title: Ronald Plasterk

texts: <mask> is a Dutch scientist and a retired politician of the Labour Party. He is an appointed professor at the medical faculty of the University of Amsterdam and is a former Minister of the Dutch government. A Gymnasium was attended by <mask> from 1969 to 1975. He obtained his degree in biology from the Leiden University. In 1981 he completed the propaedeutics after studying economics at the University of Amsterdam. He earned his PhD degree in natural science in 1984 after working as a researcher at the biomedical institute. <mask> was a member of the Municipal Council of Leiden from October 1982 to September 1984.At the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California, from January 1985 until October 1986 and at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, from October 1986 until November 1987, <mask> worked as a researcher. The director of the Oncology department of the Netherlands Cancer Institute from July 1989 until February 2000 was Plasterk. From January 1993 to February 1997 <mask> was a professor of biology at the Free University Amsterdam and from February 1997 to February 2000 he was a professor of genetics at the University of Amsterdam. From February 2000 to February 2007, <mask> was the director of the Hubrecht Institute, an affiliation of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences. He became active in the public sector and was a nonprofit director on several boards of directors and

masks:
Ronald Hans Anton Plasterk
Plasterk
Plasterk
Plasterk
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title: Ronald Plasterk

type: paraphrased

texts: supervisory boards. On February 22, 2007, <mask> took office as Minister of Education, Culture and Science in the Cabinet Balkenende IV. The Labour Party cabinets members resigned from the Cabinet on February 20th after tensions in the coalition over the extension of the Dutch involvement in the Task Force Urozgan of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan.After the election of 2010, <mask> was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives and took office on 17 June 2010. After the Leader of the Labour Party and Parliamentary leader of the Labour Party in the House of Representatives Job Cohen announced that he was stepping down as Leader and Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives following increasing criticism of his leadership, <mask> announced his candidacy to succeed him. On March 16, 2012 <mask> lost the leadership election. On 5 November 2012 <mask> took office as Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations in the Cabinet Rutte II. Minister for Housing and the Central Government Sector Stef Blok served as acting Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations during <mask>'s medical leave of absence. On September 10, 2016 <mask> announced that he wouldn't be a candidate for the election of 2017. Following the formation of the new cabinet in October of last year, the Cabinet Rutte II was replaced by the Cabinet Rutte III.The chief scientific officer for the company

masks: Plasterk Plasterk Plasterk Plasterk Plasterk Plasterk Plasterk


title: Ronald Plasterk

texts: myTomorrows is Plasterk, who retired from national politics and became active in the private sector and public sector. The medical faculty of the University of Amsterdam has appointed Plasterk as a professor of novel strategies to access to drugs. Frame Therapeutics was founded in December of last year by Plasterk. A prolific author, Plasterk has written more than a dozen books and articles since 1990. Between 1969 and 1975, Plasterk was a student at the Sint Janscollege in The Hague. He studied economics and biology at the University of Amsterdam. He wrote for the student newspaper.He obtained a degree in biology. He obtained a degree in economics in the same year. He received a PhD degree in mathematics and the natural sciences in 1984 for his thesis "Inversion of the G segment of bacteriophage Mu: analysis of a genetic switch". His study focused on transposon. <mask> was a member of the city council for the Labour Party while he was a researcher. He was a researcher at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. He studied the transposon sequence in Borrelia hermsii.He was a post-doc at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge from 1986 to 1987. The Caenorhabditis elegans is a model organisms. He became a member of the board of the Netherlands Cancer Institute in Amsterdam in 1987 after returning to the Netherlands. He was the director of the research school of cancer at the institute from 1989 to


title: Ronald Plasterk

texts: 2000. He was the endowed chair in molecular microbiology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam from 1993 to 1997. He was a professor of genetics at the University of Amsterdam from 1997 to 2000. In February 2000 he became director of the Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, also known as the Hubrecht Laboratory, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.He was a professor in developmental genetics at Utrecht University from 2000 to 2000. He held these positions until February 2007. <mask> is a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was a member of the Health Council, which advises the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport, as well as being a member of the board of the Wellcome Trust. The area of genetics and functional genomics was the subject of <mask>'s research. He focused on the mechanisms ofRNA interference and microRNAs, as well as the functions ofRNAi as a natural defense against the duplication of transposons. In 1995 <mask> started as a columnist in the Intermediair, a weekly magazine for young professionals and academics.He wrote about political and ethical aspects of genetic research in the early years. In 1999 he switched from his column in the Intermediair to a weekly column in de Volkskrant, a leading centre left quality newspaper. He became a minister in 2007. Several of his columns were included in the book "Life from the Lab", which he wrote

masks: Plasterk Plasterk Plasterk


title: Ronald Plasterk

texts: on a wide range of subjects. He used the term "somethingism" in 1997 to refer to the belief that the Christian God does not exist. This position is close to the 18th century Deism. He first criticized the belief on intellectual grounds, but later claimed that it was a mix of atheism and nostalgia, and much more sympathetic than the idea of a cruel God that wants this misery.He positioned himself as an outspoken critic of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe in the referendum on the European constitution. He didn't like the constitution because it didn't clearly codify the responsibilities of the European Union. He thought it put too much emphasis on the free market. Politics Plasterk was a member of the Labour Party in the early 1980s. He is a political columnist for several national publications and a commentator on TV. He became more active in national politics in the 2000s. He was a member of the committee that wrote the election manifesto for the Labour Party.He was an advisor to the national convention, a think tank of the Dutch government. He was appointed minister of Education, Culture and Science in the fourth Balkenende cabinet. Because of this appointment, <mask> has ended his scientific career because he doesn't think it's possible to leave research for several years and then return to work. The leader of the Labour Party believes that <mask> is a social and cultural libertarian who balances out

masks: Plasterk Plasterk


title: Ronald Plasterk

texts: the conservativism of the Labour Party's coalition partners. As minister, <mask> was responsible for higher education and scientific education, for research, culture and media, women's emancipation, and for policy on the unemployed in the education sector. He is also a member of the task force Women on Top. The salary of teachers was a key issue during <mask>'s time as minister.When there was no room in the national budget to increase the salaries of teachers as advised by a committee led by Alexander Rinnooy Kan, Plasterk was forced to find money from within the budget of his own ministry. After the national budget was published, Kan made his advice public. The allowance for students was one of the solutions considered by Plasterk. <mask>'s proposals were strongly criticized by the students unions, his coalition partners, and the leftwing opposition parties. The minister of Finance and he were able to find enough money to increase the salaries of teachers. In April 2008, Plasterk came to a deal with the teachers union. The PvdA ministers withdrew from the fourth Balkenende cabinet on the morning of February 20, 2010.The Queen accepted the resignations. He focused on finance in the House of Representatives. After his position as minister, <mask> went to work as chief scientific officer at myTomorrows in Amsterdam. The company mediations between patients, doctors, commercial and pharmaceutical companies about a faster

masks: Plasterk Plasterk Plasterk Plasterk


title: Ronald Plasterk

texts: availability of new medicines. At the University of Amsterdam, <mask> is a professor in Novel Strategies for Access toTherapeutics. The founder and CEO of the company is <mask>. He left after a spin-out from MyTomorrows.<mask> is married and has two children. He lives in Amsterdam. The Royal Christian Oratory Association "Excelsior" in Amsterdam has a member named <mask>. He takes part in the yearly recital of the Mattheus Passion. He plays an instrument. Literature, painting and photography are some of his hobbies. He was in Zomergasten in the summer of 2008 for an interview with the V PRO.The Spinoza Prize of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research was awarded in 2002 and the Grand Prix scientifique de la Louis D. of theInstitut de France in 2005. The year 2001. There are two functions of the dicer in C. elegans. 2654–2659 is from Genes & Development 15. Sijen, T., Fleenor, J., Simmer, F., Thijssen, K.L., Parrish, S., Timmons, L., <mask>, R.H.A., Fire, A. The year 2001. There is a role for RNA amplification in the suppression of genes.Cell 105: 465–476. Tijsterman, M., Ketting, R.F., Okihara, K. L., Sijen, T., <mask>, R. H. A. There are short antisenseRNAs that can cause gene silencing in C. elegans. Science 25; 295 (5555): Wienholds, E., Schulte-Merker, S., Walderich, B., and <mask>, R.H.A. The zebrafish rag1 gene was target-selected. Science 297 was published on July 5. Wienholds, M.J., Van Eeden,


title: Ronald Plasterk

texts: F.J.M., Cuppen, E., <mask>, R.H.A.zebrafish development is dependent on the production of Dicer 1. Nature Genetics 35 was published. R.H.A., Sijen, T. The Caenorhabditis elegans germ line has transposon silenced. Nature 423: 322–322. Berezikov, E., Guryev, V., van de Belt, J., Wienholds, E., <mask>, R.H.A., Cuppen, E. Cell 120: 21– 24.Robert, V.J.P., Sijen, T., van Wolfswinkel, J., <mask>, R.H.A. There are factors that protect the C. elegans germline. Genes are related to development. 19: 782–787. Sijen T., Steiner F.A., Thijssen K.L., and Plasterk R.H.A. Secondary siRNAs come from unprimedRNA synthesis and form a distinct class. Science.The report was published on Jan 12th, 2007. References External links Official Prof. Dr.


title: James K. Polk

texts: <mask> served as the 11th president of the United States from 1845 to 1849. He was the ninth governor of Tennessee and the 13th Speaker of the House of Representatives. He was a member of the Democratic Party and an advocate of Jacksonian democracy. During his presidency, <mask> extended the territory of the United States through the Mexican–American War, as well as annexing the Republic of Texas, the Oregon Territory, and the Mexican Cession. <mask> became a strong supporter of Andrew Jackson after building a successful law practice in Tennessee and was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1824. He became Speaker of the House in 1835 after serving as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. <mask> lost his bid for governor of Tennessee in 1841 and 1843.He entered his party's convention as a potential nominee for vice president but emerged as a compromise to head the ticket when no presidential candidate could secure the necessary two-thirds majority. <mask> defeated Henry Clay in the general election. <mask> has been praised by historians for meeting his major domestic and foreign policy goals. He reached a settlement with Great Britain over the disputed Oregon Country, which was divided along the 49th parallel. He tried to expand the United States by provoking a war with Mexico, which resulted in Mexico's cession of most of the American

masks: Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: Southwest. He secured a reduction of the Walker tariffs. The Independent Treasury system was re-established by him the same year.<mask> left office in 1849 and returned to Tennessee, where he died three months after leaving the White House. <mask> was ranked favorably by scholars for his ability to promote and achieve major items on his presidential agenda despite being limited to a single term. He was criticized for leading the country into an aggressive war against Mexico, which caused a divide between free and slave states. While president, a property owner who used slave labor for most of his adult life increased his slave ownership and kept a plantation in Mississippi. With <mask>'s presidency of territorial expansion, the United States was poised to become a world power, but with sectional divisions gravely exacerbated, setting the stage for the Civil War. <mask> was born in a log cabin in North Carolina in 1795. He was the first child in a family of farmers.Jane named him after her father. The <mask> family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch

masks: Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch After arriving in America in the late 1600s, the <mask>s settled on the Eastern Shore of Maryland but then moved to Pennsylvania and the Carolina hill country. The families were Presbyterian. <mask>'s father was a deist and he rejected Presbyterianism. The minister refused to baptize young <mask> because his father wouldn't say he was a Christian. <mask>' mother instilled lifelong Calvinistic traits of self-discipline, hard work, piety, individualism, and a belief in the imperfection of human nature, according to <mask>. Rawley's American National Biography article.The Duck River area in what is now Maury County, Tennessee, was where <mask> and his family went in 1806. Maury County and the new town of Columbia were dominated by the <mask> clan. Andrew Jackson, who had served as a judge and in Congress, was at Samuel's home when he became a county judge. <mask> learned from the political discussion at the dinner table that both Samuel and Ezekiel were supporters of President Thomas Jefferson. <mask> was a particular disadvantage in a frontier society due to his frail health as a child. His father took him to see a doctor. The journey was stopped by <mask>'s pain, and he was

masks:
Polk
Polk
James
James
James A
Samuel Polk
Polk
James
Polk
James


title: James K. Polk

texts: operated on to remove them.brandy was the only drug available. <mask> might have been sterile because he had no children. He recovered quickly and became stronger. His father tried to get him into one of his businesses, but he wanted to attend a Presbyterian academy. He attended the Zion Church Academy after becoming a member of the Zion Church. He was a promising student at Bradley Academy. <mask> was admitted to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as a sophomore in 1816.<mask> was a Trustee of the university and Samuel was its land agent in Tennessee. <mask>'s roommate was the first Governor of Florida. <mask> learned the art of oratory while he was president of the Dialectic Society. He warned that some American leaders were flirting with monarchical ideals and that Alexander Hamilton was a foe of Jefferson. <mask> graduated with honors. <mask> went back to Nashville, Tennessee to study law under Felix Grundy, who was his first mentor. On September 20, 1819, he was elected clerk of the Tennessee State Senate and sat in Murfreesboro.He was re-elected clerk in 1822 without opposition. He was admitted to the Tennessee bar in June 1820 and his first case was to defend his father against a public fighting charge. Due to the many cases arising from the Panic of 1819, he was successful as a lawyer and opened an office in Maury County. His political career was

masks:
James
Polk
William Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: subsidized by his law practice. <mask> was determined to be a candidate for the Tennessee House of Representatives when the legislature adjourned in September 1822. He had plenty of time to campaign after the election in August 1823. He was commissioned in the Tennessee militia as a captain in the cavalry of the 5th brigade.He was appointed a colonel on the staff of the Governor, and was often referred to as "Colonel". Many of the voters were members of the <mask> clan. <mask>'s oratory earned him the nickname "Napoleon of the Stump." <mask> provided alcoholic refreshments for his voters at the polls. Sarah and <mask> were married on January 1, 1824, in Murfreesboro. <mask> was educated better than most women of her time, and she was from one of the state's most prominent families. Sarah helped her husband with his speeches, gave him advice on policy matters, and was involved in his campaigns.<mask>'s intelligence, charm and grace helped compensate for her husband's austere manner. <mask> came to support the policies of Andrew Jackson when he was a military hero for his victory at the Battle of New Orleans, even though he was opposed to land reform by his first mentor, Grundy. There is evidence that <mask> and her siblings called Jackson "Uncle Andrew", and that <mask> came to support his presidential ambitions in 1824. Jackson's name was put in nomination when the

masks:
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Sarah Polk
Sarah Polk
Polk
Sarah Polk
James Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: Tennessee Legislature couldn't agree on who toelect as senator in 1823. <mask> cast his vote for the general in Jackson's victory as a member of the state House of Representatives. Jackson's presidential chances were boosted by his recent political experience. The alliance would continue until Jackson's death in <mask>'s presidency.<mask> was known as "Young Hickory" due to the nickname for Jackson, "Old Hickory". <mask>'s political career was dependent on Jackson. The 1824 United States presidential election was thrown into the U.S. House of Representatives because Jackson did not get a majority in the Electoral College. <mask> believed that Speaker of the House Henry Clay had traded his support to Adams in exchange for being the Secretary of State. <mask> was elected to the House of Representatives from Tennessee's 6th congressional district in 1824. The five candidates were expected to spend a lot of time campaigning in the district, which stretched from Maury County south to the Alabama line. Sarah began to worry about <mask>'s health.<mask>'s opponents said that he was too young for the responsibility of a seat in the House, but he won the election with 3,669 votes out of 10,440 and took his seat in Congress later that year. <mask> roomed with other Tennessee representatives, including Sam Houston, when he was in Washington, D.C. for Congress's regular session

masks: Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: in December 1824. <mask> made his first major speech on March 13, 1826, in which he said that the Electoral College should be abolished and that the president should be elected by popular vote. <mask> was bitter at the alleged corrupt bargain between Adams and Clay and frequently voted against the administration's policies. During her husband's first year in Congress, <mask> stayed at home in Columbia, but accompanied him to Washington, where she helped him with his correspondence and listened to <mask>'s speeches. <mask> continued to oppose the Adams administration after he was re-elected. <mask> was an advisor to Jackson's campaign when he ran for president.<mask> was one of the new President's most prominent and loyal supporters in the House. <mask> was pleased by Jackson's Maysville Road veto in May 1830, when he blocked a bill to finance a road extension entirely within one state. <mask> denied that the veto message was written by him, but he did say that it was the President's message. <mask> was Jackson's most prominent House ally in the "Bank War" that developed over Jackson's opposition to the re-authorization of the Second Bank of the United States. The Second Bank, headed by Nicholas Biddle of Philadelphia, held federal dollars and was able to present currency from local banks for redemption in gold or silver. Jackson was against the Second Bank because it

masks:
Polk
Polk
Sarah Polk
James
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: acted in the interest of Easterners. <mask>, as a member of the House Ways and Means Committee, conducted investigations of the Second Bank, and though the committee voted for a bill to renew the bank's charter, <mask> issued a strong minority report condemning the bank.Congress failed to override Jackson's veto of the bill. Jackson's action was highly controversial in Washington but he was re-elected in 1832. <mask> initially sympathized with John C. Calhoun's opposition to the Tariff of Abominations, but eventually came over to Jackson's side. As Jackson sought to assert federal authority, <mask> remained loyal to him. <mask> was in favor of the Force Bill against South Carolina. The matter was settled by Congress. <mask> became the chairman of Ways and Means after being elected to a fifth consecutive term as Speaker of the House.<mask> supported Jackson's withdrawal of federal funds. <mask>'s committee questioned the Second Bank's finances and supported Jackson's actions against it. In April 1834, the Ways and Means Committee reported a bill to regulate state deposit banks, which, when passed, enabled Jackson to deposit funds in pet banks, and <mask> got legislation passed to allow the sale of the government's stock in the Second Bank. In June 1834, Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson resigned from Congress to become Minister to the United Kingdom. <mask> ran

masks: Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: for speaker with Jackson's support against fellow Tennesseans John Bell and Richard Henry Wilde. Bell, who had the support of many opponents of the administration, defeated <mask>. <mask> was assured in a letter by Jackson that New England would support him for Speaker of the House at the start of the next Congress in December 1835.<mask> defeated Bell to take the speakership. <mask> reached the zenith of his congressional career when he was the Speaker of the House of Representatives. He ingratiated himself into Washington's social circles with the help of his wife, because he was at the center of Jacksonian Democracy on the House floor. The speakership made them abandon their life in a boarding house in Washington for their own place on Pennsylvania Avenue. Vice President Martin Van Buren, Jackson's chosen successor, defeated multiple Whig candidates in the 1836 presidential election. White was able to carry his state because of Whig strength in Tennessee. Many in Tennessee disliked the destruction of the Second Bank and were unwilling to support Van Buren, despite the fact that ninety percent of Tennessee voters supported Jackson in 1832.<mask> worked for the policies of Jackson and Van Buren as Speaker of the House. The new Ways and Means chair was appointed by <mask>, although he tried to maintain the speaker's traditional nonpartisan appearance. Slavery and the


title: James K. Polk

texts: economy were major issues during <mask>'s speakership. <mask> made sure that the House of Representatives wouldn't debate or accept citizen petitions about slavery. John Quincy Adams was a congressman from Massachusetts and an abolitionist. Jackson concluded that <mask> should have shown better leadership because he engaged in useless shouting matches instead of finding a way to silence Adams. Jackson's order that payment for government lands be in gold and silver was faced with pressure by Van Buren and <mask>.The crash was thought to have been caused by a lack of confidence in paper currency. <mask> and his cabinet supported Van Buren's decision to back the Specie Circular. The bill to establish an Independent Treasury system that would allow the government to oversee its own deposits was defeated in the House. It passed in 1840. <mask> used his knowledge of the House's rules to bring order to its proceedings. He never challenged anyone to a duel even if they insulted his honor. The economic downturn cost the Democrats seats, so that when he faced re-election as Speaker of the House, he won by only 13 votes.<mask> was aware that no Speaker of the House had ever become president and that he was the only one to have held both offices. He decided to run for Governor of Tennessee after seven terms in the House and two as speaker. <mask> returned to Tennessee to help

masks: Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: the party after the Democrats lost the governorship for the first time in their history. Since the days of Jacksonian domination, the state's political loyalties have changed greatly and <mask> returned to a Tennessee afire for White and Whiggism. <mask> ran against the Whig incumbent,Newton Cannon, who was seeking a third two-year term as governor. The Whigs tacitly acknowledged <mask> as head of the state Democratic Party because he was the one called upon to "redeem" Tennessee. <mask> focused on national issues while Cannon focused on local issues.The governor retreated to Nashville after being defeated by <mask> in the debates. <mask> wanted to become known more widely in the state than in his native Middle Tennessee. <mask> pursued Cannon after he came back on the trail in the final days of the campaign. <mask> defeated Cannon on August 1, 1839, as the Democrats regained the state legislature and won back three congressional seats in Tennessee. The governor of Tennessee had limited power due to the small size of the state government. <mask> wanted to be nominated as Van Buren's vice presidential running mate at the 1840 Democratic National Convention in Baltimore in May. If Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson was dumped from the ticket, <mask> wanted to be the replacement because he was disliked by many Southern whites for fathering two daughters by a biracial


title: James K. Polk

texts: mistress and trying to introduce them into white society.<mask>'s Tennessee residence kept the New Yorker Van Buren's ticket balanced. After the popular vote, a choice would be made for vice president. <mask> withdrew his name three weeks after the convention because he realized that Johnson was too popular in the party to be ousted. The slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" was used by the Whig presidential candidate, General William Henry Harrison, who won both the national and Tennessee votes. Jackson was horrified at the prospect of a Whig administration and <mask> was embarrassed by the outcome. <mask> received one vote from a faithless elector in the electoral college's vote for vice president in the 1840 election. John Tyler broke with the Whigs after Harrison's death left the presidency to him.<mask>'s programs to regulate state banks, implement state internal improvements, and improve education did not win the approval of the legislature. He only succeeded in getting the replacement of Tennessee's two Whig U.S. senators with Democrats. <mask>'s tenure was hampered by the continuing nationwide economic crisis that followed the Panic of 1837 and which caused Van Buren to lose the 1840 election. The Whigs ran a freshman legislator from Wilson County, <mask>. Jones, against <mask> because of the success of Harrison's campaign. "Lean Jimmy" was one of the most

masks:
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
James C
Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: effective gadflies against <mask>, and his lighthearted tone at campaign debates was very effective against the serious <mask>. Jones's support of distribution to the states of surplus federal revenues and of a national bank struck a nerve with Tennessee voters. <mask> was defeated at the polls for the first time in 1841, when he was defeated by 3,000 votes.Though the new governor took less of a joking tone, it made little difference to the outcome as <mask> was beaten again, this time by 3,833 votes. <mask> faced an uncertain political future after his second statewide defeat. <mask> was determined to become the next vice president of the United States despite his loss in the 1844 Democratic nomination. <mask> engaged in a careful campaign to become his running mate after Van Buren was the favorite for the Democratic nomination. The former president faced opposition from people in the South who did not like his views on slavery and from people in the West who did not like his hard money policies. The former Vice President Johnson had a strong following among Democrats, as did many Southerners. Jackson wrote to Van Buren that <mask> had "fought the battle well and fought it alone".<mask> tried to get Van Buren's support by suggesting in a letter that a Van Buren/<mask> ticket could carry Tennessee. Territorial expansion was the biggest political issue in the United


title: James K. Polk

texts: States at that time. The Republic of Texas revolted against Mexico in 1836. With the republic largely populated by American emigres, those on both sides of the border thought it was inevitable that Texas would join the U.S. Jackson recognized Texas independence, but the initial push for annexation had slowed. If Texas did the same as Britain did, it would provide a western haven for runaways to match one in the North. A Texas not in the United States would be in the way of America's desire to overspread the continent.Clay was nominated for president by acclamation at the Whig National Convention. At a time when opponents of Texas annexation argued that it would give slavery more room to spread, Clay sought a nuanced position on the issue. Jackson was overjoyed when Clay wrote a letter against Texas annexation, but was devastated when he found out that Van Buren had done the same thing. Supporters in the old Southwest were shocked by Van Buren's actions because he feared losing his base of support in the Northeast. <mask> wrote a pro-annexation letter four days before Van Buren's. Jackson wrote to Van Buren that <mask> was the best person to head the ticket because no candidate who opposed annexation could be elected. According to Jackson, <mask> had the best chance of being elected because he was an expansionist from the South or Southwest.<mask> called the plan

masks: Polk Polk Polk Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: "utterly abortive", but he agreed to accept it. <mask> told his lieutenants to work for his nomination at the convention. <mask> was skeptical that Jackson could win. <mask>'s key lieutenant at the Democratic National Convention in Baltimore, Gideon Johnson Pillow, believed <mask> could emerge as a compromise candidate because of the opposition to Van Buren by expansionists in the West and South. <mask>, who remained in Columbia during the convention, publicly supported Van Buren's candidacy and was believed to be seeking the vice presidency. <mask> declared for the annexation of Texas. The convention began on May 27th.It was important to know if the nominee needed two-thirds of the delegate vote or just a majority. Van Buren's candidacy would be doomed if there was a vote for two-thirds. The two-thirds rule was supported by the Southern states. Van Buren's support faded after he failed to win two-thirds of the vote on the first presidential ballot. On the first ballot, Johnson and <mask> received votes, and on the fifth ballot, <mask> took the lead. Van Buren's supporters were discouraged about the former president's chances as the convention remained deadlocked after seven ballots. A new candidate might be able to break the stalemate.When the convention adjourned after the seventh ballot, Pillow, who had been waiting for an opportunity to press <mask>'s name,

masks:
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Polk
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Polk
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Polk
James Buchanan
James Buchanan
Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: conferred with George Bancroft of Massachusetts, a politician and historian who was a long time <mask> correspondent, and who had planned to nominate <mask> for vice president. Wright wouldn't consider taking a nomination that Van Buren wanted, but he was willing to see the New York Senator head the ticket. If <mask> were nominated for president, Wright might accept the second spot. The head of the New York delegation read a letter from Van Buren to withdraw his support for Wright if he was not nominated. Wright gave a pre-written letter to a supporter, in which he refused to be considered as a presidential candidate, and stated in the letter that he agreed with Van Buren's position on Texas. Had Wright's letter not been read, he most likely would have been nominated, but without him, Butler began to rally Van Buren supporters for <mask> as the best possible candidate, and Bancroft placed <mask>'s name before the convention. <mask> received only 44 votes on the eighth ballot, but the deadlock was showing signs of breaking.<mask> received 233 votes on the ninth ballot, making him the Democratic nominee for president, after Van Buren's name was withdrawn and many delegations declared for the Tennessean. The nomination was unanimous. The question was left to the vice-presidential candidate. The convention agreed to this, with only eight Georgia delegates voting against

masks: Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: it. The word of Wright's nomination was sent to him in Washington via telegraph. Wright wouldn't accept the second place because he declined an almost certain presidential nomination. George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania was suggested by Senator Robert J. Walker of Mississippi.Dallas was acceptable enough to get the vice-presidential nomination on the next ballot. The delegates adjourned on May 30. Although many contemporary politicians claimed the credit for getting <mask> the nomination, Walter R. Borneman felt that most of the credit was due to Jackson and <mask>. Whigs mocked <mask> with a chant. <mask>? It was affecting to never have heard of him. All previous presidents had served as vice president, secretary of state, or a high-ranking general, even though he had experience as Speaker of the House and Governor of Tennessee.<mask> has been described as the first "dark horse" presidential nominee, although his nomination was less of a surprise than that of future nominees. Clay was aware that <mask> could unite the Democrats. Rumors of <mask>'s nomination reached Nashville on June 4 and were substantiated later that day. The dispatches were sent to Columbia on the same day, and the letters and newspapers describing what had happened at Baltimore were in <mask>'s possession by June 6. He stated in his letter that he intended to serve only one term and never sought


title: James K. Polk

texts: the office. Wright was embittered by what he called the "foul plot" against Van Buren, and demanded assurances that <mask> had played no part; it was only after <mask> professed that he had remained loyal to Van Buren that Wright supported his campaign. <mask> stayed in Columbia and made no speeches during the time when presidential candidates avoid campaigning or seeking the office.He was involved in correspondence with Democratic Party officials. <mask>'s acceptance letter and responses to questions sent by citizens were printed in newspapers. The issue of whether the tariffs should be for revenue or to protect American industry was a potential pitfall for <mask>'s campaign. <mask> addressed the issue in a letter. He wrote that the government could and should offer "fair and just protection" to American interests, even though he had previously stated that tariffs should only be used to finance government operations. Despite the Whigs pointing out that he had committed himself to nothing, he refused to expand on this stance. In September, a delegation of Whigs from Giles County came to Columbia, armed with specific questions on <mask>'s views regarding the current tariffs, the Whig-passed Tariff of 1842, and with the stated intent of remaining in Columbia until they got answers.<mask> stood by his earlier statement and caused an uproar in the Whig papers. The


title: James K. Polk

texts: third-party candidacy of President Tyler could split the Democratic vote. A group of loyal officeholders nominated Tyler. He believed he could rally states' rights supporters and populists to hold the balance of power in the election. Jackson wrote two letters to friends in the Cabinet that he knew would be shown to Tyler, stating that the President's supporters would be welcomed back into the Democratic fold. Many Democrats would embrace Tyler for his pro-annexation stance once he withdrew. The Globe newspaper was stopped from attacking Tyler by the former president.Tyler withdrew from the race in August. Party troubles were a third concern. Francis Pickens, a former South Carolina congressman, came to Columbia for two days and to the Hermitage for sessions with Jackson when he was in Tennessee. <mask> would act against the 1842 tariffs and promote Texas annexation if the Globe was dissolved. He became a strong supporter after being reassured on these points. When Clay realized his anti-annexation letter had cost him support, he tried to clarify his position in two subsequent letters. Clay was attacked as insincere by both sides.<mask> appeased most Southern party leaders without antagonizing Northern ones, despite Texas threatening to divide the Democrats sectionally. As the election drew closer, it became clear that most of the country favored the annexation of

masks: Polk Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: Texas, and some Southern Whig leaders supported <mask>'s campaign due to Clay's anti-annexation stance. Both major party candidates were accused of malfeasance and <mask> was accused of being a duelist. The Roorback forgery was the most damaging, as an item appeared in an abolitionist newspaper, part of a book detailing fictional travels through the South of a Baron von Roorback, an imaginary German nobleman. The traveler had seen forty slaves who had been sold by <mask> after being branded with his initials, and the sentence was inserted by the Ithaca Chronicle. When challenged by the Democrats, the item was withdrawn by the Chronicle. According to Borneman, the forgery backfired on <mask>'s opponents as it served to remind voters that Clay was a slaveholder, and likely cost <mask> Ohio the election.One Nashville newspaper alleged that <mask>'s slaves preferred their bondage to freedom. <mask> implied to newspaper correspondents that the only slaves he owned had been purchased from relatives in financial distress, and this paternalistic image was also painted by surrogates. It was not true that he had bought over thirty slaves, both from relatives and others, for the purpose of procuring labor for his Mississippi cotton plantation. There was no uniform election day in the 19th century. <mask> won the election with 49.5% of the popular vote and 170 electoral votes.


title: James K. Polk

texts: <mask> lost his birth state of North Carolina when he became the first president elected despite losing his state of residence. Clay lost votes to the antislavery Liberty Party candidate in Pennsylvania and New York.Clay would have been elected president if he had won New York. <mask> implemented his campaign promises despite losing the popular vote but winning the Electoral College. He oversaw a country that had doubled its population every twenty years since the American Revolution and had reached demographic parity with Great Britain. <mask>'s tenure saw continued technological improvements, including the continued expansion of railroads and increased use of the telegraph. The United States became a strong military power due to improved communications and demographic changes. During his tenure, the sectional divisions became worse. The Whigs abolished the Independent Treasury System created by Van Buren.The tariffs should be reduced. It is possible to acquire all of the Oregon Country. Acquire California and its harbors from Mexico. The completion of <mask>'s foreign policy goals would be the first major American territorial gains since the Adams–Ons Treaty of 1819. <mask> turned his attention to forming a geographically balanced Cabinet after being informed of his victory. The large states of New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia should have representation in the


title: James K. Polk

texts: Cabinet, as should his home state of Tennessee. <mask> wanted an entirely fresh Cabinet at a time when the incoming president might retain some or all of his predecessor's department heads.When approached by emissaries, the leader of the Democratic Party in Tyler was willing to step down, but he did not take offense. <mask> didn't want his Cabinet to contain presidential hopefuls, so he nominated <mask>, who was well-known for his ambition for the presidency, as Secretary of State. Tennessee's Cave Johnson, a close friend and ally of <mask>, was nominated for the position of Postmaster General, with George Bancroft, the historian who had placed a crucial role in <mask>'s nomination, as Navy Secretary. <mask>'s choices were approved by Andrew Jackson, who died in June 1845. John Y. Mason, Tyler's last Navy Secretary, was not on the original list. <mask> chose him as Attorney General at the last minute because of factional politics and President Tyler's drive to resolve the Texas issue before he leaves office. Mississippi Senator Walker was chosen by <mask> to be Secretary of the Treasury.<mask> took office and all gained Senate confirmation. Few replacements were needed because the members worked well together. When Bancroft became U.S. minister to Britain, there was a need for a reshuffling. President Tyler wanted to complete the annexation of Texas as <mask> put

masks:
Polk
Polk
James Buchanan
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: together his Cabinet. Tyler urged Congress to use its constitutional power to admit states after the Senate defeated an earlier treaty to annex the republic. <mask> became involved in negotiations to break the impasse after disagreements about the terms of Texas' admission. The annexation resolution passed the Senate with <mask>'s help.Tyler was unsure if he should sign the resolution or leave it for <mask>, so he sent the President-elect to consult with him. According to the terms of the resolution, Tyler offered annexation to Texas on March 3, 1845. <mask> wrote to Cave Johnson before his inauguration, "I intend to be President of the U.S." He would gain a reputation as a hard worker, spending ten to twelve hours at his desk, and rarely leaving Washington. <mask> wrote that no President who performs his duty faithfully and conscientiously can have any leisure. I like to supervise the whole operations of the government myself, rather than trusting the public business to subordinates, and this makes my duties very good. <mask> was the youngest president at 49 when he took office in 1845. <mask>'s inauguration was the first inaugural ceremony to be reported by telegraph and first to be illustrated in a newspaper.<mask> made clear his support for Texas annexation in his inaugural address, which was delivered in a steady rain. He proclaimed his fidelity to Jackson's


title: James K. Polk

texts: principles by quoting his famous toast, "every lover of his country must shudder at the thought of its dissolution and will be ready to adopt the patriotic sentiment, 'Our Federal Union- it must be preserved'." He stated his opposition to a national bank. He decried those who would tear down an institution that was protected by the Constitution. <mask> focused the second half of his speech on foreign affairs and expansion. He warned that Texas was not an affair of any other nation and certainly not of Mexico. He pledged to protect America's rights in the Oregon Country and to protect the settlers.<mask> made his sister's son his personal secretary because he had no staff at the White House. Walker was living at the White House with his family when his uncle was in office. The White House was visited by other <mask> relatives. The Lewis and Clark expedition and the discovery of the Columbia River gave rise to Partition of Oregon Country Britain's claim to the Oregon Country. Russia and Spain ceded their claims north of the 42nd parallel to the United States under the Adams–Ons Treaty of 1867. Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821. The claims of the indigenous peoples of the region were not a factor.The United States and Britain negotiated instead of fighting over the territory. The United Kingdom and the United States took control of the Oregon Country

masks: Polk Polk Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: after the signing of the Treaty of 1818. It was not acceptable for the U.S. to divide the region along the 49th parallel as it had commercial interests along the Columbia River. Britain was unwilling to accept the 49th parallel extension to the Pacific as it meant the entire opening to Puget Sound would be in American hands. President Tyler's ambassador to Great Britain had informally proposed dividing the territory at the 49th parallel to allow an opening to the Pacific. When the new British minister in Washington arrived, he found that many Americans wanted the entire territory. In the 1844 election, Oregon wasn't a big issue.The heavy influx of settlers, mostly American, to the Oregon Country in 1845, and the rising spirit of expansionism in the United States, made a treaty with Britain more urgent. The United States should span from coast to coast according to the Democrats. The territory was an important part of determining the dominant power in North America and both sides sought an acceptable compromise. In his inaugural address, <mask> announced that he viewed the U.S. claim to the land as "clear and irrefutable", provoking threats of war from British leaders should he attempt to take control of the entire territory. Although the Democratic Party platform called for a claim to the entire territory, <mask> refrained from doing so in his address. <mask> and


title: James K. Polk

texts: Buchanan began negotiations with the British after <mask> viewed war over Oregon as foolish. <mask> proposed a division along the 49th parallel, which was immediately rejected.Secretary of State Buchanan was wary of a two-front war with Mexico and Britain, but <mask> was willing to risk war with both countries in pursuit of a favorable settlement. In his annual message to Congress in December 1845, <mask> requested approval of giving Britain a one-year notice of his intention to end the joint occupation of Oregon. The Monroe Doctrine was used for the first time since 1823 in that message to signify America's intention of keeping European powers out. In April 1846, Congress passed a resolution attaching its hope that the dispute would be solved amicably. The United States was unwilling to re-open negotiations unless a proposal was made by the British. Good trade relations with the United States were more important to Aberdeen than a distant territory because of the repeal of the Corn Laws. <mask> allowed Buchanan to inform the American ambassador to Britain that his administration would be in favor of a British proposal to divide the continent at the 49th parallel.The <mask> administration was offered a boundary line at the 49th parallel and limited navigation rights for British subjects on the Columbia River until the charter expired. <mask> and most of his Cabinet


title: James K. Polk

texts: were prepared to accept the proposal, but Buchanan urged the United States to take control of the Oregon Territory. Buchanan's about-face was linked to his presidential ambitions. <mask> submitted the full treaty to the Senate after winning the approval of Buchanan. The Oregon Treaty was approved by the Senate with opposition from people who wanted the full territory. <mask>'s willingness to risk war with Britain had frightened many, but his tough negotiation tactics may have gained the United States concessions from the British that a more conciliatory president might not have won. The annexation resolution signed by Tyler gave the president a choice of asking Texas to approve annexation or reopening negotiations, and Tyler immediately sent a messenger to the U.S. representative in Texas, Andrew Jackson Donelson, choosing the former option.<mask>'s first major decision was whether to recall Tyler's courier to Texas. <mask> hoped that Texas would accept the offer, even though it was within his power to recall the messenger. He sent Congressman Yell of Arkansas as his personal emissary, taking his private assurance that the United States would defend Texas and fix its southern border at the Rio Grande, rather than at the Nueces River, as claimed by Mexico. <mask> retained Donelson in his post, and the diplomat tried to convince Texas' leaders to accept annexation


title: James K. Polk

texts: under the terms proposed by the Tyler administration. President Anson Jones was one of the leaders who hoped negotiation would bring better terms. The influential former president of Texas, Sam Houston, rejected the offer by Britain to work a deal whereby Texas would gain Mexican recognition in exchange for a pledge never to annex itself to another country. Voters approved annexation after a convention voted to do so in July 1845.<mask> signed a resolution annexing Texas in 1845, making it the 28th state. Mexico had broken diplomatic relations with the United States on passage of the joint resolution in March 1845, which had never recognized Texan independence. Both Mexicans and Americans saw conflict as a likely possibility after Texan annexation in 1845. <mask> sent an army to Texas to prepare for a war with Mexico. Commodore David Conner of the U.S. Navy was ordered to avoid provoking a war while preparing for conflict and to respond to any Mexican aggression, while Taylor was ordered to avoid provoking a war while preparing for conflict and to respond to any Mexican aggression. It was a provocative act to send the U.S. Army there. <mask> didn't think that war would come to that, he thought Mexico would give in under pressure.<mask> hoped that a show of force by the U.S. military would lead to negotiations with the Mexican government. <mask> sent John Slidell to


title: James K. Polk

texts: Mexico in 1845 to purchase New Mexico and California for $30 million, as well as securing Mexico's agreement to a Rio Grande border. In 1845, Slidell arrived in Mexico City. The Mexican President was unwilling to receive him because of the public's dislike of the United States. The Mexican council of government refused Slidell's ambassadorial credentials, and the coup leader was General Mariano Paredes, who promised to take Texas from the United States. John Black, the U.S. consul in Mexico City, made clear in his dispatches that the U.S. aims for territorial expansion could not be accomplished without war. When the Texas boundary line had been defacto at the Nueces River, Taylor instructed his troops to repel any incursion by Mexico north of the Rio Grande.His army did not advance further than the mouth of the Nueces. It took Taylor time to prepare for the march after <mask> ordered him to go to the Rio Grande. <mask> was prepared to have Congress declare war if Taylor was sent to the Nueces Strip. In May 1846, Slidell returned to Washington and said that negotiations with the Mexican government were unlikely to succeed. <mask> was prepared to ask Congress to declare war because of the treatment of his diplomat. General Taylor's army camped across the Rio Grande from Matamoros in March. Taylor began a blockade of Matamoros after Mexican general Pedro de Ampudia


title: James K. Polk

texts: demanded that Taylor return to the Nueces River.Dozens of American soldiers died or were captured during a skirmish on the northern side of the Rio Grande on April 25. <mask> immediately convened the Cabinet and obtained their approval of his plan to send a war message to Congress on the ground that Mexico had, as <mask> put it in his message, "shed American blood on the American soil". <mask>'s message presented the war as a necessary defense of the country against a neighbor that had been a thorn in the side of the United States. The president can accept 50,000 volunteers into the military after the House approved a resolution declaring war. Some of the people who voted in favor were not convinced that the U.S. had cause to go to war. War opponents in the Senate questioned <mask>'s version of events. The Senate voted 40–2 to approve the House resolution, which marked the beginning of the Mexican–American War.Taylor's army left a makeshift base, Fort Texas, after the initial skirmishes to secure the supply line. On the way back to the Rio Grande, Mexican forces tried to block Taylor's way as other troops laid siege to Fort Texas, forcing the U.S. Army general to the attack if he hoped to relieve the fort. The Battle of Palo Alto was the first major engagement of the war and Taylor's troops forced the Mexicans from the field. The Mexican Army was routed in the Battle


title: James K. Polk

texts: of Resaca de la Palma after Taylor led the army to victory. Despite the large votes in Congress, support for the war was boosted by the early successes. Many Northern Whigs opposed the war because they felt that <mask> had used patriotism to manipulate the nation into fighting a war that would allow slavery to expand. <mask> distrusted the two senior officers, Major General Winfield Scott and Taylor, as both were Whigs, and would have replaced them with Democrats, but felt Congress would not approve it.The general accepted the position of top commander that he was offered. The President made the appointment despite the fact that Scott had sought his party's presidential nomination in the 1840 election. <mask> believed that Scott was too slow in moving his army away from Washington and to the Rio Grande, and that Scott was using his influence in Congress to defeat the administration's plan to expand the number of generals. <mask> decided to keep Scott in Washington after the news of Taylor's victory at Resaca de la Palma. <mask> wanted Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna to return to Mexico from his exile in Havana in order to negotiate a treaty with the U.S. for a price. <mask> sent people to Cuba for talks. Stephen W<mask> was sent by <mask> to territory beyond the original claims in Texas.<mask> was afraid of French or British intervention and sent Lieutenant Archibald H.

masks:
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
. Kearny
Polk
Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: Gillespie to California with orders to foment a pro-American rebellion that could be used to justify annexation of the territory. John C. Frémont, an Army captain, led settlers to overthrow the Mexican garrison in Sonoma in what became known as the Bear Flag Revolt. The capital of New Mexico, Santa Fe, was captured by American forces without firing a shot. The capture of California was proclaimed by Commodore Robert F. Stockton when he landed in Los Angeles. The United States held on to control of New Mexico and California after American forces put down the revolt. The dispute between Frémont and <mask>arny led to a break between <mask> and the powerful Missouri senator, Thomas Hart Benton, who was the father-in-law of Frémont. The public euphoria over the victories at the start of the war slowly dissipated.<mask> asked Congress to appropriate $2 million as a down payment for the purchase of Mexican lands. <mask> had never before made public his desire to annex parts of Mexico except for lands claimed by Texas. There was a fierce and acrimonious debate about whether the newly acquired lands would be slaves or free. An amendment to the bill was offered by a freshman congressman who was a supporter of <mask>'s administration. The appropriation bill passed the House but died in the Senate. The Democrats lost control of the House in the 1846 elections because of this

masks: Ke Polk Polk Polk Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: discord. <mask> was able to get approval for the appropriation in early 1847 after passing a bill raising further regiments.<mask> tried to bring the war to a quick end by supporting a potential coup led by the exiled Mexican former president, General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, with the hope that he would sell parts of California. Santa Anna was exiled from Spain to Cuba. <mask> had secret talks with Santa Anna. The U.S. Consul is in Havana. Campbell wanted to engage with Santa Anna. Col. Alejandro José Atocha was a US citizen who was born in Spain. <mask> wrote in his diary that Santa Anna was interested in concluding a treaty with the U.S. gaining territory while Mexico received payment for its debts.<mask> decided that Atocha was not trustworthy and sent his own representative to meet with Santa Anna. Santa Anna was told that <mask> wanted to see him in power and that the U.S. naval blockade would be lifted to allow him to return to Mexico. <mask> asked for $2 million from Congress to be used to negotiate a treaty with Mexico. Santa Anna returned to Mexico, not to head a government that would negotiate a treaty with the U.S., but to organize a military defense of his homeland. <mask> had been "snookered" by Santa Anna. Santa Anna fought to the bitter end instead of coming to a negotiated settlement with the U.S. Santa Anna denied <mask>'s dream of short war


title: James K. Polk

texts: because his actions would prolong the war for at least a year.<mask> ordered an American landing at the most important Mexican port on the Gulf of Mexico after this happened. In order to end the war, troops were to march through Mexico's heartland to Mexico City. <mask> was upset that Taylor allowed Ampudia's forces to withdraw from the town after he defeated the Mexican army in the Battle of Monterrey. <mask> offered the command of the Veracruz expedition to Scott because he believed Taylor had not aggressively pursued the enemy. The Whig general feared that the president was trying to destroy him, so he returned the lack of trust <mask> had in Taylor. Taylor disobeyed orders to stay near Monterrey. The northern Mexican town of Saltillo was captured by Taylor in March 1847.Taylor's army fought a larger Mexican force in the Battle of Buena Vista. Santa Anna retreated after initial reports gave the victory to Mexico. Mexican casualties were five times that of the Americans, and the victory made Taylor even more of a military hero in the American public's eyes, though <mask> preferred to credit the bravery of the soldiers rather than the Whig general. The U.S. changed the course of the war when it invaded Mexico's heartland through Veracruz and then captured Mexico City. Scott took control of the city in March 1847. The Mexicans believed that the U.S. forces would be

masks: Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: weakened by tropical diseases. <mask> dispatched Nicholas Trist, Buchanan's chief clerk, to accompany Scott's army and negotiate a peace treaty with Mexican leaders after the capture of Veracruz.Trist was told to seek the cession of Alta California, New Mexico, and Baja California, as well as the recognition of the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas. In exchange for these concessions, Trist was authorized to make a payment of up to $30 million. Scott defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of Churubusco in August 1847 as he moved towards Mexico City. The Mexicans were willing to give up little with the Americans at the gates of Mexico City. Scott took Mexico City in mid-September. Whigs such as Henry Clay argued that the United States should only seek to settle the Texas border question if it wanted to annex all of Mexico. The House refused to consider Lincoln's "exact spot" resolutions, which called on <mask> to state exactly where American blood had been shed to start the war.When the notice of recall arrived in November 1847, the diplomat ignored the order to return to Washington and wrote a lengthy letter to <mask>. <mask> considered forcibly removing him from Mexico City. <mask> decided to give Trist some time to negotiate a treaty. At the request of the Mexicans, the treaty signing took place in a small town near Mexico City, but Trist regularly met with


title: James K. Polk

texts: officials in Mexico City. Trist was willing to allow Mexico to keep Baja California, as his instructions allowed, but successfully haggled for the inclusion of the important harbor of San Diego in a cession of Alta California. The payment to Mexico was included in the provisions. On February 2, 1848, Trist and the Mexican delegation signed a treaty.<mask> accepted the document after the Cabinet met on the 20th. With the House controlled by the Whigs, there was no guarantee Congress would vote to continue the war. Buchanan and Walker wanted more land from Mexico, a position with which the President was sympathetic, though he considered Buchanan's view motivated by his ambition. Some senators opposed the treaty because they wanted to take no Mexican territory, while others hesitated because of the irregular nature of Trist's negotiations. <mask> waited in suspense for two weeks as the Senate considered it, sometimes hearing that it would likely be defeated and that Buchanan and Walker were working against it. The two Cabinet officers were lobbying for the treaty. On March 10, the Senate voted 38 to 14 to approve the treaty.<mask> was worried that the Mexican government would reject the Senate's modifications to the treaty. On June 7, <mask> found out that Mexico had approved the treaty. The war ended when <mask> declared the treaty in effect on July 4, 1848. All four


title: James K. Polk

texts: of <mask>'s major presidential goals were accomplished with the acquisition of California. The modern borders of the United States were established by the territorial acquisitions under <mask>. Postwar and the territories <mask> wanted to establish a territorial government for Oregon after the treaty was effective, but the argument over slavery made it difficult for them to do so. The bill to establish an Oregon territorial government died in the Senate after opponents ran out the clock on the congressional session.The Senate did not consider the bill before Congress adjourned in March. By the time Congress met again in December, California and New Mexico were in the hands of the U.S. <mask> wanted to extend the line of slavery into the newly acquired territory after the Missouri Compromise ended the issue of slavery within the Louisiana Purchase territories. Slavery in San Francisco would have been illegal if it had been extended to the Pacific. The extension plan was defeated in the House by a bipartisan alliance of Northerners. <mask> signed the only territorial bill passed by Congress, which established the Territory of Oregon and banned slavery. In his annual message, <mask> asked Congress to establish territorial governments in California and New Mexico, a task made urgent by the start of the California Gold Rush.The issue of slavery prevented any legislation

masks: Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: from being passed, though congressional action continued until the last hours of <mask>'s term. <mask> made it clear that he would veto the bill if it was amended to apply the laws of Mexico to the southwest territories. The Compromise of 1850 ended the dispute over the territories. The Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty was negotiated by <mask>'s ambassador to the Republic of New Granada. Though Bidlack only wanted to remove tariffs on American goods, he and the New Granadan Foreign Minister negotiated a broader agreement that deepened military and trade ties between the two countries. The construction of the Panama Railway was allowed by the treaty. The treaty gave the United States a quicker route to travel between its eastern and western coasts.The United States agreed to guarantee New Granada's sovereignty over the Isthmus of Panama. The treaty was approved in both countries. As the <mask> administration sought to ensure that Great Britain would not dominate Central America, the agreement helped establish a stronger American influence in the region. The United States would use the rights granted under the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty to justify its military interventions in Latin America. President <mask> authorized his ambassador to Spain to negotiate the purchase of Cuba and offer Spain up to $100 million, a large sum at the time for one territory, equal to $ in present-day


title: James K. Polk

texts: terms. The idea of Cuba being close to the United States appealed to Southerners but was not welcome in the North. Spain made profits in Cuba in sugar, molasses, rum and tobacco, which the Spanish government rejected.<mask> was eager to acquire Cuba, but he refused to support the expedition of Lpez who wanted to take over the island. <mask> called on Congress to re-establish the Independent Treasury System, under which government funds were held in the Treasury and not in banks or other financial institutions. During the Tyler administration, a similar system was abolished. <mask> made clear his opposition to a national bank in his inaugural address, and in his first annual message to Congress in 1845, he called for the government to keep its funds. The Senate passed a bill without a single Whig vote in August and the House passed a bill without a single Whig vote in April. The Independent Treasury Act was signed by <mask>. The public revenues were to be retained in the Treasury building and in sub-treasuries in various cities, separate from private or state banks.The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 would keep the system in place. The lowering of the tariffs was one of <mask>'s major domestic initiatives. <mask> submitted a new and lower tariffs to Congress. After intense lobbying by both sides, the bill passed the House and required Vice President Dallas to break a tie


title: James K. Polk

texts: in the Senate. Dallas, who was from protectionist Pennsylvania, voted for the bill because he wanted to support the administration. The rates that had been set by the Tariff of 1842 were substantially reduced by <mask>. The repeal of the Corn Laws in Great Britain led to a boom in Anglo-American trade.Congress passed the Rivers and Harbors Bill in 1846 to provide $500,000 to improve port facilities, but <mask> vetoed it. <mask> believed that the bill was unconstitutional because it favored certain areas. <mask> feared that passing the bill would encourage legislators to compete for favors for their home district, a type of corruption that he felt would doom the virtue of the republic. He followed in Jackson's footsteps and vetoed the Maysville Road Bill. <mask> was against federal funding for internal improvements. Congress passed another internal improvements bill in 1847, but he pocket vetoed it and sent Congress a full veto message when it met in December. None of the bills that advanced in Congress reached his desk.He brought a draft veto message with him when he came to the Capitol to sign the bills on March 3, 1849. He kept the draft in his papers because he felt it was ably written, even though the bill didn't pass. The discovery of gold in California did not arrive in Washington until after the election of <mask> in 1849. California was not worth the price


title: James K. Polk

texts: paid to Mexico because it was too far away. The President referred to the discovery in his final annual message to Congress as validation of his stance on expansion. <mask> sent a message to Congress on the subject after the samples of California gold arrived. Large numbers of people from the U.S. and abroad moved to California because of the message.<mask> signed the bill creating the Department of the Interior on March 3, 1849. Since the early days of the Republic, this was the first new cabinet position created. <mask> was against the federal government taking control of public lands from the states. He signed the bill because he didn't have time to find constitutional grounds for a veto or write a sufficient veto message. <mask> appointed justices to the Supreme Court after Justice Henry Baldwin died, but Tyler was unable to get the Senate to confirm a nominee. It was custom to have a geographic balance on the Supreme Court, and Baldwin was from Pennsylvania. <mask>'s efforts to fill Baldwin's seat became entangled in Pennsylvania politics and the efforts of factional leaders to secure the lucrative post of Collector of Customs for the Port of Philadelphia.The second position on the high court became vacant when Justice Joseph Story died in 1845, and his replacement was expected to be from New England. <mask> was able to make a recess appointment when the Senate


title: James K. Polk

texts: was not in session because Story's death occurred while the Senate was not in session. <mask>'s initial nominee for Baldwin's seat, George W. Woodward, was rejected by the Senate due to the opposition of Buchanan and the Pennsylvania Senator. Despite <mask>'s anger at Buchanan, he eventually offered the Secretary of State the seat, but Buchanan turned it down. Robert Cooper Grier Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet In the slavery case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, Justice Woodbury wrote an opinion stating that slaves were property and could not be sued. <mask> appointed eight other federal judges, one to the United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia.<mask> declined to seek re-election in honor of his pledge to serve only one term. Lewis Cass was the leader on every ballot at the Democratic National Convention, but he only got a two-thirds vote after


title: James K. Polk

texts: the fourth. The commanding general in Mexico City, William Butler, won the vice-presidential nomination. The Whig National Convention nominated two men for president and vice president. The shabby treatment of Van Buren by the New York Democrats in the 19th century caused the former president to drift from the party. Many of the younger men in Van Buren's group of Barnburners were against the spread of slavery. In June, the anti-slavery Democrats from other states held a convention, nominating Van Buren for president, after the Barnburners bolted the Democratic National Convention upon his nomination.<mask> was surprised and disappointed by his former ally's political conversion and worried about the divisiveness of a sectional party devoted to abolition. <mask> was at his desk at the White House. Some Van Buren supporters were removed from federal office. Taylor won 47.3% of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote. Most of Van Buren's support came from northern Democrats, who supported him with 10.1% of the popular vote. <mask> had a low opinion of Taylor, seeing the general as someone with poor judgement and few opinions on important public matters. <mask> welcomed President-elect Taylor to Washington and hosted him at a White House dinner.<mask> left the White House on March 3 with a clean desk, though he worked from his hotel or the Capitol on


title: James K. Polk

texts: last-minute appointments and bill signings. He attended Taylor's inauguration on March 5 and though he was unimpressed with the new president, he wished him the best. <mask>'s time in the White House took a toll on his health. <mask> left the presidency exhausted by his years of public service because he was full of enthusiasm and vigor when he entered office. He left Washington on March 6 for a tour of the South that would end in Nashville. <mask> was going to buy the house that belonged to his mentor, Felix Grundy, after two years. <mask> and <mask> traveled from the Atlantic coast to the Deep South.He was warmly received and banqueted. By the time the <mask>s reached Alabama, <mask> was sick with a bad cold and worried about the spread of the disease, but it was too late to change plans. He would have left the city quickly if he were worried about his health. <mask> was so sick from the disease that he went to a hotel and stayed there for four days. <mask> arrived in Nashville on April 2 to a huge reception after a doctor assured him he did not have a disease. After visiting <mask>'s mother in Columbia, the <mask>s settled into Polk Place. The exhausted former president seemed to gain new life, but in early June he fell ill again.He lingered for several days and chose to be a member of the Methodist Church, which he had always admired, even though his mother and

masks:
Polk
Polk
Polk
James
Sarah Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
James
Polk


title: James K. Polk

masks:
Polk
Polk
Polk
Sarah Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
James
Sarah Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: Tennessee State Capitol in Nashville in 1893. The Tennessee Senate approved a resolution in March of last year to begin the process of moving the <mask>s' remains to the family home in Columbia. State lawmakers, the courts, and the Tennessee Historical Commission would have to approve the move. A plan to re-invade <mask> was defeated by Tennessee lawmakers before being taken up again and approved, and allowed to go through without the signature of the Tennessee governor.The Capitol Commission heard arguments over the issue in November of last year, and the vote was delayed indefinitely. <mask> was a slave for most of his life. <mask>'s father, <mask>, left him more than 8,000 acres of land and 53 enslaved people in his will. <mask>' father enslaved twenty people, either directly or from his dead brothers. He became a cotton planter in the 19th century and sent people to clear land that his father had left him. <mask> and his brother-in-law bought a cotton plantation near Coffeeville, Mississippi, in order to increase his income, four years after he sold his plantation. <mask> took care to hide the fact that he was sending enslaved people to Mississippi because the land there was richer.<mask> owned all of the Mississippi plantations for the rest of his life after buying out his brother-in-law. He spent a lot of time on his Mississippi plantation in April 1844 before

masks:
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Samuel Polk
James
Polk
Polk
Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: the Democratic convention. The youngest of the five <mask> purchased had a recorded age of 11. Slave sellers often lied about the age of their children. He bought five more from 2 to 37 years old, the youngest granddaughter of the oldest. The amount was spent. He bought eight people from his brother at a cost of over $6,000.The father of <mask>, who had been sold to a slave trader as he tried to escape his enslavement, was not included in this representation of three young adults and most of a family. <mask> didn't make more slave purchases until after he was in the White House because of the expenses of his four campaigns. When the White House servants' wages were expected to be covered by the presidential salary, <mask> replaced them with people from his home in Tennessee. <mask> probably didn't purchase enslaved people with his presidential salary because of political reasons. He reinvested earnings from his plantation in the purchase of enslaved people, so that his agent wouldn't know about it. <mask> did not intend to return to the practice of law after he left the presidency, but he saw the plantation as his way to a comfortable existence. In order to increase his retirement income, he purchased seven enslaved people in the 19th century.The 17-year-old and one of the 12-year-olds were purchased together at an estate sale; the agent within weeks resold the

masks:
Polk
James Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: younger boy to <mask>'s profit. Nine more were purchased in the year 1847. His agent bought six people who were between the ages of 10 and 20. <mask> sent payment with the letter in which he offered Pillow a commission in the Army by the time of the purchase from Pillow. <mask> had previously owned a man who was a disruption and sold him to Pillow for his wife and child. None of the other enslaved people <mask> purchased as president, all younger than 20, came with a parent, and as only one case were two slaves bought together, most likely none had an accompanying sibling as each faced life on <mask>'s plantation. Discipline for <mask>'s people varied over time.Herbert Biles was the overseer at the Tennessee plantation. <mask> replaced Biles with Beanland because of his illness. Even though every report suggested that the overseer was a cruel brute, <mask> stood by him. <mask>'s partner decided that Beanland was too harsh and that the slaves should clear the timber from the new plantation so it could be used for cotton farming. His replacement was discharged after a year because he was too strict. It was not until 1845 that <mask> found a satisfactory overseer, John Mairs, who remained the rest of <mask>'s life and was still working at the plantation for <mask> in 1860 when the widow sold a half-share in many of her slaves. Between the time of Mairs' hiring and the

masks:
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Sarah Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: end of 1847, there was a constant stream of runaways, many seeking protection at the plantation of <mask> relatives or friends; only one ran away between the time of Mairs' hiring and the end of 1847, but the overseer had to<mask>'s will, dated February 28, 1849, a few days before the end of his presidency, contained a nonbinding expectation that his slaves would be freed when he and <mask> were dead. <mask> was expected to have the support of the Mississippi plantation. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in the United States in 1865, but <mask> lived until 1891. By selling a half-interest in the slaves in 1860, <mask> gave up the sole power to free them, and it is unlikely that her new partner, who paid $28,500 for a half-interest in the plantation and 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 <mask> saw the politics of slavery as a side issue compared to more important matters such as territorial expansion and economic policy. <mask>'s expansionary policies increased the divisiveness of the issue of slavery. He was criticized for being an instrument of the "Slave Power" and for supporting Texas Annexation and the war with Mexico.<mask>'s views were influenced by his family's experience of setting up Tennessee and bringing slaves

masks:
Polk
Polk
Sarah Polk
Sarah Polk
Sarah Polk
Sarah Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: with them. He believed in the right of slave states not to have their institutions interfered with by the Federal government and the right of individual Southerners to bring their slaves with them into the new territory. <mask> opposed the Proviso and he accused both northern and southern leaders of trying to use the slavery issue for political gain. New tombstones for three of his slaves were placed in the Nashville City Cemetery. The <mask>'s both survived slavery and died in the same year. <mask>'s historic reputation was formed by the attacks made on him in his own time. Whig politicians claimed that he was drawn from obscurity.<mask>, a teetotaler, was said to have been a victim of the use of water as a beverage. Two biographies were released in the wake of his death. <mask><mask>: A Political Biography was published in 1922. <mask>'s presidential diary was used a lot by McCormac. <mask> was ranked tenth in the first historians' poll in 1948, and has since been ranked eighth, 11th, and 14th. <mask> was the most effective president before the Civil War because he expanded the power of the presidency, especially as commander in chief, according to Borneman. <mask>'s management of state affairs during the Mexican War was one of the strongest examples of the use of presidential power to direct specifically.<mask> was called a great president by Harry S. Truman. He

masks:
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
James K
. Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: said what he wanted to do and did it. <mask> settled the matters for his time. <mask> had made two of the main issues of his presidency, the banking system and the tariffs, but they were not revised until the 1860s. The only major U.S. expansions until the 1890s were the Gadsden Purchase and Alaska. <mask>'s expansionist successes are remembered by most people, according to a study by Paul H. Bergeron. A new map of the United States was produced by him."To see the magnitude of <mask>'s presidential accomplishments is to look at that map," Robert W. Merry said. <mask> accomplished a feat that earlier presidents would have considered impossible, according to Amy Greenberg's history of the Mexican War. With the help of his wife, Sarah, he masterminded, provoked and successfully prosecuted a war that turned the United States into a world power. <mask> did not consider the likely effect on Mexicans and Native Americans when he secured this expansion, according to Borneman. According to <mask>. Rawley, <mask> added extensive territory to the United States, including Upper California and its valuable ports, and bequeathed a legacy of a nation poised on the Pacific rim prepared to emerge as a superpower in future generations. <mask> didn't see that his territorial gains set the table for civil war. <mask>, like others of his time, failed to understand that sectionalism and

masks:
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
James A
Polk
Polk
Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: expansion had formed a new compound.<mask> "lacked a far-seeing awareness of the problems that were bound to arise over the status of slavery in the territory acquired from Mexico," noted Fred I. Greenstein in his journal article on <mask>. The training ground for the later conflict was <mask>'s war. " President <mask> and economic legislation" was read in the letter to Dean Acheson. Presidential Studies Quarterly was published in 1985. Chaffin, Tom. Is it possible that he met his every goal? The University of Tennessee Press has a book by <mask><mask>.Currie, David P., and <mask>. <mask> on Internal Improvements: The Undelivered Veto. Green Bag 2 is online. Bernard De Voto. The year of decision was 1846. William Dusinberre was born in 1943. The Politics of Slavery was written by President <mask>.American Nineteenth Century History 3.1 was published in 2002. He claims he misrepresented the strength of abolitionism, grossly exaggerated likelihood of slaves' massacring white families and seemed to condone secession. Albert V. Goodpasture wrote "The Boyhood of President <mask>." Tennessee Historical Magazine 7.1 was published in 1921. Gary J<mask>h. Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War is a counterfactual exercise. The Journal of American History asked if <mask> had gone to war.Eugene Irving McCormac. <mask>: A Political Biography to the End of a Career was written in

masks:
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
James K
. Polk
Kadens
Polk
Polk
Polk
. Kornblit
Polk
Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: 1845. There is a Univ. The California Press was published in 1922. The 1995 reprint has. hostile to Jacksonians Morrison, Michael A."Martin Van Buren, the Democracy, and the Partisan Politics of Texas Annexation" The election of 1844 is discussed in the Journal of Southern History. Matthew Moten. "<mask> against His Generals." The book is in Presidents and Their Generals. 97–3. Nelson and <mask>.The search for peace with Mexico was done by secret agents. <mask><mask> and Civil-Military Relations during the Mexican War was written by John C. Pinheiro. The Greenwood Publishing Group was founded in 2007. Charles Sellers. <mask><mask> was a Continentalist in the 19th century. The online edition of vol 2 has a long biography. Smith and Harvey.The first volume of The War with Mexico. Full text is online. Smith and Harvey. The War with Mexico was published. 2. The second volume was published in 1919. The Pulitzer prize is still a standard source."President <mask> and the Annexation of Texas" was written by Richard R. Stenberg. The Southwestern Social Science Quarterly was published in1934. Richard Bruce, online winders. The American military experience in the Mexican war is what Mr. <mask>'s army is about. The Texas A&M University Press was published in 2001. There are primary sources. The letters of <mask><mask>.. 1972– 2004. There are ten volumes. The complete

masks:
Polk
Anna Kasten
James K
. Polk
James K
. Polk
Polk
Polk
James K
. Polk


title: James K. Polk

texts: correspondence to and from <mask> is in the scholarly edition. The Diary of a President was written by <mask><mask>. There is a new edition of Vol. 322. The book was published in 1952.The Diary of <mask>. <mask> was edited by Milo Milton Quaife. 1910. Allan Nevins had a bridged version. 1929 is

masks:
Polk
James K
. Polk
James K
Polk


title: Thomas de Rossy

texts: The Scottish Franciscan friar, papal penitentiary, bishop and theologian was <mask>. He embarked on a religious career in his early years, entering the Franciscan Order in England and studying at the University of Paris. Under the patronage of the Avignon Papacy and King Robert II of Scotland, he became the only Franciscan to hold a Scottish bishopric. He was an advocate of Avignon Pope Clement VII against the English-backed Urban VI for whom he preached and wrote, challenging any English bishop to settle the issue by single combat. There isn't enough evidence to show <mask>'s early life and career. His name indicates a family origin from Rossie, but many locations have the same name. King Charles V of France and Robert II of Scotland requested that he take the Bachelor of Theology degree at the University of Paris, and he received papal permission to do so.The Papal Bull has information about his past. He was Scottish, had entered the Order of the Friars Minor (Franciscans), had studied the Seven Liberal Arts and Theology, and had preached in Paris. The Franciscan Order custom 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266

masks:
Thomas de Rossy
Rossy


title: Thomas de Rossy

texts: 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 He claimed to have studied in Paris and lived in the English for seven years, obtaining a good understanding of their character. <mask> was at the Papal court in Avignon in order to make a payment to Patrick de Leuchars, the Bishop of Brechin. Thomas lectured on the conception of the Virgin at Paris in 1373 as a Bachelor of Sentences, having previously been appointed by the Chancellor of the university to deliver the summer lectures on the Sentences. Thomas was running out of money by that time.His studies were in jeopardy because of this. Pope Gregory XI wrote to <mask> Wardlaw, the Bishop of Glasgow, to grant <mask> a Licentiate and a PhD if they found him fit. <mask> would be able to teach legally thanks to the grant. The King of the Scots gave <mask> a gift of £10 when he returned to Scotland from Avignon in 1375. The papal court at Avignon was once again visited by <mask>. Clement VII appointed him a papal penitentiary for the English and Irish languages while he was present. Clement VII conditionally provided <mask> Rossy to the Bishopric of Galloway with a mandate for consecration if he wanted to resign.On the same day <mask> and Hugh were sent to Scotland with 50 florins and with documentary evidence regarding the events leading to the Western Schism, events which allegedly nullified the election of Pope Urban VI. The Galloway bishopric was empty because of the death of <mask> Lanark, who died during the papal see. Oswald, the prior of Glenluce Abbey, had been elected by the

masks:
Thomas
Walter de
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas de
Thomas
Adam de


title: Thomas de Rossy

texts: canons of Whithorn to succeed Adam, an election which Urban VI supported. The anti-Pope Clement VII did not support the election. Clement appointed the Archdeacon of Dunkeld, who was unwilling to take up the bishopric, and raised objections to his own appointment. <mask> was able to take up the bishopric because of Ingram's refusal. He was consecrated in July of 1380.Oswald tried to appeal to Clement, but a letter to <mask> confirmed this had been rejected. The letter was sent to the bishops of St Andrews and Dunkeld. Mandate to inquire into the claim advanced by Oswald. The election of the true bishop of Galloway was made possible by the provision made by Urban VI. They want to silence him and put <mask> Rossy into peaceful possession. Oswald is active in England, a kingdom which supported Urban VII, despite the cancellation of his appointment. <mask> was a close and active supporter of Clement.He preached the cause of Clement before Robert II. There was a plan for a military attack on England. According to John Wyclif, a Scottish bishop was granted a commission to lead a crusade on behalf of Clement into England. <mask> wrote a tractate attacking the Urbanist cause along with English support for it, and preached in the English marches trying to win supporters for the cause. Although no "crusade" ever took place, around 1384 <mask> sent a letter to the bishops of England. The letter invited Henry le Despenser, Bishop of Norwich, or any other English bishop, to come to a debate with him; if they preferred, he wrote, they could settle the matter through single combat. Henry le Despenser was known for his love of fighting and

masks:
Rossy
Thomas
Thomas de
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: Thomas de Rossy

texts: led a short expedition into France during the summer of 1383.Despite his desire to fight another bishop, <mask> <mask> refused the offer of combat given by an English priest because of his lower status. The first and only Franciscan to become a bishop was Bishop of Galloway <mask>. Records of the day-to-day activities of <mask> are thin. The grant of the church of Buittle to Sweetheart Abbey was confirmed in one charter. Rossy was present at the papal court when the charter was confirmed by the Pope. He presented a roll of petitions to the Pope on December 31st. After the death of King Robert II in 1390, Bishop <mask> and other prelates of the Scottish kingdom attended the coronation of a new king.According to Wyntoun, Bishop <mask> gave a sermon at Scone two days after Robert III of Scotland was crowned. There were a number of mundane transactions conducted by Bishop <mask> at Avignon in the mid-1390s. He was granted an indult to administer his bishopric in absentia, but he is not known to have returned to Scotland. His name was in the sources for the last time. The exact date he died is a mystery, but it was not until 28 May 1406 that a successor was appointed to the see, meaning that <mask>'s death could have occurred anywhere between these dates. As a friar and a bishop, <mask> couldn't father legitimate offspring and no partners were known. His family background is unknown, though he had a nephew who got several papal favours.<mask> <mask> was a theologian and known as such, though his writings are dominated by political invective. He authored at least two tractates. The Quaestio de Conceptione Virginis Immaculatae was

masks:
Thomas de
Rossy
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Rossy
Thomas
Thomas de
Rossy


title: Thomas de Rossy

texts: a reiteration of arguments made by Duns Scotus. It was a refutation of the scholars who had written against it. In Paris, where <mask> preached in his favor, it was suggested that he was the Friar Minor for his treatment of St Bernard. <mask>'s second work was a defense of Clement VII and an attack on the legitimacy of "Bartolomeo of Bari". The city is Urban VI.An account partially derived from a work of Cardinal Peter Flandrin is contained in it. prophecies attributed to Saint John of Bridlington were used in justifying the pontificate of Clement. His letter to the bishops of England was appended to the Tractatus Episcopi. He accused the English of supporting Urban because of their hatred of the French. The Scottish Grey Friars, 2 vols., was written by William Moir. The Papal Letters to Scotland of Clement VII of Avignon were written in the 13th century. Laing, David is the author of J. Maitland Thomson.The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland was written by Androw of Wyntoun. In the Innes Review: Scottish Catholic Historical Studies, Hugh McEwan wrote "'A Theolog Solempne', <mask> <mask>, Bishop of Galloway". No. 8, No. In the spring of 1957, pp. 1, (Spring, 1957). Summerson, Henry, "Rossy, <mask> (d. 1397x1406)", was in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Watt, D. E. R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, 2nd Draft, was published in 1969. The Johannine commentary of Friar <mask> was written by James A. Weisheipl.45, No. 2 was published in 1976. Scottish Roman Catholic bishops of Galloway (Pre-Reformation) and Scottish Friars Minor Medieval Scottish University of Paris alumni have died in the 14th

masks:
Thomas
Rossy
Thomas de
Rossy
Thomas
Thomas


title: Stewart Home

texts: Kevin Callan, better known as <mask>, is an English artist, filmmaker, writer, pamphleteer, and activist. He is best known for his non-narrative novels such as 69 Things to Do with a Dead Princess and Tainted Love. South London was where the life and work <mask> was born. Julia Callan-Thompson was a model who was associated with the radical arts scene. He exhibited art in the 1980s and 1990s, as well as writing a number of non-fiction pamphlets, magazines, and books. He is a severe critic of the Situationists and other radical left-wing 20th century anti-art avant-garde movements. The focus of <mask>'s earlier work was often Neoism, a subcultural network of which he had been a member.The use of group identities and collective monikers were some of the characteristics of his activism in the 1980s and 1990s. Overt employment of plagiarism, as well as publicity stunts. Music and bohemianism were first drawn to As a youth Home. He attended two editorial meetings of Anarchy Magazine and several meetings of the Trotskyist Socialist Youth League. After going to the London Workers Group, he repudiated the reactionary organizations he had refused to join. Home's first punk fanzine "Down in the Street" ran to seven numbers by the time

masks:
Stewart Home
Home
Home


title: Stewart Home

texts: he stopped publishing it in 1980. <mask> made his first public appearances as a musician at the end of the seventies when he was a bassist in the revolutionary ska band The Molotovs.The latter group mixed covers of classics like 'Johnny Too Bad' with original tunes such as 'Notting Hill Carnival' and 'Don't Envy The Boss'. He founded a punk band called White Colours in 1980, and then started a new group called Home in 1982. He published an art fanzine called SMILE, which was a play on the Mail Art zines and parodied the graphic design of LIFE magazine. Many underground periodicals should call themselves SMILE, too, because the concept was that many other bands in the world should call themselves White Colours. The art manifestos for the "Generation Positive" were mostly contained in Home's early SMILE magazines. Home was involved in the eighth Neoist Apartment Festival in London in 1984. Home decided to give up the "Generation Positive" in favor of Neoism due to the fact that Neoism operated with multiple identities.<mask> took a sleep-deprivation prank played with him at a Neoist Festival in Italy as the reason to declare his split from Neoism. There was a conflict between him and Neoism founder Istvan Kantor. The "Praxis"

masks: Home Home


title: Stewart Home

texts: movement to replace Neoism was proposed in Home's SMILE no 8, which was published in 1985. In this and the following three SMILE issues, there was an eclectic mixture of manifesto-style writing, political reflections on radical left-wing anti-art movements from the Lettrist International, the Situationists, Fluxus, Mail Art, individuals such as Gustav Metzger and Henry Flynt Home's SMILE issues plagiarised other, especially Situationist, writing, simply replacing terms like "spectacle" with "glamour". Home was involved in a number of installations at the same time. The shows that Those Home worked closely with were Art in Ruins, and Hannah Vowles and Glyn Banks.Home's concept of plagiarism soon developed into a proposed movement and a series of "Festivals of Plagiarism" in 1988 and 1989, which themselves plagiarised the Neoist apartment festivals and 1960s Fluxus festivals. The plagiarism campaign was combined with a call for an Art Strike. It was not intended as an opportunity for artists to seize control of the means of distributing their own work, but rather as an exercise in propaganda and psychic warfare aimed at smashing the entire art world. <mask> spoke about the Art Strike at the Institute of Contemporary Art and