title: Samaki Walker

texts: 2. The Lakers won the series in 7. The NBA decided to use instant replay for review after <mask>'s shot. The Lakers defeated the New Jersey Nets in a four-game sweep to win their third straight championship and give <mask> his first and only championship ring.During the Western Conference Finals series, <mask> played against Chris Webber of the Kings and was credited by Shaq for his contributions to the Lakers championship run. <mask> started in 39 of 67 games in the following year, despite being the primary backup. The Lakers three–year reign as champion ended with a loss to the Spurs. After the season, he became a free agent, and the Lakers chose to sign Karl Malone and draft Brian Cook, effectively ending his time in Los Angeles. <mask> was a free agent in 2003 and signed with the Miami Heat. He joined the Washington Wizards the following season. He only played 47 games over the two years because of injuries.<mask> spent a brief seven–game stint with the Indiana Pacers during the 2005–06 season and a portion of the 2007 offseason with the Milwaukee Bucks, but was unable to sign with either team. <mask> played for UNICS Kazan in the Russian Professional Basketball League in January of 2006 and averaged 7.0 points and 4.3 rebound per game. <mask> joined Syria's Al-Jalaa Aleppo in 2007. <mask> won the Syrian D-1 championship with Al-Jalaa. <mask> joined the Chinese league'sShandong Lions. <mask> played in the Korean Basketball League. <mask> was released from the Korean Basketball League's Seoul SK Knights in January 2010.He signed with Al-Jalaa in October of 2010. He retired after winning a second Syrian League Championship. "Samaki" means "fish" and "ljuma" means "beautiful river" in Swahili. <mask> has three children. <mask> joined Start-A-Heart after his nephew Deandre died from a cardiac arrest. He formed Life Choices Foundation to help youth in inner-city Los Angeles out of trouble. <mask> told Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson that Kobe punched him after he lost a $100 bet.The website <mask> <mask> at Basketball-Reference.com has links to other

masks: Walker Walker Walker Walker Walker Walker Walker Walker Walker Walker Walker Walker Walker Walker Walker Samaki Walker


title: Maurice Tomlinson

type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> was born in 1971 and is a Jamaican Attorney-at-Law. He has been a leading Gay Rights and HIV activist in the Caribbean for over 20 years and is one of the only Jamaican LGBTI human rights advocates to challenge the country's 1864 British colonially-imposed anti gay Sodomy Law. Men who have sex with men are mostly affected by this law and can be imprisoned for up to ten years. <mask> was born on 9 April 1971 in Montego Bay, St, James, Jamaica to George and <mask>. Kurt and Rhoan are his brothers. Cornwall College and Kingston College were attended by <mask>. His tertiary education includes studies at The University of the West Indies, Norman Manley Law School in Jamaica, and the University of Turin Law School in Italy.<mask> started his dream job as a flight attendant after graduating from Air Jamaica. He left the airline after only 6 months because his boss told him to stand in front of a mirror and act macho because passengers had complained that he was gay. <mask> went to work for a mortgage company. <mask> was interested in international human rights work while he was pursuing a law degree. His studies in law gave him an interest in Human Rights, and he was taught that it was possible to change discriminatory laws. He left his job as a corporate lawyer in 2006 to become the project manager in the Office of the Principal of the University of West Indies. <mask> was responsible for the establishment of the Western Jamaica Campus of the University of the West Indies.<mask> started teaching human rights and

masks:
Maurice
Maurice
Carmen Victoria Tomlinson
Maurice
Maurice
Maurice
Maurice
Maurice
Maurice


title: Maurice Tomlinson

texts: discrimination law at the University of Technology, Jamaica in 2009. <mask> married his best female friend in 1999 in order to "cure" his homosexuality. The couple had a son who lives with his mother after they divorced. The couple married in Canada in 2011. Tom and <mask> met in 2010 at an International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) World Conference, while Tom was the LGBT liaison officer for the Toronto Police Service. He and <mask> had to flee Jamaica in 2012 after a Jamaican newspaper published an unauthorized photograph of their wedding. He teaches Canadian Human Rights and other law courses at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology in Oshawa, Canada, and is also a senior policy analyst for the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, where he focuses on challenging homophobia and HIV in the Caribbean.<mask> was a legal advisor to the boards of Jamaica AIDS Support for Life and the Jamaica Forum for Lesbians All-Sexuals and Gays. He still goes to Jamaica to participate in legal challenges to anti-gay laws. Jamaican men who have sex with men have the highest HIV prevalence rate in the western hemisphere. The overwhelming homophobia in Jamaica drives MSM underground, away from effective HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support interventions. <mask> has been working with local and international partners to increase the visibility of Jamaican LGBTI people in order to improve their access to health care and specifically HIV services. He has led several public initiatives, including public service announcements,

masks: Maurice Maurice Maurice Maurice Maurice


title: Maurice Tomlinson

texts: Jamaica's first Walk for Tolerance, multiple public demonstrations, a successful letter writing campaign to the Jamaican newspapers, and meetings with senior government, diplomatic and civic officials. <mask> travels around the Caribbean for the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, providing human rights documentation and advocacy training for groups working with LGBTI individuals.Tom worked for the Toronto Police and developed a program to report homophobic violence. Tom revised the program for the Caribbean for AIDS-Free World. He travels with <mask> to deliver this training to Caribbean civil society groups. The Buggery Law was imposed on Jamaica by the British during their occupation of the country. The first person to challenge the law 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 Christian groups protested over keeping the law. Speaking to PinkNews in London after a lecture to mark the International Day Against

masks: Maurice Maurice


title: Maurice Tomlinson

texts: Homophobia and Transphobia, Mr. Tomlinson challenged Jamaica's Prime Minister, Portia Simpson-Miller, for putting aside the issue of the country's anti-sodomy law and not carrying on with itThe Jamaican Prime Minister said in April that the issue was not important to the majority of poor people in the country. The LGBT community supported her in the election. There have been attacks on and murders of gay men in Jamaica. On behalf of the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, Tomlinson is challenging two local TV stations that refused to air an ad in which he calls on Jamaicans to respect the rights of homosexuals. The TV stations refused to air the ad on the grounds that it would anger the island's powerful churches and could also be seen to be aiding and abetting an illegal activity. Although the Supreme Court ruled against <mask>'s claim, they did acknowledge the importance of the case and refused an application from the TV stations that <mask> pay their legal costs. Gay Jamaicans have the same rights as other citizens under the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms.The country's Parliament deliberately excluded sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression from protection against discrimination under the Charter. The immigration ban of Trinidad and Tobago was challenged by the LGBT immigration Bans Tomlinson. Jamaica was asked to insist that the travel bans of these countries be removed based on CARICOM provisions for free movement of citizens of member countries. The Caribbean Court of Justice asked for


title: Maurice Tomlinson

texts: permission to file the case with Jamaica. The immigration laws of both countries were challenged in a case brought on his behalf by AIDS-Free World. CARICOM was an interested party in the case. The challenge was heard that the immigration banbridges the rights of free movement for Caribbean citizens contained in the treaty.The court reserved judgement for a future date. A 16-year-old trans youth was beaten, stabbed, shot and run over by a mob when she arrived at a street party dressed in female clothes. Her friends said she was trying to come out of the closet. The murder of a gay businessman from Montego Bay was published by an online group on the internet called Jamaican LGBT News. <mask> became a founding member of Dwayne's House, Jamaica's first charity which focuses exclusively on providing food and basic services to homeless LGBTI youth who have been forced to live in the sewer of the capital, Kingston. The "David Kato Vision and Voice Award" was created to honor the memory of slain Ugandan LGBTI activist, David Kato. This award is given to people who advocate for the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer people.<mask> was the first-ever Grand Marshall of Ugandan Beach Pride. The International Grand Marshall for Capital Pride was selected by him. The Abominable Crime is a documentary about the struggle with homophobia in Jamaica and efforts being made to challenge this seemingly intractable problem. References include people from Montego Bay, people from Jamaica, people from the University of the West Indies, and


title: Russell Martin (footballer)

texts: <mask> is a professional football coach and former player. He is the head coach of a Championship club. <mask> was born in England. He began his playing career at the youth academy. He moved to Peterborough United in 2008. After a successful loan spell with the club, <mask> joined in 2010 and made over 300 appearances for the club, winning two promotions. He had brief spells with both Rangers and Walsall.<mask> is a former Scotland international. He played in 29 internationals for Scotland. <mask> became the club's manager in the same year he ended his playing career. He was the head coach ofSwansea City. <mask> was educated at Varndean School in BRIGHTON. He joined Isthmian League Division One South side Lewes in 2004. He had trials with several clubs.<mask> joined the club in 2004. He made his debut in a 2–1 home victory over Cambridge United on August 7, 2004, and went on to make ten more appearances during the 2004–05 season. <mask> signed a new two-year contract with the club. He played in the League Two semi-final against Stockport County, which he lost on aggregate. On May 29, 2008, <mask> moved to Peterborough United, who had just been promoted to League One. He agreed to a three-year contract. After taking over from Craig Morgan, <mask> became the club's youngest ever captain.<mask> captained the club to promotion to the Championship in his first season. Following Mark Cooper's appointment as a replacement forDarren Ferguson in November 2009, <mask> joinedNorwich City on loan. He joined Norwich on a -year contract after his transfer was permanent. In the 3–1 defeat to Doncaster Rovers, <mask> scored his first goal for the Canaries. He scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory over Championship league leaders Queens Park Rangers on 1 January 2011. Grant Holt was the winner of the Player of the Year award in the season in which he played every minute. <mask> signed a

masks:
Russell Kenneth Alexander Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin


title: Russell Martin (footballer)

texts: new three-year deal in June 2012 after an impressive first season in the premier league.<mask> scored two goals in a 4–3 loss to Manchester City. <mask> signed a new three-year deal with the club. He became the club captain on 10 August. After the end of his playing career, <mask> stated in an interview that he would like to manage Norwich. <mask> made his 200th appearance for the club against his hometown club. He scored the second goal. After just one season back in the top division after promotion via the playoffs, the Canaries were demoted again, this time to the Championship.<mask> made his 300th appearance for the Canaries in a 2–0 win against the Seagulls. He signed a new contract with the team in July of last year, but didn't play much in the season. <mask> moved on a loan to Rangers. He made his competitive debut for the club in a 2–0 win against Aberdeen. Four players made their first appearance for Rangers in that game. He scored his first goal for Rangers in a 2–0 win against Hearts. After his loan with Rangers, <mask> left Norwich City on August 31, after his contract was terminated by mutual consent.He was 22nd on the club's all-time appearance list. In October of last year, <mask> joined League One club Walsall as a player-coach. He left the club in January for family reasons. <mask> joined League Two club Milton Keynes Dons on a short-term deal until the end of the season, and played a key role in their promotion on the final day of the season. On the day after the departure of Paul Tisdale, <mask> was appointed as his successor and later announced his retirement as a player to concentrate on the role. <mask>, who was born in England, qualifies to play for Scotland because of his Scottish father. He made his Scotland debut as a late substitute in the Nations Cup games against Wales and the Republic of Ireland.In June of 2013, before a game against

masks: Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin


title: Russell Martin (footballer)

texts: Croatia, <mask> remarked that he wasn't recognised by Scottish taxi drivers. Robert Snodgrass scored the only goal as Scotland defeated Croatia 1–0 in their first competitive appearance by <mask>. Following the departure of Paul Tisdale, <mask> was announced as the new permanent first-team manager of League One club Milton Keynes Dons. The club finished 19th in League One after he was appointed. In his first full season as manager, <mask> led the club to 13th in the league. The style of play installed by <mask> and Williams received widespread praise. A new British record was set on 2 March 2021, when <mask>'s side scored after a 56-pass move.Manchester City and Barcelona had the highest average possession percentage in Europe at the end of the 2020–21 season. His team had more touches in the box than any other team. The way we play almost demoralises teams according to Zak Jules. We keep the ball so much that when teams get the chance to keep possession, they've got no legs and we've got the ball back and they don't see the ball again for a while. The statement from the Dons said that the club had received a request to speak to <mask> about becoming their new manager. The approach was made less than 24 hours before the game against Bournemouth. <mask> signed a three-year contract to become the head coach ofSwansea City.The first game of the Championship season was six days before he was appointed. His assistants were Matthew Gill and Dean Thornton. Alan Tate said that <mask>'s "passing style" made him a good fit for the club. In his first interview, <mask> said, "I know the fans and what they expect in terms of the modernSwansea Way, that started under Roberto Martnez and continued under Brendan Rodgers and Michael Laudrup." The coaching team is very much aligned with that. It makes me happy. His first game in charge was a 2–1 away loss to Blackburn, followed by a 3–0

masks: Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin


title: Russell Martin (footballer)

texts: away win against Reading.<mask>'s first home game was a 0–0 draw with Sheffield United. <mask> won his first game in the league on August 20. Managerial style <mask> began studying for his coaching badges at the age of 22. Chris Hughton and Daniel Farke have influenced his managerial style. <mask> likes his teams to dominate ball possession. He prefers the 3–4–2–1 or 3–5–2 formations, with an emphasis on passing the ball and pressing the opposition. <mask> prefers to improve his game plan if his teams suffer a bad result.After his side scored a record-breaking 56-pass goal, <mask> said, "People still react to that and say it's boring, but everyone has a different opinion...the more we have the ball, the more we can control the game and take the fight out of them." It is a 90-minute plan to dominate the ball. The Russell Martin Foundation was set up as a football academy in the hometown of <mask>. The charity wants to use football to change people's lives by providing access to football, education, and health courses in the local community. <mask> became a vegan in order to manage his issues with ulcerative colitis. Erpingham House is the largest vegan restaurant in the UK. He stated in an interview that he had joined the Green Party.He is a believer in Buddhism. The Club International Managerial record is: 2008–09 Norwich City Football League One runner-up, 2009–10 Football League Championship runner-up, and 2015 Milton Keynes Dons EFL League Two third-place promotion. The players are from F.C. Lewes. The players of the club. The players are from Peterborough United F.C. The players are from Norfolk City F.C. Rangers F.C. players are from the English Football League.Scottish Professional Football League players. Players from Keynes Dons F.C. Players from Keynes Dons F.C. There are managers at the A.F.C. People educated at Varndean College are Green Party of England and

masks: Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin


title: David Kustoff

texts: <mask> was born on October 8, 1966 and is an American politician and attorney. Most of the population of the district is located in the eastern part of the Memphis area. The Western District of Tennessee had a United States Attorney named <mask>. Lee Zeldin is one of the two Jewish Republicans in Congress. <mask> was born in Memphis on October 8, 1966 and raised in the Memphis area. He graduated from White Station High School in 1985. Kustoff graduated from the University of Memphis with a degree in business administration.He graduated from the Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law in 1992. Jim and <mask> met at the University of Memphis and opened a law firm together. Strickland was elected mayor of Memphis in 2015. <mask> became active in politics in the 1990s when he chaired the Republican Party of Shelby County. He was the campaign chair for George W. Bush in Tennessee. On August 8, 2002, <mask> was named campaign chair. In December 2002, he criticized Senate Minority Leader Trent Lott for his praise of Strom Thurmond.In 2002, Representative Ed Bryant announced that he would not seek reelection in Tennessee's 7th congressional district, which at the time included <mask>'s home in eastern Memphis, and would instead run for Senate. On April 3, Kustoff announced that he would seek the Republican nomination. He Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet

masks:
David Frank Kustoff
Kustoff
David Frank Kustoff
Kustoff
Kustoff
Kustoff
Kustoff


title: David Kustoff

texts: Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Kustoff performed the best in the Memphis area, but two other Memphians split that region's vote. Kustoff claimed during the primary campaign that he had an A+ rating from the NRA. President Bush nominated Kustoff to be the U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Tennessee. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate.John Ford, a prominent Tennessee politician, and others were sent to prison after Kustoff prosecuted the operation. <mask> was part of a group that worked to reduce crime in the Memphis area. Before the 2008 election, <mask> resigned as U.S. Attorney and returned to his private practice. Tennessee's 8th congressional district will not have a reelection candidate in the fall. In February, <mask> announced his campaign and eastern Memphis was moved from the 7th to the 8th. Kustoff emerged from the crowded pack when he was endorsed by former Arkansas governor and Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee. He won the primary with a plurality of votes.George Flinn finished second. <mask> faced a Delta Air Lines manager in the general election. He urged Republicans in the district to support Donald Trump. With his primary victory, <mask> assured himself of a seat in Congress even though he was defeated in the general election. The addition of the Memphis suburbs made

masks: Kustoff Kustoff Kustoff Kustoff Kustoff


title: David Kustoff

texts: the 8th one of the most Republican districts in the nation and it was the most Republican district in the state. George Flinn spent millions of dollars on his campaign, but <mask> won the Republican nomination with over 50% of the vote. In May of last year, Kustoff voted for the American Health Care Act.He said that the current health care system is failing Tennesseans. Later that month, a woman angrily confronted him about that vote during a town hall meeting at the University of Tennessee at Martin; after the meeting ended and Kustoff along with some of his staff got into their car, she gave chase and tried to run them off the road. She was arrested on a felony charge. National security Kustoff supported Trump's executive order to impose a temporary ban on entry to the U.S. to citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries. In December 2020, Kustoff was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v. Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case because Texas did not have the authority to challenge the results of an election held in another state. Kustoff is married to a lawyer at the Kustoff and Strickland Firm.They have two children. They live in the eastern suburb of Memphis. Two Republican Jewish members of the House of Representatives are him and Lee Zeldin. Kustoff was a member of the Tennessee Higher Education Commission. There is a list of Jewish members of the United States


title: William C. McInnes

texts: S.J. is named after <mask><mask>. An American Jesuit and academic was born in 1923. <mask> was the President of the University of San Francisco from 1972 to 1977 and the 5th President of the University of Connecticut from 1964 to 1973. <mask> was the president of both universities at the same time. He headed the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities from 1977 to 1989. <mask> was one of the Jesuit priests who studied business administration. <mask> was born on January 20, 1923 to <mask> and <mask>.His siblings were Helen and Paul. The family bought a home in Quincy, Massachusetts, after <mask> lived in Boston. He attended public schools. <mask>s attended Boston College. He enlisted in the United States Army in 1942 after seeing an ad on a Boston College bulletin board that promised to train students as meteorologists. McInnes was trained in meteorology by the United States Army. He was a meteorology officer in the Army Air Force during World War II.He was stationed in Assam for six months. <mask> was discharged from the United States Army after graduating from Boston College in 1944. He wanted to become a Roman Catholic priest after World War II. Father John Drummey, a professor at Boston College, recommended that he join the Jesuit order. He studied philosophy at Weston College after entering the Society of Jesus. <mask> received a master's degree in business from Boston College. He received a doctorate in business administration from New York University.<mask> became a Jesuit priest in 1957. <mask> became one of the first Jesuits to specialize in business administration. <mask>s joined the faculty of Boston College. He was promoted to assistant dean of Boston College's school of business in 1964. The Jesuits appointed <mask> as the President of Fairfield University in Connecticut in 1964, and he held the position

masks:
William C
. McInnes
McInnes
McInnes
McInnes
McInnes
William
Mary McInnes
McInnes
McInnes
McInnes
McInnes
McInnes
McInnes
McInnes
McInness


title: William C. McInnes

texts: until 1973. He had no idea that he was going to be appointed president at a secret meeting. He oversaw the rapid expansion of the university's campus.There were nearly 2,500 students at the time that Mcinness was in charge. In 1970, Fairfield became a co-ed institution for the first time, after previously being an all-male institution. The first female alumni graduated in 1973. During <mask>s' time as college president, the Graduate School of Corporate and Political Communication, School of Nursing and Center for Lifetime Learning were established. During the 1960s and 1970s, McInness oversaw several major challenges to the university. The United States Supreme Court heard testimony from McInness. The constitutionality of using American federal money for the construction of secular academic buildings at colleges and universities with religious affiliations was upheld in the Tilton vs. Richardson lawsuit.In 1971 the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Fairfield. A group of African American students took over an academic building in 1969. McInness negotiated directly with the students involved, eventually agreeing to some of their demands, including a commitment to hiring minority faculty members and increasing the number of black students. There was a student strike at the university in the late 1960s. McInnes was criticized because no university students were punished for strikes. During the 1960s campus unrest, no university property or buildings were damaged or destroyed, and there were no deaths or serious injuries. We lost several friends because they didn't appreciate how we were handling the crisis.<mask> became the president of the University of San Francisco in 1972. During the Fall 1972 semester, he was the president of both the two colleges at the same time. <mask> stepped down as president of the university in 1973.

masks: McInnes McInnes McInnes


title: William C. McInnes

texts: <mask> was appointed president of the University of San Francisco in 1972. During the transition between the two universities, he served as president of both San Francisco and Fairfield University. The University of San Francisco was in a financial crisis when <mask> arrived in 1972. <mask> instituted a series of financial reforms that resulted in a balanced budget for the university.The San Francisco College for Women campus on Lone Mountain was acquired after McInnes initiated negotiations. The Lone Mountain campus has administrative offices, classrooms, and the offices of the president and vice president. The Fromm Institute for Lifelong Learning was founded by <mask> while he was president. He left the University of San Francisco in 1977 to become the head of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities. He was the head for twelve years. He was able to meet both Pope Paul VI and Pope John Paul II. McInness stepped down in 1989.He became the campus minister at the University of Connecticut in 1990. <mask> became the parochial vicar of St. Thomas Aquinas Roman Catholic Parish in Connecticut. McInness returned to Boston College as an instructor in 1998. He was the faculty advisor for BC's chapter of the Alpha Sigma Nu Jesuit honor society. McInnes wanted to build a Vietnam War memorial at Boston College. The memorial is 70 feet long and commemorates members of the Boston College community killed in Vietnam. Father <mask> died from cancer and a fall at the Campion Center Jesuit retreat facility in Weston, Massachusetts, at the age of 86.His funeral was held in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts and he was buried in Weston, Massachusetts. External links are mentioned. S.J. is named after <mask><mask>. There is a Profile Rev. The presidents of the University of San Francisco, the American Jesuits, and Boston College died in

masks:
Father McInnes
McInnes
McInnes
McInnes
McInnes
William McInnes
William C
. McInnes


title: Paul Bourdarie

texts: <mask> was a French explorer, journalist, lecturer and professor. He lectured on topics such as growing cotton and domesticating African elephants. The indigenous people of the French colonies had a liberal policy. The Grand Mosque of Paris was founded by Bourdarie. <mask> was born in July of 1864. He left on a study mission in 1893. The culture of lime growers, the need to establish experimental farms, and the construction of a port at Pointe-Noire were all described in his report.He advocated domestication of African elephants to avoid using porters. The problems of rubber collection caused the Minister of the Colonies and the Museum to import Hevea brasiliensis and Palaquium gutta. <mask> was secretary general of the African Society from 1894 to 1897. He raised questions about Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza's approach to colonization when he was a candidate for the Gabon-Congo delegation to the French Africa Committee in 1895. In 1897, in La France Noire, <mask> acknowledged Brazza's honesty and his contribution to the French Congo colony but opposed his appointment as Commissioner General of the colony on the basis of his lack of tact and the opposition he had raised among the colonists. The claims were examined by a committee of African experts. It included the Colonel who helped to negotiate the Ghadames treaty, as well as the former Lieutenant-Governor of Dahomey, Jean-Marie Bayol, and the explorers Bernard d'Attanoux and Ferdinand de Béhagle.Bourdarie and Ferdinand de Béhagle spoke about the importance of the French making a military association with the natives for defense of the colonies. Ferdinand de Béhagle, who was hanged in 1899 in Dikoa, was prepared by Bourdarie. The mission of Béhagle and Albert Bonnel de Mézires was returned by Bourdarie. He proposed

masks:
Paul Bourdarie
Paul Bourdarie
Bourdarie
Bourdarie


title: Paul Bourdarie

texts: the construction of a railway around the rapids. Bourdarie took charge of the "Colonies and Protectorates" column in the newspaper La France in 1896 and wrote a personal column about colonizing. Bourdarie lectured on the domestication of elephants in Africa. Leopold II charged Captain Laplume to inquire on the trials of domesticating elephants after he returned from a lecture tour in Belgium.He spoke in the French textile industry about cotton growing in Africa. <mask> founded the Revue indigne to promote a liberal policy for treatment of indigenous people. The Revue indigne: Organe des intérts des inelignes aux colonies et pays de protectorat was published in Paris from 1906 to 1932. It advocated respect for the institutions and authorities of the colonized societies, gradual modernization at their own pace through collaboration between traditional elites and the colonial authorities, with progressive granting of political rights including the vote and French citizenship, while letting the colonized peoples retain their traditional laws, customs and culture. Many North African Muslims read the periodical. <mask> was appointed professor at the Free College of Social Sciences under the direction of Ernest Delbet. He taught courses on the history and sociology of France.Souvenir colonial franais was founded in 1909 by Bourdarie and Professor <mask> of the cole des Sciences Politiques. The Revue indigne was read by many people in Tunisia as an alternative to the propaganda of the colons. He lectured on current events, politics and the lessons of war from 1914 to 1920. The Grand Mosque of Paris was founded in 1915 by Bourdarie. He went to Morocco in 1916 at the invitation of the Resident General. <mask> was the general delegate of the Association cotonnire coloniale

masks:
Bourdarie
Bourdarie
Paul Pellet
Bourdarie


title: Paul Bourdarie

texts: from 1917 to 1921. He was chairman of the League of Nations Division for Colonial and Foreign Affairs in 1919 and supported the independence of Georgia from Russia.<mask> was appointed to the Conseil supérieur des Colonies in 1920. Bourdarie, Governor Alfred Albert Martineau and Maurice Delafosse started the process of creating the academy of sciences coloniales. He was appointed permanent secretary of the Academy on July 8, 1922. Bourdarie was decorated as an officer of public instruction. He was appointed to the Transaharian Railway Study Committee in 1929. He was a member of the higher council of the exposition coloniale internationale. He was a member of the Upper Scientific Committee of the French Institute of Black Africa.<mask> won the grand prize in 1939. When the Germans advanced during World War II, <mask>iei is named after Bourdarie. The births and deaths of explorers of

masks: Bourdarie Bourdarie Bourdariedar


title: George Elokobi

texts: <mask> is a professional footballer who plays for the National League club Maidstone United. Elokobi moved to England at the age of 16 to play football for Dulwich Hamlet. He was signed by Colchester United after a trial period. After making his professional debut for Chester City in 2005, he went on to make 46 appearances for Colchester. He joined Wolves in January 2008 and helped them to promotion to the premier league. He made twelve league appearances for Forest in the second half of the 2011–12 season after being a regular in the first-team. He fractured his ankle on his debut when he was on loan to Bristol City.He was released by Wolves at the end of the 2013–14 season and joined Oldham Athletic. He spent one season with a different team. He was on a loan at National League side Braintree Town. He was released on his 33rd birthday after joining Leyton Orient. Elokobi moved to Maidstone at the end of the year as a player/academy coach after signing for another National League side. Elokobi was just eleven years old when he lost his father and grandfather. His mother moved to England to study while his grandmother lived with him.She found a job and was able to send her son to one of the best boarding schools. After moving to London at the age of 16, Elokobi attended college and studied IT and sociology. After arriving in England in 2002, Elokobi joined the youth scheme at Dulwich Hamlet. He was spotted by scouts from Colchester United. He became Phil Parkinson's fourth summer signing on June 29, 2004, after being offered a trial at the end of the 2003– 2004 season. In his first season with the club, Elokobi did not play for the first team, but he did work for Ian Rush at Chester City. He made his professional debut for Chester on January 29, 2005.On his fifth and final appearance for the club on 26 February, he was sent off for committing a foul in the penalty area. During the 2005–06 season, <mask> was rewarded with a new deal at the club after making the substitute bench for a number of games. In the League Cup

masks:
George Elokobi
Elokobi


title: George Elokobi

texts: at Layer Road, he made his U's debut in a 2–0 defeat to Cardiff City. He replaced Pat Baldwin. He started for the first time in the league three days later. He scored his first professional goal on 24 September in a 1–1 draw. <mask> was out of action for much of October and November 2005 after being diagnosed with the disease.He scored the U's equalising goal in the 57th minute of the game against Northampton Town in the Football League Trophy. He made a total of twelve League One appearances across the season, with a further five in cup competition, as he helped his side to second place in the table and promotion to the Championship. Chris Barker retained the left-back position for much of the season after Elokobi was displaced by a suspension earned after being sent off in a reserve game. Over the course of the season, he made ten league appearances. After securing the left-back position for himself in the early stages of the 2008 season, <mask> was linked with a move to Scottish side Celtic, but he remained with the club. After making 14 appearances, Elokobi handed in a transfer request in November 2007, stating that he had no intention of re-signing for the club once his contract expired in the summer of 2008. With the club yet to receive an offer for the player, he made his first start since handing in his transfer request.In the 2–1 win against Wednesday, he scored the decisive goal and his final goal. <mask> said after the game that he would give 100 percent for the club. He played his final game for the U's in a 3–1 FA Cup home defeat by Peterborough United on January 5, 2008. On January 31, 2008, <mask> requested a transfer to another Championship club, Wolves, who paid an undisclosed fee and signed him for a year. He made his debut in Wolves' 0–0 draw at Blackpool on February 12th, and quickly became a regular in the starting eleven, making 15 appearances from his debut until the end of the season. <mask> started the 2008–09 campaign as a regular starter, making three appearances from the opening day of the

masks: Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi


title: George Elokobi

texts: season. Elokobi suffered a serious knee injury in the fourth game of the season and was expected to be out for the rest of the season.During his injury lay-off, <mask> was given a new deal with the club as they surged to the Championship league title and earned promotion to the premier league. He made a late substitute appearance in the 1–0 home win over Doncaster on the final day of the season to lift the Championship trophy. In Wolves' 1–0 defeat to Manchester City at the City of Manchester Stadium on August 22, 2009, <mask> was a half-time substitute for Greg Halford. He signed a new three-year deal in August 2010 after making 26 appearances over the course of the season. <mask> scored his first Wolves goal in a League Cup match against Manchester United. He scored Wolves' first goal on 60 minutes. He was sent off for a reckless tackle on Doncaster's James Coppinger after 77 minutes of the 2–2 FA Cup draw on January 8, 2011.He played in 32 games as Wolves narrowly avoided being demoted. <mask> scored his first goal of the season in a League Cup win over Millwall in September 2011. After struggling to hold down a regular first team place with just three starts in eight premier league games, <mask> was made available for loan in February 2012 <mask> was signed by Forest in an emergency loan deal on February 9, 2012 with Wolves hoping the move would give <mask> a chance to play some games. The loan move would last until the end of the Championship season. He made his debut in a home game. His parent club were demoted to the Championship while he made twelve appearances for Forest.<mask> was linked with a permanent transfer to Forest in July 2012 but the move never materialised. <mask> returned to the Wolves squad for the 2012–13 season in the Championship as a substitute for David Edwards in their 1–1 draw with Derby County. <mask> was made available for loan by the new manager, Stle Solbakken, who stated that his squad was too large. <mask> was signed on a 93-day emergency loan by Bristol City as cover for Greg

masks: Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi


title: George Elokobi

texts: Cunningham who had been ruled out of action for two months with an ankle injury. He fractured his ankle 43 minutes into his debut and was expected to be out for the rest of the season. The player was undergoing surgery when his loan was terminated. He returned to action for Wolves earlier than expected once again, playing in the final game of the season defeat to Seagulls which confirmed the club's return to the Championship.<mask> had a one-year contract extension option to stay with Wolves until the end of the season. After enduring another frustrating season where he made just nine appearances in all competitions, the club decided not to offer him a new contract, and Elokobi made his final appearance in a charity match. Elokobi signed a one-year contract with the League One side on August 8th. He made his debut as a substitute for James Dayton in the 2–2 draw with Elokobi's former club. He was out of action for all of October and most of November due to a thigh injury. On his return, <mask> was a regular feature in Lee Johnson's starting line-up, and he scored his first goal for the club on 26 December in a 2–1 home defeat by Crewe. Between his departure and the end of the season, Elokobi made just one substitute appearance for the club.His season ended with three goals. After rejecting the club's offer of a reduced contract, Elokobi decided to leave the club. <mask> was re-signed by the club on July 3, 2015, after seven years away. After spending much of pre-season out of contention through injury, Elokobi made his second debut for Colchester during their 4–0 away defeat to Fleetwood Town on 22 August. When his side were 3–0 down, he replaced Richard Brindley. On his first start for the club on August 29, Elokobi scored the equalising goal in a 2–2 draw with Scunthorpe United. On September 15th, Elokobi received his first red card of his career when he brought down Billy Sharp in the 86th minute with the score at 3–2 to Colchester and he was already on a yellow card.The side went on to win the match after Jamie

masks: Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi


title: George Elokobi

texts: Jones saved the penalty. <mask> made 19 appearances and scored two goals. <mask> was made available for loan in August of 2016 by John McGreal. He joined the National League side on a month-long loan. The same day he made his debut, they lost to Boreham Wood. In the first round of the FA Cup, he scored twice. On November 22nd, <mask> was recalled from his loan at Braintree and immediately joined the squad for the match against Cheltenham Town.He made his first start of the season and helped the U's end their eleven-game winless run with a 3–0 win. He scored his first goal of the season in a 1–0 win over Wycombe in February. He played 29 League Two games until the end of the season. He left the club at the end of his contract because he couldn't agree on a new deal. <mask> signed a two-year contract with the National League side. He left the club by mutual consent ten days after he was placed on the transfer list. <mask> signed for a National League side until the end of the season.At the end of the season, <mask> left Aldershot and joined Maidstone United. In preparation for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations, <mask> was called up for a training camp in France in December of 2010 to prepare for the games. He replaced the injured Gatan Bong and was an unused substitute in the game. He was scheduled to play in a friendly against Gabon in France three days later, but the game was canceled with no official reason. <mask> has scored in every division from the Premier League to the National League South. There are people on the website who are living and playing football in England. The players are from Colchester United F.C.The players are from Chester City F.C. The players are from Wolves F.C. The players are from the Forest F.C. The players are from Bristol City. The players are from Oldham Athletic A.F.C. The players are from Braintree Town F.C. The players are from Orient F.C.The players are from Aldershot Town F.C. The players are from Maidstone United F.C. Football players from the English Football League and the

masks: Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi Elokobi George


title: Yang Joon-il

texts: in March 1991 at the age of 21. He performed "Rebecca" on the MBC's Saturday Night Music Show. "Help Me Cupid" was the second single. He went back to Los Angeles to work on his second album. His second full length album was released in 1992. He released a couple of hit songs. The songs "Love Strutter( )" of Chul Y and Mi Ae's second album were composed by <mask>.The first pop musician to introduce Korean audiences to the new jack swing genre was popular in the mid 1980s and early 1990s in the U.S. In'Back to the Future', dance pop and Korean traditional music were combined, which was very innovative at the time. He was active in South Korea from 1991 to 1993 but disappeared from the public scene. He told The Korea Times that he was hated by many for his unusual looks. Some people threw rocks during his performance. The audience member faked a handshake to pull him down from the stage, telling him: "You need a beating." He was denied an extension to his visa because he had to be recertified every six months.It was hard for him to be accepted in South Korea because he was an American. On April 17, 2001, he made another debut as JIY, a member of a music band V2, with a third album. "Version 2" was what V2 meant. He used the name JIY instead of his real name. He changed his look and lied about his age. He hid his true identity as music producers told him he wouldn't make it again because of his controversial image in Korea. His new song "Fantasy", composed by Valery Gaina of Cruise, enjoyed a brief popularity before he put an end to his music career.He worked as


title: Yang Joon-il

texts: for the first time in his life a few days before the fan meeting. He rented an apartment in Korea. His debut song "Rebecca" was performed on MBC's show on the 4th. His debut was 28 years ago. The special feature Sugar Man, <mask>-il, 91.19> aired on the 16th and 23rd and was a parody of his own 90's fashion style. The title of the program is meant to remember his debut year when he was recovered.His photo essay began a pre-sale on February 3. Over 15,000 copies were pre-sold on the first day. A series of interviews with the behind-the-scenes of photo shooting for his book was released. The number of subscribers went up to 15K in a single day. On February 14th, it was officially released. On March 14, the 100th day anniversary of his re-debut, <mask> and Lia Kim appeared on MBC. The via a collaboration stage has a Music Core.Two of them went on stage with his song "Dance with Me" released in 1992. The lecture was titled "Message to unhappy people in competition". It hit 1 million views in 2 days. On April 28, he held a Drive-through Fansign event in Paju Premium Outlet. Password of You and I eBook was released on the 15th. The audiobook "Maybe: Password of You and I" was released on the 19th. The contract was signed with Production Lee Whang.According to Production Lee Whang, the agency has formed with <mask>'s one-man agency XBe and will be in charge of promoting his songs and managing his schedule. The first and second albums on vinyl will be released in October. His new song "Rocking Roll Again" was released on August 19th, which is also his 51st birthday.

masks:
Yang Joon
Yang
Yang


title: Yang Joon-il

texts: A new message by <mask> is added to the re-edited version. On August 28, Sinsegae International and <mask> launched their women's 2020 F/W collection and opened pop-up retail. A solo concert "The First Dance" was scheduled for September 19. The "Blue Spting Festival" was also canceled.The concert was supposed to be held in May but was canceled due to Covid-19. The album Single Rocking Roll Again was released on August 19, 2020. There is a photo essay. The co-authored is by Icecream. The photo was taken by Kim Bo-ha. Yulla illustrated it. The photo was taken by Kim Bo-ha.The book was published by Mobidicbookks. The Concerts Party Invitation '93 at Viva Art Hall was held in June of 1993 and A Gift of JIY was held in December of 2019. In 2020, <mask> came in third place in brand reputation rankings for male advertisement models. Pizza Hut has an official model. He was selected as an endorsement model. He is an ambassador for Shinsegae International. Shinsegae International is planning to launch a collaborative product.He was in commercials for Berocca. He was the new face of Jenny House Cosmetics. A new product will be released by Jenny House Cosmetics. Their collaboration site, Rebecca Salon, was opened on the same day that Re;BAK Style Repair Shampoo and Treatment was officially launched. On August, Shinsegae International launched a goods line on the theme of "Life.Walker". S.I. JIY's line was released on S.I.The Shinsegae Department Store has pop-up stores. Special Prize acceptance speech 2020 Brand Customer Loyalty Award Hot Icon acceptance speech

masks: Yang Yang Yang


title: Lydia Yeamans Titus

texts: Australian-born American singer, dancer, comedienne, and actress <mask> was born in December of 1856 and died in December of 1929. She was remembered for her Baby-Talk act and her rendition of Sally in Our Alley. King Edward VII once gave a gold bar pin with the opening notes of Sally in Our Alley engraved on it. Between 1911 and 1930, he appeared in at least 132 motion pictures in the medium of film. <mask> was born on the coast of south eastern Australia during a voyage to Melbourne. Edward "Ned<mask> was an American circus clown and comedian from New York. Her parents married after she joined the Rowe Circus, an American tent show that performed in Australia.After a circus tour that included Japan, China, Java and the Philippines, her father, mother and baby sister settled in San Francisco. They didn't see their mother and sister again for nearly a decade because they stayed in Sydney with their grandparents. Annie Yeamans pursued a long career in vaudeville and on the stage after her father Ned died performing in circuses throughout the American West. The sisters started on stage as child actors with Emily the more popular over their early years. Emily, a long-time character actress with Edward Harrigan's company, fell victim to a lung ailment at the age of 32 after her career was cut short by a fatal case of Tuberculosis. <mask> began her solo career in the fall of 1875 as a song and dance act with Tony Pastor's vaudeville company and by the late 1880s she was billing herself as the "Anglo-American Lyric

masks:
Lydia Yeamans Titus
Lydia Yeamans
" Yeamans
Stage Titus


title: Lydia Yeamans Titus

texts: Star". She became a popular act in tours of Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand.As a member of the Buffalo, New York Elks Lodge, <mask> was made a vaudeville attraction. She was a member of the San Francisco lodge. Her imitations were masterpieces of the art of mimicry that enthralled audiences with the personality she brought to each theatrical production. She was going to perform at New York's Madison Square Garden. Frederick J<mask> was upset with the theatre over their placement on the night's billing card and over the piano the theatre provided for their act. Two people refused to go on stage and leave the theatre when the theatre's manager failed to address their issues. The actress returned without her husband to ask the manager to release them from their contract.A cut on the manager's eye was caused by a heated argument in which <mask> struck the manager with her umbrella. The manager decided not to press charges after the police were called and she was released from custody. The short film Tale of Two Cities was filmed in New York. She appeared in films produced by a number of companies. The World and Its Woman is a tale about a Russian peasant who becomes an opera diva. In the movie, she sang some of the songs that she performed for English royalty in the 1890s. If she had not died in 1929, her filmography may have continued on into thetalkies.Her last picture was the early talkie Lummox. Some of Hollywood's most well known and legendary stars were supported by <mask>. Colleen Moore once spent

masks:
Titus
. Titus
Titus
Titus


title: Lydia Yeamans Titus

texts: her paycheck on a fur coat. Her director Charles Brabin pointed out to her that she'd lived a life of luxury as a darling of the London stage and had been given a brooch by King Edward, but now she was eking out a living in small parts. Moore returned the coat. She was married to a man who was an actor and a pianist. May was married to the American cyclist Frederick "Fred" J<mask>, which is why he is sometimes reported to have been married to the actress.<mask> and <mask> were married in 1886. They didn't have any children. <mask> was 72 years old when she died of a paralytic stroke in Los Angeles on December 30, 1929. She wanted her remains to be buried at sea. Her ashes were scattered on the waves of the Pacific Ocean along the Southern California Coast. He was widowed in 1918. One of Hollywood's most well-known and interesting characters died.In support of most of the greatest stars, Mrs. <mask> appeared in innumerable pictures. Her last days were interesting but lacked the glamor of her earlier career. Sally in Our Alley is one of the most famous songs of the last decade. King Edward VII of England gave her a gold bar pin that showed the first notes of the song. The Oakland Tribune reported on film players mourning for an actress. The Olean Herald published an article on Thursday, June 26, 1919. There was a record attendance at the Wigwam Theater.Robert Grau wrote Forty Years Observation of Music and the Drama in 1909. 19th-century Australian actresses, 20th-century Australian actresses and Vaudeville

masks:
. Titus
Lydia
Titus
Lydia
Titus


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: <mask> was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and illustrator. His paper on the theory of evolution through natural selection was published with Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. Darwin published On the Origin of Species. <mask> did extensive fieldwork in both the Amazon River basin and the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Line, which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two separate parts. He was the leading expert on the geographical distribution of animal species in the 19th century. <mask> was the co-discoverer of natural selection and was one of the leading evolutionary theorists of the 19th century. The <mask> effect is a hypothesis on how natural selection could contribute to speciation by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridisation.<mask>'s 1904 book Man's Place in the Universe was the first serious attempt to evaluate the likelihood of life on other planets. He was one of the first scientists to explore the subject of whether there was life on Mars. He was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system in 19th-century Britain. His advocacy of spiritualism and his belief in a non-material origin for the higher mental faculties of humans strained his relationship with some members of the scientific establishment. One of the first scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity was due to his interest in natural history. His account of his adventures in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia, The Malay Archipelago, was both popular and highly regarded, and he was a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues. It has been in print since 1869.<mask> <mask>

masks:
Alfred Russel Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Alfred Russel
Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: was born in 1823. Mary Anne <mask> and Thomas Vere <mask> had nine children. His mother was English and his father Scottish. Many <mask>s claim a connection to <mask>, a leader of Scottish forces during the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 13th century. Thomas never practised law after graduating from law school. The family's financial position deteriorated due to bad investments and failed business ventures that he owned. His mother was from a middle-class family.<mask>'s family moved to Hertford when he was five years old. Financial difficulties forced his family to withdraw him when he was 14 years old. <mask> and his brother John moved to London. Until William was ready to take him on as an apprentice, this was a stopgap measure. <mask> attended lectures and read books in London. He was exposed to the political ideas of the Welsh social reformer Robert Owen. He worked as William's apprentice for six years after leaving London.They settled at Neath in Wales at the end of the 19th century. <mask> did land surveying in the west of England and Wales between 1840 and 1843. Difficult economic conditions caused William's business to decline by the end of 1843, while <mask> left in January. A modern controversy about <mask>'s nationality is a result of his early travels. <mask> is thought to be Welsh by some sources since he was born there. However, some historians have questioned this because neither of his parents was Welsh, his family only briefly lived in Monmouthshire, the Welsh people <mask> knew in his childhood considered him to be English, and because <mask> himself consistently referred to himself as English rather than Welsh. The most reasonable interpretation is that he was an Englishman born in Wales.He was hired as a master at the

masks:
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
William Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Alfred
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: school to teach drawing, mapmaking, and surveying after a brief period of unemployment. An essay on the principle of population by Thomas Robert Malthus was one of the things <mask> read at the library. He published a paper on beetles in the journal Zoologist when he was 19 years old. He befriended <mask> and started collecting insects. <mask> left his teaching position to assume control of his brother's firm in Neath, but his brother John and he were unable to make the business work. <mask> found work as a civil engineer for a nearby firm that was working on a survey for a proposed railway in the Vale of Neath. <mask> was able to indulge his new passion for collecting insects because he spent a lot of time outdoors.<mask> persuaded his brother John to join him in starting another architecture and civil engineering firm, which carried out a number of projects, including the design of a building for the Neath Mechanics' Institute. <mask> was persuaded to give lectures at the institute by William Jevons, who was impressed by him. In the autumn of 1846, John and he purchased a cottage near Neath, where they lived with their mother and sister. During this time, he read many books, including Robert Chambers' anonymous publication of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, Charles Darwin's The Voyage of the Beagle, and Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology. <mask> decided that he too wanted to travel abroad as a naturalist, following in the footsteps of Alexander von Humboldt, Ida Laura Pfeiffer and Charles Darwin. <mask> and Henry went to Brazil aboard the Mischief. They wanted to collect insects and other animals in the Amazon Rainforest for their private collections in order to raise money for the trip.<mask> wanted to gather evidence of the

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: transmutation of species. <mask> and Bates spent most of their first year collecting near Belém, then explored inland separately, occasionally meeting to discuss their findings. In 1849, they were joined by another young explorer, Richard Spruce, along with <mask>'s younger brother Herbert. Herbert left after two years, but Spruce would spend over ten years collecting in South America. <mask> continued to chart the Rio Negro for four years, collecting specimen and making notes on the peoples and languages he encountered. <mask> went to the UK on the brig Helen. The crew was forced to abandon the ship after it caught fire.The most interesting two years of <mask>'s trip were lost. He saved a few notes and pencil sketches. <mask> and the crew spent ten days in an open boat before being picked up by the brig Jordeson, which was sailing from Cuba to London. The Jordeson''s provisions were strained by the unexpected passengers, but after a difficult passage on very short ration the ship finally reached its destination. After returning to the UK, <mask> spent 18 months in London living on the insurance payment for his lost collection and selling a few specimen that had been shipped back to Britain prior to his exploration of the Rio Negro until the Indian town of Jativa on Orinoco. The virgin forest, the variety and beauty of butterflies and birds, and his first encounter with Indians on the Vaupés River area were just some of the things he was impressed by. Despite having lost most of his notes from his South American expedition, he wrote six academic papers and two books.He made connections with a number of other British scientists. <mask> traveled through the Malay Archipelago and East Indies from 1854 to 1862 to collect specimen for sale and study

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: natural history. The Cambridge University Museum of Zoology has a set of 80 bird skeletons that he collected in Indonesia. <mask> had a lot of assistants who collected for him. His most trusted assistant was a Malay named Ali who later changed his name to <mask>. Many of the bird specimen were collected by his assistants and prepared by Ali. <mask> proposed the <mask> line after observing zoological differences across a narrow strait in the archipelago.More than 83,000 beetles were collected by <mask> in the Malay Archipelago. Several thousand of them were new to science. <mask>'s flying frog, also known as the gliding tree frog, is one of his better-known species descriptions. He had his famous insight on natural selection while he was exploring the archipelago. A description of Darwin's own theory was published along with an article outlining his theory in 1858. The Malay Archipelago, which became one of the most popular books of scientific exploration of the 19th century, was published in 1869 and has never been out of print. It was praised by both scientists and non-scientists, including the novelist Joseph Conrad, who used it as a source of information for several of his novels.<mask> moved in with his sister and her husband after returning to England. <mask> gave many lectures to the Zoological Society of London about his adventures and discoveries after recovering from his travels. He became friendly with both Charles and Herbert Spencer after visiting Darwin at Down House. <mask> defended natural selection during the 1860s. Sexual selection, warning colouration, and the effect of natural selection on hybridisation and the divergence of species were some of the topics he discussed with Darwin. He began investigating spiritualism in 1865.

masks:
Wallace
Ali Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: <mask> was engaged to a young woman named Miss L., who was the daughter of a chess player.<mask> was disappointed that she broke off the engagement. <mask> married Annie Mitten. <mask> had befriended the botanist Richard Spruce, who was also a good friend of William Mitten, who was an expert on mosses. <mask> built the Dell on land he leased in Grays in Essex, where he lived until 1876. The <mask>s had three children. <mask> was worried about the financial security of his family. While he was in the Malay Archipelago, the sale of specimen brought in a lot of money, which was carefully invested by the agent who sold them for <mask>.<mask> found himself badly in need of the proceeds from the publication of The Malay Archipelago after he made a series of bad investments in railways and mines. He was never able to get a permanent position in a museum despite assistance from his friends. <mask> graded government exams, wrote 25 papers for publication, and was paid to help edit some of their own works, in order to remain financially solvent. <mask> had to sell some of his personal property in order to get a £500 advance from the publisher of The Geographical Distribution of Animals. Darwin tried to get <mask> a government pension for his lifetime contributions to science because he was aware of <mask>'s financial difficulties. <mask>'s financial position was helped by the £200 annual pension that was awarded in the late 19th century. John Stuart Mill was impressed by <mask>'s criticism of English society in The Malay Archipelago.The Land Tenure Reform Association was dissolved after Mill's death, but he asked him to join the general committee. At the age of 56, <mask> entered the debates over trade policy and land reform after writing only a few articles

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: on political and social issues. He believed that rural land should be owned by the state and leased to people who would use it for the benefit of the largest number of people. <mask> was the first president of the Land Nationalisation Society. He published a book on the subject in the next year. The UK's free trade policies had a negative impact on working class people. There are a lot of days in this year.<mask> declared himself a socialist after reading Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy in 1889. <mask> described Progress and Poverty as "Undoubtedly the most remarkable and important book of the present century" after reading it. <mask> believed that modern society was too corrupt and unjust to allow a reasonable determination of who was fit or not. <mask> wrote that those who succeed in the race for wealth are not the best or the smartest. <mask> wrote on a number of social and political topics, including his support for women's speach, and the dangers and wastefulness of militarism. 23,279. <mask> wrote in 1899 that all modern wars are caused by the ambition, the interests, the jealousies, and the insatiable greed of power of their rulers.In 1909, with aviation in its infancy, he advocated an international treaty to ban the military use of aircraft, arguing against the idea that this new horror is inevitable. <mask> published a book in 1898 about developments in the 19th century. The first part of the book covered the major scientific and technical advances of the century; the second part covered what <mask> considered to be its social failures including: the destruction and waste of wars and arms races, the rise of the urban poor and the dangerous conditions in which they lived and worked. <mask> continued his scientific work as well as his


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: social commentary. Island Life was a sequel to The Geographic Distribution of Animals. <mask> traveled to the United States in 1886 to give a series of popular lectures. He gave speeches on biogeography, spiritualism, and socio-economic reform, but most of the lectures were on Darwinism.He was able to see his brother John for the first time in years. He spent a week in Colorado, with the American botanist Alice Eastwood as his guide, exploring the flora of the Rocky Mountains and gathering evidence that would lead him to a theory on how glaciation might explain certain commonalities between the mountain flora of Europe, Asia and North America. He saw the collections of many American naturalists. The information he collected on his American trip was used in his book. <mask> died at home in the country house he had built a decade earlier. He was old. The press reported his death.The New York Times said that he was "the last of the giants belonging to that wonderful group of intellectuals that included, among others, Darwin, Huxley, Spencer, and Owen, whose daring investigations revolutionised and evolutionised the thought of the century." A commentator in the same edition said that there was no need for an apology from the author of the book. <mask>'s wife had him buried in the small cemetery at Broadstone, despite some of <mask>'s friends suggesting that he be buried in Westminster Abbey. A group of British scientists formed a committee to place a medallion of <mask> near where Darwin was buried. On 1 November 1915, the medallion was unveiled. <mask> began his career as a travelling naturalist believing in the transmutation of species. The concept was advocated by a number of people.It was thought to have radical, even revolutionary connotations,

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: and was discussed but not generally accepted by leading naturalists. Prominent anatomists and geologists attacked it. It has been suggested that <mask> accepted the idea of the transmutation of species because he was always inclined to favour radical ideas in politics, religion and science, and because he was open to marginal, even fringe, ideas in science. He was influenced by Robert Chambers' work, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, which advocated an evolutionary origin for the solar system, the earth, and living things. <mask> deliberately planned some of his fieldwork to test the hypothesis that under an evolutionary scenario closely related species should live in adjoining territories. He noted in his paper "On the Monkeys of the Amazon" that the ranges of closely allied species were often separated by geographical barriers. He asked the question at the end of the paper, "Are very closely allied species ever separated by a wide interval of country?"<mask> wrote "On the Law which has Regulated the introduction of New Species", a paper which was published in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History in September 1854. He talked about the distribution of both living and fossil species in the paper. The "Sarawak Law" is a conclusion that every species has come into existence with a closely allied species. <mask> had posed a question about the monkeys of the Amazon river basin in his previous paper. He would write a paper about evolution three years later, but he didn't mention any mechanisms for evolution. Charles Lyell believed that species were unchanging. Although Charles Darwin wrote to him in 1842 expressing his support for transmutation, he continued to be opposed to it.He told Darwin about <mask>'s paper at the beginning of

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: 1856. Upon the whole! <mask> believes that the various domestic races of animals have been developed into species. Darwin mistook <mask>'s conclusion for the progressive creationism of the time and wrote that it was nothing new. It seems all creation with him. He grappled with the consequences, particularly for human ancestry, in the notebook he opened. For the first time, Darwin gave the full details of his theory to his friend, Joseph Hooker.Darwin was urged to publish to establish priority by Lyell. In May 1856, Darwin began writing up a species sketch of his work. <mask> was convinced by his research in the Malay Archipelago that evolution was real. According to his autobiography, <mask> thought about Malthus's idea of positive checks on human population and the idea of natural selection while he was sick. His memoir says he was on the island of Ternate, but historians say he was on the island of Gilolo. He used a house on Ternate as a base for his expeditions to other islands. <mask> was one of the correspondents whose observations Darwin used to support his own theories, and he describes how he discovered natural selection.<mask> kept the letters he received despite his first letter being lost. In the first letter, dated 1 May 1856, Darwin said that <mask>'s letter of 10 October and his paper "On the Law which has regulated the introduction of new species" showed that they thought alike. The second letter, dated 22 December 1856, said how glad he was that <mask> was theorising about distribution, adding that "without speculation there is no good and original observation, but I believe I go much further than you". <mask> asked Darwin to review his February 1858 essay, "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: Type", if he thought it was worthwhile. <mask> sent several articles for journal publication during his travels through the Malay archipelago, but the Ternate essay was in a private letter. The essay was written on 18 June 1858. The mechanics of an evolutionary divergence of species due to environmental pressures were outlined in the essay.It was similar to the theory that Darwin had worked on for 20 years, but had yet to publish. Darwin wrote a letter saying he could not have made a better short abstract. He does not say he wishes me to publish, but I shall, of course, at once write and offer to send to any journal." Darwin was distraught about the illness of his baby son, so he put the problem to Charles and Joseph Hooker, who decided to publish the essay in a joint presentation together with unpublished writings which highlighted Darwin's priority. <mask>'s essay was presented to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858, along with excerpts from an essay which Darwin had disclosed privately to Hooker in 1847 and a letter Darwin had written to Asa Gray in 1856. Communication with <mask> in the far-off Malay Archipelago took months of delay, so he was not part of this rapid publication. <mask> was happy that he had been included at all, and never expressed bitterness in public or in private.Without Darwin, <mask>'s views on evolution would not have been taken seriously. <mask> was not the social equal of Darwin or the other prominent British natural scientists because he was demoted to the position of co-discoverer. <mask> and Darwin were both associated with the joint reading of their papers on natural selection. <mask> would have greater access to the highest levels of the scientific community with this combination of Darwin's and Hooker's


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: advocacy on his behalf. The president of the Linnean Society remarked in May 1859 that the year had not been marked by any striking discoveries, but with Darwin's publication of On the Origin of Species later in 1859, the significance of the reading became apparent. <mask> met Darwin when he returned to the UK. <mask>'s opinions would test Darwin's patience, but they remained on friendly terms for the rest of Darwin's life.Some people have questioned this version of events in the past. There was a conspiracy to rob <mask> of his proper credit, and that Darwin had actually stolen a key idea from <mask> to finish his own theory, according to two books written in the early 1980s. A number of scholars have not found the claims convincing. The shipping schedules show that <mask>'s letter could not have been delivered earlier than Darwin's. <mask> defended Darwin's On the Origin of Species after he returned to England. <mask> published a short paper in 1863 that pleased Darwin. A professor of geology at the University of Dublin criticized Darwin's comments in the Origin on how hexagonal honey bee cells could have evolved through natural processes."Creation by Law" was an 1867 article in the Quarterly Journal of Science. The book was written by George Campbell, the 8th Duke of Argyll. <mask> wrote to Darwin complaining that there were no opponents left who knew anything about natural history so that there were no good discussions. Historians of science have noted that there were differences between Darwin's and <mask>'s ideas on natural selection. <mask> emphasized environmental pressures on varieties and species forcing them to become adapted to their local conditions leading populations in different locations to diverge, whereas Darwin emphasized


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: competition between individuals of the same species to survive and reproduce. According to Peter J. Bowler, <mask> may have not discussed selection of individual variations but group selection in the paper he mailed to Darwin. <mask> was discussing individual variations.<mask> appeared to have envisioned natural selection as a kind of feedback mechanism keeping species and varieties adapted to their environment, as opposed to 'directional' selection. <mask>'s 1858 paper, which was only an example, was the most powerful thing that had been said in the 19th century. In his 1979 book Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity, Bateson revisits the topic of natural selection and systems theory. <mask> contributed to the evolution of animal coloration and in particular protective coloration. It was a long standing disagreement with Darwin about the importance of sexual selection. In 1867, <mask> received a letter from Darwin about a problem in explaining the evolution of colour schemes. Darwin believed that many animal colour schemes were due to sexual selection.This wouldn't apply to caterpillar. <mask> said that he and Henry had observed that many of the most spectacular butterflies had a strange smell and taste and that birds wouldn't eat a certain kind of white moth because they found it unpalatable. "Now, as the white moth is as visible at dusk as a coloured caterpillar in the daylight, it seems likely that the conspicuous colors served as a warning to predators and thus could have evolved through natural selection", it said. Darwin liked the idea. <mask> asked for evidence at the later meeting of the Entomological Society. <mask>'s idea was supported by data from experiments and observations that were published in 1869. <mask> said sexual selection was


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: less important than Darwin.He proposed alternative explanations for a number of cases Darwin had attributed to sexual selection in his book Tropical Nature and Other Essays. He wrote a book about the topic in 1889. In 1890, he wrote a review in Nature of his friend Edward Bagnall Poulton's The Colours of Animals which supported Darwin on sexual selection and 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 Darwinism, written by <mask> in 1889, explained and defended natural selection. He proposed that natural selection could drive the reproductive isolation of two varieties by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridisation. It is possible that it contributes to the development of new species. He said that if two populations of a species had deviated beyond a certain point, hybrid offspring would be less adapted than either parent form and so natural selection would eliminate the hybrid.Natural selection would favour the development of barriers to hybridisation, as individuals that avoided hybrid matings would tend to have more fit offspring, and thus contribute to the reproductive isolation of the two incipient species. The <mask> effect is referred to as reinforcement. <mask> had suggested to Darwin that natural selection could play a role in preventing hybridisation in private correspondence as early as 1868, but had not worked it out to this level of detail. It continues to be a topic of research in evolutionary biology,

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: with both computer simulation and empirical results supporting its validity. <mask> applied the theory of "natural selection" to humans in a paper published in 1864. Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature was written by Thomas Huxley. He pointed to the huge gap in cranial capacities between humans and the great apes as the reason for the apparent stability of the human stock.He did not see modern primitives as almost filling the gap between man and ape. He saw the evolution of humans in two stages: achieving a bipedal posture freeing the hands to carry out the dictates of the brain, and the recognition of the human brain as a new factor in the history of life. <mask> was the first evolutionist to recognize that bodily specialization might be outdated. He was praised by Darwin for this paper. <mask> became a spiritualist shortly afterwards. He maintained that natural selection cannot account for mathematical, artistic, or musical genius, as well as metaphysics and wit and humour. He said something in the unseen universe of spirit had interceded at least three times.The creation of life was the first. The introduction of consciousness in higher animals was the second. The third was the generation of the higher mental faculties. He believed that the development of the human spirit was the center of the universe. Darwin believed that spiritual appeals were not necessary and that sexual selection could explain non-adaptive mental phenomena. Some historians have concluded that <mask>'s belief that natural selection was insufficient to explain the development of consciousness and the human mind was directly caused by his adoption of spiritualism, but other <mask> scholars disagree and maintain that <mask> never believed natural selection applied to those


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: areas. <mask>'s ideas on this topic varied from one leader to another.<mask>'s views on human evolution were endorsed by Charles Lyell. <mask>'s belief that human consciousness could not be solely a product of material causes was shared by a number of prominent intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th century. Huxley, Hooker, and Darwin were all critical of <mask>. <mask>'s views in this area were at odds with two major tenets of the Darwinian philosophy, which were that evolution was not teleological and that it was not human-centred. <mask> wrote a 1909 magazine article titled The World of Life, in which he discussed evolution's suggestion that the universe might have a purpose and that certain aspects of living organisms might not be explainable in terms of purely materialistic processes. In many accounts of the development of evolutionary theory, <mask> is only mentioned in passing as the catalyst to the publication of Darwin's own theory. <mask>'s views on evolution differed from Darwin's, and he was considered a leading thinker on evolution in his day, whose ideas could not be ignored.According to a historian of science, Darwin and <mask> stimulated each other's ideas and theories through private correspondence and published works. <mask> is sometimes in disagreement with Darwin's Descent of Man. Competition between species and geographical isolation are some of the factors responsible for natural selection. Darwin hesitated to attribute any purpose to a random natural process, whereas <mask> believed that evolution had a purpose in maintaining species' fitness to their environment. Darwin's viewpoint has been supported by scientific discoveries since the 19th century. These can be triggered by environmental radiation or chemicals. A

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: recently discovered mechanism, which is likely to be more important than the others combined, is infections with viruses, which integrate their DNA into their hosts.Organisms do not want to change. The majority of the mutations are harmful to the offspring, but a small minority are beneficial. Epigenetic mechanisms can occur in the absence of change in the DNA sequence through various mechanisms. Mass extinctions of species that were perfectly adapted to their environment, such as the dinosaurs, are caused by cataclysmic events. Newly evolved species are more likely to survive because of the dramatic reduction of competition. <mask> was an ardent defender of natural selection for the rest of his life. Evolution was accepted in scientific circles, but natural selection was less so.Darwinism was published as a response to the scientific critics of natural selection. <mask>'s books are cited the most by scholarly publications. <mask> began research for a general review of the geographic distribution of animals in 1872 at the request of many of his friends, including Darwin. The initial progress was slow because the classification systems for many types of animals were changing. After the publication of a number of new works on classification, he resumed the work in earnest in 1874. <mask> created the basis for the zoogeographic regions still in use today, after extending the system developed by Sclater for birds. The factors that influence the current and past geographic distribution of animals were discussed.The effects of the appearance and disappearance of land bridges were included in the factors. elevation of mountains, depths of oceans, and the character of regional vegetation are some of the factors that affect the distribution of animals. He

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: listed all the known families and genera of the higher animals. The text was arranged so that it would be easy for a traveller to find out what animals can be found in a location. The definitive text on zoogeography for the next 80 years, The Geographical Distribution of Animals, was published in 1876. Evidence from the fossil record was included in the book to discuss the processes of evolution and migration that led to the geographical distribution of modern species. After the northern tapir species became extinct, the modern distribution of two isolated groups of tapir species in South America was left.<mask> was interested in the mass extinction of megafauna. "We live in a zoologically impoverished world, from which all the hugest, and fiercest, and strangest forms have recently disappeared", he wrote in The Geographical Distribution of Animals. By the time he wrote World of Life, he had come to believe that the extinctions were due to man's agency. Island Life was a sequel to The Geographical Distribution of Animals. It looked at the distribution of plants and animals on the islands. There are two types of continental islands. The Sandwich Islands were formed in the middle of the ocean and never part of a large continent.The inhabitants of such islands were usually the result of accidental colonisation and subsequent evolution. Continental islands were divided into those that were recently separated from the rest of the world and those that were less recent. <mask> talked about how the difference affected flora and fauna. The preservation of classes of animals that were remnants of once widespread continental faunas was discussed by him. The first part of the book discusses possible causes of the great ice ages and how changes of climate may

masks: Wallace Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: have affected the distribution of flora and fauna on some islands. Island Life was a very important work when it was published. In published reviews and private correspondence, it was discussed a lot.<mask>'s work in biogeography made him aware of the impact of human activities on the natural world. In Tropical Nature and Other Essays, he warned about the dangers of soil erosion in tropical climates. He warned that the clearing of rainforest for coffee cultivation in India and Sri Lanka would adversely impact the climate in those countries and lead to their impoverishment due to soil erosion. <mask> mentioned in Island Life the destruction of the environment. He wrote that <mask>'s comments on the environment grew more urgent later in his career. <mask>'s 1904 book Man's Place in the Universe was the first serious attempt to evaluate the likelihood of life on other planets. The only planet in the solar system that could possibly support life is the Earth.He maintained that it was unlikely that other stars in the galaxy could have planets with the necessary properties. <mask> returned to the subject of Mars in 1907 with a book called Is Mars Habitable? There were claims made that there were intelligent beings on Mars. <mask> researched, consulted, and produced his own analysis of the Martian climate and atmospheric conditions. <mask> pointed out that there were no signs of water in the Martian atmosphere, that the analysis of Mars' climate was flawed and that low atmospheric pressure would make liquid water impossible. The brilliant and eccentric evolutionist <mask> <mask> was able to debunk the illusionary network of Martian canals. <mask> became interested in the topic because he believed that man would be unique in the universe.<mask> wrote

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title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: rhythmical verse in his book, 'A Description of Javta'. The poem begins with: "'Tis where the streams divide, to swell the floods Of the two mighty rivers of our globe; Where gushing brooklets in their narrow beds Lie hid, o'ershadow'd by the eternal woods." Go to do battle with Ocean's self, and drive him back even from his own domain. There is an Indian village with a forest all around. Stately palm- trees rise on every side. I talked to the one white man among hundreds of living souls. The poem ends with the words "I'd be an Indian here, and live content to fish, and hunt, and paddle my canoe, And see my children grow, like young wild deer, In health of body and in peace of mind, Rich without wealth, and happy without goldThe poem was a part of The Ascent of Man. <mask> wrote to his brother-in-law that he was an enthusiast of phrenology. He was experimenting with mesmerism early in his career. He used some of his students as subjects. The topic of mesmerism was very controversial when he began his experiments and early experimenters such as John Elliotson were harshly criticized by the medical and scientific establishment. <mask> had experiences with mesmerism and later investigations into spiritualism. He wrote that <mask> began investigating spiritualism in the summer of 1865 at the request of his older sister, who had been involved with it for some time.He came to accept that the belief was connected to a natural reality after reviewing the literature on the topic. No matter how many accusations of fraud sceptics were made or how much evidence was produced, he remained convinced that at least some séance phenomena were genuine. Historians and biographers have differing opinions on which factors influenced his adoption of spiritualism. It has


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: been suggested by one biographer that the emotional shock he had received a few months earlier when his first fiancée broke their engagement contributed to his receptiveness to spiritualism. <mask> wanted to find rational and scientific explanations for all phenomena, both material and non-material, of the natural world and of human society. Many educated Victorians were attracted to spiritualism because they were dissatisfied with the completely materialistic and mechanical view of the world that was emerging from 19th-century science. According to scholars who have researched <mask>'s views, spiritualism was more about science and philosophy than religion.The social reformer Robert Owen, who was one of <mask>'s early idols, was among the other prominent 19th-century intellectuals involved with spiritualism. The Davenport brothers were exposed by a magician during the 1860s. <mask> couldn't accept that he had replicated their feats using natural methods and that Maskelyne had supernatural powers. <mask> referred to a lecture exposing his tricks in one of his writings. <mask> visited a spirit photographer. <mask> declared the photograph genuine, even if he had possession of all the photographs taken of my mother, they would not have been of use to him in the manufacture of these pictures. I see no escape from the conclusion that some spiritual being, familiar with my mother's various aspects during life, produced these recognisable impressions on the plate.Hudson's photographs were exposed as fraudulent in 1872. <mask>'s public advocacy of spiritualism and his defence of spiritualist mediums against allegations of fraud in the 1870s damaged his scientific reputation. <mask> published the evidence he believed proved his position in his book on


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: Miracles and Modern Spiritualism, a collection of essays he wrote over a period of time. Three men of the highest eminence in their respective departments were referred to by <mask> in his chapter "Modern Spiritualism: Evidence of Men of Science". <mask> was not present at any of their investigations. His vehement defence of spiritualism strained his relationships with scientists who felt he was too credulous. <mask> asked Thomas Huxley if he would be interested in getting involved in scientific spiritualist investigations, but Huxley declined on the basis that he had neither the time nor the inclination.The zoologist E. Ray Lankester was hostile to <mask> over the issue. The Lancet, the leading English medical journal of the time, was particularly harsh in its criticism of <mask> and other scientists who defended spiritualism. The public perception of <mask>'s work was affected by the controversy. When Darwin tried to get support for a civil pension for <mask>, Joseph Hooker relented and agreed to support the request. A magazine advertisement in 1870 offered a £500 wager to anyone who could demonstrate a curved body of water. <mask> designed an experiment in which he set up two objects along a six mile (10 km) stretch of canal. Both objects were at the same height above the water, and he mounted a telescope on a bridge at the same height.One object appeared higher than the other in the sky. <mask> was declared the winner by the editor of Field magazine, but Hampden refused to accept the result. He sued <mask> and started a campaign of writing letters to various publications and organizations in order to get <mask> to condemn him as a thief. <mask> won multiple libel suits against Hampden, but the litigation cost him more than the amount of his

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: wager, and the controversy frustrated him for years. <mask> was involved in the debate over mandatory vaccine. After studying some of the statistics provided by anti-vaccination activists, <mask> began to question the efficacy of vaccination. The germ theory of disease was not universally accepted at the time.Nobody knew why the human immune system worked. <mask> discovered instances where supporters of vaccination used questionable statistics to support their arguments. <mask> suspected that physicians had a vested interest in promoting vaccination, and was convinced that the reductions in the incidence of smallpox that had been attributed to vaccination were, in fact, due to better hygiene. <mask> believed that, because of the action of natural selection, organisms were in a state of balance with their environment, and that everything in nature, even disease-causing organisms, served a useful purpose in the natural order of things. <mask> pointed out that vaccination could be dangerous because it was often done in a sloppy and unsanitary manner. <mask> gave evidence before the Royal Commission in 1890. The commission found some questionable statistics and errors in the material he submitted to support his testimony.<mask> and the other anti-vaccination activists ignored large quantities of data inconsistent with their position, according to The Lancet. The commission found that the vaccine was effective and should remain compulsory, though they did recommend some changes in procedures to improve safety, and that the penalties for people who refused to comply should be less severe. <mask> wrote a pamphlet in 1898 attacking the commission's findings. The Lancet stated that it contained many of the same errors as his evidence was given to the


title: Alfred Russel Wallace

texts: commission. At the time of his death <mask> was a well-known figure both as a scientist and as a social activist. He was sought out by journalists for his opinions on a variety of topics. In 1868 and 1890, he received the Royal Society's Royal Medal and the Order of Merit.He was the co-discoverer of natural selection and his work on zoogeography made him an exceptional figure. He was one of the greatest natural history explorers of the 19th century. His fame faded after he died. He was a relatively obscure figure in the history of science. There are a number of reasons for this lack of attention, including his modesty, his willingness to champion unpopular causes without regard for his own reputation, and the discomfort of the scientific community with some of his unconventional ideas. The theory of evolution is credited to Darwin because of his book On the Origin of Species. He has become a less obscure figure with the publication of several book-length biographies on him, as well as an anthology of his writings.A literary critic for New Yorker magazine observed that five biographies and two anthologies had been published since 2000. There is a web page dedicated to <mask> scholarship. In a 2010 book, the environmentalist Tim Flannery claimed that <mask> was the first modern scientist to comprehend how essential cooperation is to our survival, and suggested that <mask>'s later work on the atmosphere be seen as a progenitor to modern ecological thinking. The 'Wallace 100' project was co-ordinated by the Natural History Museum in London. Bill Bailey, a fervent admirer, unveiled his portrait in the Main Hall of the museum. The first broadcast of "Bill Bailey's Jungle Hero" was on April 21, 2013). Bailey's journey through Borneo featured orangutans