title: Ferdinand F. Rohm

texts: led the charge was killed. A heavy line of rebels appeared after their retreat. A line of battle opened fire on us. We were hit a lot from their fire and fell back toward our infantry.The field officer waved his hand at us after we passed a small piece of woods in the middle of the road. My attention was drawn to him by the new dress uniform and the shoulder straps of the colonel. He was wounded when I drew closer. He would be captured by the enemy or killed if we didn't take him along. He was shot in the thigh when I jumped on my horse. Three pioneers were dismounted and assisted by me. After the war ended, Rohm and his men fought in the battles of Poplar Springs Church, Hatcher's Run, and Boydton Plank Road.On the next day, Colonel John Robinson and Rohm were wounded in action. The artistic director of the National Association for Civil War Brass Music, Inc., was also the non-commissioned officer in charge of the U.S Air Force Band and ceremonial trumpeter. On April 7, 1865, as the duo led the 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry in a battle near Farmville, Virginia, both were felled by a minie ball which struck the left side of his head. According to the 1890 U.S. Census of Union Veterans and Widows of the Civil War, Rohm was discharged on June 15, 1865, after being successfully treated for his battle wounds, but now deafness in his left ear. Mary Lindsay was a native of Ireland and the daughter of Edward and Mary Lindsay. He and his wife had five children, Edward, <mask>, Mary, Nancy L. and William, at their home. The park police officer who saved the life of the Union officer at Ream's Station nearly a quarter of a century earlier was appointed to the park police by the Pennsylvania governor.In 1912, he was promoted to sergeant with the Capitol Police. While talking to another Capitol guard in the rotunda of the Capitol, he had just returned from the Governor's office


title: Ferdinand F. Rohm

type: paraphrased

texts: where he had formally filed an application for retirement under the State pension act. The sergeant of the State Capitol Police, known to many men in public life in Pennsylvania, was stricken with paralysis while on duty in the Rotunda of the State Capitol and was taken to the hospital. The act providing for pensioning of state employees who have passed the age of seventy and have been in state service over twenty years was just finished by Mr. Rohm, who is seventy-four. He received a Congressional medal of honor for being a member of the First Pennsylvania or Juniata Cavalry in the Civil War. The future governor was badly wounded when he was carried from the battlefield by him. He has been a sergeant with the Capitol Police for the last five years.He was buried at the Westminster Presbyterian Cemetery in Juniata County after he died at the Polyclinic Hospital. Chief Bugler is from the 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry. August 25, 1864 is the date at Ream's Station. The service was entered in Juniata County, Pa. October 16, 1897 was the date of the issue. The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Chief Bugler <mask> <mask>, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on August 25, 1864, while serving with 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry, in action at Ream. Chief Bugler Rohm stayed behind to help a wounded officer who was in great danger, secured assistance, and removed the officer to a place of safety.There is a list of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients. Salt Lake City, Utah: Find a grave. Further reading was by <mask>. <mask><mask>, Chief Bugler, 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry: A True Story of the American Civil War, Union Cavalry, and the Medal of Honor was a Braver Man. Sergeant Kirkland's Press was published in 1998. People from Esslingen am Neckar Union Army soldiers were the recipients of the Medal of

masks:
Ferdinand Frederick
Rohm
Frederic William
Ferdinand F
. Rohm


title: Isaac Shadd

texts: He was a newspaper publisher, printer, politician, and bookkeeper. He and his sister Mary Ann published an anti-slavery newspaper in Chatham, Ontario before the American Civil War. The Chatham Mission School was where he and his wife taught. He was involved in the planning of the John Brown's raid onHarpers Ferry. He was a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1871 to 1876. He was the Speaker of the House from 1874 to 1875. <mask> was born in Delaware in the 19th century.He was one of thirteen children who were slaves. The paternal great-grandson of a Hessian solder and a free black woman was born in Delaware. Abraham was an agent for The Emancipator, which was produced by the American Anti-Slavery Society. The Third Annual Convention of the Negro People was held from June 3 to June 13. Abraham moved the family five miles over the border to West Chester, Pennsylvania, because black children were not allowed to attend school in Delaware. The children attended a school. The Underground Railroad had stations in Delaware and Pennsylvania.His parents' house in West Chester was where he lived in the 1850s. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 made it easier for slaves to take runaways and free people into slavery from the north. A Plea for Emigration, or Notes on Canada West in Its Moral, Social and Political Aspect, was written by Mary Ann to inform free and enslaved blacks of the benefits of moving to Canada for freedom. After confederation in 1867, Abraham moved his family to Canada West.


title: Isaac Shadd

texts: Abraham was a farmer. Abraham was buried in Maple Leaf Cemetery. Amelia was born free in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, around 1823.She went to Ohio in 1849 to study at Oberlin College. She taught art and music at two colleges in the 19th century. The National Emigration Convention took place in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1854. The Chatham Mission School was established by William Still, William King, and Martin R. Delany. She arrived in Chatham in 1856. Classics courses included philosophy and music. The school received donations, but it was difficult to keep the school solvent.Amelia used to teach in public schools to make enough money to keep the school open. She taught art and music. She organized a number of religious, lecture and literary events for the community. She was an editor in the 19th century. Amelia and <mask> were married in 1861. He was born about 1854, before Shadd and Amelia met, and is believed to be <mask>'s son from an earlier relationship. He entered politics in Mississippi.The Provincial Freeman was run by the Shadds in Chatham, Ontario. He and his wife worked at the Chatham Mission School. By the year 1864, there were 259 day and evening students at the school. Mary Ann Carr, Ann Cary, and Sarah M<mask> assisted Amelia. He became the secretary of Brown's League of Liberty after hosting a convention for John Brown. The meetings were held at the First Baptist Church. He had a plan to eliminate slavery.Brown came to Canada to recruit blacks who would participate in John Brown's raid

masks:
Shadd
Isaac
. Shadd


title: Isaac Shadd

texts: onHarpers Ferry in 1859, an event that led to Brown's execution and was part of the build up to the American Civil War. The Chatham Vigilance Committee sought to prevent former slaves from being returned to the United States and brought back into slavery, such as the case of Sylvanus Demarest. In the late 1850s, <mask> considered moving to Africa. The family moved back to the United States in 1870. He worked for Benjamin T. Montgomery. He was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1871. He served until 1876.John R. Lynch held the seat of Speaker of the House from 1874 to 1875. He founded and was president of the college. More than a hundred black students attended the school. He and Amelia moved to Mississippi in 1879 and he was a board member of the city of Greenville. He held the position of route agent for the USPS between Vicksburg and Memphis until 1885. The Greenville Herald was edited by Shadd between 1886 and 1889. Amelia taught in public schools in Mississippi after receiving support from the Board of Missions to the Freedmen.She was a principal in two schools. He was the Grand Master of the order. On March 15, 1896, <mask> died in Mississippi. Amelia was last known to be alive in 1886. 19th century deaths of African-American activists, 19th century deaths of American journalists, 19th century deaths of American male writers, 19th century deaths of African-American civil rights activists, 19th century deaths of American non-fiction writers, 19th century deaths of

masks: Shadd Shadd


title: Larry Butler (darts player)

texts: tournaments. He advanced to the money round in 13 of 16 events he entered. He made it to the quarter-finals of the West Midlands regional final on April 1, 2009.The tournament was considered a "warm-up" for the Las Vegas Desert Classic and was held in Las Vegas. Bob Sinnaeve was the Canadian champion in June 2009. At their first outing together in Boston, Sinnaeve and <mask> won the Cricket Doubles and finished 2nd in the 501 doubles at the North American Open. They won the Cricket doubles at the Windy City open in Chicago. In Atlanta, he won the crown in the Pro Singles and the 501 Singles. He finished 2nd in the Cricket Doubles and won the Blind draw. They won the 501 doubles at the Buckeye Open in Columbus Ohio.2010 got off to a great start for <mask>. He finished 3rd in the Pro singles and 2nd in the cricket doubles and mixed triples when he traveled to Philadelphia to play in the Ray Chesnae Open. They won the Mixed triples and the 501 doubles in Alabama. The 2nd place finish was in the singles event. They swept the singles events in Syracuse NY, with Sinnaeve taking the title in the 501 singles. They finished 2nd in the cricket doubles and won the mixed triples. The St. Patrick's Day tourney in Indianapolis was a success.He won the Cricket Singles and the 501 Doubles. He was a finalist in the Cricket Doubles and the Mixed Doubles. The $20,000 White Mountain Shootout was held in New Hampshire. He finished in the top four in the Pro Shoot. He won the men's doubles and mixed triples with Sinnaeve. The weekend began with the Cricket Singles title and ended with a semi final finish in the 3rd singles. Cleveland was next up.The cricketer took top honors in the cricket singles and finished 3rd in the pro shoot. In the semi-finals of the North American Darts Championship, he defeated the likes of John Kuczynski and Bill Davis, but lost to Darin Young. He traveled to Upper Michigan to attend the Little River Darts Tourney. He

masks: Butler Butler


title: William Shockley

texts: <mask>. was an American physicist and inventor. He was the manager of a research group at Bell Labs. The discovery of the transistor effect was one of the discoveries made by the three scientists. California's "Silicon Valley" became a hub of electronics innovation because of <mask>'s attempts to create a new transistor design in the 1950s and 1960s. In his later life, <mask> was a supporter of eugenics. He was found to be the second-most controversial intelligence researcher among 55 people. On February 13, 1910, <mask> was born to American parents in London and was raised in Palo Alto, California.<mask> was a mining engineer who spoke eight languages and speculated in mines for a living. His mother, May, was the first female U.S. deputy mining surveyor and grew up in the American West. Due to his parents' dislike of public schools, <mask> was homeschooled up to the age of eight. After two years at Palo Alto Military Academy, he went to the Los Angeles Coaching School to study physics and then graduated from Hollywood High School in 1927. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Caltech in 1932 and a PhD from MIT in 1936. The topic of his thesis was Electronic Bands in Sodium Chloride. Clinton Davisson is the head of a research group at Bell Labs in New Jersey.The next few years were productive for <mask>. He published a number of papers on solid state physics. His first patent was on electron multipliers. Mervin Kelly became director of research at the company in 1936 and focused on hiring solid-state physicists. Bell's nationwide telephone system may be able to use solid-state alternatives to the

masks:
William Bradford Shockley Jr
Shockley
Shockley
Shockley
William Shockley
Shockley
Shockley


title: William Shockley

texts: vacuum tubes. Walter Brattain tried to create a prototype for a design based on copper-oxide Semiconductor materials, but was unsuccessful. When World War II broke out, <mask>'s prior research was interrupted and he became involved in radar research in New York City.He left Bell Labs in May 1942 to become a research director at Columbia University. To counter the tactics of submarines, methods were devised with improved convoying techniques, depth charge patterns, and so on. The project required frequent trips to the Pentagon and Washington, where Shockley met many high-ranking officers and government officials. In 1944, he organized a training program for B-29 bomber pilots. He went on a three-month tour around the world to assess the results. The Secretary of War awarded the Medal for Merit to <mask>. The War Department asked <mask> to prepare a report on probable casualties from an invasion of the Japanese mainland.The decision to drop atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima was influenced by this report. The first physicist to propose a log-normal distribution was <mask>. Bell Labs formed a solid-state physics group, led by <mask> and chemist Stanley Morgan, which included John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, physicist Gerald Pearson, chemist Robert Gibney, electronics expert Hilbert Moore, and several technicians. Their assignment was to find an alternative to fragile glass vacuum tube amplifier. The first attempts were based on <mask>'s ideas. In all sorts of configurations and materials, these experiments failed. The group was at a standstill until Bardeen came up with a theory that prevented the field

masks: Shockley Shockley Shockley Shockley Shockley Shockley


title: William Shockley

texts: from penetrating the Semiconductor.They met almost daily to discuss the work after they changed their focus to study these surface states. The group was friendly and had good ideas. The paper on the surface states was submitted to the Physical Review in the winter of 1946. Experiments were started to study the surface states through observations made while shining a bright light on the Semiconductor's surface. The paper co-authored with <mask> estimated the density of the surface states to be more than enough to account for failed experiments. The pace of the work increased when they began to surround point contacts between the conducting wires and the Semiconductor. Moore built a circuit that made it easy for them to change the input signal's frequencies.They got some evidence of power amplification when Pearson put a voltage on a droplet of glycol borate, which was placed across a P–n junction. Bell Labs' attorneys discovered that <mask>'s field effect principle had been anticipated and devices based on it had been patented in 1930. The Bardeen-Brattain point contact design was the only one of the four patent applications that the patent attorneys based on. Three others covered the transistors with the same inventors. None of the patent applications had <mask>'s name on them. He thought his name should be on the patents because the work was based on his field effect idea. He tried to get the patent written in his name and told Bardeen and Brattain of his intentions.After not being included on the patent applications, <mask> secretly continued his work to build a different type of transistor based on

masks: Shockley Shockley Shockley Shockley


title: William Shockley

texts: junctions instead of point contacts; he expected this kind of design would be more likely to be commercially viable. He believed that the point contact transistor would be difficult to make. Some parts of the explanation for how the point contact transistor worked were not satisfactory to Shockley. On February 13, 1948 another team member, John N. Shive, built a point contact transistor with bronze contacts on the front and back of germanium, proving that holes could diffuse through bulk germanium and not just along the surface as previously thought. The junction transistor was invented by <mask>. A few months later, he invented a completely new type of transistor with a layer structure. The structure went on to be used for the majority of transistors into the 1960s.The workings of the team were mixture of cooperation and competition. He admitted that until Shive's 1948 advance, he kept some of his own work secret. The first proof of principle for the "sandwich" transistor was obtained on April 7, 1949, after <mask> worked out a complete description of the device. In 1950, <mask>'s masterpiece, Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors, was published as a 558-page treatise. The differential equations that govern the flow of electrons in solid state crystals were included in the tome. The equation is also described. The seminal work became the reference text for other scientists working to develop and improve new versions of the transistor and other devices.The invention of the "junction transistor" was announced at a press conference on July 4, 1951. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1951.

masks: Shockley Shockley Shockley


title: William Shockley

texts: He was forty-one years old at the time. He was the recipient of many awards and honors, including the prestigious Comstock Prize for Physics, two years later. The publicity generated by the invention of the transistor thrust Shockley to the fore. Bell Labs management presented all three inventors as a team. Even though reporters gave him sole credit for the invention, he eventually angered Bardeen and refused to allow the two to work on the junction transistor.In 1951, Bardeen left Bell Labs to pursue a theory for superconductivity. He refused to work with <mask> anymore and was assigned to another group. The development of the transistor beyond the first year after its invention was not done by Bardeen or Brattain. After moving from New Jersey to Mountain View, California to be closer to his mother, <mask> started Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. In what is now known as Silicon Valley, the company was the first to work on Silicon Semiconductor Devices. His demeanor changed after he received the prize, as evidenced by his increasingly autocratic, erratic and hard-to-please management style. The domineering and paranoid Shockley became.He demanded lie detector tests after a company secretary was injured. In late 1957, eight of Shockley's researchers resigned after he decided not to continue research into Silicon-based Semiconductors. The purchase of Shockley Semiconductor by another company happened three years after they formed Fairchild Semiconductor. Over the course of the next 20 years, more than 65 new enterprises would have employee connections back to Fairchild. A group of colleagues who had met on

masks: Shockley Shockley


title: William Shockley

texts: and off since 1956 met again at the same place in 2002 to reminisce about their time with <mask>y was the man who brought Silicon Valley. He was appointed the Alexander M. Poniatoff Professor of Engineering and Applied Science at Stanford University in 1963, after <mask> left his role as director of Shockley Semiconductor.In this position, <mask> was interested in questions of race and human intelligence. He came to describe this work as the most important work of his career, but he INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals The decline in civilization would be caused by a drop in average intelligence and a higher rate of reproduction among the less intelligent. He claimed that blacks were less intellectual than whites. In a debate with a psychiatrist. According to my research, the major cause of the American Negro's intellectual and social deficits is hereditary and racially genetic in origin. The Pioneer Fund funded <mask>'s writings and lectures on this topic.Individuals with IQs below 100 should be paid to undergo voluntary sterilization, according to Shockley. Roger Pearson co-authored a book with <mask>. The University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee professor argued that <mask>'s position lent itself to racist interpretations. In 1981 a libel suit was filed against the Atlanta

masks:
ShockleyShockle
Shockley
Shockley
Shockley
Shockley
William Shockley


title: William Shockley

texts: Constitution by <mask> after he was compared to Nazi human experimentation by a science writer. It took three years for the suit to go to trial. The suit was won with one dollar in damages and no punitive damages. By the time the trial reached a verdict, <mask>'s reputation was not worth much, according to his biographer.The transcript of the taped conversations was sent to the reporters by registered mail. He contemplated making them take a simple quiz on his work before discussing it with him. His habit of saving his papers provides a lot of documentation for researchers. In the 1982 United States Senate election in California, <mask> was a candidate. He highlighted the "dysgenic threat" of some racial groups, including African-Americans, to American society. He received 8,308 votes and 0.21% of the vote in the primary. While still a student, <mask> married Jean Bailey in August 1933.The couple had three children. My first wife had not as high an academic-achievement standing as I had, so Shockley believed his children "represent a very significant regression." In the Hudson River Valley, Shockley became an accomplished rock climber. One of the classic climbing routes in the area is known as "Shockley's Ceiling". The route's name was changed to "The Ceiling" in 2020 due to the controversy surrounding Shockley's research. As a speaker, lecturer, and amateur magician, Shockley was popular. He produced a bouquet of roses at the end of his address.He was known for his practical jokes. The sperm bank was founded by Robert Klark Graham in hopes of spreading the best genes. The media dubbed the bank the "Nobel


title: William Shockley

texts: Prize sperm bank", though <mask> was the only one to publicly acknowledge his involvement. The Repository for Germinal Choice may have discouraged other prize winners from donating sperm because of Shockley's controversial views. PBS claims that <mask> was unhappy in his life and cruel towards his children. He tried to take his own life by playing Russian roulette. Death <mask> died of cancer at the age of 80.He was estranged from most of his friends and family at the time of his death. His children read his obituary in the newspaper. Alta Mesa Memorial Park is in Palo Alto, California. He received the National Medal of Merit for his work in the war. The National Academy of Sciences gave the Comstock Prize. The American Physical Society gave the Oliver E. Buckley Solid State Physics Prize in 1953. The co-recipient of the prize was John Bardeen.He gave full credit to the inventors of the point-contact transistor in his lecture. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers gave the Holley medal. The Exner medal was awarded in 1963. The University of Pennsylvania, Rutgers University, and Gustavus Adolphus Colleges have doctorates in science. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers awarded a medal in 1980. One of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century was named by Time magazine. In the 150-year history of MIT, the Boston Globe listed the top 150 innovators and ideas.Over ninety US patents were granted to <mask>. His first patent was for transistors on April 4, 1950. His earliest patent application was for transistors on September 25, 1951. October 13, 1953 was used in computers. On


title: William Shockley

texts: April 2, 1957, the diffusion process was used. On April 24, 1962, improvements were made to the process for production of basic materials. September 11, 1962: Exploring other Semiconductors.Heredity: <mask> 1965, "Is Quality of US Population Declining" and "On the Statistics of Individual Variations of Productivity in Research Laboratories" are prewar scientific articles. The U.S. News & World Report was published in November. "Possible Transfer of Metallurgical and Astronomical Approaches to Problem of Environment versus Ethnic Heredity" was written by <mask> in 1966. The book was written by J. D. Roslansky. The Entrenched Dogmatism of Inverted Liberals was written by <mask> in 1967. In V. L. Allen. The National Academy of Sciences proposed a new methodology to reduce the environment-heredity uncertainty about Dysgenics.The manuscript will be read at the American Psychological Association Symposium. "Models, Mathematics, and the Moral Obligation to Diagnose the Origin of Negro IQ Deficits" was written by W<mask>. "Proposed Resolution Regarding the 80% Geneticity Estimate for Caucasian IQ" is an advance press release concerning a paper presented by <mask> <mask> in 1973. The biography of <mask> was published by Time

masks:
Shockley
Shockley
Shockley
. Shockley
Shockley
Shockley
William Shockley


title: Arick Wierson

texts: <mask> is an American columnist who writes on politics and business for CNN. He is a regular contributor to Vice, The New York Observer, Worth, The New York Daily News, and CNBC. He is an award-winning television producer. The film Back Door Channels: The Price of Peace was nominated for an award and won. He was a senior political advisor to the former New York City Mayor. One of the most important people in New York media is Wierson, according to Broadcasting & Cable magazine. The creation and launch of NYC TV (now known as NYC Media), a network that has been recognized as an innovator and pioneer in public broadcasting across the United States and internationally, and is credited with spurring the revolution in hyper 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884The establishment of Luanda Fashion Center, the largest department store in the country, and TV Zimbo, the first private television station in the country, are some of the things that have been credited with being caused by Wierson. The annual Manova Summit, a large annual event on the global health calendar that brings together leaders from healthcare and retail, an event that has been called the "Davos of Health", was launched in the United States by wierson. In the run-off election for Brazil's presidency, it has been reported that a key behind-the-scenes role was played by the media advisor to the Jair Bolsonaro campaign, who softened the candidate's message to broaden his appeal. The campaign has strategic messaging and television advertising. Washington Compol named him one of the world's 100 most influential political marketers for his work on the Bolsonaro election. The Brazilian media has criticized the government's poor response to the COVID-19 epidemic, and that has led to the break up of ties with Bolsonaro. During his high school years overseas, he attended the Alexander Muss High School in Israel.He received a


title: Arick Wierson

texts: Bachelor's of Science degree in Foreign Service from Georgetown University in 1994. He received his master's degree in economics from the State University of Campinas, which is where he was named theRotary International Ambassadorial Scholar in 1997. He began his career as an investment banker, working for the World Bank, ABN AMRO Bank, and JP Morgan. In his first attempt to become the Mayor of New York City, billionaire businessman Michael Bloomberg enlisted the help of an old friend. According to political analysts, the campaign that ushered in a new era technically sophisticated, statistical, voter profiling for political operation in the country was the campaign that oversaw field operations which combined traditional electioneering and voter profiling databases. The John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University has asked the maverick political strategist Bill Hillsman to lecture on several occasions. During the final months of the campaign before the October election, Brazilian Vice Presidential candidate and Federal Deputy Antnio Pedro de Siqueira Indio da Costa invited <mask> to advise him and Presidential candidate José Serra on media and political matters.The invitation was declined due to ongoing engagements in Luanda. There was a report in the Brazilian media that he was in talks with several presidential candidates. It was initially reported in major Brazilian news outlets that a marketing and political consulting firm was working to get Joo Dionisio Amodo elected president of Brazil. The Bolsonaro campaign was advised by <mask>. According to analysts covering the race in Brazil, the softening of Bolsonaro's image is due to the fact that he didn't attend the final debates. It is thought that the outcome of the race was impacted by the fact that Bolsonaro was more moderate and inclusive in an effort to lower the candidate's negatives. During his time at NYC Media, he was nominated on 29 different occasions for the role of Executive Producer in the creation of various

masks: Wierson Wierson


title: Arick Wierson

texts: in-band HD radio streams. During his time at the helm of New York City's media assets, he was known to spar with public officials who were critical of the Bloomberg Administration. At the time she was a New York City Council member, Brewer criticized the media and communications operation for being too flashy with its focus on fashion. "television is meant to be watched," said the Council testimony. While at NYC Media, he lectured on the business of media and television at the Metropolitan College of New York."Over the past seven years, <mask> <mask> and his team transformed NYC TV into one of the nation's best television stations," the Mayor said in 2009. <mask> oversaw the merger of NYC TV with WNYE-TV and WNYE-FM, creating the largest local media group in New York that now reaches hundreds of thousands of people every day. NYC TV's 160 New York Emmy nominations and 42 awards are a testament to <mask>'s vision, tenacity, and leadership and to the excellence of the media group he was instrumental in creating. I have no doubt that Arick's entrepreneurial and creative talents, which helped him achieve great things at NYC TV will serve him well as he rejoins the private sector. The CEO and General Manager of TV Zimbo was recruited by Globo and Valdomiro Minoru Dondo. The first large-scale modern department store in Luanda will be called Luanda Fashion Center. The Luanda Fashion Center was acquired by a Brazilian retailer.In the spring of 2018, in the wake of a failed attempt to bring the 2023 World's Fair to Minnesota, Mark Addicks, a former General Mill's Chief Marketing Officer, and a publicist joined forces with The Medical Alley Association. After returning to the United States in the fall of 2017, he began writing for The New York Observer, sharing his views on recently elected US President Donald Trump and offering insights and comparisons that could be drawn from his time working with his former boss, former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg. He began writing political columns for

masks: Arick Wierson Arick Arick


title: Arick Wierson

texts: CNBC in the middle of last year, drawing on his years as a political aide to Bloomberg. He began doing political analysis for Vice as well. He was invited to offer political commentary for CNN both as an on-air analyst as well as for the network's website. As speculation began to mount that former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg would be running for president in 2020, he became a regular columnist for CNN. "Obi-Wan Kenobi of the Democratic Party, more powerful in his political afterlife than he ever was as an elected official or as a potential candidate," was the description given to the New York billionaire in a column for the Observer.After dropping out of the presidential race after a disastrous showing on Super Tuesday, a meme would be used as part of his political messaging. With the Observer moving to less political coverage due to the outlet being owned by Trump's son-in-law, <mask> began to focus his writing on disruption and innovation in business. The annual list of "The Hottest Companies in 'Flyover tech'" has become a staple of the outlet's power lists. The magazine's ultra-high net worth readers are interested in a number of topics, including interviews with famous business leaders. The Robin Report is a retail industry insiders news service for retail and fashion executives. He married a former executive at the company and has a daughter with her. He married Hermenegilda Vianeke, a native of Angola, in 2016 and they have two children.In the wake of the murder of George Floyd, the CNN Opinion piece highlighted his family's issues with subtle racism. In 2020, after the election of Kamala Harris as Vice President of the United States, <mask> penned an open letter on CNN.com to his the 4-year old mixed race daughter, Gabriella, about the historical significance of Harris, a woman of color, assuming the second most influential position in US In 2021, he wrote about his family's experience getting the vaccine. The Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni are American television


title: Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre

texts: <mask> was a French mathematician, astronomer, historian of astronomy, and geodesist. He wrote books about the history of astronomy from ancient times to the 18th century. He thought he would go blind after a childhood illness. He trained his memory and devoured books for fear of losing his ability to read. He immersed himself in Greek and Latin literature and became proficient in Italian, English and German, and even wrote an unpublished Rgle ou méthode facile pour apprendre la langue anglaise. In 1787, Delambre was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The French Academy of Sciences was asked to create a new unit of measurement in order to establish a universally accepted foundation for the definition of measures.The metre is the distance from the North Pole to the equator and was decided by the academics. The basis for connecting the North Pole with the Equator was to be found here. The academy's Metric Commission gave this mission to <mask>-Dominique de Cassini. After the arrest of King Louis XVI on his Flight to Varennes, Cassini refused to serve under the revolutionary government, even though he was chosen to head the northern expedition. On 15 February 1792, <mask> was elected unanimously a member of the French Academy of Sciences and in May 1792, after Cassini's final refusal, was placed in charge of the northern expedition. Pierre Méchain traveled from Barcelona to Rodez. The measurements were done in 1798.The data was presented to an international conference of

masks:
Jean Baptiste Joseph
Jean
Delambre


title: Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre

texts: savants in Paris. <mask> was the Permanent Secretary for the Mathematical Sciences until his death, after Napolon Bonaparte took the presidency of the French Academy of Sciences. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. The director of the Paris Observatory was appointed after Méchain's death. He was a professor of astronomy. He married a widow who had lived with him for a long time. The latitude definition for Paris was presented to <mask> by his son, Achille-César-Charles de Pommard, in December 1799.After the age of 70, <mask> was the author of works on the history of astronomy, including the Histoire de l'astronomie. He was a knight in the Order of Saint Michael. The Eiffel tower has 72 names on it. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. <mask> was buried in Paris. The crater on the moon is named after him. <mask> was not a believer.The historique sur M. Méchain was written by Méthodes analytiques. Méchain and Delambre. The Imprimeur de l'Institut National is in Paris. vol. Rapport historique sur le progrs des sciences mathématiques depuis 1799. 2 volumes. 1, lxxii, 556 pp., 1 folded plate.There are 16 folded plates. New York and London: Johnson Reprint Corporation was published in 1965, with a new preface by Otto Neugebauer. Text on line. 2,, ; vol. 2,, Histoire de l'astronomie du moyen age was published in Paris in 1819. The Johnson Reprint Corporation was printed in New York and London.Also published by Paris: J. Gabay. Text on line.

masks: Delambre Delambre Delambre Delambre Delambre


title: Yuri Cunza

texts: A social entrepreneur, media professional, journalist, visual artist, business leader, and community advocate, <mask> is an American. <mask> is the President and CEO of the Nashville Area Hispanic Chamber of Commerce and is also the founder and editor in chief of the Spanish language newspaper La Noticia. The United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce has a Board of Directors. The largest Hispanic business organization in the United States is the USHCC. It was founded in 1979 and is located in Washington DC. The chamber promotes the economic growth and development of entrepreneurs and represents the interests of nearly 4.37 million Hispanic owned businesses in the US that contribute in excess of $700 billion to the American economy. The NAHCC Foundation was formed in 2008 to advance educational opportunities for Hispanic youth and to inspire children interest in future discoveries and technologies to combat issues that force families and individuals into economic despair.<mask> is an advocate of finding a solution to the socio-economic disparity of Hispanics in the U.S. He is a member of the Tennessee Advisory Committee. The Global Leadership Coalition and The Partnership For A New American Economy are in the Main Street -TN Growth & Opportunity Coalition. <mask> studied acting at the International Theater Institute (ITI-UNESCO) and the Peruvian Theater Center. He received a scholarship to continue his studies under the guidance of

masks:
Yuri Cunza
Cunza
Cunza
Cunza


title: Yuri Cunza


title: Yuri Cunza

texts: strong social content. Under the Skin is a documentary he wrote, directed and produced in 2001 that explores the dynamics of racial diversity in human relations.On July 8, 2001, the official selection of the Nashville Independent Film Festival and the 2003 International Film Forum, Under the Skin, was aired. <mask> is an advocate of Hispanic business development and growth as well as of immigrant and civil rights causes in Middle Tennessee. His comments have been featured in several English language publications and media outlets. <mask> began production of "Pulso Mundial" (Worlds' pulse) Nashville's first bilingual hour long radio program which aired Friday morning. <mask> is a member of the advisory board for the "Celebration of Cultures", the National Academy of Television Arts & Science's board of Governors, the board of directors for the Belcourt Theatre, and the American Red Cross. <mask> is a member of many national organizations including the National Association of Latino Independent Producers, the Screen Actors Guild, and the National Association of Hispanic Journalists. He serves on the boards of the HIV/AIDS research based Comprehensive Care Center and Street Works, as well as the Metro General Hospital's "Friends in General Board".He was Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Nashville Area Hispanic Chamber of Commerce from 2004 to 2006 <mask> was elected to the Nashville branch of the Screen Actors Guild. He was a

masks: Cunza Cunza Cunza Cunza Cunza


title: Yuri Cunza

texts: board member of Historic Nashville Inc, Sister Cities of Nashville and Nashville Cares. <mask>'s credits include exhibits at the Metropolitan Nashville Airport, Metropolitan Nashville Public Library, The Brownlee O. Currey, JR. Gallery at Watkins College of Art, the Madison Arts Center and most recently from August 19 to October 8 of 2011. <mask> was a guest curator for Music City Picks. <mask> was invited to serve on the board of the Tennessee Art League. <mask> has appeared before thousands of corporate, institutional, educational and government audiences including, the U.S Attorney's Office, U.S Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, the Metro Police Academy, FBI, Nashville Fire Department, Nashville Mayor's office and Nashville Metro.A Nashville resident since 1996, <mask> became a U.S citizen on September 22, 2006 at a citizenship ceremony presided by United States federal judge Todd Campbell at The Hermitage, home of U.S President Andrew Jackson. <mask> was included in the Nashville Post's "In Charge" list of business and community leaders. <mask> attended the Executive Education programs at the University of Notre Dame through the Non Profit Executive Programs offered by the University of Notre Dame in partnership with the USHCC Foundation. <mask> is the President and CEO of the Nashville Area Hispanic Chamber of Commerce. The NAHCC was founded in 2000 to represent businesses, entrepreneurs, professionals and organizations with

masks: Cunza Cunza Cunza Cunza Cunza Cunza Cunza Cunza


title: Yuri Cunza

texts: interest in Nashville's booming Hispanic market. The organization signed a Growth and Unity Inter-Chamber Agreement with the East Tennessee Hispanic Chamber of Commerce under <mask>'s leadership. The Harvard Kennedy School Executive Education Program on Creating Collaborative Solutions focused on Innovations in Governance, Principled Negotiation, adaptive leadership, and public sector innovation.<mask> was the recipient of the annual Titans Hispanic Heritage Leadership Award. The SBA presented the Community Leadership Award to Cunza during a ceremony at the beginning of Hispanic Heritage Month. Cunza marked its 10th year of producing the Hispanic Heritage Month Business & Community Awards in Nashville under the NAHCC Foundation which he co-founded with the NFL Hispanic Heritage Leadership award recipient. At Tennessee's Human Rights Day ceremony held at the First Amendment Center in Nashville, <mask> received the Outstanding Service to Forward Human Rights Award. <mask> received an award from the American Advertising Federation in May of 2015. The article "Global food security makes Tennessee, U.S. safer" was written by <mask> and Lieutenant Cdr. The Tennessean newspaper published Patrick Ryan USN, Ret., founder and president of the Tennessee World Affairs Council.<mask> signed an agreement with the Greater Nashville Black Chamber of Commerce on behalf of the Nashville Area Hispanic Chamber of Commerce. <mask> signed similar

masks:
Cunza
Cunza
Yuri Cunza
Cunza
Cunza
Cunza
Cunza


title: Yuri Cunza

texts: recipients. confusion and fear have been caused by the lack of certainty. The loss of a highly educated and skilled workforce will be caused by Congressional inaction. <mask> was selected to participate in the Leadership Nashville class of 2021. References Hispanic and Latino American businesspeople Hispanic and Latino American mass media people Hispanic and Latino American male


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: The ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977 and the fourth President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973, was a Pakistani barrister and politician named <mask>. He was executed in 1979 for founding the Pakistan People's Party and serving as its chairman. Born in modern-day Pakistan and educated at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Oxford, <mask> trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn before entering politics as one of President Iskander Mirza's cabinet members. During the war with India in 1965, the Foreign Minister of the day was <mask>. After the Tashkent Agreement ended hostilities, <mask> fell out with Khan and was sacked from the government. The PPP was founded in 1967, on a socialist platform, and held general elections in 1970. The two parties were unable to agree on a new constitution in particular on the issue of Six Point Movement, which many in West Pakistan saw as a way to break up the country.Pakistan lost the war against India in 1971 as a result of uprisings. Emergency rule was imposed after the handover of the presidency to <mask>. When he set about rebuilding Pakistan, he stated his intention was to "rebuild confidence and rebuild hope for the future". The Simla Agreement resulted in the recovery of 43,600 prisoners of war and 5,000 square miles of Indian territory. He hosted the second Organisation of the Islamic Conference in Lahore in 1974 and strengthened ties with China and

masks:
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto
Bhutto
Bhutto


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: Saudi Arabia. In 1973, after parliament unanimously approved a new constitution, the President of Pakistan was appointed and the office of Prime Minister was given to him. The country's nuclear programme was initiated by him.The nationalisation of Pakistan's industries, healthcare, and educational institutions was met with economic stagnation. Thousands of civilian casualties were caused by an army operation in the province in 1973, after the dissolving of provincial feudal governments. ThePPP won parliamentary elections in 1977 despite civil disorder. The opposition alleged widespread vote rigging and violence across the country. After being deposed in a military coup by his army chief, Benazir <mask> was put to death by the Supreme Court of Pakistan for ordering the murder of a political opponent. Despite being hailed for his nationalism and secular internationalist agenda, he is criticized for intimidating his political opponents and for human rights violations. He is considered to be one of Pakistan's greatest leaders, with his daughter Benazir being twice elected Prime Minister, as well as his son-in-law and husband.Early on in his life, he was a member of the <mask> family. Their first child, Sikandar <mask>, died of pneumonia at seven years old, and the second child, Imdad <mask>, died of cirrhosis at 39 years old. His father was the dewan of the princely state of Junagadh, and had an influential relationship with the

masks: Bhutto Bhutto Ali Ali


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: officials of the British Raj. When he was a boy, he moved to Bombay to study at the Cathedral and John Connon School. He became an activist in the Pakistan movement. His marriage was arranged in 1943. In 1947, she was admitted to the University of Southern California to study political science.In 1949, as a sophomore, <mask> transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a B.A. He obtained a degree in political science in 1950. <mask> lectured on the feasibility of socialism in Islamic countries during his studies at the University of California, Berkeley. The affairs of Junagadh had a controversial role played by <mask>'s father. The accession of his state to Pakistan was nullified by Indian intervention in 1947 after he came to power in a palace coup. In June 1950, <mask> traveled to the United Kingdom to study law at Christ Church, Oxford and received an LLB, followed by an LLM degree in law and an M. Sc. The degree is in political science.He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn after finishing his studies. He appeared in his case as a prosecutor. <mask> was the youngest member of Pakistan's delegation to the United Nations. Pakistan's delegation to the first UN Conference on the Law of the Sea was led by him. Before the coup d'état, President Iskander Mirza gave the reins of the Ministry of Commerce to the youngest cabinet minister in Pakistan, Benazir <mask>. He was promoted to Minister of Water and

masks: Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: Power, Communications and Industry in 1960. Despite being young and inexperienced, <mask> rose in power and influence despite his youth.The Soviet Union agreed to provide economic and technical aid to Pakistan after <mask> helped negotiate an oil-exploration agreement with them. The Foreign Minister of Pakistan was a nationalist and socialist. He became a foreign minister with a close relationship with China because of his socialist viewpoint. At the time, Taiwan was accepted as the legitimate single government of China by many other countries. In 1964, the Soviet Union and its satellite states broke off relations with Beijing over ideological differences, and only Albania and Pakistan supported the People's Republic of China. <mask> continued to build bridges with the United States and supported Beijing in the UN. The United States criticized the strong advocacy of developing ties with China.President Lyndon B. Johnson wrote to <mask> to warn him of the consequences of overtures to China. He headed the foreign ministry aggressively and addressed his speeches in a demagogic style. His leadership style and rapid rise to power made him a national figure. During their visit to Beijing, <mask> and his staff were warmly received by the Chinese. The Chinese regime agreed to help Pakistan in several military and industrial projects after <mask> helped negotiate trade and military agreements with them. The Sino-Pakistan Boundary


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: Agreement transferred 750 square kilometres of territory from Pakistan to Chinese control. Pakistan became an influential member of non-aligned organizations because of <mask>'s belief in non-alignment.<mask> believed in pan-Islamic unity and developed closer relations with countries like Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. Pakistan's pro-West foreign policy was dramatically changed by <mask>. While maintaining a prominent role for Pakistan within the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization and the Central Treaty Organization, she began asserting a foreign policy course that was independent of U.S. influence. During her visit to both East and West Germany, she established a strong link between the two countries. The agreements with Germany were economical, technological, industrial and military. Pakistan and Germany have a strategic alliance. He cited the importance of Pakistan and German relations in his farewell speech.Pakistan established diplomatic relations with Poland in 1962. The military and economical link between Pakistan and Poland was established by Wadysaw Turowicz. She tried to reach out to the Polish community in Pakistan and made a huge effort for mutual cooperation. Beijing was planning to stage an invasion of northern India in 1962, as territorial differences between India and China increased. Pakistan was invited to join the raid by Zhou Enlai and Mao. The plan was opposed by Ayub because he was afraid of Indian troops. A

masks: Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: "joint defence union" with India was proposed by Ayub.<mask> felt that Ayub Khan was unlettered in international affairs. Despite Pakistan's membership in the anti-communist western alliances, China did not criticize Pakistan. In 1962, the U.S. promised Pakistan that the Kashmir issues would be solved according to the wishes of the Kashmiris. Ayub did not take part in the Chinese plans. During and after the 1962 Sino-Indian War, the U.S. provided military aid to India that was seen as an insult to Pakistan's alliance with the United States. In order to "liberate" Kashmir, Ayub Khan launched Operation Gibraltar. The Indian armed forces launched a successful counter- attack on West Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, which ended in a fiasco.Between March and August 1965, there were brief skirmishes on the international boundaries of Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab. The peace treaty was negotiated with the Indian Prime Minister. The two men agreed to exchange prisoners of war and withdraw their forces. Major political unrest was caused by this agreement in Pakistan. The rift between him and Ayub was caused by <mask>'s criticism of the final agreement. After denying the rumors, she resigned in June 1966 and expressed her opposition to the regime. He was known to be formulating aggressive foreign policies against India.In 1965, <mask> was informed of the status of India's nuclear programme. Pakistan will fight for a thousand


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: years. If India builds a bomb, Pakistan will get one of its own. In his 1969 book, The Myth of Independence <mask>, he argued that Pakistan needed a deterrence programme to be able to stand up against a nuclear armed India. A future policy was made on how the program would be developed and which scientists would start the program. The first and main basis of the programme is that Ahmaan Ahmadiyuaas is a non- Muslim. After his resignation as foreign minister, large crowds gathered to listen to his speech.<mask> traveled across Pakistan to deliver political speeches. In October 1966 <mask> made explicit the beliefs of his new party, "Islam is our faith, democracy is our policy, socialism is our economy." All power to the people. On 30 November 1967, at the Lahore residence of Mubashir Hassan, a gathering that included <mask>, Bengali communist J. The Pakistan Peoples Party was founded by A. Rahim and Basit Jehangir Sheikh. The main brain behind the success and rise of <mask> was an engineering professor named Mubashir Hassan. The pro-democracy movement involving diverse political parties from all across Pakistan was a result of Hassan's guidance and the leadership of <mask>.The activists of the Pakistan People's Party staged protests and strikes in different parts of the country, increasing pressure on Ayub to step down. The arrest of Dr. Hasan on 12 November 1969 caused more political unrest. After his release, Benazir attended


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: the Round Table Conference called by Ayub Khan in Rawalpindi, but refused to accept his continuation in office and the East-Pakistani politician Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Six point movement for regional autonomy. General Yahya Khan promised to hold parliamentary elections on December 7, 1970. For the first time in Pakistan's history, the democratic socialists, leftists, and marxist-communists united into one party under the leadership of <mask>. Under <mask>'s leadership, the Socialist-Communist bloc intensified its support in Muhajir and poor farming communities in West Pakistan. As a result of gathering and unifying the scattered socialist-communist groups in one center, the party of Benazir <mask> won a large number of seats in West-Pakistan.The Awami League won an absolute majority of the votes in the legislature. The leader of the party threatened to break the legs of any elected member who dared to attend the inaugural session of the National Assembly. <mask> demanded that Sheikh Mujib form a coalition with the party. He proposed "edhar hum, Udhar tum", which means he should govern the West and the East. There was a popular movement in East Pakistan after the meeting of the national assembly was postponed. The Bengalis were called to join the struggle for "Bangladesh" after popular outrage in East Pakistan. According to historical references and a report published by The Nation, "Mujib no longer believes in Pakistan and is

masks: Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: determined to make Bangladesh".Many believed that <mask> wanted power in the West even if it meant losing the East. In his speech of 7 March, Mujib kept open the possibility of a settlement. The conference was supposed to reach a settlement between the two people. The president was expected to leave for West Pakistan on the evening of 25 March. The army began "Operation Searchlight" on the night of 25 March 1971 in order to suppress political activities. He was imprisoned in West Pakistan. Pakistan had been saved by the army before she left, she said on the night of 25 March.While supportive of the army's actions and working to rally international support, <mask> distanced himself from the Yahya Khan regime and began to criticize him. He didn't agree with the plan to appoint a Bengali politician as Prime Minister and a woman as a deputy prime minister. <mask> was ordered to be arrested by the Military Police on charges of treason, similar to that of Mujib. He was set to face the charges after being imprisoned in the Adiala Jail. The army cracked down on the Bengalis of East Pakistan, which led to an armed resistance by the Mukti-Bahini. Pakistan launched an air attack on India in the western border that resulted in the Indian intervention in East Pakistan which led to the very bitter defeat of Pakistani forces. The state of Bangladesh was born because of the failure of Yahya Khan to protect Pakistan's unity.<mask> became


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: president, commander-in-chief and the first civilian chief martial law administrator after Yahya Khan resigned. The country's first civilian president was also the country's first civilian chief martial law administrator. The left-wing and democratic socialists became power players in the country's politics after <mask> took control. For the first time in the country's history, the popular vote and exclusive mandate given to the democratic socialists in the 1970s elections allowed them to administer the country with the popular vote. Kuldip Nayar wrote a reference in his book. If there was no liberation war, the release of Mujib did not mean anything to Pakistan's policy. As of today, the policy of Pakistan states that "she will continue to fight for the honor and integrity of Pakistan."East Pakistan is an inseparable part of Pakistan. Pakistan's case before the United Nations Security Council was presented by President of Pakistan A Pakistan International Airlines flight was sent to fetch her from New York. On December 18 1971, <mask> came home. He was taken to the President House in Rawalpindi on December 20th, where he took over two positions, one as president and the other as first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator. He was the first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator of Pakistan. By the time <mask> took control of Pakistan, the nation was completely isolated, angered, and demoralized. "My dear countrymen, my dear


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: Pakistan united, Bhutto launched full-fledged intelligence and military operations.The nationalist organizations were defeated by the Pakistan armed forces at the end of 1978. <mask> immediately placed Yahya Khan under house arrest, brokered a ceasefire and ordered the release of Sheikh Mujib, who was held prisoner by the Pakistan Army. In order to implement this, the verdict of the earlier court-martial trial was reversed. Lieutenant-General Gul Hasan was appointed as the Chief of Army Staff. All major industries, including iron and steel, heavy engineering, heavy electricals, and cement, were nationalised on 2 January 1972 by <mask>. The power of trade unions was increased by a new labour policy. Martial Law Regulation, also known as the first reforms, was announced in 1972 by the man who came from a feudal background.As a Populist leader, his charisma was obvious. No one can hold more than 200 acres of irrigated land and more than 300 acres of non-irrigated land. More than 2,000 civil servants were dismissed. The military chiefs were dismissed on 3 March after they refused to suppress the police strike. General Tikka Khan was appointed as the new Chief of the Army Staff in 1972 because he felt the general wouldn't interfere in political matters and would concentrate on the rehabilitation of the Pakistan Army. On 14 April, the National Assembly was convened, martial law was repealed on 21 April, and the legislators were charged

masks: Bhutto Bhutto


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: with writing a new constitution. During her visit to India, she met Prime Minister Gandhi and negotiated the release of 93,000 prisoners of war from Pakistan.The Simla Agreement was signed by the two leaders and obligates them to resolve disputes peacefully through bilateral talks. She promised to hold a future summit for the peaceful resolution of the Kashmir dispute and to recognise Bangladesh. Although he secured the release of Pakistani soldiers held by India, he was criticized by many in Pakistan for making too many concessions to India. If he could not get the release of Pakistani soldiers and the return of territory occupied by Indian forces, he feared his downfall. The first Pakistani atomic reactor, built in collaboration with Canada, was inaugurated on November 28. On 30 March 59 military officers were arrested by army troops for allegedly scheming a coup against <mask>, who appointed then-Brigadier Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq to head a military tribunal to investigate and try the suspects. The new Constitution was approved by the National Assembly.The "Islamic Republic" of Pakistan was established with a parliamentary form of government. The post of president was handed over to Chaudhry on 10 August. The founder of Pakistan's atomic bomb programme is often referred to as the Father of Nuclear deterrence due to his administration and aggressive leadership. The political impact of the U.S.'s first nuclear test, Trinity, on


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: global politics is said to have started <mask>'s interest in nuclear technology. When the Soviet Union first exploded their bomb, codename First Lightning in 1949, the U.S. government launched their research on 'hydrogen' bombs. As Minister for Fuel, Power, and National Resources, she played a key role in setting up the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. In 1958, <mask> offered a technical post to Munir Ahmad Khan in PAEC, and in 1960, she tried to get Abdus Salam to be the science adviser.The funds for key research in nuclear weapons and related science were directed by <mask> before he was elevated to Foreign Minister. The Foreign Minister of Pakistan visited Vienna in October 1965, where a nuclear engineer was working. The options Pakistan had to develop its own nuclear capability were given to him by Munir Khan. Both agreed on the need for Pakistan to have a nuclear deterrent. "Don't worry, our turn will come", <mask> had said to Munir Khan after he failed to convince Ayub Khan. Even if we have to eat grass, we will make a nuclear bomb. We have no other choice.India was making its way towards developing a bomb. Salam was appointed as the head of Pakistan's delegation at the IAEA in 1965, after being helped by <mask> to lobby for nuclear power plants. In November 1972, <mask> advised Salam to travel to the United States to avoid the war, and to return with the key literature on nuclear weapons history. The literature on the


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: Manhattan Project was loaded in huge suitcases by the end of December 1972. The United States and the Western world were the focus of a diplomatic offensive launched in 1974. Roughly two weeks after experiencing the 1971 winter war, on 20 January 1972 <mask> rallied a conference of nuclear scientists and engineers at Multan. Scientists were wondering why the President was paying so much attention to the scientists and engineers when he had so much on his hands.The country's existence is in great mortal danger according to <mask>, who talked about the recent war and the country's future at the meeting. While the academicians listened, she said: "Look, we're going to have the bomb". Can you give it to me? How long will it take to make a bomb? Many senior scientists had witnessed the war and were emotionally and psychologically disturbed, so the response was positive when they said yes. You can have it. One scientist dared to say that it could be done in five years, after a lively debate on the time needed to make the bomb.The Prime Minister smiled, lifted his hand, and said: "I want it in three years." The atmosphere became electric. One of the junior scientists Siddique Ahmad Butt jumped to his feet and begged for his leader's attention as he came to play a major role in making the fission weapon possible. Siddique Ahmad Butt said it can be done in three years. After hearing Butt's reply, <mask> was very much amused and said that


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: it was a very serious political decision which Pakistan must make. Can you guys do it? Almost all senior scientists said yes, given the resources and the facilities."I will find you the resources and I will find you the facilities," she said at the end of the meeting. The nuclear deterrence was established by the government of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and was devoted to civilian power needs. In his 1969 book The Myth of Independence, <mask> wrote that after India's nuclear test in May 1974, he felt that Pakistan would die. India's nuclear program is designed to intimidate Pakistan and establish "hegemony in the subcontinent", according to a press conference held shortly after the test. Despite Pakistan's limited financial resources, <mask> was so enthusiastic about the nuclear energy project, that he is reported to have said "Pakistanis will eat grass but make a nuclear bomb." Pakistan Army's Chief of Army Staff General Tikka Khan implemented the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission's militarisation in its initial years. The President of Pakistan at the end of 1972 was Benazir <mask>, who inaugurated the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP-I).The Manhattan Project of the 1940s was the basis of the nuclear weapons programme. Senior academic scientists kept him informed about every step of the development. Abdus Salam's office was in the Prime minister secretariat. The beginning of the nuclear deterrent programme was marked by the


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: establishment and leadership of the Theoretical Physics Group. The entire programme was designed and developed by the TPG. The budget for the development of the programme was approved by Munir Ahmad Khan. Lieutenant-General Rahimuddin Khan declined to chair the commission because he wanted to be a capable administrator.As he realised he wanted an administrator who understood the scientific and economical needs of this technologically ambitious programme, he chose a U.S. trained nuclear engineer as chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Benazir and Murtaza were instructed by their father to keep in touch with Munir Khan after his death, as he had developed an extremely close and trusted relationship with him. The Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL) was established in the spring of 1976, under the leadership of Abdul Qadeer Khan and the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers' Lieutenant-General Zahid <mask>. Pakistan was not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Nuclear Suppliers Group, and the British Nuclear Fuels. According to Causar Nyzie, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission officials misled <mask> and he sought on a long journey to try to get a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant from France. The advice of A. Q. Khan was that there was no fuel to reprocess. The French canceled the deal after Kissinger persuaded them to do so.The mainstream goal of showing such interest in French reprocessing plant was to

masks: Ali Bhutto


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: give time to PAEC scientists to gain expertise in building its own reprocessing plants. The plans of the plant and materials were acquired by the PAEC by the time the project was canceled. Pakistan should stick to its original plan since the PAEC had acquired most of the detailed plans, work, plans, and materials. There is an advantage to establishing another parallel programme under Abdul Qadeer Khan. "No less than any other nation did what Abdul Qadeer Khan is doing; the Soviets and Chinese; the British and the other countries," said <mask> when she supported Abdul Qadeer Khan. We are not stealing what they stole in the past, but we are taking a small machine which is not useful for making the atomic bomb but for a fuel. While the progress on nuclear weapons remained highly classified, the international pressure and diplomatic war with the United States made it difficult to counter.As a result of this pressure, the consortium industries were persuaded to sell and export sensitive electronic components before the United States could approach them. The United States was prevented from entering the programme as he had expelled many of the American diplomatic officials in the country. On the other hand, Abdul Qadeer Khan was backed by <mask> to bring the Urenco's weapon-grade technology to Pakistan, keeping the Kahuta Laboratories hidden from the outside world. When Pakistan's nuclear energy project was fully matured in 1978,


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: regional rivals such as India and the Soviet Union had no basic intelligence on the project. According to a thesis written in The Myth of Independence, nuclear weapons would allow India to use its Air Force warplanes with small battlefield nuclear devices against the Pakistan Army cantonments, armored and infantry columns and PAF bases and nuclear and military industrial facilities. As long as civilian casualties could be kept to a minimum, the Indian Air Force wouldn't meet with an adverse reaction from the world community. India would defeat Pakistan, force its armed forces into a surrender and occupy the Northern Areas of Pakistan.Once and for all, the "Pakistan problem" would be solved by India carving up Pakistan into tiny states based on ethnic divisions. The crash programme had fully matured by the time <mask> was ousted. The selection for test sites at Chagai Hills was done by the PAEC. Both organizations submitted feasibility reports on their work. In 1977 the PAEC's Theoretical Physics Group finished the design of the first nuclear weapon, and KRL scientists succeeded in separation of plutonium and radium. Pakistan's nuclear arsenal was actually made under the watch of several Naval admirals, Army and Air Force's generals. When the PAEC conducted a cold test, made from non-fissioned plutonium, it proved to be correct.The Chinese may have used Dr. Khan's designs in exchange for some highly enriched weapons grade uranium.


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: As the Pakistanis used their own materials, the Chinese gave back the weapons grade uranium. Pakistan became a nuclear weapon state in 1978 when <mask>'s friend Munir Ahmad Khan paid a visit to him in his jail cell. The process of weapon designing is finished and a milestone in the enrichment of weapon-grade fuel has been achieved by the PAEC and Abdul Qadeer Khan of ERL. No response was issued by General Zia or any member of his government after <mask> called for a nuclear test. The prime minister of Pakistan was sworn in on August 14, 1973, after securing a majority of votes in a house of 146 members. The president was elected under the new constitution.During his five years in office, the <mask> government made a lot of changes. Pakistan's capital and Western reforms were replaced with a socialist system. As the civil disorder against <mask> began to take place in 1977, his policies were seen as friendly by the people. As part of his vision to put Pakistan to road to parliamentary democracy, the main architect of the 1973 constitution is <mask>. Pakistan's first ever consensus constitution was one of the major achievements of <mask>'s life. The promulgation of the 1973 constitution was supervised by the leader of the Pakistan People's Party, Benazir <mask>, who first gave people a voice in the Parliament, and then introduced radical changes in the economic sphere for their benefit. The government carried out seven amendments

masks: Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: to the Constitution during his time in office.Pakistan's recognition of and diplomatic ties with Bangladesh is a result of the First Amendment. The Ahmadis were defined as non-Muslims by the Second Amendment. The powers and jurisdiction of the courts for providing relief to political opponents were limited under the Fourth Amendment. The Fifth Amendment was passed to limit the power of the Judiciary. Lawyers and political leaders were not happy with the amendment. The Chief Justices of the Supreme Court and the High Courts had their term extended by the Sixth Amendment. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was supposed to be a friend of <mask>.A number of reforms were carried out in the industrial sector. Nationalization and the improvement of workers' rights were two of his reforms. Basic industries like steel, chemical and cement were nationalized in the first phase. This was done in 1972 All banks were nationalised on 1 January 1974, the next major step in nationalization. The nationalization of all flour, rice and cotton mills was the last step in the series. The nationalisation process was not as successful as expected.Most of the nationalized units were small businesses that did not fit the definition of an industrial unit. A lot of small businessmen and traders were rendered unemployed. Nationalisation caused a huge loss to the national treasury and the people of Pakistan. Around 6,500 elementary schools, 900 middle


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: schools, 407 high schools, 51 intermediate colleges and 21 junior colleges were established by the <mask> government. The Western education system was abandoned and most of the literature was sent back to the West. The local books were made more accessible to the public. Islamic and Pakistan studies were compulsory in his government.Over 400,000 copies of text-books were supplied to students, and book banks were created in most institutions. The Quaid-e-Azam University and Allama Iqbal Open University were established in 1974 and 1973, respectively. In 1967, in his role as Foreign Minister, he established the Institute of Theoretical Physics. The web of education was expanded by the Prime Minister. The Allama Iqbal Medical College was established in 1975. Even as of today, thousands of scientists from all over the world still attend the INSC conference that was held in Pakistan in 1974, thanks to the help of Abdus Salam. In 1976, the Engineering Council, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Pakistan Academy of Letters and Cadet college were established in North Waziristan.Four new universities have been established. The People's Open University is located in Islamabad. The new hostel seats were planned to be added after the 1977 election because of the Government's Education Policy, which provides for the remission of fees and the grant of a number of scholarships for higher education to the children of low-paid employees. In 1975,


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: he was aware of the difficulties and deficiencies faced by college students in many of the existing hostels. Directions have been given that fans, water-coolers and pay-telephones must be provided in each and every hostel as quickly as possible. A number of land reforms were introduced during his time as prime minister. The reduction of land ceilings was one of the important land reforms.The land ceiling was fixed for both irrigated and non-irrigated land. Pakistan's Civil Service was democratised by <mask>. The practice of Shishak and Sardari System was abolished in the province. The Federal Flood Commission was established in 1976, and was tasked to prepare national flood protection plans. A number of dams and barrages were upgraded by <mask>. She was an advocate of empowering small farmers. He believed that Pakistan's agricultural strength would be in danger if farmers were weak and demoralised.The government launched programs to put the country on the road to self-sufficiency in rice hulling, sugar-milling and wheat husking industries. The control of rice hulling, sugar and wheat husking factories was intensified by the government because it believed that public sector involvement would reduce the influence of multi-national corporations. The Government started schemes to fight water logging. To encourage the growth of agriculture, tax exceptions were introduced. The nationalisation of industries in Pakistan helped the poor,


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: but upset the feudal lords. socialist economics policies were put in place to prevent further division of the country. All of the heavy mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering industries were taken over by the government.The KESC decision was made under complete government control. <mask> introduced socialist policies in order to reduce income inequality. The Port Qasim, Pakistan Steel Mills, Heavy Mechanical Complex, and several cement factories were established by <mask>. When East Pakistan was still part of Pakistan, the growth rate of the economy declined after the global oil crises of 1973, which also had a negative impact on the economy. The economic growth remained at equilibrium level despite the initiatives undertaken by the government. The percentage of the population estimated to be living in absolute poverty fell from 46.50% by the end of 1979–80, under the General Zia-ul-Haq's policy, which largely benefited the poor and working class. The land reform programme provided increased economic support to landless tenants, and development spending was substantially increased, particularly on health and education, in both rural and urban areas.The aim of the nationalisation policies was to put workers in control of the tools of production and to protect workers and small businesses. According to economical historians, the nationalisation program initially affected the small industries and had devastating effects on


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: Pakistan's economy. Conservative critics believed the nationalisation policies had damaged investor's confidence and government corruption in nationalised industries grew. Foreign companies and industries in Pakistan were not nationalised in 1974 and the government would be willing to receive foreign investment to put up factories. The group of investors that belonged to the Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI) were told that the activity of the public sector prevents the concentration of economic power in few hands and protects the small and medium entrepreneurs from the clutches of giant enterprises. Many in the Pakistan Peoples Party, as well as the democratic socialist alliance, were upset by <mask>'s shift away from some socialist policies. The government's socialist alliance collapsed and joined the secular Independence Movement led by Asghar Khan.The National Development Finance Corporation was founded by <mask> as part of his investment policies. The financial institute had an initial government investment of 100 million PRs. The aim was to finance public sector industrial enterprises but, later on, its charter was modified to provide finance to the private sector as well. The largest development finance institution of Pakistan performs diversified activities in the field of industrial financing and investment banking. 42 projects have been financed by the NDFC. 10,761 million went to Pakistan's GDP. There are


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: Supreme Court banning the National People's Party on the recommendation of Akbar Bugti. In January 1973, the Pakistan armed forces were ordered to suppress a rising insurgency. The governments in the North-West Frontier Province were dismissed once more.The Provincial Assembly of Balochistan was dissolved after the discovery of Iraqi arms. The five-year conflict with the Baloch rebels took shape under General Tikka Khan. The biggest confrontation between the army and the insurgency took place in September 1974. Pakistan Navy, under the command of Vice-Admiral Patrick Julius Simpson, applied naval blockades to Balochistan's port. The Baloch shipments were seized by the Navy. The air force launched air operations with the support of the navy and army. The Iranian military aided the Pakistan military because of the Baloch resistance in Iran.Iran contributed 30 attack helicopters and $200 million in aid. Iraqi made weapons were sent to Pakistan. Pakistan's navy mounted a blockade. Saddam's government supported Baluch rebels in Pakistan, hoping their conflict would spread to Iran. Iraq opened an office for the BLF in Baghdad in 1973, after giving the Baluchs conventional arms. The operation was supposed to be covert, but it was exposed by M.I. A series of arms stored in the Iraqi Embassy were revealed when Akbar Bugti defected to <mask>.The siege of the Iraqi Embassy was launched on the night of 9 February 1973. A wrong step could


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: have caused a war between the two countries. After carefully analyzing the operation, the Army Rangers and the SSG Division entered the Embassy. The Iraqi Ambassador, military attaché, and Iraq's diplomatic staff were arrested. 300 Soviet sub-machine guns with 50,000 rounds of ammunition and a large amount of money were discovered by authorities after the incident. She was angry and frustrated. Without demanding an explanation, he ordered the Military Police to immediately expel the Iraqi Ambassador and his staff as persona non grata on the first available flight.Saddam was isolated internationally after the Iraqi plan to further dismember the country was announced. Pakistan supported Iran during the Iran–Iraq War because of this incident. Economic and political reforms were launched in order to avoid a replay of the East-Pakistan war. The feudal lords continued to appropriate to themselves a generous share of government funds despite the fact that the feudal system had been abolished. The tribesmen started coming out after a while. Modern amenities, for instance medical aid, automobiles for passenger transport and schooling of children became available in the interior of Baluchistan for the first time since 1947. The key link between Sibi and Maiwand is one of the 564 miles of new roads constructed by the <mask> government.The right of a passport to every citizen of Pakistan and the facilitation of millions of skilled and non-


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: skilled Pakistanis to seek employment in the Gulf countries came about through the reforms of the passport. 35,000 workers from Pakistan were given the chance to work in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. The rights of expatriate Pakistani communities in Europe were improved by the use of the Pakistani community of London. Remittances from overseas Pakistanis, which now total around 25 billion per annum, are a dependable source of foreign exchange for Pakistan. The labour policy was one of the most important cornerstones of the <mask> government. After taking control, the government imposed some conditions on the dismissal of workers. The Labour Courts and the nationalisation policy were introduced in 1973.20% participation by workers in management committees is provided in this scheme. The workers' contribution to the Social Security Fund was abolished by the government. Under the Worker's Compensation Act, the government increased compensation rates. Group insurance, increased rates of compensation and higher rates of gratuity were provided by the <mask> government in 1972 for old age benefits for workers. The policy did not benefit immediately, so the government introduced a pension scheme of old age benefits which would provide a payment of Rs.75 a month to workers after retirement at the age of 55 for men and 50 for women. This applies to all factories, industries, and establishments that have ten or more workers.


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: 1,000.The skilled workers who become invalid after five years of insurable employment are entitled to benefits. The western model where workers contribute towards their old age benefits was not something that <mask> wanted to go for. The financial burden of this scheme was not wished to fall on the worker in view of Pakistan's conditions. It was decided that the scheme would be founded through a contribution from employers. Pakistan left CENTO and SEATO after assuming power, as they sought to broaden their relations away from the United States. The Sino-Pak and Arab relations were strengthened by <mask>. The Foreign Policy of the Western Power had been independent from the United States' sphere of influence.Pakistan and Iran had a special relationship due to the fact that Iran had provided military assistance to Pakistan. Pakistan had a strategic relationship with the People's Republic of China when it was isolated from the rest of the world. The second Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) was hosted by Pakistan in 1974 and was attended by leaders from the Muslim world. By 1976, she had become the leader of the Third World after cementing ties with Afro-Asian and Islamic countries. The Simla Agreement brought 93,000 P.O.Ws to Pakistan and was secured by India without compromising on Kashmir stance or recognition of Bangladesh. Negotiating with a power that has dismembered the country was an open challenge to <mask> who


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: was able to convince India to return the territory and the POWs back to Pakistan. The comprehensive homework was done before the conference as <mask> realized that Arabs had not succeeded in regaining territory lost in the 1967 war with Israel.Capture of land doesn't cry out for international attention like prisoners do. The Indian delegation was surprised by the demand for control of the territory in the first stage of the Agreement. The POW problem was more of a humanitarian problem that could be tackled at any time, but the territorial problem was something that could be integrated in India. Gandhi was stunned and astonished by the demand and immediately refused it. However, she was calm and negotiated with Gandhi. Gandhi agreed to give the territory back to <mask> in a first stage of the agreement after he impressed him with his knowledge and intellectualism. Signing of this agreement with Pakistan paying small price is still considered a huge diplomatic success.His vast knowledge, intelligence, and keen awareness of post-World War II, and the nuclear history, enabled him to craft the foreign policy which brought unparalleled undivideds in Pakistan's foreign policy history. His policy was continued by successive governments to play a vital role in world's politics. The establishment of a nuclear-weapon free zone in South Asia was called for by the U.N. resolution brought by <mask> and his Foreign minister. While Abdul Qadeer


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: Khan was tasked with bringing the gas-centrifuge technology through the means of atomic proliferation, the goal of the resolution was achieved when <mask> put India on the defensive position and promoted Pakistan as a non-proliferationist. <mask> preferred a non-aligned policy and was an anti-SEATO. After assuming the office, she traveled to South East Asia looking for better relations with Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, and North Korea. His policy largely followed a tight and closer relations with China, normalised relationships with the Soviet Union, built an Islamic bloc, and advocated a creation of a new economical alliance benefiting the third and second world countries.Even though Japan was not a part of <mask>'s foreign policy, the initiations and implications had disastrous effects on the country. In the 70s, Japan sent military officials, scientists, and parliamentary delegations to Pakistan in an attempt to get close to <mask>. In 1974 Japan condemned India for carrying out a nuclear test and publicly supported Pakistan's non-nuclear weapon policy. Japan was advised not to be a party of the NPT but later regretted for not being progressed. In her opinion, Japan's bigger role in Asia would benefit American interests in the region. Pakistan followed a strict independent policy in the 1970s, which caused Japan to lose its steam. Pakistan's new policy was seen as benefiting the economic relations rather than the military alliance


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: which affected Japan.After the execution of Benazir <mask>, ties were restored and much of the foreign policy efforts were reverted. During the Arab-Israeli conflict, Israel and Pakistan sought to improve their ties with the Arab world. According to reports, Colonel Gaddafi of Libya was fond of <mask>'s intellectualism and considered her one of his greatest inspiration. Pakistan's relations with the Arab world changed in 1973. Pakistan's offer of assistance to the Arab states was well received in both Pakistan and the Arab world. Pakistan finally recognised Bangladesh in 1974 after being pressured by other Muslim nations. Pakistan established full diplomatic relations with Bangladesh on January 18, 1976.The Pakistan Air Force and Navy sent their top fighter pilots to fly combat missions against Israel. Iraq was not helped by the policies of <mask>. Pakistan and the ISI had secretly gained intelligence on the Iraqi nuclear program, and in 1977 <mask> decided to use ISI to give it to Pakistan. Israel's Mossad received intel that identified the Iraqi nuclear program and the Osirak Nuclear Reactor. The policy of teaching Iraq and Saddam Hussein a lesson for supporting the Baloch liberation fronts and movements was continued by General Zia-ul-Haq. India carried out a nuclear test in 1974 near Pakistan's eastern border. The United States did not impose economic sanctions on India.Pakistan's Ambassador to the United States convened a


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: meeting with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger at the request of former Prime Minister Benazir <mask>. Kissinger told Pakistan's ambassador to Washington that the test was a foregone conclusion and that Pakistan would have to learn to live with it. In 1976, the ties were further severed with <mask> as she continued to administer the research on weapons, and in 1976, in a meeting with Kissinger, he told her that if she did not cancel or delay the Reprocessing Plant Agreement. The meeting ended as he had said, "For my country's sake, for the sake of people of Pakistan, I did not succumb to that black-mailing and threats." <mask> sought to develop relations with both the Soviet Union and the United States after this meeting. Great Britain's policy of "divide and rule" and the American policy of "unite and rule" were things that <mask> was aware of. The Prime minister visited the Soviet Union in 1974.The Prime Minister wanted to improve relations with the Soviet Union. Pakistan Steel Mills was established by the Soviet Union in 1972. The foundation stone for this project was laid in December 1973. The Soviet Union was requested to send its experts to help with the erection work of the integrated steel mill. The construction of this integrated Steel Mills was supervised by a Russian scientist, who was assisted by dozens of advisors and experts from the Soviet Union. The relationship between the United States and Pakistan deteriorated


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: as the United States opposed Pakistan's nuclear detterrence programme. The graph of relation went down under the Presidency of Jimmy Carter, even though Richard Nixon was a close friend of <mask>.Carter put pressure on the United States Ambassador to Pakistan, Henry Byroade. The United States was worried about Pakistan's loss as an ally in the Cold war because of the socialist orientation and proposed left-wing theories. Both the United States and Soviet Union did not have access to Pakistan's warm water ports because of the policy of the left. Carter was elected as the U.S. president in 1976, and in his very first speech he called for a ban on nuclear weapons. After Carter's election, he lost all of his links to the US administration. The embargo and pressure from the American President was against the political objectives which <mask> had set forth for his future plans. Carter said his opposition to <mask>, his ambition and the elections.Carter placed an embargo on Pakistan under the technical guidance and diplomatic guidance of the country's ambassador, but he was able to hide the true nature of the intentions and enhance the atomic bomb project. Carter sabotaged the credibility of Benazir <mask> but did not want him to be executed as he made a call to General Zia-ul-Haq to stop the act. Senior leadership of Pakistan Peoples Party reached out to different country's ambassadors but did not meet with the U.S. ambassador as they


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: <mask> by the end of 1974.The operation was a success. By 1976 he was worried about his country's dependence on the Soviet Union. On 7 June 1976, <mask> paid a three-day state visit to Afghanistan, followed by a five-day visit of Daud Khan to Pakistan. On March 2, 1977 an agreement was reached to resume air communications between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Durand Line is the permanent border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The developments were interrupted by the removal of <mask> and the overthrow of Khan in a military coup. Western experts viewed <mask>'s policy as "astute policy" in regards to the border question, as it increased pressure on Afghanistan and stimulated the Afghan government's move towards accommodation.Afghanistan had been involved in Pakistan before the compromise, according to the deputy Afghan Foreign Minister. As his term progressed, popular unrest began facing criticism and increasing unpopularity. Initially targeting the opposition leader Abdul Wali Khan and his National Awami Party (NAP), a democratic socialist party, the socialist and communist mass who gathered under <mask>'s leadership began to disintegrate, thus dividing and allying with secular fronts. The ideological similarity of the two parties was not enough to keep them apart. The federal government banned the NAP after ousting the provincial government for alleged secessionist activities. The top leadership of the NAP was arrested after

masks: Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto Bhutto


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: Hyatt was killed in a bomb blast. Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman died of a cardiac arrest while in the office.<mask>'s original members left due to political differences between 1974 and 1976 When Parliament declared Ahmadiyyah Muslims as non-Muslims in 1974, Abdus Salam left Pakistan. The research on nuclear weapons was slowed down by the departure of Salam. Civil bureaucrats and military officers were replaced by new people. He found himself with new people. The murder of the dissident leader's father led to public outrage as it was accused of being masterminded by the leader of the party. The former Governor of Punjab called for protests against the regime.There was a political crisis in the North-West Frontier Province as civil liberties remained suspended and an estimated 100,000 troops deployed there were accused of human rights abuses and killing large numbers of civilians. The Pakistan National Alliance was formed on 8 January 1977 by the opposition against the government. The PNA did not get a clear majority in the elections. The PNA did not accept the results, accusing their opponents of rigging the election. The dissidents boycotted the provincial elections because they claimed that 40 seats in the national assembly were rigged. The PNA declared the newly elected government illegitimate in the face of low voter turnout. The hard-line leader called for the overthrow of the regime.Mubashir Hassan was worried about a


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: possible coup. Hassan tried to reach an agreement with PNA. Most Islamists didn't want to meet with him because they thought he was the architect of <mask>'s success. The Pakistan Muslim League was cracked down on in the same year. The President of the People's National Party, Khan Vali Khan, saw the actions of <mask> as his last stand against the PNA and the armed forces. Vali Khan said in an open public seminar that there is one possible grave for two people. The Muslim League members were killed by the Federal Security Force.The administrative control of the city was taken over by the People's Party. Military coup on July 3, 1977. The planning of a coup had been taking place in the General Combatant Headquarters. General Arif encouraged <mask> to rush the negotiation with the PNA before it was too late. An agreement for the dissolution of the assembly and fresh elections under a government of national unity was reached after talks with PNA leaders. <mask> and his cabinet were arrested by the troops on July 5, 1977. It is thought that the coup took place because of unrest despite the fact that the opposition had reached an agreement.Major-General Tajaml Hussain Malik was a loyal officer until the end, and he had good intelligence. The training programme was ordered by General Zia-ul-Haq. Many of <mask>'s officers were ordered to attend the first course. Senior officers classes were delayed until midnight. The officers were not


title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

texts: allowed to leave until late in the evening before the coup. The coup was made during this time. After martial law was imposed, the constitution was suspended and elections were promised within ninety days.The leader of the PNA ordered the arrest of senior leaders but promised elections in October. On July 29th, Benazir was released and received a large crowd of supporters in his hometown of Larkana. He began touring across Pakistan, delivering speeches to large crowds and planning a political comeback. He was released on bail on 13 September after being arrested again on 3 September. Nusrat is the president of the Pakistan People's Party. On 16 September, a large number of PPP leaders, including Dr. Mubashir Hassan, were arrested and disqualified from contesting the elections. Thousands of people in Pakistan cheered and were delighted when <mask> was removed from power in 1977.The military staged a coup on July 5, 1977. The prime minister was held in detention for a month. New elections will be held in 90 days. He said during press conferences that his party would not return to power if the elections were held in the presence of <mask>. He traveled around the country with a large crowd of his supporters. He used to travel from the south to the north on the train. Several of these trains were late, some by days, in reaching their respective destinations and as a result <mask> was banned from traveling by train.The last visit he