title: David L. Downie

texts: change.The group first met in 2005 and held a series of public and private meetings over the next five years. <mask> organized two side event panels during the sessions of the global climate negotiations that featured presentations by Roundtable Participants, including himself, and also discussed the climate policy, the Roundtable, and related issues at other events during the climate negotiations and in other forums. Anthropology, Applied Ethics, Biology, Business, Chemistry, Economics, English, Engineering, Environmental Studies, Philosophy, Politics, and Physics are just some of the departments and schools that have faculty in the environmental studies program. One of the nation's "Cool Schools" from the Sierra Club and the "Guide to 286 Green Colleges" were both included in the same year. The university was honored by the EPA with a 2010 Energy Star CHP Award. <mask> accepted a Green Coast Award on behalf of the university. His education includes a B.A.In Political Science from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and in Philosophy from Duke University. He attended high school in Minnesota. <mask> is the son of <mask>, Jr., Executive Editor of the Washington Post from 1991–2008 and Barbara Sims, an environmental lawyer. Carl Sims, a newspaper editor, married Ms. Sims in the early 1970s. <mask> married a specialist in internal medicine at Yale University. <mask> and Whitman have two children. The daughter of an economist and a professor at the University of Pittsburgh is also the granddaughter of a mathematician.Malcolm Whitman is a professor at Harvard University. <mask> is <mask>'s brother; <mask> is his half-brother; <mask> is his half-sister; and Carl Sims, Jr. is <mask>'s step-brother. The 8th edition of Books Global Environmental Politics was co-authored by Professor Pamela Chasek. In 2021. Pamela Chasek is the author of Global Environmental Politics, 7th Edition. Westview Press was published in 2016 Pamela Chasek is the author of Global Environmental Politics, 6th Edition.Westview Press was published in 2004. Pamela Chasek is the author of

masks:
Downie
Downie
David Downie
Leonard Downie
Downie
Downie
Scott Downie
David Downie
Joshua Downie
Sarah Downie
David Downie


title: David L. Downie

type: paraphrased

texts: Global Environmental Politics, 5th Edition. Westview Press was published in 2010. Climate Change: A Reference Handbook was published in 2009, with Pamela Chasek and Janet Welsh Brown. Westview Press was published in 2006 The book was translated into German and published as Handbuch Globale Umweltpolitik. The Global Environment: Institutions, Law and Policy was published in 2005.Terry Fenge is the author of Northern Lights against POPs. The University Press of McGill-Queens. Pamela Chasek and <mask> wrote a book on environmental politics. The University of Michigan Press is forthcoming. <mask>. Ozone Depletion: Elements of Success in Global Environmental Policy was written by Paul Harris. New York: Routledge.They are <mask> and Jennifer Bernstein. Case Studies in the Environment is an analysis of author, editor, and case characteristics. January. Case Studies in the Environment is an analysis of author, editor, and case characteristics. <mask>. The Global Environment, 5th Edition contains a chapter titled "Global Environmental Regimes and the Success of the Global Ozone Policy." CQ Press is in Washington.They are: <mask>, Jessica Templeton. Is it a good idea to experiment with TripleCOPs: productive innovation or counter-productive complexity? Politics, Law and Economics are covered in International Environmental Agreements. A year ago. The First Six Years of JESS: Categorizing Authors and Topics was published by <mask>. The journal deals with environmental studies and sciences. A year ago.There is a book called 10.1007/s13412-017-0448-3. Carlos Rezende, Brian Walker, Dina Franceschi, and <mask> are all related. The Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences published "Mercury Concentrations and Awareness in Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil: Baseline Measures for Evaluating the Minamata Convention." There is no time for complacency in evaluating the ongoing success and continued challenge of global ozone policy. The Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Volume 5, Issue 2 is Springer's "Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol." London: Earthscan. In The

masks:
David Downie
David Downie
David Downie
David Downie
David Downie
David Downie
David Downie


title: David L. Downie

texts: Global Environment, 4th Edition, there is a chapter on international environmental regimes and the success of global ozone policy.CQ Press is based in Washington. In Paul Harris's Handbook of Global Environmental Politics, there is a chapter onspheric ozone depletion. The Handbook of Global Environmental Politics was written by Jessica Templeton. The Handbook of Global Environmental Politics was written by Paul Harris. New York: Routledge. "The Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol and Global Policy to Protect Ozone" is a chapter in Chemicals, Environment, Health: A Global Management Perspective. In 2012 Taylor and Francis.The book is called "Global Environmental Regimes." The Global Environment is the 3rd edition. CQ Press was published in 2011. "Preventive Planetary Care" is written by <mask>ntim and is part of Climate Change: Picturing the Science. W.W.Norton was born in 2009. In The Global Environment: Institutions, Law & Policy, 2nd Edition, "Global Environmental Policy: Governance through Regimes" is written by <mask> and Norman Vig. CQ Press was in Washington in 2005.In The Global Environment: Institutions, Law & Policy, 2nd Edition, there is a paper by J. Krueger and H. Selin on Global Policy for Toxic Chemicals. CQ Press was in Washington in 2005. The United Nations and the Global Environment in the 21st Century: From Common Challenges to Shared Responsibilities was written by Pamela S. Chasek. The United Nations University Press was published in 2000. "The Power to destroy: Understanding Ozone Politics as a Common Pool Resource Problem" was written by J. Samuel Barkin and George Shambaugh. State University of New York Press was published in 1999. "Road Map or False Trail: Evaluating the Precedence of the Ozone Regime as a Model and Strategy for Global Climate Change."The International Environmental Affairs was published in the fall of 1995. "UNEP and the Montreal Protocol: New Roles for International Organizations in Regime Creation and Change" is a book. The Greenwood Press was published in 1995. Duke University Trinity College of Arts and Sciences alumni

masks:
Lyndon Valice
David Downie


title: DeWitt Clinton

texts: <mask>, whose name was almost always spelled De Witt during his lifetime and until the late 20th century, was an American politician and naturalist. He was the mayor of New York City and the sixth governor of New York. He was responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal. <mask> was a major candidate for the American presidency in 1812, challenging James Madison. A nephew of two-term U.S. vice president and New York governor <mask>, <mask> served as his uncle's secretary before launching his own political career. <mask> was elected to the New York State legislature as a Republican in 1798. Senator.<mask> was the Mayor of New York City and the lieutenant governor of New York State. <mask> received the support of the Federalists and a group of Democratic-Republicans who were dissatisfied with Madison in the 1812 presidential election. <mask> won most of the Northeastern United States and did better than the other two candidates. <mask> was affiliated with the Democratic-Republican Party after the election. <mask> oversaw the construction of the Erie Canal while he was governor of New York. <mask> believed in the power of infrastructure improvements to transform American life, drive economic growth, and encourage political participation. He influenced the development of infrastructure in both New York State and the United States.The second son of Major-General <mask> and his wife Mary De Witt was born on March 2, 1769. The hamlet of Little Britain is in the western part of New Windsor. He attended Kingston Academy and began his college studies at the College of New Jersey before transferring to King's College, the first class to graduate under the school's new name. Representative <mask> Jr., the half-brother of U.S. Representative James G<mask>, and the cousin of Simeon De Witt. <mask> was the governor of New York at the time. He joined the Democratic-Republican Party. <mask> was a member of both the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.He was a member of the Council of Appointments. He was elected by the

masks:
Clinton
Clinton
George Clinton
DeWitt Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
James Clinton
George Clinton
. Clinton
George Clinton
Clinton


title: DeWitt Clinton

texts: New York State legislature to fill the United States Senate seat that had been left vacant by the resignation of John Armstrong Jr. He resigned as mayor of New York City due to unhappiness with his living conditions in the newly built city of Washington, DC. He was the mayor of New York from 1802 to 1816. He was a leader in launching the Erie Canal and was the president of the New-York Historical Society. He was president of the American Academy of the Fine Arts between 1813 and 1817. He was a regent of the University of the State of New York.In 1814, <mask> was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society and served as its vice president. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1816. The office of lieutenant governor of New York was vacant after the death of John Broome. <mask> defeated Nicholas Fish and Marinus Willett in a special election to become lieutenant governor. <mask> was chosen as the party's vice presidential nominee instead of challenging James Madison for the presidency in 1812. After <mask>'s death, the elder <mask>'s supporters switched to <mask> <mask>. <mask> ran for president for both the Federalist Party and a small group of antiwar Democrats.<mask> was defeated by President Madison in the close election of 1812. <mask> received 89 electoral votes. It was the strongest showing of any candidate for the U.S. presidency since 1800, and a change in the votes of one or two states would have given <mask> the victory. After the resignation of Daniel D. Tompkins, who had been elected vice president, he won a special gubernatorial election in which he was the only candidate. <mask> became governor of New York on July 1, 1817. He was re-elected in 1820, defeating Vice President Tompkins in a close race, and served until 1822. During his second term, the New York State Constitutional Convention moved the beginning of the term from July 1 to January 1 and cut off the last six months of his three-year term.<mask> was not renominated by his party to run for re-election in November 1822,

masks:
Clinton
Clinton
George Clinton
George Clinton
Clinton
DeWitt
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton


title: DeWitt Clinton

texts: so the election was moved from April to November. He was the president of the Erie Canal Commission. In April 1824, most of his political opponents, the Bucktails, voted in the New York State legislature for his removal from the Canal Commission, which caused such a wave of indignation among the electorate that he was nominated for governor by the People's Party and was re-elected governor. He served two terms and died in office. <mask> was a Freemason. The "Holland" Lodge No. initiated him. He was elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New York in 1806.<mask> was the first, second, and third grand master of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templar in the United States. He held the title until his death. The William Morgan Affair took place in Batavia. Morgan, who threatened to expose the rituals of Freemasonry, disappeared and is thought to have been murdered by Masons. <mask> increased the reward for information and conviction until it reached $2,000. The Masonic Fraternity went through a period of decline in the United States because of the scandal, and <mask>'s proclamations had no effect. The Grand Lodge of New York established the DeWitt Clinton Award to recognize distinguished or outstanding community service by non-Masonic organizations or individuals whose actions demonstrate a shared concern for the well-being of mankind and a belief in the worldwide Brotherhood of Man.<mask> was a member of the Erie Canal Commission. He was one of the first members who planned and surveyed the route to be taken. <mask> was responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal. He agreed to support the construction of a canal from the eastern shore of Lake Erie to the upper Hudson River. The project was derided as "<mask>'s Folly" and "DeWitt's Ditch" by opponents. He persuaded the legislature to give $7 million for its construction. <mask> opened the canal and traveled in a packet boat to Buffalo.After riding from the mouth of Lake Erie to New York City, he emptied two casks of water from Lake Erie into New York Harbor to celebrate

masks: Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton


title: DeWitt Clinton

texts: the first connection of waters from the East and West. The canal carried a huge amount of passenger and freight traffic. The cost of moving freight between Buffalo and Albany went from $100 to $10 per ton, and the state was able to quickly recover funds spent on the project by collecting tolls along the canal. After the completion of the canal, <mask> was hailed as a hero by the public. The newspapers of the time reflected the change in public opinion. They had previously been critical of <mask> and the canal. The efforts of Gov. were the subject of an article in the New Hampshire Sentinel.<mask>'s work to advance the best interest of the State over which he presides is appreciated by both his constituency and the public abroad. He will be remembered for his work in favor of the canal and his name will be associated with it. The Bank for Savings in the City of New-York was established to serve laborers and the poor. <mask> was married twice. On February 13, 1796, he married Maria Franklin, daughter of a New York merchant named Walter Franklin and descendant of John Bowne and Elizabeth Fones. At the time of her death in 1818, he had ten children and four sons and three daughters. George William <mask> was the mayor of Buffalo, New York from 1842 to 1843.<mask> was not related to him. <mask> married the daughter of a New York physician on May 8, 1819. Mary Gelston was the mother of David Gelston, the Collector of the Port of New York. She outlived her husband. <mask>'s brother, Lieutenant <mask>, was an original member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati. He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society. <mask> left his family in poor financial condition when he died.He had handled his finances poorly while he was an administrator. The <mask> family was in debt after the death of the governor. A single creditor put in a $6,000 claim. Fearing that he might not get his money, the creditor obtained a judgment that resulted in a public sale of most of the <mask> family possessions. There was nothing left to

masks:
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Alexander Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton


title: DeWitt Clinton

texts: help the <mask> family after the sale of the property to satisfy the judgment. The family had no place to bury the governor after he received the grandest of state funerals. His widow did not have the funds to purchase a grave site.<mask>'s remains were placed in the family vault of Dr. Samuel Stringer, an old friend and fellow Mason from Albany. Enough money was collected to provide a suitable burial after 16 years. The remains of <mask>, who had been deposited in the cemetery in Swan Street, were removed to New York for interment under a monument created by the family. <mask> was buried at the Green-Wood Cemetery. <mask> was a leader in civic and state affairs, such as improving the New York public school system and encouraging steam navigation. The locomotive was named after <mask>. Whitestone, New York, reverted to its traditional name after the governor's death, but he is still remembered by Clintonville street, a major local road.There was an engraved portrait of <mask> on the Legal Tender issue of the United States Note. An example can be found on the website of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. The first chair for the <mask> <mask> Professorship of American History was held at Columbia University. The Erie Canal's bicentennial began in 2017: the 200th anniversary of the original canal's opening, and will continue through 2025. On the steps of Federal Hall in lower Manhattan, Kyle Jenks read <mask>'s 1816 canal manifesto. The Museum of the City of New York renovated a statue of <mask> in December of last year. In DeWitt's Footsteps, a book about the ruins of the original canal, was published by journalist Kenneth Silber.The semiquincentennial of <mask>'s birth took place on March 2, 2019. There were events at the Erie Canal Museum in Syracuse. After his New York Governorship, <mask> became a popular name. <mask>ia, a group of flowering plants, was named in honor of <mask>. The tobacco tax stamps of the late 1800s to early 1900s have his portrait on them. There are links to political graveyard bio at Erie canal

masks: Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton DeWitt Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton DeWitt Clinton Clinton


title: Camille O'Sullivan

texts: portray, such as the prostitute and sailor in 'Amsterdam'. "This production is a miracle...gripping and musically brilliant" is how the Guardian describes the performance of 'Beggar Woman' by <mask> in 2007.She starred in and co-created a one-woman adaptation of Shakespeare's The Rape of Lucrece at the Swan Theatre in 2011. The poem was commissioned by the Royal Shakespeare Company and depicts both protagonists and victims. O' Sullivan and Murray wrote the original music. She played opposite Lorcan Crannitch in The Lulu House for the Dublin Theatre Festival. The Tent Stage was headline at the London Festival in 2011. She was interviewed by David Frost in 2010. Barbican's Nick Drake tribute, Way to Blue 2009, with Martha Wainwright, Vashti Bunyan,Harper Simon, Stuart Murdoch and Blur's Graham Coxon are just a few of the tribute performances.Style <mask>'s performance style is dramatic and draws the audience into the stories and characters of the songs. Sometimes playful, sometimes with a 5 or 6 piece band, sometimes a cappella, as in her version of Brel's Amsterdam, or accompanied just by piano and taking everything down to a whisper for an emotional song. Red wine is a characteristic of her Irish roots, as she famously sips it throughout her performances. O'Sullivan has become a popular commodity in advertising and the media, particularly in Ireland, where she advertised Hennessy Cognac under the 'Pure Character' campaign, with the slogan 'Singing in English, French and sometimes German, I like to become different characters, showing each part of myself whether vulnerable She has appeared on the cover of Time Out London, the Sunday Independent's 'Life' Magazine, and the other time, Dublin's Dens of Desire. The Irish Tatler Woman of the Year Award was nominated for a Best Irish Female Music Artist Award. The Waterboys' lead singer Mike Scott was the former partner of O' Sullivan.There are external links to the list of Irish

masks: Camille Camille


title: Toren Smith

texts: <mask><mask> was a Canadian Manga translator and founder of Studio Proteus. By the age of four, <mask> had learned to read, and by the age of 12 he had won an award for writing. He sold his first magazine article at the age of thirteen, which included drawings by himself. In 1974 his science fair project in physics with Martin Brock won first place in the physics category and went on to compete in London, where they took an Honorable Mention. <mask> was introduced to comics by Brock. <mask> had been drawing for years and was influenced by B.C. newspaper strips. He began to look at the work of Jack Kirby and Walt Kelly.<mask> became interested in extreme sports when he was in high school. He was the youngest licensed hang glider pilot in Canada. He was one of the first in Canada to experiment with ice climbing tools and techniques at the Lac des Arcs climbing school. <mask> was active in the arts at school, working with the drama club, writing plays, and drawing for pleasure and sale. <mask> didn't attend university after graduating from high school and went on to work in a variety of jobs. He was able to combine climbing and motorcycle touring into long trips to places like Black Canyon and Joshua Tree. <mask> met Lela Dowling at a local science fiction convention in 1980.They were married in 1981 after hitting it off. <mask> moved to California in 1984. He became a part of the local SF and comics scene and began writing comics. James P. Hogan was to become a close friend of <mask>. <mask> moved to Japan in 1986 in order to found Studio Proteus, a company that was for more than two decades one of the top two producers of translated Manga for the English-speaking world.

masks:
Toren V
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: Toren Smith

texts: Hogan invited <mask> to accompany him to Daicon V, an SF convention in Osaka, Japan, at which Hogan was the guest of honor. The connections made by <mask> at this convention would prove valuable.<mask> chose Appleseed for his first publication in English after Masamune Shirow's award for best Manga at the convention. As <mask> was the first foreigner to come to Japan with the intention of selling Manga in America, he was given many opportunities to meet with curious publishers and professionals, once again a tremendous stroke of luck that allowed him to quickly arrange for several licenses. His life there was difficult as a sudden increase in the value of the yen just before he left had cut his seed money in half. He spent his first winter in Japan in a 12 m2 room with an outside bathroom and only cold running water. He used a small manual typewriter. <mask> only found out about the rental agency run by the mistress of a yakuza member when several "heavies" came to collect the rent from a neighbor. The owner lived behind the apartment and raised cacti in a greenhouse.<mask> worked as the apartment's manager for three months in exchange for free rent, but the arrangement ended when the yakuza found out. <mask> arrived in Japan weighing, but left nine months later because he didn't have enough money to eat. <mask> was assisted in extending his visa by a famous Japanese SF writer and translator, who wrote him a letter of recommendation. He returned to Japan and continued his work after spending several months in the United States working with Eclipse Comics. He was invited to stay at Gainax House, a house that was rented to house animators. There were bunk beds in every room.

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: Toren Smith

texts: <mask> was given a walk-in closet to live in, and he spent his second winter in Japan working off of a shelf on a IBM Selectric, which broke down and caught fire.<mask> is mentioned in Gainax's 2002 autobiography, The Notenki Memoirs: Not too long after the move, we became acquainted with another otaku who had come from North America. He was brought all the way across the ocean to Japan because of his love of Manga. He had run out of money and was having a hard time with it. <mask> had met Okada during our Osaka days. The Canadian visited the store with Hogan, who was in Japan for the convention. After hearing his foreign friend was down on his luck, Okada suggested we put him up at GAINAX House. After returning to North America, <mask> became the president of a publishing company in the U.S.He made a lot of connections while he was here, but he also got himself a beautiful Japanese wife. After we all woke up, the door to <mask>'s room opened and a young lady walked out. <mask>'s time at GAINAX House was challenging because the other inhabitants of the house had very loose ideas about hygiene. "Make no mistake, GAINAX House was a den of crazy men," said Takeda. Nobody cleaned or straightened up. When we received a visit from Hiroe, she was so sick by the smell that she couldn't sleep. She beat a hasty retreat after the color drained from her face.We decided to leave GAINAX House. The landlord was speechless when he came by to let us go from our contract. The house was demolished after we left. Tomoko Saitou was mentioned as the "beautiful Japanese wife". Saitou worked with Hiroe to illustrate her novels. The characters for the computer game Animal Magnetism were designed

masks: Smith Smith Smith Toren Toren Smith


title: Toren Smith

texts: by Saitou. She worked as a letterer for <mask>'s company after she joined him in the United States and continued to publish andIllustrate.<mask> and Saitou were married in 1991. One of the characters in the OAV series Gunbuster was named after <mask>. Background voices were contributed by <mask> and Saitou. <mask>'s company began co-publishing with Dark Horse in 1988 and continued until 2004. Their first novel was by Johji Manabe. <mask> traveled a lot from Japan to the United States. In order to save money early on, many of these trips were made as a "courier" for companies that used a passenger's baggage allowance to inexpensively ship valuable documents and cargo.<mask> was pulled aside at Customs and Immigration in front of an Immigration Officer who wanted to know why he was spending so much time in Japan. <mask> had a copy of The Legend of Kamui in his carry-on bag. <mask> was quickly cut loose after the officer realized he was a big fan of the original Manga. <mask> rented an apartment in San Francisco with comic artist Adam Warren and later purchased a house there as profit-sharing money began to roll in. <mask> worked as a translator on 34 Manga series, totaling over 80,000 pages. He co-authored the first three American Dirty Pair comics with Adam Warren. <mask> said that out of the top ten Manga he most wanted to work on when he moved to Japan, he ended up publishing nine.<mask> has appeared as a guest. <mask> retired in 2004 after selling most of his rights to Dark Horse. He spent his last years diving his KISS Sport rebreather around the world, camping and reading. <mask> died at the age of 52. The Dirty Pair: A Plague of Angels: Hunters and Killers is a comic

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Death Smith


title: Harold Schechter

texts: <mask> is an American true crime writer who specializes in serial killers. He taught American literature and myth criticism for forty-two years at Queens College, City University of New York. The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Los Angeles Times, and the International Herald Tribune have all featured his essays. He is the editor of True Crime: An American anthology. Maniac: The Bath School Disaster and the Birth of the Modern Mass Killer will be published in March 2021. He received his PhD from the State University of New York at Buffalo. <mask> is a professor at Queens College and specializes in American true crime, specifically serial murders of the 19th and early 20th century.He uses primary sources such as newspaper clippings and court records to provide thorough documentation of every case he profiles, while still creating compelling narratives and fully-fleshed-out characters. The Mad Sculptor: The Maniac the Model and the Crime that Shook the Nation was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 The author of an acclaimed series of detective novels based on the works of Edgar Allan Poe is also a crime historian. He has co-written a trilogy with his daughter, Lauren Oliver, under the

masks:
Harold Schechter
Career Schechter


title: Ferdinand Magellan

texts: <mask> was a Portuguese explorer and a subject of the Hispanic Monarchy from 1518. During the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific Ocean, he planned and led the first European navigation from the Atlantic to Asia. After the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines in 1521, some of the expedition's surviving members, in one of the two remaining ships, completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth. He was a skilled sailor and naval officer for the Portuguese Crown in Asia after being born into a family of minor Portuguese nobility. The King of Portugal refused to support the plan to reach the Maluku Islands by sailing around the American continent. King Charles I of Spain accepted the expedition proposed by Magellan, who left Portugal to face some criminal charges. He was considered a traitor by many in Portugal.He married, fathered two children, and organised an expedition. In 1518, for his loyalty to the Hispanic Monarchy, <mask> was appointed admiral of the Spanish Fleet and given command of the five-ship Armada of Molucca. He was made Commander of the Order of Santiago, one of the highest military ranks of the Spanish Empire. He was given special powers and privileges by the King and was able to lead the Armada from the southwest across the Atlantic Ocean to the eastern coast of South America. The "Peaceful Sea" was renamed after the expedition after they passed through the Strait of Magellan. The Philippine islands were reached by the expedition. The Battle of Mactan took place in April 1521.The expedition reached the Spice Islands under the command of captain Juan Sebastian Elcano. To avoid seizure by the Portuguese, the expedition's two remaining ships split, one attempting to reach New Spain by sailing eastwards across the Pacific, while the other sailed eastwards via the Indian Ocean and up

masks:
Ferdinand Magellan
Magellan


title: Ferdinand Magellan

texts: the Atlantic coast. The Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia was reached on previous voyages while in the Kingdom of Portugal's service. For the first time in history, a circumnavigation of the globe was achieved by a man when he traveled west. On February 4, 1480, <mask> was born in the Portuguese town of Sabrosa. Pedro de Magalhes was the mayor of the town. Alda de Mezquita was his mother.Diego de Sosa and <mask> were siblings. He was brought up as a page of Queen Eleanor. He joined the service of Manuel I, John's successor. Francisco de Almeida was the first viceroy of Portuguese India and at the age of 25 was enlisted in the fleet of 22 ships. Although his name does not appear in the chronicles, it is known that he was there for eight years. He was wounded in the battle of Cannanore. The battle of Diu was one of the 6 battles that changed the world.He sailed with Francisco Serro in the first Portuguese embassy to Malacca. The expedition fell victim to a conspiracy after arriving at Malacca. Sequeira was warned and risked his life to save Francisco Serro and others. The conquest of Malacca was done under the new governor Afonso de Albuquerque. After the conquest, Magellan was promoted with a rich plunder and, in the company of a Malay, he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513. Serro left in the first expedition to find the "Spice Islands". He married a woman from Amboina and became a military advisor to the Sultan of Ternate.His letters would give information about the territories. <mask> fell out of favor after taking a leave without permission. He was wounded and had a limp. He was accused of trading with the Moors. He received no further offers of employment after the accusations were proven false. He was offered an employment offer as a crew member on a Portuguese ship, but he turned it down. He left for Spain in 1517

masks:
Magellan
Isabel Magellan
Magellan


title: Ferdinand Magellan

texts: after he was denied his demands to lead an expedition to reach the spice islands from the east, in order to avoid the need to sail around the tip of Africa.He married the daughter of Diogo Barbosa's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa, after befriending him in Seville. They had two children who died at a young age. His wife died in 1521. The possibility of the Moluccas being Spanish and a gateway from the Atlantic to the South Pacific were investigated by <mask> in partnership with Faleiro. After having his proposed expeditions to the Spice Islands repeatedly rejected by the King of Portugal, <mask> gave up his Portuguese citizenship and turned to Charles I, the young King of Spain. Portugal was in charge of the eastern routes to Asia that went around Africa. The Spice Islands have never been reached by a western route.The expedition was approved by Charles and he provided most of the funding. The King of Portugal saw this as an insult, and he did everything in his power to disrupt the plans for the voyage. The coat of arms of the navigator was displayed at the family house's faade and may have been ordered to be vandalized by the Portuguese king. After he sailed to the open seas in August 1519, a Portuguese fleet was sent after him but failed to capture him. The ships in the fleet carried supplies for two years. The crew consisted of about 270 men of different origins, though the numbers may vary downwards among scholars based on conflicting data from the many documents available. Most of the crew were from Spain.The crew included seamen from France, Greece, Flanders, Germany, Ireland, England and Malaysia. The fleet left Spain on September 20, 1519, on their way to South America. They made their way to Rio de Brazil in December. They sailed south along the coast, looking for a way to go around the world. After

masks: Magellan Magellan


title: Ferdinand Magellan

texts: the neighboring island of the same name befriended the man and traded goods and supplies. After resting, he sailed deeper into the Visayas Islands. They moored off the island of Mazaua where they encountered a small boat. After talking with the crew of the boat, they were met by the two large warships of Rajah Kulambo, and one of them wasColambu.They met Kulambo's brother, Rajah Siawi, at Limasawa. The rulers were on a hunting trip. They told Magellan of their customs and the regions they controlled. The locals and tattooed rulers wore a lot of golden jewelry and golden artifacts, which caught the attention of Magellan. The first Mass in the Philippines was held on the island's highest hill. Before leaving, he asked the rulers for the next trading ports. They recommended he visit the Rajahnate because it was the largest.They arrived at the port of Rajah Kulambo on the 7th of April. The locals were going to be converted to Christianity. The island of Mactan resisted the new religion. The Europeans were defeated in the battle against the Mactan natives after they attempted to subdue them by force. After his death, co-commanders Juan Serrano and Duarte Barbosa succeeded him. The fleet left the Philippines in November 1521 after being betrayed by Rajah Humabon. They tried to set sail for Spain in December with spices, but only one of their two ships was seaworthy.The Victoria returned to Spain on 6 September 1522. Only 18 or 19 of the 270 men who left the expedition returned. After several weeks in the Philippines, Magellan converted as many as 2,200 locals to Christianity, including Rajah Humabon. Lapulapu was the leader of Mactan. On the morning of 27 April 1521, <mask> sailed to Mactan in order to gain the trust of Rajah Humabon. During the battle against Lapulapu's troops, <mask> was struck by a bamboo spear and later


title: Ferdinand Magellan

texts: surrounded and finished off with other weapons. In the immediate aftermath of the circumnavigation, few celebrated <mask> for his accomplishments, and he was widely discredited and reviled in Spain and his native Portugal.The Portuguese believed that <mask> was a traitor because he had sailed for Spain. The unflattering accounts of his actions given by the survivors of the expedition hurt his reputation in Spain. The first news of the expedition came from the crew of the San Antonio, led by Estvo Gomes, who deserted the fleet in the Strait of Magellan and returned to Seville 6 May 1521. The deserters were put on trial, but were found not guilty after producing a distorted version of the mutiny. It was assumed that the expedition had died. Beatriz was placed under house arrest with their young son after the Casa deContratacin refused to pay her husband's salary. The 18 survivors who returned to the Victoria in September 1522 were mostly against Magellan.The captain, Juan Sebastin Elcano, had participated in the rebellion. Elcano was invited to bring two guests by Charles on the ship's return. He did not include Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler. The men claimed that <mask> disobeyed the king's orders, that he unfairly favored his relatives among the crew, and that he disfavoured the Spanish captains. Antonio Pigafetta was one of the few remaining loyalists. Charles was presented with a hand-written copy of Pigafetta's notes from the journey, even though he wasn't invited to testify with Elcano. He traveled through Europe giving copies to other royals.Pigafetta's diary was published after he returned to Venice. Pigafetta's diary is believed to be the most thorough and reliable account of the circumnavigation, and its publication helped to counter the misinformation spread by Elcano. The captain-general's main

masks: Magellan Magellan Magellan


title: Ferdinand Magellan

texts: virtues were courage and perseverance, in even the most difficult situations, and for example he bore hunger and fatigue better than all. He understood navigation better than all of his pilots. He circumnavigated the world, which is the best proof of his genius. <mask> is renowned for his navigation and tenacity. The most important maritime voyage ever undertaken has been called the greatest sea voyage in the Age of Discovery.The failure of subsequent expeditions to retrace his route may have enhanced the appreciation of his accomplishments. 58 years after the return of the Victoria, the next expedition led by Francis Drake would not occur. The Strait of Magellan was named after the man who named the Pacific Ocean the Sea of Magellan. His name has also been applied to a number of other entities, including the Magellanic Clouds, which are two dwarf galaxies visible in the night sky of the southern hemisphere. Even though <mask> did not survive the trip, he received more recognition than Elcano, since Portugal wanted to recognize a Portuguese explorer, and Spain was afraid of Basque nationalism. Spain and Portugal applied to UNESCO to honor the circumnavigation route in honor of the 500th anniversary of the voyage. An exhibition titled "The Longest Journey: the first circumnavigation" was opened at the General Archive of the Indies in Seville by the King and Queen of Spain.The San Telmo Museum in San Sebastian was supposed to receive it in 2020. The Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation has a library in Madrid. Pigafetta was the chronicler of the expedition. List of things named after <mask>lan Age of Discovery Chronology of European exploration of Asia History of the Philippines Military history of the Philippines Portuguese Empire References Online sources On 2009-04-08, Primer viaje en torno del globo

masks:
Legacy Magellan
Magellan
Ferdinand Magel


title: Fred Rose (politician)

texts: <mask> was a Polish-Canadian politician and trade union organizer. He was a member of the Communist Party of Canada and the Labor-Progressive Party. He was the only member of the Canadian Parliament to ever be convicted of espionage for a foreign country. <mask> was born to a Polish Jewish family in Lublin, which was part of the Russian Empire. One of the six children in the family attended the "Gymnaste Humaniste de Lublin," a Jewish high school in which he learned to speak French. He attended Baron Byng High School in Canada when he was a child. He joined the Communist Party of Canada in 1925 after becoming involved with the Young Communist League of Canada.He was a person of interest for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. He made his political goals clear in the pamphlet "Smash the Embargo". He believed that the Communist Party of Canada would lead the Canadian workers to establish a similar system to that of the Soviet Union. <mask> was jailed for sedition in the 1930s for writing about the close connections between the Duplessis government and the fascist governments of Hitler and Mussolini. He was a close associate of Norman Bethune, a doctor who aided antifascist and communist fighters first in Spain during the Spanish Civil War and later in China. He was a candidate for the Communist Party of Canada in the 1935 federal election and came in second with 16.28% of the votes. He ran in the 1936 Quebec general election in the riding of Montréal–Saint-Louis for the Communist Party of Quebec and came in third.The Communist Party of Canada was banned in the early stages of World War II, and many of its leaders were held under the Padlock Law. The Labor-Progressive Party was reorganized after a public campaign. In

masks:
Fred Rose
Rose
Rose


title: Fred Rose (politician)

texts: 1943, <mask> ran as a Labor-Progressive candidate in the federal riding of Cartier. He won with 30% of the vote, beating David Lewis of the CCF and two others. He was the first Communist Party Member of Parliament in Canada. <mask> was re-elected in 1945 with 40% of the vote. Most of the riding's immigrant Jewish population voted for <mask> because of the perception that the Soviet Union was the main hope for saving Europe's Jews from Hitler.Most French-Canadians supported Paul Massé, <mask>'s main rival. <mask> proposed the first medicare legislation and the first anti-hate legislation as a Member of Parliament. The Gouzenko affair <mask> was caught up in the world political sea change after World War II, when the Soviet Union was seen as an enemy in the new reality of the Cold War. In July 1945, a young cipher clerk in the Soviet embassy in Canada was recalled to his homeland. In September 1945 Gouzenko defected and claimed to have evidence of a Soviet spy ring in Canada and the US. Few took Gouzenko's accusations seriously. The Kellock–Taschereau Commission was established in February of 1946 to investigate Gouzenko's evidence.The commission arrested and sequestered Canadians named in Gouzenko's documents without legal counsel and barred them from contact with the outside world until they were summoned before the commission. The ring of up to 20 Soviet spies was targeting primarily atomic weapon research from the Manhattan Project. An alleged co-conspirator testified that <mask> was involved in the operation. <mask> said the commission was designed to "smear honest and patriotic Canadians." <mask> was sentenced to prison for just one day longer than was necessary to deprive him of his seat in the House of

masks: Rose Rose Rose Rose Rose Rose Rose Rose Rose


title: Fred Rose (politician)

texts: Commons, because he was found guilty of conspiring to give information to the Soviets. If the will of the people is to prevail, if justice is to be done, there can be no question of my expulsion from the house. Speaker: If the will of the people is to prevail, if justice is to be done, there can be no question of my expulsion from the I should not be in the penitentiary but in the House of Commons.Parliament is the highest court. Through its actions in my case, it will decide if hysteria is to continue or if reason and justice are to prevail. Thank you, <mask>, M.P. He was expelled from the House of Commons on January 30, 1947, after his letter was returned unread. After four-and-a-half years in prison, <mask> was released in 1951. Attempting to find work in Montreal, he was tailed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, which pointed out to employers and workmates that he was a convicted spy. He went to Poland in order to get health treatment that he could not afford in Canada.He was the English-language editor of Poland, a magazine of Polish culture and civilization that was designed for sale in the West. He was unable to return to Canada to lead the fight to clear his name after his Canadian citizenship was revoked. The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Ellen Fairclough introduced the "<mask> amendment" to the Citizenship Act in order to prevent the removal of Canadian citizenship. The pages of the Prime Minister's diary relating to <mask> had gone missing, as had most of the other records relating to his case. <mask> died in Warsaw in 1983 and never returned to Canada. External links 1907 births 1983 deaths Labor-Progressive Party MPs Communist Party of Canada politicians convicted of espionage for the

masks:
Fred Rose
Rose
Fred Rose
Rose
Rose


title: Henry Aurand

texts: Lieutenant General <mask> was a United States Army career officer. He served in World War I, World War II and the Korean War. A graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, <mask> was ranked 20th in the class of 1915, known as the class the stars fell on, because no fewer than 59 members of the class who graduated became generals. His classmates included two of them, who later achieved five-star rank. He was in the Coast Artillery Corps when he was commissioned. He was an assistant to the officer in charge of the design and construction of the Aberdeen Proving Ground and was at the Sandy Hook Proving Ground from 1917 to 1919. The Army Command and Staff College, the Army War College, and the Army Industrial College were all attended by <mask>.He served in the Philippines from 1925 to 1927 and on the faculty of the school from 1929 to 1930. He taught at the Army War College from 1933 to 1937. The Director of Defense Aid during World War II was <mask>. In 1942, he became the Chief of the International Division, Army Service Forces and later the secretary of the Combined Production and Resources Board. He became the Commanding General of the Sixth Service Command in September 1942. In 1944, <mask> was assigned to the European Theater of Operations, the United States Army (ETOUSA) and the Communications Zone. He became the Commanding General, Normandy Base Section, in December 1944.He was the Commanding General of the United States Army Services of Supply in the China Theater. In 1946, <mask> was commander of the Africa-Middle East Theater after returning to the United States as the Commanding General of the Sixth Service Command. He was the last Director of Research and Development in the War Department. He became

masks:
Henry Spiese Aurand
Aurand
Aurand
Aurand
Aurand
Aurand


title: Henry Aurand

texts: the Director of Logistics in 1948. He held the position of Commanding General, United States Army, Pacific until his retirement in 1952. The only child of Peter Augustus <mask>, a conductor on the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, and his wife Annie Speise, <mask> <mask> was born on April 21, 1894. The family moved to Shamokin, Pennsylvania when he was eleven years old.He played violin in the school orchestra, captained the debating team, and edited the literary magazine at Shamokin Area High School. He sat the exam for the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, and received a nomination as an alternative, even though he wanted to go to Pennsylvania State College and become a civil engineer. <mask> declined the nomination when the principal candidate failed the physical examination. He would not take no for an answer, as he had already been declined twice. After a family discussion, it was decided that <mask> would go to West Point, serve the minimum four years, and then complete postgraduate engineer training at Pennsylvania State College. The class of 1915 became known as "the class the stars fell on" because no less than 59 of the group became generals. Eisenhower and Bradley were his classmates.West Point cadets chose which of the five combat arms of the Army they would join with each nominating in order of class rank, limited only by the quota set by each arm. <mask> had a completely free choice because he was ranked twentieth in the class. Most of the highest-ranking cadets chose to join the engineers, but <mask> chose the Coast Artillery because he wanted to become a mechanical engineer. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery. From September 11, 1915 to April 15, 1916, <mask> was posted

masks:
Aurand
Henry Spiese
Aurand
Aurand
Aurand
Aurand
Aurand
Aurand


title: Henry Aurand

texts: to the 169th Company at Fort Monroe, Virginia. He was in charge of civilian truck companies in El Paso, Texas, when he was sent to Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. On July 1, he was promoted to first lieutenant.He married the sister of a fellow officer in San Antonio, Texas, on July 13, 1916. Nancy Elizabeth Morrow was the oldest daughter of Sam Houston and her father was a Texas state senator and judge. They had two children, Evan Peter <mask>, who graduated from the United States Naval Academy with the class of 1938, and eventually rose to the rank of vice admiral, and <mask> (Hank) Spiese <mask> Jr., who graduated from West Point with the class of 1944. <mask> was a student officer at the Sandy Hook Proving Ground from October 3, 1916 to November 1, 1917. On July 25, 1917, he was promoted to captain. His first assignment was as an assistant to Major William R. King, who was in charge of the design and construction of the Aberdeen Proving Ground. He was promoted to major on January 14, 1918.He spent the rest of World War I working with civilian scientists on the development of flashless propellant at the Sandy Hook Proving Ground. After the war ended, <mask> returned to Fort Monroe as the ordnance officer at the Coast Artillery Training Center. He arrived at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, on March 21, 1920. On May 17 he reverted to his substantive rank of captain. He became the Adjutant and Disbursing Officer two days later. His wife left him. He was promoted to major on July 1, 1920, but reverted to captain on November 4, 1922.<mask> took a summer course at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology while he was a student officer at the Ordnance School in Massachusetts from September 10, 1921 to November 6, 1922. He argued that the complex tasks

masks: Aurand Henry Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand


title: Henry Aurand

texts: should be left to civilians and that ordnance officers should be trained in field repairs. He received an adverse efficiency report that rated him as being deficient in military bearing, neatness, tact and judgement and recommended that he only be given field service assignments. There was a chance that he would be given a mechanical engineering position. Peter was a ring bearer at his mother's wedding. On November 6, 1922, <mask> became the officer for the V Corps Area. He was in charge of the training of National Guard units from Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia.A staff officer in the office of the Chief of Field Service in the Ordnance Department, <mask> was promoted to major in the department for the third time on January 8, 1924. He was an officer of the Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays. Colonel Colonel Stanley D. Embick made him his G-4, the staff officer responsible for logistics, after recognizing his ability. He told <mask> that his true talent was here. On Embick's recommendation, <mask> attended the Command and Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, after which he became the G-4 of the V Corps Area from June 27, 1928 to August 16, 1930. In 1929, he was divorced a second time. <mask> attended the Army War College from August 17, 1930 to June 30, 1931.He produced a study about Germany's involvement in World War I. He worked on a study in Washington, DC. A new field manual was produced by him. He advocated replacement of horse-drawn transport with motor vehicles and was critical of the Army's policies. This was followed by duty at the Aberdeen Proving Ground. Eisenhower helped <mask> get an appointment to the War College faculty. He married Elizabeth Steele from Shamokin, Pennsylvania, on February 2,

masks: Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand


title: Henry Aurand

texts: 1933.Linda was their daughter. The course he taught at the War College was "Supply and Transportation in the Theatre of Operations". He felt that the faculty contained too many men from the combat arms. The commandant, assistant commandant, and five directors were all from the cavalry. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on April 1, 1936. He left for the Army Industrial College on September 6, 1939 after a tour of duty that lasted from June 28, 1937 to September 6, 1939. At the Army Industrial College, <mask> assisted in the production and development of an industrial mobilize plan, but he was critical of the process.The means should be determined first, and realistic ways and ends derived from them, if the notion of defining grand strategy is to be believed. He rejected the assumption that the public wouldn't approve of the creation of machinery for industrial use in peacetime, because he believed that logistics was the decisive factor in modern warfare. He attacked the approach to ammunition design in an article submitted to the Army Ordnance journal. The article was refused permission to be published by the Office of the Chief of Ordnance because it was too controversial. TheAssistant Fiscal Officer at the War Department, which was generally considered a dead-end job, may have been the next assignment for <mask>, because of his controversial views and insistence that he was right. He met with the G-4 of the War Department General Staff after complaining about his assignment. In June 1940, Moore reassigned <mask> to the Chief of the G-4 Requirements and Distribution Section.Lieutenant Colonel Albert W. Waldron was his deputy. He helped prepare estimates of the Army's requirements for the Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall, to

masks: Aurand Aurand Aurand


title: Henry Aurand

texts: be submitted to the Bureau of the Budget and Congress. There was a new need for Industrial Mobilization. The Office of Production Management was created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 7, 1941. The materiel requirements to mobilize an army of 500,000 by July 1, 1941, and 2,000,000 by July 1, 1942 were determined by <mask>, Knudsen, and Robert R. Nathan from the Commerce Department. The Army requested $3.97 billion for June 30, 1940. The creation of a consolidated logistical system was advocated by <mask>.He advocated the use of a cannon and the adoption of a jeep. Eisenhower was the Chief of Staff of the Third United States Army and Lieutenant Colonel LeRoy Lutes was his G-4. The performance of the logistical units in the maneuvers was poor, but <mask> was impressed with an IBM keypunch and sorting machine. The issue of the supply of arms to the British became contentious. The needs of the British and Canadians were taken into account by <mask>. The British delegation was headed by Lieutenant Colonel Donald Campion. The chief of the War Plans Division felt that Britain had already been defeated and that the US should focus on building up its own forces.The assistant secretary of war wanted the peacetime draft to be deferred until the troops could be adequately equipped. The study that formed the basis of the appropriation was prepared by <mask>. <mask>, who had hoped to concentrate on the Army's supply problems, was appointed the director of the Defense Aid, which was created in 1941 to administer the Lend Lease Program. He was answerable to four people: McCloy, Robert A. Lovett, Robert P. Patterson and Major General Brehon B. Somervell. On January 30, 1942, <mask> was promoted to brigadier general. The United States Army

masks: Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand


title: Henry Aurand

texts: Services of Supply was created in 1942. The assistant chief of staff for requirements and resources was put in charge of Aurand's International Division.The International Division was left as little more than a statistical reporting organization after some functions were transferred to the Operations Division of the War Department General Staff. On June 20, 1942, <mask> left the USASOS to become secretary of the Combined Resources and Production Board (CPB); Somervell and Patterson had pushed hard for <mask>'s appointment, possibly to get rid of him, and Jean Monnet had pushed for it from the Donald Nelson was the head of the American half of the CPB, but he served on a part-time basis, so <mask> was left in charge. There were differences between Clay and <mask>. After another clash between Clay and <mask> over allocations in September 1942, Somervell offered <mask> the command of the Sixth Service Command, with the promise of a promotion to major. <mask> accepted the fact that he was being kicked upstairs. He was promoted to the rank on September 8, 1942.He was told that he was selling his soul for something. The service commands were the successors to the old corps areas. They provided a variety of services to Army bases in their region. At 48 years old, <mask> was the youngest service command commander. The headquarters of the Sixth Service Command was in Chicago, Illinois. The majority of <mask>'s command was made up of men who were suitable for service on bases in the United States. The use of 1-B personnel freed up 1-A personnel.The 1-B personnel became efficient at their jobs since they were permanently assigned. All of Aurand's new 1-B recruits went through basic training. As manpower began to run short in 1943 and 1944, he

masks: Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand


title: Henry Aurand

texts: implemented Somervell's directives to replace as many 1-A personnel with 1-B as possible. The military police battalion was stationed at River Rouge Park during the 1943 Detroit race riot. The mayor of Detroit, Edward Jeffries, criticized <mask> for a tardy response to the crisis, which was due to not receiving a timely request for assistance from the governor of Michigan, Harry Kelly. The Women's Army auxiliary Corps was Aurand's biggest problem. Scenes of the father and daughter inspecting the troops appeared in newsreels.He had a weekly radio talk show on WBBM called The General's Review, which was an important part of his role. In 1944, the Blue Network broadcasted a series called 21 Stars that highlighted the work of each of the service commands. <mask> was the commander of the Sixth Service Command. <mask> was available for overseas duty at the Sixth Service Command. He felt that the most likely assignment would be in charge of an atoll somewhere in the Pacific, even though he welcomed the prospect. On October 20, 1944, he received a call from Major General Styer, the Chief of Staff of the Army Service Forces. The European Theater of Operations is where <mask> was ordered to go.<mask> met with Somervell during a stop in Washington. Somervell could not say if someone had requested his services. The person who turned out to be <mask>'s old teacher was Eisenhower. On his way to Paris, Eisenhower told <mask> about his problems and asked him to investigate. In the ETO and Communications Zone, <mask> would be the assistant chief officer. Major General <mask>. Sayler was a junior to <mask>. Eisenhower was assured that he had no objection to the arrangement.There were many causes of the crisis. Excess stockpiles built up during the North

masks:
Aurand
Aurand
Aurand
Aurand
Aurand
Aurand
Aurand
Aurand
Henry B
Aurand


title: Henry Aurand

texts: African campaign resulted in the curtailment of the production of ammunition, but expenditure in Europe, especially in heavy calibers, was greater than forecast, and ETO stocks were consistently below authorized levels. The American armies were attempting to break through the concrete and steel fortifications of the German Siegfried Line. The rapid advances of July and August caused the establishment of dumps and depots to be neglected due to the failure to capture and develop adequate ports. The system of rationing was put in place by the First Army when it was the senior American command on the continent, but its defects were still present when the 12th Army Group activated on August 1, 1944. The deviations from the standard procedures were noted by <mask>. At Verdun, he spoke to the Chief Ordnance Officer of the 12th Army Group, who blamed the situation on Lee and the CMZ.He was shown the plans for upcoming operations by the G-4 of the 12th Army Group. When <mask> inquired about the stocks held by the armies, he was told that they were no longer part of the theater reserves. The First Army had large stockpiles. Lieutenant General William H. Simpson, who he had known at the Army War College, welcomed him at the Ninth Army headquarters. Simpson reported that he had a good relationship with the Ninth Army staff and that they were willing to reveal details of their holdings. The G-4 of the War Department General Staff asked <mask> for his opinion of the command setup in ETO, and <mask> told him what he thought. Lieutenant General Walter B. Smith, Eisenhower's Chief of Staff, told <mask> that he would be demoted to colonel and sent home.<mask> had friends in high places. McCloy contacted Eisenhower after learning what had happened. On


title: Henry Aurand

texts: December 7, Betty wrote to <mask> that he wouldn't be fired. <mask> assumed command of the Normandy Base Section on December 17. He received the Bronze Star medal. The Normandy Base Section is no longer the main point of entry for American supplies. Two crises confronted <mask>.The Germans started the offensive on December 16. The main effect on the Normandy Base Section was that it would be called upon to provide manpower as reinforcements for combat units, two engineer battalions to construct and man defences along the Meuse, and additional service units to activated Antwerp. Half of the Normandy Base Section's 150,000 personnel would be required by these demands. <mask> replaced American soldiers with French civilians and German prisoners of war and placed greater reliance on the rehabilitated railway network. The troopship carrying 2,235 men of the 66th Infantry Division was sunk on Christmas Eve, with the loss of 763 American lives. <mask> was only able to supervise rescue operations and tour the hospitals where survivors were collected. Five people were hanged for rape and murder after <mask> assumed command of the Normandy Base Section.Seventeen people were sentenced to death in the month after that. The only African American general officer in the Army, Benjamin O. Davis, was asked by <mask> for a report. The report produced sobering conclusions. French civilians misrepresented and exaggerated rape charges against African Americans according to commanders of African American units. Davis's recommendations for improving the living and working conditions and recreational facilities for African Americans were adopted and carried through by <mask>. <mask> was the commanding general of the Normandy Base Section. Lieutenant General


title: Henry Aurand

texts: Albert C. Wedemeyer requested Lee's services.The Normandy Base Sectyion was expected to become busy again as troops were redeployed to the United States and the Pacific, but Lee conceded that if their positions were reversed he would leave. <mask> decided to go to China. <mask> was succeeded by his deputy. <mask> received a cluster of oak leafs for his services. The China Theater became the Commanding General, Services of Supply on May 25, 1945. Logistic challenges were represented by the theater. Much of the country was occupied by the Japanese, the logistical infrastructure of the hinterland still in Allied hands, and it lay at the end of a long line of communications over the Himalayas.In Europe, the organizational structures were not found in the manual. The conflict between his predecessor, Major General Gilbert Cheves, and theater headquarters was resolved by the theater staff. Given the size of the theater, <mask> felt he had no choice but to adopt a decentralized structure, with a base section around its headquarters at Kunming and broad authority delegated to the intermediate and advance section commanders. After arriving, <mask> tried to visit all the units under his command. The tents were heavy and bulky, so instead of flying them over the Hump, the men lived with Chinese families or in their own version of a peasant's hut. The men supplemented their diet with local purchases, which resulted in a high rate of diseases, and <mask> was no exception. The ragged appearance of his soldiers disturbed Aurand the most.He decided that by the first week of July everyone in China would be eating American food and getting new clothes. He was stymied on the latter due to global shortages. The ration situation of the Chinese soldiers that


title: Henry Aurand

texts: they were supporting was dire. It was <mask>'s responsibility to see that a ration built around rice, beans and peanuts was delivered. The diet of 185,000 Chinese soldiers was supplemented by the SOS. The capture of Fort Bayard, a port on the south coast of China, would allow supplies to be brought in by sea. It was supposed to start on September 1, 1945.The plan was almost impossible to support in the manner required, and likely to fail if it wasn't. The operation of a port under the prevailing conditions would be very difficult if it did succeed. The surrender of Japan on August 15 pre-empted the operation. <mask> told his soldiers that they still had a job to do, and that priority would be given to the combat troops. The general coming to convey the news was appreciated by them. The Chinese armies had to support the move into formerly occupied area, close the bases and depots, and dispose of equipment after the conflict. There was a Civil War in China.The Liquidation Commission came to see <mask> to protest his disregard of rules regarding the disposal of government property, after the war ended, all-Lease material was to be paid for in full or returned to the United States. The Liquidation Commission seemed oblivious to the fact that a poor country at the end of war could not possibly pay for the supplies, which would cost more to return to the United States. They were shown the door by <mask>. <mask> returned to the United States after theater headquarters absorbed SOS in 1945. He received a second oak leaf cluster for his service in China. After the war, <mask> went to see Eisenhower, who was the Chief of Staff of the Army. Eisenhower offered <mask> his old post of commanding general of the Sixth Service Command, and he


title: Henry Aurand

texts: accepted.Lieutenant General LeRoy Lutes, who had succeeded Somervell as the Chief of Army Service Forces, asked him to perform another assignment. He wanted <mask> to do the same thing in the Africa-Middle East Theater as he had done in the China Theater. It was long a backwater and now has 3,100 troops. It turned out to be more enjoyable than China, after <mask> accepted the assignment. His command ended on May 23, 1946, after the work was done. Lee, the commander of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, offered <mask> a position on his headquarters staff in Naples, as well as the command of the San Francisco Port of Embarkation. When Eisenhower offered <mask> the position of Director of Research and Development at the War Department, he accepted.After taking over, <mask> submitted a $600 million budget for Army Research and Development, but two thirds of it was for projects related to the Air Force, and with the creation of an independent United States Air Force and United States Atomic Energy Commission in 1947, the future of the Army Research The Logistics Division took over the functions of the Research and Development Division in 1947. <mask> was promoted to lieutenant general on January 22, 1948, after becoming the first commander of the Logistics Division. Long-term projects were emphasized by <mask>. When Kenneth Royall, the new Secretary of the Army queried <mask> about progress on missiles, <mask> replied that six missiles were under development, and his preference was for their continued development, rather than the immediate deployment of a version of the German V-2 rocket with some minor improvements. Any major re-equipment purchase would deplete the available funds quickly. A third of the Army's total budget was spent


title: Henry Aurand

texts: on procurement between 1948 and 1950.The equipment was purchased during World War II. The Army had 15,528 tanks, but only 1,762 were used. On March 21, 1949, Bradley, who had succeeded Eisenhower as Chief of Staff, appointed <mask> the Commanding General, United States Army, Pacific, a position he held until his retirement on August 31, 1952, when he was replaced by John W. O'Daniel. <mask> decided to buy a house in Hawaii because he enjoyed it so much. Eisenhower appointed <mask> to the South Pacific Commission. He wrote a column for The Honolulu Advertiser. In 1963, <mask> moved to St Louis, Missouri.He moved to California in 1977 and died there in 1980. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. His papers are in a library. Military decorations Dates of rank References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References

masks: Aurand Aurand Aurand Aurand


title: Waqar Younis

masks:
Waqar Younis Maitla
Waqar Younis
Younis
Younis


title: Waqar Younis

texts: youngest bowler in the history of the game. He is in the top ten of all time. He was a bowling coach for the national side. The Pakistan cricket team had a new coach on March 3, 2010.He resigned as Pakistan's cricket coach. He joined Sunrisers as their bowling coach. <mask> was hired by the PCB as Pakistan's new bowling coach on a 3-year contract. Pakistan's disappointing performance in the World Cup tournament led to the dismissal of Azhar Mahmood. <mask> was born to a Punjabi family in Burewala, Vehari district of Punjab, Pakistan. He attended the Government College in Burewala, Pakistan, as well as the Pakistan Islamia school in Sharjah. His father was a contract worker in the United Arab Emirates.He started playing cricket in Pakistan when he was a child. The nickname of the Burewala Express was earned when he traveled to Burewala to play cricket. He was a runner, a javelin thrower, a high jumper, a pole-vaulter and a leg-spinner during his school and college days. He is married to an Australian. Three of the couple's children hold dual citizenship. <mask> has lived in Australia since 2005. <mask> worked as a television sports commentator for Nine Network in Australia and Ten Sports in the United Arab Emirates.<mask> began his cricket career in Pakistan, playing for several first-class cricket clubs. He cut and removed his finger from his left hand after jumping into a canal. He continued his sporting career despite the accident. He was selected to be part of the national

masks: Younis Younis Younis Younis Younis


title: Waqar Younis

texts: side after being discovered by former Pakistan captain, Imran Khan. He was picked for the Pakistan camp out of the blue after only playing six first-class games. Imran was not present at the camp because he was not feeling well. There was a match between United Bank and Delhi XI in the Super Wills Cup.I was able to play that game after Saleem Jaffar was injured. He came to the ground to watch the end of the game. He told me that I will be going to Sharjah next month. For him to notify me of my selection after just meeting him was just out of this world. During the early 1990s, domestic English audiences became aware of Waqar's talent. He announced himself as one of the best contemporary bowlers when he took 114 in 582 overs for Surrey in 1991, at a mere 14.65 apiece. He attracted attention from the sporting public because of his excellent cricketing performances.He won the English County Championship in 1997. After narrowly missing a hat-trick, he took 7 for 25 in the match against Lancashire, which included a hat-trick. <mask> made his International cricket debut for Pakistan against India on the same day that Tendulkar made his debut. The 4th bowler in the match was <mask>, who took the 4th bowler in the match. He was known as the "Burewala Express" in the cricket media because of his speed. <mask> and Wasim Akram opened the bowling attack for Pakistan and it became a feared and potent attack. He achieved a hat-trick in a One Day International match against New Zealand in

masks: Younis Waqar Waqar


title: Waqar Younis

texts: 1994.He stayed out of the Pakistan team for a short time in 2000 due to conflicts with his bowling partner and captain. He was appointed the captain of Pakistan and returned to cricket. He had to deal with allegations of ball-tampering. Waqar was banned from playing in an international match for ball tampering and was fined 50% of his match fee. He was the first cricketer to be banned from playing in a match. He was involved in controversy during the World Cup. The first bowler to be disciplined in such a way during an international match was Waqar in the opening match against Australia.The Pakistanis went out of the group stage after losing to associate member teams. He was dropped from international selection after giving up the captaincy. <mask> retired from cricket in April 2004. He was the bowling coach for Pakistan. He resigned from this position on January 6, 2007, in protest of the Pakistan Cricket Board's decision to retain him only for the Test series against South Africa. He blamed captain Inzamam-ul-Haq for going with Mushtaq instead of him for the bowling coach position. In December 2009, he was re-appointed as Pakistan's bowling and fielding coach.<mask> was appointed the head coach of Pakistan in February 2010 due to the low level of performances of the national side during the tour of Australia earlier that year. The Pakistan team missing <mask> Khan, Mohammad Yousuf and Shoaib Malik to the 2010 World Twenty20 was <mask>'s first job as coach. The defending

masks: Waqar Younis Younis Waqar


title: Waqar Younis

texts: champion were eliminated from the tournament by Australia, who hit three sixes in the final over. The World Twenty20 was followed by the Asia Cup in which Pakistan lost to Sri Lanka by a narrow margin as their top order collapsed. Pakistan lost to India by one run thanks to a six by Harbhajan Singh in the last over. In the dead rubber between Pakistan and Bangladesh, Pakistan scored 385 runs and they easily won the match by 139 runs. There were two Twenty20's against Australia and two Test matches in England.Pakistan won both Twenty20's and lost the first Test by 154 runs. Pakistan defeated Australia in a Test match for the first time in 15 years. In 1995 the previous victory was assisted by a great bowling spell by <mask> <mask>. Pakistan headed in to the final Test match needing to win it to level the series after a controversial tour of England. The News of the World reported that three players were involved in spot- fixing. Pakistan's biggest defeat in history was due to the suspension of the three players. The next two T20 matches were won by England, and the series was won by England as well.This was followed by a tour of Abu Dhabi against South Africa. The batting collapse doomed Pakistan in the first Twenty20 match. Pakistan lost the series of five matches. Abdul Razzaq's performance of109* off 72 balls gave Pakistan the win. The two Tests with South Africa were not held. He said that it was time for Pakistan to prepare for the World Cup. Pakistan won 5 out of their 6

masks: Waqar Younis


title: Waqar Younis

texts: group matches and finished on top of their group at the World Cup.Pakistan beat the West Indies in the quarter-finals but lost to India in the semi-finals. <mask> stepped down as Pakistan coach in August of 2011 due to personal reasons, but a rift with the captain may have been a factor. In March of last year it was announced that he would join Sunrisers as their bowling coach. <mask> was reappointed as the head coach of the Pakistan Cricket team for a period of two years, starting in June and ending in May. The head coach of the Pakistan cricket team resigned on April 4, 2016 The cricket board failed to work on his recommendations and leaked a confidential report after the World T20. He will be the head coach for the third season of the Pakistan Super League.<mask> was appointed as a mentor for a team in the Bangladesh premier league. <mask> was reappointed as bowling coach of Pakistan Cricket team for a fourth time after the Cricket World Cup 2019. After Pakistan was unable to make it to the semi-finals of the 2016 International Cricket Council World Twenty20, <mask> <mask> was blamed for the team's poor performance. After winning against Bangladesh in the Twenty20, the team lost against New Zealand, India and Australia. Waqar begged for forgiveness from the nation and said that it could have been due to the lack of cricket in their own country. He blamed Pakistan's poor performance in the matches on player Shahid Afridi in his report. The report was submitted to the PCB and

masks: Waqar Waqar Waqar Waqar Waqar Younis


title: Waqar Younis

texts: then leaked to the media.He expressed his anger and said that the report was confidential, which caused fans on social media sites to express disappointment in him. <mask> accused Afridi of being non- serious during the matches and said Hafeez hid his knee injury, which affected their performance. He also said that other players didn't listen to him as a captain. It is most likely that the PCB leaked the report, as he said they were painting him as the bad guy and skipping a meeting to discuss it. He decided to focus on the leak despite his contract as coach ending in June 2016 and scrapped his retirement plans. <mask> said he didn't want to blame individuals but rather focus on the players. He said Akmal should not have been selected.He said that the team lost the Asia cup because they were 'unfit' and that it was like a holiday for them. He blamed poor captaincy from Afridi. After being hit for 38 runs in 3 overs, he said it was unfair for him to use a new bowler in the Asia Cup because it destroyed his confidence. There is no one who wants to hear the truth. The head coach of the team resigned after the T20 captain resigned. He said the PCB used him as a scapegoat and showed him as a villain by leaking the Twenty20 report. 3 months before his contract ended, he stepped down as coach and said that his salary should be invested in domestic cricket.He said that he tried his best to revive the team but they were unable to better their performance and his recommendations in the

masks: Younis Younis


title: Waqar Younis

texts: report were badly handled by the PCB. He said his services to Pakistan cricket should not be forgotten and that he was stepping down with a heavy heart. One of the first Pakistan fast bowlers to be successful at bowling reverse swing was <mask>, who was used as an old-ball bowler early in his career until Imran Khan retired. <mask> and Akram opened the Pakistan bowling attack in the 1990s. One of the most effective fast bowling partnerships in cricket history has to do with <mask> and Akram's ability to swing the ball at high speed. The ability to reverse swing and his speed led to him becoming one of the most talented bowlers in modern cricket. Waqar explained that with one side shiny, one side rough, the ball would move in the opposite direction to conventional swing.The ability to bowl inswingers and outswingers in the cricket pitch led to the ability to bowl inswingers and outswingers in the cricket pitch, which in turn led to the ability to take wickets by this variation of swing bowling. His fastest timed delivery in cricket was a delivery against South Africa in 1993 which was at 95.1 mph, but this was after he had suffered serious back injuries which had reduced his bowling speeds. <mask>'s bowling against South Africa in Sheikhupura in Pakistan is remembered for his effective use of the short pitched delivery. The English media were suspicious of the reverse swing delivery after Pakistan won the Test match series against England in 1992. The skill of the reverse swing

masks:
Style Waqar
Younis
Younis
Waqar


title: Waqar Younis

texts: delivery was unknown to the cricketing world and this led to accusations of foul play by critics, however cricket officials found no evidence of foul play and the skill of the reverse swing delivery has been accepted in cricket. Lasith Malinga, who became the first bowler in World Cup history to take two hat-tricks, said that he learned to bowl his yorkers from watching Pakistan's greats. Over the years several bowlers have learned and mastered the skill of reverse swing, but there are still some techniques that haven't been explored.There is a banana swing. The title of Banana Swing Bowler was given to <mask> <mask> because of his unique technique of swinging the ball in the air at high speed before hitting the ground. Banana swing balls have been delivered in most of his hat tricks. Even though he was a fast bowler, he was expensive at times and sometimes lacked the consistency of the other fast bowler. This may be due to the mentality of his former captain, who prioritised aggression and speed. The world's fastest sprinter and runner, who is from Jamaica, once said he loved the Pakistan cricket team when he was a child. I was a bowler and enjoyed watching <mask> <mask>, he was one of the greatest.When I realized I should support my home team, I stopped being a big Pakistan fan. When asked what he would do if there was a match between Pakistan and the Windies, Bolt said "I would support Pakistan, that's what I'm saying, when I was little, it was all about Pakistan." <mask> is

masks: Waqar Younis Waqar Younis Waqar


title: Waqar Younis

texts: the second best strike rate holder in Test Match Cricket with a minimum of 10,000 balls being bowled, he has a strike rate of 43.4 even after bowling 16224 deliveries, which made him second only to Dale Steyn who has a strike rate of 42.0. Waqar was named the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1992. He is the only bowler to have taken 5 in a row. He has taken the fastest 300, 350 and 400 paces in One Day International matches. Waqar scored over a thousand Test match runs during his career as a fast bowler.He was the only non-batsman to achieve a thousand runs without scoring a fifty. The best strike rate for a bowler is held by <mask>. The record for the best bowling figures as a captain in an One Day International is held by <mask> <mask>, who took seven for 36. He holds the record for scoring the most career runs when batting at number 10, with 478. In One Day International matches, he has taken the most five-wicket hauls. <mask> was in the Hall of Fame on December 9th. He became the 70th male to join the Hall of Fame, joining countrymen Hanif Mohammad and Zaheer Abbas as well as his former teammates.He said "it's a huge honour for me, I'm truly grateful to the people who've considered me worthy of such an honour." After Pakistan beat India for the first time in an International Cricket Council tournament, Waqar said that it was very special. He later apologized for the comment. References External links Pakistan Test cricketers Pakistan Test cricket captains Pakistan One Day

masks: Waqar Waqar Younis Younis


title: Socrates

texts: The founder of Western philosophy was a Greek philosopher named <mask>. The posthumous accounts of classical writers, particularly his students Plato and Xenophon, are the main source of information about the enigmatic figure. The Socratic dialogue literary genre was born out of these accounts, which were written in the style of question and answer. The Socratic problem is a situation where a reconstruction of the philosophy of <mask> is nearly impossible. In Athenian society, <mask> was a divisive figure. He was accused of impiety and corrupting the youth. He was sentenced to death after a day of trial.He was in prison for his last day. The most complete accounts of <mask> to survive from antiquity are Plato's dialogues. They show the Socratic approach to philosophy. The Socratic method and Socratic irony are both related to the Platonic Socrates. The Socratic method of questioning, or elenchus, takes shape in dialogue using short questions and answers, epitomized by those Platonic texts in which <mask> and his interlocutors examine various aspects of an issue or an abstract meaning, usually relating to one of the virtues. He used to say that the only thing he was aware of was his ignorance, in order to imply that the realization of our ignorance is the first step in philosophy. In the modern era, <mask> has continued to exert a strong influence on philosophers.An important role in the thought of the Italian Renaissance was played by <mask>, who was studied by medieval and Islamic scholars. As reflected in the works of Sren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche, interest in <mask> continues.

masks: Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates


title: Socrates

texts: Depictions of <mask> in art, literature, and popular culture have made him a well-known figure in the Western philosophy. Sources and the Socratic problem did not document his teachings. We don't know much about him, other than the accounts of Plato, the historian and the comic dramatist, who were both his pupils. The Socratic problem is caused by the often conflicting stories from these ancient accounts. The main source of information on <mask>'s life and thought is provided in the works of Plato, Xenophon, and other authors who use the character of <mask> as an investigative tool.The term "Socratic Dialogues" was created by Aristotle to describe this new literary genre. Some may have been written after <mask>'s death. The extent to which the dialogues portray <mask> authentically is a matter of debate. Plato and Xenophon were not trained philosophers. He couldn't articulate <mask>'s arguments. He admired the courage and intelligence of <mask>. The Oeconomicus, the Symposium, and the Apology of Socrates are some of the works that he discusses with <mask>.There is a story in his Anabasis. There was a discussion on practical agricultural issues. The trial of <mask> is described in Xenophon's Apology, but the works differ substantially. Symposium is a dialogue of <mask> with other prominent Athenians during an after-dinner discussion, but is quite different from Plato's Symposium: there is no overlap in the guest list. Plato's representation of <mask> is not easy to understand. Plato lived five decades longer than <mask>. The view that Plato did not represent views other than <mask>'s own is

masks: Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates


title: Socrates

texts: not shared by many contemporary scholars.The inconsistency of the character of <mask> is a driver of this doubt. Plato initially tried to accurately represent the historical <mask>, but later in his writings he was happy to insert his own views into his words. There is a difference between the Socratic Socrates of Plato's earlier works and the Platonic Socrates of Plato's later writings. Both Plato's and Xenophon's accounts of <mask> differ. Plato's is funnier and more ironic than Xenophon's. ignorance, the Socratic method, and elenchus are not features that Plato's <mask> has. In cases where their narratives overlap, logoi Sokratikoi can't help us to reconstruct the historical <mask>, as authors may have influenced each other's accounts.Writers of Athenian comedy commented on <mask>. The Clouds is a comedy in which <mask> is a central character. In this drama, there is a caricature of <mask> that leans towards sophism. According to Plato's depiction of him in Phaedo, <mask> in Clouds is interested in natural philosophy. By the age of 45, he had captured the interest of Athenians as a philosopher. It's not clear if the work of Aristophanes is useful in reconstructing the history of <mask>. After <mask>'s death, many other authors wrote about him.He studied under Plato at the Academy for twenty years. He scrutinizes the doctrine of <mask> as a philosopher, even though he had an emotional tie with him. There were many written and unwritten stories of <mask>. His role in understanding is limited. When he does write, he mostly focuses on the early dialogues of Plato. There are doubts about his


title: Socrates

texts: reliability on the history of philosophy. His testimony is important in understanding him.Friedrich Schleiermacher's attack on Xenophon's accounts gave rise to the Socratic problem. Xenophon had a representation of <mask> that was nave. He argued that Xenophon was not well placed to articulate Socratic ideas because he was a soldier. Xenophon wanted to prove his point of view rather than provide an impartial account of what happened to his friend and teacher. The result was that the philosopher was portrayed as boring. The account was largely rejected by the early 20th century. According to KarlJoel, the Socratic dialogues are mostly fictional, as the authors were just mimicking some Socratic qualities of dialogue.In the mid-20th century, philosophers such as Olof Gigon and Eugne Dupréel proposed that the study of <mask>. The argument that the early Socratic dialogues of Plato were more compatible with other evidence for a historical <mask> than his later writings was made by ancient philosophy scholar Gregory Vlastos. When it agreed with Plato's account, Vlastos completely ignored it. Charles H. Kahn believes that only Plato's Apology has historical significance when it comes to the unsolvable Socratic problem. He was an Athenian citizen because he was born to a wealthy family in the Athenian deme of Alopece. He lived close to his father's relatives and received part of his father's estate in order to have a life free of financial concerns. The laws and customs of Athens were followed in his education.Like most wealthy Athenians, he received extra lessons in gymnastics, poetry and music and

masks: Socrates Socratescrates Socrates


title: Socrates

texts: learned the basics of reading and writing. He was married twice, the first time to Xanthippe when he was in his fifties, and the second time to Aristides' daughter. He and Xanthippe had three sons. According to Plato, <mask> distinguished himself in three campaigns during the Peloponnesian War. The arrest of Leon the Salaminian shows that <mask> respects the law. According to Plato's Apology, representatives of the Thirty Tyrants summoned <mask> and four others to the Tholos and told them to arrest Leon for execution. He chose to risk the tyrants' wrath and retribution rather than participate in what he considered to be a crime.The Athenian public and the Athenian youth were interested in him. His friends joked about his appearance, as he had a flat turned-up nose, bulging eyes and a large belly. He was indifferent to material pleasures, including his own appearance. He neglected his personal hygiene, walked barefoot, and only had one ragged coat. He did not practice full abstention, but he moderated his eating, drinking, and sex habits. Although he was attracted to youth, as was common and accepted in ancient Greece, he resisted his passion for young men because he was more interested in educating their souls. In Athens, older and younger men often had sex with each other.He did not take sides in the rivalry between the democrats and the oligarchs in Athens. The depiction of the real <mask> in the works of Plato is supported by the character exhibited in Apology and other works. The trial for impiety and the corruption of the young that lasted for only a day ended in the death of <mask>. He

masks: Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates


title: Socrates

texts: spent his last day in prison being offered a route to escape, but he refused. He died the next morning after drinking poison. During the military campaigns he had participated in, he had never left Athens. In 399 BC, a trial was held for corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens.He tried to defend himself. He was found guilty by a majority vote cast by a jury of hundreds of male Athenian citizens and, according to the custom, proposed his own penalty: that he should be given free food and housing by the state, for the services he rendered to the city. He proposed that he be fined one mina of silver. The jurors ordered the death penalty after rejecting his offer. The charges were corrupting youth, worshiping false gods, and not worshiping the state religion. There is a politically tense climate. The Spartans laid siege to Athens after crushing the Athenians at the Battle of Aegospotami.They replaced the democratic government with a pro-oligarchic one. After a request for aid from the Thirty arrived, some Athenians were able to overthrow the Tyrants, but only briefly. The democrats reclaimed the government of Athens when the Spartans left again. Meletus, a poet, asked for the death penalty in accordance with the charge of asebeia. Anytus was one of the accusers. After a month or two, in late spring or early summer, the trial was likely to last for most of one day. There were two main sources for the accusations.First, <mask> denied that the gods did bad things like humans do. His accusers said that he believed in a daimonion, an inner voice with a divine origin. Plato's Apology begins with an


title: Socrates

texts: answer to the many rumors against him. He defends himself against the rumour that he is a sophist, as portrayed in The Clouds. It would be illogical to say that he has never corrupted anyone intentionally, since corrupting someone would carry the risk of being corrupted back in return. <mask> asked for clarification on the second charge. Meletus repeated the accusation that <mask> is an unbeliever.There is a contradiction between worshiping false gods and being an atheist. In condemning him to death, Athens will be the greatest loser since his activities benefit Athens. He says that even though no human can reach wisdom, seeking it is the best thing a person can do. After being found guilty, <mask> was given the chance to offer alternative punishments. He could have asked for permission to leave Athens and live in exile. According to Plato, he requested that a fine be imposed on him and that free meals be provided for him daily in recognition of his worth to Athens. According to Xenophon, <mask> did not make any proposals.He was made to drink a cup of a poisonous liquid. If jurors and Athenians did not become good men, criticism of them by their many disciples would be inescapable. After a delay caused by Athenian religious ceremonies, <mask> spent his last day in prison. His friends offered him an opportunity to escape, but he declined. There is a question of what motivated the Athenians to convict <mask>. There are two theories. The first is that he was convicted on religious grounds and the second is that he was accused and convicted for political reasons.Religion and state were not

masks: Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates


title: Socrates

texts: separate in ancient Athens according to a recent interpretation. Plato's and Xenophon's accounts of the trial mostly focus on the charges of impiety, which supports the argument for religious persecution. According to those accounts, <mask> did not attempt to argue that he did not believe in the Athenian gods. Skeptics and philosophers were not prosecuted during this time. According to the argument for political persecution, <mask> was targeted because he was perceived as a threat to democracy. The truth is that most of his pupils were against democrats and that he did not stand for democracy. The case for it being a political persecution is usually challenged by the fact that Athenians were granted an immunity from civil war after the fall of the Thirty.The accusers could have used events prior to 403 BC to fuel their rhetoric. The Socratic method, or the method of refutation, is a fundamental characteristic of Plato's Socrates. In the early works of Plato, it is most prominent. As follows, the typical elenchus proceeds. A discussion about a topic with a known expert on the subject, usually in the company of some young men and boys, and by dialogue proves the expert's beliefs and arguments to be conflicting, is initiated by <mask>. The dialogue begins when <mask> asks his friend for a definition of the subject. The answers to the questions contradict the first definition.The expert didn't really know the definition in the first place. The person may come up with a different definition. The new definition comes under scrutiny by Socratic questioning. The two of them hope to approach the truth

masks: Socrates Socrates Socrates Socrates