title: Ahmadu Bello

texts: Southerners and Europeans in the Northern region's civil services with Northerners was criticized by opposition leaders.Prior to the 1966 Nigerian coup d'etat, the premier of the Western Region, Samuel Akintola, and the brigadier Samuel Ademulegun, warned Bello. The post- independence government of Nigeria was overthrown in a coup on January 15, 1966. He was the premier of Northern Nigeria at the time. This was the first coup in the history of Nigeria and it heralded the rise of the military in the country's politics. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was one of the political elites assassinated in the coup. At the time of his death, he had three wives. Hafsatu was his senior wife.He had three daughters with another woman. His daughters were followed by Lubabatu. The modernization and unification of the diverse people of Northern Nigeria was the greatest legacy. All human beings are endowed by God with rights that include life, liberty, equal opportunity, blessings and the legitimate pursuit of happiness, according to Reputation <mask> Bello. He had high morals and intellectual virtues. A number of monuments and localities around the country have been named in his honor. The university in Zaria is named after him.His portrait is on a banknote. The Nigerian First Republic is also read in the gallery. Sir <mask> <mask> visited the United Nations in New York City in July

masks: Ahmadu Ahmadu Bello


title: Emanuel K. Love

type: paraphrased

texts: <mask><mask> was a minister and leader in the Baptist church. He was a prominent activist for black civil rights and anti-lynching laws and was the pastor of one of the largest churches in the country. He was involved in establishing separate black Baptist national organizations and advocating for black leadership of Baptist institutions. On July 27, 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 He studied at Lincoln University from 1872 to 1872 and worked on a farm until 1870. The Augusta Institute in Augusta, Georgia was renamed Morehouse College in 1872 after Reverend Joseph T. Robert. He was ordination in the Baptist church in December of 1875.He was appointed a missionary for the state of Georgia by the American Baptist Home Mission Society of New York and the Georgia Mission Society. He took charge of the First Baptist Church in Thomasville, Georgia, on July 1, 1879. He returned to the position of missionary for the State under the auspices of the American Baptist Publication Society after he

masks:
Emanuel K
. Love


title: Emanuel K. Love

texts: resigned from this post. He resigned as pastor of the First African Baptist Church in Georgia on October 1, 1885. The church was one of the largest in the world. He was editor of the Georgia Sentinel a Baptist journal and a Baptist Newspaper about that time. The American Baptist leadership was dominated by white, segregationist leaders.<mask> proposed a black Baptist publication group and pushed for more publication of racial issues by the American Baptist Publication Society. <mask> and William J. were married in the late 1800s. Black leaders in Baptist organizations, as well as for black presidents at the Atlanta Baptist College and Spelman College, and more representation in the boards of trustees of the schools, were called for by white leaders. <mask>, White, and James C. Bryan called for black leadership at the Atlanta Baptist Seminary. <mask> was promoted to official leadership within the black Baptist church because of his outspokenness. <mask> was elected president of the colored Baptist Foreign Mission convention. Rev.The vice president was M. W. Gilbert of Nashville. <mask> was one of the leaders of a group of 350 leading black Georgians who met to push for education legislation and to opposed discrimination, particularly in chain gangs, Jim Crow laws on public transportation, and lynch law. He published a history of black Baptist churches. <mask> was praised by the white Baptist community for his work. The support did not extend to the white community in the late 1800s. The annual meeting of the black Baptist Foreign Mission Convention was held in Indianapolis in 1889. The train on the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia Railroad only had a

masks: Love Love Love Love Love Love Love


title: Emanuel K. Love

texts: smoking car and a first class car.The delegates wanted to sit in a first-class car. The black men found seats in the white first-class car because they were promised a segregating first-class car. White passengers and rail conductors were unhappy and sent a telegram to each other. After the train stopped at the next stop in Georgia, a mob boarded the train and demanded the delegation leave. <mask> believed that they would have been killed if the conductor had not interfered. <mask> and Rev are two of the delegates. C. K. Spratling went to Indianapolis.An article about the event was published. <mask> was elected president and Solomon T. Clanton, J. E. Jones, and J. E. Farrer were chosen as vice presidents. A group of men were selected to go to Washington to demand protection for blacks in the South after the attack on <mask> and Spratling. The American Baptist Publication Society was pressured by the Convention to publish articles by black leaders. The writings of black Baptist leaders were published by the National Baptist Publishing Board. The leader of the American Baptist Publication Society claimed that there was no attempt to expand black representation in the society or in its publications. <mask> and the two others were kicked out of the American Baptist Publication Board for being outspoken.<mask> and Richard R. Wright were involved in a dispute with several other people. The leadership of the district nomination convention was at the center of the dispute. Lyons, Rucker, and Deveaux were supported by the patronage of Booker T. Washington of the Tuskegee Institute and were identified with light-skinned elites. The dispute within the Baptist church

masks: Love Love Love Love Love Love


title: Emanuel K. Love

texts: continued, and by 1890, <mask> and Bryan were calling for blacks to stop participating in the American Baptist Missionary Society's educational programs, although White was more friendly. <mask>'s congregation at the First African Baptist Church tried to remove him in 1893. Several charges of immorality were made against him, but they were not able to establish their case. At the 1893 black state Baptist convention, Charles T. Walker was supported by the cooperationists while <mask> was supported by the rebels.He won the election despite the accusations against <mask>. As a result of the conflict within his church, about 1,000 members left to form another branch - since the total size of the congregation was as many as 5,000, this did not cripple the church. William E.Holmes, an opponent of <mask> and White, changed his position and supported the cause. <mask>'s leadership in the church continued. He was the corresponding secretary of the Colored Baptist Foreign Mission Convention in 1895. In 1896, <mask> was president of the General Missionary Baptist Convention and continued to advocate for black decision makers in prominent positions. He was no longer in agreement with William White.White and Thomas J. Morgan were working to repair the strains, but their work only made <mask> more supportive of black nationalism. In 1897, White was editor of the Georgia Baptist and succeeded in isolating <mask> in <mask>'s call for a separate, black Baptist college, although <mask> did succeed in gaining support for the Publishing Board of the National Baptist Convention. The leader of the Georgia Republican Party was Alfred Eliab Buck. Buck presided over the electing of

masks: Love Love Love Love Love Love Love Love Love Love Love


title: Emanuel K. Love

texts: delegates to the 1896 Republican National Convention while he was the president of the Republican State Convention. <mask> would call it a "lilly white" slate, although it did include blacks, because of the dispute over the delegates. Many believed that <mask>'s friend, Richard R. Wright, would be a delegate. A representative of Buck's tried to adjourn the meeting and the Buck group left the hall.The <mask> and Wright group remained and <mask> took the chair, electing a new slate of delegates, including <mask>. Wright did attend as an alternate when he wasn't selected as a delegate. <mask>'s work in Georgia was widespread. He wrote or edited three Baptist journals, as well as two secular papers. The Augusta Sentinel Newspaper was started by a Rev. Richard R. Wright St. They are Charles T. Walker and <mask>. Wright was installed as president of Georgia's first black college.He helped found the publication group for the black National Baptist Convention. He was also president of the Missionary Baptist Convention of Georgia. Many of his sermons were widely distributed and he strongly condemned violence against blacks. The November 5, 1893 example was "Sermon on Lunch Law and Raping". In 1900, <mask> was editor of the Baptist Truth, president of the Baptist Missionary Society, and treasurer of Central City College. He was the chairman of the committee that secured the Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youth. He was a member of the Masonic Lodge.Death <mask> died on April 24, 1900. He was buried at the First African Baptist church, where he was the pastor. African-American Baptist ministers from the United States and Alabama Baptists from the 19th

masks: Love Love Love Love Love Love Love Love Love


title: Nabaneeta Dev Sen

texts: <mask> was an Indian writer and academic. She moved to the USA after studying arts and comparative literature. She returned to India and taught at several universities as well as serving in various positions. She published more than 80 books in Bengali, including poetry, novels, short stories, plays, literary criticism, personal essays, travelogues, humour writing, translations and children's literature. She received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1999. <mask> was born in Calcutta into a Bengali family on January 13, 1938. She was the only child of the poet-couple who wrote under the pen name Narendra Deb and Nagendra Chandra Deb.She was named after Rabindranath Tagore. She saw people starving in the Bengal famine of 1943, as well as large numbers of refugees arriving in Calcutta after the partition of India. She attended two schools, Gokhale Memorial Girls' School and Lady Brabourne College. She obtained her MA in Comparative Literature from the Department of Comparative Literature at Jadavpur University after obtaining her BA in English from the University of Calcutta. She received a PhD from Indiana University in 1964 after obtaining a second MA in comparative literature from Harvard University in 1961. She married an economist and lecturer at the Jadavpur University in 1959 and four decades later he would be awarded the prize. She finished her PhD at the University of California at Berkeley and Newnham College.She returned to Calcutta with her daughters after her divorce. She had one child that was adopted. Her hobbies included travelling and reading. She could read Hindi, Oriya, Assamese, French, German, Greek, Sanskrit, and Hebrew. Several international artists' colonies,

masks:
Nabaneeta Sen
Dev Sen


title: Nabaneeta Dev Sen

texts: including the MacDowell Colony in the United States, Bellaggio in Italy, and the Mishkenot Sha'ananim in Jerusalem, had a writer in residence. She was the chair of Creative Writing and Comparative Literature at Colorado College. She was a visiting professor at Harvard, Cornell, Columbia, Chicago, University of Toronto, British Columbia, and El Collegio de Mexico.She lectured on epic poetry at Oxford University. The Professor of Comparative Literature at Jadavpur University retired in 2002. She was a senior fellow at the University of Delhi. The Centre of Women's Development Studies in New Delhi was where the J. P. Naik distinguished fellow was from from 2003 to 2005. She attended the Festival of India USA in 1986 and represented India in many international conferences. She held executive positions in the International Comparative Literature Association and the International Association of Semiotic and Structural Studies. The vice-president of the academy for Bengali literature was <mask>.The West Bengal Women Writers' Association was founded by her. She was the founder secretary of the Indian National Comparative Literature Association. She was a member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain. She was a member of the Advisory Board for Bengali, Sahitya Akademi from 1978 to 1982, as well as the Member and Convenor of the Bharatiya Jnanpith Award Language Advisory Committee from 1975 to 1990. She was a member of the jury of the Jnanpith Award. More than 80 books were published in Bengali, including poetry, novels, short stories, plays, literary criticism, personal essays, travelogues, humour writing, and children's literature. She worked with the treatment of women in world epics


title: Nabaneeta Dev Sen

texts: and wrote several short stories about her.Her first collection of poems was published in 1959. Twelve years later, her second poetry collection was published. Her first novel Ami Anupam (I, Anupam) was published in 1976. The story is about middle class intellectuals who lead the youth in revolution and later contradict them. The Naxal movement, the identity crisis of Indian writing in English, and the breakdown of the second generation non-resident Indians are some of the social, political, and psychological problems that the author dealt with. Monsieur Hulo's Holiday was her first short story collection. Her essays, such as Nati Nabanita (Nabaneeta the Actress, 1983), are considered the best of her prose writing by critic Sanjukta Gupta.There is an account of a solo woman on a pilgrimage in her best-selling book. She documented her ride on a ration truck across India and Tibet in 1977. Her other works include Srestha kabita. She was a well-known children's author in Bengali for her fairy tales and adventure stories, with girls as protagonists, having first written for children in 1979. She was the editor of Bengali in the Modern Indian Novels in English Translation series. The Gouridevi Memorial Award, Mahadevi Verma Award, Celli Award from Rockefeller Foundation, and the Sarat Award from the University of Bihar are some of the national and international awards and honours that Recognition <mask> has received. The Big Little Book Award for children's literature was one of the awards she received.The fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India was given to her. She died of cancer in Kolkata. The University of Calcutta alumni are recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in


title: Kim Hong-il (general)

texts: <mask> was a Korean independence activist and general of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Korean War who later became a diplomat and politician in South Korea. He had a brief career as a teacher before his connections with the Korean independence movement led to his imprisonment. He moved to the newly independent South Korea to join the Republic of Korea Army after fleeing into exile in China in 1918. He commanded South Korea's I Corps during the first year of the Korean War and was sent to Taiwan as South Korea's ambassador to the Republic of China. Nine years was the length of his assignment there. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Park Chung-hee junta after returning to South Korea following the April Revolution. He was a major figure in the opposition New Democratic Party after he was elected to the National Assembly in 1967.He was nicknamed the "Five-star General" because he was one of the most experienced and high-ranked officers that commanded the early Republic of Korea Army. <mask> was born in 1898 and had a military career in China. He attended a primary school in China after the beginning of Japanese rule over Korea. He returned to Korea at the age of 18. His involvement in the Osan School alumni association resulted in his imprisonment, but he later became an instructor at the Gyeongsin School. <mask> fled into exile in China after his release. He was able to enter the Guizhou Military Academy thanks to an introduction.He used a number of different names in China, including the Korean name Choe Se-pyeong and the Chinese names Wang Hsiung and Wang Fu-kao. After graduating in 1920, he went to the Russian Far East to try to get Russian support for the Korean independence movement, but faced many setbacks, the first of which was the fratricidal killings of the in 1921. He went back into Northeast China late that year. He stayed there for a few years and then went back to teaching to make a living, but only for a short time. It was rumored that he wanted to court a woman with the same name as him, but romance between individuals with the same

masks:
Kim Hong il
Kim
Kim


title: Kim Hong-il (general)

texts: surname was not encouraged in traditional Korean society. He revealed his real name to many people. <mask> left Northeast China in order to protect himself from Japanese secret police who were more active in the region.He joined the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army. <mask>-jai was his second son. He was stationed at the fort after participating in the Northern expedition. The bombs used in the Sakuradamon assassination attempt against Emperor Hirohito were given to Lee Bong-chang and Bong Bong-gil by him when he was assigned to the latter post. He was an intelligence officer with the 19th Route Army. He was in charge of a course for Korean officer candidates at the Republic of China Military Academy in 1934. <mask> was promoted to the rank of major-general in 1939 and lieutenant general in 1945.After the surrender of Japan, he continued to serve in the National Revolutionary Army for a few more years, and was assigned to the, in which he organised the repatriation of Koreans from Northeast China to the Korean peninsula. In August 1948, <mask> joined the Republic of Korea Army. The principal of the Korea Military Academy was assigned to him. In 1949, he finished writing the Outline of National Defense, one of the earliest works of the new country's Ministry of National Defense. <mask> became the commander of the I Corps after the Korean War broke out. The I Corps held a position north of Uijeongbu during the First Battle of Seoul. <mask> had his forces retreat to the south bank of the Han River and set up a defensive line, which they were able to hold for six days until North Korea recovered from the demolition of the Hangang.The time earned by this operation was credited with saving the Republic of Korea from communism. <mask> fought in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter. His discharge was due to his disagreements with the American military officers. <mask> began his service as ambassador to the Republic of China after arriving in Taiwan in 1951. He was in the position until June 1960. General presented him with the Order of the Cloud and Banner in recognition of

masks:
Kim
Kim Young
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim


title: Kim Hong-il (general)

texts: his military service to the Republic of China, as well as the second rank of the civilian Order of Brilliant Star. In the aftermath of the April Revolution, <mask> was one of a large number of high-level diplomatic personnel who resigned.<mask> served as Minister of Foreign Affairs for a short time after Park Chung-hee's coup. After his resignation, he continued to play a role in foreign affairs, and in December 1961, he was dispatched to Niger to represent South Korea at the Republic Day celebrations. <mask> was a candidate for the Senate in 1960. He decided to run after he resigned from his ambassadorial post. He ran as an independent in the electoral district, facing off against multiple Democratic Party and Liberal Party candidates. He came in seventh place. <mask> was chosen as the ninth president in 1961.The Independence Medal of the Order of Merit for National Foundation was awarded to him in 1962. <mask> was one of six Korea Independence Party candidates. The party failed to get any seats. <mask> objected to the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea. <mask> co-authored a series of op-eds with other people while the treaty negotiations were ongoing. <mask> intensified his activities in opposition to the treaty after it was signed. He became a founding member of the Citizens' Council for the Protection of the Fatherland on July 27.He issued a statement on behalf of the council calling for the National Assembly to be dissolved after he failed to achieve that goal. <mask> and ten other Republic of Korea Reserve Forces officers issued another statement calling on the armed forces to maintain political neutrality in the face of increasing public turmoil relating to the treaty. Two days later, <mask> and three co-signers of that statement were arrested and charged with criminal libel in relation to its contents, and were held at the prison. The four were charged with inciting rebellion on 7 September. On 25 October, <mask>'s three co-defendants were released on 50,000 bail, while <mask> was released on the official ground of severe illness. <mask>

masks: Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim


title: Kim Hong-il (general)

texts: was elected to represent Mapo-gu in the National Assembly in 1967, after becoming a founding member of the New Democratic Party. In 1969 he was one of the founding members of the group that opposed the referendum that allowed Park to run for a third term as president.He became the acting head of the New Democratic Party after Yu Chin-san resigned two weeks before the May 1971 legislative elections. He became the official chairman of the New Democratic Party in July after winning his election. The New Democratic Party was riven by conflicts between <mask>'s group and the pro-Yu Chin-san group. The return of Yu Chin-san as party chairman was due to the absence of <mask>'s group at the party convention in September. The National Election Commission turned down <mask>'s application for an injunction against the Yu Chin-san group. After the October Restoration self-coup, Park Chung-hee dissolved the National Assembly, and just a month before the February 1973 elections, <mask>'s group broke off from the New Democratic Party. The Democratic Unification Party did poorly and only two of its candidates were elected.<mask> pledged to dedicate the remainder of his life to fighting for the return of democracy after the Democratic Unification Party leaders expressed regret for participating in the election. In 1974 he became one of the founding members of the, after he was one of thirty opposition politicians to sign a petition calling for constitutional reform and free elections. <mask> was elected the sixth president of the, an organisation for Korean independence activists and their families. He was re-elected in 1979. On August 8, 1980, <mask> died at his home in Yongsan-gu. He was survived by his family. Although a public funeral had been planned, <mask>'s family decided to hold a private funeral at their home, followed by a procession to the cemetery.<mask>'s funeral was presided over by a pastor from the church that he had been a member of. The family home was visited by roughly 1,500 people to pay their respects. There is a photo of <mask>'s second son <mask>-jai at the grave of

masks:
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Young


title: Mukhtar Auezov

texts: <mask> was born on September 28, 1897 and died on June 27, 1961. He was born in 1897. The poet Abai influenced <mask>'s writings. The poet was a friend of the <mask> family and was highly revered by <mask>'s father and grandfather. He was taught to read and write by his grandfather. <mask>'s family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch The Arabic and Cyrillic script was taught to him by his grandfather.<mask> attended the Teacher's Seminary and the State University. <mask> is known for his plays. Enlik-Kebek was the first play he wrote and it was a story of two young lovers. He wrote plays that dealt with issues related to socialism. <mask> changed his focus to writing novels after writing plays. Two novels dealing with the life of a poet were written in the last twenty years of his life. Auezov drew and translated literature into the Kazakh language.The Government Inspector is one of the translations made by him. After studying in

masks:
Mukhtar Auezov
Auezov
Auezov
Mukhtar
Auezov
Auezov
Auezov
Auezov


title: Mukhtar Auezov

texts: Kaskabulak, <mask> went to a Muslim madrasa. He moved to a five-year school when he was eleven. His father died in 1900 and his mother in 1912. The young <mask> was raised by his family. After a year of study in the madrasa, he was sent to the large Russian school. After graduating from the City College, <mask> <mask> attended a Pedagogical Seminary.<mask> finished the first seminary class with an award in 1912 and went on to complete his studies in 1919. He began to read Russian and other foreign classics around this time. The short stories, poems and articles written by Auezov began to be published. According to the testimonies of the pedagogues, the young Auezov was marked for his attention, gifts and slim build. The best football team in the city was represented by him. <mask> Auezov joined the faculty of a large state school and held various positions in the local government. Auezov married a girl named Raihan in the summer of 1917.They had a daughter together in 1918 who lived until 2009, and a son in 1919 who died in infancy. They got divorced in 1920. After graduating from the Philological Faculty of Leningrad State University, <mask> <mask> went on to complete his PhD. His endeavors as a professional writer began to take off during the 1930s. On June 27, 1961, <mask> <mask> died in Moscow. He was buried in the Central Cemetery. There is a bust on his grave.The name of the writer was continued after

masks: Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Auezov Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Auezov Mukhtar Auezov


title: Mukhtar Auezov

texts: he died. The Auezov Institute of Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences was renamed. A literary memorial museum, a school, a street and an urban area are named after him. The M. O. Auezov South Kazakhstan State University was named after him. In different genres, Auezov wrote essays, short stories, and plays. He wrote a play called "Enilik-Kebek" in 1917 while he was studying at the seminary. The "Enilik-Kebek" play and the story "Korgansyzdyn Kuni", which was written in 1921, demonstrated to the world his great talent as a writer.From 1923 to 1923, he devoted all his energy to the literary arts. He wrote stories such as "Okygan azamat", "Kyr suretteri", "Uilenu", and "Eskilik kolenkesinde". He studied and graduated from the Faculty of Language and Literature at Leningrad University. Two of his novels, "Karash-karash" and "Kokserek", were highly acclaimed. Auezov began to work on themes of history. His works include "Enilik-Kebek", "Khan Kene", "Kilyzmaan", and "Aiman - Sholpan". He devoted himself to plays and prose for 20 years.He wrote several stories in the thirties, such as "Kasennin Kubylystary" and "Izder". A section from the future novel of the same name was included in a piece of prose he published in 1936. He wrote the "Abai" tragedy with the help of Leonid Sobolev. The great scientist and teacher, <mask>, worked on the history and training of personnel. He was the main author and editor of


title: Mukhtar Auezov

texts: the multivolume "Kazak adebiet Tarihy". He wrote a monograph on the epic. He began writing a large-scale epic that described a new era in the future after the Abai Joly epic.His first book was called "Osken orken" and was published posthumously in 1962. The works of Auezov are associated with a period of blooming of Kazakh drama. He wrote and translated many classic works of world and Russian drama, such as The Inspector by Gogol, Othello and the Shrew by Shakespeare, as well as Spring Love and Officer of the Navy. He visited the United States in 1960 with a group of Soviet writers. In the summer of 1960, he began work on a series of essays. He began work on The Young Tribe in the summer of 1960. In March 1961, <mask> embarked on a visit to India that included participation in the work of the III International Congress for Peace in Delhi.His death in June of that year meant that he didn't get to go to England, the land of Shakespeare. He went to Moscow for medical tests in 1961. He had a heart surgery on June 27, 1961. <mask> listened to the memories of his grandfather that told of Abai and Kunanbay. The life of Abai the hero was an inspiration to <mask> Auezov. Auez was invited by Abai to mark the birth of his grandson. The sister of Auez was one of the wives of Kunanbai.<mask> married the granddaughter of the great poet, Magauov, and later became friends with the son of Abai Turagulom. Dilda was the first

masks: Auezov Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar


title: Mukhtar Auezov

masks: Auezov Mukhtar Mukhtar


title: Mukhtar Auezov

texts: third book has 6 chapters, the fourth and one epilogue has 20 short chapters, and the entire epic has 20 short chapters.The name of each chapter shows the psychological state of the events. There is more drama, tragedy, sadness and sorrow when compared to positive and happy moments. In the first book we can see how the young and inexperienced boy grows up and at the end of the fourth book we see how he becomes an adult and eventually fails. The opera Abai was written by <mask> <mask>. A film of 8 parts was made in 1940. "Thumbnail" is a studio. The writer is M<mask> and the director is M.Levin.The operator is H.Nazaryants. "Abai nder" was written in 1945. There are 10 parts to the film. "Kazakhfilm" is a studio. The movie was written by M.<mask> and G. It was Roshal. The director is G.Roshal, the operator is G.Pyshkova, and the cast is K.Kuanyshpaev, K.Badyrov, Sh.Aymanov, and S.Kozhamkulov."Shyndagy Shynar" was written in 1966. There are 10 parts to the film. "Kazakhfilm" is a studio. S.Panov, G.Adilova, N.Zhanturin, Y.Nogaybaev were cast. "Caras-Caras" was written in 1969. "Kyryzfilm" is a studio. The film was written by Akim Tarazi and directed by B. Shamshiev."Kazakhfilm" is a studio. Director: T.Okeev; Operator: K.Kydyraliev; Cast: S.Chokmorov, K.Ualiev, K. Sataev. The writer, director and cast are from 1995. "Kazakhfilm" is a studio. Director: A.Amirkulov. A. Suleev is the operator. The award for

masks:
Mukhtar
Auezov
. Auezov
Auezov


title: Lowell Perry

texts: The American football player and coach, government official, businessman, and broadcaster was namedLowellWesleyPerry. He was the first African-American assistant coach in the National Football League, the first African American to broadcast an NFL game to a national audience, and Chrysler's first African-American plant manager. He held the position of Commissioner of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1975 to 1976. He was the director of the Michigan Department of Labor from 1990 to 1996. He was a board member of the NFL Board of Charities. He was born in Michigan. His father graduated from the University of Michigan in 1920.He was the youngest of four children. His father was a respected civic leader and he DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch He studied history at the University of Michigan. He was a member of the Michigan football team from 1950 to 1952. <mask> was a two-way player who was a safety on defense and also handled punt returns. He was a second-team All-American by the Central Press Association and a third-team All-American by the United Press after the 1951 season. He was the best defensive back in college football during the 1951 season.He was selected by the Associated Press as a first-team All-Big Ten Player and by the United Press as a first-team player on its All-Midwest team. In three seasons at Michigan, he had 71 catches for 1,261 yards and nine touchdown. After three years, the career total of 1,261 receiving yards was not surpassed by another


title: Lowell Perry

texts: Michigan player, but Jack Clancy did it in four years. In 1951, he had five catches for 165 yards against Indiana. He had two more touchdown catches against Indiana. His 165-yard game against Indiana was the Michigan single-game receiving record for 15 years, until Clancy had 197 yards against Oregon State in 1966. At the University of Michigan, <mask> returned 42 punts for an average of 10.9 yards per return.The Pittsburgh Steelers drafted a military serviceman in the eighth round of the1953 NFL draft. His football career was put on hold due toROTC obligations. The United States Air Force gave him the rank of second lieutenant. The Bolling Air Force Team that included Al Dorow, Tommy O'Connell, and Johnny Lattner were all members of the Air Force. The military named him the outstanding football player. As an end, he joined the Pittsburgh Steelers. In a pre-season game against the Detroit Lions, he ran 93 yards for a touchdown.He had 14 catches for 334 yards and two touchdown in his first six NFL games. He returned 11 punts for 127 yards and nine kickoffs for 219 yards. In his sixth game of the season, he broke his hip and was forced to retire. A skinny 15 year-old boy and his dad were cheering on the Pittsburgh Steeler's new player,<mask>, as he roared whippet-like around the New York Giants' fabled 1956 defensive line and headed for the sideline. The boy's cheers turned to tears when the Giants' star hit the boy from behind, filling the stadium with a sickening 'crack'. As the stretcher carried my hero from the field, I was sad. He never played pro football again because of his injuries.He was in the hospital for 13 weeks after the injury. The NFL's first African American coach since the 1920s was hired by the Steelers in June 1957, and he was named ends coach. He worked as a scout for a team. He went to law school after working for the Steelers. In 1960, he received a law degree from Detroit College of Law. He was a law

masks:
Perry
Lowell Perry


title: Lowell Perry

texts: clerk to the U.S. District Court Judge Picard. He was hired in the personnel department of the gear and axle division of the Chevrolet Division.He left Chevrolet in 1962 to work for the National Labor Relations Board. In 1963, he began his career with Chrysler. He was a personnel specialist. In 1966 he was hired as a color analyst for CBS Television to broadcast games with play-by-play man Joe Tucker. He was the first African-American to broadcast a football game. After working as a television broadcasters, he returned to Chrysler where he became a personnel manager. He was named the plant manager of Chrysler's Eldon Avenue Axle Plant in 1973.He was the first African American to hold the position of plant manager. President Gerald Ford appointed him to be the commissioner of the U.S. in 1975. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. He first came to my attention when I saw his prowess on the gridiron at the University of Michigan. He made it and I didn't. He was very good at the University of Michigan and very good at the Pittsburgh Steelers. I have known him for a long time.I look at his career in Government and private employment as an example of what a person can do if they have the ability and desire. I think it's the government's gain to have <mask> with us, and Lynn Townsend probably is losing one of his finest young people in his Chrysler organization. He was the EEOC commissioner from 1976 to 1976. After one year, he resigned from the EEOC and returned to Chrysler. He was the director of the Michigan Department of Labor for six years before returning to government service. He held the position of director of the Office of Urban Programs until his retirement in 1999. <mask> is the current New York Knicks basketball executive and former University of Michigan coach, and he has a daughter and two sons.In January 2001 he died of cancer at a hospital in Michigan. There are links to the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of

masks:
Lowell
Scott Perry


title: George Washington

texts: <mask> was the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. <mask> wasAppointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, and presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the Constitution of the United States and a federal government. <mask> was called the "Father of the Nation" for his leadership in the early days of the country. From 1749 to 1750, <mask>'s first public office was the official Surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia. During the French and Indian War, he received his initial military training as well as a command. He became a delegate to the Continental Congress after being elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses. He was the Commanding General of the Continental Army.He commanded American forces in the defeat and surrender of the British at the Siege of Yorktown during the American Revolutionary War. The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783. The Constitution of the United States was adopted by Washington. He was elected twice by the Electoral College. He implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. While sanctioning the Jay Treaty, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality. His farewell address is considered a pre-eminent statement on republicanism

masks:
George Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts: and he set enduring precedents for the office of president.Washington had a complicated relationship with slavery. He forced his slaves to work on his farms and wherever he lived, including the President's House in Philadelphia. Congress passed laws protecting and curtailing slavery when he was president. His will said that one of his slaves, William Lee, should be freed upon his death, and that the other 123 slaves must work for his wife and be freed on her death. She freed them so they wouldn't have an incentive to speed up her death. He tried to integrate Native Americans into the Anglo-American culture but fought against them during times of conflict. He advocated broad religious freedom in his roles as general and president.He was described as the first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee after his death. <mask> is remembered by monuments, a federal holiday, various media, geographical locations, and many scholars and polls rank him among the greatest U.S. presidents. <mask> was promoted to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States in 1976. The <mask> family was a wealthy Virginia planter family that made its fortune through land speculation and the cultivation of tobacco. <mask> migrated from England to the English colony of Virginia in 1656 and owned

masks:
Washington
Washington
Washington
John Washington


title: George Washington

texts: Little Hunting Creek on the river. The first of <mask>'s six children was born on February 22, 1732, at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County, Virginia. His father was a justice of the peace and a prominent public figure who had four additional children from his first marriage.In 1755, the family moved to Little Hunting Creek. They moved to Ferry Farm in 1738 near the Rappahannock River. <mask>'s half-brother Lawrence took over Little Hunting Creek and renamed it Mount Vernon. <mask> didn't have the formal education his brothers did, but he did attend the Lower Church School in Hartfield. He was a draftsman and map-maker after he learned land surveying and mathematics. He was writing with "considerable force" and "precision" by early adulthood, but his writing lacked wit or humor. He attributed his failures to someone else's ineffectuality in pursuit of admiration, status, and power.Lawrence's father-in-law William Fairfax was the owner of Mount Vernon and Belvoir. <mask> spent a month in 1748 with a team surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property, after Fairfax became <mask>'s patron and surrogate father. He obtained a license from the College of William & Mary. Even though <mask> didn't serve the apprenticeship, Fairfax appointed him the surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia, and he took his oath of office on July 20, 1749. He

masks:
George Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts: continued to do surveys west of the Blue Ridge Mountains even after he resigned from the job. He owned almost all of the Valley by 1752. <mask> went abroad in 1751 to try to cure his brother's Tuberculosis.During that trip, <mask> contracted a disease that left his face scarred. <mask> leased Mount Vernon from Lawrence's widow Anne after his death in 1752. <mask> was inspired to seek a commission by <mask>'s service as adjutant general of the Virginia militia. <mask> was appointed a major and commander of one of the militia districts by Virginia's lieutenant governor. The British and French were competing for control of the Ohio Valley. The British built forts along the Ohio River while the French built forts between the Ohio River and Lake Erie. <mask> was appointed as a special envoy.<mask> was sent to demand that the French leave the land that was being claimed by the British. <mask> was appointed to gather more information about the French forces and to make peace with the Iroquois Confederacy. <mask> gathered information about the numbers and locations of the French forts, as well as intelligence about individuals taken prisoner by the French. The nickname Conotocaurius was given to <mask> by Tanacharison. The Susquehannock gave the nickname to his great-grandfather <mask> in the late 17th century. The French patrol stopped <mask>'s

masks:
Washington
Washington
Washington
George
Lawrence Washington
George Washington
Washington
George
Washington
Washington
Washington
John Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts: party on their way to the Ohio River. <mask> was received well at Fort Le Boeuf.The French refused to leave, despite the British demand to do so. After a few days of delay, Saint-Pierre gave <mask> his official answer in a sealed envelope, as well as food and extra winter clothing for his party's journey back to Virginia. <mask>'s report was published in Virginia and London after he completed the mission in 77 days. <mask> was promoted to lieutenant colonel and second-in-command of the 300-strong Virginia Regiment in February 1754 after being ordered to confront French forces at the Forks of the Ohio. When <mask> set out for the Forks in April, he learned that a French force of 1,000 had begun construction of Fort Duquesne there. He decided to take the offensive after learning that the French had made camp seven miles away. <mask> advanced on May 28 with a small force of Virginians and Indian allies to ambush the French.French forces were killed with muskets and hatchets in the Battle of Jumonville Glen, known as the "Jumonville affair". French commander Joseph Coulon de Jumonville was killed while trying to get the British to leave. The French assumed that <mask> was responsible for the deaths of some of Jumonville's men. <mask> said his translator didn't communicate the French intentions. <mask> won over the French. The French and

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts: Indian War began because of this incident. He had been promoted to colonel upon the death of his commander, and he joined Washington at Fort Necessity the following month.The conflict of command was caused by the fact that the royal commission outranked <mask>. On July 3, a French force attacked with 900 men and the battle ended in <mask>'s surrender. <mask> was offered a captaincy which he refused, after Colonel James Innes took command of intercolonial forces. <mask> was an aide to General Edward Braddock, who led the British in expelling the French from Fort Duquesne and the Ohio Country. The army was split into a main column and a flying column. The French and their Indian allies attacked the divided army after <mask> was left behind due to a severe case of dysentery. The mortally wounded Braddock was one of two-thirds of the British force that became casualties.The remnants of the force were allowed to disengage and retreat under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage. He had two horses shot from under him, and his hat and coat was shot. His conduct in the Battle of Fort Necessity redeemed his reputation, but he was not included in the planning of subsequent operations by the succeeding commander. <mask> was appointed the commander of the Virginia Regiment again with the rank of colonel after it was reconstituted in August

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts: 1755. <mask> clashed with John Dagworthy, another captain of superior royal rank, who commanded a group of Marylanders at the regiment's headquarters in Fort Cumberland. <mask> pressed his case for a royal commission in February and January of 1757 after he was convinced that Braddock would grant him one. <mask> was humiliated, refused a royal commission, and agreed to relieve him of the responsibility of manning Fort Cumberland because he was ruled in <mask>'s favor only in the matter of Dagworthy.The British Forbes expedition was assigned to capture Fort Duquesne. <mask> did not agree with General John Forbes' tactics. Forbes made <mask> a brigadier general and gave him command of one of the three brigades that would assault the fort. <mask> saw only a friendly fire incident which left 14 dead and 26 injured, while the French abandoned the fort and valley before the assault was launched. <mask> left his commission and returned to Mount Vernon. There were twenty Indian attacks on the frontier in ten months. Virginia's frontier population suffered less than other colonies as the number of men in the regiment increased from 300 to 1,000.This was <mask>'s only unqualified success during the war according to some historians. He gained self-confidence, leadership skills, and knowledge of British military tactics even though he failed to


title: George Washington

texts: realize a royal commission. <mask> supported a strong central government because of the destructive competition he saw among colonial politicians. <mask> married Martha Dandridge Custis on January 6, 1759, at the age of 26. The marriage took place at Martha's estate; she was intelligent, gracious, and experienced in managing a planter's estate, and the couple created a happy marriage. Eleanor and <mask> Parke Custis were raised by Jacky and Martha "Patsy" Parke Custis. Martha may have sustained injury during the birth of her final child, making additional births impossible, since <mask>'s 1751 bout with smallpox is thought to have rendered him sterile.The couple didn't have any children together. He became a political figure when he was a planter of tobacco and wheat at Mount Vernon. The marriage gave <mask> control over Martha's one-third dower interest in the Custis estate, and he managed the remaining two-thirds for Martha's children. His social standing increased as he became one of Virginia's wealthiest men. During the French and Indian War, Governor Lord Botetourt fulfilled a 1754 promise of land bounties to all-volunteer militia. <mask> inspected the lands in the Ohio and Great Kanawha regions and enlisted William Crawford to subdivide them. Crawford allotted to <mask>, who told the veterans that their land was unsuitable for

masks:
Washington
Washington
George Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts: farming, and he agreed to purchase, leaving some feeling they had been deceived.He doubled Mount Vernon's population of slaves to more than 100 by the 18th century. <mask> supported <mask> Fairfax in his 1755 bid to represent the region in the Virginia House of Burgesses. <mask> and another Virginia planter, William Payne, were involved in a physical altercation. <mask> ordered officers from the Virginia Regiment to stand down. <mask> apologized to Payne at a bar. Payne was expecting to be challenged. <mask> held local offices and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, representing Frederick County for seven years beginning in 1758.While serving on the Forbes expedition, he plied the voters with beer, brandy, and other beverages. He won the election with 40 percent of the vote, defeating three other candidates with the help of several local supporters. He became a critic of Britain's taxation policy and mercantilist policies towards the American colonies in the 1760s. <mask> imported luxuries and other goods from England and paid for them by exporting tobacco. He was in debt by 1764 due to his overspending and low tobacco prices. Because of erosion and other soil problems, he changed Mount Vernon's primary cash crop from tobacco to wheat and expanded operations to include corn flour milling and fishing. <mask> enjoyed fox

masks:
Washington
George William
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts: hunting, fishing, dances, theater, cards, backgammon, and billiards.<mask> was included in the political and social elite in Virginia. He invited some 2,000 guests to his Mount Vernon estate, mostly people of rank, and was known to be very friendly with them. Legislation was presented in the Virginia Assembly to establish an embargo on goods from Great Britain. <mask>'s step-daughter died in his arms from epileptic attacks at the age of 12. He wrote to Burwell Bassett that it was easier to conceive than to describe the distress of the family. He stayed with Martha for three months. Prior to and during the American Revolution, there was opposition to British Parliament.His disdain for the British military began when he was passed over for promotion. He was opposed to taxes imposed by the British Parliament on the Colonies without proper representation, as well as the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which banned American settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains. Washington celebrated the repeal of the Stamp Act of 1765 because he thought it was an "Act of Oppression". The Declaratory Act was passed in March 1766. The American Revolution was spurred on by the interference of the British Crown in American lucrative western land speculation. Washington was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217

masks: Washington Washington


title: George Washington

masks:
George
Washington
George Mason
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts: Virginia Convention and the First Continental Congress, where he was selected as a delegate. He helped train county militias in Virginia and organized enforcement of the Continental Association boycott of British goods as tensions rose. On April 19, 1775, the American Revolutionary War began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The colonists were divided into two groups, one that wanted to remain subject to the King and the other that wanted to break away from British rule.The commander of British forces in America at the beginning of the war was General Thomas Gage. <mask> left Mount Vernon to join the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia after hearing of the war. <mask> was nominated by Samuel and John Adams to be the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. <mask> was chosen because of his military experience and the belief that a Virginian would better unite the colonies. He was a leader who kept his enthusiasm in check. Congress elected him commander in chief the next day. <mask> gave an acceptance speech on June 16 after declining a salary, though he was later reimbursed expenses.John Adams proclaimed that he was the man best suited to lead and unite the colonies after he was commissioned. <mask> was appointed "General & Commander in chief of the army of the United Colonies and of all the forces raised or to be

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts: raised by them", and instructed to take charge of the siege of Boston on June 22, 1775. Major General Philip Schuyler and Major General Charles Lee were chosen by Congress to be his primary staff officers. Colonel Benedict Arnold was given responsibility for launching an invasion of Canada by Washington. The French and Indian War General Daniel Morgan was also engaged by him. <mask> promoted Henry Knox to colonel and chief of artillery after he impressed Adams with his knowledge of ordnance. At the start of the war, <mask> opposed the recruiting of blacks, both free and enslaved, into the Continental Army.Washington banned their enlistment after he was appointed. The British saw an opportunity to divide the colonies, and the governor of Virginia made a promise to slaves if they joined the British. Desperate for manpower, Washington relented and overturned his ban. One-tenth of Washington's army were black at the end of the war. <mask> wanted to enforce the terms of the preliminary Treaty of Paris by returning slaves freed by the British to slavery. He made the request to Sir Guy on May 6. All former slaves in New York City were allowed to leave before the city was evacuated by the British in November of 1783.After the war, <mask> was accused of questionable conduct as Commander in Chief by General Lee, who published a book about it. In a

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts: letter of May 30, 1785, <mask> of Lee's request to publish his account was assured that he would take the liberty to suppress such expressions as appeared to be the ebullitions of a disappointed and irritated mind. <mask> told Goddard to let the impartial and dispassionate world draw their own conclusions. In response to the growing rebellion, London sent British troops to occupy Boston. They made the city impervious to attack. The British were trapped in the city by various local militias. As Washington headed for Boston, word of his march preceded him, and he was greeted everywhere.He set up his Cambridge, Massachusetts headquarters and inspected the new army there, only to find an undisciplined and badly equipped militia. Benjamin Franklin's suggested reforms were initiated after consultation. <mask> ordered his officers to identify the skills of recruits to ensure military effectiveness. He asked Gage to release captured officers from prison and treat them well. General Gage of command was replaced by General William Howe after King <mask> declared that the colonies were in open rebellion. The Continental Army was reduced by half to 9,600 men by January 1776 and had to be supplemented with the militia. When the Charles River froze over, <mask> was eager to cross and storm Boston, but General Gates and others were opposed to untrained

masks:
Washington
Washington
Washington
George III
Washington


title: George Washington

texts: militia striking well-garrisoned fortifications.In order to force the British out of Boston, <mask> agreed to secure the Dorchester Heights, 100 feet above the city. On March 9, under cover of darkness, <mask>'s troops bombarded British ships in Boston harbor. British troops and Loyalists evacuated Boston on March 17 from 120 ships. <mask> entered the city with 500 men with explicit orders not to plunder the city. He ordered vaccinations against the disease in New Jersey. He left civilian matters in the hands of local authorities in Boston. The first major military initiative by the newly formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War was the Invasion of Quebec.General Philip Schuyler was authorized by Congress to investigate and begin an invasion. General <mask> sent a support force to Quebec City after Benedict Arnold convinced him to do so. The aim of the campaign was to get French-speaking Canadians to join the revolution in order to take the Province of Quebec from Great Britain. One expedition left Fort Ticonderoga under Richard Montgomery and was almost captured by the British. Benedict Arnold left Cambridge, Massachusetts and traveled through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec City. The two forces were defeated at the Battle of Quebec. On April 13, 1776, the Battle of Long Island Washington arrived in New York City

masks:
Washington
Washington
Washington
George Washington


title: George Washington

texts: and began to fortify the area.The abuses Bostonian citizens suffered at the hands of British troops during their occupation was why he ordered his forces to treat civilians and their property with respect. The Loyalist Mayor of New York David Mathews was one of 98 people arrested for their involvement in a plot to assassinate or capture him. Washington's bodyguard was hanged for sedition. General Howe knew that the city of New York was crucial to securing the continent. <mask> was the leader of the British war effort in England. More than a hundred ships and thousands of troops arrived on Staten Island on July 2 to lay siege to the city. Congress declared the united colonies to be "free and independent states" after the Declaration of Independence was adopted.Howe's troop strength was mostly regulars, while <mask>'s was mostly raw recruits and militia. Howe landed 20,000 troops at Gravesend, Brooklyn, as <mask> declared the American colonies to be traitors. <mask> chose to fight because of inaccurate information about Howe's army. Howe inflicted 1,500 casualties on <mask>'s flank in the Battle of Long Island. General William Heath was instructed by <mask> to acquire river craft. The army crossed the East River under darkness to Manhattan Island without loss of life or materiel, but General William Alexander was captured. <mask> was

masks:
George Germain
Washington
George III
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts: dispatched by Howe as "<mask>, Esq."It is futile to negotiate peace. <mask> did not want his men to be hanged if captured, so he refused to be addressed with diplomatic protocol. The earthworks on lower Manhattan Island were bombarded by the Royal Navy. <mask> listened to the advice of Generals Greene and Putnam to defend Fort Washington. <mask> abandoned it despite General Lee's objections as his army retired north to the White Plains. <mask> was forced to retreat to Fort Lee because of Howe's pursuit. Howe landed his troops on Manhattan in November and captured Fort Washington.The retreat was delayed because <mask> was responsible. Loyalists in New York spread a rumor that <mask> had set fire to the city. When Lee was captured, patriotism fell to its lowest point. <mask>'s army was reduced to 5,400 troops and Howe broke off pursuit, delaying his advance on Philadelphia and setting up winter quarters in New York. Lee's replacement John Sullivan joined him as he crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. The future of the Continental Army was in doubt due to lack of supplies, a harsh winter, and desertions. <mask> was disappointed that many New Jersey residents were not in favor of independence.<mask> and his generals launched a surprise attack on the Hessian garrison at Trenton, dubbed "Victory or Death", after Howe split up his

masks:
George Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

masks: Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts: Rall was one of 22 killed, 83 wounded, and 850 captured with supplies. On January 3, 1777, <mask> retreated across the Delaware River to Pennsylvania and launched an attack on British regulars at Princeton, with 40 Americans killed or wounded and 273 British killed or captured.The American Generals were being driven back by the British when <mask> arrived and led the men in a counterattack which advanced to within of the British line. Some British troops retreated after a brief stand, while others took refuge in Nassau Hall, which became the target of Alexander Hamilton's cannons. The British surrendered in less than an hour after <mask>'s troops charged. Howe retreated to New York City where his army remained inactive. <mask>'s Continental Army took up winter headquarters in New Jersey, disrupting British supply lines and expelling them from parts of New Jersey. <mask> said the British could have defeated his troops before they were dug in. <mask>'s victories at Trenton and Princeton changed the course of the war.The British were still in control of New York after the winter campaign. Congress instituted harsher punishments for desertion to increase troop numbers. The British strategy of showing overwhelming force followed by offering generous terms was defeated by <mask>'s victories. The British realized they were in a position to

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts: demand independence after hearing of the American victories. British General John Burgoyne led the campaign to capture Fort Ticonderoga in July 1777 in order to divide New England and control the Hudson River. General Howe in New York took his army south to Philadelphia rather than up the Hudson River to join Burgoyne. <mask> and de Lafayette rushed to Philadelphia to engage Howe and were shocked to learn of Burgoyne's progress in upstate New York.<mask>'s army of less experienced men were defeated in Philadelphia. Howe marched into the nation's capital at Philadelphia after outmaneuvering <mask> at the Battle of Brandywine. The British were attacked in October. Some members of Congress considered removing <mask> from command because of the losses incurred at Philadelphia. The matter was dropped after <mask>'s supporters resisted. After the plot was exposed, he resigned and returned to France. <mask> was concerned with Howe's movements during the campaign to the north, and he was also aware that Burgoyne was moving south from Quebec.<mask> sent reinforcements north with Benedict Arnold, Gates' most aggressive field commander, and Benjamin Lincoln. Burgoyne tried to take Bemis Heights but was not supported by Howe. He surrendered after the Battle of Saratoga, after being forced to retreat. <mask> suspected that Gates' victory would

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington


title: George Washington

texts: delegation to check the Army's conditions. Changes must be made.Congress agreed to strengthen and fund the army's supply lines after he recommended that they expedite supplies. Supplies began arriving in late February. Washington's recruits were transformed into a disciplined fighting force after Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben's drilling. Von Steuben was made chief of staff by Washington. The French entered into a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans after Burgoyne's defeat. The treaty amounted to a French declaration of war against Britain after it was approved by the Continental Congress. June and Washington summoned a war council of American and French Generals after the British evacuated Philadelphia.The British were commanded by General Henry Clinton and he chose a partial attack on them. Generals Charles Lee and Lafayette moved with 4,000 men, without <mask>'s knowledge, and bungled their first attack. <mask> drew after an expansive battle. Washington moved his army outside of the city at nightfall as the British continued their retreat to New York. <mask> valued the safety of his army more than the towns of the British in his last battle in the North. <mask> was "America's first spymaster" because he designed an espionage system against the British. The Culper Ring was formed by Major Benjamin Tallmadge to collect


title: George Washington

texts: information about the British in New York.Benedict Arnold had distinguished himself in many battles and <mask> ignored his disloyalty. British spymaster John André was supplied with sensitive information by Arnold in order to compromise Washington and capture West Point, a key American defensive position on the Hudson River. Possible reasons for Arnold's treachery include his anger at losing promotions to junior officers or slights from Congress. He was deeply in debt, profiteering from the war, and disappointed by <mask>'s lack of support during his court-martial. <mask> agreed to the command of West Point in August. Arnold gave André plans to take over the garrison. Arnold escaped to New York after being captured by the militia.The commanders positioned under Arnold at key points around the fort were recalled by <mask>, but he did not suspect Arnold's wife. <mask> took personal command at West Point. Clinton refused to allow <mask> to return André to the British in exchange for Arnold, even though <mask> had offered to return him to the British in exchange for Arnold. His last request was to face a firing squad, but he was hanged on October 2, 1780. General Clinton sent 3,000 troops from New York to Georgia and launched a Southern invasion against the city. The British war effort was strengthened when they repelled an attack by the


title: George Washington

texts: French naval forces. Britain's Indian allies were forced out of New York in the late 17th century after Washington Iroquois attacked the warriors of the Six Nations.More than 200 frontiersmen were killed by Indian warriors and Loyalist rangers in June, laying waste to the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania. <mask> retaliated by ordering General John Sullivan to lead an expedition to destroy the villages and take their women and children hostage. They fled to Canada. The worst winter of the war was when <mask>'s troops went into quarters in New Jersey. New York Harbor was frozen over, snow and ice covered the ground, and the troops lacked provisions. In January 1780, Clinton assembled 12,500 troops and defeated Benjamin Lincoln who had only 5,100 Continental troops. The South Carolina Piedmont was occupied by the British in June.General Charles Cornwallis commanded 8,000 troops when Clinton returned to New York. The British already had the South in their grasp after Lincoln failed in South Carolina and Congress replaced him with Horatio Gates. When Lafayette returned from France with more ships, men, and supplies, <mask> was rejuvenated. <mask> encouraged Rochambeau to move his fleet south to launch a land and naval attack on Arnold's troops. <mask>'s army went into winter quarters at New Windsor, New York in December 1780, and he urged


title: George Washington

texts: Congress and state officials to expedite provisions in hopes that the army would not continue to struggle. Congress passed the Articles of Confederation on March 1, but the government that took effect on March 2 did not have the power to tax the states. General Clinton sent Benedict Arnold, a British brigadier general with 1,700 troops, to Virginia to capture Pompey, and <mask> responded by sending Lafayette south to counter Arnold's efforts.Cornwallis in Virginia was the better place to end the war because <mask> wanted to bring the fight to New York. <mask> saw the advantage when Grasse's fleet arrived off the Virginia coast. He made a gesture towards Clinton in New York. The combined forces of the Continental Army commanded by General <mask>, the French Army commanded by the General Comte de Rochambeau, and the French Navy commanded by Admiral de Grasse defeated the British in the Battle of Yorktown. The "celebrated march" began on August 19 and was led by <mask> and Rochambeau. <mask> commanded an army of 7,800 Frenchmen, 3,100 militia, and 8,000 Continentals. <mask> often referred to the judgment of General Rochambeau and used his advice about how to proceed, but Rochambeau never challenged <mask>'s authority as the battle's commanding officer.The French navy defeated the British at the Battle of theChesapeake, while the British


title: George Washington

texts: army was trapped in Yorktown. <mask> fired the shot that started the final American offensive. The last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War took place in 1781, when over 7,000 British soldiers were made prisoners of war. <mask> negotiated the terms of surrender for two days, and the official signing ceremony took place on October 19 when Cornwallis was absent due to illness. As a gesture of goodwill, <mask> hosted a dinner for the American, French, and British generals, all of whom fraternized on friendly terms and identified with one another as members of the same professional military caste. Relations between the newly independent America and Britain were threatened after the surrender at Yorktown. <mask> wrote a letter to Hazen stating that a British captain would be executed in reprisal for the execution of Huddy.<mask> wanted Lippincott to be executed, but he was turned down. Charles Asgill was chosen by drawing lots from a hat. The 14th article of the Yorktown Articles of Capitulation protects prisoners of war from being retaliated against. <mask> acknowledged Asgill's letter and situation in a letter of November 13, 1782, expressing his desire not to see any harm to him. After much consideration between the Continental Congress, Alexander Hamilton, Washington, and appeals from the French Crown, Asgill was finally


title: George Washington

texts: released and allowed to travel to New York. When peace negotiations began in April 1782, the British and French began to leave their forces. Congress promised officers a five-year bonus after suppressing the Newburgh Conspiracy and the American treasury was empty.Washington advanced to the army with an account of $450,000. The account was settled, though it was vague about large sums and included expenses his wife had incurred through visits to his headquarters. The committee led by Alexander Hamilton began adapting the army for peacetime. Washington gave the Army's perspective to the committee in his Sentiments on a Peace Establishment. He told Congress to keep a standing army, create a national militia, and establish a navy and a military academy. On September 3, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed, and Great Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States. Washington gave a farewell address to his soldiers on November 2.Washington oversaw the removal of British forces from New York and was greeted by parades and celebrations. He said that Colonel Henry Knox had been promoted to commander-in-chief. <mask> and Clinton took possession of the city. <mask> resigned as commander-in-chief in December of 1783, refuting Loyalist predictions that he would not relinquish his military command. In his final appearance in


title: George Washington

texts: uniform, he gave a statement to the Congress, commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God. <mask>'s resignation showed a skeptical world that the new republic wouldn't descend into chaos. Washington was appointed president-general of the Society of the Cincinnati in the same month.He served in this capacity for the rest of his life. <mask> was longing to return to Mount Vernon, where he spent just ten days out of years of war. He was happy to be free of the bustle of a camp and the busy scenes of public life when he arrived on Christmas Eve. During a visit to his mother at Fredericksburg in February 1784, he was fted and he received a constant stream of visitors wishing to pay their respects to him at Mount Vernon. <mask> took a trip to check on his land holdings in the Ohio Country after he reactivated his interests in the Great Dismal Swamp and Potomac canal projects. Although his financial situation was not strong, he oversaw the completion of the remodeling work at Mount Vernon, which transformed his residence into the mansion that survives to this day. He owed a lot of taxes and wages after being paid in wartime currency.During his absence, Mount Vernon saw persistently poor crop yields due to pests and poor weather. His estate ran a deficit for the eleventh year in a row in 1787. Washington


title: George Washington

texts: cultivated a range of fast-growing trees and shrubs that were native to North America. King Charles III of Spain gifted a Spanish jack to him in 1784. He believed that proper bred mules would change agriculture and transportation in the United States. Washington called for a strong union during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. He was worried that he might be criticized for interfering in civil matters, but he sent a letter to all the states that said the Articles of Confederation was not more than a rope of sand.He believed that the nation was on the verge of anarchy and confusion, that it was vulnerable to foreign intervention, and that a national constitution would unify the states. <mask> was convinced that a national constitution was needed when Shays' Rebellion erupted in Massachusetts. The new republic was feared to have descended into lawlessness by some nationalists and they met together to ask Congress to revise the Articles of Confederation. Getting Washington to attend was one of their biggest efforts. Each state was to send delegates to the Constitutional Convention that Congress agreed to hold in Philadelphia in 1787. <mask> was chosen to lead the Virginia delegation on December 4, 1786, but he declined on December 21. He consulted James Madison and others about the legality of the convention.He was persuaded to attend


title: George Washington

texts: by the fact that his presence might cause reluctant states to send delegates and smooth the way for the ratification process. <mask> told Governor Edmund Randolph that he would attend the convention but made it clear that he was urged to do so. <mask> arrived in Philadelphia on May 9, 1787. <mask> was unanimously elected to serve as president general after Benjamin Franklin nominated him. The purpose of the convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation with "all such alterations and further provisions" required to improve them, and the new government would be established when the document was "duly confirmed" by the several states. Madison's Virginia Plan was introduced by the Governor of Virginia on the third day of the convention. <mask> recommended a new constitution and a national government.On July 10, Washington wrote Alexander Hamilton, "I almost despair of seeing a favorable issue to the proceedings of our convention and do therefore repent having had any agency in the business." He gave his prestige to the work of the other delegates. <mask> told him that the adoption of the Constitution was desirable and that the alternative would be anarchy. The new government's transition was evaluated by Washington and Madison at Mount Vernon. <mask> was elected the Chancellor of William & Mary on January 18th, 1788, after the Board


title: George Washington

texts: of Visitors of the College of William & Mary decided to re-establish the position of Chancellor. <mask> accepted the position of the 14th Chancellor of the College of William & Mary after receiving an invitation from the College Rector. He was president until his death on December 14, 1799.The delegates to the Convention anticipated a <mask> presidency and left it to him to define the office once elected. Washington suspected that most republicans had not voted for the president after the state electors voted for him. There wasn't a Congressional quorum to count the votes because of the mandated March4 date. After the votes were counted, Congressional Secretary Charles Thomson was sent to Mount Vernon to tell Washington that he had been elected president. Washington won every state's electoral votes and John Adams received the next highest number of votes to become vice president. <mask> left the "domestic felicity" of Mount Vernon to be inaugurated in New York City. <mask> took the oath of office at Federal Hall in New York City on April 30, 1789.His coach was led by militia and a marching band and followed by statesmen and foreign officials in an inaugural parade with a crowd of 10,000. The militia fired a 13-gun salute after Chancellor Robert R. Livingston administered the oath using a Bible provided by the Masons. Washington read a


title: George Washington

texts: by Washington. The old Confederation had weak leadership, a small bureaucracy, a large debt, worthless paper money, and no power to establish taxes. He used to work in an executive department and relied on the advice of Tobias Lear to pick his officers.When the United States did not have a navy, Barbary pirates preyed on American merchant ships in the Mediterranean. In 1789, Congress created the State Department in July, the Department of War in August, and the Treasury Department in September. Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State, Edmund Randolph was Attorney General, Samuel Osgood was Postmaster General, and Henry Knox was Secretary of War. Alexander Hamilton was appointed Secretary of the Treasury. <mask>'s cabinet was not mandated by the Constitution. Washington's cabinet members formed rival parties with sharply opposing views. <mask> did not participate in the debate and restricted cabinet discussions to topics of his choosing.He asked cabinet opinions in writing and expected department heads to carry out his decisions. <mask> was against the formation of parties because they thought it would undermine republicanism. He used his veto power carefully, writing that "I give my signature to many Bills with which my judgement is at variance." The First Party System was ended by his closest advisors. The Secretary of the Treasury


title: George Washington

texts: formed a party to promote national credit. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson founded the Jeffersonian Republicans. <mask> favored Hamilton's agenda and it resulted in bitter controversy.November 26 was declared as a day of Thanksgiving by Washington. It is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the goodness of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and to implore His protection and favor. He spent that day visiting people in prison and giving them food and beer. In response to two antislavery petitions presented to Congress in 1790, slaveholders in Georgia and South Carolina threatened to blow the trumpet of civil war. naturalized citizenship was denied to black immigrants, blacks were barred from serving in state militias, and two more slave states were admitted. Washington signed the Fugitive Slave Act on February 12, 1793, which allowed agents to cross state lines to capture and return escaped slaves. Many free blacks in the north thought the law would allow bounty hunting and kidnappings of blacks.The Fugitive Slave Act gave effect to the Constitution's Fugitive Slave Clause. The House voted 48 to 7. On the anti-slavery side of the ledger, Washington signed a reenactment of the Northwest Ordinance which freed all slaves brought after 1787 into a vast expanse of federal territory north of the Ohio River,


title: George Washington

texts: except for slaves escaping from slave states. The new U.S. Constitution took effect in 1789. The Slave Trade Act was signed by Washington and limited American involvement in the slave trade. Congress admitted the free state of Vermont into the Union as the 14th state on March 4, 1791. Hamilton had devised various plans to address matters in the first term of National Bank Washington.The federal government was challenged by the establishment of public credit. In exchange for moving the nation's capital temporarily to Philadelphia and then south near Georgetown, Jefferson agreed to Hamilton's debt proposals in the Compromise of 1790. Both the Funding Act of 1790 and the Residence Act were signed into law by Washington. The nation's debts were assumed with funding provided by customs duties and excise taxes. The First Bank of the United States was advocated by Hamilton. Congress easily passed the bank. Hamilton believed that the new bank was beyond the authority granted by the constitution.Washington signed the legislation on February 25 and the rift between Hamilton and Jefferson became public. The nation's first financial crisis happened in March. The markets returned to normal by mid-April, after Hamilton's Federalists exploited large loans to gain control of U.S. debt securities. <mask> was in the middle of a feud after Jefferson


title: George Washington

texts: believed that Hamilton was part of the scheme. Both Jefferson and Hamilton were against political principles. Both Hamilton and Jefferson believed in a strong national government requiring a national bank and foreign loans to function, but Jefferson resented the idea of banks and foreign loans. The two men entered into disagreements and infighting.Jefferson told Washington that Hamilton's fiscal system would lead to the overthrow of the Republic if he continued to support <mask>. <mask> urged them to call a truce, but they didn't. After his first term, <mask> reversed his decision to retire, but the feud continued after he was re-elected. <mask> almost got rid of Jefferson from the cabinet because of his political actions, his support of the National Gazette, and his attempt to undermine Hamilton. Party affiliation became necessary for election to Congress after the feud led to the well-defined Federalist and Republican parties. <mask> did not protect Hamilton from congressional attacks. The Hamilton–Reynolds sex scandal opened Hamilton to disgrace, but <mask> still held him in very high esteem as the dominant force in establishing federal law and government.Congress imposed an excise tax on distilled spirits to help reduce the national debt, which took effect in July. Grain farmers protested in Pennsylvania's frontier districts,


title: George Washington

texts: comparing their situation to excessive British taxation before the Revolutionary War. <mask> assembled his cabinet to discuss how to deal with the situation. Unlike <mask>, who had reservations about using force, Hamilton was eager to suppress the rebellion by using federal authority and force. <mask> didn't want to involve the federal government in the initiative, but they didn't take military action. <mask> called up state militias on August 7. He reminded the protesters that the Federal law was issued by state-elected representatives, unlike the rule of the British crown.The Whiskey Rebellion began because of threats and violence against tax collectors. The use of military force was threatened by Washington on September 25. Washington invoked the Militia Act of 1792 because the federal army was not up to the task. Washington gave the command to Light-Horse Harry Lee to lead the troops into the districts. The remaining rebels dispersed after 150 prisoners were taken. Washington exercised his Constitutional authority for the first time and pardoned two prisoners who had been condemned to death. The new government was protected by Washington's action.This is the only time an incumbent president has commanded troops in the field and it was the first use of federal military force against the states. <mask> considered certain self-created


title: George Washington

texts: secured by the treaty. It angered France and was invited to war, according to Jefferson. John Adams was succeeded by a war after relations with France deteriorated. Washington recalled James Monroe because of his opposition to the Treaty. The French Directory declared the authority to seize American ships two days before <mask>'s term ended because the French refused to accept his replacement. Washington tries to be even-handed in dealing with the Natives according to Ron Chernow. Washington wanted them to abandon their nomadic hunting life and adapt to fixed agricultural communities like white settlers.He maintains that Washington never advocated for the forcible removal of tribes and that he berated American settlers who abused natives as long as they entertained the opinion that there was not the same. <mask> had a lifelong obsession with getting Indian land, either for himself or for his nation, and initiated policies and campaigns that had devastating effects in Indian country. The dispossession of Indian people was demanded by the growth of the nation. <mask> wanted the process to be painless and that Indian people would give up their lands for a fair price. He felt that the expeditions he sent to destroy Indian towns were justified if Indians refused and resisted. During the fall of 1789, Washington had to contend with the British


title: George Washington


title: George Washington

texts: retire after his first term, but many Americans didn't think anyone else would take his place. After nearly four years as president, and dealing with infighting in his own cabinet and with partisan critics, <mask> showed little enthusiasm in running for a second term. James Madison told him that his absence would allow the political rift in his cabinet and the House to get worse. If <mask> decided to retire, Jefferson would also retire if he continued his attacks on Hamilton. <mask>'s absence would be seen as the greatest evil by the country, according to Hamilton.<mask>, <mask>'s nephew and his manager at Mount Vernon, was critically ill and had to be replaced, increasing <mask>'s desire to retire and return to Mount Vernon. <mask> did not announce his candidacy until after the election. He consented to run because he wanted to prevent a further political-personal rift in his cabinet. On February 13, 1793, the Electoral College unanimously elected him president and John Adams as his vice president. <mask> arrived alone at his inauguration. <mask> was sworn in as an Associate Justice on March 4, 1793, in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall in Philadelphia, and immediately retired to his house in poor health. On April 22, 1793, during the French Revolution, <mask> issued his famous Neutrality Proclamation and was resolved to pursue "a

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title: George Washington

texts: conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent Powers" while he warned Americans not to intervene in the international conflict.Washington asked the French minister to be recalled over the Citizen Gent Affair because he recognized France's revolutionary government. Gent was hostile to Washington's neutrality policy. He procured four American ships as privateers to strike at Spanish forces in Florida while organizing militias to strike at other British possessions. During <mask>'s presidency, his efforts failed to draw America into the foreign campaigns. Jefferson resigned from Washington's cabinet on July 31, 1793. The first six federal frigates were commissioned to fight Barbary pirates after Washington signed the Naval Act of 1794. In January 1795, Hamilton, who wanted more income for his family, resigned and was replaced by <mask>.Washington's relationship with his Secretary of War deteriorated. There was a rumor that he profited from construction contracts on U.S. Frigates. In the final months of his presidency, Washington was accused of being ambitious and greedy, while he argued that he had risked his life in battle. He said in his farewell address that the press was a "diabolical force of falsehoods". At the end of his second term, <mask> retired for personal and political reasons, dismayed with personal attacks, and to


title: George Washington

texts: make sure that a real presidential election could be held. He didn't feel bound to a two-term limit, but his retirement set a precedent. <mask> is often credited with setting the principle of a two-term presidency, but it was Thomas Jefferson who first refused to run for a third term on political grounds.<mask> did not run for a third term of office because he believed his death in office would create an image of a lifetime appointment. The precedent of a two-term limit was created by his retirement. In May 1792, <mask> ordered James Madison to prepare a "valedictory address", an initial draft of which was entitled the "Farewell Address". Alexander Hamilton, Washington's Secretary of Treasury, did an extensive rewrite of the manuscript in May 1796. David Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser published the final version of the address. Washington said that a united America would safeguard freedom and prosperity. He warned the nation of three dangers: regionalism, partisanship, and foreign entanglements, and said the "name of American, which belongs to you, in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local discriminations."Washington said that the United States must concentrate on its own interests. He warned against foreign alliances and their influence in domestic


title: George Washington

texts: affairs. He advised against involvement in European wars. He said that religion and morality are indispensable supports in a republic. Hamilton's ideology and economic policies were favored by Washington. After initial publication, many Republicans, including Madison, criticized the Address and believed it was an anti-French campaign document. Washington was pro-British according to Madison.Madison was suspicious of who wrote the Address. TheFarewell Address was printed and published with the laws, by order of the legislatures, as an evidence of the value they attached to its political precepts, and of their affection for its author. The Farewell Address was referred to as the Declaration of Independence and Gettysburg Address in 1972 by Washington scholar James Flexner. Ron Chernow reported in 2010 that the farewell address was one of the most influential statements on Republicanism. <mask> retired to Mount Vernon in March 1797 and devoted time to his plantations and other business interests. His plantation operations were only minimally profitable, and his lands in the west (Piedmont) were under Indian attacks, with the squatters refusing to pay rent. He tried to sell them.He became even more committed to the cause. He convinced John Marshall to run for Congress in order to weaken the Jeffersonian hold on Virginia. <mask> wrote to


title: George Washington

texts: Secretary of War James McHenry to organize President Adams' army after becoming restless in retirement due to tensions with France. The "Quasi-War" began when French privateers seized American ships in 1798 and relations deteriorated with France. Adams nominated him for a lieutenant general commission and the position of commander-in-chief without consulting Washington. <mask> served as the commanding general from July 13, 1798, until his death 17 months later. He was involved in the planning of the army, but he wasn't involved in the details.In advising McHenry of potential officers for the army, he appeared to make a complete break with Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans: "you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white, as to change the principles of a profest Democrat; and that he will leave nothing un attempted to overturn Hamilton was given the active leadership of the army. <mask> did not assume a field command during this period. <mask> was known to be rich because of Mount Vernon's "glorified faade of wealth and grandeur", but most of his wealth was in the form of land and slaves. He built a distillery to make whiskey. According to historians, the estate was worth $1 million in 1799 dollars. He bought land parcels to spur development around the new Federal City named after him, and he sold individual lots to middle-income


title: George Washington

texts: investors, believing they would commit to making improvements.On December 12, 1799, <mask> inspected his farms on horseback. He had guests over for dinner when he came home late. He was well enough to mark the trees for cutting despite having a sore throat. He was still cheerful despite his chest congestion. He woke up with an inflammation of his throat and difficulty breathing, so he ordered <mask> to remove a portion of his blood. His family summoned doctors. After <mask> died, Dr. William Thornton arrived.<mask> was thought to have quinsy by Dr. Brown and Dr. Dick. <mask>'s condition deteriorated further as they continued the process of bloodletting. The others disapproved of Dr. Dick's proposal because they weren't familiar with the procedure. <mask> told Brown and Dick to leave the room, but he was not afraid to go. <mask>'s death came quickly. His private secretary was told to wait three days before his burial out of fear that he would be entombed alive. Martha was seated at the foot of his bed when he died.His last words were "'Tis well", from his conversation with Lear. He died at the age of 67. The Speaker's chair was shrouded in black after Congress adjourned for the day following <mask>'s death. His body was buried at Mount Vernon four days after his death. The procession was led by cavalry and foot soldiers. Most of the

masks: Washington George Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts: mourners at the Mount Vernon funeral service were family and friends. The funeral service by the vault was read by Reverend Thomas Davis, followed by a ceremony performed by various members of Washington's Masonic lodge in Alexandria, Virginia.Harry Lee was chosen by Congress to deliver the eulogy. Church bells rang in the cities as word of his death traveled slowly. Memorial processions were held in major cities of the United States after the death of <mask>. Martha wore a black mourning cape and burned their correspondence to protect their privacy. There were two letters from Martha to <mask> and three from <mask> to her. Since <mask>'s death, the cause of his death and the diagnosis of his illness have been subjects of debate. The account was published.They stated that his symptoms were consistent with cynanche trachealis, a term used to describe severe inflammation of the upper windpipe. Since <mask>'s death, there have been accusations that he had been bled to death. Various modern medical authors have speculated that he died from a severe case of epiglottitis complicated by the given treatments, most notably the massive blood loss which caused hypovolemic shock. <mask> was buried in the old <mask> family vault at Mount Vernon, situated on a grassy slope overspread with willow, juniper, cypress, and chestnut trees. <mask> left

masks: Washington George George Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts: instructions in his will for the construction of a new vault after the old one needed repair. <mask>'s estate was worth an estimated $780,000 at the time of his death in 1799. <mask>'s net worth included his 300 slaves.Washington had title to more than 60,000 acres of land. A vault was built after a disgruntled ex-employee tried to steal <mask>'s skull. <mask> and Martha's remains were to be received in a new vault at Mount Vernon. The Congressional committee considered moving his body from Mount Vernon to a crypt in the Capitol. After the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812, the crypt was built by architect Charles Bulfinch. If the country became divided, many were concerned that Washington's remains could end up on a shore foreign to his native soil, so they kept his remains in Mount Vernon. On October 7, 1836, Washington's remains were placed within a marble sarcophagus designed by William Strickland and constructed by John Struthers.An outer vault was built around the sarcophagus and it was sealed. The sarcophagi of <mask> and <mask> can be found in the outer vault, while the remains of other <mask> family members can be found in the inner vault. <mask> had a strong presence among others but was somewhat reserved in his personality. He was not a noted orator or debater. He was taller than most of his peers, he

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title: George Washington

texts: equestrian.Blueskin and Nelson were two of his favorite horses. <mask> was said to be the best horseman of his age and the most graceful figure that could be seen on horseback by Thomas Jefferson. He attended the theater frequently and was an excellent dancer. He drank in moderation but was morally opposed to excessive drinking. <mask>, the great-great-grandfather of Religion and Freemasonry <mask>, may have caused his heirs to emigrate to America due to his troubles with the Church of England. <mask> became a member of the Church of England in 1732 when he was an infant. He was a vestryman and churchwarden for more than 20 years.He publicly encouraged people and the nation to pray. He may have taken communion on a regular basis prior to the Revolutionary War, but he did not do so after, for which he was admonished. <mask> believed in a "wise, inscrutable, and irresistible" Creator God who was active in the Universe. He referred to God as Providence, the Creator, or the Almighty, and also as the Supreme Being. He believed in a divine power who watched over battlefields, was involved in the outcome of war, and was involved in American politics, specifically in the creation of the United States. According to Ron Chernow, <mask> avoided Christianity, hellfire-and-brimstone speech, and communion because of his religiosity. <mask> never used

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