title: Tod Brown

texts: and was on the committee for Orthodox-Roman Catholic Bishop's Dialogue and the Pontifical Council on Interreligious Dialogue. The Laity Committee and the Committee on Ecumenism and Interreligious Affairs were chaired by him. The Crystal Cathedral in Garden grove, California was purchased by the Diocese of Orange. <mask> mentioned in a Los Angeles Times article that visiting Catholic clerics from other countries always wanted to visit the Cathedral.The population of the diocese doubled during <mask>'s tenure, increasing the need for more facilities. Christ Cathedral was consecrated as the seat of the diocese in 2019. Pope Benedict XVI accepted <mask>'s resignation as Bishop of Orange as he was 75 years old. Bishop Kevin Vann was the new bishop. The Roman Catholic Church in the United States has a list of the Catholic bishops of the United

masks: Brown Brown Brown


title: David Irving

type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> is an English author and Holocaust denier who has written on the military and political history of World War II with a focus on Nazi Germany. His works include The Destruction of Dresden, Hitler's War, and Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich. He argued that Hitler did not know about the slaughter of Jews, or that he opposed it. Even though <mask>'s views of German war crimes in World War II were never taken seriously by mainstream historians, he was once recognised for his knowledge of Nazi Germany and his ability to uncover new historical documents. By the late 1980s, <mask> had placed himself outside the mainstream of the study of history, and had begun to turn from soft-core to hard-core Holocaust denial. His reading of the 1988 Leuchter report led him to deny that Jews were killed by gassing at the Auschwitz concentration camp. <mask>'s reputation as a historian was discredited in 1996 when, in the course of an unsuccessful libel case he filed against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin Books, High Court Judge Charles Gray determined that <mask> willfully misrepresented historical evidence to promote Holocaust denial and whitewash the Nazis.<mask> was found to be an active Holocaust denier, antisemite and racist by the English court. <mask>'s books distorted the history of Hitler's role in the Holocaust to show him in a better light. <mask> and his twin brother Nicholas were born in Essex, England. They had two siblings, a brother and a sister. John James Cawdell <mask> was a naval officer and a commander in the Royal Navy. Their mother was an illustrator and a writer of children's books. <mask>'s father was an officer on a light cruiser

masks:
David John Cawdell Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
David Irving
Irving
Irving


title: David Irving

texts: during World War II.While escorting Convoy QP 11 in the Barents Sea, the ship was badly damaged by a German submarine. The ship was sunk by a torpedo two days after it was attacked by a surface craft. After the incident, <mask>'s father severed all ties with his wife and children. In an interview with the American writer Ron Rosenbaum, <mask> said that he and his friends went through childhood with no toys. We didn't have a kind of childhood. The island we were on was crowded with other people's armies. Nicholas says that <mask> has been a provocateur since he was a child.<mask> used to run toward bombed out houses shouting "Heil Hitler!" according to <mask>. <mask> said that he objected to the way Hitler was portrayed in the British media during World War II because he was a child. <mask> believed that his scepticism about the Third Reich was due to his doubts about the caricatures of Hitler and other Nazi leaders that were published in the British wartime press. <mask> left after the first year of his physics degree at Imperial College London. Financial constraints prevented him from completing the course. <mask> received a degree in Economics from University College London. He dropped out again due to lack of funds.The British Union of Fascists founder Sir Oswald Mosley was second in a debate on Commonwealth immigration. <mask>'s time as editor of the Carnival Times became controversial in 1959 when he added a secret supplement to the magazine. He called Hitler the "greatest unifying force Europe has known" in the supplement. The creation of a European Union is seen as building a group of superior peoples, and the Jews have always viewed with suspicion the emergence of

masks:
Irving
Irving
David
David
Nicholas Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving


title: David Irving

texts: any'master-race'. Opponents viewed a cartoon in the supplement as racist and criticized an article in which <mask> wrote that the British press was owned by Jews. Volunteers were recruited to remove and destroy supplements before the magazine's distribution. According to <mask>, his motivation in producing the secret issue of Carnival Times was to prevent the Carnival from making a profit that would be passed on to a South African group.The Destruction of Dresden <mask> tried to join the Royal Air Force, but was not medically fit to do so. After serving as editor of the University of London Carnival Committee's journal, <mask> left for West Germany, where he worked as a steelworker and learned the German language. He worked as a clerk at an air base in Spain. He was working on a series of articles about the Allied bombing campaign in Germany. He looked at the Allied bombing of Dresden in February 1945 in his first book. In the United Kingdom, a debate about the morality of the carpet bombing of German cities began in the 1960s. <mask>'s book became an international best-seller because it was illustrated with graphic pictures.<mask>'s estimates for deaths in Dresden in the first edition were higher than other figures. Many standard reference works accepted these figures. He adjusted the figure to 50,000–100,000 in later editions of the book. According to Richard J. Evans, at the 2000 libel trial that <mask> brought against Deborah Lipstadt, <mask> based his estimates of the dead of Dresden on the word of one individual who provided no supporting documentation, used a document forged by the Nazis, and described one witness who was a urologist as The doctor complained that he

masks: Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving


title: David Irving

texts: was wrongly identified by <mask> and that he was only repeating rumors about the death toll. According to an investigation by the Dresden City Council in 2008, casualties were estimated to be in the range of 22,700–25,000 dead. <mask>'s numbers were based on a document called the "Daily Order 47" promulgated by the Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, and on claims made after the war by a former Nazi functionary.Walter Weidauer, the Mayor of Dresden, disputed <mask>'s estimates and sources in his own account of the bombing. <mask> wrote a letter to the editor of The Times on July 7, 1966 stating that he had "no interest in promoting or perpetuateing false legends". Gtz Bergander located the real document in 1977. <mask> argued during the late 1980s and 1990s that the death toll at Dresden was much higher than the accepted estimates, despite acknowledging that the copy of "TB 47" he had used was inaccurate. <mask> argued that the raid was similar to the killing of Jews by the Nazis. In November 1963, <mask> called the Metropolitan Police with suspicions that he had been the victim of a break-in by three men who claimed to be General Post Office engineers. The anti-fascist activist was convicted in January 1964.They were fined money. After the success of the Dresden book, <mask> continued writing, including some works of negationist history, although his 1964 work The Mare's nest, an account of the German V-weapons programme and the Allied intelligence countermeasures against it, was widely praised when published and continues to be. The most complete account of the V-weapons campaign in the last two years of the war was described by Michael J. Neufeld of the National


title: David Irving

texts: Air and Space Museum. In 1965, <mask> translated the Memoirs of Field Marshall Keitel, edited by Walter Grlitz, and in 1967, he published Accident: The Death of General Sikorski. In the latter book, <mask> claimed that the plane crash which killed the Polish government in exile leader General Wadysaw Sikorski in 1943 was an assassination ordered by the British Prime Minister, so that he could betray Poland to the Soviet Union. The German playwright Rolf Hochhuth's play Soldiers was inspired by <mask>'s book and depicts the assassination of a general. <mask> published two more works in 1967, one of which was an account of the German nuclear energy project and the other of the British escort group commander.After a 17-day trial before the London High Court, Broome won his libel case against <mask>. The book was taken out of circulation after <mask> was forced to pay tens of thousands of dollars in damages. <mask> began writing biographies after the 17th century. In 1968, he published Breach of Security, an account of German reading of messages to and from the British Embassy in Berlin before 1939. <mask> was assisted in contacting surviving members of Hitler's inner circle by members of Germany's extreme right wing. <mask> claimed in an interview that he had developed sympathies for them. Many former Nazis saw a potential friend in <mask> and donated diaries and other material.According to <mask>, his historical work was an act of "stone-cleaning" of Hitler, in which he cleared off the "slime" that he felt had been unfairly applied to Hitler's reputation. Robert Kempner was one of the American prosecutors at the Nuremberg trials. Kempner was told by <mask> that he was going

masks: Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving


title: David Irving

texts: to go to Washington, D.C., to compare the sound recordings of Luftwaffe Field-Marshal Erhard Milch's March 1946 evidence with the later published texts. Kempner wrote to the director of the FBI saying that <mask> had made anti-American and anti-Jewish statements. The memoirs of General Gehlen were translated by <mask> in 1971 and The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe was published in 1973. He spent the rest of the 1970s writing about Hitler's War and The War Path, The Trail of the Fox, and a series about the Royal Air Force's famous Dam. In 1975, <mask> attacked Anne Frank's diary as a forgery, claiming that a New York court had ruled that the diary was not the work of an American.Hitler's War was the first in a two-part biography of Hitler. <mask>'s goal in Hitler's War was to expose the real Hitler, who he argued had been unfairly portrayed by historians. <mask> tried to view the situation from behind his desk in Hitler's War. Hitler was portrayed as a rational, intelligent politician who only wanted to increase Germany's prosperity and influence on the continent, and who was constantly let down by incompetent or treasonous subordinates. <mask> argued in his book that the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 was a preventative war that was forced on Hitler to avert an impending Soviet attack. While not denying the Holocaust's occurrence, <mask> argued that Hitler and his deputy were its originators and architects. <mask> offered to pay £1,000 to anyone who could find a written order from Hitler to order the Holocaust.His offer remained as of 2019. In Hitler's War, <mask> quoted a 1942 memo by Hans Lammers, the Chief of the Reich Chancellery, to the Reich Justice

masks: Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving


title: David Irving

texts: Minister, saying that the Fhrer wanted the solution of the Jewish Question put off until after. The proof that Hitler ordered against the Jews was taken by <mask>. "No other historians have quoted this document, possibly finding its content hard to reconcile with their views about Hitler's responsibility for the Holocaust," he said. The interpretation of the document is not as simple as <mask> made it out to be. Historians believe that the memorandum was issued at some point between 1941 and 1942 by looking at the other documents where it is located. They concluded that the memo was most likely from late 1941 when Hitler advocated the expulsion of the Jews, rather than later when he advocated their death.The reaction to Hitler's War was generally negative. Reviewers disagreed with <mask>'s claims. <mask>'s unreferenced statement that the Jews who fought in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943 were well supplied with weapons from Germany's allies was one of the many errors noted by American historian Charles Sydnor. There was a mention of over 350,000 Russian Jews being executed by the Einsatzgruppen between August and November 1942 in a report Hitler received in November 1942. <mask>'s statement that the Einsatzgruppen were in charge of the death camps seems to indicate that he was not familiar with the history of the Holocaust, as the Einsatzgruppen were in fact mobile death squads who had nothing to do with the death camps. The Trail of the Fox was published by <mask> months after the release of Hitler's War. In it, <mask> attacked the members of the 20 July Plot to assassinate Hitler, branding them "traitors", "cowards", and "manipulators", and uncritically presented

masks: Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving


title: David Irving

texts: Hitler and his government's subsequent revenge against the plotters.<mask> accused the Chief of Staff General of framing Rommel in the attempted coup. <mask>-Jones, a British historian, accused <mask> of taking everything Hitler had to say at face value in his book review of The Trail of the Fox. The War Path was the companion volume to Hitler's War and was written from a similar point of view. Donald Cameron Watt, a professional historian, noted many inaccuracies and misrepresentations. All of <mask>'s books sold well despite the criticism. <mask> was able to buy a home in the prestigious Mayfair district of London because of the success of his books. <mask>, despite being married, became more and more open about his affairs with other women, all of which were detailed in his self-published diary.<mask>'s first marriage ended in divorce because of his affairs. <mask> started researching and writing about topics other than Nazi Germany, but it wasn't very successful. He started his research on the biography of the leader of the free world. In 1981 he published two books, one of which received a bad review from Professor <mask>dine. The first book was The War Between the Generals, in which <mask> wrote an account of the Allied High Command on the Western Front in 1944–45, detailing the heated conflicts between the various generals of the various countries and presenting rumors about their private lives. The second book was about the anti-Jewish uprising in Hungary in the mid-sixties. <mask>'s depiction of Hungary's Communist regime as a Jewish dictatorship sparked accusations of antisemitism.There were complaints that <mask> had grossly exaggerated the number of people of

masks:
Irving
David Pryce
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
David Canna
Irving
Irving
Irving


title: David Irving

texts: Jewish origin in the Communist regime and that Hungarian Communists who did have a Jewish background like Mtys Rkosi and Ern Ger had completely repudiated Judaism. Critics such as Neal Ascherson and Kai Bird took issue with some of <mask>'s language that seemed to evoke antisemitic imagery, such as his remark that Rkosi possessed "the tact of a kosher butcher". <mask> argued that his lack of academic qualifications didn't mean that he couldn't be considered a historian. The examples of historians without university training were listed by him. In 1983, a weekly German news magazine bought 61 volumes of Hitler's supposed diaries and published excerpts from them. The Hitler Diaries were exposed as a hoax by <mask>. In October 1982 <mask> purchased 800 pages of documents relating to Hitler from the same source as the 1983 purchase, only to conclude that many of the documents were forgeries.<mask> was the first to identify the forgeries of the diaries. He went so far as to crash the press conference held by Hugh Trevor-Roper at the Hamburg offices of Stern magazine on 25 April 1983 to denounce the diaries as a forgery and to endorse the diaries as genuine. The next day, <mask> appeared on the Today television show as a featured guest, after his performance at the press conference where he violently harangued Trevor-Roper until ejected by security. <mask> concluded that the Hitler diaries were a forgery because they had come from the same dealer that he had purchased his collection from. "I know the collection from which these diaries come," <mask> said at the press conference. There is an old collection of forgeries. I have some here.<mask> was proud to have detected and


title: David Irving

texts: denounced the hoax material and the "trail of chaos" he had created at the press conference and the attendant publicity it had brought him, and took pride in his humiliation of Trevor-Roper, whom <mask> disliked for his sloppy work. Hitler's right hand was badly burned by the bomb planted in his headquarters by Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, which would have made the internal inconsistencies in the Hitler diaries unlikely. <mask> took the opportunity to promote his translation of the memoirs of Hitler's physician Dr. Theodor Morell at the same press conference as he asserted that many of the diary documents appeared to be genuine. Robert Harris suggested in his book Selling Hitler that <mask>'s change of mind over the authenticity of the alleged Hitler diaries was due to the fact that the fake diaries contained no reference to the Holocaust. When the diaries were declared a forgery, <mask> conformed. At a press conference held to withdraw his endorsement of the diaries, <mask> proudly claimed that he was the first to call them a forgery, to which a reporter replied that he was also the last to call them genuine. <mask> had not had a successful book for some years, and was behind schedule in writing the first volume of his Churchill series, which had strained his finances.He finished the manuscript in 1985 but the book was not published until 1987. <mask> published a biography of Gring. <mask>'s stance on the Holocaust has changed a lot over the years. He has either questioned or denied Hitler's involvement in the Holocaust and whether or not the Nazis had a plan to kill the Jews of Europe. Before he denied the Holocaust, <mask> denied Hitler was antisemitic. Hitler lost


title: David Irving

texts: interest in antisemitism after he came to power in 1933, according to <mask>. He said in 1977 that the Jewish problem was a nuisance to Hitler and that he became a soldier.When the war broke out, <mask> said that Hitler was the biggest friend the Jews had in the Third Reich. He was doing everything he could to prevent bad things from happening to them. "There is a whole chain of evidence from 1938 right through to October 1943, possibly even later, indicating that Hitler was completely in the dark about anything that may have been going on," he said. <mask> claimed that he had not been disproved. In his first edition of Hitler's War, <mask> argued that Hitler was against the killings of the Jews in the East. He claimed that Hitler ordered a stop to the slaughter of Jews in November 1941, which was contrary to <mask>'s claim that Hitler was ignorant about what was happening to Jews in Eastern Europe. During a private conference with Hitler on November 30, 1941, the fate of some Berlin Jews was mentioned.Himmler was told to tell Heydrich that the Jews were not going to die. Himmler told Oswald the Jews were to stay where they were. The evidence that Hitler ordered no Jews to be killed was argued by <mask>. There is no evidence that Hitler and Himmler were in contact before the phone call, only that Himmler contacted Heydrich. Since there was no general order to stop the killing of Jews, this is an example of <mask>'s manipulation of documents. Historian Eberhard Jckel wrote that <mask> will not be deterred from understanding what he wants by the phrase "postponement of the Jewish question". <mask> hosted a debate in 1977.<mask> argued that there was no evidence that Hitler

masks:
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
David Frost
Irving


title: David Irving

texts: knew about the Holocaust. According to <mask>, Hitler was as evil as Roosevelt, as evil as Truman, and as evil as Churchill. Many Holocaust deniers were not fond of <mask> because he had previously not denied the Holocaust. They admired <mask> for the pro-Nazi slant in his work and the fact that he possessed a degree of mainstream credibility that they lacked, but were annoyed that he did not deny the Holocaust. Although Hitler's War was sympathetic to the Third Reich, because <mask> argued that Hitler was unaware of the Holocaust, his book was not part of the anti-Semitic canon. <mask> refused to speak at the Holocaust-denial conference due to the damage it would do to his reputation. <mask> stated in a letter that this was pure Realpolitik on his part.I don't want to be caught in flak meant for other people. <mask> gave the Institute for Historical Review the right to distribute his books in the United States even though he refused to appear at the conferences. <mask> wanted to found a political party called Focus in order to keep his distance from Holocaust deniers. <mask> wrote in the first edition of Hitler's War that there was no document signed by Hitler, Himmler or Heydrich. In 1982, <mask> temporarily stopped writing and made an attempt to unify all of the various far-right splinter groups in Britain into one party called Focus, in which he would play a leading role. <mask> spoke of his plans to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, but his attempts to move into politics failed due to fiscal problems. <mask> told the Oxford Mail that he had links with the National Front.The Spotlight, the main journal of the Liberty Lobby, was described as an excellent


title: David Irving

texts: paper by <mask>. <mask> put a copy of Hitler's "Prophecy Speech" on his wall, promising the "annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe" if Jewish financiers started another world war. <mask> attended the conference of the IHR for the first time after the failure of Focus. He felt freer to associate with Holocaust deniers because of the failure of <mask>'s political career. At the conference, <mask> did not deny the Holocaust, but did appear happy to share the stage with Robert Faurisson and Judge Stglich, and claimed to be impressed with the pseudoscientific allegations of neo-Nazi and Holocaust denier Friedrich "Fritz" Berg that mass murder using <mask> claimed that Hitler was ignorant of the Holocaust because he was busy being a soldier. In a speech at that conference, <mask> stated that it was right for Tel Aviv to claim that <mask> is talking nonsense and that Adolf Hitler must have known about what was going in Auschwitz and Treblinka.Begin didn't know what was going on. <mask> said Hitler was the biggest friend the Jews had in the Third Reich. <mask> stated in the speech that he operated in such a way as to bring himself maximum publicity. <mask> said that he has a filing cabinet full of documents which he doesn't issue all at once. I issue them a bit at a time. When I don't see my name in the paper for a while, I call them and say: "What about this one, then?" In his writings from the 1980s, <mask> believed that Britain had made a mistake in declaring war on Germany in 1939 and that since then, Britain had fallen into an unstoppable decline.<mask> believed that Hitler tried to help the Jews of Europe. In a June 1992 interview with The Daily Telegraph, <mask> claimed

masks:
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
David Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving


title: David Irving

texts: that Hitler told him he couldn't marry because Germany was his bride. <mask> claimed to have asked the naval adjutant when Hitler made that remark, and after hearing that the date was 24 March 1938, he said "Herr admiral, at that moment I was being born". <mask> claimed that there was a mystical connection between himself and Hitler. In a 1986 speech in Australia, <mask> argued that photographs of Holocaust survivors and dead taken in early 1945 by Allied soldiers were proof that the Allies were responsible for the Holocaust. <mask> claimed that the Holocaust was not the work of Nazi leaders, but rather of "nameless criminals", and that these men who killed the Jews acted on their own impulse, within the general atmosphere of brutality created by the Second World War. In a speech in Atlanta in 1986, <mask> claimed that "historians have a blind spot when it comes to the Holocaust because it is a Jewish disease which causes blindness".In 1986, <mask> told reporters in Australia that the Allied bombing raids on Germany made non-Germans to be antisemitic. The word "Holocaust" was removed from the revised edition of Hitler's War by <mask>. He said, "You won't find the Holocaust mentioned in one line, not even in a footnote, why should you?" You don't dignify something if it didn't happen. <mask> gave a speech at the memorial service for Hans-Ulrich Rudel in January 1983 and was given the Hans-Ulrich-Rudel-Award in June 1985. In the 1980s and early 1990s, <mask> was a frequent speaker for the DVU, but the relationship ended in 1993 because of the DVU's concerns about <mask>'s Holocaust denial. In 1986, <mask> was met at an airport by a Holocaust denier.Zndel said that <mask>


title: David Irving

texts: asked him to stay away from him. <mask> considered Zndel's lecture tour to be a failure because he stayed away from it. Zndel offered to draw publicity to <mask> in order to ensure that his future speaking tours would be a success. <mask> agreed to testify for Zndel at his second trial after becoming friends with him. The publication in 1987 of the book Der europische Brgerkrieg 1917–1945 by Nolte encouraged <mask> to become more open in his association with Zndel. <mask> argued in 1988 that the Nazis weren't responsible for the slaughter of the Jews in places like Minsk, Kiev and Riga because they were carried out by individual mobsters and criminals. In 1989, <mask> told an audience that "there is not one shower bath in any of the concentration or slave labour camps that turns out to be a gas chamber."He said Jewish Holocaust survivors were liars and extortionists. <mask> said on 5 March 1990 that there were no gas chambers at Auschwitz and that about 30,000 people were murdered there. He told an audience in Germany that the gas chambers at Auschwitz did not exist. The gas chambers that are shown to the tourists in Auschwitz are fakes, according to <mask>. <mask> admitted that a small number of people were gassed during experiments, but he denied that the Nazis gassed any Jews or other people. "Especially when there's money involved and they can get a good compensation cash payment out of it," <mask> told an audience in Canada in 1990. <mask> had an antisemitic conspiracy theory when he stated that the Jews had dragged us into two world wars and now they were trying to drag us into the Balkans.In 1995 when <mask> was confronted with a Holocaust survivor, he repeated the


title: David Irving

texts: same claim and asked, "How much money have you made from that piece of ink on your arm, which may indeed be real tattooed ink?" Yes. Half a million dollars, three-quarters of a million for you alone? <mask> told an audience in Florida that he agreed with the Nazi Minister of Propaganda that the Jews had it coming for them. According to <mask>, the Jews brought the Holocaust on themselves. <mask> went to Toronto, Ontario, to help Douglas Christie, the defence lawyer for Zndel, at his second trial for denying the Holocaust. Working closely with Robert Faurisson, who was also assisting the defence, <mask> contacted the Missouri State Penitentiary who recommended that <mask> and Faurisson get in touch with Fred A. Leuchter, a self-proclaimed execution expert living in Boston.Leuchter agreed to lend his alleged technical expertise on the behalf of Zndel's defence after <mask> and Faurisson flew to Boston. An expert on gassings like Leuchter could prove that the Holocaust was a myth according to <mask>. <mask> said he was conducting a "one-man intifada" against the idea that there had been a Holocaust because of his exposure to Zndel's and Leuchter's theories. <mask> claimed in a 1999 interview that Zndel had convinced him that the Holocaust had not happened. In the 1988 Zndel trial, <mask> defended his claim that Hitler did not know about the Final Solution until October 1943. I don't think there was an overall Reich policy to kill the Jews, he said. They would have been killed and there wouldn't have been so many survivors.I am happy for every survivor. <mask> testified for Zndel between 22 and 26 April 1988 in support of Richard Harwood's book. It is "over ninety percent...

masks: Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving


title: David Irving

texts: accurate". According to The Leuchter report, there was no evidence for the existence of homicidal gas chambers at the Auschwitz concentration camp. The big point of the Leuchter report is that there is no cyanide in the brickwork. That's what made me change. I became a hard-core disbeliever when I read that in the report.The American historian Arno J. Mayer's 1988 book Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?, which did not deny the Holocaust, but claimed that most of those who died at Auschwitz were killed by disease influenced <mask> to embrace Holocaust denial. After the trial, <mask> published Leuchter's report as Auschwitz The End of the Line: The Leuchter Report in the United Kingdom. The Leuchter Report: The End of a Myth was first published in Canada in 1988 as The Leuchter Report: An Engineering Report on the Alleged Execution Gas at Chambers, Birkenau and Majdanek. <mask> wrote that nobody likes to be cheated, still less where a lot of money is involved. The Federal Republic of Germany paid 3 billion dollars to Israel for the Holocaust. The "myth" that would "not die easily" was described by <mask> as being essentially in atonement for the "gas chambers" of Auschwitz. <mask> praised the "scrupulous methods" and "integrity" of Leuchter.On June 20, 1989, the House of Commons passed an Early Day Motion condemning <mask> and Leuchter as "Hitler's heirs". The motion described <mask> as a "Nazi propagandist and long time Hitler apologist" and Auschwitz The End of the Line as a "fascist publication". The House was "appalled" by the Holocaust denial of Nazi propagandist and long-time Hitler apologist <mask>. In response to the House of Commons motion, <mask> wrote that he would

masks:
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
David Irving
Irving


title: David Irving

texts: enter the "gas chambers" of Auschwitz if the MPs voted to condemn him. I assure you that you won't be satisfied with the results. There was no mass murder in the gas chambers at the Auschwitz death camp according to an announcement made by <mask> in a pamphlet published in London in June 1989. <mask> wrote in the third person that he "has placed himself at the head of a growing band of historians, worldwide, who are now sceptical of the claim that at Auschwitz and other camps werefactories of the Holocaust."<mask> bragged about his role in criticising the Hitler diaries as a forgery in 1983, and now he is saying the same thing about the gas chambers of Auschwitz, Treblinka and Majdanek. They were the brainchild of Britain's brilliant wartime Psychological Warfare Executive. The survivors of Auschwitz are testimony to the absence of an extermination programme according to <mask>. The leader of The Times described <mask> as a "man for whom Hitler is something of a hero and almost everything of an innocent and for whom Auschwitz is a Jewish deception". <mask> was a frequent visitor to Germany in the early 1990s, where he spoke at neo-Nazi rallies. The main themes of <mask>'s German speeches were that the Allies and the Germans were equally responsible for war crimes, that the decision of the British to go to war against Germany in 1939 was a huge mistake, and that the decision of the Prime Minister to continue the war in 1940 was a <mask> went to East Germany in June 1990 on a tour called "An Englishman Fights for the Honour of the Germans," in which he accused the Allies of having used forged documents to humiliate the Germans.<mask> wanted to guide "promising young men" in


title: David Irving

texts: Germany in the "right direction" and he believed that women should be subservient to men. <mask>, a non-German Holocaust denier, was found to be credible by German nationalists. <mask> gave a speech in Moers in January 1990 in which he claimed that only 30,000 people died at Auschwitz between 1940 and 1945, all of the natural causes. There were no gas chambers at the death camp according to <mask>. <mask> was found guilty of Holocaust denial in Munich on 11 July 1991 after repeating the same speech on 21 April 1990. <mask> was fined 7,000 by the court. <mask> was fined 10,000 dollars for repeating the same remarks in the courtroom on 5 May 1992.<mask> called on those present in the courtroom to "fight a battle for the German people and put an end to the blood lie of the Holocaust which has been told against this country for fifty years". The British Psychological Warfare Executive devised a plan in 1942 to spread anti-German propaganda in order to get the German state to use gas chambers. <mask> called the judge a "senile, alcoholic cretin". <mask> was banned from visiting Germany after his conviction for Holocaust denial. <mask> argued in the 1990s that the absence of a written Fhrer order meant that there was no Holocaust. In a speech delivered in Toronto in November 1990 <mask> claimed that Holocaust survivors had manufactured memories of their suffering because they could get a good compensation cash payment out of it. <mask> used the metaphor of a cruise ship named Holocaust, which he claimed had a "luxury wall to wall fitted carpets and a crew of thousands".The "ship" was due for rough sailing because recently the Soviet government allowed historians access to the


title: David Irving

texts: index cards of all the people who passed through the gates of Auschwitz, according to <mask>. "If you want to go and have a tattoo put on your, be aware that the experts can look at a tattoo and say 'Oh yes, 181, 219 that means you entered Auschwitz in March 1943'," said <mask>. <mask> told a reporter from The Jewish Chronicle that the Jews were foolish not to abandon the gas chamber theory. According to <mask>, the Jews have exploited people with the gas chamber legend and that in ten years, Israel will cease to exist and the Jews will have to return to Europe. All references to death camps and the Holocaust were removed from the revised edition of Hitler's War. In two years' time, the myth of mass murders of Jews in the death factories of Auschwitz, Majdanek and Treblinka will be disproved. On the same day, <mask> gave a speech in Halle to a group of neo-Nazis.By 1993 <mask> predicted that the "hoax" of the Holocaust would have been exposed. "Gradually the word is getting around Germany," <mask> said in that speech. The German historians will accept that we are right in two years. For fifty years they have believed a lie. In October 1991, <mask> made a speech in which he expressed his contempt and hatred for Holocaust survivors. More women died on the back seat of Edward Kennedy's car at Chappaquiddick than in the gas chambers at Auschwitz. Do you think that's tasteless?The association I'm forming is dedicated to the liars who try and convince people that they were in concentration camps. You have to be tasteless because these people deserve our contempt. In a speech in 1991, <mask> called the Holocaust a fraud. There weren't gas chambers. They were not real. <mask> was

masks: Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving Irving


title: David Irving

texts: to be a featured speaker at the world anti-Zionist congress that was canceled by the Swedish government. Also scheduled to attend were Holocaust-deniers Robert Faurisson and Fred A. Leuchter, and Louis Farrakhan, together with representatives of the militant Palestinian group Hamas, the Lebanon militant Shiite group Hezbollah, and the right-wing Russian antisemitic group Pamyat.There were 100,000 Jewish deaths at Auschwitz, but not from gas chambers, as claimed by <mask> in a 1993 speech. They died from epidemics. Most of the Jewish deaths during World War II were caused by Allied bombing, according to <mask>. The concentration camp inmates arrived in Berlin or Leipzig in time for theRAF to set fire to those cities. Nobody knows how many Jews died in those air raids. <mask> complained of the persistence of belief in the "rotting corpse" of the "profitable legend" of the Holocaust in a 1994 speech. In a 1994 speech, <mask> claimed that 600,000 Jews died in World War II because of Allied bombing or disease, and that there was no German policy of genocide of Jews.<mask> appeared more frequently at the annual conferences hosted by the IHR. <mask> claimed in a 1995 speech that the Holocaust was a myth created by a world-wide Jewish group. At the IHR gatherings, <mask> spoke on other topics. There was a claim that in order to bring the United States into World War II, the Japanese would have to attack Pearl Harbor. He stated in 1995 that gas chambers didn't exist and that the "factories of death" didn't exist. <mask> said in 1999 that he was a gas chamber denier. I don't think they killed hundreds of thousands of people in gas chambers.<mask> had an ambivalence towards Holocaust


title: David Irving

texts: denial depending on his audience. In a 1993 letter, <mask> lashed out against his former friend Zndel, writing "In April 1988 I unhesitatingly agreed to aid your defence as a witness in Toronto." I wouldn't make the same mistake again. My life has become a victim of mass demonstrations, violence, vituperation and persecution because I have continued to aid you since you defended me. <mask> went on to say that his life had been wonderful until Zndel got him involved in the Holocaust denial movement. In an interview with Australian radio in July 1995, <mask> claimed that at least four million Jews died in World War II due to terrible sanitary conditions inside the concentration camps as opposed to a deliberate policy of genocide in the death camps. Faurisson and <mask> had a public spat over Faurisson's insistence that no Jews were killed in the Holocaust.In 1995, <mask> stated in a speech that he had to take off his hat to his adversaries and the strategies they had employed, "the marketing of the very word Holocaust: I half expected to see a little TM after it". <mask> used the absence of a written Fhrer order for the "Final Solution" to argue that Hitler was unaware of the Holocaust. <mask> has expressed racist and antisemitic feelings both publicly and privately. The conspiracy theory of Jews secretly ruling the world and the belief in the reality of the Holocaust were both manufactured by <mask> as part of the same alleged conspiracy. The "traditional enemies of the truth" label was used by <mask> to describe Jews, and he wrote that the "Yellow Star did not make a showing". <mask> stated in 1992 that the Jews are foolish not to abandon the gas chamber theory while they


title: David Irving

texts: still have time. <mask> told Ron Rosenbaum that Jews were his "traditional enemy".<mask> stated in an interview that he would be willing to sign off on the fact that a great deal of control over the world is exercised by Jews. A group of protesters outside of his apartment were described by <mask> as "all the scum of humanity stand outside". The homosexuals, the gypsies, the lesbians, the Jews, the criminals, the Communists..." Several of these statements were cited by the judge's decision in <mask>'s lawsuit against Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt. One example was his diary entry for 17 September 1994, in which he wrote about a song he wrote for his daughter "when half-breed children are wheeled past". The Austrian government banned <mask> from entering the country after he denied the Holocaust in two speeches. He was barred from entering Germany after a German court found him guilty of Holocaust denial under the Auschwitzlge section of the law against Volksverhetzung. He was deported to the United Kingdom after being arrested in Italy and Canada in 1992.He was found to have engaged in a "total fabrication" in telling a story of an exit from and return to Canada which would have made the original deportation order invalid. He made five unsuccessful attempts to overturn the ban on entering Australia in 1992. <mask> signed a contract with Macmillan Publishers in 1992 to write a biography of Joseph Goebbels. The book deal was canceled after it was alleged that <mask> edited a recently discovered complete edition of Goebbels's diaries in Moscow. The decision by The Sunday Times to hire <mask> as a translator was criticized by an Austrian-British historian. Andrew Neil, the


title: David Irving

texts: editor of The Sunday Times, called <mask> "reprehensible", but defended hiring him because he was only a "transcribing technician". It is an offence to question the existence or size of the category of crimes against humanity if <mask> was ordered to attend court to be examined on charges relating to the loi Gayssot in France.<mask> refused to travel to France because the law did not allow it. <mask> was sentenced to 10 days in London's Pentonville prison for contempt of court in February 1994 after a legal wrangle over publishing rights. According to D. D. Guttenplan, <mask> was desperate for publicity and financial help after St. Martin's Press of New York City canceled his contract to publish the Goebbels biography. The book was self-published. On 5 September 1996, <mask> filed a libel suit against Deborah Lipstadt and her British publisher Penguin Books for publishing the British edition of Denying the Holocaust, which had first been published in the United States in 1993. Lipstadt referred to <mask> as a Holocaust denier and a bigot in the book. During the trial, <mask> claimed that Hitler was ignorant of the Holocaust and was a friend of the Jews.Anthony Julius was hired by Lipstadt to present her case, while Kevin Bays and Mark Bateman were hired by Penguin Books. The junior barrister Heather Rogers and the libel barrister Richard Rampton were briefed. Professor Richard J. Evans was retained by the defendants as an expert witness. The American Holocaust historian Christopher Browning was one of the witnesses. Browning testified for the reality of the Holocaust while the last wrote a report attesting to the fact that the death camps were built for mass murder. The


title: David Irving

texts: most comprehensive, in-depth examination of <mask>'s work was done by Evans. <mask> does not deserve to be called a historian because of his poor scholarship.In light of the evidence presented at the trial, a number of <mask>'s works were brought to the attention of the public. He was ordered to pay all of the trial costs, which are estimated to be as much as $2 million, though it is not certain how much he will pay. Davenport Lyons wanted to make him bankrupt because he didn't meet these. Despite his financial problems, he has been able to travel around the world despite losing his home. <mask> appealed to the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal. On 20 July 2001, his application for an appeal was denied. The libel suit is depicted in a film.In September 2004, the deputy prime minister of New Zealand announced that <mask> would not be allowed to visit the country, where he had been invited by the National Press Club to give a series of lectures. The National Press Club said that it was an opportunity to question <mask> rather than an endorsement of his views. People who have been deported from another country are refused entry to New Zealand. <mask> tried to board a Qantas flight from Los Angeles to New Zealand despite the ban. He wasn't allowed on the plane. <mask> was arrested by the Austrian police in the southern state of Styria under a 1989 warrant. <mask> admitted to the charge of "trivialising, grossly playing down and denying the Holocaust".<mask> stated in his plea that he had changed his opinions on the Holocaust, but he didn't say that now. Millions of Jews were murdered by the Nazis. The papers were obtained from Hugo Byttebier, a Belgian who had escaped to


title: David Irving

texts: Argentina during the war. According to the law prohibiting Nazi activities, <mask> was sentenced to three years' imprisonment. <mask> sat motionless as judge Peter Liebetreu asked if he understood the sentence, to which he replied "I'm not sure I do" before being bundled out of the court by Austrian police. <mask> was shocked by the severity of the sentence. He bought a plane ticket to return to London.<mask> was banned from ever returning to Austria after he was released from prison. After arriving in the UK, <mask> stated that he no longer needed to show remorse for his Holocaust views. He was kicked out of the 52nd Warsaw International Book Fair in Poland because the books he took there were deemed by the organizers to be promoting Nazism and antisemitism. Despite his troubled public image, <mask> has continued to work as a writer. He was drawn into the controversy surrounding Bishop Richard Williamson, who in a televised interview recorded in Germany in November 2008 denied the Holocaust took place, only to be convicted for inciting hatred and sentenced to a fine of 12,000. <mask> was beset by protesters on his book tour. He gave a tour to Poland in September 2010 that was criticized because it included the Treblinka death camp as an itinerary stop.According to Deborah Lipstadt, <mask>'s audience was mostly made up of like-minded people. The British National Party leader and his brother were invited to speak at a forum on free speech at the Oxford Union. Protesters disrupted the debate after Oxford Union members voted in favor of it. <mask> was lecturing to small audiences at venues disclosed to carefully vetting ticket-holders a day or two before the event on topics


title: David Irving

texts: including antisemitic conspiracy theories and at one such event, claiming to write the truth unlike "conformist" historians while asserting fabrications about leading Nazis, the life and death <mask> started a website in 2009. <mask> gets a commission from each sale for authenticating the items. After being bankrupted in 2002, <mask> stated that the only way he could make money was on the website.Hitler's walking stick and a lock of the dictator's hair can be found on the website. The authenticity of the bones purported to be from Hitler and Eva Braun has been investigated by <mask>. <mask> claimed in an interview that Hitler appointed him to be his biographer because he was the best friend of the Jews in the Third Reich. The invitation of <mask> to speak at the Norwegian Festival of Literature caused a controversy in Norway. Several of Norway's most distinguished authors protested against the invitation. The leader of the board for the festival, Jesper Holte, defended the invitation by stating that "Our agenda is to invite a liar and a falsifier of history to a festival about truth." And confront him.<mask> has been invited to discuss his concept of truth in light of his activity as a writer of historical books and the many accusations he has been exposed to as a consequence of this. The board chair leader defended the more aggressive language being used to describe <mask> in connection with the controversy that had arisen. Two authors threatened to boycott the festival because of <mask>'s invitation, and Anne B. Ragde said that Sigrid would have turned around in her grave. A representative of Undset's family requested that his name be removed from the festival because it

masks:
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
David Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving


title: David Irving

texts: was its subsidiary name. Fritt Ord was critical of letting <mask> speak at the festival and requested that his logo be removed from the festival. Edvard Hoem said that he wouldn't attend the festival with <mask>. The leader of the Norwegian Press Confederation wanted to cancel <mask>'s invitation.The invitation was withdrawn days after the controversy began. The person who invited <mask> to the event was the one who resigned from his position as content director. Randi Skeie, the head of the Norwegian Festival of Literature, said that "everything is fine as long as everyone agrees, but things get more difficult when one doesn't like the views being put forward." His colleagues argued that they were walking in lockstep. The opposition to <mask>'s participation at the festival appeared to be a concerted effort and the editor-in-chief suggested campaign journalism from two of Norway's largest newspapers. <mask> commented that he had not been told that the festival was going to present him as a liar, and that he was preparing a lecture about the real history of what took place in Norway during World War II, contrary to what official historians have presented. The Norwegian people were thought to be made of tougher stuff by <mask>.<mask> decided to go to Lillehammer during the literature festival and give a two-hour lecture from a hotel room. The reception by historians <mask>, once held in regard for his expert knowledge of German military archives, was a controversial figure from the start. His interpretations of the war were thought to be in favor of the Germans. This was seen as a personal opinion, unpopular but consistent with respectability as a historian. <mask> began to

masks:
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
Irving
David Irving
Irving
David Irving
Irving
Irving


title: David Irving

texts: reject the status of the Holocaust as a systematic and deliberate genocide. He was the main advocate of Holocaust denial. His standing as a historian was damaged by his association with far-right circles.The surveys of historiography of the Third Reich show a marked change in <mask>'s reputation. <mask> was called a "maverick" historian in the first edition of The Nazi Dictatorship. By the fourth edition of The Nazi Dictatorship in 2000, <mask> was only described as a historical writer who had in the 1970s engaged in "provocations" intended to provide an "exculpation of Hitler's role in the Final Solution". Other critical responses to his work tend to follow this pattern. Some publications continue to refer to <mask> as a "historian" or a "disgraced historian" despite the fact that he is not a historian. The military historian praised <mask> for his "extraordinary ability to describe and analyse Hitler's conduct of military operations, which was his main occupation during the Second World War". Donald Cameron Watt does not agree with <mask>'s conclusions about the Holocaust, but he admires some of his work as a historian.After a subpoena was ordered, Watt declined <mask>'s request to testify at the libel proceedings against him. He testified that <mask> wrote a piece of historical scholarship in the 1960s that was unrelated to his controversial work. He said that <mask> wasn't in the top class of military historians. While living in Spain, <mask> met and married a Spaniard. They have four children. They divorced in 1981. The relationship between <mask> and Bente Hogh began in 1992.A daughter was born in 1994. Josephine was the daughter of <mask>. She lost both of her legs


title: David Irving

texts: in a car crash in 1996. She threw herself out of a window at the age of 32. There was a card that was sent to her funeral that said, "Truly a merciful death, Philipp Bouhler and friends". The Nazi who was in charge of Hitler's programme was referred to in the reference. It was described as cruel by <mask>.<mask> was on In Search of... (TV Series) Season 6, Episode 20, Eva Braun, offering his commentary on the episode's exploration of whether or not she died in the Bunker with Hitler. The testimony by Otto Gunsche Hitler's Adjutant was explained by <mask>. <mask> made an appearance on After Dark in 1988. Roger Lloyd-Pack portrayed <mask> in Selling Hitler. John Castle portrayed <mask> in a courtroom dramatization of the Lipstadt case. In the film Denial, Timothy Spall portrays <mask>, based on Deborah Lipstadt's 2005 book History on Trial: My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier. <mask> is the Prime Minister of the Anglican Kingdom of Britain in the alternate universe novel The Mirage.The Destruction of Dresden was updated and revised in 1995 as "Apocalypse 1945, The Destruction of Dresden". The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe is a biography of Erhard Milch. The Trail of the Fox was updated in 2000 as a millennium edition, as well as The War Path and The War Between the Generals. The German Atomic Bomb: The History of Nuclear Research in Nazi Germany was updated in 2010. In 4 parts, the missing years and the war. The biography of Gring was updated in 2010. The revision of Hitler's War included The War Path der unbekannte Dr. Goebbels.Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. The Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust has links to the original collection of


title: Gérard Ducarouge

texts: <mask> was a French Formula One car designer. His background was in engineering. He won the Degre Superieur after studying at the cole Nationale Technique d'Aéronautique. He worked on various missile projects after leaving college. In December 1965, he applied for a job as a technician at Matra racing. After Matra-Sports and Ducarouge started work on their Formula 3 programme, he began improving their Formula 2 cars. He rose to the position of head of operations, where he designed the Cosworth-powered Matra MS10 and MS80, the latter winning the 1969 Formula One World Championship withJackie Stewart.Matra stopped racing at the end of 1974. The new Formula One team was founded by Guy Ligier, who is from Paray-le-Monial. He began work on Ligier's entrant to the season, the JS5 which retained links with Matra. The team won its first Grand Prix victory in 1977. Throughout the season, there would be victories. Talbot backed the team in a revised Matra V12 and it seemed as though they would contend for the title. Ducarouge was fired by Guy Ligier in the middle of the season.He persuaded the Alfa Romeo team to create his first carbon fibre Chassis after accepting an offer to join the team. Despite Ducarouge's innovations, Alfa Romeo failed to meet high expectations. Ducarouge was blamed for the disqualification of de Cesaris from the French Grand Prix because of his car being overweight. As Peter Warr from Team Lotus hunted <mask>, he was not going to be out of work long. Colin Chapman, the founder of Lotus, died in December 1982. Following the Belgian Grand Prix, Ducarouge joined the team. He immediately began work on the Type 94T, which was designed and built in five weeks, and helped save some of the season's success.Team Lotus began a major restructuring headed by <mask> and culminated with the years 1984–87 representing a major revival of the team's fortunes. Elio de Angelis finished third in the Drivers' Championship despite not winning a race, and teammate Nigel Mansell finished tenth, but

masks:
Gérard Ducarouge
Ducarouge
Ducarouge


title: David Lodge (author)

texts: <mask> is an English author and critic. The "Campus Trilogy" - Changing Places: A Tale of Two Campuses, Small World: An Academic Romance and Nice Work are some of his novels. The second two were considered for the Booker Prize. The Picturegoers was his first published novel. <mask> has written three stage plays. He continued to publish literary criticism after retiring. T. S. Eliot is one of the writers included in his edition of Twentieth Century Literary Criticism.<mask> was born in Brockley. The family home until 1959 was 81 Millmark Grove, a street of terraced houses between Brockley Cross and Barriedale. His father played in the orchestra pit of south London cinemas. <mask> revisits early experiences in "Brickley" and his childhood home in his later novels, Therapy (1995), and Quite A Good Time to be Born: A Memoir. <mask> and his mother were forced to leave during World War II. He was a student at the Catholic St Joseph's Academy. <mask> obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1955 from University College, London.He met his future wife at that school. He wrote a novel called The Devil, the World and the Flesh. <mask>'s novel Ginger You're Barmy was based on his two years of national service in the Royal Armoured Corps. He earned a Master of Arts degree from London University in 1959 for his thesis on "The Catholic Novel from the Oxford Movement to the Present Day". <mask> and Jacob were married at the age of 24. <mask> said it seems extraordinary now. I didn't have a

masks:
David John Lodge
Lodge
David Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge


title: David Lodge (author)

texts: job, no prospects, and little money, but it didn't bother me.We didn't want children when they came along, but we got on with it. They had two children in 1960 and 1963, a son and daughter, and a second son with Down Syndrome. <mask> taught English in London from 1959 to 1960. In 1960, he got a job as a lecturer at the University of Birmingham, where he was working on a PhD thesis. <mask> said that the example of Bradbury's comic writing was a major influence on the development of his own work. In 1963, <mask> collaborated with Bradbury and another student, James Duckett, on a satire called Between These Four Walls, which was performed in the autumn of 1963. Julie Christie was in the cast.<mask> and the audience heard the news of Kennedy's assassination, but some members of the audience caught the joke and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 The second half of the show fell apart after everybody discovered the awful truth. <mask> and his family went to the United States on a scholarship in 1964. <mask> had to travel to the United States for at least three months

masks: Lodge Lodge Lodge Lodge Lodge Lodge


title: David Lodge (author)

texts: with a car provided by the donor. <mask> attended the American literature course at Brown University while his family lived in Providence, Rhode Island. <mask> was able to complete a third novel, The British Museum Is Falling Down, during this period. The British Museum has lost its charm, a line from a George and Ira Gershwin song, was the original title for <mask>'s novel, but he was refused permission to use it by the Gershwin Publishing Corporation.After moving to San Francisco in 1965, the family went on a trip across the country. <mask>'s first book of academic criticism, Language of Fiction, was published in 1966 and he defended his thesis for a PhD in English in 1967. In 1976, <mask> became Professor of English Literature at the University of Birmingham and wrote several more novels and essays. He was an associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley. <mask> became a full-time writer in 1987 after retiring from his post at Birmingham. My former colleagues say that I'm well out of it. There's a lack of enthusiasm in university life and that's a shame because, when I was there, there was excitement.It has become like a machine, servicing large numbers of students, and less attractive and interesting. The title of Professor of Modern English Literature is still held by him. The University Library has some of his papers. <mask> was made a Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture in 1997. He was made a CBE for his services

masks:
David Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge


title: David Lodge (author)

texts: to literature in 1998. <mask>'s first published novels evoke the atmosphere of post-war England. Through the childhood memories of certain characters, the theme occurs in later novels.Out of the Shelter is about the war, while Ginger You're Barmy is about <mask>'s military service in the 1950s. The novel Ginger You're Barmy was called an impressively humane and feelingly political indictment of a tawdry postwar compromise and a moving glimpse of a world on the verge of change by the Guardian. <mask> has described himself as a "agnostic Catholic". The relationship between Catholicism and sexuality is a major theme for many of his characters. How far can you go in the British Museum? The difficulties faced by orthodox Catholics due to the prohibition of artificial contraception were examined in 1980. Small World is one of the novels where Catholicism plays an important part.The main character in Therapy suffers a breakdown after his marriage fails. While his girlfriend is on a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, he reminisces about the time he was courting her at a Catholic youth club. <mask> said that his novels depict an orthodox Roman Catholic becoming less and less as time went on. The academic world was influenced by several of <mask>'s novels. The fictional English Midland university of "Rummidge" is the setting for the Campus Trilogy. The name "Rummidge" appears to have been derived from the nickname "Brummagem" by removing the first and last letters. The Rummidge

masks: Lodge Lodge Lodge Lodge Lodge


title: David Lodge (author)

texts: English literature lecturer Philip Swallow and his American counterpart, Professor Morris Zapp, both aspire to be the highest paid teacher of humanities in the world.In Changing Places, Swallow and Zapp swap jobs for an exchange scheme. The plot of the novel has been described by <mask> as a narrative transformation of the material and the socio-cultural similarities and differences he had seen in Berkeley. There are other fictional universities in <mask>'s novels. The novel Small World was written before the foundation of a real University of Limerick. The University of Gloucester is a fictional university in the novel Thinks... The world of business, television in Therapy, deafness and Alzheimer's disease are covered in <mask>'s novels. <mask>'s deafness is a comic infirmity as opposed to blind which is a tragic infirmity.<mask> said that each of his novels corresponds to a particular phase or aspect of his own life, but this does not mean they areautobiographical in any simple, straightforward sense. <mask>'s novels follow the lives of authors: Author, Author 2004, about Henry James and A Man of Parts, 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780


title: David Lodge (author)

texts: 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 The author was compared to Colm Tibn's novel about Henry James, The Master, which was published six months before it was nominated for the Booker Prize. <mask>'s novel was the subject of most reviews. <mask> wrote about his experience in The Year of Henry James. <mask>'s life from 1935 to 1975 was covered in Quite a Good Time to Be Born. <mask>'s major influences include English Catholic novelists, notably Graham Greene.He has been compared to his friend Malcolm Bradbury many times. The first novel that could be described as experimental was The British Museum Is Falling Down. I had long been aware of the contradiction between my admiration for the great modernist writers and my creative practice, formed by the neo-realist, anti-modernist writing of the 1950s. The example of Malcolm Bradbury's work in comedy was a crucial factor in the development of my writing. <mask> says he was contacted by a man who wanted to know if he was the same person as Malcolm Bradbury. <mask> was an early supporter of the work of Bakhtin. <mask> alludes to other literary works in his novels.The British Museum Is Falling Down is an example of a museum that takes place in one day. The novel is mostly seen from the point of view of Adam Appleby, but the last chapter contains a long stream-of-consciousness section from the point of view of Adam's wife Barbara. When it was first published, most reviewers didn't

masks: Lodge Lodge Lodge Lodge Lodge Lodge Lodge


title: David Lodge (author)

texts: know that the novel contains a number of other passages that parody well-known writers. Small World references Arthurian legend in the plot, character names and allusions made by the characters. <mask> says of the novel's beginnings, "It gradually grew on me that there was an analogy between my story and the Arthurian story, particularly the Grail quest in which a group of knights wander around the world, having adventures, pursuing ladies, love, and glory, jous The modern world has a Round Table of professors who go around the world in pursuit of glory. Sometimes they take the chance to indulge in amorous intrigue, or to joust with each other in debate, pursuing glory in the sense of wanting to be at the top of their profession.<mask>'s work was first noticed in Britain in 1975, when he won the Hawthornden prize for Changing Places. He won the book of the year award in 1980 for How Far Can You Go? The Sunday Express Book of the Year for 1988 was Nice Work. Ginger You're Barmy and The British Museum is Falling Down were two of his early novels. His novels appeared in paperback in the 1960s with Pan and Panther Books and in the 1980s with Penguin Books. Vintage has re-released most of his work. <mask> chaired the Booker Prize judges in 1989 and was a finalist for Small World and Nice Work twice.Out of the Shelter was long-listed for the Lost Man Booker Prize. <mask> is one of the best novelists of his generation. <mask>'s work was published in France in the early 1990s after


title: David Lodge (author)

texts: the publication of two of his novels, Nice Work and Changing Places. The British Museum is Falling Down was followed by Small World in 1991. Almost all of his fiction has been translated. Payot et Rivages is his publisher in France. Consciousness and the Novel was the first theoretical work to be published in France.The Art of Fiction was the last work of this area to be published in France. His books are frequently translated into other languages. <mask> studied the techniques of narrative in The Art of Fiction. Narrative techniques includevarying viewpoints, defamiliarisation, etc. <mask> uses many of these techniques in his novels. In Paradise News, the narration is mostly third-person point of view, but there are also first-person narratives, such as theoretical writings on tourism. The majority of the novel is told through the main character's diary, but there are other texts written about him.The main character wrote these as part of a therapy exercise. Small World and Nice Work are television serials based on <mask>'s novels. <mask> adapted Nice Work and filmed it at the University of Birmingham. The Writing Game was adapted for television. <mask> adapted Dickens's Martin Chuzzlewit for a series. The Writing Game, Home Truths and Secret Thoughts were written by <mask>. <mask> states in his memoir that The Old Rep was one of his favourite theaters and that it had a long and distinguished history.He said that the theatre was a gem, but that it was shabby when he first

masks:
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Theatre Lodge
Lodge


title: David Lodge (author)

texts: tried to write for the professional stage. The writing game is about a residential course for writers. The characters of their own works are read by the action. <mask> said that the play originated in the experience of teaching such a course, not because its plot bears any resemblance to what happened on that course, but because it struck him that the bare situation possessed the classic dramatic unities of time, place and action. To fulfill the dramatic possibilities inherent in the situation, I invented the plot of my play. The play ran for three weeks in 1990. An American production was staged in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1991.<mask> adapted the play for television. 1.2 million people watched it on Channel 4. Home Truths was performed in 1998. Adrian Ludlow, a semi-retired writer, is the focus of the story. <mask> changed it to a novella of the same name. <mask>'s novel Thinks... was adapted into a two-character play, Secret Thoughts, which opened at the Octagon Theatre on 12 May 2011. It was called "one of the most compelling two-handers imaginable" by The Stage.The Guardian review said that "<mask>'s novel boiled down neatly into an intellectually and erotically charged dialogue on the nature of the mind," yet felt that "<mask> cannot quite eradicate the sense that some of the cerebral jousting has a more natural home in a novel Secret Thoughts was hailed as a "bracing and ambitious production that impressed everyone who saw it" at the Manchester Theatre Awards. The


title: David Lodge (author)

texts: Yorkshire Post Fiction Prize for Changing Places was won by How Far Can You Go? Nice Work won the Sunday Express Book of the Year award in 1988 and was finalist for the Commonwealth Writers Prize in 1996. Secret Thoughts won the Best New Play award at the Manchester Theatre Awards. The Picturegoers, Ginger You're Barmy, The British Museum Is Falling Down, Out of the Shelter, and Changing Places: A Tale of Two Campuses are all fiction. The US edition of Small World: An Academic Romance, 1984 Nice Work, 1988 Paradise News, 1991 A <mask> Trilogy, and 1995 The Man Who Wouldn't Get Up are included.The Man Who Wouldn't Get Up and Other Stories is an expanded edition of The Man Who Wouldn't Get Up and Other Stories. The Art-and-Reality Novel was written by <mask>. C. Winter was from the Universittsverlag. Bernard Bergonzi. <mask> is a writer. Northcote House Publishers was founded in 1995. Bruce K. Martin.<mask>. Twayne was in New York in 1999. <mask> is living under a sign language HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax The <mask> Papers are from the University of Birmingham, the University College London and the Royal

masks:
David Lodge
David Lodge
David Lodge
David Lodge
David Lodge
David Lodge


title: Cynthia P. Schneider

texts: <mask> was born in Pennsylvania and is an American diplomat. She received her bachelor's degree in 1977 and her doctorate in 1984 from Harvard University. She was the United States Ambassador to the Netherlands from 1998 to 2001. She is a professor in the Practice of Diplomacy in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. The Lab wants to humanize global politics through performance. <mask> co-directs the Timbuktu Renaissance, a Malian-American initiative supporting Malian's recovery from conflict through a focus on culture, and the Los Angeles-based Muslims on Screen and Television. <mask> speaks Dutch, French, Italian, and German.<mask> began her professional career in 1980 as an assistant curator of European paintings at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. From 1984 to 2005, <mask> was the Associate Professor of Art History at Georgetown University. She was involved with several courses, publications, and exhibitions of Baroque and Renaissance art, with a specialization in Dutch art of the seventeenth century and Rembrandt. <mask> joined the Department of State in 1998 as the Ambassador for the United States of America to the Kingdom of the Netherlands. During her ambassadorship, <mask> coordinated many events. Her field of responsibility included initiatives in public and cultural diplomacy, cyber security, military affairs, and education, as well as work in international justice and the environment. An oral history of World War II veterans and survivors, published on CD and distributed throughout the Dutch school system, is one of the projects undertaken by <mask> during her ambassadorship.The Kyoto Protocol and climate change were discussed when the US delegation was hosted by <mask> in 2000. <mask> was in charge of US cooperation with and assistance to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. She was the top US official in the Netherlands during the trial of the two Libyans accused of bombing Pan Am 103. During the Kosovo War, <mask> acted as a liaison between the American and Dutch militaries. During her ambassadorship, <mask> gave speeches on a wide range of topics, including the global economy, biotechnology, Dutch-American relations, the glass ceiling, politics and culture in America, and the traditions of freedom

masks:
Cynthia Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider


title: Cynthia P. Schneider

texts: and democracy in America and Europe. She was the first American to give the keynote address on the annual Dutch commemoration of the liberation from the Nazis and the first non-Dutch speaker to deliver the annual William of Orange lecture. <mask> received an award from the U.S. Department of Defense.<mask> received the highest civilian honor given by the Pentagon for her support of the U.S. military during her ambassadorship. <mask> has been a professor in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University since 2004. She has published research on the topic of cultural diplomacy. "Cultural Diplomacy: Recommendations and Research" was held at the Center for Arts and Culture in July 2004, as well as "Communicating with the World: Diplomacy that Works" at Georgetown University. Pfizer named <mask> a medical humanities fellow. She initiated a program to pool and strengthen Georgetown's resources in order to promote the integration of the life sciences into daily life. She was the principal investigator on a project funded by the Rockefeller Foundation to research and define "best practices" in public-private partnerships.<mask> was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. She helped to launch the Timbuktu Renaissance, a Malian platform for promoting peace and development through a focus on culture. Muslims on Screen and Television (MOST) is an initiative aimed at providing Hollywood screenwriters with accurate information on Muslims and the Muslim world. <mask> is a member of the Executive Committee of the Board of the Peace Research Endowment. The mission of the Laboratory for Global Performance and Politics is to humanize global politics through performance. <mask> and Goldman are professors at Georgetown University and co-directors of The Lab. <mask> has been invited to speak on a wide range of topics, including public and cultural diplomacy, U.S. and Muslim world relations, U.S.-European relations, and women in the workplace.Her website has a full list of publications. Her writings can be found on the site. <mask> is the recipient of a number of honors, including the U.S. Secret Service Honor Award. She is a member of the Harvard University chapter of the society. The ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands were alumni of Harvard

masks: Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider


title: Henry Flagler

texts: Standard Oil was founded in Ohio by <mask>, an American industrialist and founder. The founder of the Florida East Coast Railway was a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida. The cities of Miami and Palm Beach were founded by him. The son of a Presbyterian minister and his widow, <mask> was born in New York. She married the widower Dr. David Harkness of Milan, Ohio, who had two sons with her. Stephen V. Harkness became Elizabeth's stepson. Daniel M. Harkness was the son of David and Elizabeth.He was descended from the Palatinate region. In 1710 a descendant of the Flegler family arrived in New York from England and settled in the county. <mask> first used the different spelling of the name. Solomon's father was the father of <mask>. Through eighth grade, he attended local schools. Lamon G. Harkness, Daniel's paternal uncle, had a store in Republic, Ohio. He recruited <mask> to join him, and the youth went to Ohio in the 19th century at a salary of US$5 per month plus room and board.In 1849, <mask> was promoted to the sales staff with a monthly salary of $40. Daniel and his uncle Lamon started a grain business. The Flagler and York Salt Company was founded in 1862 by <mask> and his brother-in-law Barney Hamlin York. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217

masks:
Henry Morrison Flagler
Flagler
Solomon Flagler
Henry
Henry Flagler
Flagler
Flagler


title: Henry Flagler

texts: 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The company collapsed because of the war. He lost his initial $50,000 investment and an additional $50,000 he borrowed from his father-in-law and Daniel. He believed that he had learned to invest in a business after thorough investigation.After the failure of his salt business in Saginaw, <mask> reentered the grain business as a commission merchant with the Harkness Grain Company. He worked to pay back his stepbrother. John D. Rockefeller was a commission agent for the Harkness Grain Company. Rockefeller left the grain business to start his own oil refinery in Cleveland, which became the center of the oil refining industry in America. Rockefeller worked with a chemist. Rockefeller was in need of capital for his new venture. Stephen V. Harkness invested $100,000 in order for <mask> to be a partner.The partnership formed with <mask> in control of Harkness' interest. The partnership eventually became the Standard Oil Corporation. The firm's position against competitors was strengthened by using the rebate system. Due to his connections as a grain merchant, <mask> was in a position to make those deals. They put Standard Oil in a good position to compete. It was the leader of the American oil refining industry by 1872. New York City became the center of commerce in the U.S. in 1877,

masks: Flagler Flagler Flagler Flagler


title: Henry Flagler

texts: when <mask> and his family moved there.Standard Oil moved its corporate headquarters to New York City in 1885. Cleveland was one of the five main refining centers in the US by the end of the American Civil War. By 1869, there was three times more refining capacity than needed to supply the market, and the capacity remained in excess for many years. Standard Oil of Ohio was formed in June 1870 and became the most profitable refiner in Ohio. Standard Oil became one of the largest oil and gas companies in the country. The South Improvement Company was formed in order to control freight rates outside of the main oil centers in order to fight the railroads for traffic. The Cartel received preferential treatment as a high-volume shipper, which included steep discounts of up to 50% for their product, and also discounts for the shipment of competing products.The announcement of sharply increased freight charges was part of the scheme. The discovery of Standard Oil's part in the deal led to protests from independent oil well owners. A major New York refiner led the opposition to the plan, and railroads backed off. Non-preferential rates were restored for the time being after Pennsylvania revoked the cartel's charter. Despite being vilified for the first time by the press, Flagler and Rockefeller continued with their self-reinforcing cycle of buying competing refiners, improving the efficiency of operations, pressing for discounts on oil shipments, undercutting competition, making secret deals, and raising investment pools. In less than four months in 1872, Standard Oil had absorbed 22 of its competitors in Cleveland. In 1874, they


title: Henry Flagler

texts: made a secret agreement with their old nemesis to be acquired, and eventually they saw the futility of competing against Standard Oil.They became partners of Rockefeller and Flagler. One of the key men in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust was Rogers. The Secretary of Standard Oil was Charles Pratt's son. Flagler and Rockefeller had to show the competitors the books so they could see what they were up against and make them a decent offer. They were told that if they didn't accept the offer, they would run them into bankruptcy and then buy up their assets at an auction. <mask> and Rockefeller saw themselves as the industry's salvations, "an angel of mercy" absorbing the weak and making the industry as a whole stronger, more efficient, and more competitive. Standard was growing both vertically and horizontally.It added a home delivery network. It kept oil prices low to stave off competitors, made its products affordable to the average household, and to increase market penetration, sometimes sold below cost if necessary. It developed hundreds of oil-based products, from tar to paint to chewing gum. Standard was refining most of the oil in the U.S. by the end of the 1870s. Standard clashed with the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Flagler and Rockefeller started a campaign to build and acquire pipes as an alternative transport system for oil. The Empire Transportation Company was formed by the railroad in response to Standard's incursion into the transportation and pipeline fields.With the help of other railroads, Standard started a price war that caused labor unrest and dramatically reduced freight payments. The


title: Henry Flagler

texts: railroad sold its oil interests to Standard. After the battle, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania indicted <mask> and Rockefeller on charges of monopolizing the oil trade, starting an onslaught of similar court proceedings in other states and making a national issue of Standard Oil's business practices. In 1879, the New York State Legislature's Hepburn Committee conducted hearings in response to the complaints of local merchants that were not involved in the oil trade. Standard Oil's business interests were discovered by the committee. Monopoly Standard Oil gained complete control of oil refining and marketing in the United States through horizontal integration. The old distribution system was replaced by Standard Oil's own vertical system.It supplied kerosene by tank cars that brought the fuel to local markets, and tank wagons that delivered the fuel to retail customers, circumventing the existing network of wholesale jobbers. Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public, Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. Standard's most potent weapons were underselling, differential pricing, and secret transportation rebates. Journalists and politicians used monopolistic methods to attack the firm, giving rise to the antitrust movement. Standard Oil was "the most cruel, impudent, pitiless, and grasping monopoly that ever fastened upon a country," according to the New York World. Some things are likely to be done which we can't approve. When they come to our knowledge, we correct them.It was difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in


title: Henry Flagler

texts: given seats on the company's board. The History of the Standard Oil Company was published in 1905 by Ida Tarbell, who was a leading muckraker. She documented the company's espionage, price wars, heavy-handed marketing tactics, and courtroom evasions. Tarbell claims to have been surprised by the magnitude of her work.I never objected to their corporate form or their size. They should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they can, but only by legitimate means. Their greatness was ruined by the fact that they had never played fair. Tarbell's father was out of the oil business. The company and themselves were put in a better light by the publicity campaign. <mask> and Rockefeller decided to make themselves more accessible and responded with conciliatory comments such as "capital and labor are both wild forces which require intelligent legislation to hold them in restriction." New Jersey changed its laws in 1909 to allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company.Rockefeller kept his stock while he was president. Standard Oil Company of New Jersey was found in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act by the Supreme Court of the United States. The trust had 70% of the refined oil market, but only 14% of the U.S. crude oil supply. The trust was ordered to be broken into 34 new companies by the court. Continental Oil became Conoco, Standard of Indiana became Amoco, Standard of California became Chevron, and Standard of New Jersey became Esso. Pennzoil and Chevron are not the same company. Rockefeller and Flagler started building their fortune in refining oil in Cleveland, Ohio, when they envisioned success in


title: Henry Flagler

texts: the oil industry.More and more crude oil was shipped from the oil regions to Cleveland for the refining process because of transportation facilities and the aggressiveness of the refinery there. It was due to the efforts of two men. Rockefeller. Rockefeller and Flagler worked hard to make their company famous. <mask> said that they made good oil and sold it for all they could get. <mask> and Rockefeller's Standard Oil company became well known in Ohio and expanded to other states, as well as gaining additional capital in purchasing smaller oil refining companies across the nation. "Standard Oil was born as a big enterprise, it had cut its teeth as a partnership and was now ready to plunge forward into a period of greater expansion and development."It was doing one tenth of the business in the United States. In addition to its two refineries and a barrel plant in Cleveland, it had a fleet of tank cars and warehouses in the oil regions as well as warehouses and tanks in New York. Standard Oil had a monopoly on oil refining in the United States. The assets and capital of America's oil refineries were calculated by Standard Oil. In Indiana, Kentucky, New Jersey, New York and Ohio, Standard Oil's combined assets equalled $42 million. Standard Oil had a total of $26,000,000. <mask> <mask> and John D. Rockefeller built the biggest, most prosperous and monopolizing oil empire of their time: Standard Oil.Rockefeller's brother, William, was one of the owners of Standard Oil. Standard Oil took America by storm. Although Standard Oil was a partnership, <mask> was the brains behind the booming oil refining business. John D. Rockefeller

masks:
Henry
Flagler
Henry Morrison
Flagler
Flagler


title: Henry Flagler

texts: denied that the Standard Oil company was the result of his thinking. I would like to think of it. It was <mask>. There is a person named <mask>.<mask> was an active part of Standard Oil. The Rockefellers hired John Archbold, who was known for being more aggressive. As a vice president through 1908, <mask> was part of Standard Oil's ownership until 1911. When Mary Harkness fell sick, her doctor recommended they travel to Jacksonville for the winter to escape the brutal conditions of the North. <mask> was able to experience the warm, sunny atmosphere of Florida for the first time. He married again two years after his first wife died. Mary had been cared for by Ida Alice.The couple went to Saint Augustine after their wedding. The hotel facilities and transportation systems were not adequate. Franklin W. Smith had just finished building Villa Zorayda when <mask> offered to buy it for him on his honeymoon. Smith planted the seed of St. Augustine's and Florida's future in <mask>'s mind. Although he remained on the board of directors of Standard Oil, he gave up his day-to-day involvement to focus on his interests in Florida. Smith was offered an offer by him in 1885. If Smith could raise $50,000, <mask> would invest $150,000 and they would build a hotel together.<mask> began construction of the 540-room Ponce de Leon Hotel by himself, but spent several times his original estimate, because Smith couldn't come up with the funds. Smith taught the masons how to mix and pour. The Florida East Coast Railway was purchased by <mask> to support his hotel ventures. He used convict leasing, a method undertaken by the Southern States to

masks:
Henry M
Flagler
Flagler
Flagler
Flagler
Flagler
Flagler
Flagler
Flagler
Flagler


title: Henry Flagler

texts: replace the economic setup of slavery, tomodernize the existing railroads. The Ponce de Leon Hotel was his next project. He invested with the help of Dr. Andrew Anderson. An instant success, it opened on January 10, 1888, after many years of work.A new "American Riviera" was sparked by this project. He expanded his Florida holdings two years later. He built a railroad bridge to get to the southern half of the state and purchased a hotel north of Daytona. The Alcazar Hotel was built as an overflow hotel for the Ponce de Leon Hotel. The Lightner Museum is next to the Casa Monica Hotel and was bought by <mask>. His dedication to the state of Florida was demonstrated when he began construction on his private residence. The wilderness and marsh had to be cut through an immense engineering effort.The state gave incentive for every mile of track built. By 1894, the railroad was extended to West Palm Beach, which became the service town of Palm Beach and West Palm Beach. The largest wooden structure in the world was at the Royal Poinciana Hotel. The Palm Beach Inn was built in 1901 and overlooks the Atlantic Ocean in Palm Beach. Severe freezes hit the area in 1894 and 1895, causing <mask> to rethink his plan to have West Palm Beach be the end of his railroad system. The area known as Miami was not affected by the freeze. The Florida East Coast Canal and Transportation Company and the Boston and Florida Atlantic Coast Land Company were offered land in exchange for laying rail tracks.Julia Tuttle, who he had met in Cleveland, Ohio, and William Brickell, who ran a trading post on the Miami River, owned the land. At the time, Miami was

masks: Flagler Flagler


title: Henry Flagler

texts: an unincorporated area. He made many gifts to build hospitals, churches and schools in Florida and encouraged fruit farming along his railway line. The Florida East Coast Railway reached Biscayne Bay by 1896. The city's first newspaper was financed by <mask>, who dredged a channel, built streets, and instituted the first water and power systems. The citizens of the city wanted to honor the man responsible for its growth by naming it "Flagler". He persuaded them to use an old Indian name.An artificial island was built in the bay. The Royal Palm Hotel was opened in 1897 and is located on the north bank of the Miami River. He was known as the Father of Miami. "<mask> built his tourist empire, and modern Florida, by exploiting two brutal labor systems that blanketed the South for 50 years after the Civil War: convict leasing and debt peonage." To address the South's labor shortages, these systems targeted African Americans, stealing their labor and entrapping them in state-sanctioned forms of forced labor. Thousands of workers, including many as young as 15, became slaves. When an investigative journalist and the U.S. Justice Department uncovered the practices, <mask> and his allies successfully mobilized to whitewash the findings in Congress and white-owned Florida newspapers.Ida Alice Shourds was declared insane by Dr. Anderson in 1896 and was institutionalized for the rest of the year. At the same time, he began to have an affair with another woman, and by 1899 newspapers began to question whether the two were having an affair. He gave her more than $1 million in jewelry. In 1901, <mask> bribed the Florida Legislature and


title: Henry Flagler

texts: Governor to pass a law that allowed him to remarry. The law that allowed for divorce before 1905 was repealed in 1905. The law of Florida still states that a spouse's mental incapacity is a grounds for dissolution of marriage. On August 24, 1901, 10 days after his divorce, <mask> married Mary Lily at her family's plantation, Liberty Hall, and the couple moved into their new Palm Beach estate, Whitehall, a 55-room beaux arts home designed by the New York-based firm of Carrre andThe Palm Beach "season" for the wealthy of America's Gilded Age was established by the 60,000- square-foot (5,600 m2) winter retreat built in 1901 as a wedding present to Mary Lilly. The Florida East Coast Railway should have been extended from Biscayne Bay to Key West by 1905. Key West was Florida's most populous city, with a population of 20,000, and it was also the United States' deep water port closest to the canal that the U.S. government proposed to build in Panama. The Panama Canal would allow Flagler to take advantage of additional trade with Cuba and Latin America as well as the increased trade with the west. The Florida Overseas Railroad was completed in 1912. After the freeze in 1894, Flagler made donations to suffering farmers and invested $50 million in railroad, home and hotel construction. "I believe this state is the easiest place for many men to gain a living," he said when asked about his philanthropic efforts by the president of the college.I don't think anyone else will develop it if I don't, but I hope to live long enough to prove I am a good business man by getting a dividend on my investment. <mask>'s developments in Florida were


title: Henry Flagler

texts: built using cheap labor that exploited people in the systems of convict leasing and debt peonage used in the South for 50 years after the civil war. There was an investigation into the accusations of peonage at F.E.C. There was no immigrant peonage in the South and no in the Keys according to the congressional investigation. In March 1913, <mask> fell down a flight of stairs. He died from his injuries in Palm Beach at the age of 83. Every engine on the Florida East Coast Railway stopped for ten minutes at 3 p.m. on the day of the funeral, May 23, 1913.The people along the railway line waited all night for the funeral train to pass. His first wife, Mary Harkness, his daughter, Jenny Louise, and granddaughter, Marjorie, were also entombed in the mausoleum. Harry was the only one of the three children to survive his first marriage. A large portion of his estate was designated for a "niece" who was said to be a child born out of wedlock. George W. Perkins, of J.P. Morgan & Co., said that "any man could have the genius to see of what this wilderness of waterless sand and underbrush was capable and then have it." The main shopping street in Downtown Miami is named Flagler Street. There is a monument to him in Miami, as well as a college and hospital named after him.The states of Florida and Colorado are also named for him. The <mask> Morrison Flagler Museum is open to the public in Palm Beach. The Beaux Arts pavilion looks like a 19th-century railway palace. On February 24, 2006 a statue of <mask> was unveiled in Key West near the spot where the Over-Sea Railroad once terminated. On July 28, 2006 a statue of <mask> was unveiled on

masks: Flagler Henry Flagler Flagler


title: Henry Flagler

texts: the southeast steps of Miami's Dade County Courthouse. The Overseas Railroad, also known as the Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway, was damaged in the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. The roadbed and remaining bridges were sold to the State of Florida, which built the Overseas Highway to Key West, using much of the remaining railway infrastructure.The top-ranked Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named for <mask> and his wife, who was an early benefactor of the school. She married an old friend who used an inheritance from her to buy a newspaper. There were several books written in the 1980's about the <mask> marriage and questions about her death or possible murder. The control of the fortune was in the hands of Mary Lilly Kenan's family, who lived into the 1960s. The Casa Monica Hotel was purchased by <mask> and renamed the Ponce de Len Hotel. Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, There was a year of important decisions in Florida.The first issue focuses on Flager's aggressive urban development of the city of St. Augustine, his improvement of the local railroad networks between several Florida communities, and negotiations regarding international government trade policies and regulations. Ossman, Laurie; Ewing, Heather. Carrre and Hastings are part of The Masterworks. HD Wallpaper and background images in the Rizzoli USA club. The History of the Standard Oil Company by Ida Tarbell Railroad is

masks:
Flagler
Bingham Flagler
Flagler