title: Malati Choudhury

texts: The State Resource Centre for Adult Education was established by the Government of India in 1978. She organized the farmers movement as part of the freedom struggle against the moneylenders. She had seen the sufferings of the people in many villages.She realized that women were the only ones who could fight against superstitions for their own empowerment. When the Mahatma's famous Noakhali yatra began, she joined it because she was not in tune with the views of other members. <mask> Choudhury, as a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, and as the President of the Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee, tried to emphasize the role of education in rural reconstruction. In 1951, when she became the Chief Minister of Orissa, she highlighted the plight of the have-nots, particularly those belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. She decided not to join politics because Gandhiji advised Congress activists not to join politics, but to work for and with the people with service as their goal. After the Bajiraut Chhatravas, Utkal Navajeevan Mandal and the Postbasic School were established, a dynamic person like her did not slow down her efforts. She joined the Bhoodan movement.She was imprisoned for raising her voice against the anti- people policy adopted by the government. <mask> died at the age of ninety-three. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the first sitting of the Constituent Assembly, there were honours and awards. She refused to accept the prestigious Jamnalal Bajaj Award from the Prime Minister because he had not done anything to promote Gandhian values. <mask> Chaudhury is remembered for her Unforgettable life in

masks: Malati Malati Malati


title: Lawrence Hartmann

type: paraphrased

texts: The former President of the American Psychiatric Association is a child psychiatrist. The APA removed homosexuality as a diagnosis of mental illness from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1973. This change paved the way for the advancement of gay civil rights, including the right to marry. <mask> was born in Vienna, Austria in 1937 into a family of intellectual social reformers. The annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany and his family's emigration from Vienna to Paris, Switzerland, and to New York City in 1941 were some of the major events in <mask>'s early years. His father was a renowned psychiatrist and a student of Sigmund Freud. He was a dean of world psychoanalysis in the mid-twentieth century.His mother was M.D. A family of lawyers and publishers. A noted mountaineer in her early life, she chose to become a pediatrician in Vienna over the objections of her father who believed that a woman's constitution was not strong enough to endure medical school. She continued her training in New York to become a Psychiatrist. After graduating from the Fieldston School in New York City, he attended Harvard College where he received a B.A. There is a degree in History and Literature. As a Rhodes Scholar, he obtained two degrees in English Literature.He got an M.D. After graduating from Harvard Medical School, he worked as an intern at the University of California in San Francisco. He had a fellowship in child psychiatry at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center and was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217

masks: Hartmann Hartmann


title: Lawrence Hartmann

texts: membership affirmed the removal of homosexuality as a diagnosis of mental illness after a small group of opponents tried to reverse the Board's vote. After his activism led to him being elected a member of the APA Assembly and subsequently Speaker of the Assembly, he was elected Vice President and President of the APA.As a member of the APA's Board of Trustees and International Affairs Committee, <mask> led and participated in human rights missions to examine mental health conditions under apartheid in the Union of South Africa and under dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet in Chile. <mask> traveled to the Soviet Union to meet with dissident psychiatrists and examine evidence of the abuse of psychiatry by the Soviet government. The APA and the WPA succeeded in persuading the World Psychiatric Association to establish an Ethics Committee to investigate abuses of Psychiatry. The Soviet Union quit the WPA in protest. The travelling University of Psychiatry was sponsored by the APA in 1992. The Committee on Orientation and Sexual Identity of the Boston Psychoanalytic Institute was founded in 1996. Psychiatrists and psychoanalysts.The American Psychoanalytic Association issued a public apology to the LGBTQ community in June of 2019. In order to remove homophobia from our institutional culture by organizing conferences, leading evening programs, serving as a discussant during clinical presentations, and providing mentorship for gay analytic Candidates, the Board of Directors of the Board of Directors of the Board of Directors of the Board of Directors of the Board of Directors When Massachusetts became the first state to grant full civil rights


title: Lawrence Hartmann

texts: for same-sex marriage in 2004, they married. J. Drescher. An interview with a doctor. p. The Boston Psychoanalytic Institute is located in Boston.Doerr, O., <mask>, L., Lira, E. and Weinstein, E. are authors of Torture: Phenomenology and psychiatric sequelae. Psychiatry, 55(5):178-194. Some Uses of Dirty Words by Children was published in 1973. The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry has a journal. The paper was published in 12(1):108-122. Current Psychiatric Therapies is a ed. J. Masserman.In New York, there is a pp. 29-47. Nightingale, E., <mask>, L., Hannibal, K., Geiger, J., <mask>, R., and Spurlock, J. Apartheid medicine was published in 1990. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 264(16):206-206. L. <mask> wrote about humane values and bio-psycho-social integration. The country of Amer.J. Psychiatry. There are some social psychiatric problems in South Africa and the Soviet Union. In: Psychiatry and World Accords. J. Masserman. New York, pp. 5-15.Reflections on humane values and bio-psychosocial Integration was published in 1992. The country of Amer. J. The Psychiatry, 149(9):1135-1144. The memorial tribute and filial memoir was written by L. <mask>. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child was published in 49:3-12. Hanson and Hartmann wrote about the development of prehomosexual boys.The Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health was published. R.P. Cabaj and T.S. Stein. The American Psychiatric Press is in Washington, DC. 258-265. The Foreword was written by L. <mask>.The Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health was published. R.P. Cabaj and T.S. Stein. The American Psychiatric Press is in Washington, DC.

masks: Hartmann Hartmann Lawrence Hartmann Hartmann Hartmann


title: Lawrence Hartmann

texts: xxxi. Children are left out.The country of Amer. J. forensic Psychiatry. 19(4):33-44. "Eros in a gay dyad" is a discussion. There is a Gender and Psychoanalysis. Physician-assisted suicide. There is a Psychiatric Services.Confidentiality, by L<mask>. The primer of the APA. D. Langsley. The American Psychiatric Press is in Washington, DC. 39-45. Too flawed was written by L. <mask>. Don't publish a commentary on changing sexual orientation.Sexual behavior can be found in the archives. <mask>. "Koryagin recounts ongoing Soviet abuses." The Psychiatric Times, Sept. 2015, p. 52. Health and Human Rights in South Africa. There are additional references to the American Psychoanalytic Association. APsaA Issues Overdue Apology to the LGBTQ Community.The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry has a Life Member's Report. Basic Books in New York, NY, USA. J. Drescher. The Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy had an interview with <mask>. The first issue of 10, Issue 1, was published in 2006 An oral history of American Psychiatry and Homosexuality. Chapter 3 contains an interview with a doctor.The book was published in 2007. Editors are Drescher J., Merlino J.P. An oral history of American Psychiatry and Homosexuality. New York, NY, USA: 2007. The man is named "Levin." There is a Global Initiative on Psychiatry. There is a Psychiatric News.48, Issue 3, p 12 was published. <mask> was M.D., One Twentieth President. The American Journal of Psychiatry was published in 1992. In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association decided that homosexuality was no longer a mental illness. The University of Oxford and Harvard Medical School alumni are

masks:
. Hartmann
Hartmann
Lawrence Hartmann
Lawrence Hartmann
Lawrence Hartmann


title: Koki Tanaka

texts: He is a singer and actor. His contract with the company that manages KAT-TUN was terminated when he was a member of the band. He was a member of KAT-TUN and had a hip-hop style. The comedy duo 'TaNaka' was formed by <mask> and Yuichi Nakamaru. INKT was formed by <mask> after he left Johnny & ASSOCIATES. On November 5, 1985 in Japan, the second oldest of 5 siblings was born to a single mother. His younger brother Juri is also an actor.In the first episode of the TV series, <mask> played the lead role, and Juri and his brother appeared alongside him. His younger brother Hyouga is also an actor. His mother thought he would be a girl, so she named him Maria. The pronunciation of his name was changed to "Kki", which means "Saint" in Japanese, because he turned out to be a boy. He was often mistaken for a girl because of his cute and feminine face. After graduating from Horikoshi High School, he went to study at Josai International University, but he quit halfway. He wanted to be a vet because he loves animals so much.When he was 13 years old he joined Johnny & ASSOCIATES because his mother sent the application form behind his back. I didn't know anything at all when I went to the auditioning. She said that my cousin applied as well. We went to the auditioning together. He was a member of Jpop idol boy band KAT-TUN from their debut in 2001 until September 30, 2013 when his contract was terminated due to several contract violations. In November of the same year he formed his own band called INKT and was the lead vocalist, and they released their debut album. On September 1, it was announced on the band's website that INKT has ended.After the band's demise, <mask> continues to release music and perform in live shows as a solo artist. On January 23, <mask> released his first solo album Easter under his own record label 'Project KOKI', followed by a solo national tour in Japan from February 2 to April 6,

masks: Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka


title: Koki Tanaka

texts: 2019. The single Round and Round was released on July 31, and he held a one-man live tour in August and a band tour in October. On October 2, he released a mini album. On January 5, 2020, <mask> started his own official Youtube channel where he uploads original content often featuring him with his younger brother Hyouga. The shows were supposed to start in June 2020 but had to be delayed due to the COVID-19 epidemic, they will now start on April 21. <mask> and his brother Hyouga started a radio show called Family Raaaaadio which broadcasts shows weekly on Sundays in Japan.He has won 2 awards for his acting work in My Boss My Hero, as well as appearing in a string of Japanese TV series and movies. On May 24, 2017, <mask> was arrested for marijuana possession during a traffic stop, despite claiming the cannabis in his car were not his, he was tested positive for the drug, and was held for 2 weeks while investigations were ongoing. On June 30 it was reported that the police did not have enough evidence to prosecute him for marijuana possession, as he was released from jail on June 7. Police in Nagoya arrested <mask> for possession of methamphetamine. He was quoted as saying that he did not know anything about the drugs. There are several instruments that <mask> can play. He plays the guitar, piano, and shamisen.He wrote most of the lyrics for KAT-TUN's songs and his solo. He wrote all of the band's songs while in INKT. He has a talent for sewing and designs his own apparels. This is a list of all the live concerts that <mask> has performed at and will perform in either solo or with his rock band INKT. The guest performer is Hatsudai DOORS and the lead performer is Nagoya ell.FITS ALL. There is a lack of oxygen speeding the old year. The Tora Rock Festival had several shows at different venues in Aichi Prefecture.The Palooza presents "Bakugan Festival" on February 25. The Last Day of Heisei! Epikkus

masks: Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka


title: Michel Foucault

texts: Paul-<mask> was a French philosopher, historian, writer, political activist, and literary critic. <mask>'s theories address the relationship between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions. <mask> rejected the labels of structuralist and postmodernist. His thought has influenced many academics, especially those working in communication studies, anthropology, psychology, sociology, criminology, cultural studies, literary theory, feminism, Marxism and critical theory. <mask> was educated at the cole Normale Supérieure, where he developed an interest in philosophy and came under the influence of his tutors. After several years as a cultural diplomat abroad, he returned to France and published his first major book, The History of Madness. The Birth of the Clinic and The Order of Things were publications which showed his increasing involvement with structuralism, but he later distanced himself.<mask> was developing a historiographical technique called "archaeology." <mask> became head of the philosophy department at the new experimental university of Paris VIII after lecturing at the University of Tunisia from 1966 to 1968. The Archaeology of Knowledge was published by <mask>. <mask> was a member of the Collge de France until his death. He was involved in campaigns against

masks:
Michel Foucault
Foucault
Foucault
Foucault
Foucault
Foucault
Foucault
Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: racism and human rights abuses. Discipline and Punish was published in 1975, and The History of Sexuality was published in 1976, both of which emphasized the role that power plays in society. <mask> was the first public figure in France to die from HIV/AIDS.The charity was founded in his memory by his partner. The second of three children in a prosperous, socially-conservative, upper-middle-class family, <mask> <mask> was born on October 15, 1926 in the city of Poitiers, west-central France. He was named after his father, <mask>, but his mother insisted on the addition of "<mask>", despite his preference for "Paul" throughout his life. His father set up his own practice after moving to Poitiers. Anne Malapert was the daughter of a prosperous surgeon who owned a private practice and taught at the University of Poitiers' School of Medicine. Anne took charge of their large mid-19th-century house in the village of Vendeuvre-du-Poitou, while <mask> took over his father-in-law's medical practice. The couple had three children, two boys and a girl, who all had the same fair hair and bright blue eyes.The family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch

masks:
Foucault
Paul Michel
Foucault
Paul Foucault
Michel
Paul Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch Foucault didn't reveal much about his childhood in later life. He said his father was a bully who punished him. Foucault began his education two years early. After two years of elementary education, he entered the main lycée. He excelled in French, Greek, Latin, and history in his first four years of secondary education, but did poorly in mathematics. The Second World War began in 1939 and the Nazis occupied France in 1940.<mask>'s parents did not join the Resistance. The Jesuits run the Collge Saint-Stanislas, a strict Catholic institution that <mask>'s mother enrolls him in. <mask> excelled academically despite describing his years there as an "ordeal". He earned his bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1943 after entering his final year in the terminale. He studied philosophy and history for a year with the help of a personal tutor. <mask> went to one of the country's most prestigious secondary schools after rejecting his father's wishes that he become a surgeon. He studied under the philosopher Jean

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: Hyppolite, who was an expert on the work of Hegel.Hegel and Karl Marx were two of the most important philosophers of the 20th century. These ideas influenced <mask>, who believed that philosophy must be developed through a study of history. <mask> was admitted to the Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) in the autumn of 1946, after taking exams and an oral interrogation by Canguilhem and Schuhl. <mask> ranked fourth among the hundred students entering the ENS, and encountered the highly competitive nature of the institution. Like most of his classmates, he lived in the school's communal dormitories. He spent a lot of time alone, reading. He decorated his bedroom with images of torture and war drawn during the Napoleonic Wars by Spanish artist Francisco Goya, and on one occasion chased a fellow student with a dagger.<mask> tried to kill himself in 1948 and his father sent him to see a doctor. <mask> was obsessed with the idea of self-mutilation and suicide and praised it in later writings. <mask>'s state of mind was examined by the ENS's doctor, who said that his suicidal tendencies emerged from the distress surrounding his homosexuality, because same-sex sexual activity was socially taboo in France. According to biographer James Miller, <mask> enjoyed the thrill and sense of danger that came from engaging in homosexual activity with men

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: whom he encountered in the underground Parisian gay scene, also in drug use. <mask> became enamored with philosophy after studying various subjects, including Hegel and Marx, as well as Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. He was interested in the history of science and the work of the philosopher Gaston Bachelard. He graduated from the ENS with a B.A.In 1948 there was an M.A. in philosophy and a DES. In 1949, in philosophy. His thesis was titled The Constitution of a Historical Transcendental in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. Louis Althusser was a tutor at the ENS. He encouraged <mask> and a number of other students to join the French Communist Party. <mask> never became particularly active in its activities and never adopted an orthodox Marxist viewpoint, rejecting core Marxist tenets such as class struggle. He was appalled by the anti-semitism exhibited in the Soviet Union and he became dissatisfied with the bigotry that he experienced within the party's ranks.He was a friend of Althusser's for the rest of his life after he left the Communist Party. He passed his agrégation in philosophy on the second try after failing the first attempt. After being excused from national service on medical grounds, he decided to start a doctorate in philosophy of psychology at the Fondation Thiers, but he relinquished it after one year. <mask>


title: Michel Foucault

texts: studied psychology at the University of Paris, where he obtained a B.A. The University's Institute of Psychology had a degree in psychology in 1949. <mask> embarked on a variety of research and teaching jobs over the following few years. He was a psychology instructor at the ENS from 1951 to 1955.In Paris, he shared a flat with his brother who was training to become a surgeon, but for three days in the week he commuted to the northern town of Lille to teach psychology at the Université de Lille. His lecturing style was liked by many of his students. He continued to work on his thesis while visiting the Bibliothque Nationale to read the work of psychologists. He was an unofficial intern at the Sainte-Anne Hospital and studied the relationship between doctor and patient. <mask> adopted many of the theories of Sigmund Freud, including the interpretation of his dreams and the Rorschach tests that 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611

masks: Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: Foucault entered into a romantic relationship with a serialist composer. They tried to produce their greatest work, heavily used recreational drugs, and engage in sado-masochistic sexual activity together.In August 1953, <mask> and Barraqué traveled to Italy, where <mask> immersed himself in a set of four essays by Friedrich Nietzsche. He felt that reading the book deeply affected him and it was a watershed moment in his life. <mask> watched a performance of Samuel Beckett's new play, Waiting for Godot, in Paris in 1953. <mask> was an avid reader of Maurice Blanchot's book reviews. He adopted Blanchot's technique of interviewing himself in later works. The Death of Virgil was a novel that obsessed <mask> and Barraqué. <mask> admired the work for its depiction of death as an expression of life.Some of the authors whose works explored the themes of sex and violence are the Marquis de Sade, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Jean Genet. <mask> helped a family friend translate a Swiss psychologist's works into French. Binswanger's studies of Ellen West, who had a deep obsession with suicide, were of particular interest to <mask>. <mask> wrote an introduction to Binswanger's paper "Dream and Existence" in which he argued that dreams expressed the mind's deepest desires. <mask> published his first book, Maladie mentale et personalité (Mental

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: Illness and Personality), in which he showed his influence from both Marxist and Heideggerian thought, covering a wide range of subject matter. Referencing the work of sociologists and anthropologists such as mile Durkheim, he presented his theory that illness was culturally relative. James Miller said that the book lacked the "kind of fire and flair" that <mask> exhibited in his later works.It only received one review at the time. <mask> tried to prevent its republication and translation into English. <mask> spent the next five years abroad, first in Sweden, where he worked as a cultural diplomat, and then in Poland and West Germany, where he worked as a historian. While working as the director of the Maison de France, he was appointed a Reader in French language and literature, opening the possibility of a cultural-diplomatic career. He developed a close friendship with two French men, Jean-Franois Miquel and Jacques Papet-Lépine, and entered into romantic and sexual relationships with other men, despite finding it difficult to adjust to the "Nordic gloom" and long winters. He was known for his heavy alcohol consumption and reckless driving in his new Jaguar car. In the spring of 1956, Barraqué broke from <mask> and said he wanted to leave the "vertigo madness".<mask> spent most of his spare time in the Carolina Rediviva library

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: at the university, where he used the library's collection of texts on the history of medicine for his research. <mask>'s thesis was rejected by the university because it was full of speculative generalisations and was a poor work of history. <mask> left Sweden because of this rejection. <mask> admitted that there was a lack of quality in the first draft. <mask> took charge of the University of Warsaw's Centre Franais after arriving in the capital of the Polish People's Republic. The destruction of the Second World War made life in Poland difficult for <mask>. In the aftermath of the Polish October of 1956, when students protested against the governing communist Polish United Workers' Party, he felt that most Poles despised their government as a puppet regime of the Soviet Union.He traveled the country giving lectures and adopted the position of cultural attache considering the university was a liberal enclave. <mask> had relationships with a number of men in Poland, one of which was with a Polish security agent who hoped to trap Foucault in an embarrassing situation, which would reflect badly on the French embassy. He was ordered to leave Poland because of the diplomatic scandal. <mask> relocated to West Germany, where he taught the same courses that he had taught in Warsaw and Uppsala. He entered into a relationship with a


title: Michel Foucault

texts: transvestite while in the Reeperbahn red light district. In West Germany, <mask> completed his primary thesis in 1960 for his State doctorate. "Madness and Insanity: History of Madness in the Classical Age" is based on his studies into the history of medicine.The book argued that madness was not a mental illness but a social construct. The Renaissance, the later 17th and 18th centuries and the modern experience are what <mask> describes the evolution of the concept of madness. Antonin Artaud was a French poet and playwright who influenced <mask>'s thought at the time. An expansive work consisting of                                                      The University of Paris required <mask> to submit his main thesis and a shorter one in order to get a State doctorate. Obtaining a doctorate in France was a multi-step process. <mask> chose Georges Canguilhem as his "sponsor" for the work.After being rejected by Gallimard, <mask> chose to publish his book in French by the company Plon. The English version of Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason was published in 1964. There was a mixed reception in France and in foreign journals. Although it was critically acclaimed, it was largely ignored by the left-wing press, much to <mask>'s disappointment. In a March 1963 lecture at the University of Paris, it was


title: Michel Foucault

texts: criticized for advocating metaphysics. <mask> criticized the interpretation of René Descartes. The two reconciled in 1981.In the English-speaking world, the work became a significant influence on the anti-psychiatry movement, but <mask> argued that most of them misinterpreted his work. Between 1959 and 1960 <mask> wrote a translation and commentary on German philosopher Immanuel Kant's Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View. He used <mask>'s discussion of thearchaeology of the Kantian text to conclude his thesis. This work's rapporteur was <mask>'s old tutor and then-director of the ENS, Hyppolite, who was well acquainted with German philosophy. He went public with his defense of his thesis on May 20, 1961. The academics responsible for reviewing his work were concerned about the unconventional nature of his major thesis; reviewer Henri Gouhier noted that it was not a conventional work of history, making sweeping generalisations without sufficient particular argument, and that <mask> clearly "thinks in allegories". They all agreed that the project was of merit, despite reservations.<mask> commuted to the city every week from Paris, where he lived in a high-rise, while he was at the University of Clermont-Ferrand. Responsible for teaching psychology, which was subsumed within the philosophy department, he was considered a


title: Michel Foucault

texts: "rather traditional" teacher. Jules Vuillemin befriended <mask> after running the department. When Vuillemin was elected to the Collge de France in 1962, <mask> took his job. <mask> disliked Roger Garaudy, a senior figure in the Communist Party, because he was stupid. Garaudy transferred to Poitiers because <mask> made life difficult at the university. <mask> and Daniel Defert had a non-monogamous relationship for the rest of <mask>'s life.<mask> sat on the editorial board of Critique and published reviews in literary journals. Raymond Roussel was the subject of a book published in 1963. It was published by Gallimard in less than two months and was described by biographer David Macey as a very personal book that resulted from a love affair with Roussel's work. Death and the Labyrinth: The World of Raymond Roussel was published in English in 1983. It was largely ignored after receiving few reviews. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception was a sequel to the first one. The medical establishment underwent changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.His previous work was largely ignored but later gained a cult following. The field of medical ethics was interested in the ways in which the history of medicine and hospitals, and the training that those working within them receive, bring about a particular way


title: Michel Foucault

texts: of looking at the body. The "Eighteen Man Commission" assembled between November 1963 and March 1964 to discuss university reforms that were to be implemented by Christian Fouchet, the Gaullist Minister of National Education. In 1967, they brought staff strikes and student protests. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences was published by Gallimard in 1966. Exploring how man came to be an object of knowledge, it argued that all periods of history have had certain underlying conditions of truth that constituted what was acceptable as scientific discourse. The conditions of discourse have changed over time according to Foucault.The work became a surprise bestseller in France despite being designed for a specialist audience. At the height of interest in structuralism, <mask> was quickly grouped with scholars such as Jacques Lacan, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Roland Barthes, as the latest wave of thinkers set to topple the existentialism popularized by Jean-Paul Sartre. <mask> rejected this description after initially accepting it. They criticized one another in the press. <mask> retaliated against his Marxist beliefs by proclaiming that "Marxism exists in nineteenth-century thought as a fish exists in water; that is, it ceases to breathe anywhere else." <mask> took a position teaching psychology at the University of


title: Michel Foucault

texts: Tunisia in 1966. His decision to do so was largely due to the fact that his lover, Defert, had been posted to the country as part of his national service.<mask> moved to the village of Sidi Bou Sad, where Gérard Deledalle lived with his wife. Tunisia was "blessed by history", a nation which "deserves to live forever", according to <mask>. His lectures at the university were very popular. Although many young students were enthusiastic about his teaching, they were critical of what they believed to be his right-wing political views, even though he considered himself a lefty. During the anti-government and pro-Palestinian riots in June 1967, <mask> was in Tunisia. Although highly critical of the violent, ultra-nationalistic and anti-semitic nature of many protesters, he used his status to try to prevent some of his militant left-wing students from being arrested and tortured. When the trials became closed-door, he hid their printing press in his garden and tried to testify on their behalf.<mask> continued to write while in Tunisia. <mask> started to write a book about the impressionist artist douard Manet, but never finished it. <mask> moved into an apartment on the Rue de Vaugirard in 1968. The Minister of Education responded to the May 1968 student protests by founding new universities. The Centre Expérimental de Vincennes is on the

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: outskirts of Paris. Canguilheim recommended <mask> as head of the Philosophy Department after a group of prominent academics were asked to pick teachers to run the centre's departments. In order to become a tenured professor of Vincennes, <mask> wanted to get the best in French philosophy.The university's students and staff were involved in occupations and clashed with police after the January 1969 lectures began. The Maison de la Mutualité was the site of a speech by <mask> in February. Such actions marked <mask>'s embrace of the ultra- left, which was influenced by Defert, who had become a Maoist. Most of the courses at <mask>'s philosophy department were Marxist–Leninist, although <mask> himself gave courses on "The end of Metaphysics" and "The Discourse of Sexuality". While the right-wing press was critical of this new institution, the new Minister of Education was upset by its ideological bent and lack of exams. He refused national accreditation of the degrees, leading to a rebuttal from <mask>. <mask> wanted to leave Vincennes and become a fellow of the prestigious Collge de France.He requested to join, taking up a chair in what he called the "history of systems of thought," and his request was championed by members Dumézil, Hyppolite, and Vuillemin. <mask> was elected to the Collge in 1969 despite opposition from a large

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: minority. The first lecture he gave was published as L'Ordre du discours. He was obliged to give 12 weekly lectures a year for the rest of his life, and these became one of the events of Parisian intellectual life. He gave seminars to a group of students on Mondays, many of them becoming "Foulcauldian tribe" who worked with him on his research. They published a number of short books together. Over the next 14 years, he gave lectures in Brazil, Japan, Canada, and the United States.<mask> was a professor in the French Department of the University at Buffalo. The Groupe d'Information sur les Prisons was founded in 1971 by <mask> and others. The aim of the Gip was to expose and give prisoners and ex-prisoners a voice in French society. It was critical of the penal system because it INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals In 1971 the Toul prison riot started a series of prison riots that led to the police cracking down and arresting many


title: Michel Foucault

texts: people. The group had up to 3000 members and was active across France. <mask> co-authored a book about the case of the convicted murderer Pierre Rivire.<mask> published a history of the system in western Europe in 1975, after his research into the penal system. The penitentiary system that began in Europe and the United States at the end of the 18th century was examined by <mask>. It was well received and was described as "perhaps the finest" of <mask>'s works. In 1971 <mask> was involved in anti-racist campaigns after the killing of Arab migrant Djellali Ben Ali. He worked with his literary heroes, including Jean Genet. There was tension at their meetings as <mask> opposed the anti-Israeli sentiment of many Arab workers and Maoist activists. The arrest of <mask> and Genet at the December 1972 protest resulted in widespread publicity.The Agence de Press-Libération (APL), a group of left-wing journalists, was founded by <mask>. <mask> suggested that they establish committees across France to collect news and distribute the paper, as well as a column known as the "Chronicle of the Workers' Memory" to allow workers to express their opinions. <mask> wanted an active journalistic role in the paper, but this didn't work out and he didn't publish in it until 1980. It was the greatest experience of his life, and that it profoundly changed


title: Michel Foucault

texts: his work, that he wrote about in 1975. They took drugs in front of Zabriskie Point while listening to a well-prepared music program, starting with Richard Strauss's Four Last Songs, followed by Charles Ives's Three Places in New England, and ending with a few avant-garde pieces by Stockhausen. The second History of Sexuality's manuscript was scrapped as soon as <mask> came back to Paris, according to Wade. <mask>'s Histoire de la sexualité: la volonté de savoir (The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge) was published in 1976.The concept of power was rejected by both Marxism and Freudian theory. <mask> wanted it to be the first in a seven-volume exploration of the subject. Histoire de la sexualité was a best-seller in France and gained positive press, butlukewarm intellectual interest, something that upset <mask>, who felt that many misunderstood his hypothesis. He became dissatisfied with Gallimard after being offended by a senior staff member. Along with Paul Veyne and Franois Wahl, <mask> launched a new series of academic books, known as Des travaux (Some Works), through the company Seuil, which he hoped would improve the state of academic research in France. The memoirs of Herculine Barbin and My Secret Life were introduced by him. The relation between truth and sex is the focus of <mask>'s Histoire de la sexualité.He


title: Michel Foucault

texts: says truth is a system of ordered procedures for the production, distribution, regulation, circulation, and operation of statements. Power structures are created and enforced through this system of truth. Though <mask>'s definition of truth may differ from other sociologists before and after him, his work with truth in relation to power structures, such as sexuality, has left a profound mark on social science theory. During the 18th and 19th century in the western world, there was a "world of perversion" due to heightened curiosity about sexuality. The modern age is symbolized by the conception of sexual discourse and their union with the system of truth, according to <mask>. In the "world of perversion", including extramarital affairs, homosexual behavior, and other such sexual promiscuities, <mask> concludes that sexual relations of the kind are constructed around producing the truth. Sex became an issue of truth.Sex and light bring one to light. In The History of Sexuality, society approves people based on how closely they fit the sexual truth. <mask> reminds us that in the 18th and 19th century the Church was the epitome of power within society. Many aligned their personal virtues with those of the Church in order to internalize their beliefs on the meaning of sex. Those who unify their sexual relation to the truth are obliged


title: Michel Foucault

texts: to share their internal views with the Church. The arrangement of societal norms will no longer be seen as an effect of the Church's power structure. <mask> protested government abuses of human rights around the world.In 1975, he played a key role in the protests against the Spanish government who were about to execute 11 people. He and six others were arrested and deported back to Paris after they traveled to Madrid to give a press conference. He fractured his rib when he clashed with police during the protest of Klaus Croissant's transfer to West Germany. He organised an assembly of Eastern Bloc dissidents to 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556. He tried to get Vietnamese political dissidents to be granted asylum in France. <mask> was asked to write a column in 1977. He went to Tehran in 1978 after the Black Friday massacre.He met with opposition leaders and discovered popular support for Islamism while documenting the Iranian Revolution. He was one of the journalists who went to Tehran before returning to France. He was criticized by Iranian expatriates in the French press for his praise of the Islamist movement. Islamism was to become a major political force in the region and the West must treat it with respect. <mask> studied Zen

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: Buddhism under Omori Sogen at the Uenohara temple in Japan in 1978. After the Socialist Party's electoral victory in 1981, <mask> expressed cautious support for the government. His support deteriorated when the party refused to condemn the Polish government's use of force against the Solidarity trade union.He and sociologist Pierre Bourdieu took part in large public protests on the issue after they wrote a document condemning Mitterrand's inaction. <mask> and his friend Simone Signoret traveled to Poland as part of a Médecins du Monde expedition to visit the Auschwitz concentration camp. Gallimard published the second and third volumes of Histoire de la sexualité in June 1984. The second volume, L'Usage des plaisirs, dealt with the "techniques of self" prescribed by ancient Greek pagan morality in relation to sexual ethics, while the third volume, Le Souci de soi, explored the same theme in the Greek and Latin texts of the first sexuality in early Christianity was to be examined in the fourth volume of Les Aveux de la chair. In October 1980, <mask> became a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, giving the Howison Lectures on "Truth and Subjectivity", while in November he lectured at the Humanities Institute at New York University. Time magazine noted <mask>'s growing popularity in American intellectual


title: Michel Foucault

texts: circles, while he lectured at UCLA, the University of Vermont, and Berkeley, drawing huge crowds.<mask> spent a lot of time in the San Francisco gay scene, frequenting bathhouses and engaging in sex without a condom. He praised sado- masochistic activity in interviews with the gay press, describing it as "the real creation of new possibilities of pleasure, which people had no idea about previously." <mask> developed AIDS after contracting HIV. The first cases of the virus were identified in 1980. <mask> used to refer to AIDS as a "dreamed-up disease". He developed a dry cough in the summer of 1983, but <mask> insisted it was a lung problem. When <mask> was hospitalized, he was treated with antibiotics and was able to deliver a final set of lectures.On 10 June 1984, <mask> entered Paris' Hpital de la Salptrire, the same institution that he had studied in Madness and Civilisation. He died in the hospital. The rumour was that <mask>'s death was brought on by AIDS. The medical bulletin was cleared by his family and did not mention HIV/AIDS. <mask>'s la levée du corps ceremony took place on June 29th, in which the coffin was carried from the hospital mortuary. Hundreds attended, including activists and academic friends, as Gilles Deleuze gave a speech using excerpts from The History of Sexuality. His body was buried in a small

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: music and was known for wearing turtleneck sweaters. <mask> was described as having possessed "a profound kindness and goodness" and an "intelligence that literally knew no bounds" by his friend. His archive was sold to the France's national library for  3.8m. <mask> was a left-winger throughout much of his life. <mask> left the French Communist Party after three years as he expressed disgust at the prejudice against Jews and homosexuals within the party. After working in Poland, which was ruled as a socialist state by the Polish United Workers' Party, he became more upset with communist ideology.<mask> was considered to be "violently anticommunist" by some of his detractors, even though he was involved in leftist campaigns along with most of his students and colleagues. He argued that young children could give sexual consent and that adult-child sex and pedophilia were forms of liberation for both actors. In 1977 <mask> signed a petition to the French parliament calling for the decriminalization of consensual sexual relations between adults and children below the age of fifteen. Pierre Bourdieu summarized <mask>'s thought as "a long exploration of transgression, of going beyond social limits, always inseparably linked to knowledge and power." Philip Stokes of the University of Reading said that <mask>'s work was dark and


title: Michel Foucault

texts: pessimistic. It shows how the discipline of philosophy can be used to highlight areas of domination. In doing so, the ways in which we are being dominated become better understood, so that we may strive to build social structures that minimize the risk of domination.The detail which individualizes people is what had to be close attention to in all of this development. <mask> said that his work was less about analyzing power as a phenomenon than about trying to understand the different ways in which society has expressed the use of power to objectivise subjects. One involves scientific authority to classify and order knowledge about human populations, the other is to categorize and normalise human subjects, and the third relates to the way in which humans are. <mask> wrote on literature. Death and the Labyrinth: The World of Raymond Roussel is <mask>'s only book-length work of literature. He said the book was easy to write and had the greatest pleasure. <mask> uses the texts of Raymond Roussel, one of the first notable experimental writers, to explore theory, criticism, and psychology.<mask> responded to "The Death of the Author" in a lecture titled "What Is an Author?" In 1969 it was published in full. For <mask>, "denying the existence of a historical author on account of his/ her irrelevance for interpretation is absurd, for the


title: Michel Foucault

texts: author is a function of the text that organizes its sense." <mask>'s analysis of power comes in two forms: empirical and theoretical. Historical and modern forms of power are the focus of the empirical analyses. <mask> describes three types of power in his analyses. <mask> doesn't like theories that try to give answers to everything.He considered his theory of power to be closer to a method than a typical theory. Most people misunderstand power. He makes clear that power cannot be completely described as a group of institutions and mechanisms whose aim is for a citizen to obey and yield to the state. <mask> claims that the theories of power can't completely describe all forms of power. According to <mask>, a liberal definition of power has hidden other forms of power to the extent that people have uncritically accepted them. <mask>'s theory of power begins with singular "force relations". <mask>'s concept of "force relation" is defined by Richard A. Lynch as "whatever in one's social interactions that pushes, urges or requires one to do something."<mask> says that force relations are an effect of difference, inequality or unbalance in other forms of relationships. Power is a complex group of forces that come from "everything" and therefore exists everywhere. Power always has a goal or purpose when relations of power 888-609-


title: Michel Foucault

texts: 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- There are two forms of power: tactics and strategies. The power of tactics can be seen in how a person chooses to express themselves through their clothes. Power on macro-level can be the state of fashion at any moment. There are a combination of tactics.Power is non-subjective according to <mask>. According to Lynch, there can't be someone who exerts power at the same time as someone who doesn't. According to Lynch, power is something which reaches further than the influence of single people or groups. Even if individuals and groups try to influence fashion, their actions will often get consequences. Individuals and groups are limited by their situation even if they have a free choice. According to <mask>, force relations are constantly changing and interacting with other force relations which may weaken, strengthen or change one another. <mask> writes that there is always a chance that power and force relations will change


title: Michel Foucault

texts: in some way.According to Richard A. Lynch, the purpose of <mask>'s theory of power is to increase people's awareness of how power has shaped their way of being, thinking and acting, and by increasing this awareness making it possible for them to change their way of being, thinking and acting. <mask> refers to a power structure that is similar to a pyramid, where one person or a group of people hold the power, while the "normal" people are at the bottom. The people who enforce the orders are in the middle of the pyramid. An example of sovereignty is absolute monarchy. Crimes were considered a personal offense against the monarch and his/her power in historical absolute monarchies. In order to deter others from committing crimes, the punishment was often public and spectacular. It was both expensive and ineffective and led to a lot of people empathizing with the criminal.Criminals are subjected to various techniques to "remold" them into a "law abiding citizen" in modern times. The right to take life, wealth, services, labor and products is a characteristic of sovereignty. To take life, to enslave life, etc. are some of the things the sovereign has a right to subtract. The right to control life in the way that later happens in power systems is not available. Taylor says that the form of power that Thomas Hobbes is concerned about is


title: Michel Foucault

texts: sovereignty. According to Hobbes, people are free for a long time. Disciplined power aims to use bodies' skills as effectively as possible.The more useful the body becomes, the more obedient it becomes. The purpose of this is to prevent the bodies' skills from being used to revolt against the power. The object, target and instrument of Disciplinary power are individuals. <mask> says that "individual" is a construct created by power. The discipline power's techniques create a "rational self-control", which in practice means that the discipline power doesn't need external force. Disciplined power is a productive form of power, according to Foucault. Disciplinary power doesn't oppress interests or desires, but rather subjects bodies to reconstructed patterns of behavior to reconstruct their thoughts, desires and interests.This happens in many places according to <mask>. New movements, habits and skills are created by Disciplinary power. They focus on details, single movements, timing and speed. It organizes bodies in time and space. Rules, exams, and controls are used. The purpose of the activities is to lead the bodies to their goals. To reach a productivity that is greater than the sum of all bodies activities, the bodies are combined with each other.Disciplinary power has excelled due to its use of three technologies: hierarchical


title: Michel Foucault

texts: observation, normalized judgement and exams. The bodies are visible to the power. Since there isn't a single observer, the observation is a hierarchy. The mental asylums of the 19th century had nurses and auxiliary staff as well as the psychiatrist. A norm is established and used to judge the observed bodies. The judgement needs to be normalized for the power to continue. <mask> mentions several characteristics of this judgement: 1) all deviations, even small ones, from correct behavior are punished, 2) repeated rule violations are punished extra, 3) exercises are used as a behavior correction technique and punishment, and 4) rewards are used together with punishment to establish a hierarchy of good and badpunishment and reward are used. Examination combine observation and judgement. It is possible to individualize the observed bodies by creating extensive documentation. The purpose of the exams is to gather more information about each individual, track their development and compare their results to the norm. Jeremy Bentham's plan for the "optimal prison": the panopticon can be seen in <mask>'s "formula" for discipline power. Every cell in the prison is occupied by one prisoner. There are two windows in every cell, one to let in light from outside and the other pointing to the middle of the building.A guard can be placed in the


title: Michel Foucault

texts: middle of the tower to watch the prisoners. As if they were constantly being watched, the prisoners will internalize the power of discipline and regulate their own behavior since they will never be able to know whether they are being watched or not. The separation of prisoners from each other in the physical room makes it possible for them to regulate their own behavior as if they were always watched, according to <mask>. The panopticon has been used as a model for mental asylums in the 19th century. F.W. In Taylor's book The Principles of Scientific Management, an example of power can be seen. Taylor wanted to increase the effectiveness of workers by controlling their behavior.An attempt to increase the amount of pig iron carried by each worker without causing the workers to strike was mentioned by him. This is an example of how the discipline power tries to make the body more useful by making it more obedient. The first thing Taylor did was observe his 75 workers to find the most skilled workers. The workers history, character, habits and ambitions were studied by him. The power of the discipline creates an individual. Taylor said that one of the workers was a man with high ambitions that valued a high salary. If he agreed to obey without protest, he would earn 61% more.He was told when and how to work, when to rest, and many


title: Michel Foucault

texts: other things. During the three years that he was subjected to this detailed control and higher workload, he never failed to obey. Taylor had calculated the "optimal" workload for each worker from a different industry example. Taylor developed a system where every worker was continuously observed and punished if they didn't reach the daily quota the previous workday. At the end of each shift, yellow or white notes were given to workers who had not reached their daily quota. Workers who were given yellow notes were threatened with being redeployed to a "working role better fit for their productive capacities", which according to Taylor effectively led the workers to work harder. Workers who were given yellow notes were not immediately redeployed.Taylor writes that a skilled teacher was sent to teach the workers how to do the work correctly. The teachers job was not only to teach the workers how to work more effectively, but also to observe them and their working capacity. Taylor says that the workers were observed by others, such as administrators, managers, etc. <mask> refers to power over populations as "biopower". External force is not a factor in biopower as it is internalized by people. It encourages, strengthens, controls, observes, and organizes the forces below it. <mask> has sometimes described biopower as separate from


title: Michel Foucault

texts: eradicate Jews, the mentally ill and disabled because they were a threat to the German health, and the money spent on healthcare for mentally ill and disabled would be better spent on "viable Germans". The Iraq War was motivated by similar tenets. Iraq was thought to have weapons of mass destruction and connections to Al-Qaeda.The motivation for the war was changed when the Bush and Blair administrations didn't find any evidence to support either of the theories. The new motivation was that Saddam Hussein had committed crimes against his own people. In modern times, war has to be "concealed" under a rhetoric of humanitarian aid, despite the fact that these wars often cause humanitarian crises. slums increased in number and size across the western world during the 19th century. Criminality, illness, alcoholism and prostitution was common in these areas, and the middle class considered the people who lived in these slums as "unmoral" and "lazy". The middle class feared that the underclass would take over because the population growth in these slums was greater than in the middle class. The scientific study of eugenics was inspired by Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.The spread of negative qualities into the rest of the population was caused by society preventing natural selection by helping the weak. <mask> states that


title: Michel Foucault

texts: the body is not an objective that stands outside of history and culture. <mask> argues that the body is continuously shaped by society and history, by work, diet, body ideals, exercise, medical interventions, etc. <mask> doesn't have a "theory" of the body, but he does write about it in Discipline and Punish and The History of Sexuality. All biological explanations of phenomena such as sexuality, madness and criminality were critical of by <mask>. <mask> argues that the body isn't enough as a basis for understanding others. Foucault shows how power and the body are tied together in Discipline and Punish.<mask> believes that power is also used to manipulate people's minds. <mask> believes that the soul is the prison of the body. Sexology tries to exert itself as a "science" by referring to the material, according to <mask>. <mask> believes that sexology is a pseudoscience and that "sex" is a pseudo-scientific idea. <mask>'s idea of a natural, biologically grounded and fundamental sexuality is a historical construct that has also been used as an instrument of power. Sex is the biological and fundamental cause of peoples' gender identity, sexual identity and sexual behavior. The ability to evaluate, pathologize and "correct" peoples' sexual and gendered behavior has been made possible by this.<mask> considers a "normal sexuality" to


title: Michel Foucault

texts: be as much of a construct as a "natural sexuality". <mask> was critical of the popular discourse that dominated the debate over sexuality during the 1960s and 1970s. The popular discourse argued for a "liberation" of sexuality from cultural, moral and capitalistic oppression. <mask> believes that people's opinions about sexuality are always a result of cultural and power mechanisms. It's not possible to "liberate sexuality from one group of norms". This doesn't mean that <mask> thinks resistance is futile. <mask> argues that it is not possible to become completely free from power and that there is no "natural" sexuality.Power is a possibility for change because of its dimensions of resistance. <mask> thinks it's impossible to step outside of power-networks, but it's always possible to change them. The body is a passive object that is dominated by power, according to <mask>. The seed of resistance is the body. Experiences can never be fully reduced to linguistic descriptions because the body is never fully compliant. There is a possibility to experience something that is not possible to describe with words, and in this discrepancy there is also a possibility for resistance. Many feminist and queer-theorists have been influenced by <mask>'s view of the body.Johanna Oksala says that <mask>'s influence on queer theory is so great that


title: Michel Foucault

texts: he can't be considered one of the founding fathers of queer theory. There is no natural fundament behind the identities of gay, lesbian, heterosexual, etc. These identities are considered cultural constructions that have been constructed through power relations. <mask>'s ideas helped feminists study different ways that women form their bodies: through plastic surgery, diet, eating disorders, etc. Feminism has been affected by <mask>'s historization of sex, and he used his theories to question gendered subjects. There is no "true" gender behind gender identity that constitutes its biological and objective fundament. However, he is not a fan of <mask>.Foucault presents bodies and pleasures as a ground for resistance against power, without historization of sexuality to gendered subjects. Susan Bordo and Kate Soper have criticized <mask>. Johanna Oksala believes that Foucault doesn't deny the existence of sexuality by saying that sex/sexuality are constructed. Oksala argues that the goal of critical theories such as <mask> is not to liberate the body and sexuality from oppression, but rather to question and deny the identities that are "natural" and "essential" by showing how these identities are historical and cultural constructions. The investigation of how people have been made into "subjects" was <mask>'s primary project. <mask>


title: Michel Foucault

texts: states that subjectivity is not a state of being, but a practice. Western philosophers usually consider "the subject" to be something given; natural and objective.<mask> considers subjectivity to be a construction of power. "Assujettissement" is a French term that Foucault refers to a process where power creates subjects while also oppressing them using social norms. Foucault uses standards that people are encouraged to follow to compare and define people. <mask> mentions "homosexual", a historically contingent type of subjectivity that was created by sexology. <mask> says that sodomy is a temporary sexual deviation. Homosexuality became a "species", a past, a childhood and a type of life. "Homosexuals" have been discriminated against due to the fact that they are considered a deviation from the "normal" sexuality.The creation of a subjectivity such as "homosexuality" leads to the creation of gay bars and the pride parade, according to <mask>. According to <mask>, scientific discourse has played an important role in the power system by categorizing people, observing their behavior and treating them when their behavior has been considered normal. Discourse is a form of oppression that does not require physical force. The production is controlled, selected, organized and redistributed by a certain number of procedures, which are


title: Michel Foucault

texts: driven by individuals' aspiration of knowledge to create "rules" and "systems" that translate into social codes. A force that extends beyond societal institutions can be found in social and formal fields such as health care systems, educational and law enforcement. <mask> warns against harmful aspects of society when it comes to the formation of these fields. Behaviors can be categorized into rational, irrational, normal, abnormal, human, inhuman, and so on.By creating different types of subjectivity and norms, they have created different types of "truths". People have adapted their behavior to get closer to what these sciences have labeled normal. According to <mask>, psychological observation/surveillance has created a type of psychology-centered subjectivity, which has led to people considering unhappiness a fault in their psychology rather than in society. According to <mask>, this has been a way for society to resist criticism, because it has turned against the individual and their psychological health. <mask> says subjectivity is something that is established in a person's relation to themselves. Edward McGushin describes a typical modern activity when a person is trying to find themselves. The self is established as a passive object and as an active searcher in this quest for the true self.The true self can only be found by


title: Michel Foucault

texts: going through hardship and danger. The 17th-century philosopher René Descartes argued that the "self" can be found by solitude. According to Socrates, self-awareness can only be found by having debates with others, where the debaters question each other's opinions. <mask> argued that "subjectivity" is a process rather than a state of being. <mask> argued that there is no "true self" to be found. The "self" is created in activities such as the ones used to find it. According to <mask>, exposing oneself to hardship and danger does not reveal the true self, but rather creates a particular type of subjectivity.<mask> says that the "form" for the subject is already constituted by power before self-constituting practices are employed. Schools, workplaces, households, government institutions, entertainment media and the healthcare sector all contribute to forming people into being particular types of subjects. Todd May defines <mask>'s concept of freedom as that which we can do of ourselves within our historical context. According to Foucault, a condition for this is that we are aware of our situation and how it has been created and affected by power. According to May, two aspects of how power has shaped peoples way of being, thinking and acting is described in the books where <mask> describes the history of sexuality. May believes that


title: Michel Foucault

texts: there will always be aspects of people's formation that are unknown to them, which is why Foucault did the type of analyses he did. Foucault believes that people have the ability to change the factors that limit their freedom.Freedom is a way of being in relation to oneself, to others and to the world. Todd May says that <mask>'s concept of freedom includes the creation of histories that investigate and describe the forces that have influenced people into becoming who they are. From the knowledge that is reached from such investigations, people can decide which forces they think are acceptable and which are intolerable and have to be changed. <mask> has a type of experiment with different "transformations". May believes that these experiments may lead to the creation of new power relations or the reconstruction of intolerable power relations. May believes that it is always necessary to continue with experimentation. "critique" is the practice of critique <mask>'s "alternative" to modern subjectivity.Foucault does not believe in "good" and "bad" forms of subjectivity since they are all a result of power relations. <mask> argues that there are no good and bad norms. All institutions are enabling as they are oppressing. <mask>ult Critique searches for the processes and events that led to our way of being and how this "we" came to be.

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucaultca


title: Michel Foucault

texts: The current "being" of people is a historically contingent, unstable and changeable construction. <mask> believes that it is possible to change the current way of being.Critique includes looking at how and when people are being enabled and how they are being oppressed by the current norm and institutions, as well as finding ways to reduce limitations on freedom, resist normalization and develop a new and different way of relating to oneself and others. <mask> believes that it is possible to navigate power relations in a different way. <mask> uses the term "care for the self" as an alternative to the modern search for the true self. According to <mask>, the ancient Greek philosophers sought self-awareness in order to care for themselves. <mask> calls care for the self the art of living. According to <mask>, the goal of these techniques was to transform oneself into a more ethical person. <mask> mentions meditation, the activity of contemplating past and future actions and evaluating if these actions are in line with one's values and goals, and "contemplation of nature."Contemplation of nature involves reflecting on how small one's existence is compared to the larger universe. Mary Beth Mader describes Theory of knowledge <mask> as a constructivist and historicist. <mask> doesn't agree with the idea that humans can reach "absolute"


title: Michel Foucault

texts: knowledge. The goal of many of <mask>'s works is to show how the idea of absolute, universal and true are historically contingent. The idea of absolute knowledge is a historically contingent idea. <mask> argues that we " always begin anew" when it comes to knowledge. <mask> is critical of modern western philosophy for lacking spirituality.<mask> refers to a certain type of ethical being and the processes that lead to it. In the ancient Greek philosophy, knowledge was only accessible to those with an ethical character, according to <mask>. This changed in the "cartesian moment", when René Descartes reached the "insight" that self-awareness was something given. <mask> says that Descartes knowledge is separate from ethics. <mask> believes that anyone can reach "knowledge" if they are educated, willing to participate in the scientific community and use a scientific method. The "modern" view of knowledge is critiqued by <mask>. Both "savoir" and "connaissance" can be translated as "knowledge" but with different meanings for Foucault.<mask> refers to a process where subjects are created while at the same time they become objects for knowledge. An example of this can be found in criminology. The subjects of "the rational person", "the mentally ill person", "the law abiding person", and "the criminal" are in these sciences. The sciences


title: Michel Foucault

texts: center their attention and knowledge on these subjects. The process in which subjects and knowledge are created is "savoir", while the knowledge about these subjects is "connaissance". <mask> uses the term "pouvoir/savoir" in his book. <mask> refers to a type of knowledge that is considered "common sense", but that is created and held back by power.The term power/knowledge comes from the idea that panopticons wouldn't only be prisons, but would be used for experiments where the criminals' behavior would be studied. Power/knowledge refers to forms of power where the power compares individuals, measures differences, establishes a norm and then forces this norm unto the subjects. When the norm is institutionalized, this is even more successful. The norm has become a part of people's "common sense" because it is institutionalized. <mask> argues that "common sense" affects the explicit knowledge. Ellen K. Feder states that the world consists of women and men. Feder believes that this premise has led to the creation of a psychiatric diagnosis of gender identity disorder.During the 70s, children with behavior that was not appropriate for their gender were diagnosed with GID. The treatment was to make the child adapt to their gender. Feder believes that this is an example of power/knowledge since the "common sense" premise "the world


title: Michel Foucault

texts: consists of women and men", created a new diagnosis, a new type of subject and a whole body of knowledge surrounding it. One of the most influential and controversial scholars of the post-World War II period was <mask>. Discipline and Punish were among the 25 most cited books in the social sciences of all time, according to an analysis by the London School of Economics. In 2007, <mask> was listed as the single most cited scholar in the humanities by the ISI Web of Science among a large quantity of French philosophers. <mask>'s historical remarks on the emergence of regulatory biopower have been influential according to Gary Gutting.<mask> is the most brilliant philosopher of power. He has attempted to define the historical constraints under which we live, at the same time that he has been anxious to account for the points at which we might resist those constraints and counter some of the moves of power. <mask>'s importance can hardly be overstated in the current climate of cynicism. <mask>'s work on "biopower" has been influential within the disciplines of philosophy and political theory, particularly for authors such as Giorgio Agamben, Roberto Esposito, Antonio Negri, and Michael Hardt. Many critical theorists believe that <mask>'s analysis of power structures could aid the struggle against inequality because of his discussions


title: Michel Foucault

texts: on power and discourse. They claim that by analyzing the fields of knowledge through which they are legitimated, hierarchies may be uncovered and questioned. This is a way in which <mask>'s work is linked to critical theory.His work Discipline and Punish influenced his friend and contemporary Gilles Deleuze, who published the paper "Postscript on the Societies of Control", praising <mask>'s work but arguing that contemporary western society has in fact developed from a 'disciplinary society' into a'society of control'. Deleuze published <mask>'s thought in 1988 under the title <mask>. Edward Said's work Orientalism was influenced by <mask>'s discussions of the relationship between power and knowledge. <mask>'s work has been compared to that of Erving Goffman by the sociologist Michael Hviid Jacobsen and Soren Kristiansen. The work of the major Feminist scholar Judith Butler has been influenced by <mask>'s theories regarding the genealogy of maleness and femaleness, power, sexuality, and bodies. A prominent critique of <mask>'s thought concerns his refusal to propose positive solutions to the social and political issues that he criticizes. Even as an ideal, freedom becomes elusive since no human relation is without power.This stance which critiques normativity as socially constructed and contingent, but which relies on an implicit


title: Michel Foucault

texts: norm to mount the critique led philosopher Jrgen Habermas to describe <mask>'s thinking as "crypto-normativist", covertly reliant on the very Enlightenment principles he attempts to argue against. Diana Taylor and Nancy Fraser both argue that <mask> lacks the ability to generate positive alternatives because he denies himself recourse to concepts such as 'freedom' and 'justice'. Richard Rorty believes that <mask>'s "archaeology of knowledge" is fundamentally negative and fails to adequately establish a new theory of knowledge. <mask> gives a few valuable maxims about the reading of history. <mask> has been criticized by historians for his lack of rigor in his analyses. Hans-Ulrich Wehler criticized <mask> in 1998. <mask> received a good response from the humanities and social sciences.<mask>'s works are often conflicting and lacking in clarity, according to Wehler. The thesis of a "disciplinary society" is only possible because <mask> does not properly differentiate between authority, force, power, violence and legitimacy. His thesis is based on a one-sided choice of sources and ignores other types of organizations. There are factories. Wehler doesn't like <mask>'s "francocentrism" because he didn't take into account major German-speaking theorists of social sciences. Wehler concludes that <mask> is a seducer of Postmodernism

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: because of the endless series of flaws in his studies. Some feminists note the limitations of the masculinist subjectivity and ethical orientation that <mask> describes in his critique of the historical construction of gender roles and sexuality.Roger Scruton argues that <mask> was wrong to claim in The History of Sexuality that sexual morality is culturally different. He says that no history of thought could show the "problematisation" of sexual experience to be peculiar to certain social formations. <mask>'s approach to sexuality has become influential in queer theory. Some theories of queer identity are at odds with <mask>'s resistance to identity politics and his rejection of object choice. Some see <mask>'s principles of social constructionism as an insult to the concept of truth. <mask> argued against the idea of a fixed human nature in a 1971 televised debate with Noam Chomsky. The universal basis for a concept of justice was rejected by <mask>.He struck me as completely amoral, I'd never met anyone like him before, it's just that I couldn't. It's like he was from a different species. While acknowledging that <mask> contributed to give a right of citizenship in cultural life to certain marginal and eccentric experiences, Mario Vargas Llosa asserts that his radical critique of authority was detrimental to education. The


title: Michel Foucault

texts: subjectivity of the self has been disputed. It is reasonable to assume that other factors, such as biological, environmental, and cultural, are explanations for the self, as opposed to <mask>'s view of subjectivity. Further reading includes Artires, Philippe, Jean-Franois Bert, Frédéric Gros, and Judith Revel. 2011.Cahier Foucault. France: L'Herne. Jacques. 1978. "Cogito and the History of Madness." There are some pages. Alan Bass translated Writing and Difference.Chicago University Press. They were Herbert L. and Paul Rabinow. 1983. <mask> wrote Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. The University of Chicago Press is in Chicago. The author is <mask>,<mask>. "Sexual Morality and the Law" was originally published as "La loi de la pudeur".There are some pages. Politics, philosophy, and culture were covered. <mask>, Ramonet, Mermet, Majfud, and Kukso. A year ago. In Spanish, there is a Noam Chomsky. Garland, David, Santiago: Aun Creemos en los Sueos. 1997."'Governmentality' and the Problem of Crime: Criminology, Sociology." There is a theoretical Criminology. The name of the person is Ghamari-Tabrizi. A year ago. The Islamic Revolution and Enlightenment was written by <mask>. The University of Minnesota Press is in Minneapolis. Deleuze, Gilles.1988. <mask>. The University of Minnesota Press is in Minneapolis. It was published by the

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Michel Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: U of Minnesota Press. Deleuze, Guattari, and Gilles. 1983. There is an anti-Oedipus.The University of Minnesota Press is in Minneapolis. It was published by the U of Minnesota Press. Alasdair MacIntyre. 1990. There are three different versions of moral inquiry. The University of Notre Dame Press is located in Notre Dame, IN. Merquior, J. G.<mask>. The University of California Press is in Berkeley. There is a critical view of <mask>'s work. M. Olssen was born in 2009. There is a global thin community. Paradigm Press is in Boulder, CO. lisabeth Roudinesco.The year 2008. Canguilhem, <mask>, <mask>, Althusser, Deleuze are philosophers. Columbia University Press is in New York City. Veyne, Paul. The year 2008. <mask> Albin. Richard Wolin. 1987. <mask>'s aesthetic decisionism is called Telos 67. Telos Press is located in New York. There are external links to the Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The internet encyclopedia of philosophy has an entry on <mask>.Mark Kelly is the author of <mask>. There is a large resource site with extracts from <mask>'s work and a comprehensive bibliography of all of <mask>'s work in French Foucault News. There is a large resource site that has news about Foucault research, bibliographies and other resources. There are links to bibliographies of <mask>ult News site. Stuart Elden has a website. There is a list of

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault FoucaultMichel Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucaultca


title: Dennis Miller Bunker

texts: <mask> was an American painter and innovator of American Impressionism. His works include brightly colored landscape paintings and dark, finely drawn portraits and figures. Bunker was one of the major American painters of the late 19th century and a friend of many prominent artists of the era. <mask>, the secretary-treasurer of the Union Ferry Company, and his wife, <mask>, were the parents of <mask>. He attended the Art Students League of New York and the National Academy of Design. He participated in the annual exhibitions of the National Academy, the American Watercolor Society, and the Brooklyn Art Association. Bunker exhibited a watercolor at the Boston Art Club.He exhibited watercolors and oil paintings at the Club. <mask>'s works from his own collection were exhibited by Louis Prang in 1886. Bunker left New York to study at the cole nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Bunker left Paris in the spring of 1884 to travel through the French countryside and the coast of Normandy to continue his studies. Three artists painted in Brittany in the following year. Bunker returned to New York City by the end of the year. <mask> was elected to the society in 1885.At the recommendation of James Beckwith, he moved to Boston to teach at the Cowles Art School, where he was the chief instructor of figure and cast drawing, artistic anatomy, and composition. He was a teacher in the art school building. Bunker's first solo exhibition was held in Boston. Bunker was homesick for France and felt "supremely ridiculous" in the atmosphere of wealth and respectability. Bunker accepted an invitation from Abbot Handerson Thayer to join him and paint in South Woodstock, Connecticut in 1886, even though he couldn't afford to stay in Boston during the summer. He met a friend and patron in that year. During the winter of 1887, Bunker painted portraits and spent the summer in Massachusetts with Henry Oliver Walker.He met John Singer Sargent in Boston during his first working trip to America. Bunker did a number

masks:
Dennis Miller Bunker
Matthew Bunker
Mary Anne Eytinge Bunker
Life Bunker
Bunker
Bunker


title: Dennis Miller Bunker

texts: of portraits of Bostonians in the 19th century, including members of the Gardner family, Samuel Endicott Peabody, and J. Montgomery Sears. Bunker spent the summer in England painting and playing tennis with his family and friends. Bunker left the Cowles Art School in the spring of 1889. He met Eleanor at the reception and would marry her the following year. Bunker spent his most productive season of painting in the summer at a boarding house in Medfield, Massachusetts. He returned to New York in the fall.By this time, Bunker's circle of friends included all of them. Bunker first exhibited his impressionist landscapes in Boston in 1890. He was offered to teach at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and was going to take over William Merritt Chase's class in Brooklyn that winter. He went to the art colony in New Hampshire in June and then went back to paint at Medfield in July. Eleanor and <mask> were married in Boston. The couple moved to New York. Bunker died of heart failure after returning to Boston to celebrate Christmas with his family.His tombstone was designed by his friends and they were his friends. The memorial exhibition was held at the St. Botolph Club. The paintings of Bunker are from New York. A series of beached boats were painted on Long Island. He followed the usual academic practice of first painting loose, preparatory sketches. There are more conventionally finished exhibition pieces. The portraits of Walter Griffin in the Portland Museum of Art show a high level of craftsmanship.Bunker's summer excursions to the countryside resulted in scenes of Larmor, a town in Brittany. The church spire, Larmor, 1884, Terra Foundation for American Art, cemetery cross, and a lone tree were all compositions that focused on a richly painted, dark graphic shape against a bright sky. The pictures are characterized by soft atmospheric effects. The landscapes Bunker painted after returning to America still favor dramatic value contrasts, with subjects carefully painted against a light sky, but the


title: Dennis Miller Bunker

texts: palette has grown lighter, the color more saturated. Portrait of Anne Page is one of Bunker's most poignant works. It's restrained use of color, delicate modeling of form, and aesthetic elegance is reminiscent of the works of James McNeill Whistler. The portraits of male sitters that followed the Boston commission were painted in a more confident manner, suggesting the influence of Sargent.No paintings of the English sojourn by Bunker have survived, possibly because he destroyed them, as verified by personal correspondence and several pieces by the latter artist. After returning to Boston, Bunker produced a series of canvases which proved that he was one of the first American artists to fully understand and successfully practice impressionism. In the Greenhouse. His works include The Pool, Medfield, 1889, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Bunker's last figure pieces were faithful to his training. Eleanor Hardy Bunker, 1890 (Metropolitan Museum of Art), Jessica, 1890 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), and The Mirror, 1890 (Terra Foundation for American Art) are all characterized by a restricted color range and heightened elegance. Although highly regarded during his lifetime, the 20th century assessment of American Impressionism was largely negative, and Bunker's work was forgotten soon after his death.The students of his students wrote a letter of appreciation to him after he resigned from the Cowles school. The student who did the most to maintain Bunker's reputation was named R. H. Ives Gammell, who organized two exhibitions at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in the 1940s and published a biography in 1953. Bunker can be seen as either a traditionalist or an innovator depending on the viewpoint of the writer, as the current revival of interest in his work is the result of a less programmatic reassessment of 19th century art. He was both. <mask> Bunker: American Impressionist, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1994, is a reference. The <mask> Bunker papers can be found at the Archives of American

masks:
Dennis Miller
Dennis Miller


title: Nicholas Negroponte

texts: <mask> is a Greek American architect. He is the founder and chairman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Media Lab. The 1995 book Being Digital was translated into more than forty languages. <mask> was born to a Greek shipping magnate and grew up in New York City's Upper East Side. He has three siblings. <mask> was the United States deputy secretary of state. Negroponte won an award for his film.<mask> was the President of the Drawing Center from 2002 to 2007. He attended Buckley School in New York, Le Rosey in Switzerland, and The Choate School in Connecticut, where he graduated in 1961. His research focused on issues of computer-aided design while he was a graduate student at MIT. He received a master's degree in architecture from MIT. Negroponte has spoken publicly about his difficulties in reading. Negroponte joined the faculty of MIT in 1966. He divided his teaching time between MIT and visiting professorships at Yale, Michigan, and the University of California, Berkeley.In 1967, Negroponte founded MIT's Architecture Machine Group, a combination lab and think tank which studied new approaches to human– computer interaction. The MIT Media Lab was created by Negroponte. He developed the lab into a pre-eminent laboratory for new media and a high-tech playground for investigating the human– computer interface. The term Daily Me was popularized by Negroponte, who became a proponent of intelligent agents and personalized electronic newspapers. Negroponte was the first investor in the creation of the magazine. He wrote a monthly column for the magazine in which he talked about moving bits, not atoms. Negroponte's book Being Digital (1995) made famous his forecasts on how the interactive world, the entertainment world and the information world would eventually merge.Being Digital was a hit and was translated into forty different languages. Negroponte believed that computers would make life better for everyone. Sunstein has criticized his techno-utopian ideas for failing to consider the historical, political and cultural

masks:
Nicholas Negroponte
Negroponte
John Negroponte
George Negroponte


title: Nicholas Negroponte

texts: realities with which new technologies should be viewed. In the 1980s, Negroponte predicted that wired technologies such as telephones would become unwired by using airwaves instead of wires, and that unwired technologies such as televisions would become wired. Negroponte stepped down as director of the Media Lab in 2000. The role of laboratory chairman was retained by Negroponte. Negroponte stepped down as lab chairman in 2006 to focus more on his work with One Laptop Per Child, although he retains his appointment as professor at MIT.In November 2005, at the World Summit on the Information Society held in Tunisia, Negroponte unveiled the concept of a $100 laptop computer, The Children's Machine, designed for students in the developing world. The price has gone up to US$180. One Laptop Per Child is a nonprofit organization started by Negroponte and other Media Lab faculty to extend internet access in developing countries. Over the last 30 years, Negroponte has invested in over 30 startup companies, including Zagats, Ambient Devices, Skype and Velti. He has sat on the boards of several companies, including Velti, which was formerly on the London Stock Exchange. He is a member of the advisory board. In August 2007, he was appointed to a five-member special committee with the objective of assuring the continued journalistic and editorial integrity and independence of the Wall Street Journal.As a result of the merger, the committee was formed. Four of Negroponte's founding committee members are dead. David Houle has been influenced by Negroponte. According to the MIT Technology Review, in response to the controversy of the MIT Media Lab accepting funding from Jeffrey Epstein, Negroponte told MIT staff, "If you wind back the clock, I would still say." In the fund-raising world, these types of occurrences are not out of the ordinary, and they shouldn't be reason enough to cut off business relationships. Some of his listeners were "stunned" by his comments and one person was reduced to tears. <mask>e Q&A at NetEvents, Hong Kong December


title: Wu Sansi

texts: The Chinese prince and politician of the Tang and Wu Zhou dynasties, known as <mask>, died on August 7, 707. During the reign of his aunt, the queen of Zhou, and his uncle, the emperor of Tang, <mask> was a powerful chancellor. He was aided in navigating the fraught period that followed Emperor Zhongzong's restoration by successive affairs with the influential consort. During an unsuccessful rebellion by the crown prince, he was killed. It is not known when he was born. Both his father and his brother were half-brothers of a Tang Dynasty general. After the empress of Emperor Gaozong became a member of the family, they were often disrespectful.Before 666, when she was angry that her brothers and cousins didn't appreciate the promotions, she demoted them all to the prefect of Long Prefecture. He died after he arrived at Long Prefecture because he was afraid of further reprisals. It's not clear, but it's likely that <mask> went to Long Prefecture with his father. He became a commanding general of the imperial guards. After the death of Emperor Gaozong, his son Li Zhe the Crown Prince succeeded him, but he retained power as empress dowager and regent. After Emperor Zhongzong showed signs of independence, she deposed him and replaced him with another son, <mask> <mask>.The Prince of Han and Li Lingku are two senior members of the imperial Li clan. After Li Zhen the Prince of Yue and Li Zhen's son Li Chong the Prince of Langye, the Prince of Langye was forced to give up his throne. It was said that the

masks:
Prince Sansi
Wu Sansi
Sansi
Li DanWu
Sansi


title: Wu Sansi

texts: two men advocated that the queen take over the throne herself. The emperor gave the throne to the emperor, who in turn took the throne and established a new Zhou Dynasty. She made the minister of civil service affairs and created a number of her family's imperial princes. He was honored despite not having as much power as Chengsi. In 693, when she made sacrifice to heaven and earth, she offered the sacrifice herself first, followed by Chengsi and then Sansi.He was said to be good at flattery because of his studies in literature and history. As the years went by, he was flattered by the love of his life. In 694, a group of non-Han people requested that a massive iron pillar be erected to commemorate the reign of <mask>, and he agreed to put the chancellor Yao Shu in it. The people's farm equipment was melted for the project because the iron they bought was not enough. In 695, <mask> was put in charge of editing the history of the imperial empire. When the Khitan attack was launched by Li Jinzhong and Sun Wanrong, one of the major armies was led by <mask>. A month later, he was stripped of the chancellor designation, after he was given the designation of Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin.It was said that he and <mask>si both wanted to be crown prince and had associates trying to convince them that there had never been an emperor with a different family name. The crown prince at that time was her son Li Dan. At the suggestion of the chancellor Di Renjie, Wang Jishan and Wang Fangqing, as well as the close

masks:
Wu Zetian
Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Cheng


title: Wu Sansi

texts: advisor Ji Xu and her lovers, agreed in 699. In 699, the head of the legislative bureau of government was made acting Neishi, and the next year he was made full Neishi. He was made an advisor to Li Xian in 700. He was given the honorific title of Tejin. After considering launching a major attack against Eastern Tujue, she put Sansi in charge.The orders to have Li Dan in command were changed by her. The army was not launched. The vacation palace at Mount Wan'an was constructed at much expense and labor. The second reign of Emperor Zhongzong ended in a coup led by the officials. After the coup, Emperor Zhongzong was restored to the throne, but while she retained the title of "emperor," she no longer had power. By that time, the emperor's concubine had been having an affair with <mask>. Through her introduction, <mask> began an affair with Emperor Zhongzong's wife, as well as becoming a trusted advisor to Emperor Zhongzong who was afraid of them.The Princess Anle had a lot of power in her father's administration and was married to the son of the emperor. The leaders of the coup brushed aside suggestions by two lower level officials that they should have taken action sooner. They tried to get Emperor Zhongzong to kill some of the more powerful members of the clan, but he decided to demote them. The coup leaders, along with other officials, were given iron certificates that were supposed to guarantee their return to the throne by Emperor Zhongzong. Cui Shi, the mid-level official who was afraid of

masks:
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi


title: Wu Sansi

texts: <mask>'s power, became an associate of <mask>, even though Emperor Zhongzong trusted him and feared the coup leaders. The five coup leaders should not be given honorific titles but should be removed from office because of their control of the government. The emperor created the five coup leaders princes and gave them wealth, but removed them from government posts, including chancellor positions.The five coup leaders had reversed the policies of <mask>, who is now in power. In order to diffuse some of the popular sentiment against the Wu clan, Emperor Zhongzong demoted their titles and reduced the title of the Prince of Dejing. As Emperor Zhongzong trusted a man who had exiled in 701, he tried to ingratiate him with a man who had died. In gratitude, he did not oppose the Wu clan further. They were sent out of the capital to serve as prefectural prefects because of fears that they were still in the capital. The emperor's son-in-law was accused of being involved in the coup and was allowed to act further against the five coup leaders. The five coup leaders were demoted further to a more distant prefecture, with no chance of returning from exile, after they were accused of being part of Wang Tongjiao's plot.The five coup leaders, already in exile, were framed by <mask> because he knew that Emperor Zhongzong was very sensitive about adultery accusations. Cui Shi suggested that the secret police official Zhou Lizhen be sent to the Lingnan region, where the five had been exiled, to survey the area, but

masks:
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi


title: Wu Sansi

texts: with instructions to kill them. When Zhou reached Lingnan, he killed all of them in a cruel way. After news of the five coup leaders' deaths, he commented, "I don't know who are good people or bad people." I don't know if people who are good to me are good to people who are bad to me. When there was an ongoing dry spell, Emperor Zhongzong sent two people to pray for rain at Emperor Gaozong's tomb and then restored the temple to where it was before. The concubine, crown prince, had created Emperor Zhongzong's son Li Chongjun, but Li Guo'er had designs.Both of them insulted Li Chongjun, sometimes calling him a slave. The rebellion started with the generals Li Duozuo, Li Sichong, Li Chengkuang, Dugu Yizhi, and Shazha Zhongyi. They killed some of their relatives and attacked the mansion. His troops collapsed as he tried to reach the palace, and he was killed. Li was beheaded and his head was given to the two people who died with him. The Prince of Liang's body was recreated with the posthumous name of Xuan and buried in grand funerals. The tomb of Emperor <mask> was destroyed after a coup led by Princess Taiping and Li Dan's son Li Longji overthrew him.One of the main characters in the erotic novel Su'e pian. The Greatness of a Hero was written by Eric Li. There are references to the Old Book of Tang in the Prince of Liang. 183. The new book is called Tang. 206. There are three vols.There were 203, 204, 205, 206, and 207. The Tang dynasty historians were Chancellors under Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang