic incident between France and the United States, the two countries started a naval war known as the Quasi-War. <mask> remained a leader in opposition to the Adams administration even after he was out of office. The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed by the Federalists during the Quasi-War in order to target French refugees who were involved in American politics. <mask> and Jefferson believed that the war was being used to justify the violation of constitutional rights, and they came to view Adams as a monarchist. Both <mask> and Jefferson believed that natural rights could not be interfered with during a time of war.<mask> believed that the Alien and Sedition acts gave the government the power to look past the natural rights of its people in the name of national security. In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Jefferson wrote the Kentucky Resolutions, which argued that the states had the power to overturn federal law on


title: James Madison

texts: the basis that the Constitution was a compact among the states. The Virginia Resolutions urged states to respond to unjust federal laws through interposition, a process in which a state legislature declared a law to be unconstitutional but did not take steps to actively prevent its enforcement. Jefferson's doctrine of nullification was widely rejected, and the incident damaged the Democratic-Republican Party as attention was shifted from the Alien and Sedition Acts to the unpopular nullification doctrine. <mask> won the election to the Virginia legislature after Henry announced that he would return to politics. He and Jefferson planned for Jefferson's campaign in the 1800 presidential election. <mask>'s Report of 1800 ignored Jefferson's theory of nullification and attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional.Congress was limited to legislating on its enumerated powers and that punishment for sedition violated freedom of speech and freedom of the press according to the Report of 1800. The report became the unofficial platform for the 1800 election after Jefferson embraced it. With news of the end of the Quasi-War not reaching the United States until after the election, Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, defeated Adams. The House of Representatives held a contingent election to choose between the two candidates after Jefferson and Burr were tied in the electoral


title: James Madison


title: James Madison

texts: Philadelphia, he introduced Madison to her. After an arranged meeting in early 1794, the two quickly became romantically engaged and prepared for a wedding that summer, but Dolley suffered recurring illnesses because of her exposure to yellow fever in Philadelphia. They traveled to Harewood for their wedding.The Reverend Alexander Balmain pronounced them a married couple. <mask> had a strong relationship with his wife Dolley and relied on her to help him deal with social pressures that came with politics of the day. She excelled at hosting important political occasions and became a renowned figure in Washington, D.C. Dolley helped establish the modern image of the first lady of the United States as an individual who takes on a role in the social affairs of the nation. John Payne Todd, Dolley's son, was adopted by <mask> after the marriage. <mask> never spoke of any distress on this matter, even though some of his colleagues claimed that he was infertile and that his lack of offspring weighed on his thoughts. His fertility has come into question in recent years, following a popular article from The Washington Post in 2007, in which an African-American named Bettye Kearse claimed to be a descendant of <mask> and a slave named Coreen.He had a close relationship with his father <mask>., who died in 1802. <mask>'s father's slaves and a large plantation were part of the inheritance he

masks:
Madison
Madison
Madison
Madison
James Jr
Madison


title: James Madison

texts: received at age 50. He had seven siblings, including three brothers and three sisters who lived to adulthood. Ambrose worked for his father and brother until his death. Despite lacking foreign policy experience, <mask> was appointed as the Secretary of State by Jefferson. <mask> was one of the major influences on Jefferson's Cabinet. The rise of Napoleon in France had dulled Democratic-Republican enthusiasm for the French cause, so <mask> sought a neutral position in the ongoing Coalition Wars between France and Britain.The Democratic-Republican Congress abolished internal taxes, reduced the size of the army and navy, and rolled back many Federalist policies. The First Bank of the United States was retained by Jefferson. Chief Justice John Marshall made sure that the ideology of the Federalists was retained in the judiciary. The Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction over the case, as Marshall ruled that <mask> had unjustifiably refused to deliver federal commissions to individuals who had been appointed to federal positions by President Adams but who had not yet taken office. The principle of judicial review was established by Marshall's opinion. By the time Jefferson took office, Americans had settled as far west as the Mississippi River. Jefferson wanted to acquire the Spanish territory of Louisiana, which was located to the west of the Mississippi River, in order to further his


title: James Madison

texts: vision of a republic of yeoman farmers.Fears of French encroachment on U.S. territory were raised by the administration early in Jefferson's presidency. Monroe was sent to France by Jefferson and <mask> to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans, which was important to the farmers of the American frontier. Napoleon's government offered to sell the entire Territory of Louisiana rather than just New Orleans. Monroe, along with ambassador Livingston, negotiated the Louisiana Purchase, in which France sold over land in exchange for a sum of money. Despite the time-sensitive nature of negotiations with the French, Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase, and he favored introducing a constitutional amendment explicitly authorizing Congress to acquire new territories. The administration submitted the Louisiana Purchase without a constitutional amendment after <mask> persuaded Jefferson to not propose an amendment. <mask> was not concerned with the Louisiana Purchase's constitutionality.The expansion was in the country's best interest, so there was no need for a strict interpretation of the Constitution. The treaty providing for the purchase was quickly approved by the Senate and the House. The Jefferson administration argued that the purchase included the Spanish territory of West Florida, but France and Spain disagreed. Monroe attempted to purchase clear


title: James Madison

texts: title to West Florida and East Florida from Spain, but the Spanish refused to negotiate because of Jefferson's claims to West Florida. Jefferson was able to maintain good relations with both France and Britain, but his relationship with Britain deteriorated after 1805. The British began seizing American goods headed for French ports after ending their policy of tolerance towards American shipping. Some of the American sailors who defected from the British navy had never been British subjects.Many, but not all, British imports were restricted by the Non-importation Act. The French began attacking American shipping after the June 1807 naval confrontation between American and British naval forces. The Embargo Act of 1807 banned all exports to foreign nations after <mask> and Jefferson convinced Congress that economic pressure could force the British to end attacks on American shipping. The embargo was difficult to enforce in New England. The Non-Intercourse Act replaced the embargo and allowed trade with nations other than Britain and France. Early in Jefferson's first term, speculation about <mask>'s potential succession of Jefferson began. <mask>'s association with the embargo damaged his status in the party.The main opposition to <mask>'s candidacy came from other members of the Democratic-Republican Party. The tertium quids, a group of congressmen, launched attacks on <mask>. Monroe


title: James Madison

texts: wanted to challenge <mask> for leadership of the party because he felt betrayed by the administration's rejection of the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty. Many Northerners hoped that Clinton could replace <mask> as Jefferson's successor. <mask> won his party's presidential nomination despite the opposition. <mask> easily defeated Pinckney of the Federalist Party. On March 4, 1809, <mask> took the oath of office and was inaugurated president.<mask> faced political opposition from both Monroe and Clinton. The opposition to the embargo led to the restoration of the Federalist Party. According to historians, the remaining members of <mask>'s Cabinet were mostly unremarkable or incompetent because they were chosen for the purpose of national interest and political harmony. The Secretary of the Treasury was to be nominated by <mask> as secretary of state. Gallatin was kept in the Treasury Department because <mask> chose not to submit the nomination. Robert Smith, the brother of Maryland Senator Samuel Smith, was chosen to be the secretary of state because of Gallatin's retention as the secretary of treasury. <mask> performed most of the job of the secretary of state for the next two years due to Smith's incompetence.<mask> replaced Smith with Monroe in April 1811. With a Cabinet full of people he didn't like, <mask> rarely called Cabinet meetings. <mask> wanted to continue Jefferson's policies of low

masks: Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison


title: James Madison

texts: taxes and a reduction of the national debt. After <mask> declined to take a strong stance on the issue, Congress allowed the charter of the First Bank of the United States to lapse. The embargo was repealed shortly before <mask> became president, but troubles with the British and French continued. <mask> came up with a plan to pit the British and French against each other in order to stop American shipping. The British collapsed in mid-1809 after the gambit almost succeeded.Napoleon offered to end French attacks on American shipping if the United States punished other countries that did not end restrictions on trade. The British refused to change their policy of commercial warfare even after <mask> accepted Napoleon's proposal, and the French continued to attack American shipping. War with Britain was the only remaining option after sanctions and other policies failed. Many Americans called for a "second war of independence" to restore honor and stature to the new nation, and an angry public elected a "war hawk" Congress. With Britain in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars, many Americans, including <mask>, believed that the U.S. could easily capture Canada and retain control of it. On June 1, 1812, <mask> asked Congress for a declaration of war, stating that the United States could no longer tolerate Britain's "state of war against the United States". The declaration of war was passed

masks: Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison Madison


title: James Madison

texts: along party lines with opposition coming from some Democrats in the Northeast.The country had a military force consisting mostly of poorly trained militia members after Jefferson and <mask> reduced the size of the military. <mask> asked Congress to quickly put the country into an armor and an attitude demanded by the crisis, and specifically recommended expansion of the army and navy. <mask> and his advisers thought the war would be a quick victory for the Americans. In order to destroy the British supply lines from Montreal, <mask> ordered an invasion of Canada at Detroit. British concessions on the Atlantic high seas would be given leverage by these actions. The governors in the Northeast failed to cooperate and the militias either sat out the war or refused to leave their states. <mask>'s first Canadian campaign ended in failure.Major General William Hull surrendered to British and Native American forces. A force from the United States was defeated at Queenton Heights. After failing to destroy Montreal's vulnerable British supply lines, Henry Dearborn retreated to winter quarters near Albany. The <mask> administration had to rely on high-interest loans from bankers based in New York City and Philadelphia. During the early stages of the War of 1812, the poorly attended Democratic-Republican congressional caucus met in May and <mask> was re-nominated without opposition. The nephew of


title: James Madison

texts: recently deceased Vice President George Clinton was nominated by a group of New York Democrats and Republicans to oppose <mask> in the 1812 election. This group of Democrats and Republicans wanted to oust the president by forming a coalition of Republicans who were against the war, northerners who were weary of the Virginia dynasty, and New Englanders who were unhappy with the White House.A group of top Federalists met with Clinton's supporters to discuss a unification strategy after they were dismayed about their chances of beating <mask>. Difficult as it was for them to join forces, they nominated Clinton for president and a Philadelphia lawyer for vice president. The War of 1812 was unpopular in the Northeastern part of the country, so <mask> chose Governor Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts as his running mate. <mask> was re-elected despite the maneuverings of Clinton and the Federalists. He got 128 electoral votes for Clinton. Pennsylvania's support for <mask> ensured that the incumbent won a majority of the electoral vote. <mask> won the election by sweeping the South and the West, but Clinton won most of the Northeast.After the disastrous start to the War of 1812, <mask> accepted Russia's invitation to adjudicate the war and sent a delegation led by John Quincy Adams to Europe to negotiate a peace treaty. The United States experienced some impressive naval successes while <mask>


title: James Madison

texts: worked to end the war. British military forces in the western theater of the war were crippled by the U.S. victory at the Battle of Lake Erie. After the Battle of Lake Erie, General William Henry Harrison defeated the British at the Battle of the Thames. The end of armed Native American resistance in the Old Northwest was marked by the death of Tecumseh. In March 1814, General Andrew Jackson defeated the British at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in the Old Southwest. Despite those successes, the British continued to repel American attempts to invade Canada, and a British force captured Fort Niagara and burned the American city of Buffalo in the late 19th century.After Napoleon's defeat in the Battle of Paris, the British shifted their soldiers to North America and began peace negotiations in the town of Ghent. The U.S. launched another invasion of Canada in the 18th century. The invasion stopped once again despite an American victory. The Secretary of War failed to fortify Washington D.C. at the same time that <mask> put an inexperienced and incompetent brigadier in charge. The impending British invasion was stopped by General William Winder. Winder's army was routed at the Battle of Bladensburg by the British in August 1814. The British burned Washington and other buildings in the aftermath of the battle, but the <mask>s escaped capture.Madison and America were humiliated by the


title: James Madison

texts: charred remains of the capital. The Battle of Baltimore was repelled by the U.S. and the British army left the region in September. The Battle of Plattsburgh was won by the U.S. forces. British leaders began to look for a quick exit from the war in North America as the British public turned against it. The British were defeated at the Battle of New Orleans. The Treaty of Ghent ended the war without major concessions by either side. The Treaty of Ghent was sent to the Senate by <mask> quickly.The burning of the capital, the Battle of New Orleans, and the Treaty of Ghent seemed to most Americans to have forced the British to surrender. This view contributed to a feeling of post-war euphoria that helped bolster <mask>'s reputation as president. The threat of attacks on American shipping by British and French forces ended after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. The postwar period of <mask>'s second term saw the transition into the "Era of Good Feelings" as the Federalists ceased to act as an effective opposition party. Several amendments to the Constitution were requested by delegates from the states of New England during the war. As Americans celebrated what they saw as a successful "second war of independence" from Britain, the Hartford Convention became a political millstone around the Federalist Party. The decline of the Federalists was caused by <mask> adopting several