title: Belisarius

texts: move on the area. Only at Sicily would one be in a position to make a decision. Since Hilderic was still alive at this point, conquest seems not to have been the absolute intention. Through defeat by Persia, the Nika riots, the slow progress of the current legal reforms and the failure of his quest for reconciliation in the church, Justinian lost almost all of his prestige and power. He would need a victory to repair his reputation.The undefended region of Tripolitania, which lacked Vandal settlement almost entirely, was currently rebelling, and whose vulnerability could be detected from Constantinople, would be such a victory. This is likely to have been his minimal demand. If successful, the Byzantines could use this region as a launching point to conquer the entire country later on, giving an extra reason to make it the minimal demand of the campaign. It is the decision of <mask> at Sicily that started the reconquest. With Gelimer being four days inland and his troops scattered, Belisarius could have taken Carthage before the Vandals even knew he was coming. Archelaus pointed out that Carthage was the only place in the Vandal Kingdom with a fortified harbor. With the Vandals holding a superior naval position, his forces vulnerable to attack when landing, and no


title: Belisarius

type: paraphrased

texts: information on the position of the Vandals to be too dangerous, Belisarius considered potentially being cornered in Carthage.They might be trapped in an unfavorable situation before reaching Carthage if unfavorable winds had led to disaster in 468. The Byzantines landed at Caput Vada. The invasion would not be a repeat of the Battle of Cape Bon, where the Byzantines were defeated by fire ships, because <mask> ordered the construction of guards and a screen of lightships. Procopius said that a spring was found during the construction of the base. Gelimer moved quickly to consolidate his position when he heard about the Byzantine landing. He had Hilderic and other captives executed, ordered his treasury to be put on a ship and began gathering his troops. He had a plan to ambush the Byzantines.Gelimer immediately knew that the Byzantines would move to Carthage via the coastal road, but still sent garrisons to guard other roads. At the same time that Gelimer was preparing his ambush, <mask> was gathering information on the local inhabitants and was going to move to Carthage via the coastal road. During the first night on African soil, some Byzantine soldiers were put to death for picking fruit without asking the locals. After he ordered the soldiers to be executed,

masks: Belisarius Belisarius


title: Belisarius

texts: <mask> gathered his men and told them how to behave. The expedition would end in defeat if the locals didn't support it. He sent a unit of his personal guards under Boriades to the town of Syllectus to see if the locals would join his side. Boriades joined a group of wagons entering the town after being denied entry.The locals didn't fight when they found out the Byzantines were in town. The Vandal messenger was captured by the Byzantines. The messenger was paid to spread the message that the war was not against the Vandal people but against the man who imprisoned their king. The messenger didn't want to tell anyone but close friends. Even though this early attempt failed, <mask> made it clear that he was only there to restore the rightful king. The last known Vandal position was to the south and the army moved north when <mask> advanced again. The 600 Huns guarded his left flank and the fleet his right flank.The civilized behavior of the army caused the city to support the Byzantines. Much of the population supported the Byzantines because of the positive reputation of the army. The Byzantines had to build a fortified camp every day in order to march at the speed of around a day. He knew that the Vandals would act before he could reach Carthage, but he was not

masks: Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius


title: Belisarius

texts: aware of the location and wanted to gather information about his situation. Part of the rearguard encountered a Vandal force sent ahead by Gelimer, which gave <mask> the knowledge that at least some Vandal troops were behind his own force. His journey became dangerous as the fleet had to sail around Cape Bon and the road curved inland so it became impossible to quickly evacuate, which he could have done at any time he wanted until this point. Archelaus and Calonymus are at a distance from Carthage.About 18,000 men were with him on land. He would meet Gelimer at Ad Decimum. Between the Vandal forces in the north and the Byzantines in the south was where the Battle of Ad Decimum took place. Gelimer needed a victory at Ad Decimum to unify his forces. The Vandals were outnumbered. The valley in which the ambush was to take place was narrow, and as two of the three roads to Carthage became one in the valley, it seemed like a great spot for an ambush to Gelimer. The Byzantines were ordered by Ammatus to drive them back into the valley and block the northern exit.After all the Byzantines had moved into the valley, the 5,000-6,000 Vandals under Gelimer would attack them from the south. The plan was doomed to fail, as coordination over dozens of miles was needed, however,


title: Belisarius

texts: Hughes disagrees and calls the plan "elegant and simple", but does state that the plan relied too much on hard to pull off timing and synchronization. There were four separate stages in the battle. There is an ideal spot to camp four miles from Ad Decimum. Leaving the infantry behind to build a camp, he rode out with his cavalry to meet the Vandals who he suspected were nearby. He left his infantry, baggage, and wife in a secure position. He could easily control the small force of cavalry, which was the main strength of the Byzantine army.The first three stages of the battle had already taken place when <mask> arrived. The Byzantines were sent to scout and the Huns were guarding the flank. Before <mask> arrived at the field of battle, he encountered some units routed by Gelimer's army, who informed him of the situation in the third stage when Gelimer himself arrived. Gelimer saw his brother killed in battle. In the fourth and last stage of the battle, he allowed <mask> to attack his force while it was disorganized. After this victory, <mask> marched on Carthage. At nightfall, he arrived.He camped outside the city as he was afraid of a Vandal ambush in the streets and of his troops being sacked under the cover of darkness. Calonymus used part of his fleet to rob

masks: Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius


title: Belisarius

texts: merchants when he heard of the victory. Even though Calonymus kept it, <mask> ordered him to give it back. Carthage was the location of the Vandals who were hiding in the area. Tzazo, the Vandal commander fighting the rebellion on Sardinia, was captured when he sent a message of his victory to Carthage. Carthage's wall was repaired by <mask>. The king of Iberia refused to make an alliance with Gelimer after learning of the capture of Carthage.It became impossible for Gelimer to fight a lengthy campaign because many cities of Africa changed sides. Gelimer received reinforcements under Tzazo and tried to convince some of the Belisarius' forces to desert. The Huns wouldn't take part in the battle until after the winner had been decided. When a Carthaginian was caught working for the Vandals, he was publicly executed. A second battle was fought. As John arrived at the battlefield, Belisarius played an advisory role to him. John was sent by <mask> to chase Gelimer.The 400 Heruls under Pharis were to besiege it after John was killed by accident. Gelimer's treasure was captured and the king of the Visigoths refused an alliance with Gelimer. Gelimer surrendered after a failed assault. Cyril was sent on a mission to capture Sardinia, and later Corsica, in order to reorganize


title: Belisarius

texts: the captured territory. The class of Vandal soldiers that were based in the east could be deported to the east if the effort to locate and gather them continued. The subordinates claimed that <mask> wanted to rebel. Justinian presented Belisarius with a choice: he could either continue governing the new territory as its official governor or return to Constantinople and get a victory.If he wanted to rebel, he would have chosen the governorship, but he chose the triumph, convincing him of his loyalty once more. The war ended before the end of 534. While east, <mask> was awarded a triumph. There was a mutiny in Africa after <mask> left. The soldiers were angry about religious persecution by the Byzantines and the inability of the empire to pay them. Just before the Gothic War, <mask> would return to help fight the revolt. The siege of Carthage was lifted when the rebels heard of his arrival.In the Battle of the River Bagradas, <mask> attacked them with just 2,000 troops. During the battle, the rebel leader tried to move his army into a new position in front of the Byzantine force. When the units moved, <mask> took advantage of their disarray and launched a successful attack against them, which caused the entire rebel army to panic and flee. The power of the rebels was

masks: Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius


title: Belisarius

texts: cut off. The Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy was attacked in the Gothic War. Theodahad was the king of the Ostrogothic kingdom. After Theodahad imprisoned and killed the pro- Byzantine queen, power was held by her.The Goths were expected to be weak after seeing internal division like that in Africa. 4,000 troops were assembled, which included regular troops and possibly foederati. His force was roughly 8,000. The island of Sicily was taken by <mask> in order to use it as a base against Italy. Justinian wanted Theodahad to relinquish his throne and then annex his kingdom through diplomacy and limited military action. The army in the Balkans retreated after this worked. The war continued.The man pushed on in Sicily. Panormus was the only Ostrogothic resistance. The garrison was conquered by archer fire from the top of the masts of his ships. He entered Syracuse on December 31st. The preparations for the invasion of the Italian mainland were interrupted when <mask> sailed to Africa to counter an uprising of the local army. The rebels abandoned the siege of Carthage because of his reputation. He captured Naples and Rome in mainland Italy after returning to Sicily.The troops in southern Italy were disgusted by Theodahad and switched sides before he reached Naples. The


title: Belisarius

texts: Byzantines used strong fortifications at Naples. There was a garrison in the back of Rome that made it difficult for <mask> to operate safely. He was unable to storm the strong fortifications or conduct a lengthy siege which could be interrupted by Gothic reinforcements. He couldn't use his fleet because of the bombardment on the wall. The city had enough wells, so he made many failed assaults after cutting the aqueduct. They were going to abandon the siege and march on Rome.A small Byzantine force entered the city after an entrance via an aqueduct was found. The Goths couldn't concentrate against the invaders because <mask> launched an all-out assault. Despite having taken the city by force, he showed mercy to the city and garrison, so as to entice as many other Goths to join his side or surrender later on, in order to preserve his small force. Theodahad was deposed because of the failure to reinforce the city. The city was left undefended as the troops fled after noticing the pro- Byzantine attitude of the population. Tuscany willingly submitted to <mask>' troops at this point. Vitiges was forced to besiege these towns before he could march on Rome because of the garrisoned towns on the supply lines.The siege of Rome took place from March 537 to March 538. He


title: Belisarius

texts: caused a lot of casualties by launching many successful sorties. It wouldn't make sense that the success of the raids in the terrain around Rome was due to the range of the horse archers used. The Goths were unable to respond due to the Gothic unpreparedness and command expertise of Byzantine officers. The Gothic officers were unable to counter the bigger units that <mask> sent out to surround them. Eighteen days into the siege, the Goths launched an all-out assault, and Belisarius ordered a number of archers to shoot at the oxen pulling the siege equipment. The assault failed due to heavy casualties.When the Goths retreated from a certain section of the wall, <mask> launched an attack on their rear, causing extra casualties. When he tried to end the siege by sallying out with a large force, Vitiges used his numbers to absorb the attack and then to counter- attack, winning the battle. Vitiges decided to make one last attempt on the wall which ran along the Tiber, because he was losing the siege. He bribed men to give the guards drugged wine, but the plot was revealed and he had a traitor tortured and killed. The war continued because the Goths and Byzantines broke the armistice. The Byzantines captured Ariminum and were forced to retreat. The siege lasted from March


title: Belisarius

texts: 537 to March 538.The population of Mediolanum was supported by 1,000 men. The major towns of Liguria were garrisoned by these forces. After a three-day siege, the Gothic garrison ran out of water and was captured by <mask>. During the siege of Rome, the general was ordered to depose the Pope, who had been installed by the Go. Silverius was the son of Pope Hormisdas. The Apocrisarius of Pope John II was to replace him. Pope Boniface II reversed his decision to choose Vigilius to be his successor after the Roman clergy objected.At the height of the siege, Silverius was accused of conspiring with the Gothic king and several Roman senators to open the city's gates. He was exiled to Patara in Asia Minor after being stripped of his vestments. The bishop of Patara advocated his innocence and he was ordered to return to Italy by the emperor if cleared. However, he had already been replaced by Vigilius. Silverius was exiled once more, this time on the island of Palmarola, where he is said to have starved to death, while others say he left for Constantinople. He is the patron saint of Ponza. He built an oratory on the site of the present church of Santa Maria in Trivio in Rome as a sign of his repentance.He built a monastery and two hospices for pilgrims. The cavalry garrison


title: Belisarius

texts: his forces would be near Auximus. The Ostrogoths gave up the siege and retreated to their capital of Ravenna because of the Byzantine relief force. The force was too small to actually challenge the Goths. The Goths faced a huge force after Belisarius approached from multiple sides. To strengthen the deception, the troops were ordered to light more campfires. The first officer to reach the city was Ildiger, but John wanted to thank Narses for his rescue. It is possible that this was to insult <mask> or to avoid being indebted according to the Roman patronage tradition of Byzantine culture.The Vandals and Goths were seen as weak by John and Narses, as they had been unsuccessful against the Persians. Supporters of Narses claimed that a close aide of the emperor should not take orders from a general. Narses was warned that his followers were underestimating the Goths. He proposed to relieve Mediolanum and besiege Auximus at the same time. The plan called for Narses and his troops to move into the region of Aemilia. As a result of this, the Goths would be pinned down at Ravenna, as well as preventing the Goths from regaining Aemilia. The rear of the troops would be open to attack if this wasn't done.Belisarius was afraid that this would spread his troops too thin. He


title: Belisarius

texts: showed a letter from Justinian that said he had the authority to force Narses to accept the decision. Narses said that Belisarius wasn't acting in the best interests of the state. During the siege of Ariminum, another 5,000 reinforcements arrived in Italy, close to the siege where they were needed. The last group of reinforcements was led by Narses. The Byzantines had 20,000 troops in Italy after these arrived. About half of the troops were loyal to Narses, according to John.<mask> gave up on his original plan to besiege Urviventus and himself. The city could not be taken by force and Narses and John abandoned the siege. The garrison surrendered when the well in the city stopped working. John was sent to take Caesena. John surprised the garrison at Forocornelius and secured Aemilia for the Byzantines. The Urviventus garrison ran out of supplies after <mask> arrived. After the siege of Urbanus and Urviventus, Belisarius sent troops to reinforce Mediolanum.John and other troops under Narses were requested to aid them. John and the other commanders said that Narses was their commander. They paused for John to recover after Narses repeated the order. The revolt at Mediolanum was suppressed by the Goths. The garrison was promised safety in return for abandoning the city.


title: Belisarius

texts: Many traitors were slaughtered as the population revolted. The other cities in Liguria surrendered to avoid the same fate.Narses was recalled again. By the end of the conquest, Belisarius set up siege forces around Auximum and sent troops to Faesulae, starving both cities to submission. He tried to cut the water supply but it failed because he couldn't storm the city. The garrison surrendered when the captured leaders were paraded in front of the city. His rear would be secure if he moved to Ravenna. There was a food shortage throughout Italy and he couldn't get enough supplies for the march. There was an army stationed around the Ostrogothic capital of Ravenna.When the Byzantines advanced on Ravenna, the grain was captured because the shipment couldn't proceed to the city. The Byzantine navy was patrolling the Adriatic Sea. The throne of the "western empire" was offered to him by the Gothic nobles. The only point of entry for Ravenna was a causeway through the marshes, accompanied by a comitatus of bucellarii. He prepared a grain shipment to enter the city after it surrendered. He proclaimed the capture of Ravenna in the name of the emperor. <mask> was recalled after the Goths' offer raised suspicions.He brought with him the Gothic treasure, king and warriors.


title: Belisarius

texts: <mask> went to the east to fight the Persians. He wasn't accompanied by his wife during the Gothic and Vandalic wars. In the previous year, the Byzantines expected Khosrow to move through Mesopotamia, but instead, he attacked Lazica, where the population was treated poorly. The Huns assisted Khosrow, who hid his movement by claiming he was going to fight the Huns in the north. When he arrived in the east, he sent spies. The Persians were moving to fight the Huns.Before his arrival, <mask> had trained and organized his troops who were terrified of the Persians. He was able to attack Persia in relative safety. The officers protested that staging an offensive would allow the Lakhmids to raid the eastern provinces. He said that the Lakhmids would be filling the next months with religious celebrations and that he would be back within two months. Nisibis had to be taken first to secure his rear if he moved further into Persia, because he used the same reasoning he used in Italy for the siege of Auximus and other sieges. The war was going poorly for the Byzantines to the north and they may not have been paid for years. The camp was ordered to be set up far away from the city.He explained to his officers that the Byzantines would have more time to kill if the Persians were


title: Belisarius

texts: defeated. When the roles were reversed, he did not want his army to retreat back to the city as they had done during the battle of Rome. Some of his officers disagreed so much that they left the main force and camped close to the city. The officers sent their men to get food at this time even though they were warned that the Persians would attack just before the first meal. After observing what was happening, <mask> was already marching to their aid. He won the battle by turning the tide. After defeating the garrison, he moved past the city because he wasn't strong enough to storm the fortifications.They didn't fear being attacked from the rear anymore because of their confidence being broken. He sent troops to raid the rich lands after Sisauranon. The garrison was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217


title: Belisarius

texts: 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The troops returning home from Persia did not inform Belisarius. The Lakhmids were about to take up arms again, as up to a third of Belisarius' forces had caught a fever. Belisarius asked his officers' opinions and they decided they should retreat. Procopius claimed that Belisarius could have taken Ctesiphon.The fact that no information on Persian dispositions was available made it unlikely that he could have taken Ctesiphon. The Persians were tricked into calling off their invasion by <mask>. The Byzantine territory was moved to the area by <mask>. He took 6,000 of his best men with him for a meeting when he sent an ambassador. It seemed like it was a hunting party from a larger force. The Persians were fooled by the deception and retreated if they were defeated. If an engagement was fought, this might have pointed out Byzantine weakness.During the retreat, <mask> kept the pressure on. The Persian ambassador had requested that the Byzantines send ambassadors, in return for the Persian withdrawing from imperial lands. The meeting was just a ruse to spy on the


title: Belisarius

texts: Byzantine troops, and when they took the pressure off, Khosrow attacked some Byzantine towns. Sacking Callinicum could be a success. The view that <mask> made a serious error by not harassing Khosrow was not brought up in court. Despite Callinicum, <mask> was praised for repelling the Persians. Keeping a tactical position in Byzantine territory was highly dangerous because of the fear of catching the plague, which was a key factor in the success of the deception.<mask> made clear that his army was not weakened by the plague by showing his best troops in the open. The situation in Italy deteriorated while <mask> was in the east. Alexander was the governor sent to the area. He trimmed the edges of coins to increase his wealth. He charged many soldiers with corruption and demanded they pay fines, he decreased military spending, and he demanded tax from the Goths be paid to the Byzantines. Many Byzantine soldiers defected. Justinian divided the command of the troops in Italy to make sure they didn't become too powerful.It was dangerous to leave the base when these commanders refused to work together. The Goths under the leadership of Ildibad and Totila took control of northern Italy and parts of the south. The chance to win an easy victory was more important than the


title: Belisarius

texts: risk of losing his force due to plague. They won many engagements against the Byzantines, including the Battle of Treviso, the siege of Verona, and the Battle of Mucellium. They weren't powerful enough to capture Rome. <mask> was reappointed to hold command in Italy. Before going to Italy, he had to recruit troops.He had 4,000 men when he finished. The plague had devastated the empire and most troops were still needed in the east. Totila wanted to avoid sieges. He had defeated the Byzantines multiple times in open battle. He did not want to besiege the towns he took or to be besieged there. After the battle of Rome, <mask> avoided battle. He wanted to avoid losing too many men and avoid the Goths from making progress through other means.In Italy, many soldiers were changed sides, which <mask> hoped would stop when he was reappointed. When the Byzantine garrison at Dryus ran out of supplies, <mask> arranged for them to be sent by ship. The Goths abandoned the siege after failing to notice the ships. He landed at Pola after sailing to Italy. Totila immediately sent spies pretending to be Byzantine messengers. Totila immediately knew the state of his army, so he wouldn't have been deceived like Khosrow. He went to Ravenna to recruit more troops.People were smart enough


title: Belisarius

texts: to know that a fair deal with <mask> would be ruined by his successors. Not a single man enlisted. This meant that the normal strategy of winning over the people wouldn't work. The troops were sent into Aemilia. The Illyrian troops went home to deal with the Hunnish incursion. A significant Gothic force was attacked by the remaining Byzantines, and the incursion ended in a victory. They succeeded in helping the besieged Auximus, but they were defeated as they moved back.Men were sent to rebuild nearby forts. Despite winter arriving, Totila began the sieges of some towns to protect them from the Byzantine threat. The Goths were unable to counter the barbarian horse archers that <mask> asked for. The plague devastated Constantinople for a second time, and he was unable to provide the equipment and money needed to re-equip and pay the forces already in Italy. The recent sieges were a great success for Totila. The commander of a garrison, Herodian, surrendered quickly to the Goths because he saw the bad treatment he had received after the Persian campaign. The Goths had enough strength to move on to Rome.Like Herodian, the commander of the Roman garrison, Bessas, was afraid of poor treatment after the siege was lifted. When he was ordered to assist in the relief of the


title: Belisarius

texts: city, he remained inactive. He came up against a blockade on the Tiber when he tried to help the city. He used a siege tower with a boat on top. The entire garrison died when it was thrown into one of the Gothic towers in the middle of the blockade because the boat was filled with burnable materials. The force that was left by <mask> was left to guard Portus with orders not to leave the city. He rushed back to Portus when he heard he had been captured.The city was safe after Isaac left the city and was captured outside its walls. With little to no help from Bessas or John, Totila was able to capture the city. According to Procopius, the creation of beauty in a city which has not been beautiful before could only proceed from men of wisdom who understand the meaning. Rome is considered to be the greatest and the most noteworthy. It has not been created by the ability of one man, nor by a power of short duration, but a lot of monarchs, many companies of the best men, and an extraordinary amount of wealth have come together. Thus, little by little, have they built the city, such as you behold it, thereby leaving to future generations memorials of the ability of them all, so that insult to these monuments would be considered a great crime against the men of all time. It


title: Belisarius

texts: is certain that one of two things must happen: either you will be defeated by the emperor in this struggle, or you will triumph over him.If you dismantle Rome, you will not destroy the possession of any other man, but your own city, excellent Sir, and, on the other hand, you will enrich yourself by a possession. It stands to wait for you according to your decision, as a reputation that corresponds with your conduct will be your portion among all men. The quality of the acts of rulers determines the quality of their reputation. In his other efforts, Totila had been very successful. He was able to take full advantage of the famine because he didn't have to fear the aid being sent to besieged towns. After spending the winter in Epidamnus, Belisarius sailed back to Italy with reinforcements from Justinian. He tried to lift the siege of Rome under John nephew of Vitalianus but failed.John was prevented from leaving Calabria by a force sent by Totila. Totila sent a message to Justinian after capturing Rome. He was told that <mask> was in charge of Italy. After Totila left the area, <mask> decided to march on Rome himself. He went into an ambush on the way. The fighting turned in favor of the Byzantines despite the successful ambush of <mask>. He retreated as it was


title: Belisarius

texts: obvious he wouldn't be able to surprise the city, but later marched on Rome and took it.Totila abandoned the siege after marching on the city again. Rome was in Byzantine hands until after <mask> left. After this disappointing campaign, <mask>' success in preventing the total destruction of Rome, relieved him. After the effects of the plague, the eunuch Narses led a large army to bring the campaign to a successful conclusion. The Emperor's envoys to the Pope were involved in the controversy over The Three Chapters. The son of a general was the leader of this council. The last battle took place in 559 when Khan Zabergan's army crossed the Danube River to invade Roman territory.Asia Minor was richer than the often ravaged Balkans. The Byzantine army was commanded by <mask>. There were only 300 heavily armed veterans from the Italian campaign who were able to stop the 7,000 Huns. These were retired soldiers. Belisarius camped close to the Huns and had the civilians dig a trench to protect them. The path the Hunnish advance would take was determined by placing 100 veterans on each side and another 100 on the other side. The Huns wouldn't be able to maneuver in the narrow defile.The arrow fire can be used effectively. The civilians made a lot of noise while the 100


title: Belisarius

texts: veterans blocked the path charge. The Huns were confused by this and were pressed together so tightly that they couldn't draw their bows. During their retreat, the Huns didn't use the Parthian shot to harass their pursuers. The Huns fled back over the river. In Constantinople, <mask> was once again referred to as a hero. <mask> was accused of participating in a conspiracy against Justinian during his trial in Constantinople.He may have been judged by his former secretary, Procopius of Caesarea. After <mask> was found guilty and imprisoned, Justinian pardoned him, ordered his release, and restored him to favor at the imperial court, contrary to a later legend that he had been blinded. In the first five chapters of his Secret History, Procopius describes Belisarius as a cuckolded husband who was emotionally dependent on his wife. Antonina cheated on Belisarius with their adopted son, according to the historian. Procopius believes that the love affair was well known in the imperial court and that the general was seen as weak and ridiculous. Antonina is said to have been saved by Theodora when Belisarius tried to charge her. After their partnership increased the size of the empire by 45 percent, they died within a few months of each other.The estate was on the side of


title: Belisarius

texts: the Constantinople suburbs that was owned by <mask>. He may have been buried near one of the two churches in the area. During his first Persian campaign, <mask> was on the winning side. He didn't hold overall command in his first few battles, but as he was promoted after these defeats, his performance was likely positive. He won a resounding victory by predicting and influencing enemy movement. He moved against their rear when the enemy broke through. He probably tried to duplicate his success at Callinicum.He was not able to see the breakthrough because he was positioned at the low ground. Despite superior numbers, he wasn't able to plug the gap because he didn't create any reserve. A disastrous defeat was caused by <mask>' failure to position himself properly, make a cohesive plan, take advantage of the terrain, and plug the created gap. Despite inferior numbers overall, the Persians held numerical superiority at the point of pressure once they concentrated for a decisive attack. He accidentally entered the battle of Ad Decimum in Africa. His ability to see an opportunity to gain the advantage contrasts with Gelimer's lack of activity. Hughes judges his generalship to be superior during that battle.He relied on sieges to defeat the Goths in Italy. He was so


title: Belisarius

texts: efficient that Totila refused to engage in them until he could take the initiative. He made multiple strategies to deal with a changing situation in Italy. After the failure of the siege of Rome, his opponent had no coherent strategy. <mask> tried to keep his rear secure so that he could safely move on Ravenna. He sometimes used a force in his strategic rear, like at the siege of Ariminum, or when he planned to move on Rome without taking Naples. He knew that the Persian garrison of Nisibis would be hesitant to fight again after being defeated in the open.<mask> had a force in his rear. When Narses proposed a plan to operate with a secure strategic rear, he was refused because he would divide his forces too much. The overarching theme in <mask>' campaigns is the strategic offensive then tactical defense followed by offense. The walls of Rome suffered horrendous losses as a result of this forced attack. The Goths and Vandals had no response to the main strength of his force, his cavalry, which contained horse archers. The Elder came up with the idea to use offensive-defensive campaigns to defend Germany. He would go on a strategic offensive, take up defensive positions on enemy supply lines, and have the larger Russian and French forces attack his position.The


title: Belisarius

texts: of the available primary sources, despite the fact that most modern scholars believe the story to be apocryphal. After the publication of Jean-Franois Marmontel's novel, this account became a popular subject for progressive painters and their patrons, who saw parallels between the actions of Justinian and the oppression imposed by contemporary rulers.The public censure of Marmontel's novel by Louis Legrand of the Sorbonne was seen as a model exposition of theological knowledge and clear thinking. The depiction of <mask> as a kind of secular saint, sharing the suffering of the poor, was depicted by the painters and sculptors. The radical reversal of power is one of the themes in the most famous of these paintings by Jacques-Louis David. He was helped by the poor after being rejected by the powerful. <mask> was featured in several works of art before the 20th century. His secretary, Procopius, wrote the oldest of them. The Arcana Historia or Secret History, also known as the Anecdota, is an extended attack on <mask> and Antonina, indicting him as a love-blind fool and his wife as unfaithful.Painting Belisarius: (late 1650s) is one of the works. King Friedrich William 1st of Prussia gave it to Lord Townshend. In the 'Townshend Heritage Sale' at Christies in 1904, it


title: Belisarius

texts: was sold for over three-quarters of a million dollars. The life and history of <mask>, who conquered Africa and Italy, with an account of his disgrace, the ingratitude of the Romans, and a parallel between him and a modern hero, is a drama by John Old. Faugres intended the work to be read and not performed, even though she wrote it as a play. She announces her intent to "substitute concise narrative and plain sense" by making complaints about "maledictions" and long-winded rhetoric in popular tragic drama. The plot and character development of the drama are related to moral conflicts, mainly between vengeance and mercy/pity.A Struggle for Rome, a historical novel by Felix Dahn, and a 19th-century poem by Henry Wadsworth Count are Ostensibly. L. Sprague de Camp wrote Lest Darkness Fall in 1939. The Roman opponent of the time traveler Martin Padway was Belisarius. After securing Italy for him, <mask> becomes a general in Padway's army. Eric and David Drake wrote six books in the Belisarius series. Science fiction and alternative history are related. The character "Bel Riose" in Foundation and Empire is based on a character from A Flame in Byzantium and The Last Dying Light.The chaos of the early 6th-century Roman Empire was told from the perspective of Pharas. One of


title: Belisarius

texts: the most important generals of the Roman Army is <mask>. Both The Last of the Romans and The Last of the Dying Light discuss the early years of generalship for <mask>. Peter Keating's novel Nika was written from the view point of <mask> as he recounts his life after being discharged from the service of Justinian. His rise to prominence in the service of Justinian, his initial military campaigns in the East, then dealing with the Nika riot and finally becoming the first Roman to defeat the Vandals in North Africa are covered in this work. Opera Belisario: tragedia lirica was written by Gaetano Donizetti and was performed by Salvatore Cammarano. Music Let There Be Nothing is a 2020 album by Power Metal band Judicator, following the life of Belisarius.The inspiration for The Archmagos Belisarius Cawl is from the man himself. The Last Roman campaign DLC for Total War: Attila has a main character named <mask>. At the beginning of the Vandal Wars, he leads the Roman expedition to reconquer the West, but there's always the option to Declare Independence and become the Emperor of the West. The ruins of his "ancient palace" are a level 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846


title: Belisarius

texts: published in June 2010."Hard and Soft Power on the Eastern Frontier: a Roman Fortlet between Dara and Nisibis, Mesopotamia, Turkey, Prokopios' Mindouos?" was the topic of "Secret Histories" in 2011. The Byzantinist was edited by Douglas Whalin. The edited version of "La defensa de Roma por Belisario" was published in July. "Procopius on the struggle for Dara and Rome" was written in Late Antique Archaeology: Current Perspectives. pp. The Life of Belisarius was written by Lord Mahon. The Life of Belisarius was re-released in 2006 by Evolution Publishing.There is a new introduction by Jon Coulston. Westholme Publishing was published in 2005. The magazine is called Ancient Warfare. "Justinian's fireman: <mask> and the Byzantine empire" was the topic of Issue 3. Wars that were lost were saved by five great commanders. There are 500 births and 565 deaths in the Military History magazine


title: Edwin S. Porter

texts: An American film pioneer, most famous as a producer, director, studio manager and cinematographer with the Edison Manufacturing Company and the Famous Players Film Company, was named after April 21, 1870 to April 30, 1941. The most important of <mask>'s films are What Happened on Twenty-third Street, New York City, and Jack and the Beanstalk. <mask> was born and raised in Connelsville, Pennsylvania, to <mask>, a merchant, and Mary (Clark) <mask>; he was the fourth of seven children with four brothers and two sisters. Edward was named after the man who served as Abraham Lincoln's Secretary of War. <mask> worked as an exhibition skater, a sign painter, and a telegraph operator after attending public schools in Connellsville. He shared a patent for a lamp regulator at the age of 21. <mask> became a merchant tailor after the Panic of 1893.He enlisted in the United States Navy four days after filing for bankruptcy. He served at the Brooklyn Navy Yard as a gunner's mate for three years. He began his career in the electrical department of William Cramp & Sons, a Philadelphia ship and engine building company. He was an inventor of electrical devices during his three years of service. The first year movies were projected on large screens in the United States. He was briefly employed in New York City by Raff & Gammon, agents for the films and viewing equipment made by Thomas Edison, and then left to become a touring projectionist with a competing machine. He traveled through the West Indies and South America showing films.He went on a second tour through Canada and the US. After returning to New York City in 1898, <mask> found work at the Eden Musée, a Manhattan wax museum and amusement hall which had become a

masks:
Porter
Porter
Thomas Richard Porter
Porter
Porter
Porter
Porter


title: Edwin S. Porter

texts: center for motion picture exhibition and production. The exhibition of films of the Spanish–American War, which helped stir an outbreak of patriotism in New York City, was assembled by <mask> while he was at the Eden Musée. <mask> had tremendous creative control over these programs, presenting a slate of films accompanied by a selection of music and live narration. <mask> joined the company in 1900. He took charge of motion picture production at the New York studios, operating the camera, directing the actors, and assembling the final print. George S. Fleming was one of the filmmakers he collaborated with.<mask> was the most influential film maker in the United States. <mask>'s experience as a touring projectionist gave him a good idea of what pleased crowds. Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King, a satire made in 1901 about the then Vice President-elect, Theodore Roosevelt, was one of his early films. He tried to improve on what he borrowed by taking ideas from other filmmakers. He followed in the footsteps of France's Georges Mélis and members of England's Brighton School with his films Jack and the Beanstalk and Life of an American Fireman. <mask> created gradual transitions from one image to another. Audiences were helped by the technique in Life of an American Fireman.The first American film to use intertitles was Uncle Tom's Cabin, which helped the audience follow the story by identifying some of the main characters. The Great Train robbery and <mask>'s next film, The Great Train robbery, took the typical American Western story, already familiar to audiences from dime novels and stage melodrama, and made it an entirely new visual experience. The one-reel film, with a running time of twelve minutes,

masks: Porter Porter Porter Porter Porter Porter Porter


title: Edwin S. Porter

texts: was assembled in twenty separate shots, along with a startling close-up of a bandit firing at the camera. It used as many as ten different indoor and outdoor locations and was the first to use cross-cutting in film editing to show simultaneous action in different places. The film created a variety of scene. The Great Train robbery was very popular. It was the premier attraction at the first nickelodeon and toured throughout the United States for several years.It established motion pictures as commercial entertainment in the United States. <mask> tried out new techniques after the train robbery. The Kleptomaniac was a film of social commentary similar to The Ex-Convict. In The Seven Ages, he used side lighting, close-ups, and changed shots within a scene, one of the earliest examples of a filmmaker leaving from the theatrical analogy of a single shot for each scene. Dream of a Rarebit Fiend was based on a comic strip by Winsor McCay. Most of the techniques that were to become the basic modes of visual communication through film were demonstrated by him between 1903 and 1907. He helped to develop the modern concept of continuity editing, notably in The Trainer's Daughter or A Race for Love, and is often credited with discovering that the basic unit of structure in film was the "shot" rather than the scene.He thought of them as separate experiments and never brought them together in a unified style. Rescued from an Eagle's nest was directed by <mask>. In 1909, after tiring of the industrial system set up to feed the booming nickelodeon business, <mask> founded a company to manufacture Simplex motion picture projectors. The Defender Film Company folded after one year. He was part of the organizing of the

masks: Porter Porter Porter


title: Edwin S. Porter

texts: Rex Motion Picture Company. The first American company that produced feature-length films was founded by him in 1912. The Prisoner of Zenda was directed by him.He directed Mary Pickford in her first film, A Good Little Devil. His directorial skills did not keep up with the rapid changes in motion picture art, despite his interest in 3D. <mask>'s last film was the first anaglyph 3D movie. He left the famous players in 1916. <mask> was president of the Precision Machine Company from 1917 to 1925. After retiring in 1925, he continued to work on his own as an inventor and designer, securing several patents for still cameras and projector devices. He was employed by an appliance corporation.He died in New York City in 1941 and was buried in Pennsylvania. He was survived by his wife, who he married on June 5, 1893. <mask> is an enigmatic figure in motion picture history. Though his significance as director of The Great Train robbery and other innovative early films is obvious, he rarely repeated an innovation after he had used it successfully, never developed a consistent directorial style, and in later years never protested when others rediscovered his techniques and claimed them as their own. He was a modest, quiet, cautious man who felt uncomfortable working with famous stars. <mask> was said to be more of an artistic mechanic than a dramatic artist, because he liked to deal with machines better than with people. External links Musser, Charles can be found here.There was a company called the Edison Manufacturing Company. The University of California Press was published in 1991. Free Online - UC Press E-Books Collection 1870 births 1941 deaths 19th-century American inventors 20th-century American

masks:
Porter
Porter
Legacy Porter
Porter


title: Richard Larn

texts: One of Britain's leading historic shipwreck experts is a retired Chief Petty Officer in the Royal Navy. He went to a sea training school after being evacuated to Oxford during the Second World War. At the age of 14. In 1947, a German-made Drger U-boat escape was used by <mask> to teach himself to dive. He joined the Merchant Navy after serving his apprenticeship as a deck-officer with the South American Saint Line. He stayed in the Royal Navy for 22 years. During his time in Korea, he initiated diving from helicopter to recover ram-jet un-manned gunnery target drone aircraft off Malta, being dropped into the sea wearing diving equipment with John Guppy, up to five miles offshore, to assist.They were the first divers in the Royal Navy to use diving equipment from helicopters. He was involved in diving expeditions all over the world. The 2000lb HEMC nuclear bomb, Firestreak, Redtop, Sidewinder, Bullpup, Mk.43 and 44 homing torpedoes, as well as air-launched weapons, were all specialized in by <mask>. In 1961, and 1962, he served as the BSAC deputy diving officer. The Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club and the Royal Navy Sub-Aqua Club were established in the early 1960s with Lieutenant Roy Graham as its first chairman. One of the club's first major projects was to send a team of Royal Navy divers to the Isles ofScilly to investigate the naval disaster of 1707. Only the second group of divers ever to come there was thought to have arrived in 1964.A long chain of navy visits began after their initial dives. The search for the Association's wreck was announced in 1966. Before, there were plans to find it, but

masks: Larn Larn


title: Richard Larn

texts: until now the dives in the Isles ofScilly had mostly found modern wrecks. The divers could only get out to the Western Rocks and not around the Gilstone Ledge, where a later expedition was able to locate the wreck of the Association in 1967. After leaving the Royal Navy, he led NACSAC for three expeditions to the islands. In 1972 he left the Royal Navy to pursue a career in private business. After two years as Works Director for Partech Electronics International, he helped the company move to Cornwall from Wellyn Garden City and founded a diving training centre.Only three diving training establishments in the UK are approved to train Government sponsored students. In 1976 he established the Charlestown Shipwreck and Heritage Centre which grew out of his own collection of artifacts which he ran until 1998 with his second wife. He was the co-owner and curator of one of the largest collections of artifacts on public display in Europe. The Longstone Heritage Centre was set up and run by <mask> and his wife after they moved to the Isles ofScilly in 1986. They are still interested in Charlestown on the island of St. Mary's. Lloyd's Register offered <mask> a ten-year writing contract to record known wrecks around Gt. He and his wife moved back to the mainland because of Britain and Ireland.After selling his shares in Prodive in 1982, he spent the next four years treasure hunting, leading successful expeditions to recover thousands of silver Lion Daalder coins from the Dutch East India Company ship Campen. There were historic wrecks such as the St. Anthony and the Dollar Cove. There are two wreck sites on the


title: Richard Larn

texts: Isles ofScilly, one of which is the Licensee for the Bartholomew Ledge wreck site. He and his wife have written over 65 books and articles on maritime history and archaeology. The 'Shipwreck Index of the British Isles' was used by the Royal Commission for Historic Monuments to establish the National Maritime Record. In retirement, <mask> is still active in diving, mostly in the Isles ofScilly, where he contributes a regular column on maritime history in the local magazines. He has interests in figurehead and ship carving.Dava Sobel, author of Longitude, and Sir Arnold Wolfendale, the 14th Astronomer Royal, gave public lectures when the council ofScilly commemorated the 300th anniversary of the great naval disaster of 1707. In 2006 he was made a Cornish Bard, taking the Bardic name 'Goyas an Mor', after receiving awards from diving and maritime history associations. He started a company and has a website that is still being developed. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his services to nautical archaeology and marine heritage. The prestigious USA's 'Knight of Mark Twain' was awarded in 1970. One of the original founding members has been the President and News Letter Editor of the International Marine Archaeological & Shipwreck Society since 2010. This is not the complete list of Admiral Shovell's Treasure and Shipwreck in the Isles ofScilly.Peter and <mask> are related. The History of a Cornish Seaport was written in 1999. In 1994 there was a publication called the Isles ofScilly. David and Charles, 1971 and 1979. The South Coast has Cornish wrecks. <mask> and Clive are

masks: Larn Richard Richard


title: Richard Larn

texts: related. The 1969 & 1971 Pan paperback editions were written by David and Charles.David and Charles were married in 1974 and 1977. The paper-back editions were from 1974 and 1977. Ships, wrecks, and maritime incidents can be found in the Isles ofScilly. The Museum Pub. No. The 1999 Shipwrecks at Land's End is for the Isles ofScilly Museum Council. Doble & Brendon were from the 1970s.The second edition of Countryside Books was published in 1996. There are wrecks of Great Britain and Ireland. David and Charles wrote about their experiences in the Goodwin Sands. Beresford Books was published in 1995. There are ships in the Isles ofScilly. The 4th ed. of the Shipwreck & Marine was published in 1999. There are ships in the Isles ofScilly.The 3rd ed. of Thomas & Lochar was published in 1993. The Disaster in the Isles ofScilly was written by Sir Clowdisley Shovell. Scilly's own 'Whisky Galore' wreck was The Cita. The 2nd ed. of Shipwreck & Marine was published in 1997. The manual for commercial diving. <mask> and Rex are from the same area. The 3rd ed. was written by David & Charles.There is a guide to South Cornwall. The Diver Guide to the Isles ofScilly and North Cornwall was published by Underwater


title: Carol Bellamy

texts: <mask> was born on January 14, 1942. The board of the GCERF is chaired by her. She was the director of the Peace Corps, the executive director of the United Nations Children's Fund, and the president and CEO of World Learning. She is the chair of the organization that works to end the sexual exploitation of children. After three terms in the New York State Senate, she was the first woman to be elected to any citywide office in NYC as President of the New York City Council, a position she held until her unsuccessful bid for Mayor of New York in 1985. In 1942, <mask> was born in New Jersey and raised in Scotch Plains, graduating from Fanwood High School in 1959. She graduated from Gettysburg College in 1963.She received her J.D. A graduate of the New York University School of Law, he was a Peace Corps volunteer in Guatemala from 1963 to 1965, and an associate in the New York law firm of Cravath. She described her philosophy of using business to accomplish social change in Jean-Luc Godard's film One A.M. Rip Torn satirized her speech by wearing a US Civil War uniform in front of a Brooklyn middle school class. The 180th, 181st and 182nd New York State Legislatures were where <mask> was a member of the New York State Senate. She mounted an uphill campaign for President of the New York City Council and, despite her initially low public profile, she managed to eclipse her main Democratic rivals. She was supported by the city's three major newspapers.She won the Democratic primary in 1977 despite her opponents spending hundreds of thousands of dollars on their campaigns.

masks:
Carol Bellamy
Bellamy
Bellamy


title: Carol Bellamy

texts: She became the first woman to be elected President of the City Council in the November general election. She was unsuccessful in her bid for Mayor of New York in 1985. Governor Mario Cuomo forced her to resign from the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Board in 1985. She considered running for Governor of New York. She was unsuccessful in her attempt to become New York State Comptroller. From 2005 to 2006 she was a member of the New York State Board of regents.The Peace Corps had a director from 1993 to 1995. She was the first director to have previously been a volunteer. <mask> is the Chair of the Governing Board of the Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund, which is the first global effort to support local, community-level initiatives aimed at strengthening resilience against violent extremists, for example through job creation and empowering women and youth. The fund works with governments, civil society, and the private sector in beneficiary countries to support national strategies to address the local drivers of violent extremism. The Secretary-General of the United Nations at the time, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, appointed <mask> to the position of executive director. She was given a second five-year term in 2000. Agency heads are not allowed to serve more than two five-year terms.<mask> left behind a fiscally sound organization with strong internal controls. She increased the resources of the UN Children's Fund from $800 million in 1994 to more than $1.8 billion in 2004. The president of the School for International Training and the president of


title: Carol Bellamy

texts: World Learning was appointed in 2005. World Learning is a global organization with operations in more than 75 countries that fosters global citizenship through community-driven development programs. The Tides Foundation and Rockefeller Financial Services support World Learning. The board of directors of the Fair Labor Association elected a new chair in July of 2007. International labor standards are promoted by the FLA.For the past eight years, the FLA has strengthened its capacity to work with companies, factories, civil society organizations and others to end sweatshop labor and protect workers' rights. "It is now moving beyond its rigorous monitoring program to focus greater attention on identifying the root causes of these problems and to develop sustainable compliance programs," said Bellamy in accepting the position. In April 2009, <mask> was appointed as Chair of the IB Board of Governors. The Board of Directors of the Global Partnership for Education was chaired by <mask>. The American University of Beirut has a Board of Directors. She was one of the first young leaders of the French-American Foundation. At the John F. Kennedy School of Government, he was a fellow of the Harvard Institute of Politics.The college's highest honor was the medal of distinction. The Doctor of Humane Letters was given to him by the college. In May 2006 she delivered a speech at the NYU School of Law. She was awarded Japan's Order of the Rising Sun for her work with the UN. She received the Legion of Honour from France in 2009. The Fales Library has a guide to the <mask>

masks:
Bellamy
Carol Bellamy
Carol Bellamy


title: James Frederick Sangala

texts: During the time of British colonial rule, <mask> was a founding member of the Nyasaland African Congress. <mask> was given a nickname that means "one who perseveres". After the British established the British Central Africa Protectorate, <mask> was born in a village near the Domasi Presbyterian Mission. He taught at Domasi for at least the next five years after completing Standard VI at school in Blantyre. Between 30/- and 75/- a month he worked for a succession of businessmen as clerk, book-keeper and capitao. He held clerical positions in the colonial administration from 1930 to 1942. He was an interpreter at the High Court.He retired to work for a brick-making business. The formation of local representative groups was encouraged by <mask>, who was a leader of the Native Association movement. He was the acting secretary of the NAC in 1943, which sought to give a unified voice to the local associations and to press for greater rights for Africans. He was persuaded to resign as president of the Congress in order to make way for more radical members who wanted full independence. <mask> was arrested for his activities more than once. The NAC was to win all the seats in the Nyasaland elections in 1961, and to lead the country to self-governance in 1963, and full independence in 1964. <mask> <mask> was born around 1900 at Naisi, near the town of Zomba in the southern part of the country.Nyasaland was the administrative center of the British Central Africa Protectorate and the residence of the colonial governor. <mask> was a tribe. His mother specialized in treating trichomonas. <mask> attended Zomba Mission primary school and Blantyre Mission substation. He taught primary school until 1927. <mask> began his working career in 1927 as a cotton buyer with the British Cotton Growing Association (BGGA) and later as a bookkeeper for M.G. An Indian businessman is in the area.He started work for the African Lakes Corporation in March 1928 and returned to the BGGA in May 1929 as an office manager. <mask> joined the civil service in 1930 because he was dissatisfied with the working conditions for Africans in businesses. He was employed by the Blantyre District

masks:
James Frederick Sangala
Sangala
Sangala
Sangala
Sangala
James Frederick
Sangala
Sangala
Sangala
Sangala
Sangala


title: James Frederick Sangala

texts: Commissioner and the Blantyre District Medical Office. His work included typing and other forms of assistance. <mask> was an interpreter for the Judicial Department of the civil service in Blantyre. He was moved to the Dedza District Office because of his political activities. In 1947 he returned to the Blantyre District Office, but retired in the early 1950s so he could spend more time on politics, receiving a small government pension and running a brick manufacturing business as his main source of income.The North Nyasa Native Association was formed in 1912 and was followed by several other such associations in the early part of the century. The Native Associations wanted to have a voice in issues. They were encouraged by the colonial administrations despite some resistance from tribal leaders. They focused on regional or national rather than tribal. Representatives of other associations attended meetings to exchange views on issues and approaches. The leaders of the Native Association movement in Nyasaland were <mask> <mask> in Blantyre and Levi Mumba in the rest of the country. Both <mask> and Mumba believed in the virtues of democratic civil society.The white colonizers of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) wanted to include Nyasaland in the union in order to draw more workers to South Africa. Since they considered the Rhodesias to be "White Man" territory, they resisted this move. The Blantyre Native Association led by <mask> called a meeting of leaders in the area where they were invited to sign a petition against amalgamation. The formal statement in reply to the colonial administration was written by Mumba. The leaders of the Native Associations called for a rapid movement towards self-government in 1943. The NAC was renamed after <mask> felt the movement should not be restricted to the educated elite. The Congress was announced at the meeting where <mask> was acting secretary.He wasn't able to attend the inaugural meeting of the Congress because he had been transferred to Dedza in the Central province, but he was elected to the central committee. <mask>, Mumba and their associates had a vision of the NAC

masks:
Sangala
James Frederick
Sangala
Sangala
Sangala
Sangala
Sangala
Sangala


title: James Frederick Sangala

texts: becoming "the mouthpiece of the Africans" and cooperating with the government and other colonial bodies to speed up the progress of Nyasaland. <mask> explained to the colonial powers that he did not mean armed conflict when he encouraged the Congress to fight for freedom. The District Commissioner, Eric Barnes, was told by <mask> that he advocated peaceful protests against practices such as curfews. <mask> wasn't always consistent. He became a member of the Boy Scouts Council in 1949. European, Indian and African boys were not included in the organization.The Native Associations and other local organizations of indigenous people were supposed to be coordinated by the NAC. <mask> made sure that each group had a seat on the NAC executive committee. The organization was weak. A proposal by Dr. Hastings Banda to have a full-time paid secretary for the NAC was rejected because of suspicion of his motives. The President of the NAC resigned due to misuse of Congress funds. In August 1950 in Mzimba, <mask> was elected president after <mask> threw his efforts into reviving the organization. <mask> and other leaders believed that Nyasaland should evolve towards self-government while remaining under the authority of the British Colonial Office.The colonial office established the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in Europeans, abandoning the principles of partnership between the races. The NAC leaders thought this was a betrayal. Protests were forcefully suppressed with an official death toll of eleven Africans. <mask> was released after the charges against him were dismissed. <mask> was elected President of the Congress in January 1954. He accepted the decision of two NAC members to run for election for two seats in the Federal Parliament, even though he continued to advocate civil disobedience. Some members of the party were against participation in the government.Some resigned or were dismissed. At the end of 1955, others who remained in the party attempted a coup, calling for the resignation of the two MPs and for the NAC to work for separation from the federation and self-rule. Despite being forced to resign, the leaders of the coup attempt were still

masks:
Sangala
Sangala
Sangala
Sangala
James Chinyama
Sangala
Sangala
Sangala
Sangala


title: James Frederick Sangala

texts: influential. <mask> was conscientious in attending committee meetings, but was handicapped by the need to attend to his own business affairs, often unavailable to provide leadership or advice. <mask> decided not to run for President of Congress due to health reasons. <mask> continued to push for democratic elections to the Legco. <mask> was arrested after asserting his right of freedom of movement.He made sure it was reported in England. <mask> was accused of sedition at the High Court. The secretary-general of the Congress was accused of giving a seditious publication to the editor of the Nyasaland Times. The charge was the subject of a question in the British House of Commons. In January 1957, <mask> resigned from his position as Nyasaland African Congress President and was replaced by Thamar Thomas Banda. The NAC was banned by the colonial authorities in 1959 and was replaced by the Malawi Congress Party. The British accepted that independence was inevitable.Hastings Banda was released in 1960 and allowed to return to prepare for elections. <mask> and other members of the old guard of the Congress were never heard of again. In 1961, the country gained self governance after the first elections under universal suffrage, and in 1963, it gained independence. In May 2009, <mask>'s grandson was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs and Public Security in the Cabinet of Malawi. W.L described <mask> as a character. The High Court Registrar in Blantyre was called a "peculiar" but "charming" man whose motto was "to struggle for the freedom and peace of all". Some people thought he was too mild, while others thought he was autocratic.He preferred to work behind the scenes in organizing the party and was not interested in publicity. He was willing to stand up in a crisis. He said in an interview that his first duty was to cause people to be happy. I don't mind speaking to anyone if it's the truth and my friends don't think I'm a difficult person. <mask> was a strong believer in the virtues of dignity, and refused to accept common views within colonial society that the "natives" were inferior to Whites. Nyasaland African Congress politicians had a year of

masks: Sangala Sangala Sangala Sangala Sangala Sangala Sangala Sangala Sangala Sangala


title: Pedro Santana

texts: <mask>, the 1st Marquis of Las Carreras, better known as <mask>, was a Dominican military commander and royalist politician who served as the president of the junta that established the First Dominican Republic. A traditional royalist who was fond of the Monarchy of Spain and the Spanish Empire ruled as an authoritarian dictator. A noted general during the Dominican War of Independence, <mask> was a lifelong supporter of the Dominican revolt against the Haitian occupation. <mask> wanted to reintegrate Hispaniola into the Spanish Empire, unlike many of his political opponents who wanted to establish an independent Dominican state. He oversaw the reestablishment of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo as well as exile and imprisonment of a number of noted dissidents who had previously been his friends. He was forced to resign because of the opposition's plan to stage a coup. After the Dominican Restoration War, he died.<mask> was born in the northern border region of Haiti on June 29, 1801. His mother was Petronila Familias, a Dominican of Spanish Canarian descent, and his father was <mask>, who according to most sources was a Mexican of indigenous origin. There was a border between the Spanish territory of Santo Domingo and the French territory of Saint Domingue. The <mask> family moved to the Cibao valley because of the Haitian revolution and the slave revolts in the eastern part of the country. The head of the French governor Jean-Louis Ferrand was cut off by his father and taken to the city of Santo Domingo as a trophy. Although he ruled as a dictator, <mask> was the president of the Dominican Republic from 1845 to 1858. <mask> became governor with the rank of Captain General.He held those titles until 1863. <mask> was a great military leader, but

masks:
Pedro Santana
Pedro Santana
Santana
Santana
Pedro Santana
Pedro Santana
Santana
Santana
Santana
Santana


title: Pedro Santana

texts: could not leave his dictatorial personality on the battlefield. <mask> was a great soldier, despite the fact that many historians think his rule was an economic disaster. <mask> fought in the Revolution of July 7, 1857, when Cibao placed their revolutionary army under his command. The Congress of the Dominican Republic awarded <mask> the title of "Liberator of the Nation" on July 18, 1849, for his victory in the Battle of Las Carreras, where a force of 800 Dominican troops, led by <mask>, defeated 10,000 troops of the Haitian Army. He was a key figure in the successful separation of the Dominican Republic from Haiti. Some historians think that he was prevented from becoming a genuine national hero because of his later actions.The very Independentists that fought with him in the Dominican War of Independence were almost eliminated after he drove the Haitian army out of the country. The Trinitarian Independentists did not want the new nation to be annexed to Spain. He arrested or exiled members of La Trinitaria. The founding father of the new Dominican Republic was forced out of the country. He died in Venezuela. The conflict between <mask> and General Antonio Duvergé increased after the campaign of 1849. Duvergé and his son, Alcides Duvergé, were executed on April 11, 1855, for conspiring against the government of <mask>.The execution of Duvergé caused ripples in the Dominican community. Mara Trinidad Snchez, the first hero of the Republic and aunt of Francisco del Rosario Snchez, was attacked by <mask>. The first national flag was made by her and Concepcin Bona. <mask> sentenced her to death when she refused to name the conspirators against him in the newly independent republic. One year after Independence, Mara Trinidad Snchez was executed by a

masks:
Santana
Santana
Santana
Santana
Pedro Santana
Santana
Santana
Santana


title: Pedro Santana

texts: firing squad. She was the first female martyr of the republic. <mask> had two brothers, Ramn.His twin brother and his brother-in-law. <mask> was engaged to Mara del Carmen Ruiz, a local beauty, who died instantly when her horse shied as she was returning from a pilgrimage to the sanctuary. <mask> was in a deep depression after the death of his fiancée. <mask> was persuaded by his twin brother Ramn to go with him to visit his fiancée. During his visits to his sister-in-law, <mask> fell in love with the widow of a wealthy man. At the same time, <mask>'s sister-in-law and stepdaughter became sister-in-law and mother-in-law of Ramn <mask>. The <mask>-del Rivero marriage gave <mask> power and influence in the region.<mask> had a second wife, Ana Zorrilla, after the death of his first wife. He had no legitimate children because of his marriages to older women. Ramn died during the Revolutionary war of Independence. He had 3 nephews from his brother's marriage to Febles. Francisco and <mask> were born in March of 1833. Maria de Los Angeles was a niece. Many of <mask>'s properties were owned by this person.Cardinal Octavio Beras and comedian Freddy Beras-Goico are descendants of <mask> and Paula Bobadilla. His niece Mara de los ngeles <mask>les and her husband Isidoro Durn are his descendants. <mask> died in the city of Santo Domingo on June 14, 1864, just a few months after he was given the hereditary title of Marqués de las Carreras, in recognition of his victory in the Battle of Las Carreras. His remains have been in the National Pantheon of the Dominican Republic since 1978. <mask> was childless. He gave his properties to his family. He gave a pension to his disabled brother and aunt.The heads of state of the Dominican Republic were <mask> and <mask>

masks:
Santana
Pedro Santana
Santana
Pedro
Pedro
Pedro Santana
Santana
Santana
Pedro Santana
Pedro Santana
Rafael Santana
Santana
Rafael Santana
Santana Feb
Pedro Santana
Santana
Pedro Santana
Jesus Pedro


title: Sinta Tantra

texts: A British artist of Balinese descent is named <mask>. She was born in New York on November 11, 1979 and spent her formative years in Indonesia, America and the UK. She completed her postgraduate degree at the Royal Academy of Arts in 2006 after graduating from the Slade School of Fine Art. She was awarded the prestigiousDeutsche Bank Award in Fine Art. Her work has been highly regarded for her site-specific work in the public realm. The recipient of the British Council's International Development Award, she was a nominee for the Jerwood Painting Prize. She lives and works in London.Large-scale public artworks, site-specific sculptural interventions, and painted canvases are just some of the diverse practices of Tantra. Her work is described as painting on an architectural scale. She says that colour is a material which lies between the language of art and industry. The way in which colors vibrate against each other is what inspired her distinctive palette. I like the idea of semiotics and the associations one has to particular colors in relation to either brand or narrative. Her work has been described as "exuberant", a "hedonistic celebration of excess and decoration", and her contribution to public art by transforming spaces with "chaotic yet captivating images" has been recognised. Her 2010 work Universe of Objects in Archive, Arsenic and Railings was praised for lifting the perspective "like the energy of a released spring and pulse horizontally around the room in endless optical trigonometric fugue".The early life and education of Tantra was born in New York in 1979. While her mother looked after her, her father worked in finance. The family relocated to the UK when Tantra was 6 years old. "Like many first generation children whose parents migrated, I could never really identify with being from just one particular place." My identity and cultures


title: Sinta Tantra

texts: are explored in my work. The English Heritage and 1980s pop Americana are what inspired me. After graduating with a degree in Fine Art from Middlesex University in 1999, she went on to study at the Slade School of Fine Art.She would work with the sculptor Nick Hornby in the future. During her studies, <mask> was introduced to the work of the conceptual artist Sol LeWitt, whose reduction of painting to a series of instructions or blueprints influenced her practice. Like LeWitt, <mask>'s work is at the intersection of art and architecture, exceeding the confines of the canvas and of the gallery space. The Indonesian painter Mochtar Apin is an inspiration for <mask>'s work. The viewer becomes submerged in the decoration itself when the patterns are reduced, distorted or enlarged. The Royal Academy Fine Art Masters programme accepted Tantra after graduating. Her studies were funded by a scholarship.The interest in large-scale artwork in the public realm began at the RA. She sees this as a reaction to the stereotype of female work being modest or decorative. At art school, painting on canvas didn't appeal to me, I was more interested in playing with architectural space, injecting colour, line, and form into new environments. There was a desire to challenge the gender stereotype that both men and women could make large scale works. She describes the expectation of her peers that she would create something cute and feminine in small sizes as fueling her desire to create abstract and structured paintings. The prestigiousDeutsche Bank award was given to Career Tantra in 2006 after she finished her MA. She started running a studio space for artists in Camden.Camden Council commissioned her first public art piece, a mural stretching across the regents park bridge, in 2007. The work was praised by a local politician. It really improves the bridge. The early work

masks: Tantra Tantra Tantra


title: Sinta Tantra

texts: of <mask> was composed of intricately cut vinyl and painted designs. Her work is recognisable for its distinctive use of colour and pattern: clean lines, geometric abstraction, a preoccupation with decorative symbols, and a bold and arresting choice of colors. She produced a vinyl installation at the exit of Piccadilly Circus Station for a 2006 project for Transport For London's Art on the Underground initiative. A large mural and stage for the Saison Poetry Library is one of the early projects.The year 2007. Lemn Sissay described it as an'incredible piece of work', which allowed for the full breadth of human experience upon the stage. A Beautiful Sunset Mistaken for a Dawn, which was commissioned by Canary Wharf Group in anticipation of the 2012 Olympics, is one of the many ambitious works that Tantra has made since then. There is an installation at the Open Eye Gallery. The first project in a series of collaborative projects with the sculptor Nick Hornby. The lobby of the One Canada Square building was where the Collaborative Works was held. Hornby's marble sculptures were superimposed with <mask>'s trademark colour abstractions, as well as maquettes for larger sculptures drawing on <mask>'s colour compositions.In both their careers, the exhibition was described as a radical development. There's a sort ofconstructivist approach to the entire process which I like, there are practicalities of making the work itself whilst giving the artwork a social function. She feels that her heritage affects her work less in its appearance than in the way that art is embedded in life- which is what public art does- and the idea of working together with people. One of the largest creative communities in Indonesia, Mes 56, has a number of artists residencies. The British Council and Arts Council England funded it. She was selected to design the Drappellone for the


title: Sinta Tantra

texts: Palio di Siena, a twice-yearly tradition stretching back 600 years. Since 1970, an international artist has been chosen to design the flag.The Madonna of the Assumption, the City insignia (Terzi), and the symbols of each contrada participating in the race were all compulsory elements of the contemporary design by Tantra. It was the biggest challenge for an abstract geometric artist. I drew the Madonna of the Assumption as a linear drawing from a painting by Lorenzetti. The sculpture of Sappho was based on drawing illustrations by Andy Warhol from the 1950s and I wanted to add a layer of 'pop art' and 1950s nostalgia into the work. The Cube building on Tontine Street was painted by Sinta Tantra as part of the Folkestone Triennial. The diversity of Tontine Street's migrant residents inspired Tantra to take visual cues from an eclectic mix of sources. The fluid lines and circles flanking one side of the building are a gesture to the colour patterns of Sonia Delaunay.candy pink, racing green and wedgewood blue were lifted from a poster from 1947 advertising rail travel to Folkestone. She said she wanted to inject some of the romance into the intervention. The aim of the work was to make the building sparkle. She wanted to have a retro feel because she thought of Folkestone as a seaside town. It was difficult after the war to have holidays in Britain. "Sinta's made a pig-ugly 1970s building disappear into plain view!" said Dr. Paul Rennie of Central St. Martins. The building's shape-shifts in relation to movement gave passersby completely different experiences.The direct appeal to feeling derived from both colour and movement is irresistible, and provides a nice contrast to the prevailing over-complication of much contemporary art. The city of Songdo, Korea's 'High Tech Utopia', commissioned <mask> to create a floor painting as part of its major public


title: Sinta Tantra

texts: art programme. Songdo is one of the first "Smart Cities". The artwork measures over 3,300 square metres and is located by the waterfront. The "city of the future" is communicated from above. A Beautiful Sunset Mistaken for a Dawn is one of the most notable works by Tantra. There is a mural on both sides of the DLR bridge that spans the river in London's Docklands Waterfront.The work was inspired by the high-rise silhouettes of Canary wharf and the changing colors of sunrise and dusk. Time and space are strange concepts in our modern world. Our relationship to technology is related to nature and the universe at large. Through the use of colour, scale and geometry, I wanted to create a painting which engaged the viewer at different times of the day and different times of the year; a piece of work which made you think about the surrounding architecture, the natural landscape and how we as bodies move along, around The lighting scheme by Lighting Design International complemented the muted pinks and blues of Tantra. The soft coloured light washed by the projectors under the bridge echo the transitions of the sky from day to night. The painting took 5,000 litres of paint and 3 km of masking tape to achieve the clean, precise lines that Tantra is known for.A time lapse sequence showing the sunset and sunrise over the bridge was recorded as part of the project. It is part of the permanent collection of Canary Wharf Group. In recent years, <mask>'s practice has expanded to include painted canvases and smaller sculptural interventions. She explores colour, pattern, weight and dimensions in her works and is interested in the relationship between physical and pictorial space. She has said that tempera paint is very similar to the finish of an Italian fresco, and that it is almost like falling into the colour. Her artworks make use of historical and literary


title: Sinta Tantra

texts: references and found objects, lifting colors and shapes from the 18th century architecture of John Nash to Hollywood films such as Breakfast at Tiffany's. Like her public artwork, <mask>'s painting practice strives to turn the white cube space inside out.She wants to create a feeling of total immersion, of diving into the colour and into the surface. Geometric patterns and colors aim to create a more intimate relationship with what you see in front of you - an awareness of material and colour and the solidity between the two. There have been a number of international solo-shows by Tantra. The paintings played with the relationship between the two-dimensional and three-dimensional. Her works question the relationship between painting and architecture but also find ways to distort it. The title of <mask>'s solo-show A House inBali borrowed from a Colin McPhee novel. The book depicts a place that is rich in culture, spiritual values and pleasure.Growing up in London, my father used to play Gamelan music on the cassette player at home. It was a way for him to get back to the small village where he grew up. In his book, McPhee writes about the relationship between the abstract and syncopated sounds of Gamelan music and how, like Jazz, the music is percussion led. I wanted to draw a stronger focus on a sense of rhythm and how line and colour represent a sort of musical notation across the canvas in this new series of paintings. The Guardian, The Evening Standard, Tate Shots, Architectural Digest, Wall Street International Magazine, and The Jakarta Post are some of the leading UK and international press. She was a guest on the popular Indonesian talk show hosted by Kick Andy, which was described as "the Oprah Winfrey of Indonesian Television". A member of the Royal British Society of Sculptors was Shortlisted for the Jerwood Contemporary Painting Prize in

masks: Tantra Tantra


title: John Evershed

texts: <mask>IE FRS FRAS was an English astronomer. The Evershed effect is a phenomenon in which he was the first to observe. <mask> and <mask> were the parents of <mask>. The discovery which bears his name was made in 1909. After retiring in 1923, he set up a private observatory at Ewhurst and built a large spectroheliograph of special design. He continued to study the wave-lengths of H and K lines in prominences, giving values of the solar rotation at high levels in different latitudes and at different phases of the solar cycle. He presented his instruments to the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux after the observatory closed.The British Astronomical Association was founded in the autumn of 1890. The Solar Spectroscopy Section was directed by him. <mask> was awarded the Gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1918. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1915. The crater on the Moon is named after him. He was a Companion of the Indian Empire when he retired in 1923. <mask> was married to another astronomer, Mary Acworth Orr <mask>.He died in Ewhurst. He had an interest in insects. The first specimen was collected by <mask> and W. H. Evans named the butterfly after him. His archive was acquired by the Science Museum. The report of his observatory was published by the Royal Astronomical Society. vol. The report of his observatory was published in1934.vol. The report of his observatory was published in 1935. vol. The report of his observatory was published in 1936. vol. The report of his observatory was published in 1937. vol.The report of his observatory was published in 1936. vol. The report of his observatory was published in 1940. vol. The report

masks:
John Evershed C
John
Sophia Evershed
Biography Evershed
Evershed
Evershed
Evershed
Evershed


title: Daniel James (businessman)

texts: One of the founding partners of the New York trading organisation was <mask>, who exported cotton to England in exchange for tin, tin plate, iron and copper. <mask> was born in America and lived in the UK for 47 years, running the British side of the business called Phelps, James & Co. At a time when Wales was the center of world production, the company was to dominate the export market of tinplate from the United Kingdom. <mask>, who was born in Truxton, New York, was a wholesale grocer who married Elizabeth Phelps, daughter of a merchant. In the 19th century, <mask> and his wife moved to England to replace an old partner who wanted to return to America. The building that housed the New York warehouse collapsed when the partnership ended. The partnership with his two sons-in-law in the US and England was set up to revive the business.The sons-in-law split a portion of the senior partner's interest. <mask> was the third son-in-law of Anson G Phelps to join the organization after his brother-in-law's fiancée was killed in the building collapse. He was going to enter the banking business. The American side of the business was to remain in family control into the next century, although in Britain <mask> made his assistant, Thomas Morris Banks, a partner. After the death of their father-in-law, <mask> and William Earle Dodge Jr. bought his holdings and absorbed his son's share. <mask> was said to have gone frequently to America for extended holidays and consultation with his partners. The largest subsidiary of Dodge & Co. was selling timber from lands they had purchased in Pennsylvania.<mask>, <mask>'s brother, joined this business in about 1842 and eventually ran the outlet operation for Phelps, Dodge from Baltimore under the company name of Henry James & Co. The company was brought to its knees by a recession that began in America and Britain in 1836. His wife died in 1847 and his son was killed in a carriage accident while visiting his grandfather in America. Sophia was married to <mask> in 1849. <mask> moved to America to further his

masks:
Daniel James
James
Daniel James
Daniel
James
Daniel James
Daniel James
James
Henry James
Daniel James
Daniel
Daniel


title: Daniel James (businessman)

texts: education and become a member of the company. John Arthur was born in 1851. William Dodge died in1917.They were all educated in Britain. Linsly was killed by an elephant in Africa in 1890. Arthur and William lived in English country houses after marrying into British society. West Dean House was the main residence of William and Arthur. Arthur and his brother William were devastated by the death of Frank. The Frank James Memorial Hospital was named after him because he and Arthur funded it as a memorial. <mask> married his children's former governess, Ruth Lancaster Dickinson, in 1871.1824-d.1907 <mask> took British citizenship in order to buy the house that became his final home. Cotton Famine Relief was caused by the blockade of the Confederate ports by the Union's navy during the civil war. The hardship resulted from this in the cotton manufacturing industry. Relief funds were set up in the northern states of America to support the UK cotton workers. Donation was made by American businesses and individuals amounting to $350,000, which was used to purchase food in America, including flour and preserved meats. The chairman of the Liverpool committee was <mask>.Transport companies and government agencies were able to exempt charges and duties in the UK. In December 1872, <mask> arrived at his office to be greeted by a newspaper article that said: "Phelps, Dodge & Co., New York." The books and papers of a great firm have been seized by the United States for alleged frauds on the revenue. He had not fully recovered from the shock and there were concerns for his health. A discrepancy in the declaration made to the Customs House was noticed by a Phelps Dodge employee in New York. The underpayment of import duty was caused by this. He took the pages from the ledger to the agent of the Custom House.If the case against them was proven, he could seize the entire value of the import. Half of the money recovered in this way was given to the Custom House and the other half was split between the informer and his associates. Moiety was the name of the

masks:
Daniel James
Daniel James
Daniel James
Daniel James


title: Daniel James (businessman)

texts: system that had been in place for many years. During her visit to the office, she seized their books. He told them that they would have to pay a large forfeiture. Without access to his ledgers, the senior partner of the firm, William E. Dodge, was unable to verify the underpayment of duty and was forced to reach a settlement. The underpayment was discovered when the ledgers were returned.The discrepancy was caused by the difference of the market value in America and the goods declared inLiverpool. The fine against one of America's most respected merchant firms became a public scandal. The Moiety system was investigated by the House of Representative's Ways and Means Committee in Washington in 1874. After he was questioned about his associates, he admitted that the lawyer he used was General Benjamin Franklin Butler. He refused to appear before the committee due to illness. On June 19, 1874, Butler addressed the House of Representatives and was very critical of <mask>. His accusations were completely false and other members of the House rounded on him.His speech gave a member of the House the chance to raise the issue of his involvement in the Sanborn scandal where large sums of recovered Government money went into private hands. Additional information can be found in the article Anti-Moiety Acts. <mask> was faced with insolvency in England while his partners were investing in lumber and metal manufacturing in the US. He told his brother-in-law that a merchant shouldn't be a manufacturer. His son expressed concern that the place for all the Capital was in the business and not in pine lands, factories, Lackawanna R R or Iron concerns. The partners of <mask> did not have the inclination or temperament for risk taking. He was a very good merchant.In the 19th century, he procured and exported over $300,000,000 worth of metal and cotton to America. His friend and business partner, Thomas Banks, died in 1859. Tinplate was the leading export from the UK. In America the imported tinplate was used to make things such as roofing, tools, machinery,

masks:
Daniel James
Daniel James
Daniel James


title: Daniel James (businessman)

texts: cans, cutlery, skillets, pots, pans, pitchers, plates, washing boards, bathtubs, etc. The foundation from which the next generation would build was left by <mask> when he died in 1876. William E Dodge and his son, William E Dodge Jr., were involved in the development of railroads and copper mining in Arizona. Two years after the death of <mask>, his partner retired and the family left the business.The existing partnership was officially 'expired' on December 31, 1878. Charles Berjew Brooke was the representative in the UK for 25 years. The business closed on December 31, 1906. Like his partners, <mask> was a religious man. <mask>'s father-in-law, Anson G Phelps, rented and later purchased church buildings for him when he met preacher Charles Grandison Finney in New York in the 1830s. In his memoirs, Finney states that he stayed with <mask> when he was in England in 1856. The sums for the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and the London Missionary Society were included in <mask>'s will.<mask> lost his first wife Elizabeth as he became successful. She didn't enjoy the best of health and died in 1847. She was buried in a cemetery built on the outskirts of the city. Sophia was buried in the necropolis when she died in 1870. <mask> married for the third time at the age of 70. She would have known that he loved Elizabeth so much that he wanted to be buried with her. The unsanitary conditions in the surrounding area were caused by the number of burials in the necropolis.Over the course of several years, the council turned the site into a park. The gravestones and memorial were removed but the bodies were not exhumed. William Dodge <mask>, <mask>'s son from his second marriage, arranged for the gravestones to be transferred to the church just behind his house in West Dean. The second wife of <mask> and the daughter from his first marriage are at the foot of <mask> and Elizabeth's stone. Also see Ansonia, Connecticut Ansonia Clock Company, Ansonia Brass & Battery Company, Copper Queen Mine Morenci, Arizona El Paso and the James

masks:
Daniel James
Daniel James
Daniel James
Daniel
Daniel James
Daniel James
Daniel James
Daniel
James
Daniel
Daniel
Daniel


title: Valentin Kataev

texts: A Russian and Soviet novelist and playwright who created penetrating works discussing post-revolutionary social conditions without running afoul of the demands of official Soviet style was named <mask>v. The idea for The Twelve Chairs was suggested by Kataev. Kataev wanted the novel to be dedicated to him in all editions and translations. One of the most distinguished Soviet writers was Kataev. The family of Pyotr Vasilievich Kataev, a Court councillor and a teacher at the Odessa Female seminary, was descended from a noble family of the Poltava Governor. The main character in A White Sail Gleams is named Pyotr Bachei. His father was from a long line of clergy from Vyatka.His maternal grandfather was a general. Despite the obvious class conflict, Kataev never tried to hide his origins. He started writing when he was still in high school. He married a Jewish woman after writing anti-Semitic poetry and being a sympathizer of the Union of the Russian People. He volunteered for the army in 1915, but did not finish the gimnaziyya. He served in the Russian Telegraph Agency and fought against General Denikin in the Red Army after the October Revolution. He moved to Moscow two years later to work on the staff of The Whistle, writing humorous pieces under various pseudonyms.His first novel, The Embezzlers, was published in November. In the satire of the new Soviet bureaucracy in the tradition of Gogol, the protagonists are two bureaucrats who more or less by instinct or by accident try to cheat the Soviet state. The novel was well received and Kataev was asked to adapt it for the stage. It was


title: Valentin Kataev

texts: Kiziria. The following account was related by Kataev, who was proud of being a Soviet writer.One of the most brilliant writers of modern Russia is <mask>. Only Nabokov could be considered a worthy rival in his ability to convey with almost cinematic precision the images of visually perceived reality. The Embezzlers was published by Dial Press in 1929. Samuel French did a play called "Squaring the Circle" in 1936. The novel Peace is Where the Tempests Blow was published in 1937. The University of California Press published The Blue Handkerchief in 1944. Lawrence and Wishart wrote The Small Farm in the Steppe.Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954. "Our Father Who Art in Heaven" is a story from the Great Soviet Short Stories. "The Beautiful Trousers", "The Suicide", "A Goat in the Orchard", and "The Struggle Unto Death" are stories in The Fatal Eggs and Other Soviet Satire. The Grass of Oblivion was published in 1970. The Mosaic of Life was published by The Book Service. The New Soviet fiction was published in 1989. Time to move forward.The novel was published in 1995. Sources Benedetti, Jean. 1999. The life and art of Stanislavski. Revised edition. The original edition was published in 1988. Edward J. Brown is from London.1982. Russian literature has been written since the revolution. Revised edition. 341-2. Dodona, Kiziria. 1985. There were four demons of Kataev.The winter edition of the Slavic Review. The Encyclopedia of Literature was written by Seymour-Smith. 1973. There is a guide to modern world literature. 955. The Cottage in the Steppe is a full text in English of