title: Jean-Baptiste Régis

texts: and Tatary, you had in mind such men as MM," wrote the learned secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,Antoine Gaubil, in reply to a criticism of Féret. They were assisted by all the necessary instruments and had plenty of time at their disposals.Our fathers used the avocation of map-makers to do missionary work, to procure assistance and protection for the missionaries of the provinces, and to establish new missions. The Chinese and Tartar mandarins had orders not to let the Fathers go where they would, and they would never allow them enough time for observation of the rhomb, themagnetic needle, and the roads. The completed map had to be sent in haste to the emperor, compared to what was done elsewhere for maps of countries smaller than China and Tartary. The map of the Jesuits may be considered a masterpiece if we consider the time at which it was made. Father Jartoux was with Frs. Fridelli sent a copy of it to France, where it was published. The "Description de la Chine" was written with the assistance of Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville.The commentary was written under the name "Nouvelle géographie de la Chine et de la Tartarie orientale". Father Du Halde did a lot of writing, but it would have been better if he had published it all. The ancient Chinese books were of interest to <mask>. Fr. Gaubil praises his "sane criticism" on the subject, and the English sinologist James Legge writes that <mask> is known as the interpreter of the Yih-king. His work was edited in the 19th century. "Notions of the Chinese concerning God and the spirits" is the most valuable introduction to the Chinese higher classics that has yet to be published.Father Gaubil says that he was universally esteemed and loved by the missionaries of various bodies, Christians and the people of the Court who associated with him. There were Jesuit missionaries in China in the 17th century and there were Roman Catholic missionaries in China in the 18th

masks: Régis Régis


title: Jean Victor de Bruijn

type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> was a Dutch district officer, soldier, explorer, and writer. He spent most of his life in the Dutch East Indies, where he worked as a colonial administrator and ethnologist. He gained fame for his role in keeping one of the last Dutch-controlled outposts in the Dutch East Indies open during World War II. <mask>, one of a family of eight children, was brought up by Dutch parents at a sugar plantation in Java. His father was the manager of the plantation. He attended the primary and secondary schools there. He wanted to work in the Dutch East Indies administration, which required mandatory courses in Indology, and in 1931 he registered at the University of Leiden.Due to the Great Depression, no further appointments in the colonial administration could be made there, and he had to stay in the Netherlands for two years. He obtained a degree of Doctor of literature and philosophy in December of 1937. He returned to the Dutch East Indies in January of 1938. He contributed to the construction of roads in order to open up the country when he was an assistant district officer in the Molucca Islands. When he was still in the Netherlands, he asked to be appointed to work in New Guinea, even though he was very keen on going there. The authorities thought he was too young for the responsibility of the work because of the discovery of the Wissel Lakes. After only ten months in the service, <mask>ijn got his chance as the Government became aware of his talents.An urgent telegram was sent to him in 1939 to take charge of the base at the newly discovered lakes. The district officer, a doctor, a radio operator, 120 police officers, as well as twenty convicts and several Christian missionaries were at the base. The natives appreciated his fair treatment of them. He made several trips to the interior with other people who came for the occasion. The Dutch East Indies were invaded by the Japanese in early 1942 and the post was isolated from the coast. Merauke, the last

masks:
Jean Victor de Bruijn
Jean Victor de Bruijn
de Bru


title: Jean Victor de Bruijn

texts: remaining Dutch stronghold in the Dutch East Indies, and with Australia, was still maintained by Enarotali thanks to liaison seaplanes landing on the Paniai lake. Dutch and Australian governments considered leaving the post, but De Bruijn was determined to stay and fight the Japanese as well as gather intelligence.He went to Australia to argue his case. Since few planes were available, it was decided that he would be sent back to the highlands with rifles and bullets. In 1942, a plane set out from Merauke and brought him back to the highlands. When he returned to the highlands, he found out that the natives had been persuaded by the Japanese to report directly to their headquarters in FakFAk, because of the absence of authority caused by his departure. In December, the Japanese sent two destroyers along the coast to land 450 marines at a base near Kaukenau. The natives who had sided with the Japanese were disarmed by de bruijn after he raided the police post. Several planes were sent over the lakes by the Japanese.<mask> decided to limit himself to intelligence work about Japanese troop movements because of the numerical superiority of the Japanese. He was made aware in May of 1943 that a group of 60 Japanese were going inland. At the end of May 1943, the Japanese decided to occupy the lake regions in order to deny allied planes from landing on the Lake Paniai and catch De Bruijn, only to realize that Enarotali had been burnt to the ground. He was able to give the Netherlands East Indies Forces Intelligence Service information about Japanese forces in the valleys because of the work he did for the Japanese. De Bruijn kept a low profile, gathering intelligence and using air drops supplies such as bullets and rifles to train his men on how to shoot a rifle. He set up ambushes against Japanese forces in the region and killed dozens of them. There were reports that more and more Japanese troops were moving toward the mountains, fleeing from their strongholds on the


title: Jean Victor de Bruijn

texts: northern coast, which had been invaded by the Americans.They were aware of the risk of being sandwiched between the Japanese troops at the north and the contingent at the west. In July 1944, De Bruijn decided to leave the region. The guerrilla force raided and attacked Japanese positions over a two year period. The gathering of precious information on Japanese positions in the region, which would prove useful during the Western New Guinea campaign, was possible because the highland lakes region was of little strategic value. It was a symbolic victory, as <mask>jn was portrayed as the irreducible symbol of Dutch resistance in the Dutch East Indies by allied and dutch propaganda, waving the flag and maintaining the prestige of the Dutch among the inhabitants of the area. The Queen Wilhelmina personally awarded him the Netherlands Cross of Merit, the Netherlands Bronze Cross and the Order of Orange-Nassau. After he was evacuated, he stayed in an Australian hospital, being treated for malnutrition, and met his wife, who worked as a nurse.Between 1946 and 1950 he was the District Officer of Biak Island. He worked in Hollandia between 1952 and 1962 as an administrative officer and the chief of the demographic bureau, as well as corresponding with Mary Rockefeller about the disappearance of her son near Agats in 1961, due to his expertise on the people and the region. He left the island to become the head of the Urbanisation Research Information Centre of the South Pacific Commission. After returning to the Netherlands in 1965, he became the head of the Central Office of the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam. In 1978 he published a book called "Het verdwenen volk" (The Vanished Nation), one of the first of its kind about the issues relating to the handover of Western New Guinea to Indonesia, and the risks posed for the local cultures on the region. He died in the Netherlands at the age of 65. The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army personnel of World War II died in


title: Malik Hairston

texts: <mask> is an American professional basketball player. He was selected in the 2008 NBA draft by the Phoenix Suns and then traded to the San Antonio Spurs. <mask> has played for the San Antonio Spurs, the Austin Toros, Montepaschi Siena and Olimpia Milano of the Italian League, and Galatasaray of the Turkish League. He was born in Detroit. <mask> attended Renaissance High School in Detroit, Michigan, where he played alongside fellow all-American Joe Crawford, former Fordham point guard Marcus Stout, and stand-out guard Adam Sabree. Tajuan Porter was a teammate of his at Renaissance High School. <mask> led his team to a 27–0 record and a Class B state title.USA Today has a national ranking. He was a top 10 rated recruit and played in the McDonald's All-America game. <mask> was considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com. 1 shooting guard. There were 7 players in the nation in 2004. From the moment he stepped on the floor as a freshman, <mask> was an important asset to the team. <mask>, Leunen and Taylor became three of the eleven players in Oregon history to record 1,000 career points.<mask>'s production slowed due to injuries, but he was still an important part of the Ducks' late-season run and appearance in the 2007 NCAA Division I tournament. He scored a career-high 29 points in a 97–88 win over Western Michigan on November 12, 2007, and matched that in an 84–74 win over the Jerryd Bayless-less Arizona Wildcats on January 5, 2008.

masks: Hairston Hairston Hairston Hairston Hairston Hairston Hairston Hairston


title: Malik Hairston

texts: The first time he grabbed 12 boards was in an 88–54 win over Idaho State on December 17, 2006 and the second time was in a 58–56 loss to Stanford on February 26, 2005. In the first round of the NCAA tournament, he had team-highs of 22 points and 7 rebound in a 76–69 loss to Mississippi State. The San Antonio Spurs <mask> was drafted with the 18th pick in the second round of the 2008 NBA draft by the Phoenix Suns. He was traded to the Spurs for Goran Dragi. <mask> was re-signed by the Spurs on December 22 after he didn't make the roster at the end of training camp.After the signing of Gary Neal and the log jam at the guard position, <mask> was released by the Spurs. The reigning Italian league champion, Montepaschi Siena, signed <mask> on July 29, 2010. He missed three weeks after having surgery for a hernia. Before the start of the Final 16 Round Robin of the EuroLeague playoffs, a healthy <mask> would find good form for Montepaschi, despite being limited to only 16 games in his first season. Montepaschi advanced to play Olympiacos B.C. after finishing second in the round of sixteen. In a best of five series. <mask> scored 19 points and grabbed 11 boards to help Montepaschi bounce back from their first game loss and win game two 82-65.The game was won by Montepaschi. It would be <mask> again who would lead the way in game 5 with 25 points, 7 boards, 3 assists and a steal, and in doing so becoming the first player to win the award

masks: Hairston Hairston Hairston Hairston Hairston Hairston Hairston


title: Malik Hairston

texts: twice in a playoff series. Montepaschi reached the Final Four of the tournament for the first time in four years after winning the series. The eventual champion would beat them 77-69. They didn't have enough to push them through to the finals. The team that finished above them in the round of sixteen, Real Madrid, won the third place match by a score of 82-60. After a successful first season in Italy and the Euroleague, <mask> left the team to sign with Olimpia Milano.<mask> signed a contract with Olimpia Milano. There were rumors that the Russian team CSKA Moscow was interested in him, but he signed a new two-year contract with the team. He averaged more than 10 points per game in the EuroLeague. The president of the team confirmed in a press conference that <mask> was free to leave the team. <mask> was with Galatasaray until the end of the season. On January 15, 2015, <mask> joined AEK Athens. On July 10, 2015, he extended his contract with AEK Athens.<mask>'s contract was terminated by AEK on August 31, 2016 because he failed the medical exams before the campaign. <mask> signed with Israeli club Hapoel Jerusalem for the rest of the season. <mask> signed with the French club Fos Provence Basket after not playing for a season due to injury. American expatriates play basketball in France, Greece, Israel, Italy, and Turkey. The players are from Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. Parade High School All-Americans are men's and women's basketball

masks:
Malik Hairston
Hairston
Hairston
Hairston
Hairston
Hairston
Hairston
Hairston


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: The leading figure in the creation of modern algebraic geometry was <mask>, who was a stateless and then French mathematician. His research extended the scope of the field and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals He is thought to be the greatest mathematician of the 20th century. In 1949, Grothendieck began his career as a mathematician. He was a research professor at the IHS until 1970, when he left due to personal and political convictions. He received the Fields medal for his work in 1966. While still producing relevant mathematical work, he withdrew from the mathematical community and devoted himself to political and religious interests.In 1991, he moved to the French village of Lasserre in the Pyrenees, where he lived in seclusion for the rest of his life. <mask> was born in Berlin to anarchic parents. His mother, Johanna "Hanka" <mask>, came from a German Protestant and had Hasidic Jewish roots, while his father, <mask> "Sascha" Schapiro, had been imprisoned in Russia before moving to Germany in 1922. They had left their early beginnings in their teens. At the time of his birth, Grothendieck's mother was married to a journalist, and his birth name was initially recorded as

masks:
Alexander Grothendieck
Grothendieck
Grothendieck
Alexander


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: "<mask> raddatz." The marriage was dissolved in 1929, but never married Hanka. After his father moved to Paris to escape Nazism, <mask>'s mother moved with him to Berlin.They left Grothendieck in the care of a Lutheran pastor. His parents took part in the Spanish Civil War as non-combatant auxiliaries, according to Winfried Scharlau. In May 1939, Grothendieck was put on a train for France. His father was sent to Le Vernet. From 1940 to 1942, he and his mother were "undesirable dangerous foreigners". The Rieucros Camp, where his mother contracted the Tuberculosis which eventually caused her death, was the first place <mask> went to school. <mask> wanted to assassinate Hitler after escaping from the camp.His mother was sent to the Gurs internment camp during World War II. <mask> was allowed to live, separated from his mother, in the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, sheltered and hidden in local boarding houses or pensions, though he occasionally had to seek refuge in the woods during Nazis raids, surviving at times without food or water for several days After his father was arrested under the anti-Jewish legislation of the French government, he was sent to the Drancy internment camp to be killed by the Germans. Grothendieck attended the Le Collge Cévenol, a unique secondary school founded in 1938 by local Protestant pacifists and anti-war activists. Grothendieck first became interested in mathematics at the school where many of the refugee children hid. After the war, the young Grothendieck studied mathematics in France and failed astronomy classes at the University of

masks: Alexander Grothendieck Alexander Alexander Alexander


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: Montpellier. He rediscovered the Lebesgue measure while working on his own.He continued his studies in Paris in 1948. <mask> didn't have the necessary background to follow the high-powered seminar after attending Henri Cartan's Seminar at cole Normale Supérieure. The University of Nancy was where two leading experts were working on <mask>'s area of interest. The latter won a medal. The paper he showed his new student had a list of 14 open questions. New methods introduced by <mask> allowed him to solve all these problems in a few months. He wrote his thesis under the two professors in Nancy.He was a leading expert in the field. He moved to the University of So Paulo in Brazil after he refused to take French citizenship. He set this subject aside so that he could work in algebraic geometry. He was invited to Harvard by Oscar Zariski, but the offer fell through when he refused to sign a pledge promising not to work to overthrow the United States government. As long as he had access to books, he didn't worry about the prospect. During his Nancy years, Grothendieck was compared to the cole Normale Supérieure trained students. TheInstitut des hautes scientifiques (IHS), a new privately funded research institute, was created for Jean Dieudonné and Grothendieck.Some of the ablest French and other mathematicians of the younger generation were drawn to <mask> because of the intense and highly productive activity of seminars there. <mask> stopped publication of his papers through the journal route. He was able to gather a strong school by playing a dominant role in mathematics. He was a

masks: Grothendieck Grothendieck Grothendieck Grothendieck Grothendieck


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: student of the likes of Luc Illusie, Jean-Louis Verdier, and Pierre Deligne. Michael Artin and Nick Katz were also involved in the projects. Jean Giraud worked on torsor theory. Robin Hartshorne and C.P. are just a few of the others.They were also involved. <mask>'s work during the "Golden Age" period at the IHS established several unifying themes in algebraic geometry, number theory, topology, category theory and complex analysis. His first discovery in geometry was the Grothendieck–Hirzebruch–Roch theorem, a generalisation of the Hirzebruch–Roch theorem. He introduced the theory of schemes in his léments de géométrie algébrique and provided the new more flexible and general in his talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians. He gave the key tools for proving the Weil conjectures, as well as the other cohomology theories to complement it. He originated topos theory as a generalisation of topology. The main structures of a categorical Galois theory were provided by him.Derived categories, which were further developed by Verdier, were introduced as a framework for his coherent duality theory. The results of work on these and other topics were published in the EGA and in the notes of the Séminaires de géométrie algébrique that he directed at the IHS. <mask> opposed both the United States intervention in Vietnam and the Soviet military expansionism. He lectured on category theory in the forests around the city to protest against the Vietnam War. IHS was partly funded by the military and he retired from scientific life around 1970. He was a professor at the University of

masks:
Alexander Grothendieck
Grothendieck


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: Montpellier. The issue of military funding was the most obvious explanation for <mask>'s departure from the IHS, according to those who knew him.Pierre Cartier, a visiteur de longue durée at the IHS, wrote a piece about Grothendieck for a special volume published on the occasion of the IHS's fortieth anniversary. The Grothendieck Festschrift was published in 1990 to mark his sixtieth birthday. As the son of an antimilitary and one who grew up among the disenfranchised, Grothendieck had a deep compassion for the poor. Grothendieck came to find a gilded cage. While Grothendieck was at the IHS, opposition to the Vietnam War was heating up, and this reinforced Grothendieck's distaste at having become a mandarin of the scientific world. After several years at the IHS, Grothendieck seemed to cast about for new intellectual interests. He became interested in scientific areas outside of mathematics in the late 1960s.David Ruelle, a physicist who joined the IHS faculty in 1964, said that <mask> came to talk to him a few times about physics. <mask> was more interested in biology than he was in physics. The name of the political group created by <mask>, Claude Chevalley and Pierre Samuel was changed to Survivre et vivre. The group published a bulletin that was dedicated to antimilitary and ecological issues, as well as developing strong criticism of the indiscriminate use of science and technology. <mask> was the main editor of the bulletin for the next three years. <mask>'s standard mathematical career ended when he left the IHS. After leaving the IHS Grothendieck became a temporary

masks: Grothendieck Grothendieck Grothendieck Grothendieck Grothendieck Grothendieck


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: professor.He became estranged from the mathematical community when he became a professor at the University of Montpellier. After accepting a research position at the CNRS, he retired in 1988. While not publishing mathematical research in conventional ways during the 1980s, he produced several influential manuscripts with limited distribution, with both mathematical and biographical content. Many of the ideas that led to the Esquisse d'un programme were contained in a 1600-page handwritten manuscript called La Longue Marche  travers la théorie de Galois. A study of Teichmller theory is included. <mask> wrote a 600-page manuscript titled Pursuing Stacks in 1983, stimulated by correspondence with Ronald Brown and Tim Porter at Bangor University. The letter and parts were distributed from Bangor.<mask> explained and developed his ideas on the relationship between a noncommutative theory of stacks and the relationship between a noncommutative theory of geometry. The manuscript was edited by G. Maltsiniotis, who later wrote Les Dérivateurs. The last 2000 pages of this work further developed the ideas in Pursuing Stacks. The development of the motivic homotopy theory of Fabien Morel and Vladimir Voevodsky was anticipated in a lot of this work. In 1984 <mask> wrote a proposal for a position at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. There are new ideas for studying the moduli space. The proposal inspired other mathematicians' work by becoming the source of dessin d'enfant theory.The two-volume Geometric Galois Actions were published in 1997. <mask> gave his consent to

masks: Grothendieck Grothendieck Grothendieck Grothendieck


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: publish some of his drafts for EGA on Bertini-type theorems, which were published in Ulam Quarterly in 1992– 1993 and later made available on the Grothendieck Circle web site in 2004. In his autobiographical manuscript, <mask> describes his approach to mathematics and his experiences in the mathematical community, a community that initially accepted him in an open and welcoming manner but which he gradually perceived to be governed by competition and status. He feels betrayed by his former students and colleagues after he left the community. There is an English translation of the French work on the internet. The first three volumes of the translation were published in 1989 and 1993, but the fourth volume has never been published. The translation was helped with by <mask>.Parts of Récoltes et semailles have been translated into Spanish and Russian. The French original was finally published in two volumes in January 2022, with additional texts by people of various professions to shed light on the book. <mask> declined the prize with an open letter. He criticized the declining ethics of the scientific community and wrote that established mathematicians like himself had no need for additional financial support. He believed that the collapse of civilization would be caused by unforeseen events before the end of the century. <mask> said that his views were not meant to be a criticism of the Royal Academy's aims in the administration of its funds. Grothendieck's account of how his consideration of the source of dreams led him to conclude that God exists is in the manuscript La Clef


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: des Songes.As part of the notes to this manuscript, <mask> described the life and work of 18 visionaries, people he admired as far ahead of their time and heralding a new age. He had only one mathematician on his list. <mask> was influenced by the Catholic mystic Marthe Robin who claimed to survive on the Holy Eucharist alone. In January 1990 he wrote a letter titled Lettre de la Bonne Nouvelle to 250 friends. He announced that a "New Age" would begin on October 14, 1996. The University of Montpellier held over 20,000 pages of <mask>'s writings. They are available in open access through the portal of theInstitut Montpelliérain <mask>ieck.In 1991, <mask> moved to a new address which he did not provide to his previous contacts in the mathematical community. People didn't visit him after. Local villagers helped sustain him with a more varied diet after he tried to live on dandelion soup. At some point, Pierre Lochak and Leila Schneps were able to locate him. They became among the last members of the mathematical establishment to have contact with him. He lived alone in Arige, a small village at the foot of the Pyrenees, after his death. In January 2010, <mask> wrote a letter to Luc Illusie stating that all materials published in his absence have been published without his permission.He wants his work not to be reproduced in whole or in part and that copies of it be removed from libraries. The website devoted to his work was called a disgrace. The order may have been reversed later in the year. <mask> died in the hospital of Saint-Girons, Arige, at the age of 86. <mask> was born

masks: Grothendieck Grothendieck Grothendieck Alexanderend Grothendieck Grothendieck Grothendieck Grothendieck


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: in Germany. He was a refugee when he was ten years old and moved to France. After the fall of Germany in 1945, he did not apply for French citizenship.He became a stateless person for most of his working life because he traveled on a Nansen passport. The reluctance to hold French nationality is due to not wanting to serve in the French military during the Algerian War. He applied for French citizenship in the early 1980s, even though he didn't have to serve in the military. He dedicated his thesis to his mother. She died from the disease she contracted in the camps. He had five children: a son with his landlady during his time in Nancy, three children, Johanna, <mask>, and Mathieu, with his wife Mireille Dufour, and one child with Justine Skalba. Functional analysis is a part of Grothendieck's early mathematical work.He worked on his thesis under the supervision of Jean Dieudonné and Laurent Schwartz. His contributions include the theory of nuclear spaces and the application of Lp spaces in studying linear maps. Dieudonné compares his impact in this field to that of Banach, because he turned himself into a leading authority on this area of functional analysis in a few years. <mask> did his most important and influential work in the field of algebraic geometry. The influential "Thoku paper" was published in the Tohoku Mathematical Journal in 1957, where he introduced abelian categories. After sheaves had been defined by Jean Leray, Homological methods and sheaf theory had already been introduced. Grothendieck turned them into a key principle of his theory by taking them to a

masks: Alexander Grothendieck


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: higher level of abstraction.The study of individual varieties was shifted to the relative point of view, allowing a broad generalization of many classical theorems. The first major application was the relative version of Serre's theorem showing that the cohomology of a coherent sheaf on a complete variety is finite-dimensional; <mask>'s theorem shows that the higher direct images of coherent sheaves under a proper map are coherent. He applied the same thinking to the Riemann–Roch theorem, which had already been generalized to any dimensions by Hirzebruch. The Grothendieck–Roch theorem was announced by <mask> in 1957. The paper was written by Serre and Armand Borel. His first work in geometry was this result. He outlined his programme for rebuilding the foundations of algebraic geometry in his talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians.All previous versions of his work are at a lower level of abstraction. The theory of schemes can be traced back to the use of non-closed generic points. The systematic use of nilpotents was pioneered by him. These can only take the value 0, but they have infinitesimal information. The best universal foundation for this field has been established by his theory of schemes. Birational geometry, techniques from number theory, Galois theory, and commutative algebra can all be used in that setting. He is noted for his mastery of abstract approaches to mathematics.His influence was to a considerable extent personal, as his work was mostly published by the conventional route of the learned journal, circulating initially in duplicated volumes of

masks: Grothendieck Grothendieck


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: seminar notes. The contemporary theory of D-modules was influenced by his influence. Many mathematicians sought out more concrete areas and problems as a result of it. The majority of <mask>'s published work is in léments de géométrie algébrique and Séminaires de géométrie algébrique. Important material can be found in the collectionFondements de la Géometrie Algébrique. The invention of the l-adic cohomology theories by <mask> shows that there is a connection between the characteristics of a variety and its number theoretic properties. The number of solutions of an equation over a finite field reflects the nature of its solutions over complex numbers.Until <mask> found a new cohomology theory, no one knew how to prove a connection. After <mask> had largely withdrawn from mathematics, his student Pierre Deligne settled the last of the Weil conjectures in the early 1970s. In <mask>'s retrospective, he identified twelve of his contributions as "great ideas". Nuclear spaces are in chronological order. "Continuous" and "discrete" are derived from categories. The relation between intersection theory and yoga of the Grothendieck–Roch theorem. There are schemes.Topoi. There are two types of cohomology:tale and l-adic. The motivation of the Galois group. "Topological algebra": -stacks, derivators; cohomological formalism of topoi as inspiration. It's too much of a good thing. The Galois–Teichmller theory is about yoga of anabelian geometry. "Schematic" is the point of view for regular polyhedra and regular configurations."Ariadne's thread" and "philosophy" are effective equivalents to


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: the term yoga, which means a kind of "meta-theory". According to <mask>, the largest in scope was topoi, as they synthesised algebraic geometry, topology, and arithmetic. The framework "par excellence" for eight of the other themes was the scheme, which was the most extensively developed. The first and last themes were smaller than the others. He expected that regular configurations would not be exhausted within the lifetime of a mathematician who devoted himself to it. He believed that the deepest themes were motives. Influence <mask> is considered to be the greatest mathematician of the 20th century.Although mathematics became more and more abstract and general throughout the 20th century, it was <mask> who was the greatest master of this trend. His unique skill was to eliminate all unnecessary hypotheses and burrow into an area so deep that its inner patterns on the most abstract level revealed themselves, and then, like a magician, show how the solution of old problems fell out in straightforward ways now that their real nature had been revealed. By the 1970s, <mask>'s work was seen as an influence on logic in the field of categorical logic. Clarifying the foundations of the field and developing mathematical tools intended to prove a number of notable conjectures were some of the things Geometry Grothendieck did. The understanding of geometric objects, such as curves and surfaces, has traditionally been done through the study of the equations for those objects. The techniques of ring theory are used to study the properties of equations. The properties of a geometric object

masks:
Grothendieck
Grothendieck
Alexander Grothendieck
Grothendieck


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: are related to those of an associated ring.The ring and the space in which the object is defined are different. <mask> made intrinsic spaces and associated rings the primary objects of study. He developed the theory of schemes, which can be thought of as topological spaces on which a commutative ring is associated to every open subset of the space. The basic objects of study are schemes. The geometry was able to absorb technical advances from other fields. The classical Riemann–Roch theorem is related to the topological properties of curves. The study of K-theory started with the tools he developed to prove the theorem.The Topological K-theory was founded after direct contact with <mask>'s ideas. The development of algebraic number theory and representation theory has been influenced by <mask>'s construction of new cohomology theories. The fields of set theory and mathematical logic have been influenced by his creation of topos theory. In the late 1940s, the Weil conjectures were formulated as a set of mathematical problems. The local Zeta functions of analytic invariants are described by them. Pierre Deligne was <mask>'s student and completed the proof of the Weil conjectures in the 1970s. A "visionary program" is what Grothendieck's large-scale approach has been called.Applications to the Langlands program made the l-adic cohomology a fundamental tool for number theorists. Without the choice of "l", a prime number, <mask>'s conjectural theory of motives was intended to be the "l-adic" theory. Modern developments in K-theory, motivic homotopy theory, and motivic integration


title: Alexander Grothendieck

texts: can be traced back to it. This theory and <mask>'s theory of Chern classes are considered the background to the theory of algebraic cobordism. Category theory <mask>'s emphasis on the role of universal properties across varied mathematical structures brought category theory into the mainstream as an organizing principle for mathematics in general. A common language for describing similar structures and techniques is created by category theory. His idea of abelian category is the basic object of study.The emergence of a separate mathematical discipline of category theory has been attributed to <mask>'s influence. The novel Colonel Lgrimas (Colonel Tears in English, available by Restless Books) is a semibiographic novel about <mask>. Stone Hill All Stars have a song named after him. The property Excellent ring Formally smooth map is also included in the Publications. An account of the origins of 'Pursuing Stacks' is contained in the External links. <mask> has some recollections. French originals and Spanish translations of "La Clef des Songes" are available.<mask> Grothendieck is a country known only by its name. Notices of the AMS 63(3), 2016 were written by <mask>. A. Grothendieck by Mateo

masks:
Grothendieck
Grothendieck
Grothendieck
Grothendieck
Alexander Grothendieck
Alexander
Alexandre Grothendieck


title: Anatoly Marchenko

texts: One of the first two recipients of the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought of the European Parliament was <mask>. <mask>, originally an apolitical oil driller from a poor background, turned to writing and politics as a result of several episodes of incarceration starting in 1958, during which he began to associate with other dissidents. <mask> gained international fame in 1969 through his book, My Testimony, an autobiographical account written after his arrival in Moscow about his time in Soviet labour camps and prisons. After limited circulation in the Soviet Union, the book caused a sensation in the West after it was revealed that the Soviet prison system had continued after Joseph Stalin's death. <mask> wrote an open letter predicting the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. In 1974 he was exiled to Irkutsk Oblast after being arrested again. <mask> became one of the founding members of the Moscow Helsinki Group in 1976, but was arrested and imprisoned again in 1981 for publicizing the fate of Soviet political prisoners.Nathan Shcharansky said that after the release of Yuri Feodorovich Orlov, he was the number one Soviet prisoner of conscience. One of the Soviet Union's perpetual prisoners. The cause of <mask> <mask>'s death was a three-month-long hunger strike with the goal of releasing all Soviet prisoners of conscience. The widespread international outcry over his death was a major factor in finally pushing then-Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to authorize the large-scale amnesty of political prisoners in 1987. On January 23, 1938, <mask> Tikhonovich <mask> was born in Barabinsk, Novosibirsk Oblast, in the Siberia region of the Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. Tikon Akhimovich was a locomotive fireman, while his mother was a train station cleaner. One of the couple's sons died in infancy.His grandfather had been killed. The normal full secondary education in the Soviet Union was two years short of

masks:
Anatoly Tikhonovich Marchenko
Marchenko
Marchenko
Marchenko
Marchenko
Anatoly
Marchenko
Anatoly
Marchenko


title: Anatoly Marchenko

texts: <mask>'s. He became a shift foreman for an oil drilling group in the Siberia region after joining the Komsomol. <mask> spent his first period of imprisonment after a fight broke out in the hostel where he was staying when he was working at the Karaganda power station. After <mask> broke up the fight, the police arrested the innocent and the guilty and sent them to the Karaganda labour camps. <mask> escaped from the camp as his sentence was about to be overturned. He tried to escape over the border into Iran, however he was captured on October 29 near Ashkabad, just short of the border.It was payback for <mask>'s attempt to leave the Soviet Union that he was charged with treason on 2 March 1961. <mask> was declared a political prisoner on 3 March 1961, after he was sentenced to six years in a labour camp for treason. After several months in a series of transit prisons, <mask> was moved to a labour camp in Mordovia where attempted to escape, but did not succeed, and as a result he was sentenced to serve three years of his sentence in a regular prison. He went on a hunger strike in Vladimir. <mask> was moved back to the labour camp in Mordovia in 1963. He had no medical care when he was there in March 1966 and had problems with his ears for the rest of his life. During his time in the camps, <mask> read a number of accessible socio-political works, including the complete works of the Communist figures Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and the founder of the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenin.Yuli Daniel was one of the intellectual political prisoners <mask> met. After My Testimony Marchenko was released on November 2, 1966, he spent months travelling through the Russian SFSR to find a place to live. He was able to register in his birthplace of Barabinsk and later in Vladimir Oblast. Even though doctors had warned him not to do hard manual labour, <mask> was still working in Moscow as a loader, the only job available to him. He met

masks: Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko


title: Anatoly Marchenko

texts: several other dissidents, including the wife of Yuli Daniel, who was in the process of legal separation. <mask> enlisted the help of his fellow prisoners in order to write a record of the camps. They helped him get medical care for his ears, as well as for bleeding in his stomach.The General Secretary of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, who died in March of 1953, had been associated with the Gulag labor camp system. Most of those released were convicted for common crimes, but the release of political prisoners started in 1954. Stalin's successor as General Secretary, Nikita Khrushchev, denounced Stalinism in his Secret Speech at the 20th Congress of the CPSU in February 1956. The Soviet state continued to maintain the extensive camp system for a while after Stalin's death, although the period saw the grip of the camp authorities weaken, and a number of conflicts and uprisings occurred in this time. The institution was closed by theMVD. One of the most famous camps in the system, Perm-36, operated continuously until 1987 when it was closed, despite the fact that forced labor colonies for political and criminal prisoners continued to exist. By December 1967, <mask> had finished his book, My Testimony, which was the first book to show that the Soviet Union's prison system continued after Joseph Stalin's death.My Testimony gave a detailed account of both his time in labour camps and in prison, as well as a wide-ranging look at conditions there. <mask> was imprisoned for anti-Soviet propaganda after the publication of the book. The book was described by The Daily Telegraph as "an important book" and "a totally realistic, detailed, factual 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266

masks: Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko


title: Anatoly Marchenko

texts: 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 On September 5, 1967, <mask> appeared at the apartment of the mother of Alexander Ginzburg, the subject of a famous show trial, to announce his association with the dissident circle. On 27 March 1968, Marchenko wrote an open letter to Alexander Chakovsky, the editor of the Literaturnaya Gazeta, who had published a letter accusing dissidents of being fed at public expense in Soviet prisons. Marchenko pointed out that the prisoners over- worked and that the ration was minimal. He wrote a series of letters on the subject to the head of the Soviet Red Cross and other highly placed people.On July 22, 1968, <mask> wrote an open letter to a variety of publications, including Communist media in the West, predicting that the Soviet Union would not allow the 'Prague Spring' to continue. <mask> was arrested and charged with violating passport regulations because of his presence in Moscow, which was too much for the authorities. On the day that the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia, he was sentenced to a year in a labor camp, the maximum penalty for that crime. His crime was the open letter about Czechoslovakia. <mask> was sent to a camp in Perm Oblast, where he was scheduled to be released on July 27, 1969 but before that could happen, he was accused of defaming the Soviet political system. In reality, it was payback for the publication of My Testimony in the West, for which he was tried and convicted, and on August 26 he was sentenced to a further two years of imprisonment. Although many of <mask>'s associates did not expect him to live through this imprisonment, he did and was released in August 1971.<mask> was given a place of internal exile after his release, and chose to live in the town of Chuna in Irkutsk Oblast. He was sentenced to four years of

masks: Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko


title: Anatoly Marchenko

texts: internal exile after being arrested for protesting the invasion of Czechoslovakia. The process of divorcing Yuli Daniel began before she met <mask>, and she and <mask> became lovers after he was released from prison. When the couple moved to Tarusa, Kaluga Oblast, they moved into a dilapidated house which <mask> rebuilt. They had a son that winter. <mask>'s health was still poor and he was unable to find work other than as a furnace stoker in a factory. <mask> and Bogoraz were able to maintain contact with dissident circles in the capital due to the fact that Tarusa was only 100 kilometers from Moscow.The couple contemplated emigrating out of the Soviet Union due to the increasing oppression. <mask> wrote to Kurt Waldheim, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, expressing concern about another imprisoned writer. The letter warned of the dangers of détente. The authorities responded with increased repressive measures aimed at <mask> through 1974, and the more they pressed him, the more they moved him to act. <mask> wrote a letter to the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, stating that he intended to emigrate to the United States. The Soviet response was to encourage him to apply for an exit visa to Israel, which they could use for propaganda purposes, and because of this <mask> refused to cooperate even though he could have easily changed his destination once out of the Soviet Union. He was arrested again on February 26, 1975, for violating the "administrative supervision" measures which had been imposed on him the previous summer.An account in the Samizdat periodical, A Chronicle of Current Events, details his life before and after his trial at the Kaluga City Court. <mask> was engaged in a hunger strike when he was tried a month later. He was sentenced to four years of exile to Siberia on that day. <mask> continued his hunger strike after a two week wait for transport to start. When it


title: Anatoly Marchenko

texts: became clear to him that he was at risk of death, he gave up and was treated the same as all the other prisoners. He traveled to Siberia through a series of prisons in Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, and Irkutsk. After being exiled from Tarusa to Siberia, <mask> went back to work as a log handler at a sawmill.He was hospitalized in Irkutsk in 1975, but was forced to leave before he was fully recovered. In October 1975, he completed his second book, From Tarusa to Siberia, which covered his trial and hunger strike. <mask> was one of the founding members of the Moscow Helsinki Group, a prominent human right organization in Russia and the former Soviet Union. <mask>'s term of exile ended in September 1978 and he was allowed to leave. He and his family moved back to Moscow after he was given an ultimatum to leave the Soviet Union or go back to prison. The title of <mask>'s final book, To Live Like Everyone, was a favorite of his. It covered the period from 1966 to 1969 when he was writing My Testimony.The publication of this new book led to his final arrest in 1980, and the next day he was sentenced to 15 years in prison. Details about <mask>'s last period of imprisonment are largely unknown, although in December 1983 he was badly beaten by guards, and fell unconscious. The first report of his death was published in December of 1986. When General Secretary Gorbachev began mass releases of Soviet political prisoners in 1987, the campaign to free all Soviet political prisoners began. <mask> died at the hospital of the prison in Chistopol on December 8, 1986. The cause of his death is not certain, but it is believed to have been related to the hunger strike. The death of <mask> was related to the effects of a hunger strike demanding the release of all Soviet political prisoners.The last hunger strike began when he wrote a letter to the review conference in Vienna. Despite little reaction from the world press, <mask> continued his

masks: Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko


title: Anatoly Marchenko

texts: hunger strike until he was placed on the sick list at the end of November. He was on the verge of being released by the Soviet authorities when he died. <mask> died after being hospitalized the day before, and every effort was made to conceal the reason for his death, according to a report to the Politburo. His wife and son traveled to Chistopol to bury him because they were not allowed to bring his body back to Moscow. <mask> was buried near the prison in Chistopol on December 12th. He had to write his name in a pen on the cross on his grave after he was denied a death certificate.The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought was given to the widow of Sakharov in 1988. His book paved the way for the human rights movement in our country. With its spirit of morality through non-violent struggle for justice, with its aspiration towards unconcealed and complete truth, the book aroused the hatred of the organs of oppression towards its author. His death on Chistopol prison was their way of repaying him for this truth and his high moral principle. <mask>'s life and work is an enormous contribution to the cause of democracy, of humanity and of justice. I was seized by despair when I was locked up. The inability to fight against evil provoked me to the point where I was prepared to kill my jailers.One thing alone prevented me, one thing alone gave me the strength to live through that nightmare, the hope that I would eventually come out and tell the world what I had seen and experienced. I told my friends that they were doomed to spend many more years behind bars and barbed wire. "I am convinced that publicity is the sole effective means of combatting the evil and lawlessness which is rampant in my country today." There is confusion about the date, from Tarusa to Siberia giving 1971 and To Live Like Everyone giving 1973. My Testimony, <mask> <mask>, and From Tarusa to Siberia are included. There were people from Barabinsk who

masks: Marchenko Marchenko Marchenko Anatoly Marchenko


title: William Whewell

texts: <mask> was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. He worked at Trinity College in Cambridge. He achieved distinction in both poetry and mathematics as a student there. The breadth of Whewell's work is often remarked upon. In a time of increasing specialization, Whewell looks like it was from an earlier era when natural philosophers did a bit of everything. He published work in the disciplines of mechanics, physics, geology, astronomy, and economics, while also finding time to compose poetry, translate the works of Goethe, and write sermons and theological tracts. The Whewell equation is an equation defining the shape of a curve without reference to a coordinate system.In what is now considered one of the first citizen science projects, he organized thousands of volunteers to study ocean tides. He received a medal for this work. <mask>'s gift to science was his wordsmithing. He helped many people in his field come up with new terms for their discoveries. Whewell came up with the terms scientist, physicist, linguistics, consilience, catastrophism, uniformitarianism, and astigmatism amongst others. <mask> died in Cambridge after falling from his horse. <mask> and his wife, Elizabeth Bennison, had a son named <mask>.His father was a master carpenter, and wished him to follow his trade, but <mask>'s success in mathematics at Lancaster Royal Grammar School and Heversham grammar school won him an exhibition (a type of scholarship) at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1812. He was the oldest of seven children and had three brothers and three sisters. Two of the brothers died as infants. He had a relationship with his sisters while he was a student and a professor. <mask> was 11 years old when his mother died. Before his most significant professional accomplishments, Whewell received his bachelor degree in 1816, the

masks:
William Whewell
Whewell
Whewell
John Whewell
Whewell
William
Whewell


title: William Whewell

texts: year his father died. In 1841, <mask> married Cordelia Marshall, daughter of John Marshall.Following Christopher Wordsworth, <mask> was recommended to become master of Trinity College in Cambridge. In 1854, Cordelia died. He married Everina Ellis, widow of Sir Gilbert Affleck, 5th Baronet, in 1858. He didn't have any children. He was awarded the Chancellor's Gold medal for poetry in 1814. He was second wrangler in 1816 and president of the Cambridge Union Society in 1817. He was a professor of mineralogy and Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy.Christopher Wordsworth was succeeded as master by <mask> in 1841. <mask> died in Cambridge due to a fall from his horse. He was buried in the chapel of Trinity College, Cambridge, while his wives were buried together in the Mill Road Cemetery. The chancel of All Saints' Church in Cambridge has a window dedicated to Lady Affleck, his second wife. A biography of <mask>'s life was published five years later, as well as his letters to his father, his sisters, and other correspondence, written and compiled by his niece, Janet Mary Douglas, called Mrs Stair Douglas on the book's title page. The Internet Archive has the books in their entirety. In order to determine the density of the earth, Whewell was engaged with George Airy in conducting experiments in a mine in Cornwall.Their labours were unsuccessful, and <mask> did little in the way of experimental science. He was the author of an essay on mineralogical classification which was published in 1828. There was a theory explaining the forces causing the tides when <mask> started his work. This explained the forces, not how tides spread in oceans. Tide tables were produced for a few ports, such as London andLiverpool, because of a series of tidal observations. In some cases the methods used to create the tables were closely guarded trade secrets. John Lubbock, a former student of

masks: Whewell Whewell Whewell Whewell Whewell Whewell Whewell


title: William Whewell

texts: <mask>'s, analysed the available historic data for several ports to allow tables to be generated on a theoretical basis.The Admiralty Tide Tables were published after this work was supported by Francis Beaufort. <mask> built on Lubbock's work to develop an understanding of tidal patterns around the world that could be used to generate predictions for many locations without the need for long series of tidal observations at each port. Initially obtained through an informal network, and later through formal projects, this required extensive new observations. In June 1834, every Coast Guard station in the United Kingdom recorded the tides for two weeks. In June 1835, there was an international collaboration involving Admiralty Surveyors, other Royal Navy and British observers, as well as those from the United States, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The Channel Islands added important detail to the progress of the tides through the ocean. The resources for data analysis were provided by the Admiralty.An expert calculator on the Admiralty staff was in charge of the calculations. <mask> made extensive use of graphical methods, which became tools in the analysis of data. cotidal lines are lines joining points where high tide occurred at the same time. There was a graphical representation of the progression of waves through the ocean. Whewell predicted that there should be no tidal rise or fall in the southern part of the North Sea. An amphidromic point is a no-tide zone. <mask> confirmed Whewell's prediction in 1840.He had to anchor his ship, the HMS Fairy, and take repeated soundings at the same location with lead and line to make sure the sea bed was free of obstructions. The data showed no change. <mask> published about 20 papers over the course of 20 years. This was his major scientific achievement, and was an important source for his

masks:
Whewell
Whewell
Whewell
William Hewett
Whewell


title: William Whewell

texts: understanding of the process of scientific enquiry, the subject of one of his major works. His best-known works are two books that attempt to systematize the development of the sciences. While the History traced how each branch of the sciences had evolved since antiquity, <mask> viewed the philosophy as the "Moral" of the previous work as it sought to extract a universal theory of knowledge through history. He tried to follow Francis Bacon's plan for discovery.He tried to unite the ideas with the facts and construct science by examining them. This colligation is an "act of thought", a mental operation consisting of bringing together a number of empirical facts by "superinducing" them a conception which makes them capable of being expressed in general laws. The ellipse's points were colligated by the conception of the ellipse, not by the discovery of new facts. These conceptions are the fruits of the progress of scientific thought, which is unfolded in clearness and distinctness. The selection of the fundamental idea, such as space, number, cause, or likeness, as well as the formation of the conception, or more special modification of those ideas, were analyzed by Whewell. The determination of magnitudes. The method of curves, the method of means, the method of least squares, the method of residues, and special methods depending on resemblance are applicable to quantity.<mask> was the first to use the term "consilience" to discuss the unification of knowledge. <mask> was moved by the opposition to English empiricism. He was against John Stuart Mill because of his priori nature of necessary truth and because of his rules for the construction of conceptions. The accepted view of Whewell's methodology in the 20th century has tended to describe him as an anti-inductivist in the Popperian mold. Hypothetico-deductive claims that hypotheses can be confirmed by

masks: Whewell Whewell Whewell


title: William Whewell

texts: consequentialist testing are rejected byWhewell. According to Whewell, new hypotheses are collected from the facts. The scientific discovery is a partly empirical and partly rational process; the "discovery of the conceptions is neither guesswork nor merely a matter of observations", we infer more than we see.One of <mask>'s greatest gifts to science was his wordsmithing. He helped many people in his field come up with new terms for their discoveries. The term scientist was first published in the Quarterly Review in 1834 by <mask>, who came up with the term in 1833. They used to be known as "natural philosophers" or "men of science". <mask>'s work in college administration was prominent in both scientific research and philosophy. George Peacock and John Herschel collaborated with him in the reform of the Cambridge method of mathematical teaching. The recognition of the moral and natural sciences as an important part of the Cambridge curriculum was influenced by his work and publications.He supported the clerical fellowship system, the privileged class of "fellow-commoners," and the admission of Dissenters, despite his opposition to reform. He wrote two pamphlets against the reform of the university and opposed the appointment of the University Commission. He advocated the use of college funds and the subvention of scientific and professorial work instead of entrusting elections to the members of the senate. He held the position of Master of Trinity College until his death. His will established the Whewell Professorship of International Law and the Whewell Scholarships. <mask> was interested in the history of architecture throughout his life. His first book, Architectural Notes on German Churches, was published in 1830.<mask> came up with a theory of style development after establishing a strict name for German Gothic churches. The "scientific trend" of

masks: Whewell Whewell Whewell Whewell Whewell


title: William Whewell

texts: architectural writers is associated with his work. The two new courts of rooms at Trinity College were built in a Gothic style. The two courts were completed in 1860 and 1868, and are now collectively named Whewell's Court. Elements of Morality, including Polity, was published in 1845 and was one of <mask>'s works. The fivefold division of the springs of action and of their objects, of the primary and universal rights of man, is the peculiarity of this work. The third Bridgewater Treatise, Astronomy and General Physics considered with reference to Natural Theology was one of <mask>'s popular works.When Charles Darwin returned from the Beagle voyage, he was influenced by <mask>, who persuaded him to become secretary of the Geological Society of London. The title pages of On the Origin of Species open with a quotation from <mask>'s Bridgewater Treatise about science founded on a natural theology of a creator establishing laws. <mask> did not support Darwin's theory of evolution, even though he used the concepts of <mask> as he made and tested his hypotheses. <mask> was against the idea of evolution. He published a new book in 1845 called "Insturments of the Creator", which was composed of extracts from his earlier works to counteract the popular work "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation". Whewell opposed Darwin's theories of evolution. The third edition was published in 1842.Astronomy and general physics are considered with reference to Natural Theology. There is a city called Cambridge. The first edition of Elementary Treatise on Mechanics was published in 1819. The history ofctive sciences from the Earliest to the present times. 3 volumes, London. The first volume was volume 1, the second volume was volume 2 and the third volume was volume 3. The second ed was published in 1847.2 vols of the 3rd ed. The 1st German ed was published in 1840. The Principles of


title: William Whewell

texts: English University Education were written in the 17th century. London in 1836. The philosophy of thective sciences was founded on their history. 2 volumes, London. The second ed. was published in 1847.Volume 1. Volume 2. The elements of morality are included. 2 volumes, London. The first volume was called Volume 1 and the second volume was called Volume 2. Lectures on morality. London.There is a reference to Mr. J. Stuart Mill's System of Logic. London. The second memoir is a mathematical exposition of political economy. The Cambridge Philosophical Society had transactions. There were lectures on the history of moral philosophy. Cambridge University Press. <mask>, London: John W.Parker, volume 1, volume 2, volume 3.The nature of the world. London. The complete edition of the works of bacon was written by Spedding. Edinburgh Review 106:28–322. The history of scientific ideas. 2 volumes, London. Novum Organon renovatum is in London.The philosophy of discovery has chapters historical and critical. London. Plato's Republic is a translation. There is a city called Cambridge. There were six lectures on political economy. There are additional lectures on the history of moral philosophy. Comte and Positivism.The magazine was published by Macmillan's. The Whewell Society is named after an Old Lancastrian named <mask> who was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The Whewell Mineral Gallery in the Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences is located in Cambridge. See also Catastrophism Uniformitarianism Earl of Bridgewater for other Bridgewater Treatise Law of three stages for <mask>'s opposition to Auguste Comte's positivism. M. and S.J. are related. There is an eds. An extensive bibliography is included in <mask>: A Composite Portrait.The essay was issued by Cambridge University Press in 2009. The Commentaries to the Logological Views of <mask> were written by the

masks:
William Whewell
Whewell
Whewell
William Whewell
William Whewell


title: Jordi Bosch

texts: <mask> is a Spanish actor. "Mort accidental d'un anarquista" was written by Dario Fo. There is a dir. There is a person named Pere Planella. TeatreRegina and Villarroel Teatre were from Barcelona. There is a dir. Carlos Gandolfo.Santiago Rusiol wrote "L'hroe". There is a dir. Fabi is a server. Teatre Lliure i Festival del Grec was written by William Shakespeare. There is a dir. Llus Pasqual. Teatre Lliure wrote "La flauta mgica" in 1984.There is a dir. Fabi is a server. Carlo Goldoni wrote "Un dels ltims vespres del carnaval". There is a dir. Llus Pasqual. Teatre Lliure was in Barcelona in 1986. There is a dir.Fabi is a server. "El tango de don Joan" was written by Quim Monz and Jérme Savary. There is a dir. Jérme Savary is a person. Joan Oliver wrote "30 d'abril", Teatre Lliure's book. There is a dir. There is a person named Pere Planella.Teatre Lliure was in Barcelona in 1987. There is a dir. Carme Portacelli is a person. Alfred de Musset wrote "Lorenzaccio, Lorenzaccio". There is a dir. Llus Pasqual. Teatre Lliure was in Barcelona in 1988.There is a dir. Fabi is a server. "Titnic-92" was written by Guillem-<mask> Graells. There is a dir. There is a person named Pere Planella. Pierre Beaumarchais wrote "Les noces de Fgaro". There is a dir.Fabi is a server. Benet Casablancas wrote "Set escenes de Hamlet" in 1989. There is a dir. Josep Pons. Teatre Lliure was in Barcelona in 1989. There is a dir. Ariel Garca Valdés is a person.Teatre Romea was in Barcelona in 1990. There is a dir. Xicu Mas. Teatre Lliure was in Barcelona in 1990. There

masks:
Jordi Bosch i Pacios
Jordi


title: Jordi Bosch

texts: is a dir. Josep Pons. Ramon Gomis wrote "Capvespre al jard" in 1990.There is a dir. Llus Pasqual. Eduardo Mendoza wrote "Restauraci", by Teatre Lliure. There is a dir. Ariel Garca Valdés is a person. Llus Elias wrote "Bala perduda", Teatre Romea, Barcelona 1991. There is a dir.There is a person named Xavier Berraondo. Charles Ferdinand Ramuz wrote " Histria d'un soldat". There is a dir. Josep Pons and Llus Homar. William Shakespeare wrote "Timon d'Atenes" in 1991. There is a dir. There is a person named Ariel Garcia Valdés.Teatre Lliure was in Barcelona in 1992. There is a dir. Carme Portacelli is a person. Teatre Lliure was in Barcelona in 1992. There is a dir. Domnech Reixach. Teatre Romea was in Barcelona in 1993.There is a dir. The man is Pavel Khomsky. Teatre Romea was in Barcelona in 1993. There is a dir. Llus Pasqual. "Some enchanted evening" was written by Irving Berlin, Leonard Bernstein, George Gershwin, Cole Porter and Stephen Sondheim. There is a dir.Josep Pons. Teatre Lliure was in Barcelona in 1994. There is a dir. Llus Homar. Pierre Beaumarchaisanton wrote "Las bodas de Fgaro" in 1994. There is a dir. Fabi is a server."Arsnic i puntes de coix" is from Teatro La Comedia. There is a dir. Anna Lizaran. Teatre Lliure, Barcelonala, Llus Soler, <mask> Torras, Artur Trias, and Friedrich von Schiller wrote "Els bandits" in 1995. There is a dir. Llus Homar. "Viatge a Califrnia" was written by Toni Cabré.There is a dir. There is a person named Toni Cabré. William Shakespeare wrote "Lear o el somni d'una actriu" in 1996. There is a


title: Jordi Bosch

texts: dir. There is a person named Ariel Garcia Valdés. Teatre Lliure was in Barcelona in 1996. There is a dir.Llus Homar. Sergi Pompermayer wrote "Zowie", Teatre Romea, Barcelona 1997. There is a dir. Llus Homar. Sergi Belbel wrote "Morir", Teatre Lliure, Barcelona 1998. There is a dir. Sergi Belbel.Teatre Romea was in Barcelona in 1998 reading poetry. <mask> Galceran wrote "Fuita", by Teatre Lliure. There is a dir. There is a person named Eduard Cortés. Joan Brossa wrote "Cantonada Brossa" in 1999. There is a dir. They are Josep M.Mestres, Josep Montanys, Llus Pasqual andRosa Maria Sard.Miquel Desclot wrote "Andorra mgica en vuit dies" in 1999. There is a dir. There is a man named Gerard Claret. Auditori Nacional d'Andorra (Ordino), Andorra 2000 is a song by Miquel Mart i Pol. The Centre Cultural de Sant Cugat i Teatre Lliure is in Barcelona. There is a dir. Llus Pasqual.Teatre Lliure was in Barcelona in 2001. There is a dir. Fernando Bernués. The Histria d'un soldat was written by Stravinsky. Carles Santos and Joan-Francesc Mira wrote "L'adéu de Lucrcia Borja". There is a dir. The person is Carles Santos.Teatre Lliure was in Barcelona in 2002. There is a dir. <mask> <mask>. Eduardo De Filippo wrote "Dissabte, diumenge i dilluns" in 2002. There is a dir. Sergi Belbel. "Primera plana" was written by Ben Hecht and Charles McArthur.There is a dir. Sergi Belbel. Eduardo Mendoza Garriga wrote "Greus qestions" in 2004. There is a dir. There is a woman namedRosa Novell. "Fuente Ovejuna" is from Sala Muntaner, Barcelona. There is a dir.Ramon Sim.

masks: Jordi Jordi Bosch


title: Jordi Bosch

texts: Belbel. David Harrower wrote "Blackbird" in Barcelona. There is a dir. Llus Pasqual. Carlo Goldoni wrote "Els feréstecs", a book by Teatre Lliure. There is a dir.Llus Pasqual. Joaqun Oristrell and Joan Vives wrote "Tots fem comdia" for Teatre Lliure. There is a dir. Joaqun Oristrell. <mask> Galceran wrote "El crdit" in Teatre Poliorama. There is a dir. Sergi Belbel.Sala Villarroel, Barcelona is home to William Shakespeare. There is a dir. Llus Pasqual. Teatre Lliure was in Barcelona in 2015. There is a dir. Sergi Belbel. Eduardo de Filippo wrote "A teatro con Eduardo".There is a dir. Llus Pasqual. Teatre Lliure, Barcelona 2017: "L'nec salvatge" There is a dir. There is a man named Julio Manrique. Teatre Lliure is in Barcelona. There is a dir.There is a person named Pere Riera. "23-F" by Chema de la Pea was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 The National of Catalan Theatre had the best supporting theatre actor for the play "Restauraci" in 1994. The best cinema actor for the movie "El perqu de tot plegat" was


title: Franco Corelli

texts: Between 1951 and 1976, <mask> had a major international opera career. He was celebrated for his powerhouse voice, top notes, passionate singing, and remarkable performances, as well as being associated with the spinto and dramatic tenor roles of the Italian repertory. Audiences were enchanted by his handsome features and charismatic stage presence. He had a good relationship with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. Most of the major opera houses in Europe and with opera companies in North America had him on stage. Some say that <mask> had little or no musical background when he was a child. His paternal grandfather Augusto quit his job at 35 to pursue a career as an opera singer.Aldo, his older brother, quit school to become an opera singer, as did two of his uncles. The family lived next to the Adriatic Sea and his father was a ship builder. <mask> wanted to follow in his father's footsteps and pursue a degree in naval engineering at the University of Bologna. A friend of his who was an amateur singer dared him to enter a music competition. While he did not win the competition, the judges encouraged him to pursue a singing career and he went to study opera. <mask> was unhappy with the results of his studies and said the lessons destroyed his upper register. Corelli decided to become his own teacher after he referred to voice teachers as "dangerous

masks:
Franco Corelli
Corelli
Corelli
Corelli


title: Franco Corelli

texts: people" and a "plague to singers".<mask> said that he learned part of his technique from a friend who was a student of the voice teacher who taught Mario Del Monaco. <mask> studied with Melocchi occasionally. The ability of students of Melocchi to handle moderate volume and smooth singing was perceived to be limited by Corelli. He carefully studied the career of Del Monaco, who preceded <mask> into the first rank of Italian tenors using the lowered-larynx technique, and who was sometimes criticized for lacking subtlety in his singing. <mask> stated that he did not keep the method lowered to the maximum at all times. The style and vocal effects of great tenors like Aureliano Pertile were learned by Corelli. Opera News stated that <mask>'s technique resulted in a cavernous sound even in high-flying passages.The effect Verdi wanted at the end of 'Celeste Aida' was to have the core of the voice in a diminuendo, or even a morendo on a high B-flat. In the summer of 1951, <mask> won the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino in Florence, earning a debut at Spoleto the following fall. He spent three months preparing for his role in Verdi's Ada. <mask> felt that he didn't have the technical skills to play the role of Radams in Bizet's Carmen. He made his debut at the Rome Opera as Maurizio opposite Maria Caniglia as Adriana. He appeared in operas with smaller opera houses

masks: Corelli Corelli Corelli Corelli Corelli Corelli Corelli


title: Franco Corelli

texts: throughout Italy in the same year. He spent most of his time performing at the Rome Opera in the 60's.His first role with the company was in the opera Giulietta e Romeo. Pollione was sung in the title role by Maria Callas. It was the first time that Callas and <mask> had sung the same song. In a partnership that lasted to the end of Callas's career, the two performed frequently with each other over the next several years. <mask> made many appearances with other opera houses in Italy and internationally while singing at the Rome Opera. He played Licinio in Spontini's La vestale opposite Callas's Giulia for the opening of the 1954. He sang with Callas in several productions over the next five years.He played the role of Dick Johnson in La fanciulla del West at La Scala in 1956, opposite Gigliola Frazzoni and Tito Gobbi, which was broadcast live on Italian radio. In 1955, <mask> made his first appearances at the Arena di Verona Festival, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and the Vienna State Opera. One of the highlights of the decade was the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, where two of <mask>'s most celebrated performances took place, Don Alvaro in 1959 and Leonora in 1958. In his early career, <mask> sang in a number of rare operas, including performances of Spontini's Agnes von Hohenstaufen, Handel's Giulio Cesare and Hercules, and Prokofiev's War. He

masks: Corelli Corelli Corelli Corelli Corelli


title: Franco Corelli

texts: played the title role in Don Carlo, Turiddu in Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana, and Rodolfo in La bohme. <mask> met di Lelio when she came backstage to get his autograph after one of his performances. They were married in 1958.After their marriage, Loretta gave up her opera career to serve as her husband's business manager, secretary, public relations agent, cook, and English translator. Their marriage lasted until the death of <mask>. Leontyne Price made her house debut at the Met that evening as Leonora, opposite <mask> who was making his debut as Manrico. He was well-known at the Met until 1974 in roles such as Calaf and Turandot. He did French parts in two new productions. He sang at a number of historic nights at the Met including: the closing gala at the old Met, the concert honoring Sir Rudolf Bing's retirement, and Callas's legendary comeback to the stage. His last performance at the Met was on December 28, 1974 as Calf with Ingrid Bjoner, also singing her last performance at the Met, as Turandot.In 1975, <mask> toured with the Metropolitan Opera, singing in performances in cities throughout the United States and Japan. The international stage has 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884

masks: Corelli Corelli Corelli Corelli


title: Franco Corelli

texts: 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 His first job was with theDeutsche Oper Berlin. In 1962, he reprised his role as Manrico in a revival of Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots, opposite Joan Sutherland, and in the same year he appeared as Giulietta in a production of Il trovatore at the Salzburg Festival. In 1962 he made his first appearance with the Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company. The Free Library of Philadelphia: Box: Phila. is where he returned to Philadelphia almost every year through 1971 portraying close to a dozen different roles. He made his debut at the Paris Opéra in 1964 opposite Callas.In the mid 1960s, he collaborated with the Italian-American conductor Alfredo Antonini in a number of concerts in New York. After years of hard use in a demanding repertory, <mask>'s voice began to show some signs of wear. As a result, the nerves surrounding performances became more difficult to handle.


title: Franco Corelli

texts: He made his last opera appearance as Rodolfo in 1976, at the age of 55. Corelli said that his voice was a little tired and less brilliant after the decision. The singer's life cost me a lot. I was angry at everyone.I wasn't eating or sleeping, I was a bundle of nerves. After retiring from the stage, <mask> became a popular voice teacher in New York City, ironic for a man who disliked voice teachers for much of his life. He was invited out of retirement for two concerts. He died of a stroke in Milan in October of 2003 and was buried in Milan's Cimitero Monumentale. A rich and ringing spinto tenor voice and movie-star good looks, Corelli won a wide public following from early on in his career. Music critics were divided, with some complaining about what they perceived to be self-indulgence, as the public was enthralled with the tenor. The anti-Corelli sentiment was epitomized by Alan Rich of The New York Herald Tribune who wrote an article in 1966 in which he acknowledged the vibrancy and white heat of <mask>'s singing.Rich said that <mask> uses it to serve purposes it wasn't meant to serve. Many critics didn't like his performances in French opera because of his exotic French style. Harold C. Schonberg of The New York Times once defended the liberties taken by <mask>, saying that his performance possessed "its own kind of logic". Many recordings of solo


title: Franco Corelli

texts: arias and complete operas were made by Corelli. The voice of <mask> was in its prime during the late 1950s and 1960s. <mask>'s singing in front of an audience is more exciting than his studio performances, so many admirers prefer recordings of his live performances. There are many of these available.The biography of <mask> can be found on

masks:
Corelli
Corelli
Franco Corelli


title: Steve Croudson

texts: <mask> is an English former professional footballer and goalkeeping coach. He came out of retirement in 2010 after playing as a goalkeeper for a number of years. He played for the club from 1998 to 2003 He served as the club's goalkeeping coach after retiring from injury at the age of 26. Due to the injuries of the club's first and second choice keepers, he registered as a player again for Grimsby on 30 August 2010. He played for a number of teams during his playing career. During the 1998–1999 season, <mask> was added to the first team squad as the club's third choice keeper behind Andy Love and Aidan Davison.In May 1999, Alan Buckley gave <mask> his professional debut after both Davison and Love were injured. The match was played in 1999 in the First Division. The game was drawn 0–0 with <mask> being awarded man of the match for pulling off some fine saves. He played in the club's 1–0 defeat against the Hornets five days later. During the 1999–2000 campaign, Alan Buckley made <mask> his second choice keeper and this would eventually see him cement his place behind Danny Coyne. Andy Love left for Ilkeston Town midway through the season due to Croudson's step up in ranks. <mask> made 5 appearances in the League and Cup.In the 2000–2001 season, <mask> was the backup keeper for the new manager, who replaced him with a loanee. <mask> wouldn't play in that particular season. In the 2001– 2002 campaign <mask> was made available for loan and was originally a target for Buckley's new team Lincoln City, however <mask> made a move to Scunthorpe United who were managed by Brian Laws. He joined Glanford Park in August 2001 and played in 4 games for The Iron before returning to Grimsby to fight for his place in the team. Ronald Ermes and Morgan Cranley are the newest keepers under contract. This would be the last appearance for <mask> in his first spell with the club. Despite <mask> being the original choice

masks:
Steven David Croudson
Croudson
Croudson
Croudson
Croudson
Croudson
Croudson
Croudson
Croudson
Croudson
Croudson
Croudson


title: Steve Croudson

texts: for second choice keeper during the 2002– 2003 season, he would suffer a shoulder injury that ruled him out of the entire season, forcing Paul Groves to sign for Leeds United.At the end of the season both <mask> and his goalkeeping companion Danny Coyne both left. <mask> played for Grimsby for five years. Boston United Croudson signed up with the Third Division outfit. <mask> was understudy to Paul Bastock for the entire 2003– 2004 season and was released by <mask> at the end of the season after failing to make a single appearance. <mask> was surplus to requirements and left the club in the summer of 2004. In the summer of 2004, <mask> returned to training with the club, who were under the management of Russell Slade. He was named as a substitute for the Town's pre-season games against Gainsborough Trinity and Scarborough in order to provide cover for Anthony Williams.Despite this he failed to make an appearance in either game and failed to earn a contract with the club, despite the fact that the Croudson had only been with the club for a few weeks to keep his fitness levels up. For the 2004–2005 season, there was a move to Conference National side Stevenage Borough. <mask> made two appearances for the club, a 3–1 Football League Trophy defeat at the hands of Barnet and a 2–0 home defeat in the league against Woking. <mask> left in the January 2005 transfer window. After a month as number 2 keeper to Ian Dunbavin at The Shay, he was released by the manager. Paul Gascoigne was the manager of the player he moved to sign for. <mask> was with Kettering for the entire season.He signed for Bangor City in 2006 after moving to Wales. He played briefly for Rhyl. <mask> decided to retire due to an injury in 2007, after he returned to England. <mask> retired in 2007, at the age of 26. He was appointed part-time goalkeeping coach at the club by Alan Buckley, who was in his third spell with the club. <mask>

masks:
Croudson
Croudson
Steve
Steve Evans
Croudson
Croudson
Steve
Steve
Steve
Steve
Croudson
Croudson


title: Steve Croudson

texts: played the second half of a pre-season victory over Brigg Town. Due to injuries to Kenny Arthur and Nick Colgan, Croudson was considered to be in contention to play against Histon in Town's Conference National fixture.<mask> made his first appearance for the club since 2001 after Neil Woods confirmed he would play <mask>. Three divisions higher than their current place inside the Conference is what the last time <mask> pulled his gloves on for the club had been. <mask> was named the man of the match after a solid display in which he pulled off some fine saves, reminiscent of his professional debut for Town 11 years previously. <mask> played in the FA Cup for the second time in a month after Wednesday refused to allow Richard O'Donnell to play. At the club's annual player of the year award ceremony, <mask> picked up four minor awards. During the 2010–11 season, he made more first team appearances for the club as a coach than he did as a player. James McKeown was brought in as a backup keeper for Kenny Arthur in the summer of 2011.He didn't appear on a team sheet again until February 2012 when he was called up as a substitute for the FA Trophy match at home to York City. <mask> was appointed as the club's kitman on November 8, 2011, replacing Mike Bielby who had been with the club since the early 90's. Hull City announced on 9 May that <mask> had left Grimsby to become their academy goalkeeping coach. Lincoln City appointed <mask> as their goalkeeping coach. There are links to External links. The players are from Scunthorpe United F.C. The players are from Boston United F.C.The players are from F.C. The players are from Halifax Town A.F.C. The players are from Kettering Town F.C. The players are from Bangor City F.C. Rhyl F.C. The players were named Cammell Laird F.C. The English Football League has players in the National League.There are no playing staff at Hull City A.F.C. The staff is not

masks: Steve Croudson Steve Steve Croudson Croudson Croudson Croudson Croudson


title: Shepard Fairey

texts: <mask> is an American contemporary artist, activist and founder of OBEY clothing who emerged from the skateboarding scene. He graduated from the Rhode Island School of Design in 1989 with a sticker campaign for "Andre the Giant Has a Posse". The Barack Obama "Hope" poster was designed by <mask>. According to the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, he is one of the best known and most influential street artists. His work can be found in the collections at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. His style is based on styling and idealizing images. <mask> was born in Charleston, South Carolina.Strait and <mask> are his parents. He graduated from Idyllwild Arts Academy in California in 1988 after attending Porter Gaud High School in Charleston, South Carolina. In 1984 <mask> began placing his drawings on skateboards and T-shirts. He moved to Rhode Island in 1988 to attend the Rhode Island School of Design. He received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the RISD in 1992. The career Obey Giant sticker was created by <mask> while attending the Rhode Island School of Design. This later evolved into the "Obey Giant" campaign, which has grown via an

masks:
Frank Shepard Fairey
Shepard Fairey
Shepard Fairey
Charlotte Fairey
Fairey
Fairey


title: Shepard Fairey

texts: international network of collaborators replicating <mask>'s original designs.The Obey Giant is intended to cause people to question their relationship with their surroundings. According to the Obey Giant website, "The sticker has no meaning but exists to cause people to react, to contemplate and search for meaning in the sticker". The website says that those who are familiar with the sticker find humor and enjoyment from it and that those who try to analyze its meaning only burden themselves and may condemn the art as an act of vandalization from an evil cult. <mask> says that he originally intended the sticker campaign to gain fame among his classmates and college peers. I had not considered that a larger segment of the public would notice and investigate the unexplained appearance of the stickers. I began to think that there was a potential to create a phenomenon when I began to see reactions to the use of public space and the introduction of a very eye-catching but ambiguous image. Heidegger's concept of phenomenology is linked to his work in a manifesto he wrote in 1990-1991."Obey" is one of the slogans taken from the John Carpenter movie They Live, which starred a pro wrestler as well as the "This is Your God" slogan. The OBEY clothing line is a spin off of the

masks: Fairey Fairey


title: Shepard Fairey

texts: original sticker campaign. The slogan "The Medium is the Message" was borrowed from Marshall McLuhan. <mask> stated in an interview that part of his work is inspired by other street artists. <mask> was able to pursue his own artwork after founding a small printing business in Providence, Rhode Island, called Alternate Graphics. Helen Stickler graduated with a film degree from RISD and met <mask> while residing in Providence in 1994. Stickler made a short documentary film about <mask> and his work.The film played at the New York Underground Film Festival in 1995 and at the 1997 Sundance Film Festival. In more than 70 festivals and museums, it has been seen. From 1997 to 2003 <mask> was a founding partner with Dave Kinsey and Phillip DeWolff of the design studio BLK/ MRKT Inc., which specialized in guerrilla marketing and the development of high-impact marketing campaigns. <mask> designed the red dinosaur version of mozilla.org's logo and mascot for three clients. The Studio Number One design agency was founded by him and his wife. The Black Eyed Peas' album Monkey Business and the poster for Walk the Line were produced by the agency. <mask> designed 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611

masks:
Shepard Fairey
Fairey
Fairey
Shepard
Fairey
Fairey
Fairey


title: Shepard Fairey

masks: Fairey Fairey Fairey


title: Shepard Fairey

texts: Honolulu Museum of Art. In 2005, <mask> contributed the artwork for the posters, cover art, and graphics for Walk The Line the Johnny Cash movie. <mask> contributed eight vinyl etchings to a limited-edition series of 12" singles by post-punk band Mission of Burma, and has also done work for the musical group Interpol. <mask> was featured on the cover of Advertising Age magazine in 2006 as the founding Creative Director of Project 2050. <mask> worked for Virgin Mega Store and Boost Mobile. In 2006 there was a book called Supply and Demand: The Art of <mask>. Sarah Jaye Williams, who edited the book, was praised by <mask>.In June 2007, <mask> opened his one-man show at the Jonathan LeVine Gallery. The arts section of the New York Times featured the show. The cover art for Body of War: Songs That inspired an Iraq War Veteran was donated by <mask>. Iraq Veterans Against the War receives proceeds from the album. <mask> and Z-Trip did a series of shows in support of Barack Obama in 2008. The British goth band had posters designed by <mask>. <mask> opened his solo show at White Walls &Shooting Gallery in San Francisco in September of 2008.One hundred and fifty works, including the largest collection of canvases pieces in one show that he's done, were featured in his third solo

masks:
Fairey
Fairey
Fairey
Shepard
Shepard Fairey
Fairey
Fairey
Fairey
Fairey
Fairey
Shepard


title: Shepard Fairey

texts: show with the gallery. <mask> was arrested on his way to the premiere of his show at the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston, Massachusetts, on two outstanding warrants related to graffiti. A Boston Police Department spokesman said that he was charged with damage to property for postering two Boston area locations with graffiti. His arrest was announced to party goers by his friend Z-Trip who was performing at the premiere at <mask>'s request. On April 27, 2009, <mask> put three signed copies of his Obama inauguration posters up on eBay, with the proceeds of the auction going to the One Love For Chi foundation, founded by the family of Deftones bassist Chi Cheng following a car accident in November 2008 that nearly claimed Cheng's life The Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston hosted <mask>'s first art museum exhibition, titled Supply & Demand, in the summer of 2009. More than 250 works in a wide variety of media were featured in the exhibition.<mask> created public art works around Boston. The artist says that the real message behind most of his work is "question everything". <mask> was commissioned by Time Magazine to design a cover to honor "The Protester" as Person of the Year in the wake of the Arab Spring and other social movements around the world. This was

masks:
Fairey
Shepard Fairey
Fairey
Fairey
Fairey
Fairey


title: Shepard Fairey

texts: <mask>'s second cover for Time, his first being of Barack Obama. <mask> appeared on Portlandia in January of 2015. <mask> was taken into custody at the Los Angeles International Airport after passing through customs and being accused of vandalizing 14 buildings in Detroit. He turned himself in to Detroit police.<mask>'s first solo exhibition in New York City in five years was held at the Jacob Lewis Gallery. Political corruption, environmental apathy and abuse of power are some of the issues depicted in the paintings. The exhibition coincides with <mask>'s monograph. The life is beautiful district is in Las Vegas. <mask> created a series of posters in support of Barack Obama's candidacy for President of the United States. The poster is the most effective American political illustration since Uncle Sam wants you, according to the New Yorker art critic. The exclusive design for Rock the Vote was created by <mask>.The Obama campaign did not have any affiliation with the Hope poster because it was "perpetuated illegally" by the street artist. Although the campaign officially denied any involvement in the creation or popularization of the poster, <mask> has commented in interviews that he was in contact with campaign officials immediately following the poster's release. The

masks:
Fairey
Shepard Fairey
Fairey
Shepard Fairey
Fairey
Fairey
Fairey
Fairey


title: Shepard Fairey

texts: original version featured the word "Progress" instead of the word "HOPE", and the campaign requested that he issue a new version, keeping the powerful image of Obama's face. The revised poster and two additional Fairey posters were embraced by the campaign. During the campaign, <mask> distributed 300,000 stickers and 500,000 posters. "I put all that money back into making more stuff, so I didn't keep any of the Obama money", explained <mask> in December 2009. In February 2008, <mask> received a letter of thanks from Obama.On November 5, 2008, Chicago posted banners throughout the downtown business district featuring <mask>'s Obama "HOPE" portrait. A new image of Barack Obama was used as the cover art for the 2008 Person of the Year issue of Time magazine. The original "HOPE" portrait was featured on the cover of Esquire Magazine in February 2009, with a caption reading, "What now?" <mask>'s influence throughout the presidential election was a factor in the artist being named a Person of the Year for 2008. The "HOPE" portrait was part of the permanent collection of the U.S. National Portrait Gallery. On January 17, 2009, it was put on display. Tom Gralish discovered that the poster 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110

masks:
Fairey
Fairey
Fairey
Fairey
Shepard Fairey


title: Shepard Fairey

masks:
Fairey
Fairey
Shepard Fairey
Fairey
Fairey
Fairey


title: Shepard Fairey

texts: at that".<mask> said in an interview that Obama had not lived up to his expectations. He said, "Obama has had a really tough time, but there have been a lot of things that he's compromised on that I never would have expected." I don't think he'd support drones or domestic snooping. <mask> created a mutt version of the red, white, and blue poster, donating it to help support pet adoptions from an image of a rescued shaggy dog. Four hundred limited edition prints were offered by Adopt-A-Pet.com, a nonprofit organization that helps shelters, humane societies and rescue groups advertise their homeless pets to potential adopters. The poster was featured on the cover of Dog's Life magazine in the spring of 2009. <mask> painted a mural 9 stories high in honor of Nelson Mandela and the 25th anniversary of the Purple Rain Protest.There is a public artwork on Juta Street that overlooks the Nelson Mandela Bridge. The mural is <mask>'s first work in Africa and is seen by many as a sequel to the Barack Obama HOPE poster. Patrick Gaspard, American Ambassador to South Africa, said that it is a huge exclamation point downtown, which makes us remember the entire liberation struggle and the peaceful transition to freedom. An adaptation of the Obama HOPE poster was created by Honest Gil

masks: Fairey Fairey Fairey Fairey


title: Shepard Fairey

texts: Fulbright <mask>. "I'm only in this thing for the money, but at least I'm honest about it" is the message that Frank L. Ridley, the actor who portrays Fulbright, is trying to convey on the poster. A tribute to the victims of the Paris attacks was created by artist <mask>. There is a mural on 186 rue Nationale in Paris.<mask> gave the poster to the new president of France, who hung it in his office. An act of protest against the state was carried out in the night of the 13th December 2020. The motto was crossed out with white paint and replaced with a tag that said "Marianne cries" and red tears were added to her face. <mask> declared his support for all who protested against injustice and that he understood the goals of the action. During the 2016 presidential campaign, the We the People series was made to protest Donald Trump's racist statements. Promoting gender equality and fighting discrimination against minorities are some of the goals of this work. This work makes people respect their common humanity.The title of the work comes from a line in the Constitution and features portraits of Native Americans, African Americans, Muslims, and Latinas. Make Art Not War is a mural in Berlin, Germany. The street art was created by <mask>. <mask>'s political support for


title: Shepard Fairey

texts: anti-war movements and peace was demonstrated in the work. The work was made with spray paint and features many of <mask>'s motifs and symbols from other works. The repetition includes the black and red style with repetition of symbols. The Institute of Contemporary Art hosted <mask>'s first major solo exhibition, "Supply and Demand", in 2009.<mask> began donating to organizations in the early 2000s. <mask> donated the proceeds from the poster sales to charity. The Statue of Liberty is holding a megaphone and a clipboard in a poster created by <mask> for the American Civil Liberties Union. The Obey Awareness Program is an extension of <mask>'s humanitarian efforts. The program allows <mask> to support causes he believes in by selling specially designed merchandise and donating all of the profits to them. Hope for Darfur, 11th Hour Action, Feed America, earthquake relief in Haiti, Dark Wave /Rising Sun for Japan relief, and Adopt-a-Pet.com have all benefited from this program. Environmentally related non-profit organizations such as the Surfrider Foundation received donations.The latest Obey Awareness T-shirts benefited the Go Campaign, an organization that improves the lives of orphans and vulnerable children around the world by partnering with local heroes to deliver

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Shepard Fairey
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