title: James I, Count of La Marche

texts: was led by <mask>. On 31 May, John agreed to pardon Charles. Charles and his army embarked on a course for the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy before John II's letters reached Pamplona.It was necessary to prepare the defences of Normandy after the news arrived in Paris. Two armies were formed. The largest was to be stationed at Caen. He was one of three conciliators who were to meet with Charles of Navarre as soon as he landed to explain the king's new position. The negotiations began soon after Charles arrived at Cherbourg. The Treaty of Valognes was signed on 10 September. Seven of Charles' walled towns and castles in Normandy should be surrendered to the Constable according to the provisions of the treaty.In the fall of 1355, John I, Count of Armagnac, who commanded an army of local troops, and the marshal Jean de Clermont were to defend against the invasion of the Edward, Prince of Wales. When the Prince of Wales struck in October, he was further south than expected in the County of Armagnac. The commanders prepared themselves for a siege in Toulouse. At places never before forded by horses, the Prince crossed the Garonne and the Arige on October 28, marching north to within a few miles of Toulouse. The English might try to invest the city from both sides, so the Constable left for Montauban. The Prince continued eastward into lands that were largely untouched by the war. He took Narbonne but was far away from home.The town of Homps on the river Aude seems to have been intended to cut off retreat and force him


title: James I, Count of La Marche

type: paraphrased

texts: to battle on their own terms, as evidenced by the 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 The French commanders decided to withdraw west towards Toulouse. There were disagreements over strategy in Toulouse during the English return. Armagnac abandoned the countryside to the English in order to defend the principal cities and river crossing. The people of Languedoc were frustrated and resented by <mask> who wanted to do something. The last chance to stop the English was at the river Save, but after watching the enemy for several days Armagnac broke the bridges and withdrew north. On November 28, the Prince of Wales was back in English territory after crossing the river.The French conduct of the defence was unpopular in the south and although the Constable had not agreed to Armagnac's strategy and gave the King his own eye-witness account he could not escape the blame directed against the three commanders. <mask> and the marshal Arnoul d'Audrehem were behind a proposal to settle the war between the two kings in single combat on the day after Edward III returned to England. He was taken prisoner by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, after he resigned his post. Jean III de Grailly, captal de Buch and five of his companions

masks: James James


title: James I, Count of La Marche

texts: sold him to the Prince of Wales. <mask> was released by a treaty. Ponthieu had succeeded his brother Duke Peter of La Marche after he died at Poitiers. The peace promised by the treaty was illusory.While the English were at peace with France, discharged mercenary companies found new jobs in the countryside. The "Free Companies" were put down by <mask> and Jean de Tancarville under the leadership of Petit Meschin after King John II returned from captivity. Bourbon and Tancarville gathered their army. When the companies attacked their camp on the morning of 6 April 1362, they were taken completely by surprise, as they never imagined that the companies would dare challenge them in the open. <mask> and his oldest son were killed in the battle that followed the governmental army. He married the daughter of Hugh of Chtillon, Lord of Leuze. Pierre II, Count of La Marche was married to Jean I, Count of La Marche.The Hundred Years War II: Trial by Fire, University of Pennsylvania Press, October 2001, People of the Hundred Years' War Counts of La Marche Counts of Ponthieu House of Bourbon French military personnel killed in action 1319 births 1362

masks: James James James


title: Josh Zeid

texts: <mask> is an American-Israeli former professional baseball pitcher. He plays for Israel. He played for the Astros. The Team USA Youth National Team won a gold medal. Baseball America ranked him the 27th-best prospect in the country in his senior year in high school. He won the MiLB Best Reliever Award in 2010 after being drafted in the 10th round of the Major League Baseball Draft. He made his major league debut with the Houston Astros.He pitched for Team Israel at the World Baseball Classic and was named to the All-World Baseball Classic team. His pitch was 97 mph. He joined the Chicago Cubs front office as a pitching analyst after retiring from baseball. He obtained Israeli citizenship in order to play for Team Israel in baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Personal Zeid was born to Ira and Karen, who both work at a senior center in New Haven, Connecticut. He went to Hebrew school three days a week as a child, and attended a synagogue. He said that if you become a successful athlete, you should let people know where you're from and that he wore a Star of David around his neck.They have two sons. A school record was 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167


title: Josh Zeid

texts: the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Brad Ausmus was the manager of the Israeli national baseball team when they played in the World Baseball Classic. He earned a save in Israel's victory over Spain.His mother said that they loved the food and the games. In the opening game against South Africa, Zeid gave up a walk on three strike outs and was credited with a hold. During the second game against Spain, Zeid gave up a hit and an earned run while recording a save. In the third and final game against Spain, he gave up a hit and two earned runs, while walking one and striking out two, in a game that he was credited with the loss. The pitcher for Israel at the World Baseball Classic qualifier had a 1.35 earned run average. In the first game of the series, he gave up 2 hits and an earned run while striking out 2. Under World Baseball Classic rules any pitcher who throws over 50 pitches can't pitch again for four days, so Israel was able to use Zeid again in the tournament.The winning pitcher in the third and final game of the tournament was <mask>, who gave up a walk and recorded 3 strikeouts. In March of last year, he pitched for Israel at the World Baseball Classic main tournament. In the first game of round one, he was the winning pitcher as Israel defeated South Korea by a score of 4-3. "This has to be it, the win is the epitome of my


title: Josh Zeid

texts: career," he said. In my career, this has to be the top win as a team. Nothing compares to this stage when it comes to being part of a couple of championships in the lower levels in the minor league and high school. He was a starter for the world # 1 Team Japan and gave up 5 hits, but he was the only one who didn't give up a run.<mask> was named to the All-World Baseball Classic team after the conclusion of the tournament. Team Israel will compete at the 2020 Olympics. His fastball was 92 mph in 2021. There are External links to the list of Jewish baseball players. Being Jewish has always been something that I have been so proud of. Baseball players at the 2020 Summer Olympics are living


title: Tom Lukiwski

texts: <mask> was a member of the Conservative Party and served as a Member of Parliament from 2008 to 2021. Following the 2012 federal electoral district redistribution, he was re-elected to the Moose Jaw–Lake Centre–Lanigan riding. He did not run for re-election. <mask> was born in Canada. He was a political administrator before entering politics. In 2004, <mask> was re-elected by 122 votes over Gary J. Anderson. His predecessor, Larry Spencer, was denied the opportunity to run as a Conservative because of inflammatory comments he made regarding homosexuality.The revocation of Spencer's party membership was approved by <mask> at the time. In the last three general elections, <mask> was re-elected. He was the Parliamentary Secretary to the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons. Peter Van Loan. The ability to stall Parliamentary Committee business by "Filibustering" is well known on Parliament Hill. An example of this ability is speaking for almost 120 minutes to prevent the Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and sustainable Development from studying a private member's bill to implement the Kyoto Accord. He admitted to stalling the proceedings.The February 5, 2008 and February 7, 2008 Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs meetings were examples of this. Non-renewable natural resource revenues, such as revenues from oil and gas, should be excluded from the calculation of the equalization formula. If non-renewable resources were removed from the formula, the province would be between $800 million to $1.5 billion wealthier each year. The

masks:
Tom Lukiwski
Lukiwski
Lukiwski
Lukiwski
Lukiwski


title: Tom Lukiwski

texts: motion was introduced in the House of Commons on March 22, 2005. During his speech introducing the motion, he stated that the non-renewable natural resources should be removed from the formula. The Conservatives promised during the 2006 federal election that they would remove non-renewable natural resource revenue from the equalization formula. In the days leading up to the 2006 election, Lukiwski stated that the changes would make the province $2 to 2.5 billion wealthier each and every year.The Conservatives indicated that any future changes to the program would not be what was promised. The Conservatives introduced changes to the equalization system in the federal budget. Not being able to retain 100% of its non-renewable resource revenue was the result of this. If you want to say that the changes didn't fulfill the Conservative's promise, you can. The budget was supported by the Bloc Qubécois. On April 3, 2008, the New Democratic Party ofSaskatchewan released a videotape showing a man making homophobic remarks. Grant Devine was the general manager of the Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan at the time the videotape was made.He says there's A's and B's in the video. The A's and B's are homosexual faggots with dirt under their fingernails that transmit diseases. There were calls for <mask>'s resignation or removal as a Parliamentary Secretary after the release of the tape. If I could take those comments back, I would. They don't reflect who I am. "I can assure you, Mr. Speaker, and all of my colleagues in this House that I will spend the rest of my career and my life trying to make up for


title: Tom Lukiwski

texts: those shameful comments," he said. He was invited to attend the gay pride parade inRegina, but he didn't show up.Gay groups were disappointed that Lukiwski didn't respond to the invitation. The gay pride spokesman said that Mr. Lukiwski stated in his public apology that he would spend the rest of his life regretting his actions. When does that kick in? His apology is hollow as it has not been followed up with any concerted effort to join our celebrations as an elected official who represents gays and lesbians in the area. The disappointment was heightened by the fact that Lukiwski was in the area on the day of the parade. On October 19, 2015, Mickey Djuric, then with the Moose Jaw Times-Herald, stated that Lukiwski called the NDP candidate a "whore". He insisted that he referred to an "NDP horde" in his speech.The Times-Herald decided not to run the story, causing Djuric to resign her position in protest, and interim Conservative leader Rona Ambrose stated she was satisfied with the explanation. In 2005, <mask> was sued for libel by Alcock after he wrongly claimed that Alcock had given his campaign manager a job with the Canadian Wheat Board. The matter was settled out of court in Alcock's favor, with <mask> apologizing to Alcock in a statement. In November 2009, <mask> apologized in the House of Commons for mailing out Parliamentary flyers to the riding of Liberal MP Larry Bagnell which wrongly stated how Bagnell had voted on a private member's bill on the long-gun registry. External links to the official site How'd They Vote? <mask>'s voting history and quotes from an interview he did on Beyond

masks:
Lukiwski
Lukiwski
Lukiwski
Tom Lukiwski


title: Jean-Baptiste Salme

texts: During the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, Jean-<mask> led French troops. He was in trouble several times because of his association with the wrong people, including his wife who tried to kill him. Jacques MacDonald and he were both generals of the brigade. He served in MacDonald's army in Italy and Spain during the 18th and 19th centuries. He joined the French Royal Army in 1784. He became the commanding officer of the 3rd Infantry in the Army of the Rhine in 1793. He was the leader of his unit at Second Wissembourg.He was promoted to general officer after fighting at Tourcoing, Tournay and Hooglede. He was on occupation duty in Belgium and Holland after capturing the fortress of Grave. He was unemployed for over a year because of his friendship with Jean-Charles Pichegru. He was wounded and captured by the Austrians after leading the army advance guard at the Trebbia. He went on the Saint-Domingue expedition to Haiti but was sent home early because he had a sexual liaison with a woman. He retired from the army after his wife tried to poison him. He briefly led a second-line outfit in the Walcheren Campaign.He served in Catalonia after being given a brigade. He died during the Siege of Tarragona. His name is on Column 38 of the Arc de Triomphe. The child of Jean Baptiste and Marie Jeanne Vignon was born in Aillianville. Nicolas and Marie Gérard, Nicolas' paternal grandfather and his second wife, were the godparents. The father of Salme was a timber merchant. In 1789, Jean-Baptiste pre was accused of misappropriating civic


title: Jean-Baptiste Salme

texts: funds.In May 1793, the father's membership in the bourgeoisie aroused suspicion, but he went on to become the mayor. His uncle was a parish priest. On April 16, 1784, <mask> ran off and enlisted in the Tribois company of the Noailles Dragoon Regiment, despite his parents' wishes. The garrison town of the unit was pinal. The young dragoon was five feet four inches tall with light brown hair. He had a scar on his nose. He was a private during his military career, serving in garrisons at Toulouse and Montauban.He left the army on January 12th, 1791, after being persuaded by his father that there was no future for him. The 1st Battalion of the Vosges National Guard joined the War of the First Coalition on July 9, 1791. The old soldier who commanded the battalion made him a sergeant because he was a dragoon. He was promoted to lieutenant on April 15, 1792, after he enthusiastically participated in the training of the battalion. He was married the next day. The battalion was ordered to the front on 19 July after war broke out in April. On August 3, 1792, <mask> was wounded at Rlzheim when he was involved in operations around the siege of Longwy.The 1st Vosges Battalion was present at the capture of Speyer when the Army of the Rhine trapped 3,600 Imperial troops in a bend of the Rhine River. In the spring of 1793, the 1st Vosges was in the 1st brigade of Joseph Victorin Nevinger's Left Wing. On September 14, 1793, he was wounded in an action at Nothweiler. The 15th Vosges Battalion, a unit of raw and undisciplined conscripts, had a lieutenant colonel

masks: Salme Salme


title: Jean-Baptiste Salme

texts: named <mask>. He became the Chef de brigade (colonel) of the 3rd Line Infantry on October 28. The 3rd Line belonged to the Center of the army. The army commander Jean-Charles Pichegru gave a commendation to the soldier who won the battle at Berstheim.He was wounded in the arm by a saber-cut while fighting Austrian hussars. The Second Battle of Wissembourg took place on December 26, 1793. Jean-Baptiste Jourdan was dismissed from his position as commander of the Army of the North on January 19th, 1794. Pichegru arrived at army headquarters on February 8 to take over from Jacques Ferrand. The general of brigade was promoted on March 30, 1794. He was employed by Pichegru with the Army of the North. Jacques Philippe Bonnaud's division fought at the Battle of Tourcoing and the Battle of Tournay in May.Part of loi Laurent Despeaux's division was formed for the operations covering the Siege of Ypres Salme's brigade. The divisions of Despeaux on the right, Joseph Souham on the center and Pierre Antoine Michaud on the left provided the screening force when Jean Victor Marie Moreau's troops invested Ypres on 1 June. On 10 June the three screening divisions drove off the Coalition corps under Franois Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt. The 13th Clerfayt launched a surprise attack on Despeaux's division at 7 am and pushed the brigade back toward Menen. Jacques MacDonald's brigade from Souham's division resisted Clerfayt's attacks for six hours. At that time, Jan de Winter's brigade arrived to support MacDonald's left and <mask>'s soldiers


title: Jean-Baptiste Salme

texts: order to put down rebellions by unhappy Belgians, <mask> was assigned to a cavalry command. He was recalled by the French Directory on February 12th 1797 after running afoul of the French civil authorities. In 1797, the commander of the Army of Sambre-et-Meuse named <mask> to lead a dragoon brigade.The fighting ended two days after the armistice was signed. The Royalist group was overthrown by force during the War of the Second Coalition. The treason of Pichegru came to light and he was exiled from France. He was dismissed from the army because of his friendship with the traitor, and Hoche called him a "Pichegru's vile spy". He got a post in the Army of Egypt after being forced to retire for over a year. The Army of Rome was founded by Jean tienne Championnet and he was the one who missed the sailing at Ancona. The division of 4,000 men was near Ancona.Rome was evacuated in the face of an attack by the Neapolitan army. The French took control of Naples on January 23, 1799, after the Neapolitan army collapsed. After a dispute with French government agents, Championnet was removed from command and placed under arrest. MacDonald was the new commander of the army. MacDonald was told to garrison central and southern Italy and come north by marches with the Army of Naples. MacDonald moved north on 7 May after the order arrived. The army Advance Guard had 2,997 men and was made up of the 15th Light and 11th Line.At 8:00 am on 17 June 1799, MacDonald opened the Battle of Trebbia by sending 18,700 soldiers from the divisions of Claude Victor, Jean-Baptiste


title: Jean-Baptiste Salme

texts: Rusca, and Jean Henri Dombrowski. After the French pressed back the Austrians of Peter Karl Ott von Btorkéz, Alexander Suvorov had over 30,000 Austrians and Russians on the field. MacDonald delegated Victor to direct the assault after he was wounded at the Battle of Modena. The French fought without a guiding hand and Victor never took charge of the troops. The French divisions were covered by the Advance Guard late in the day. Frenchmen were the only ones that remained east of the river. MacDonald waited for his three missing divisions to arrive on the battlefield.Suvorov was unable to get his columns moving as he was unable to launch a powerful stroke with his right wing. It was so quiet that someone asked for permission to go in. The assault began at 4:00 pm. He stood his ground despite being ordered to retreat as soon as the enemy applied pressure. Jean Sarrazin was his successor and he was wounded as well. The Advance Guard behind the Trebbia was taken over by Louis Joseph Lahure. The Army of Naples retreated on June 20th, leaving behind wounded generals.The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in March of 1802. The Saint-Domingue expedition arrived in Hispaniola on February 5, 1802. He was in charge of the 13th brigade. The sweep was organized by the expedition commander, Charles Leclerc. During the operation, Hardy took the brigade on an all-night march to surprise a Haitian base. Much of Haiti was taken over by the French but large Haitian forces escaped and returned to Cap-Franais. On May 15, 1802, Leclerc promoted <mask> general of division and


title: Jean-Baptiste Salme

texts: immediately sent him back to France.It is possible that he was sick, that he was critical of restoring slavery in Hispaniola, that he was dealing in the black market, and that he had become the lover of Leclerc's wife. He was told to report the condition of the army when he got back to France. Most of the army died from yellow fever that year. An annual pension of 5,000 Swiss Francs was given to <mask> after he was placed in inactive status. He retired with a pension of 2,500 Swiss Francs. He moved to Drusenheim on a property owned by his father-in-law. His wife tried to poison him but he was warned in time and his dog died.He went into business with another man in the market square of Neufchteau. The police had him under observation because of his association with Moreau. He was ignored by the War Ministry even though he had the sympathy of Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville. A property dispute with his wife took up a lot of his time. He served in the Walcheren Campaign after being given command of a brigade of National Guards. He was sent home after he performed his duties well. Salme asked the general to get Souham a combat posting after he was wounded in the Peninsular War.The VII Corps is also known as the Army of Catalonia. Louis-Gabriel Suchet was about to besiege Tortosa. Suchet's operation was supposed to be supported by MacDonald's VII Corps. One of MacDonald's brigades was wiped out by the Spanish at the Battle of La Bisbal well to the north. Without O'Donnell who had been wounded, the Spanish column passed near MacDonald. The


title: Dan Desdunes

texts: Civil rights activist and musician <mask><mask> lived in New Orleans and Omaha, Nebraska. He volunteered to board the train car that was designated for whites in violation of the Louisiana 1890 Separate Car Act because he was descended from a family of people of color free before the Civil War. The New Orleans Comité des Citoyens would be able to challenge the law in the courts. The court found that the law did not apply to the cases, which were bound by federal law and regulation. A member of the Comité des Citoyens was selected to board a train. He was arrested for refusing to leave the white car, and the case went to the US Supreme Court. Desdunes became a musician, playing many instruments, including the coronet, the violin, the baritone horn, and the trombone.He was known for his many styles. He performed for P. G. Lowery, P. T. Wright, and Harry Prampin. During the Great Migration to northern cities, Desdunes moved to Omaha, which became a destination for African Americans from the South. He led the Boys Town Band at Father Flanagan's Boys Town, and his band became a fixture in civic life. In Harrison J. Pinkett's 1937 manuscript, "An Historical Sketch of the Omaha Negro," he was described as the "Father of negro musicians of Omaha". <mask> was the son of Rodolphe <mask> and Mathilde. His siblings were Agnes, Louise, Coritza, and Wendelle.Rodolphe was a

masks:
Daniel F
. Desdunes
Daniel Desdunes
Lucien Desdunes


title: Dan Desdunes

texts: customs agent, civil rights activist, journalist, historian, and poet. The daughter of John and Ophelia Walker was born in 1860 and Rodolphe started a relationship with her in 1879. They had at least four children together: Louise, John Alexander, and Oscar. There was a death on September 23, 1893. Mary Celine was a blues pianist. Jérémie and Henriette Desdunes were neighbors of Jelly Roll Morton's mother. From this proximity, Morton learned the song he later recorded as "Mamie's Blues" or " 2:19 Blues" and attributed to Mamie, singing, "Can't give a dollar, give a lousy dime, I wanna feed that hungry man of mine."Performer Bunk Johnson was one of the associates of Mamie. Mamie was born March 25, 1879, married George Degay in 1898, and died of Tuberculosis on December 4, 1911. Clarence's nephew Oscar was a musician and played with Clarence's band after Clarence's death in 1933. Rodolphe had at least three other daughters, possibly by Clementine. Straight University is a historically black college that <mask>. Desdunes attended. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217


title: Dan Desdunes

texts: 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Desdunes married Victoria Oliver in 1895.Victoria died after Clarence was born on February 17, 1896. Desdunes married again to Madia Dodd. Desdunes lived in New Orleans for most of the 1890s. He lived the rest of his life in Omaha. Madia died while visiting her sister in Brooklyn, NY. She was laid to rest at St. Philip's Episcopal in Omaha. The Louisiana State Legislature passed the Separate Car Act in 1890.The leaders who had been free men of color were Aristide, Rodolphe and <mask>nes. <mask> was enlisted by his father to violate the act in order to challenge it in court. On February 24, 1892, <mask> boarded a train. <mask> was arrested at the corner of Elysian Fields and Claiborne in New Orleans. The constitution only gives the federal government authority to regulate inter-state travel and commerce, so the Separate Car Act couldn't be enforced for interstate travel. The law was challenged again by the Comité. He volunteered to break the law.The United States

masks:
Daniel Desdu
Dan
Daniel
Daniel


title: Dan Desdunes

texts: California, and Desdunes' role included a noted arrangement of music to go with the work of group comedians Harris and S.H. Dudley. In 1898, he performed with many of the same performers in a group called Fred W. Simpson's Oliver Scott Refined Negro Minstrals. Extending beyond band and orchestra duties, in March 1899 Desdunes joined with Skinner Harris to form a comedy show which performed under the Nashville Students umbrella.The role of straight man was played by Designed. Another member of the Nashville Students formed a show. Harry Prampin and James H. Wilson led two bands within the collective. The Big Minstrel Carnival was formed in the fall of 1899 when the troupe began touring with the Nashville Students. Desdunes training was highly praised and he received high honors. He was listed with Prof. Henderson Smith, Prof. P. G. Lowery, and last, but not least, with Prof. Harry Prampin. He toured with the Nashville Students and the Big Minstrel Carnival.He also performed with other people. <mask> began writing songs in this period, including "Gim Me Mine" and "I'm Certainly Feeling Right Today", as well as a comedy musical act called "The Impecunious Coon". In 1898, P. G. Lowery and his band visited Omaha for the Trans-Mississippi Exposition and wrote about their appreciation for the city. The Georgia Campmeeting, a musical comedy co-written by himself and


title: Dan Desdunes

texts: Harris, was performed at the Krug theater in 1904. George Bryant is the band manager, Jack Johnson is the vocal director, Ray Trusty is the author and E. M. Ousley is the Miss Helen Taylor. Bryant Sidney Carter (clarionet), William Fitzbutler (solo cornet), Scott Williams (solo cornet), L. E. Gideon (cornet), William Jones (trombone), Albert Fredricks (trombone). The tour started in Illinois.He settled in Omaha, Nebraska, after his tour, but did not return to his home in New Orleans. He created a band with William Lewis as manager after working as a janitor in Omaha. The Commercial Club Billiard Room had Lewis as head waiter and Holland Harrold as head page. Fraternal Hall was opened in 1906 as a dancing club for parties and social functions. <mask> was an officer of the Colored Commercial Club. Other officers were Thomas P. Mahammitt and John Albert Williams. The club was founded in 1919.Amos P. Scroggs was secretary, J. H Hutton was vice president, and <mask> was treasurer. His music received national attention when he took part in a battle of the bands at the national convention of the Negro Knights of Pythias at Convention Hall in Chicago. <mask>'s performance was the crowd favorite and lost only due to the judges adherence to musical and not popular qualities in their choice. He continued to arrange and write music in Omaha. He put on a performance called

masks:
Desdunes
Dan Desdunes
Dan


title: Dan Desdunes

texts: "Forty Years of Freedom" and used Omaha performers in his own shows. The sheet music for his "Happy feeling Rag" was published in 1912 by Omaha's Mickey Music Company. Other pieces included "Dandy Dancers Rag", "Honey Bug Rag", "Dixie Notions Rag", "That Teasing Omaha Rag", and "Mexican Thot Serenade".Desdunes traveled with the annual trade tour of the Omaha Chamber of Commerce, a tour of Omaha business men through the Midwest to promote the city, and he participated in trade tour annually until his death, over 20 years of tours. After his death, his band continued to tour. Desdunes was a performer in parades. After performing in a parade, he was invited to meet with a Minneapolis business man at an Omaha Hotel. He was refused access to the elevator when he arrived at the hotel. The freight elevator was refused by Desdunes. Desdunes was a central figure in a civil rights discussion, as Omaha NAACP leader John Albert Williams and R. W. Inness brought his case to the public in the Omaha World Herald.Desdunes was one of the earliest Omaha bandleaders to identify their music as jazz. Desdunes music was popular in musical sendoffs. They were happy to say that Fort Desdunes was named after <mask>, and that his music inspired their fighting. The Fisk Jubilee Singers had a vocalist, a pianist, and a saxophone player. The Desdunes band in Omaha had at least 25 members


title: Dan Desdunes

texts: invited to teach at Boys Town in 1921.He chose twenty-five residents as performers, his band provided the music, and Desdunes wrote the script and music, choreographed the dancers, and directed the performance. Between 1922 and 1927, the group toured the country raising funds and entertaining audiences. Clarence donated <mask>'s gold plated cornet to be given to the band's best musician each year. On April 13, 1923, the Kansas City Call noted that <mask> had never been known to turn a blind eye to the hopes and dreams of struggling musicians. He is a musical director. The Knights of Pythias band continued to play through the 1920s under a number of different names. The band was noted for their performance of Robert Nathaniel Dett's "Listen to the Lambs" in 1924.The Dan Desdunes Band of Omaha, Neb., has played more fairs, bazaars and celebrations than any other musical group of the African-American race in recent years. His performers that year were: Levi Broomfield, Walter Bell, Jeff Smith, William Countee, Frank Perkins, Robert Oliver, Theodore Adams, Joseph Drake, and E. Cook. The comedy "Husbands and Lovers" was performed by his band in 1925. In 1927, Desdunes organized a stock company and toured theater circuits for two years while he owned and operated the Lake Theater. In 1925, Desdunes was hired to provide music for two lectures on "Americanism" put on

masks: Dan Desdunes


title: Dan Desdunes

texts: by the Ku Klux Klan, with the Omaha World-Herald announcing he would play on July 20. 2,000 people attended the first of these on July 28, 1925 at Bayliss Park in Council Bluffs, after Desdunes announced he would not play after all on July 25. Beach argued that Desdunes' initial decision to play was evidence that the Klan was not a racist organization in a series of letters to the editor.Death <mask> was performing with the Boys Town Band on April 20, 1929 when he got a cold and died on April 24, 1929. John Albert Williams spoke at his funeral at St. Philip's Episcopal Church. He was buried in a cemetery. <mask> and George Bryant followed William Lewis as leader of the band. The Father Flanagan's Boys' Home band had a new leader. According to testimony, <mask>' New Orleans band was well known for their "swinging the beat" as early as 1892. One of the defining characteristics of Jazz is this style, and this testimony places Desdunes as one of the first musicians in history to play it.Otto believes that Desdunes created a culture of teaching and nurturing in Omaha's African American community that produced artists like Lloyd Hunter and Wynonie Harris. "A biography of North Omaha's <mask>nes" is online at NorthOmahaHistory.com. Activists for African-American civil rights in the United States include: Louisiana Creole people, Ragtime jazz musicians, and Nebraska

masks:
Dan
Clarence Desdunes
Dan Desdunes
Dan Desdu


title: Leonard Downie Jr.

texts: <mask> "Len<mask>. was the executive editor of The Washington Post from 1991 to 2008. He worked in the Post for 44 years. His roles at the newspaper included executive editor, managing editor, national editor, London correspondent, assistant managing editor for metropolitan news, deputy metropolitan editor, and investigative and local reporter. After Ben Bradlee's retirement, <mask> became executive editor. The Washington Post won more Pulitzer Prizes than any other newspaper during <mask>'s time as executive editor. <mask> currently serves as vice president at large at the Washington Post, as a professor at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University, and as a member of several advisory boards associated with journalism and public affairs. All About the Story: News, Power, Politics, and the Washington Post is one of <mask>'s six books.The News About the News won the Goldsmith Award. <mask> was a major contributor to Ten Blocks from the White House: Anatomy of the Washington Riots of 1968 and has written many newspaper and magazine articles. He co-authored "The Reconstruction of American Journalism", a major report on the state of the news media, which was published by the Columbia. The Rules of the Game was published by Random House. <mask> grew up in Cleveland, Ohio. At the age of eleven, he decided to become a journalist and edited student newspapers at his elementary school and high school. He graduated from Ohio State University with degrees in journalism and political science.He was the sports editor of The Lantern at Ohio State. He covered Ohio State football and the riots that erupted after the school turned down a bid to play in the Rose Bowl. He received a Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Ohio State in 1993 in conjunction with his address at the university's graduation exercises. <mask> has been married three times. He has five children

masks:
Leonard
" Downie Jr
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie


title: Leonard Downie Jr.

texts: and two stepchildren. David L<mask> is a scholar of international environmental policy. Career <mask> joined the Washington Post as a summer intern.He became a well-known investigative reporter in Washington, specializing in crime, courts, housing and urban affairs. The local court system in Washington, D.C. was abolished and replaced by the D.C. Superior Court. The American Bar Association Gavel Award for legal reporting was one of the awards he won during his time on the metro staff. He was awarded a two-year journalism fellowship in 1971 to study urban problems in the United States and Europe. The first three books grew out of newspaper journalism. Poorly functioning city courts were examined in Justice Denied. Mortgage on America investigated the impact and costs of destructive urban real estate speculation.The rise and impact of a new generation of investigative reporters, including his colleagues Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, was detailed in The New Muckrakers. <mask> was a major contributor to the book, Ten Blocks From the White House: Anatomy of the Washington Riots of 1968 (Praeger, 1968), drawing on his first hand reporting of the riots and their aftermath. <mask> ran the staff as assistant managing editor for metropolitan news from 1974 to 1979 and worked as a reporter and editor for 15 years at the Post. The Post's Watergate coverage was supervised by <mask>. <mask> was one of the few people who knew the true identity of Deep Throat before it was revealed to be Mark Felt, according to Bob Woodward's 2005 book The Secret Man. The rise of Margaret Thatcher, the troubles in Northern Ireland, and the royal wedding of Prince Charles and Princess Diana were covered by <mask>. He returned to Washington in 1982.He was the managing editor. He became executive editor in 1991. <mask> oversaw the Washington Post's coverage of every national election from 1984 to 2008. <mask> led the newsroom to

masks:
. Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie


title: Leonard Downie Jr.

texts: 25 Pulitzer Prizes, including three gold medals for public service. <mask>'s slogan was "accountability journalism" and it was reflected in a number of stories. <mask> retired as executive editor in 2008. <mask> was named the Benjamin Bradlee Editor of the Year by the National Press Foundation.<mask> was appointed as vice president at large of the Washington Post Co. He joined the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University in 2009. <mask> is a founder and board member of Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc, a member of the Aspen Institute Commission to Reform the Federal Appointments Process, and a former member of the Board of Directors of the Center for Investigative Reporting. <mask>'s novel, The Rules of the Game, was published by Random House. The book was described as a novel of corruption and cover-ups at the highest levels of Washington politics, as a national newspaper digs up the dark secrets of a powerful lobbying firm, exposing a network of wrongdoing by government contractors in Iraq that extends all the way to the White House. <mask> has written for a number of publications, including the Columbia Journalism Review, The New Republic, and Washington Monthly. A major report on the state of the news media was co-authored by <mask> and Columbia University Professor Michael Schudson.<mask> has spoken at Oxford University, Columbia University, Duke University, Ohio State University, Harvard University, the University of Kentucky, and the American Society of Newspaper Editors. He gave the keynote address at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication's graduation event in 2009, as well as giving the keynote address at the seventieth anniversary of the Nieman Foundation. He has been interviewed many times on network, cable, and local television, as well as on national and local public radio. The American Society of News

masks: Downie Downie Downie Downie Downie Downie Downie Downie Downie


title: Leonard Downie Jr.

texts: Editors has an award for editorial leadership. The National Press Foundation gave the Ben Bradlee Editor of the Year Award. The News About the News received the Goldsmith Award. The Doctor of Humane Letters was from The Ohio State University.The Overseas Press Club has a citation for excellence. The American Bar Association gave a Gavel Award. There is an award for excellence in business and financial journalism. The Washington-Baltimore Newspaper Guild gave a Front Page Award. There is a journalism fellowship. Books: All About the Story: News, Power, Politics, and the Washington Post was published in 2020. The news media needs to know what everyone needs to know.Oxford University Press published a book by Anderson and Schudson. The Rules of the Game is a novel by Alfred A. Knopf. The News About the News was written by Robert G. Kaiser. The New Muckrakers were published in New Republic Books. Mortgage on America was written by Frederick A. Praeger. The Case for Reform of the Courts was written by Frederick A. Praeger. There is a report on the Trump Administration and the Press.The Committee to Protect Journalists has a report on The Obama Administration and the Press. A report from the Committee to Protect Journalists. The Reconstruction of American Journalism was written by Michael Schudson. Ben Gilbert and the staff of The Washington Post wrote an article about the Washington Riots of 1968. The book Inside the System was edited by Charles Peters and John Rothchild. The New Republic, Washington Monthly, and The Washington Post all have articles. Cronkite School bio, National Press Foundation bio, Random House Speakers Bureau bio, and Washington Post editor bio are external links.<mask> wrote The Urban Order of the North in 1972 about the urban problems in Vllingby, Sweden. The Washington Post's <mask> was hired by the Arizona State University. The Washington Post people American newspaper

masks:
Downie
Len Downie


title: Jean Tarde

texts: The son of <mask>. The Vicar general of the diocese was named La Roque-Gageac. He was an early follower of the theory. <mask> was born into a wealthy family in La Roque-Gageac, France. He received his law degree from the University of Cahors and went on to study at the University of Paris. During his free time, he studied mathematics, astronomy, physics, and geography while he was a canon theologian and almoner. He is best known for his work with sunspots, which he found to be small satellites of the sun.The family of <mask> was established in the 14th century. <mask> belonged to the du Ponts branch of the family. He was an expert in mathematical sciences and studied at Cahors and the Sorbonne. He became a theologian at the cathedral of Sarlat. His leisure time was spent on scientific studies. He visited the main Gallo-Roman sites in southeastern France due to his love of antiquities. He resided in Nmes and Uzs from 1593 to 1594.In 1593, he was given permission to pursue his research in the pontifical archives, from where he set off in his first visit to Rome, and from where he returned. He spent time with the great antiquarian Fulvio Orsini. He made the acquaintance of one of the finest mathematicians of the day on this visit. <mask> was in charge of reconstituting the archives after they were destroyed during the Wars of Religion. The bishop of Sarlat commissioned him to create a map of the diocese in 1594 to show the damage caused by the wars. He walked the diocese with a compass, a sundial and a quadrant to establish distances and angles. The chronicles he kept until 1630 are

masks:
Jean Tarde
Tarde
Jean Tarde
Jean Tarde
Tarde


title: Jean Tarde

texts: probably from this time.In 1593, he traveled to Rome on the instructions of the bishop. Henri IV named him almoner in ordinary. <mask> was made a member of the Conseil du Roi in 1629, a position held by his family until the French Revolution. Sunspots were thought to be tiny planets between Mercury and the sun by <mask>. He couldn't accept that sunspots appeared on the Sun because it was a sacred place chosen by God and it couldn't be corrupt. He referred to the phrase "In sole posuit tabernaculum" in his writing, which is what the biblical phrase "In sole posuit tabernaculum" means. The idea of the Sun being pure and sacred was based on the bible and philosophy.<mask> read Sidereus Nuncius because he wanted to find out more about Galileo. <mask> went to see Galileo in 1614 during his visit to Florence. After the encounter, <mask> admired Galileo writing in his own diary. I told him that he had reached the ocean after crossing the Alps, France, and the Alps. He talked with Galileo about the phases of Venus and the ring of the moon. The spots traveled the same path as Venus and Mercury, according to Galileo. The spots had to be very close to the sun, not the earth, according to Galileo.Galileo told <mask> that others had seen the same spots he had seen, which helped corroborate his claims. <mask> asked Galileo how to make a telescope. Galileo claimed to know how the scope worked, but he didn't mention <mask> to the book. While <mask> was in Rome, Galileo was supposed to send him better glasses, however months went by and he still didn't. <mask> and Galileo met each other a few

masks:
Tarde
Jean Tarde
Jean Tarde
Jean Tarde
Tarde
Tarde
Tarde
Tarde
Tarde
Tarde


title: Jean Tarde

texts: times after their conversation, and Galileo revealed more and more about what he had discovered with the telescope. In his diary, <mask> wrote about his meeting with Galileo. He had talked about sunspots with Galileo in the interview.Historians don't know why <mask> did this. According to some historians, Galileo was not the first to discover sunspots, as <mask> had claimed. After this, Galileo and <mask> met up a few times. After meeting with Galileo in Florence, <mask> went back to Rome where he met the Jesuit mathematician. <mask> was learning more about sunspots. <mask> was told that many other astronomer in Italy and Germany had been able to observe the sunspots. He said that people thought sunspots were small planets very close to the sun or that there was something going on in the sun's atmosphere.He showed how to observe sunspots to <mask>. A small observatory was built in 1615 by the research at Sarlat Jean Tarde. It is not known if the telescope he used was promised by Galileo. <mask> projected the sun onto a white sheet in his observatory. He took logs of sunspots and their movements using this method. His book would be written several years later. In August of 1615, <mask> observed sunspots on the face of the sun."The Bourbon Planets" was written by <mask> in 1619. He published two versions of the book, Borbonia Sidera in Latin in 1620 and Astras de Borbon in French in 1622. The "Bourbon Stars" are dedicated to Louis XIII and the ruling family of France in order to try to gain patronage, like many other scientists of the time. <mask> wrote about the nature of the

masks:
Jean Tarde
Jean Tarde
Jean Tarde
Tarde
Jean Tarde
Jean Tarde
Jean Tarde
Jean Tarde
Jean Tarde
Jean Tarde
Jean Tarde
Tarde


title: Jean Tarde

texts: sunspots in these books. <mask> claims that the spots were not on the sun, but in the sun's atmosphere, which violates the principle that the heavens were not subject to corruption. The claim was offensive and outrageous. <mask> says the spots are actually clouds.<mask> argued that spots can't diminish the sun because it is the father of light. He states that it is the seat of God. The filthy, corruption and blemish of the Earth is attributed to God's house. <mask> thought the sun was a perfect sphere. <mask> preferred the view that sunspots were a series of small planets. In his book, he laid out a number of properties of the sunspots, which he believed led to the conclusion that sunspots were planets. The number of sunspots and the appearance of them were far from being transits of the other inner planets; Venus and Mercury.He pointed out that an observation of Kepler's, which he thought was a transit of Mercury, was actually a sunspot. He made similar claims. He compared the darkness on the Sun to the shadow of the Earth on the Moon during a lunar eclipse. The seven planets known to the ancients were held to be by many people at the time. Several ancient cultures believed in an infinite number of worlds according to <mask>. Although he didn't think there was an infinite number of worlds, he did cite the recent discoveries of the Jupiter's Galilean moons. There are many new stars visible through telescopes.He said that sunspots were not as bright as other stars. He argued that sunspots were not planets because of their irregular shape. The sun's brightness made it impossible to

masks:
Tarde
Tarde
Tarde
Tarde
Tarde
Jean Tarde


title: Jean Tarde

texts: get a clear picture of the sunspots' roundness, and current telescopes had issues with resolving dim and far away objects, and that the sunspots would be undergoing phases like the other inner planets. He said that the motion across the ecliptic was caused by the angle of view of the observer. Galileo argued that sunspots have to be on the sun. <mask> argued that they either had to close to the sun to get an accurate measurement or that the change in parallax was so slight that it would have to have constant monitoring. One cloudy day would prevent its measurement.Galileo had asked <mask> why the sunspots didn't go faster because Venus' was quicker than Earth's and Mercury's. <mask> argued that the sunspots were part of how they could be identified. He thought that the sun was bad. It wasn't until years after <mask> made discoveries that he published his work, unlike the other philosophers of his time. <mask> had put a lot of time and effort into his work, but he didn't get the recognition he wanted from the king. After abandoning the sunspots theory for a couple of years, he returned to Dialogue on the two world systems of 1632. Several philosophers began to discuss <mask>'s work.Some agreed with Tarde while others disagreed. The conversation about sunspots changed after <mask> died. The conversation began again in 1640 after some sunspots were found. Is Planetae qui solis limina circumvolitant? Ex novis observationibus Joannis <mask>, 1620 Les Astres de Borbon et apologie pour le soleil, monstrant et vérifiant. The description of the Potamographie de Garone et des fleuves is in

masks: Tarde Tarde Tarde Tarde Tarde Tarde Tarde Tarde


title: Alvin Smith (brother of Joseph Smith)

texts: <mask> was the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. The <mask> family needed help with paying their debts and building a home. His death at the age of 25 resulted in his brothers taking more of a leading role in family affairs. The highest of the degrees of glory was shown in a vision by <mask>. His presence in the life of <mask>, as well as his vision, led to the establishment of the doctrine of redemption of those who die without a knowledge of the gospel, as well as the practice of baptism for the dead in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day. The first child of <mask>. and <mask> was born in 1798. <mask> helped the <mask> family save enough money to purchase a farm in Manchester Township, New York, when he was a child.<mask> helped his father clear timber, planted wheat and tapped maple trees to make maple sugar. A neighbor stated that the members of the <mask> family were very good people. <mask> was involved with his father and brothers in a number of treasure digging excavations in the early 1820s. <mask> worked to get the family out of debt by building their new home. On November 19, 1823, <mask> died of mercury poisoning from calomel, which had been administered to cure a case ofbilious colic. His death occurred two months after <mask>'s first visit to the hill from which he was said to have recovered the golden plates that would later be the source for the Book of Mormon. According to a history written by his mother, Lucy Mack <mask>, as <mask> lay dying, he called each member of his family to his bedside to give them counsel.<mask> said he had done all he could to make his parents comfortable. I want you to finish the house. He told <mask> to fulfill all the requirements to get the

masks:
Joseph Smith
Smith
Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith Jr
Lucy Mack Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Joseph
Smith
Smith
Smith
Joseph


title: Alvin Smith (brother of Joseph Smith)

texts: record. <mask> took more of a leadership role as a result of <mask>'s death. The funeral was held at the Presbyterian church. His brother William wrote about him in 1893. My brother's funeral sermon was preached by Stockton who intimated that my brother had gone to hell because he was not a church member.William says that <mask> would not join the Presbyterians because of this. The doctrine of redemption of the dead was established by the Mormon church, as well as the practice of baptism for the dead. <mask> claimed to have a vision after the completion of the Kirtland Temple. <mask> said that he was surprised to see his brother in the vision, since he had died before the establishment of the church. <mask> said that he received a revelation about the salvation of those who die without hearing the gospel, and how they can receive the same opportunities as those who had the chance to hear it. <mask> taught that those who died without beingbaptized could bebaptized by proxy. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the practice of baptizing the dead continues today.There were rumors that <mask>'s body had been exhumed and dissected. Fearing it to be true, the elder <mask> uncovered the grave and inspected the corpse. The following was printed in the local newspaper on September 29, 1824, after the exhumation. This method is used to satisfy the minds of those who have heard the report, and to inform those who have put it in circulation. In his book Early Mormonism and the Magical World View, historian D. Michael Quinn suggests that the newspaper notice published by <mask>. is evidence that the "guardian," "spirit" or "angel" commanded <mask> to bring a piece of <mask>'s body to the hiding

masks:
Joseph
Smith
Joseph
Joseph Smith
Smith
Joseph Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith Sr
Joseph
Alvin


title: Alvin Smith (brother of Joseph Smith)

texts: place. When <mask> did not do this, he was unable to see the plates for a second time and had to wait another year. <mask>'s participation in necromancy is implied by the obscured information in official church history.The forged salamander letter that was believed to be authentic was the basis for the requirement to bring a portion of <mask>'s body to view the plates. According to Richard Bushman, there was a requirement to bring <mask> to the hill to get the plates when he died. The story of the exhumation of <mask>'s remains gained new life with the discovery of Mark Hofmann's forged salamander letter. The implication that <mask> needed to take part of <mask>'s body to the hill Cumorah was created by Hofmann. According to Chase, the angel told <mask> to bring his brother with him to get the plates. By the time of the second visit to the hill, he was dead. The salamander letter contained a statement that <mask> said to the angel, "he is dead, shall I bring what remains, but the spirit is gone."The salamander letter states that <mask>'s wife Emma or his brother Hyrum were dressed in the clothes of another man when the plates were delivered to <mask>. The information contained in the salamander letter was used in a number of publications and films about Mormonism. The God Makers II suggests that <mask> had to dig up the body of <mask> and bring it with him to the hill Cumorah in order to get the gold plates. The salamander letter, which is now known to be a forgery, is the only known source of such a requirement. <mask> is an inspiration for the hero of a series of novels and stories by Scott Card. There are references in the notes. There were Accidental deaths in New York and Drug-related deaths in

masks:
Smith
Smith
Alvin
Alvin
Smith
Joseph
Alvin
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Joseph Smith
Alvin
Smith


title: Frank Cyril Shaw Davison

texts: Pierre Coalfleet was a Canadian-born novelist who published under the name <mask>. Between 1921 and 1927, he published four novels. He collaborated with Matthias Rita to translate European plays. The association with the American artist is documented in Hartley studies. They were friends until Hartley's death in 1943. The Sonderfahndungsliste G. B., the Gestapo's secret list of prominent British residents who were to be immediately, only recently came to light because of a spelling mistake. The Sonderfahndungsliste G. B. became known as The Black Book.<mask><mask> was born in 1893. His father was a Master Mariner, Hiram Coalfleet <mask>. He and his family were on merchant ships at sea. An A.B. was received by Davison. In 1913, I received an M.A. from McGill University. Comparative literature from Harvard University was published in 1914. He did not graduate from The University of California, Berkeley in the 1918-1919 term.A decade later, he would become co-editor of the literary journal The Forum, after working as a private secretary to Henry Goddard Leach. After World War I, he took a position at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington, D.C., and later at the secretariat of the League of Nations in Geneva. He traveled a lot throughout his life and settled in London. He was a novelist, playwright, translator, editor, and newspaper correspondent in London. His novels were published under the name Pierre Coalfleet. He traveled to Berlin in 1922 with a letter of introduction to the American artist Marsden Hartley, who was living there at the time. Their first

masks:
Frank Cyril Shaw Davison
Frank C
. Davison
Davison


title: Frank Cyril Shaw Davison

texts: encounter is described in their writings.There is a void in Hartley scholarship pertaining to this phase in the artist's life. The day to day experience of Gay culture during the Weimar period is described in great detail by Hartley. In his first volume of poetry, Twenty-Five Poems, published in 1923, Hartley references <mask> as Pierre Coalfleet, a reference to the importance of the relationship that developed between them. They spent two weeks together in the south of France in the summer of 1927. The sculptor Arnold Ronnebeck was introduced to <mask> by Hartley. Ronnebeck's "Portrait of Pierre Coalfleet" was exhibited at the Weyhe Gallery in New York City in 1925, after he had exhibited a portrait of Hartley at The Salon d'Automne in 1912. Georgia O'Keeffe, Charles Demuth, Ananda Coomaaraswamy, and George Antheil all had portrait busts made by Ronnebeck.Ronnebeck developed a close friendship with Davison, as evidenced by his role as Best Man at the Ronnebeck wedding. Tony Luhan arrived at the wedding dressed in formal Indian attire, much to the displeasure of the bride. While in Berlin, <mask> met the American actor/writer/translator Rita Matthias, who he would often collaborate with as a translator of the works of European playwrights. The writer John Hanlon Mitchell and the illustrator, Thomas Handforth, were recipients of the Caldecott Medal. The 1925 novel Sidonie was illustrated by Handforth, as well as the 1926 story published in The Forum, On the Riviera Levante. In 1923, he returned to New York to take up his position as Co-Editor with H. G. Leach at The Forum. He was back

masks: Davison Davison Davison


title: Frank Cyril Shaw Davison

texts: in London the following year as their European Editor.During World War II, little is known about <mask>'s life. The Sonderfahndungsliste G. B. had <mask>'s name in it. His translation and adaptation of Women of Property, staged at The Queen's Theatre in London in 1937, received considerable attention in the press, which in turn, may have drawn him to the attention of the Gestapo. Heterosexuality may have been a factor. During World War II, it has been suggested that <mask> was a member of the French Resistance. The published account claims that he was killed as a result of these efforts, leaving this period of his life open to further investigation. The chief sub-editor of West European news at the time was <mask>.He was one of two assistant heads of the West European Service by 1950. He retired from the BBC in February 1954. He sent the manuscript of his memoir, I Took myself seriously to the publishing house. The manuscript is in The Frank Cyril Shaw Davison Archive at The Library and Archives Canada. On March 31, 1960, <mask> died in Ibiza, Balearic Islands. Christian Dietrich Grabbe wrote a comedy in 13 scenes. Trans.Pierre Coalfleet adapted it from the German. The Flight to Venice is a play. The German was translated by Pierre Coalfleet and Rita. 1923. A family is holding back. 1936. The theatre was in London in 1936.Margaret was in the cast. Women of property. The Queen's Theatre is in London. <mask> is from Hella Wuoliloki. Mary Morris was in the cast. Essays on the Riviera Levante are illustrated by Thomas Handforth. Archives of <mask> <mask> are held at Library and Archives

masks:
Davison
Davison
Davison
Davison
Davison
Frank Davison
Frank Cyril
Shaw Davison


title: Gennady Gudkov

texts: <mask>, also known as <mask>, was a b. A Russian politician and businessman was born on August 15, 1956. In 2012 he was described by The Moscow Times as one of parliament's most vocal and charismatic critics of Putin. A degree in languages, an English specialist, was given to him by the Kolomna State Pedagogical Institute. He speaks both languages. He joined the Communist Party after serving in the Soviet Army. He worked for the Communist Party in Komsomol as an instructor and later as the head of the operational and defense-mass work department.He joined the KGB in 1981 and worked there for a decade before being promoted to lieutenant colonel. He worked in the Office of Counterintelligence Operations for the KGB at Moscow city and Moscow oblast in 1989. He graduated from the Red Banner Institute in 1989. Yu. V. Andropov. He left the Russian Bureau of Criminal Procedure in Moscow and the Moscow Region in 1992 and formed his own security company. He held a post in the Federal Security Service and was on an advisory board with other heads of private security companies.He was elected to the position of vice-president of the Moscow International Fund for the promotion of UNESCO in 1999. The People's Party of the Russian Federation elected him to the State Duma in a by-election in the 106th District on 18 March 2001. The seat was won in the legislative elections in 2003 and 2007. During the 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis, he was the deputy chairman of the parliamentary Committee on Security. He blamed the failure of security forces to prevent the destruction of state security institutions after the fall of the Soviet Union. In 2004, he denied that Russia was responsible for the death of the Chechen president. After the Chechen rebels killed 90 people at police facilities in Ingushetia, President Putin fired top military officials.He stated that "This will go on until we ourselves learn how to

masks:
Gennady Vladimirovich
Gennady


title: Gennady Gudkov

texts: striking act of parliamentary defiance was described by The Economist. There was a campaign of raids and investigations from a variety of bodies, from the fire department to the Moscow architectural committee. Permission for its guards to carry firearms was revoked. In July, he estimated that 40% of his business had been lost. In August of 2012 a special committee of the Duma was formed to investigate allegations that <mask> had violated parliamentary rules by making money from a construction firm while also holding his seat.The Prosecutor General and Investigative Committee presented evidence that he had broken anti-corruption laws, as well as the minutes of a meeting with his signature. On September 15, 2012 a vote of                                  . The vote was called a farce and a reprisal. It isn't a court. Sergei Mironov is the leader of the Just Russia party. "People expect fairness: Everyone is equal in the eyes of the law," stated United Russia deputy Andrei Isayev. We can't undermine the hope of our people.Analysts said the vote was part of a broader campaign against Putin's critics. According to The Economist, the question is not whether Mr <mask> ran afoul of Russian law, but rather why Russian law seems to matter so little to his peers who keep themselves in the Kremlin's better graces. He relocated to Varna in order to be safe. He formed the Social Democrats of Russia and merged it with the Alliance of Greens. He was forced from the party after he resigned from his co-chairmanship. The family has two sons. Dmitry was a State Duma deputy for the Just Russia party.The opposition to Putin was known as the Swamp. In the Russian legislative election, Dmitry wasn't reelected. In June 2021 he left Russia and said he was going to join his parents in Bulgaria. People from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the People's Party of the Russian Federation are listed on the official

masks: Gudkov Gudkov


title: I. M. Pei

texts: <mask> was a Chinese-American architect. <mask> was inspired at an early age by the garden villas at Suzhou, the traditional retreat of the scholar-gentry to which his family belonged. He moved to the United States in 1935 and attended the University of Pennsylvania's architecture school, but then transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He spent his free time researching emerging architects and was unhappy with the focus on Beaux-Arts architecture at both schools. He joined the Harvard Graduate School of Design and became friends with the architects Walter Gropius and <mask>. In 1948, <mask> was recruited by William Zeckendorf, a New York City real estate magnate, for whom he worked for seven years before establishing an independent design firm. In 1966 it became I. M. Pei & Partners and in 1989 it became Pei Cobb Freed & Partners.<mask> retired from full-time practice in 1990. He worked as an architectural consultant for his sons' firm. The Mesa Laboratory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado was <mask>'s first major recognition. He was selected as the chief architect for the John F. Kennedy Library. The East Building of the National Gallery of Art was designed by him. In 1975, he returned to China to design a hotel at Fragrant Hills, and fifteen years later he designed the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong. <mask> was the focus of controversy when he designed a glass

masks:
Ieoh Ming Pei
Pei
Marcel Breuer
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: and steel pyramid for the Louvre in Paris.The chapel of the junior and high school, the Miho Museum in Japan, and the Museum of Aesthetics were all designed by him. <mask> won many awards in the field of architecture, including the first Praemium Imperiale for Architecture in 1989 and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. He won the Pritzker Prize in 1983, which is sometimes referred to as the Nobel Prize of architecture. I. M<mask>'s family moved from Anhui province to Suzhou when he was a child. After making their wealth in herbs, the family joined the ranks of scholar-gentry. The family of <mask>h <mask> moved to Hong Kong one year after he was born. The family had five children.<mask> was very close to his mother who was a flautist. He was invited to join her on meditation retreats. He had a less intimate relationship with his father. Their interactions were distant but respectful. <mask> said his father was not cultivated in the ways of the arts because of his ancestors' success. The younger <mask> was more interested in music and other cultural forms than his father was in banking. He said later that he had cultivated himself.<mask> attended St. Paul's College in Hong Kong as a child. <mask>'s father was promoted and relocated with his family to Shanghai when <mask> was 10. The secondary school of St. John's University was run by Anglican missionaries. Students

masks:
Pei
. Pei
Ieo
Ming Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: were only allowed one half-day a month for leisure. <mask> enjoyed playing billiards and watching movies. He learned basic English skills by reading the Bible. The name "Paris of the East" was given by many international elements.The Park Hotel was built in 1934 and was influenced by the city's global architectural flavors. He was impressed by the many gardens of Suzhou, where he spent the summers with extended family and visited a nearby ancestral shrine. <mask>'s uncle, who was a Buddhist monk, built the Shizilin Garden in the 14th century. Its unusual rock formations, stone bridges, and waterfalls were in <mask>'s memory for a long time. He liked the garden's blend of natural and human-built structures. <mask>'s mother was diagnosed with cancer after the move to Shanghai. She was prescribed opium and assigned the task of preparing her pipe to <mask>.He was profoundly upset after she died. The children were sent to live with an extended family as their father became more distant. <mask> said that his father started living his own life after that. The woman who moved to New York later in her life was his father's wife. <mask> decided to study at a university as he neared the end of his secondary education. He decided to enroll at the University of Pennsylvania despite being accepted to many other schools. <mask> had two choices.He looked at the catalogs for various institutions of higher learning while he

masks: Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: was studying in Shanghai. The architecture program at the University of Pennsylvania stood out to him. Hollywood was one of the major factors. <mask> was fascinated by the representations of college life in the films of Bing Crosby, which differed greatly from the academic atmosphere in China. He said in 2000 that college life in the U.S. was mostly fun and games. I wanted to be a part of it since I was too young to be serious. College life in America was exciting to me.We know that it's not real. It was very attractive to me at that time. I decided that was where I wanted to live. <mask> said that "Crosby's films in particular had a tremendous influence on my choosing the United States instead of England to pursue my education." <mask> traveled by train from San Francisco to Philadelphia in 1935. His expectations were vastly different when he arrived. The Beaux-Arts style of teaching was used by professors at the University of Pennsylvania.<mask> was intimidated by the high level of drafting skills shown by other students and was more interested in modern architecture. He went to the engineering program at MIT after abandoning architecture. <mask> was persuaded to return to his original major after the dean of the architecture school commented on his eye for design. <mask> was uninspired by the work of the architecture faculty at MIT. He found three books by Le Corbusier in the library. The new

masks: Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: International Style is characterized by simplified form and use of glass and steel materials. <mask> said that the two days with Le Corbusier, or "Corbu" as we used to call him, were probably the most important days in his architectural education.<mask> was influenced by the work of Frank Lloyd Wright. He visited Wright's famous Taliesin building in Spring Green, Wisconsin, in 1938. He left without meeting Wright after waiting for two hours. <mask> excelled in his studies despite his dislike of the Beaux-Arts emphasis at MIT. He said he didn't regret his time at MIT. The science and technique of building is essential to architecture. <mask> received a degree.His thesis was titled "Standardized Propaganda Units for War Time and Peace Time China". <mask> met a Wellesley College student while visiting New York City in the late 1930s. They married in the spring of 1942. <mask> was introduced to members of the faculty at Harvard's Graduate School of Design when she was a student in the landscape architecture program. He joined the GSD because he was excited by the lively atmosphere. <mask> stopped his work at Harvard to join the National Defense Research Committee, which coordinated scientific research into U.S. weapons technology during World War II. One member of the committee told <mask> that if he knew how to build, he should also know how to destroy.He focused on the Pacific War because the fight against


title: I. M. Pei

texts: Germany was over. The U.S. realized that its bombs wouldn't work against Japanese cities built from wood and paper, so <mask> was assigned to work on bombs. <mask> was with the NDRC for two and a half years. After giving birth to T'ing Chung, Eileen withdrew from the landscape architecture program to care for him. <mask> was an assistant professor of design at Harvard in the fall of 1945. The GSD was becoming a hub of resistance to the Beaux-Arts orthodoxy. The cause of modern design was advanced by members of the Bauhaus, a European architectural movement.The leaders of the school left Germany after the Nazis condemned them. The Harvard GSD had two of these, Walter Gropius and <mask>. <mask> was attracted to their focus on modern architecture and worked closely with both men. A plan for an art museum in Shanghai was one of <mask>'s design projects. He wanted to create a sense of Chinese authenticity in the architecture without using traditional materials or styles. The design was based on a central courtyard garden and other natural settings nearby. Gropius said it was the best thing done in his master class.<mask> received an M.Arch. In 1946, I received a degree and taught at Harvard for two years. In the spring of 1948, <mask> was recruited by New York real estate magnate William Zeckendorf to join a staff of architects for his firm. <mask> found Zeckendorf's personality to be different from his own, and

masks:
Pei
Pei
Pei
Marcel Buer
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: his boss was known for his loud speech. <mask> found the experience personally enriching and they became good friends. <mask> enjoyed learning about the social world of New York's city planners because Zeckendorf was well connected politically. The Housing Act of 1949 provided funding for his first project.Pei's design was based on a tower with rings. The apartments themselves were located toward the outer edge of the areas closest to the pillar. When they met, Zeckendorf showed the design to Le Corbusier. The cost of the design was too high and the building never moved beyond the model stage. In 1949, <mask> designed a two-story corporate building for Gulf Oil in Atlanta, Georgia. The front facade of the building will be retained as part of the apartment development. The journal Architectural Forum praised his use of marble.<mask>'s designs mirrored the work of <mask> van der Rohe in his own weekend-house in New York in 1952. <mask> asked Zeckendorf for assistants because he was so overwhelmed with projects. The Roosevelt Field Shopping Mall is one of the proposals they are going to work on. Zeckendorf's office was transformed into a circular space with a glass clerestory by the team. The control panel in the desk allowed their boss to control the lighting in his office. The project exceeded its budget and took one year to complete. <mask> and his team began work on several projects in Denver in 1952.The

masks: Pei Pei Pei Pei Mies Pei Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: core building of the Mile High Center was compressed into less than 25% of the total site, and the rest is adorned with an exhibition hall and fountain-dotted plazas. The redesign of Denver's Courthouse Square combined office spaces, commercial venues, and hotels. <mask> was able to see the larger urban geography thanks to these projects. He said that he learned the process of development and about the city. He said that the lessons became essential for later projects. The L'Enfant Plaza in Washington, D.C. was designed by <mask> and his team. The plaza's North Building and South Building were designed by Araldo Cossutta.The Center Building was the United States Postal Service headquarters and the East Building was the L'Enfant Plaza Hotel. The team set out with a broad vision that was praised by both The Washington Post and Washington Star, but funding problems forced revisions and a reduction in scale. Pei's group established a new firm in 1955 called I. M. Pei & ASSOCIATES. The name was changed later to I. M. Pei & Partners. They were given the freedom to work with other companies, but continued to work with Zeckendorf. Detailed architectural models were used to distinguish the new firm. They took on the residential area on the East Side of Manhattan, where Pei set up two large long towers of apartments with recessed windows to provide shade and privacy, in a neat grid adorned with rows of trees.Pei

masks: Pei Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: inspected the bags of cement to make sure they were consistent in color. Society Hill is a project in central Philadelphia. <mask> designed the Society Hill Towers, a three-building residential block. The transition from classical to modern design was aided by the addition of traditional townhouses, which were central to <mask>'s vision. The cruciform tower known as the Royal Bank Plaza is one of Pei's most admired structures in the Commonwealth. The Canadian Encyclopedia states that the grand plaza and lower office buildings were designed by internationally famous US architect I. M<mask>. <mask>'s adherence to the mainstream of 20th-century modern design is demonstrated by the tower's smooth aluminum and glass surface and crisp unadorned geometric form.<mask> wanted to have his own name, even though the projects were enjoyable. He was asked to design a building for MIT's Earth science program. The grid design of Society Hill was continued by the Green Building. <mask> was embarrassed because the walkway at the ground floor was prone to sudden gusts of wind. He said that he didn't know about wind-tunnel effects. The Luce Memorial Chapel was designed at the same time. The soaring structure was commissioned by the same organisation that had run his middle school in Shanghai.<mask> was affected by the challenge of coordinating these projects. He oversaw the plans for the new building contracts. He didn't feel

masks:
Pei
Pei
. Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: connected to the actual creative work. He said "design is something you have to put your hand to." I had to keep track of the whole enterprise because my people had the luxury of doing one job at a time. At a time when financial problems were afflicting Zeckendorf's firm, <mask>'s unhappiness reached its peak. <mask> was hurt by the break up of I. M. Pei and ASSOCIATES, but he was helped by the break up.Both men were sad to part ways after developing a close friendship. <mask> was able to return to hands-on design when he was asked to design the new Mesa Laboratory for the National Center for Atmospheric Research outside Boulder, Colorado. The project was different from <mask>'s earlier work because it was located in the foothills of the Rockies. He and his wife drove around the region and visited various buildings. He thought the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs was detached from nature. <mask> needed the conceptualization stages to present a need and an opportunity to break from the Bauhaus tradition. He remembered the places he had seen with his mother when he was a child.Just as my mother had taught me, I tried to listen to the silence in the Colorado mountains. The investigation of the place became a religious experience for me. <mask> wanted the buildings to be in harmony with their natural surroundings and drew inspiration from the Mesa Verde cliff dwellings. He wanted the


title: I. M. Pei

texts: buildings to match the nearby mountains by using a rock-treatment process. The complex was set back on the mesa overlooking the city and he designed the road to be long, winding and indirect. Roberts disliked <mask>'s initial designs because they were just a bunch of towers. <mask> was frustrated that Roberts intended his comments to be scientific experimentation, rather than artistic critique.Roberts' vision was a series of clustered buildings, joined by lower structures and two underground levels. The walkways are arranged to increase the chances of casual encounters among colleagues. Problems with the laboratory's construction became apparent after it was built. The leaking of the roof and the shifting of clay soil caused cracks in the buildings which were expensive to repair. Both the architect and the project manager were happy with the final result. <mask> was a friend of Roberts and he referred to the NCAR complex as his "breakout building". The success of NCAR renewed attention to <mask>'s design skills.Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University, the Everson Museum of Art in Syracuse, New York, and the Sundrome terminal at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City are some of the projects he was recruited to work on. After the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, his family and friends discussed how to build a memorial library. The final decision would be

masks: Pei Pei Pei Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: made by a committee formed to advise Kennedy's widow. Many famous architects were considered by the group. Kennedy chose <mask> to design the library based on two considerations. She appreciated the variety of ideas he had used. She said that he didn't seem to have a single way to solve the problem.He developed a way to make something beautiful after only thinking about it. Kennedy made her choice based on her personal connection with <mask>. She said that he was so full of promise, like Jack, that they were born in the same year. I decided it would be fun to jump with him. Problems from the beginning plagued the project. The first thing was scope. After taking office, President Kennedy began considering the structure of his library and wanted to include archives from his administration, a museum of personal items, and a political science institute.A memorial tribute to the slain president was added after the assassination. Significant delays were caused by the variety of necessary inclusions. <mask>'s first proposed design included a large glass pyramid that would fill the interior with sunlight to represent the optimism and hope that Kennedy's administration had symbolized for so many in the United States. As soon as the project was announced, resistance began in Cambridge, the first proposed site for the building. Many community members were worried that the library would become a tourist attraction and

masks: Pei Pei Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: cause problems with traffic. It was feared that the design would clash with the feel of Harvard Square. <mask> tried to come up with a new design, but the library's opponents were against it.<mask> had sent all of his sons to Harvard, and although he rarely discussed his frustration, it was obvious to his wife. She said he was tired by the way he opened the door at the end of the day. His footsteps were moving slowly. It was hard for me to see so many people against the building. Columbia Point is near the University of Massachusetts Boston. The new site was located on an old landfill and just over a sewage pipe. <mask>'s team added more fill to the pipe and built an elaborate system to deal with the smell.A new design combines a large square glass enclosed atrium with a triangular tower and a circular walkway. On October 20, 1979 the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum was dedicated. The finished building was liked by critics but not the architect. The years of conflict and compromise had changed the nature of the design, and <mask> felt that the final result lacked its original passion. He said in 2000 that he wanted to give something special to the memory of Kennedy. It should have been a great project. <mask>'s work on the Kennedy project made him an architect of note.The Pei Plan was a failed urban redevelopment initiative in Oklahoma City. The plan called for the demolition of hundreds of

masks: Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: old downtown structures in favor of renewed parking, office building, and retail developments. It was the main template for downtown development in Oklahoma City. The plan largely succeeded in re-developing office building and parking infrastructure but failed to attract retail and residential development. Public resentment developed as a result of the destruction of historic structures. In the 1980s and early 1990s, Oklahoma City's leadership avoided large-scale urban planning for downtown until the passage of the Metropolitan Area Projects (MAPS) initiative in 1993. Providence, Rhode Island, turned to Pei for urban renewal during this time.In the late 1960s, Providence hired <mask> to redesign Cathedral Square, a once-bustling civic center which had become neglected and empty, as part of an ambitious larger plan to redesign downtown. Pei's new plaza was modeled after the Greek Agora marketplace. The city ran out of money before <mask>'s vision could be realized. The neighborhood's character has been changed permanently by the construction of a low-income housing complex. Pei's new plaza was called a "conspicuous failure" by The Providence Evening Bulletin in 1974. The plaza was characterized as a "hidden gem" by the media. <mask> and his firm were hired by the city of Augusta, Georgia in 1974.From his plan, the Chamber of Commerce building was completed. <mask> designed a modern penthouse that was added


title: I. M. Pei

texts: to the roof of the Lamar Building, which was designed in 1916. The Augusta Civic Center was designed by <mask> and his company. Dallas City Hall Kennedy's assassination led to another commission for <mask>'s firm. The acting mayor of Dallas in 1964 began to change the community's image. Jonsson started a program to initiate a community renewal in Dallas, the city where the president had been killed. A new city hall was one of the goals.Cecil Howard Green, Jonsson's associate, recruited the architect for MIT's Earth Sciences building. <mask>'s approach to the new Dallas City Hall mirrored that of other projects, as he surveyed the surrounding area and worked to make the building fit. He was impressed by the civic pride of the people he met in Dallas. The skyscrapers of the downtown business district dominated the skyline and he wanted to create a building that could face the tall buildings and represent the importance of the public sector. He talked about creating a public-private dialogue with the high-rises. <mask> and <mask> collaborated on a design that centered on a building with a top that was much wider than the bottom and a facade that shaded the Texas sun. A plaza is held up by a series of columns.<mask> wanted to use the overhang to unify the building and plaza, which was influenced by Le Corbusier's High Court building in India. The project cost more than expected and took more than a decade to

masks:
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Theodore Musho
Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: complete. Revenue was secured by a parking garage. The main space in the city hall is large and airy, thanks to the windows in the ceiling above the eighth floor. The city of Dallas received the building well, and a local television news crew found unanimous approval of the new city hall when it opened to the public in 1978. <mask> was worried about the arrangement of the elements, but he thought the project was a success. He said that it was stronger than he would have liked.The community liked the city hall so much that they invited him back, despite his lack of experience. He went on to design five more buildings in the Dallas area. Henry Cobb had taken the helm for a commission in Boston while Pei and Musho were coordinating the Dallas project. I. M. Pei & Partners was hired to design a building that could overshadow the other building. After the firm's first plan was discarded due to a need for more office space, a new plan was developed around a parallelogram slanted away from the Trinity Church. The building was covered in large reflective glass panels to make it less noticeable. The tallest building in New England at the time was the Hancock Tower.The tower had serious issues of execution immediately. A windstorm caused many glass panels to break. Some detached and fell to the ground, causing concern among Boston residents. The tower was reglazed with smaller panels. The cost of the project was


title: I. M. Pei

texts: increased by this. The plans submitted by the glass manufacturers were not good and workmanlike. LOF accused Pei's firm of poor use of their materials in their countersuit.The companies settled out of court. The project was an albatross for <mask>'s firm. <mask> didn't discuss it for a long time. The firm's architects began looking overseas for opportunities after the pace of new commissions slowed. <mask> took jobs in Singapore, Iran, and Kuwait after working in Australia. <mask> later reflected on the experience and said that it was difficult for everyone involved. He said that going through the trial made them stronger.We didn't give up on each other and it helped cement us as partners. The National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. needed a new building in the 1960's. A member of the building committee and a primary benefactor of the gallery, <mask> was going to work with his assistant J. Carter Brown to find an architect. The new structure would be located to the east of the original building and tasked with two functions: offer a large space for public appreciation of various popular collections; and house office space as well as archives for scholarship and research. They compared the scope of the new facility to the Library of Alexandria. <mask> was offered the commission after inspecting his work at the Des Moines Art Center in Iowa and the Johnson Museum at Cornell University. <mask> took to the

masks:
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Paul Mellon
Pei
Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: project with gusto, and was going to work with two young architects he had recently recruited to the firm.At the intersection of Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenues, there is an unusual shape of the building site. <mask> was inspired by a diagram he wrote on a scrap of paper. The public gallery would be larger than the offices and archives in the smaller building. The architect had a singular vision for the triangular shape. He suggested to his boss that a slightly different approach would make construction easier. <mask> smiled and said "No compromises". Challenges to the architecture were presented by the growing popularity of art museums.Large crowds of people are expected to visit the new building, so they planned accordingly. <mask> designed a large lobby with skylights. Visitors can return to individual galleries after viewing an exhibit in the main room. Alexander Calder's sculpture was added to the lobby. <mask> wanted the lobby to be like the central room of the Guggenheim Museum in New York City. He said that the modern museum needs to pay more attention to its educational responsibility. The materials for the building's exterior were carefully selected.In order to match the look and texture of the original gallery's marble walls, the quarry in Tennessee was re-opened. <mask> was the quarry supervisor who oversaw the original 1941 gallery project. The marble was cut into three-inch-thick blocks

masks:
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Malcolm Rice


title: I. M. Pei

texts: and arranged over the concrete foundation with darker blocks at the bottom and lighter blocks on top. On May 30, 1978, the East Building was honored with a black-tie party attended by celebrities, politicians, benefactors, and artists. The popular opinion was enthusiastic when the building opened. The new museum was visited by large crowds. The New York Times wrote that Pei's building was "a palatial statement of the creative accommodation of contemporary art and architecture".Over the years, the small building has become stained and worn by visitors and has been a particular note of praise for the public. The reliance on triangles throughout the building was criticized by some critics. The large main lobby tried to lure casual visitors. Aura of ancient Roman patronage was described by critic Richard Hennessy in his review for Artforum. One of the earliest and most vocal critics appreciated the new gallery when he saw it in person. Allan Greenberg wrote a letter to J. Carter Brown admitting that he was wrong about the design. The building is beautiful.After Richard Nixon's visit to China in 1972, there was a wave of exchanges between the two countries. <mask> was part of a delegation from the American Institute of Architects in 1974. He returned to China for the first time since 1935. He was welcomed with positive comments and a series of lectures followed. <mask> urged his audience in one lecture to search


title: I. M. Pei

texts: China's native traditions for inspiration, as he noted in one lecture that since the 1950s Chinese architects had been content to imitate Western styles. <mask> was asked to start a project for his country. <mask> fell in love with a valley that used to be an imperial garden and hunting preserve.<mask> was invited to tear down the old hotel and build a new one. He carefully considered the context and purpose of the project. He thought the styles were inappropriate for the setting. He said it was necessary to find a third way. <mask> created a design based on some simple but nuanced techniques he admired in traditional Chinese buildings after visiting his ancestral home in Suzhou. There were gardens, integration with nature, and consideration of the relationship between enclosure and opening. The large central space in <mask>'s East Building of the National Gallery was covered by glass panels.Guests were invited to view the scenery beyond the walls. Younger Chinese who had hoped the building would exhibit some Cubist flavor for which <mask> had become known were disappointed, but the new hotel found more favour with government officials and architects. The hotel was designed to fit in with the natural environment. Special care was taken to cut down the trees that were of special concern. The original hotel is one of only five in the country that has a water maze. <mask> insisted on transporting rocks from a

masks: Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: location in southwest China to suit the natural aesthetic of the garden behind the hotel. An associate of <mask>'s said he had never seen the architect so involved in a project.The nation's lack of technology led to a series of mistakes during construction. In the US, 200 or so workers might have been used for a similar building, but the Fragrant Hill project employed over 3000 workers. The construction company didn't have the sophisticated machines used in other parts of the world. <mask> had an emotional moment during a meeting with Chinese officials. He explained that his actions includedhouting and pounding the table. The design staff noticed a change in the way the crew worked after the meeting. <mask> found the hotel still needed work as the opening neared.He ordered his children to make beds and vacuum floors. The <mask> family was affected by the project's difficulties. The Fragrant Hill Hotel opened in 1982. The dilapidated condition of the hotel was confirmed by a member of <mask>'s staff who returned several years later. The country's general unfamiliarity with buildings was attributed by him and <mask>. At the time, the Chinese architectural community was interested in the work of American postmodernists such as <mask>. James Freed was <mask>'s lead designer on the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in New York City.Freed wanted to create a vibrant community institution in what was then a

masks:
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Michael Graves
Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: run-down neighborhood on Manhattan's west side. Budget problems and construction mistakes plagued the convention center from the beginning. City regulations forbid a general contractor from having final authority over a project, so architects and program manager Richard Kahan had to coordinate a wide array of workers. 12,000 forged steel globes were rejected because they had cracks and other defects. The problems led to comparisons with the Hancock Tower. One New York City official blamed the building's architectural flourishes for delays and financial crises. On April 3, 1986, the Javits Center opened to a generally positive reception.Neither Freed nor <mask> were recognized for their part in the project during the inauguration ceremonies. Franois <mask> was elected President of France in 1981 and laid out an ambitious plan for a variety of construction projects. The Louvre was renovated. A civil servant was appointed to look after it. <mask> was asked to join the team after visiting museums in Europe and the United States. Only one museum employee knew why the architect was in Paris to look at the feasibility of the project. <mask> agreed that a new construction project was necessary for the future of the museum.He was the first foreign architect to work on the Louvre. The renovation of the Cour Napoléon in the middle of the buildings was part of the new design. The National Gallery East Building has a

masks: Pei Mitterrand Pei Pei


title: I. M. Pei

texts: lobby that links the three major wings around the central space. There would be more than one floor for research, storage, and maintenance. He designed a glass and steel pyramid at the center of the courtyard to serve as an entrance and anteroom skylight. To reflect sunlight into the complex, it was mirrored by an inverted pyramid. The fastidious geometry of the French landscape architect André Le Ntre is what inspired these designs.<mask> thought that the pyramid shape was most compatible with the architecture of the Louvre, and that it was best suited for stable transparency. The Louvre administrator was displeased with the scope of the renovation. He quit his job because the project was unfeasible and posedarchitectural risks. The French public reacted harshly to the design because of the pyramid. One critic called it a "gigantic, ruinous device", while another called it "despotism". <mask>'s design was opposed by 90 percent of Parisians. He said he received angry glances in the streets of Paris.Some condemnations were nationalist. One opponent wrote "I am surprised that one would go looking for a Chinese architect in America to deal with the historic heart of the capital of France." <mask> and his team won the support of several cultural icons, including the conductor Pierre Boulez and the widow of a former French President, after whom the similarly controversial Centre Georges Pompidou was named.