title: Arnold Ehrlich

texts: Archive, <mask><mask>'s death in New York has deprived the world of one of its most brilliant scholars. <mask>'s name is not well known among professional Bible students, and he is not officially connected with any institution of learning. His life work, represented by eleven substantial volumes dedicated to the elucidation of the Scriptures, merits the grateful appreciation of all those to whom the Bible is an important part of human civilization. <mask>'s exegetical work is important to modern biblical exegesis. The Jewish translation produced by the Jewish Publication Society in 1917 was heavily influenced by <mask>'s work. His best known work is The Bible.New York: Ktav, 1969 was reprinted. The Hebrischen Bibel contains textkritisches, sprachliches and sachliches. The author is J.C. Hinrichs. His most substantial work took six years to complete and was funded by Jacob H. Schiff and Dr. An anthology of aggadic passages representative of material that students might later have to study at the Emanu-El Theological School was prepared by him. The German translation of the Psalms is no longer in print and may only be found in large university libraries. German was the language of Jewish scholarship prior to World War I.There are notebooks in the New York library of the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. The addenda to the Randglossen are the notebooks. Further reading the American Jewish Archives. No. The teshuva of <mask> was about his apostasy and return to his faith. "<mask>'s Monumental Work on the Old Testament" was written by <mask><mask>. The review was written by Julius A. Bewer.20, No. 2 (Apr., 1916), pp. Robert Gordis wrote "Some Hitherto Unrecognized Meanings of the Shub" in the Journal of Biblical Literature. 52, No. There are two days in June. In 1933, pp. The beginning of our inquiry is the acute observation of the master of Biblical Hebrew, <mask>.<mask>. "<mask><mask>: A Personal Recollection" is available on the American Jewish Archives website. The deaths of 19th-century rabbis and 19th-century Jewish biblical scholars occurred in

masks:
Arnold B
. Ehrlich
Ehrlich
Ehrlich
Ehrlich
Arnold Ehrlich
Ehrlich
Arnold B
. Ehrlich
Arnold B
Ehrlich
Arnold B
. Ehrlich


title: Beverly Cleary

type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> was an American writer of children's and young adult fiction. Since her first book was published in 1950, she has sold over 90 million copies of her books. Ramona, Beezus, Henry, and Ribsy are some of her best known characters. The majority of <mask>'s books are set in the Grant Park neighborhood of northeast Portland, Oregon, where she was raised, and she has been credited as one of the first authors of children's literature to figure emotional realism in the narratives of her characters, often children in middle-class After a question from a kid, her first children's book was Henry Huggins. Ramona and Her Mother won the National Book Award in 1981 and Dear Mr. Henshaw won the Newbery medal in 1984. She was recognized as a Library of Congress Living Legend, as well as receiving the National Medal of Arts, for her lifetime contributions to American literature.There are statues of her most famous characters in Grant Park, as well as a school named after her in Portland. Just 18 days from her 105th birthday, she died at the age of 104. <mask> Bunn was born on April 12, 1916, in McMinnville, Oregon, to a farmer and a teacher. In her early childhood, she lived on a farm in rural Oregon. She was raised a Presbyterian. When she was six years old, her family moved to Portland, Oregon, where her father had a job as a bank security officer. When she moved to the city from the country, she struggled in school and was placed in a group for struggling readers.The first grade was divided into three reading groups. I was a bird. To be a Blackbird was to be disgraced. I wanted to read but couldn't. With some work, Cleary's reading skills improved, but she eventually found reading boring, complaining that many stories were simple and unsurprising, and wondering why authors often did not write with humor or about ordinary people. She enjoyed reading The Dutch Twins, a book about the adventures of ordinary children, on a rainy

masks:
Beverly Atlee Cleary
Cleary
Beverly Atlee


title: Beverly Cleary

texts: mysteries that define adults." She gets very close to satire, which I think is why adults like her, but she's still respectful of her characters and nobody gets a laugh at the expense of another. I think kids enjoy playing with adults. Cleary's books have lasted because she understands her audience according to Pat Pflieger, professor of children's literature at West Chester University. She knows they're sometimes confused or frightened by the world around them, and that they feel deeply about things that adults can dismiss. The University of Washington Information School professor said that the books don't seem so radical now, but they were when she was writing them. Dresang said that the honesty, accuracy, and ability to portray real-life children were decades ahead of her time."<mask>'s impact as a children's writer cannot be overstated, her extraordinary talent in creating memorable young characters whose exuberance and enthusiasm for life attract young and old readers alike." Clarance died in 2004. She celebrated her 100th birthday in April. Three weeks before her 105th birthday, Cleary died at her retirement home in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. The Laura Ingalls Wilder Award was given to Cleary in 1975, for her contributions to children's literature. She was nominated for the Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1984. She was named a Library of Congress Living Legend in 2000 for her contributions to the cultural heritage of the United States.She was awarded the National Medal of Arts. Many awards and honors have been given to <mask>'s books, which have been published in over 25 different languages. The Newbery medal was won by Mr. Henshaw in 1984 and Newbery honors were given to Ramona and her father in 1978. She won the National Book Award in 1981 for Ramona and Her Mother, a William Allen White Children's Book award for Socks, and the Children's Book Council's Every Child Award. In 2012 Ramona the Pest was

masks:
Beverly Cleary
Cleary


title: Beverly Cleary

texts: ranked number 24 among all children's novels in a survey published by the School Library Journal, a monthly with a primarily U.S. audience. The Mouse and the Motorcycle and Ramona and Her Father were both in the top 100. Laurie Halse Anderson, Judy Blume, Lauren Myracle, and JonScieszka are just a few of the authors who have mentioned Cleary as a major influence.National Drop Everything and Read (DEAR) Day is celebrated on the 12th of April. In Portland, Oregon, the Hollywood branch of the Multnomah County Library, near where she lived as a child, commissioned a map of Henry Huggins's Klickitat Street neighborhood. There are statues of her characters in Portland's Grant Park, which is located in the Hollywood-Fernwood neighborhood. In June 2008, the neighborhood's K-8 school was renamed Beverly Cleary School. The children's room at the Central Library in downtown Portland, Oregon was renamed the Beverly Cleary Children's Library in 1997. The <mask>y Endowed Chair for Children and Youth Services was established in 2004 by the University of Washington Information School. In 2008, the school announced that she had been selected as the next recipient of the University of Washington's highest honor.At her alma mater, the University of California, Berkeley, there is a 220-student residential hall named after her. In April 2016 Oregon Public Broadcasting produced an original half-hour program called "Discovering <mask>y", which included an extensive interview with the woman at age 99, as well as photographs and stories from her life. In the spring of 2016 it was broadcast on PBS stations. After her death, the United States Senate passed a resolution "honoring the life and legacy of award-winning children's author <mask>." It was sponsored by Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon. Ramona (1988): Ten-part Canadian TV series starred Sarah Polley as eight-year-old Ramona. The movie Ramona and Beezus features Joey King as Ramona and

masks:
Beverly Clear
Beverly Clear
Beverly Cleary


title: Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma

texts: Prince <mask> of Bourbon-Parma was a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma, a Belgian officer in World War I, and the central figure in the Sixtus Affair, an attempt to negotiate a treaty to end Austria-Hungary. A number of books were written by him. Robert I and Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal were the second and third wives of the Duke of Parma, <mask>. <mask> was the fourteenth child of Duke Robert's twenty four children. He was the sixth son and was named Sixtus. During the wars of Italian unification, <mask>' father was deposed from the Duchy of Parma, but Duke Robert was very wealthy and had a large fortune. His large family lived between Villa Pianore, a large property located between Viareggio and Pietrasanta, and his Castle Schwarzau, lower Austria.The Jesuits run a Catholic boarding school for boys near the Swiss border. He studied law in Paris after graduating high school. The Duke of Parma, the only healthy son among <mask>' half-siblings, inherited the largest part of the family's fortune after his father's death in 1907. The children of Duke Robert's first wife and his second wife reached an agreement to divide their father's assets in 1910. <mask>' sister, Princess Zita, married the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The family was divided by the outbreak of World War I. The brothers had strong ties with France and Austria.Unable to fight with the French army, Prince <mask> and his brother <mask> of Bourbon-Parma enlisted in the Belgian Army, while their brothers, Felix, and René, fought in the Austrian Army. As the war dragged on towards its fourth year,

masks:
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Prince XI


title: Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma

texts: <mask>' brother-in-law, Emperor Charles I, secretly entered into peace negotiations with France. The Emperor enlisted the help of his childhood friend. Charles contacted <mask> via neutral Switzerland. Zita invited her brother to Vienna. Zita and <mask>'s mother personally delivered the letter. Sixtus arrived with French-agreed conditions for talks: the restoration to France of Alsace-Lorraine, annexed by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, the independence of Belgium, the independence of Serbia, and the handover of Constantinople to Russia.In principle, Charles agreed to the first three points and wrote a letter to <mask> giving a secret and unofficial message to the French President. Due to the requirement for Italy to cede to Tyrol, this attempt at 20th century dynastic diplomacy failed. Seeing a Russian collapse on the horizon, Germany was unwilling to give up the war. The brother-in-law of <mask> denied involvement until the French Prime Minister published letters from him. Austria became even more dependent on Germany, and there was a rebuke for Charles. The Sixtus Affair is a name for the failed attempt of peace negotiations. The daughter of the Duke de Doudeauville and the <mask> of Bourbon-Parma was married in 1919.Henri-Antoine-Marie de Noailles was the 11th <mask> Poix. The marriage was not approved by <mask>'s elder half-brother, the Duke of Parma, until 1959 when Robert Hugo, Duke of Parma, assumed his father's position as head of the family. They had one daughter, Princess Isabella, who married a distant cousin on June 23, 1943. They divorced in 1966. They have five

masks:
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Prince Sixtus
Prince de
Sixtus


title: Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma

texts: sons and six grandsons. The peace Treaty of Saint-Germain gave France the right to take back the property of those who fought in enemy armies. The French government expropriated Chambord castle, owned by the Bourbons of Parma, because <mask>'s half-brother had served in the Austrian army.Prince <mask> and his brothers fought with the Allied side and so they went to court to get a bigger share of the inheritance. They claimed that the legal agreement was against French law. The French court upheld the claim in 1925, but the appeals court overturned it in 1928. The French court upheld it. An equal share of the estate was given to the brothers. Chambord was never returned by the French government. Prince <mask> lived in France.He made several expeditions to Africa and wrote a number of books, including a biography of his great-great grandmother. He died in Paris. The Forschungsreise 1912 contains publications by Alois Musil. Le Traité d'Utrecht et le lois fondamentales du royaume was published in 1914. In 1998 it was published in Paris: Communication & Tradition. L'offre de paix séparée de l'Autriche was held in 1916 and 1917. Austria's Peace Offer, 1916-1917 is an English translation.The reine d'trurie was in Paris. The roi Alger was conqute in 1830. Benedict Taylor and Matthew Wait play brothers in the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles who help the young Indiana Jones in World War I. "Kingdoms Fall - The Laxenburg Message" is a historical fiction novel about the Sixtus Affair and Sixtus and his brother. The Princes of Bourbon-Parma and the Princes of Parma were killed in

masks: Sixtus Sixtus Sixtus


title: Dumitru Prunariu

texts: <mask> was born on September 27th, 1952. He flew in a space laboratory. They collaborated with the Soviet cosmonaut. The backup crew was made up of two men. After graduating from the physics and mathematics high school in Braov in 1971, <mask> obtained a degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the Politehnica University of Bucharest. Prunariu was a Diploma Engineer at Industria Aeronautic Romn, an aircraft industry facility, prior to attending the Air Force Officers Training School. He was selected for training in 1978 as a part of the Intercosmos Program.He was selected for a joint space flight with the Russian cosmonaut after obtaining the highest marks during three years of preparation. They carried out scientific experiments in the fields of astrophysics, space radiation, space technology, space medicine and biology after completing an eight-day space mission on board Soyuz 40. Prunariu is the 103rd person to fly into space. Prunariu was an officer in the Air Force. Prunariu was detached from other ministries to perform civil functions. In 2007, he retired from the Air Force with the rank of major general, continuing his work as a civil servant. At the end of 2015, Prunariu received the 3rd star, becoming a lieutenant-general.<mask> was given the position of deputy minister in the ministry of transportation and chief of the civil aviation department for 1.5 years. The first Romanian to accomplish a two-month training for higher managers of civil aviation institutions was graduated from the International Aviation Management Training Institute in 1991. The World Bank Project on reorganization of the higher education and research system in Romania was led by Prunariu. <mask> is the Vice- President of the International Institute for Risk, Security and Communication Management. Between 1998 and

masks:
Dumitru Dorin Prunariu
Dumitru Dorin Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu


title: Dumitru Prunariu

texts: 2004 <mask> was the President of the Romanian Space Agency, and since 2000 he has been an Associate Professor at the Academy of Economic Studies. He was the itinerary Ambassador of Romania to the Russian Federation for almost two years. In 2002 <mask> was elected as the Chairman of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the UNCOPUOS, and in 2006 he was elected as the Chairman of the UNCOPUOS.<mask> was the Director of the Office for Science and Technology to the European Commission. Prunariu is an expert within the Romanian Association for Space Technology and Industry. The UN General Assembly Resolution 65/68 established the Group of Governmental Experts on outer space transparency and confidence-building measures. <mask> is a member of the International Academy of Astronautics, as well as being one of the trustees of the Academy. He has represented the Government of Romania to the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space since 1992. <mask> was elected for three years as the vice-chairman of the International Relations Committee. A report on Space Security for Europe was issued in the framework of the European Institute for Security Studies.As of 2015, the Association of Space Explorers has over 400 members flown into outer space from 36 countries. He was the permanent representative at the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space from 1993 to 2004. Prunariu has been a member of the Executive Committee for two terms of tree years. Prunariu has been a member of the ASE NEO Committee since 2005 and has participated in several important activities related to the subject. The main interface in promoting the Report Asteroid Threats: A Call For Global Response at the level of the UNCOPUOS was Prunariu. The Association of Space Explorers proposed to the UN General

masks: Prunariu Prunariu Prunariu Prunariu Prunariu


title: Dumitru Prunariu

texts: Assembly at the 53rd session of the UN that the International Asteroid Day should be observed annually at the international level. The UN General Assembly adopted the proposal in October of 2016<mask> was declared the 1st Official Asteroid Day Ambassador for his great service and for helping protect Planet Earth from asteroid impacts. D<mask> held the position of President of the new chapter of the association for 6 years. D<mask> was elected for a three year term as the President of ASE International. <mask> is a co-author of several books about space technology and space flight. New developments in the field of space flight dynamics were produced by his PhD thesis. Prunariu is married to Crina <mask>, a retired diplomat from the Romania's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and has two sons and three grandchildren. He is the voice of the robot BURN-E in a version of WALL-E made by Disney Pixar.Prunariu was awarded the Hero of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the Hero of the Soviet Union. The International Astronautic Federation awarded Prunariu a medal in 1982. He was awarded the gold medal in 1984 by the German rocket society. <mask> was appointed a Grand Officer of the Order of the Star of Romania. He was awarded the Order Aeronautical virtue by the President of Romania. The President of the Russian Federation gave the Medal for Merits in Space Exploration to Prunariu. <mask> was elected as a member of the academy.Prunariu is a Doctor Honoris Causa of several universities. Prunariu is a citizen of several cities. The asteroid was named in honor of American astronomer Schelte Bus, who discovered it in 1981 at the Californian Palomar Observatory. There are External links to the website of the Romanian Space Agency Spacefacts biography of <mask> <mask>, trimis n rezerv, discharged from active

masks:
Prunariu
. Prunariu
. Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Dumitru
Prunariu


title: Tracy Moseley

masks:
Tracy Marie Moseley
Tracy


title: David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech

texts: <mask>, 5th Baron Harlech, known as <mask> until June 1961, and as Sir <mask> until February 1964, was a British diplomat. <mask> was the second son of William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech, a Conservative politician, and Lady Edith Mildred Gasco, who was born in 1918. His maternal great-grandfather was a British Prime Minister. He attended New College, Oxford and St Cyprian's School. According to a well-known story, when a boy in his house killed himself, the housemaster called the boys together and asked if they knew why. Ormsby-Gore asked, "Could it have been the food?" He worked with airborne and other special units after being commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1939.He was a major on the general staff by the end of the War. After the war, his father handed over all of his land to Ormsby-Gore. He left the Shropshire Yeomanry in 1950 after being commissioned a Major. He was elected Member of Parliament for Oswestry at the 1950 general election. He served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from November 1956 to January 1957, and as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from 1957 to 1961. The British Ambassador to the United States was appointed on October 18, 1961. He had to take the Chiltern on June 1st so that he could resign from the House.Ambassador to the United States Ormsby-Gore knew Kennedy from his time in London. Like Macmillan, Ormsby-Gore was distantly related to Kennedy, but had a close relationship with Robert. Ormsby-Gore was in Washington, D.C. six months after Kennedy took office. The kind of Ambassador he was, he supplied Kennedy

masks:
David Ormsby Gore
David Ormsby Gore
David Ormsby Gore
William David Ormsby Gore


title: David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech

texts: Douglas- Home wanted to appoint Ormsby-Gore as Foreign Secretary, but R. A. Butler insisted on having this post. After Kennedy's assassination, Ormsby-Gore became involved in a relationship with his widow, going on vacation with her in Cambodia. He proposed to her in 1967. When she married the Greek shipping tycoon, Lord <mask> wrote to her asking her to change her mind.After his father's death in 1965, Ormsby-Gore retired as ambassador and took his seat in the House of Lords as Lord Harlech, briefly also holding the position of deputy chairman of the Conservative Party. He had a successful career as a television executive, founding HTV and serving as president of the British Board of Film Classification. He was a patron of the Institute for Research in Art and Technology for nearly ten years. On February 9, 1940, Lord <mask> married Sylvia Lloyd Thomas, daughter of Hugh Lloyd Thomas, who was Envoy to France between 1935 and 1938. They had five children before Lady <mask>'s death in an automobile accident on 30 May 1967. Jane Teresa Ormsby-Gore was born. Some consider the Rolling Stones song "Lady Jane" to be about her, as she was said to have had an affair with Mick Jagger.She was married to Michael Rainey in 1966. There was a home farm in Oswestry. Victoria Mary Ormsby-Gore was born. There was a time when the word "1946" was used. The girlfriend of Eric Clapton was Alice Magdalen Sarah Ormsby-Gore. She died of a heroin overdose. The 6th Baron Harlech was <mask> Ormsby-Gore.Her father was Alan Grieve. In 1968, Lord Harlech proposed to the widow of JFK, whom he had been friends with

masks:
Harlech
Harlech
Harlech
Francis David


title: David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech

texts: since before her husband's assassination. "If ever I can find some healing and some comfort, it has to be with someone who is not part of my world of past and pain," Kennedy wrote in a letter. If the world will let us, I can find that now. She married another man. Pamela Colin was a London resident editor of Vogue and the food editor of the British Vogue when she married Lord <mask>. The guests at the wedding were Princess Margaret, the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, the Earl and Countess of Drogheda, the Earl and Countess of Airlie, The Countess Gowrie, Lord and Lady <mask>, and J. J. Astor.Death Lord <mask> was seriously injured in a car crash at Montford Bridge near Shrewsbury on the evening of 25 January 1985 and died at the Royal Shrewsbury Hospital the following morning, aged 66. Kennedy family members attended his funeral and interment. He was succeeded in the barony by his second son, Francis. Peter Donat played Ormsby-Gore in the 1974 television play The Missiles of October, which was about the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. On April 12 1961, Ormsby-Gore was appointed to be a deputy lieutenant. On June 29, 1961, he was appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George as a Knight Commander. He was appointed to the Order of St John as a Knight in 1962.Notes References Kidd, Charles, and <mask>. The 1990 edition of Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage. New York: St Martin's Press. Jack Kennedy: The Education of a Statesman was published in 2006 W.W.Norton is a company. There are many references. The biographical file on Sir <mask>-Gore can be found in the U.S.

masks:
Harlech
David Cecil
Harlech
David
David Ormsby


title: Simon Hatley

texts: <mask> was an English sailor who was involved in two voyages to the South Pacific Ocean. <mask> shot an albatross on the second voyage when his ship was hit by storms south of Cape Horn. In 1708, <mask> went to sea as part of Woodes Rogers's expedition against the Spanish. <mask> was captured on the coast of present-day Ecuador and imprisoned in the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, where he was tortured by the Inquisition. He returned to Great Britain in 1713. The source of the albatross incident was <mask>'s second voyage, under George Shelvocke. As <mask> had done, at Shelvocke's direction, Shelvocke was held as a pirate by the Spanish, who decided that Shelvocke was the more responsible party.In 1723, <mask> sailed to Jamaica to avoid trial for piracy. His fate is unknown. After reading Shelvocke's account of the voyage, William Wordsworth suggested Hatley's shooting of an albatross as the basis of a contemplated joint work with Coleridge. Wordsworth dropped out of the project soon after, but the poem was published in Lyrical Ballads, containing poems by both men, and assuring Hatley a place in literary history. During the late Restoration period, <mask> was the oldest child in a family ofhatters. His mother was <mask>. While imprisoned by the Spanish, <mask> stated that his mother was a Catholic.She may have been related to the earls of Pembroke because of her faith and family name Herbert. The <mask> family owned a large house and three other rental properties on the High Street. After <mask> left, the residence was torn down and rebuilt. It was said to have been built with stone pilfered from the nearby construction site for Blenheim Palace, according to Robert Fowke, <mask>'s sole biographer. <mask> would have attended the Woodstock Grammar School if he had lived up the road. Although he was the oldest son of a prosperous merchant, he could probably

masks:
Simon Hatley
Hatley
Hatley
Hatley
Hatley
Hatley
Hatley
Simon Hatley
Mary Hatley
Simon Hatley
Hatley
Simon
Simon Hatley
Simon


title: Simon Hatley

texts: have followed in his father's footsteps and become a pilot after completing his formal training in Bristol by 1706. Hatley may have gained a love of adventure from the accounts of maritime explorations that were published in this era.<mask> made two privateering voyages to the Pacific coast of South America in his career. Privateers were men who sailed in armed merchant ships with letters of marque from their government to plunder foreign enemies, keeping any profits for themselves and their ships' owners. During the War of the Spanish Succession, <mask> made the first voyage under the command of Captain Woodes Rogers. He was the third mate of the smaller of Rogers's two ships, the Duke, when he was twenty-three. Rogers's vessels were being prepared in Bristol for a long and difficult journey to the Pacific coast of South America. To damage Spanish settlements and interests along the South American Pacific coast, and to capture treasure for their own profit, was the purpose of the Rogers expedition. The success of the expedition depended on being able to outfight those vessels they sought to capture and plunder.In July 1708 <mask> was sent to Dublin to fill out the ships' crews with the help of an assistant and a Dubliner. The Duke and the Duchess sailed from Bristol on 1 August 1708 and Hatley joined them in Cork three days later. Many of Hatley's recruits were not sailors, but at the time government regulations limited one-half the proportion of professional seamen private vessels such as Rogers's could have in their crews, to preserve some for ships of the Royal Navy. The ships stayed until the end of August and made good losses of 40 by desertion. When the ships sailed on 1 September, there were more than 200 in the Duke. As Britain was not at war with Sweden, Rogers had to let the Swedish vessel go. The sailors on the Duke felt they had been cheated of

masks: Hatley Hatley Hatley


title: Simon Hatley

texts: their rightful share of the loot.There were tensions aboard the smaller vessel and <mask> could not have avoided them. The Spanish ship was released in exchange for supplies by the expedition. A pair of silk hose was purchased by Hatley after items from that ship were auctioned off. After beating their way around Cape Horn, the two vessels stopped at the Juan Fernndez Islands. On January 31, 1709, sailors saw a fire on the shore as the ships approached. Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor who had been marooned there by his captain for more than four years, was surprised to be met by the landing party. The Duke pilot, William Dampier, was on that earlier cruise in a different ship.Rogers was the second mate of the Duke. The ships lay in Cumberland Bay for almost two weeks. The expedition began raiding Spanish commerce after resupplied and prepared. To assure fairness, the committee of expedition members who advised Rogers decided that the officers and men of each ship would each appoint two agents, one to remain on the vessel, the other to transfer to the other ship. A partisan could watch what plunder was captured by the other ship. <mask> was an agent for the Duke. For a time, <mask>, who would inspire Samuel Taylor Coleridge's albatross-shooting Ancient Mariner, Selkirk, probably the original for Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and Dampier, possibly the inspiration for Jonathan Swift's Lemuel Gulliver.Opportunities for plundering were soon found, and they captured several vessels, while negotiating the ransom of the town of Guayaquil in present-day Ecuador. The expedition's two ships fought and captured a Spanish vessel known as the Havre de Grace in the Gulf of Guayaquil on 15 April, and Hatley was part of the planned boarding party. When the main part of the expedition moved to capture Guayaquil on 18 April, <mask> was among those left behind on captured

masks: Hatley Hatley Hatley Hatley


title: Simon Hatley

texts: ships to guard the Spanish prisoners. With water becoming short, <mask> and another officer were detailed to command two of the captured ships and go to Puna Island to get news of the expedition. The attack on Guayaquil was successful, but not as profitable as they had hoped. <mask> did not make it that far, but Rogers did. As the Rogers expedition reentered the Pacific Ocean proper, he remained in command of his barque.With water short and many sailors ill from a disease, the search for fresh water became increasingly desperate. <mask>'s ship went astray, and despite Rogers's efforts to find her, she was not seen again. He hung lanterns and fired guns in the hopes that he would see them. Hatley had about the same number of prisoners and sailors. The prisoners were thought to have killed him and his crew. Rogers wrote that "we all bewailed Mr Hatley and were afraid he was lost." After one of the prisoners died, <mask>'s crew forced him to make his way to the coast of what is now Ecuador.In May 1709, a native spotted the ship and captured <mask> and his crew. A priest probably saved their lives after the natives abused them. <mask> and his men were held in a prison on the Plaza Real in the south of the country. He was tortured by the Inquisition, once being taken to a gallows with one of his fellows and half-strangled before being cut down. Hatley arranged to smuggle out several letters, but only one survives, dated 6 November 1709, and addressed to the sponsors of the Rogers voyage, in Bristol. It may have been the first news to reach Bristol about the fate of the Rogers expedition. In 1710, <mask> accepted conversion to Catholicism and was freed in December of that year.The merchant sponsors of the Rogers expedition petitioned the British Government and, in 1711, Lord Dartmouth instructed the new governor of Jamaica to do what he could for British prisoners in

masks: Hatley Hatley Hatley Hatley Hatley Hatley Hatley


title: Simon Hatley

texts: the hands of the Spanish. After peace between Spain and Britain was restored in 1713, <mask> was allowed to leave and return to his native land. The sale of goods was still going on after the Rogers expedition returned in 1711. In August 1713, <mask> was paid an additional forty pounds for his role in the taking of the Havre de Grace. In 1712 the property in Woodstock was left to his son <mask>, with a life estate to his widow giving her the income from the rental properties for the rest of her life. In 1718, mother and son sold those properties. The War of the Quadruple Alliance renewed hostilities between Britain and Spain, and Hatley joined another privateering expedition as second captain of the Speedwell.<mask>'s knowledge and experience made him a good hire for the voyage. The larger of the two ships that went on the expedition was named Success. The expedition was delayed due to difficulties over their privateering commission and a lack of favorable winds. The cause of litigation was Shelvocke's conduct when the ships became separated and sailed on their own. The Speedwell encountered a Portuguese ship at Cape Frio in Brazil. <mask> was sent across with an armed crew despite the fact that the Portuguese were allies of Britain. They had gold and other valuables.The ship was moored at the site in Brazil from June to August. The crew prepared for the Cape Horn passage by repairing the vessel and gathering supplies. At the end of July, Shelvocke recorded, the crew demanded new terms for division of the expedition's plunder, saying Rogers's crew had never received the full measure of what was due them. Shelvocke blamed Hatley for this episode, though it's not clear if it was a mutiny or a connivance with the leader, as the result left Shelvocke in control of how winnings would be divided and with a greater share of the treasure. <mask> insulted a leader of the

masks: Hatley Hatley Simon Hatley Hatley Hatley


title: Simon Hatley

texts: locals, and Shelvocke accused <mask> of abusing the women in his journal. The shooting of the albatross was recorded in Shelvocke's journal entry for 1 October 1719. South of Cape Horn is where this took place.According to Shelvocke's account, Hatley shot the bird in the hopes of getting a better wind. According to Fowke, there was no taboo against killing albatrosses at that time. Sailors used to bait them with food, but they didn't like the oily taste of their flesh. Bryan Little, a biographer of Rogers, suggested that the treatment of Hatley by the Spanish may have contributed to the "melancholy fits" during which he shot the albatross. The winds did not calm, but the ship was able to round Cape Horn, battling northward along the coast of Chile. After clearing the weather, the Speedwell began raiding along the coast, capturing several small vessels, of which one, renamed Mercury, was placed in command. Since he knew the coast, Shelvocke had him operate himself to capture small vessels.The Mercurys crew saw a ship that they thought was the Speedwell. They were too late to run when they realized it was a Spanish ship. <mask> tried to make it look like his ship was still under Spanish control by sending the British sailors below. The Brilliant fired, slightly wounding <mask>, when three sailors, British by their dress, suddenly emerged from below decks. The British sailors, including <mask>, were captured and taken to Lima. By this time, Britain and Spain were at peace, and all the prisoners but <mask> were released; he was kept chained and in solitary confinement. He was accused of piracy because of the plunder of the Portuguese ship at Cape Frio, a purse was found among his possessions, and he faced hanging or hard labour in the mines.Even though Shelvocke's reputation was poor among the British, they decided the expedition commander because of the uncertainty

masks: Hatley Hatley Hatley Hatley Hatley


title: Simon Hatley

texts: as to whether the authorities could try him for a crime against the Portuguese. In 1723, <mask> was released. It is not clear what happened to <mask> after 1723. There was a chance of piracy prosecution in England because of the Cape Frio incident. He sailed for Jamaica without presenting himself to the owners of the Shelvocke expedition. Fowke speculated that he continued as a sailor. According to William Wordsworth, the poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner was conceived while he and Coleridge were walking together.The fate of Cain, who was condemned to wander the earth for killing his brother, was being considered by the two. The incident of Hatley shooting the albatross is told in Shelvocke's A Voyage Round the World by Way of the Great South Sea, which Wordsworth was reading. Wordsworth wrote that the main plot device of the narrative should involve the killing of an albatross in the South Sea, for which "the tutelary spirits of these regions" were mentioned. Wordsworth withdrew from the project after finding their poetic styles incompatible. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner was published in 1798. In his book on the privateering voyages of the early 18th century, Tim Beattie deemed Shelvocke an unreliable witness, but considered the use of it to be a testament to the enduring appeal of the books. The Ancient Mariner's shooting of an albatross differed from <mask>'s.Hatley shot the bird in the hopes of getting a better wind. The hanging of the albatross around the Mariner's neck is one of the torments that follow the shooting. The trials and tribulations <mask> went through after shooting the albatross were not connected to the killing of the albatross. The Hermit shrivens the Mariner. There was no forgiveness for Hatley according to Fowke. He left for Jamaica because he was afraid of a second trial. References include "Advice to Pirates" by Robert Fowke in


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: <mask> was a cleric, administrator and politician from 1321 until his death. He was involved in many conflicts of his time, including military, dynastic and ecclesiastical. Northburgh was supposed to derive his name from Norbury, which was his birthplace. Sometimes his name has been changed to Norbury in the edition of his register. The identification is no longer certain. There were several examples of Norbury within Northburgh's diocese. His background is not known.It's possible that he came from the landed class of French descent, but it's not certain. Cambridge University is said to have educated <mask>. His interest in the university around 1321 makes this plausible, but there is no evidence to support it. He needs an adequate education in Latin to perform his functions. During the reign of Edward I, <mask> was already employed in the royal wardrobe. Senior figures in the royal government were drawn here. He was a wardrobe clerk for Edward II.per day The wardrobe was under great pressure from the baronial opposition as they sought to reduce the independent power of the monarchy. <mask> was with the king as he led an army to Scotland and then across northern England. It's not clear when <mask> was given control of the Privy Seal, but he held it until 1316. He wasn't given the title of Keeper of the Privy Seal until 1315, although the function had existed for some time. His keepership is seen as decisive in constituting it as a separate office. The administrators who worked under him became "clerks of the privy seal" and formed a separate staff for the first time.The barons

masks:
Roger Northburgh
Northburgh
Northburgh
Northburgh
Northburgh


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: wanted to separate control of the seal from the court and <mask> was ready to work with them. <mask> was forced to work in London with his staff, separate from the rest of the court, in order to keep his distance from the barons. He was in London with three clerks during the autumn of 1312 and again, with his staff enlarged to four, for the early part of 1313 and again, with two assistants, from February to May. A major scandal broke when John of Reading, a clerk in the royal household forged the privy seal, tainting senior members of the royal household who he tried to implicate in his crime. He was hanged despite the benefit of clergy after his trial concluded that he was acting alone. In the summer of 1313 <mask> went with the king on a journey to France, but was away again in the early part of 1314. The campaign of summer 1314 in Scotland was hampered by the lack of resources.He and the two clerks accompanying him were captured at the Battle of Bannockburn in June, along with the seal itself, and his accounts of the administration of the wardrobe were lost. The king's debts were not paid for more than twenty years because the records were missing. The king had to warn the English sheriffs that the seal was no longer under his control and not to act solely on its authority. The problem of validation of the letter was solved by using the seal of Queen Isabella, until July, when a new seal came into use. The acts issued on <mask>'s initiative recommenced on 22 November. In the first half of 1315, he was with the court intermittently, but he was given leave of absence from July to

masks: Northburgh Northburgh Northburgh Northburgh


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: October. He became Keeper of the wardrobe on February 1st, 1316, after the previous keeper was elected the Archbishop of York.He held the post until 1322. Near the beginning of his political and ecclesiastical career, <mask> is found in 1308 as a subdeacon, the lowest of the major orders of the Church. Kingsford reported three possible candidates, including two in the Diocese of Lincoln. The king tried to give his servant Northburgh more income in order to keep up with his status. He tried to place Northburgh at various cathedrals. The prebend of Wistow was granted by the king on June 11, 1315. The subject of a succession battle had been going on for two years.The king was forced to make the grant again on 10 December, allowing Northburgh to ease out John Nassington, the victor of the earlier struggle. The prebend of Farndon-cum-Balderton was granted to Northburgh by the king in 1315. The attempt was unsuccessful because the prebend was already occupied by an Italian cleric. The prebend of Stoke was granted in the Lincoln Diocese on 1 November 1315. The incumbent, possibly the same Italian cleric, was vulnerable because the prebend had been declared vacant during Edward I's reign and he was removed by the bishop. At the king's request, in March 1316, the pope gave his approval for Northburgh to be provided to a canonry at Wells Cathedral and a long list of the benefices he already occupies, including a parish church in the Diocese of Bath and Wells. This was a period of interregnum for the papacy and there is no mention of Northburgh among the canons of Wells.The king tried to


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: present Northburgh to the prebend of Blewbury in the Diocese of Salisbury in 1316, but the right of presentation was challenged for ten years, leaving Northburgh empty handed. There was confusion when the king presented Northburgh to the prebend of Piona Parva. <mask> was granted the position concurrently by the king. He became a bishop after exchanging the prebend for Yatesbury in the Diocese of Salisbury. Northburgh was inserted into a prebend of the Diocese of St David's on 14 March 1317. These were not very large income streams. The king tried to make <mask> Dean of St Paul's, but what hope of success is unclear.There was a three-year wrangle over the position, with the king initially favouring John Sandale, while the pope provided Vitalis de Testa, and Richard Newport was elected. Sandale and Newport Bishop of London dropped out of the race after acquiring bishoprics. The pope complained in May that he had illegally taken charge and requested the king to protect the interests of Vitalis, as Northburgh was imposed by royal grant. The St Paul's prebend of Newington was briefly acquired by Northburgh. Vitalis won in 1318 and Northburgh seems to have abandoned hope of an economic or power base in the capital. The royal grant of 29 May 1317 made him the Archdeacon ofRichmond. He remained in post until William Melton became a bishop, after which he made his profession of loyalty to him.The powerful and wealthy Archdiaconate of Richmond, dominating much of the north-west of England, was able to act in its own right, with its own consistory court and complete control of institutions.

masks:
Roger Nassington
Northburgh


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: The king tried to make sure that the emoluments of the previous occupant of the offices went to Northburgh. The old keeper of the wardrobe was ordered to transfer his pension to the new man by a letter under the seal. Northburgh was part of a "middle party" between the king and his most redoubtable opponent, Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, which formed during 1317-18 and attempted to win the king's trust for the moderate, reforming baronial opposition. There was a considerable number of churchmen who sought to mediation the disputes, but the idea that there was any such party is now generally rejected. As keeper of the wardrobe, Northburgh had a lot of responsibilities in the area of royal finances. The parliament of 1318 was convened at York on 20 October after a reconciliation between the king and Lancaster.Northburgh claimed an allowance for conducting negotiations with the Scots. It tried to reform the royal household. An audit of Northburgh's accounts showed that the wardrobe had recovered some of its financial power by 1318, and that an increasing proportion of its resources came from foreign sources. Income streams that did not pass through the government were not easy to scrutinize. A reform committee was set up, changes were made in personnel, and a reform ordinance was drafted by a Northburgh, Badlesmere, Despenser and Gilbert Wigton, the controller of the wardrobe. This was accepted by the king. After this, the wardrobe seems to have run smoothly under Northburgh's administration, with receipts and expenditure rising only in time of war.The idea that <mask> was


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1321 to 1326 is no longer valid. He started a scheme for the university to set up halls of residence for theology and philosophy students, financed by an investment in the churches. On February 5, 1321, this was given a royal licence. Nothing else came of the project. In letters from 1318 to 1320, the king recommended <mask> for preferment to the pope. He was the king's candidate to become a cardinal from 1320 to 1321. This was one of the aims of the mission that led to the emergence of the Bishop of Winchester in 1323.Northburgh was not the king's preferred candidate when the Diocese of Coventry and Lichfield became vacant. The king granted a licence to the new bishop to be elected on 22 of the month after the death of Walter Langton. During the time of Bishop <mask> (1245–56), there was disagreement between the secular clergy of the chapter at Lichfield Cathedral and the Benedictine monks of the chapter at Coventry Cathedral over whether they were to be equal partners in the election. The case was to go on for twelve years after the canons decided to appeal. Robert Baldock was the keeper of the seal when the king wrote to the Pope. Henry, who is identified with Henry ofLeicester by Fasti Ecclesiae, was chosen as the chapter's prior. The Pope provided Northburgh to the vacant see on 14 December, apparently without reference to the other candidates, and wrote to the king, the Archbishop, the chapters, the clergy and the people of the diocese, notifying them of the appointment on 19 January.The revolt of Thomas of Lancaster took place

masks:
Northburgh
Roger Weseham


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: in the spring of that year. <mask> had to wait until April to invest with the temporalities. Although he had not yet set foot in either of the diocesan centers, Northburgh was able to take control of the diocese. Master Holbeach was appointed to deal with appointments and other matters. The recent political events forced Holbeach to act quickly. Major William of Harlaston, a clerk of the chancery who was trusted to look after both the seal and the Great Seal, was installed in the prebend as John of Chelmsford, the incumbent, had been deprived for supporting Lancaster's revolt. John of Kynardessey, a clerical client of Lancaster, was transferred to the prebend of Flixton, apparently making room for Robert Baldock in that of Eccleshall, although the details are complex and hazy.The Bishop of Annaghdown, Gilbert  Tigernaig, was appointed by Northburgh to carry out ordinations and other necessary duties. He recommissioned Holbeach, widening his powers, and appointed him as his vicar general, the experienced Archdeacon of Derby. There were problems in the diocese during these troubled times. A sentence of excommunication had to be read out at Eccleshall against people suspected of breaking into the bishop's deer parks, but it's not clear if this is related to Blore or Brewood. One of the malefactors was a cleric named Thomas de Stretton, who was fined for carrying out assaults and raiding Brewood Park with his brother William. The consecration of Northburgh took place at Halesowen Abbey on June 27th. Pilgrims who made a gift and said the Lord's Prayer for the king and queen during


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: their visit to the Abbey's most important relic, the head of St Barbara, would be granted a forty-day indulgence.On August 31, he made his profession of loyalty to the archbishop. Northburgh had a constant conflict with his chapter. The problem was caused by the fact that most of the senior posts were filled by papal appointees. Almost half of the appointments of canons in Northburgh were made this way. Both of Northburgh's treasurers were foreign prelates. The post was occupied by Gaucelin Deuza of Cahors until 1348. Both were not present.The problem was immediately apparent, as Northburgh's first major decision was to conduct a thorough canonical visitation of the diocese. Stephen Segrave was the Deanery when he was absent from the Roman Curia. Dean Segrave, who claimed exclusive rights to discipline the canons, protested against Northburgh's proposal to visit the chapter. The canons requested a delay because the dean was still at Avignon. The request for a delay was rejected by <mask> and Michaelmas wrote to Lichfield, asserting the importance of the proposed visit. After rejecting the claim of immunity, Northburgh continued with the visit. Northburgh appointed William Weston as his official, assigned him the prebend of Dasset Parva, and set out on the visitation of Stafford Archdeaconry, seeing that he would get little practical help from the chapter.Problems and resistance were encountered. The king's invasion of Scotland ended in an ignominious retreat and some parishes had to be exempt from visiting because their men had been called away to help resist a Scottish


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: counter-invasion. The parishioners of Abbots Bromley were excommunicated for not showing up at the church. There were more excommunications after the assault on the bishop's representative. As the military situation worsened, <mask> was summoned by the king and had to call off his visit. The archdeacon of Chester was excommunicated by Northburgh in 1323 because he was a member of the cathedral chapter. Segrave abused both Blound and Northburgh when they were brought before the chapter to test the weights and measures used by the canons.Segrave was provided by the pope to become an archbishop in 1323, but was allowed to delay his transfer for a year. When he was consecrated at Avignon, he resigned from the deanery. The chapter wrote to other cathedrals with chapters of secular clergy for advice after Northburgh tried to take over jurisdiction. The Pope gave Segrave's replacement, <mask> Covenis, and he was installed on November 24. He exchanged his post at the cathedral for a canonry at Lleida in 1328 because he wanted to uphold the established order. The chapter paid for legal representation from a common fund. There were seven cases in the Court of Arches by 1329.According to the ODNB entry on Northburgh, he is an "efficient and conscientious" bishop. There is evidence that he visited in 1331, 1338 and 1378–8. He seems to have been supportive of serving clergy and sensitive to the needs of the laity. At St John the Baptist's Church, Chester, a great collegiate church, Northburgh's visitation of 1331 found the usual absence by the chapter, who relied on poorly paid vicars to

masks:
Northburgh
Roger de


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: perform their work. He gave the vicars security of tenure, ordering that they be dismissed only with his permission, and that they be paid on time, pending the provision of proper common quarters. The canons were still not allowing the vicars to use them when he visited in 1348. Absenteeism and poor management allowed the fabric of the building and the vestments to degrade alarmingly.He capped the canons' incomes at 16 marks and canceled outstanding leases. Northburgh has been involved in removing barriers to communication due to language issues. When appointing penitentiaries for the diocese, Northburgh took care to ensure that there was one to serve the Welsh language speakers, as well as several to work in English. John Gilbert was licensed to start a school at Oswestry. Latin was a barrier to many clerics. <mask> was compelled to have his decree translated from Latin into Norman French to ensure there was no excuse for incomprehension after visiting Farewell Priory in 1331. Northburgh visited religious houses, as well as intervening on other occasions to improve governance.As soon as a visitation was announced, the Prior of Arbury offered his resignation, explaining that he was insufficiens ad regimen, not up to the task of leadership. After Holbeach recommended acceptance of the Prior's resignation, Northburgh inquired about the competence and character of the prior-elect. Northburgh's register has a record of the Prior being deprived, but it can't refer to the man who was in office until 1329. The editor thought it had been added as a model document. Provisions were made for


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: to stop hunting with hounds.Polesworth Abbey in Warwickshire seems to have had a special relationship with the Bishops, Northburgh included, through most of the 14th century. After taking up the see, Northburgh gave the abbess-elect extraordinary pastoral and liturgical powers. The Pope wrote to the Bishop of Hereford in order to get justice for Eyton and Polesworth. Thomas was forced to pay two thirds of his income as a pension before he was allowed to be in. The third of the revenue was insufficient to support Thomas when he took up the post. Richard Bernard, the Archdeacon of Salop, William de Bosco, the Chancellor, and Gilbert de Bruer were ordered to take the oath by the Pope. The abbess was ordered to take the matter no further.She got judgement against Thomas in the secular courts because she claimed that the pension was a charge on the rectory. The Chancellor and Bruer had delegated their powers to <mask> Mareschall, the prebendary of Dernford, and he and Bernard refused to take the matter further. William de Ipstones was given the rectory after Thomas appealed to the Pope. There are no more reports of the case. <mask> didn't find much to say when he visited the abbey in 1352. The custom with women's houses is to have his injunctions delivered in French. The pope criticized <mask> for not dealing with a consanguinity case.In February 1331 he and Stephen Gravesend, the Bishop of London, were ordered by John to summon witnesses to London to investigate the case of John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford. After their marriage, the couple discovered that they were related to the

masks:
Roger le
Northburgh
Northburgh


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: fourth degree. They were living apart. Three years later, a papal letter states that <mask> refused to act. Canons from London and Lincoln were nominated by the pope to replace <mask> on the panel. It's not clear why <mask> didn't act. He had no reason to object to giving a papal dispensation for cousin marriage.Humphrey de Bohun, the 4th Earl of Hereford, had a personal conflict with Hugh Despenser the Younger that led to his death at the hands of Lancaster. The Black Death must have created enormous spiritual and practical challenges for the diocese. Northburgh's register mostly reflects this. A recent pestilence is mentioned when dealing with the need to consecrate a chapel yard at Didsbury for burials in 1352. Through the difficulties of Edward II's final years, Northburgh remained in favour with him. The king tried to place Baldock in the post again, but he was sent to sequestrate the property of John de Stratford. As late as February 1326, Northburgh was ordered to give aid to the commission of array raising troops.On 13 and 20 January 1327, <mask> took the oaths of office and pledged his support for the privileges of the City of London and the young Edward III. His attitude to the <mask>, 1st Earl of March, the Marcher Lord who ruled in partnership with the queen, is not known. He left the post of treasurer on 20 May of the same year, but he was made treasurer on March 2, 1328. He was one of the treasurers who only worked for a short time. The embassy to France was set up in May. It is possible that he never took over the functions of the Treasurer, as his predecessor,

masks:
Northburgh
Northburgh
Northburgh
Northburgh
Roger Mortimer


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: Henry Burghersh, was still acting in the post until at least late April, possibly July. After the death of his uncle, Charles IV of France, Adam Orleton went to Paris at the end of May to press the claims of Edward III to the French throne.Philip of Valois was crowned. The outbreak of the Hundred Years' War was preceded by this. After Edward III took control of his own realm in 1330, Northburgh remained politically active. He was part of a group of bishops and nobles who were appointed to discuss royal activities. On March 2, 1334, he was with the king at York and witnessed the freeing of merchants of the obligation to pay a range of tolls. The document was noted by the City of London's corporation and they agreed the merchants should no longer pay murage, the toll intended to pay for the city's fortifications. It is possible that Northburgh was an advocate for the merchants of his own diocese.<mask> supported the king's claim to the French throne in 1337. He attended an assembly in May to discuss financing the war and the introduction of a royal wool monopoly. In August, the king sent out writs to sheriffs and bishops ordering them to hold an assembly of clergy and laity in each county to hear his case for the war against the king of France. The summonses to the assembly are recorded in his register. He held an assembly of clergy and laity at Stafford. The laity voted a grant and each archdeaconry appointed a specific monastery to act as a tax collector. A levy was agreed on wealthy townsmen.As the war went on, <mask> was drawn further into government and into a constitutional

masks: Northburgh Northburgh


title: Roger Northburgh

texts: crisis. He was appointed by letters patent as commissioner, with three others, to take ships in the Port of London and elsewhere and fit them out for war, in readiness for assembling them as a fleet on the River Orwell. On June 21, he was appointed again as the treasurer. His efforts on the king's behalf were rewarded with a grant of £200. In the absence of the king, he was part of an administration dominated by John de Stratford and his family. <mask>ys to express his feelings. He arrived by surprise with a coterie of mainly military men, of whom William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, a brother of the Earl of Hereford, was the most prominent. He carried out a coup against his own administration, arresting judges and officials whom he identified with the rule of Stratford. The Chancellor of the Exchequer and the Bishop's brother were invited to the Tower of London by Northburgh. Both were dismissed and neither was arrested. John de Stratford escaped to Canterbury Cathedral, where he preached and denounced royal intrusions on ecclesiastical privilege. They arrived at the parliament armed with a safe conduct and determined to take up their seats.They were prevented for a week by two members of the royal household. They were supported by John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, and his nephew, Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel. The king allowed all three bishops to attend after their opponents withdrew. This was the end of Northburgh's participation in national politics after a formal reconciliation. Death <mask> died in office. Volume 2, 1305-1342 (1895) Volume 3, 1342-1362

masks: Northburghlu Northburgh


title: John Palmer (criminal)

texts: <mask> was a former market trader and gold dealer who was involved in various criminal activities. The police believed that a large part of his fortune was the result of fraud, violence and money-laundering. Many of <mask>'s companies were located in the Isle of Man, Madeira and the British Virgin Islands, as well as 60 offshore bank accounts. <mask> was one of seven children. <mask> left school at 15 and joined his brother Malcolm in a roof tiling business. He was married to Marnie J. A. Ryan was in Bristol in 1975.He ran a gold and jewellery dealing company in Bedminster, Bristol with his business partners. In 1980 <mask> and Chappell were arrested for selling furniture. Two men were charged with obtaining credit on furniture by providing false references, with one getting a six-month suspended prison sentence. After the November 1983 Brink's-Mat robbery, Chappell and Patch were arrested for their involvement in melting down £26 million worth of gold to try to pass it off as legitimate. Chappell withdrew over 350,000 dollars from the company's accounts after Brian Robinson and Micky McAvoy were jailed. A total of £1.1 million was withdrawn during their trial. One of the suspects refused to confirm what they had been melting.The company had been processing millions of pounds' worth of gold, but claimed it was their own gold. Unless the records were false, the company's books stated that they were selling melted gold for the same price as they had paid. The company was ordered to pay tax that was not paid. <mask> fled to Tenerife with his family only days before his company was raided and its directors were arrested. He sold his

masks:
John Edward Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer


title: John Palmer (criminal)

texts: remaining assets back home and set up a business at Island Village, near Playa de las Américas. He tried to go to Brazil after the UK and Spain signed an agreement to extradite him, but his entry was denied because he had an expired passport. He had to face trial after being deported to England.Despite admitting to melting down gold bars from the robbery in his garden, he was acquitted during the trial in 1987 after claiming that he wasn't aware they were stolen. In the earlier trial, Chappell was sentenced to ten years. He was subject to an asset-freezing Mareva Injunction gained by Brink's-Mat from the High Court of Justice, which enabled investigators to track his substantial financial resources. He paid out over three million dollars to Lloyd's insurers after a civil action was brought against him, but continued to plead his innocence in the 1987 robbery. <mask> had a connection to the Brink's-Mat robbery. In 2001, he defended himself after being convicted for time-share fraud and later events. He was sentenced to eight years in prison for masterminding the largest timeshare fraud on record.The Crown tried to take the profit from the fraud, but it was stopped in a court hearing. He was sentenced to 8 years and only served half of it. At the time of his conviction, <mask>'s fortune was estimated at $300 million, but he was declared bankrupt in 2005. He was arrested in 2007. After his 2001 conviction, he was able to continue his criminal activities. After two years in a high security Spanish jail, he was released on bail, but was required to report to court every two weeks. According to The Times, <mask> was protected from

masks: Palmer Palmer Palmer


title: John Palmer (criminal)

texts: arrest and investigation by a group of corrupt Metropolitan Police officers.The companions of <mask> were once held in possession of a silenced Uzi submachine gun. Death <mask> was murdered at the age of 64 in his gated home of South Weald, near Brentwood, Essex, by means of gunshot wounds to the chest. He had undergone open-heart surgery for which the wounds were mistaken, and the fact that he had been shot 6 times was only revealed during a post-mortem. At the time of his death, <mask> faced charges in Spain for fraud, firearm possession and money laundering. After his death, it was revealed that <mask> opened the first Russian timeshare company in the 1990s. Police have been running an intelligence operation on <mask> from the air base in Cumbria since 1999, according to a documentary presented by Roger Cook. In 2015, <mask> was assassinated by a hitman after 16 years of electronic monitoring by a secret police intelligence unit.The National Crime Agency gathered intelligence on <mask> because of concerns of corruption in the Metropolitan police. According to reports from Spanish law enforcement agencies, <mask>'s partner, Christina Ketley, played a "predominant role" in his criminal empire. The mistresses of <mask> demanded payouts from him in 2005 to keep them in the lifestyle they became accustomed to. Marnie had two daughters with him. A 50-year-old man was questioned about <mask>'s murder. A man who was originally from the area was questioned by police. The man volunteered to be interviewed by the police in the UK.He was interviewed at a police station. Deaths by firearm in England have been referred to as Operation

masks: Palmer Palmer Palmer Palmer Palmer Palmer Palmer Palmer Palmer Palmer


title: Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield

texts: at the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915, and at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916.After two British battlecruisers blew up, Beatty made his famous remark, "There seems to be something wrong with our bloody ships today, Chatfield". Appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George as a Companion on 31 May 1916 and to the Order of the Bath as a Companion in the 1916 Birthday Honours, <mask> went on to command the battleship HMS Iron Duke, Beatty's flagship as Commander-in-Chief. He became Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George on April 5, 1919. After the war, he was appointed Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King on January 26, 1920, and was promoted to Rear-admiral on July 31, 1920. He was appointed Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy in 1925 after being promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. He became Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet, with his flag in the battleship HMS Nelson, in March 1929, after being promoted to full admiral on April 1, 1930. The Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath was awarded to <mask> in the 1934 New Year's honours.The First Sea Lord argued that the Royal Navy should have 70 cruisers rather than the 50 that had been agreed at the London Naval Conference 1930, and that the Fleet Air Arm should be part of the Royal. He was promoted to the position of admiral of the fleet on 3 May 1935, after taking part in the funeral of King George V in January 1936 and the coronation of King George VI in May 1937. He left the Royal Navy in August of 1938. In the late 1940s, the Expert Committee on the Defence of India recommended that the arena of India's defence should be more focused on her sea communications and less on the North-Western Land Frontier. The Minister for Coordination of Defence had been appointed to

masks: Chatfield Chatfield


title: Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield

texts: the Order of Merit in the New Year Honours in 1939 and had a non- political background. He was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council. "Would it not be possible to put industry on a war production basis immediately, not necessarily at the expense of our export trade but by curtailing internal consumption?" was the question posed by Chatfield in March 1939.Oliver Stanley, the President of the Board of Trade, objected that such a step would be almost revolutionary. The question of Russia's potential as an ally was referred to the chiefs of staff by the Foreign Policy Committee. The political arguments against a Russian alliance were clear and the chiefs of staff should only report on Russia's military capability. Russia's military effectiveness was rated low by the chiefs of staff. The Cabinet Committee on Foreign Policy was given a summary of the report the next day. The political reasons for not allying with Russia were stronger than the strategic reasons. If for fear of making an alliance with Russia we drove that country into the German camp, we should have made a mistake of vital and far-reaching importance.In April 1940, <mask> resigned as Minister for Coordination of Defence and chaired a committee to evacuate London's hospitals. He became the deputy lieutenant of that county on June 15, 1951. He died there in 1967. They had two daughters and a son. Baron <mask> was succeeded by his son, <mask>. The Aide-de-Camp to the Governor General of Canada was followed by him into the Royal Navy. The 2nd Baron settled in British Columbia.Their elder daughter married a politician. Henry Duckworth is the son of Sir George Duckworth. The official service records of Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order can be found on

masks: Chatfield Chatfield Ernle


title: Ron Tabb

texts: <mask> is a retired male long-distance runner from the United States who competed in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the men's marathon. He won the Paris Marathon with England's Dave Cannon. He competed in the 1983 World Championships in athletics and finished in 18th place. Due to the U.S. boycott of the Moscow Games, he never competed in the Olympics. He held the fifth fastest marathon time ever run by an American. <mask> has been to the United States Olympic trials four times. He is one of only four Americans to run more than 20 marathons under 2:20 and he is also one of two Americans to win a major marathon on five different continents.He was married to Mary Decker from 1981 to 1983. Mary set several world records while overseeing Decker's training. She set a number of records, including the 1 mile, 3,000, 5,000, and 10,000. Only one athlete has ever done this feat male or female. I was born and raised in Missouri. <mask> started running track in the spring of his junior year. He ran the two mile where he set the L.H.S.The school record is as of 2020. <mask> was awarded an athletic scholarship to Central Missouri State University. <mask> was a four time NCAA All American and broke every school record at Central Missouri. <mask> qualified for the 1980 United States Olympic marathon trials after winning the first major marathon in Houston in 1978 and setting a Texas state record. <mask> won the Houston Marathon in January 1980, re-setting the mark he established in 1978, then in February he won the New Orleans Marathon, setting a Louisiana state marathon record. <mask> finished 3rd at the Boston Marathon in April and 4th at the Olympic Marathon in May. <mask> began training under the legendary University of Oregon coach Bill Dellinger in 1983.The great Steve Prefontaine and the current world record holder in the marathon were coached by Dellinger. <mask> became the fifth fastest marathon runner in United States history when he finished 2nd at the 1983 Boston Marathon. <mask> was a favorite to win a medal in the Olympic Marathon but

masks:
Ron Tabb
Tabb
Tabb
Tabb
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title: Ron Tabb

texts: a series of injuries derailed his hopes. <mask> told Meb that he would make a great marathoner one day. Meb thought <mask> was crazy. The distance is also 26.2 miles. The only athlete in history to win the Boston Marathon, the New York City Marathon and an Olympic medal is Meb.<mask> began coaching at the college level after retiring as a professional runner. He was the first coach at Cuyamaca Community College. In 1993 he coached his men's team to a California Cross Country State Championship and was named California Community Coach of the year. The Community College men's team was the number one ranked team in the nation. He began coaching a high school student named Meb Keflezighi. Keflezighi led the nation in four events, 1600, 1 mile, 3200 and 2 mile. <mask> was the first United States Olympian since Frank Shorter in 1976 to win a silver medal in the marathon.He would represent the United States in four Olympic games and win the Boston and New York City Marathons. <mask> was the head men's and women's cross country and track coach at Pacific University, where he coached dozens of NCAA National qualifiers and several NCAA All-Americans. The Boston Marathon was run in 1983. The N.Y. City Marathon is the 5th fastest marathon in US history. The Wang Australian Marathon was the 2nd fastest marathon on the Australian continent. The first Louisiana state record was set in 1980. The Paris Marathon was the fastest marathon on French soil.The United States Olympic Team had a 4th place finish in the 1980 U.S. Olympic trials. An American had the fastest time at the World Championships. The Boston Marathon took place in 1980. Eugene, Oregon. The Rio Marathon was held in 1985. The fastest marathon in the world is in South America. The Missouri state record for the St. Louis Marathon was set in 1978.The N.Y. City Marathon was held in 1979. The Toronto Marathon took place in 1981 The Texas state record for the Montreal Marathon was set in 1979. American male long-distance runners and University of Central Missouri alumni won the Paris

masks:
Ron Tabb
Tabb
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title: Mick Avory

texts: <mask> is an English musician, best known as the drummer and percussionist for the English rock band the Kinks. He stayed with them until 1984 when he left due to disagreements with guitarist Dave Davies. The Davies brothers are the other members of the band. The Davies brothers have played on twenty studio albums or nearly all of the band's creative output, but he is the most prolific member. <mask> was in a band called Bobby Angelo & The Tuxedos before he joined the Kinks. In August 1961, 30 hit with "Baby Sittin'". He was asked to play drums for a group of musicians who were later to become the Rolling Stones after leaving that group.Avory thinks that Tony Chapman did the gig at the Marquee, despite the fact that he went on to play at their first show. I did not. I practiced at the Bricklayers Arms in Soho. <mask> joined the Kinks in January 1964, after <mask> Willet left the band. <mask> was hired to replace him after their management saw his advertisement in a trade magazine. Despite his ability, early Kinks recordings did not feature Avory on drums; producer Tal Shelmy hired more seasoned session drummers for studio work well into 1965, but with Avory often providing. Avory played "Ev'rybody's Gonna Be Happy" on the first A-side of the Kinks' 1966 album Face to Face until he left the band in 1984.<mask> was the quietest member of the Kinks lineup and was Ray Davies's best friend. He had a turbulent working relationship with Dave Davies. In 1965, at the Capitol Theatre in South Wales, <mask> hit Davies with his drum pedal in a reprisal attack. He hid for days to avoid being arrested for grievous bodily harm. He would hurl his drumsticks at Dave. According to Ray, their problems began when <mask> and Dave shared a flat in London. The relationship between <mask> and the younger Davies brother deteriorated to the point where <mask> left the band.By agreement with Ray Davies, he ceased performing and recording

masks:
Michael Charles Avory
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title: Mick Avory

texts: with the band in 1984 but accepted an invitation to manage Konk Studios, where the band and the Davies brothers record most of their records. Bob Henrit, a former drummer with The Roulettes, Unit 4 + 2 and Argent, replaced Avory. <mask> played the drums on "Rock 'n' Roll Cities", a song written by Dave Davies, after they settled their differences. <mask> was asked to rejoin by Ray Davies, but he declined as he wanted a rest from the non-stop touring, working and performing schedule of two decades. He started playing with other people in 1996 in the band The Kast Off Kinks. He has been performing with them ever since. Shut Up Frank was formed in the 1990s with Dave Rowberry of The Animals.They recorded several albums. <mask> was in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. At the request of The Animals, who were about to do their 40th anniversary tour, Chip was asked to form a band to tour with them. He brought together a true beat-era supergroup. The band features former original members of British 1960s groups, including <mask>, Eric Haydock, and Hawkes, who have now combined to perform as The Class of 64. The band has recorded an album of their former band's hits. <mask> left The Class of 64 and formed a new band called The Legends of the Sixties with other former 64 members.<mask> was a special guest at Ray Davies' Royal Albert Hall performance. He played an instrument. Ian Gibbons was a member of the Kinks. <mask> is a member of The '60s All Stars' band with British 1960s group members: John Dee, Alan Lovell, and The George Harrison Band. Avory's childhood suburb has a pub across the river where the band plays regularly. <mask> was selected to pick up the sticks after Rick Buckler left From The Jam. <mask> lives in west London.<mask> has claimed that his daughter isn't "terribly musical." <mask> married Marliesa Mladek. <mask>'s page at Drummerworld has links to other

masks:
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Mick Avory


title: Caterina Sforza

texts: After the death of her husband Girolamo Riario, <mask>rza became a regent of her son Ottaviano. The descendant of a dynasty of noted condottieri, from an early age, <mask> distinguished herself through her bold and impetuous actions taken to safeguard her possessions from possible usurpers and to defend her dominions from attack when they were involved in political intrigues. <mask> was devoted to various activities in her private life, including hunting and dancing. She had many children, but only the youngest, Captain Giovanni delle Bande Nere, was the inheritor of her militant personality. Cesare Borgia had to face his fury and imprisonment because of <mask>'s resistance. She led a quiet life in Florence after gaining her freedom in Rome. She told a monk that if she could write everything that happened, she would shock the world.<mask> Sforza was the illegitimate daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza and Lucrezia Landriani. She spent the first years of her life with her mother's relatives. Lucrezia was always close to her daughter, even in the final years of her life, because she followed <mask>'s growth and was always close to her. After the death of his father, Galeazzo arranged for his four children by Lucrezia Landriani to come to court: Carlo (born in 1461; later Count of Magenta), <mask>. Bianca Maria Visconti was the children's paternal grandmother. Bona of Savoy adopted them all after Galeazzo remarried to Dorotea Gonzaga after her death. <mask> and her siblings were educated at the Sforza court.The daughters of noble families received the same education as their brothers. <mask> was taught by her teachers to read the classics and to take pride in her warlike ancestors, which she did by using arms and being astute in government. From her adoptive mother, she received her share of the maternal warmth and affection that Bona of Savoy poured over all of the children of her husband; this continued after

masks:
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title: Caterina Sforza

texts: <mask> had left the Milanese court. The duke's family lived in Milan and Pavia, as well as Galliate or Cusago, where the duke devoted himself to hunting. <mask> probably got her lifelong passion for hunting at one of the two places. <mask> married Girolamo Riario, the son of Paolo Riario and Bianca della Rovere, sister of Pope Sixtus IV. According to some historians, Costanza's mother refused to allow the consummation of the marriage because she was illegitimate.Girolamo was given the Lordship of Imola by Pope Sixtus IV because he was a member of the Riario family. After a triumphal entrance into Imola in 1477, <mask> went to Rome with her husband, where he lived for many years in the service of his uncle, the Pope. <mask> gave birth to her first child, a daughter named Bianca, in March 1478, after both Girolamo's mother, Bianca della Rovere, and <mask>'s paternal grandmother, Bianca Maria Visconti. In the next nine years, <mask> gave birth to five more children. At the end of the 15th century, Rome was no longer a medieval city, but an important center of artistic endeavors, and it would become one of the most important cities of the Renaissance. <mask> arrived in May 1477 and found a city full of cultural fervour and a desire for renovation. The atmosphere was a mix of intrigue and power, which was pursued without scruples, with material interests far exceeding the spiritual.<mask> integrated into Roman society despite being banned from politics by her husband. <mask> became one of the most beautiful and elegant Roman women as a result of correspondence from that period. She was welcomed everywhere, treated with great respect and lavishly praised by all of society including the Pope, and she soon transformed from a simple adolescent into a refined and powerful middleman between the Roman court and other Italian courts. After the death of Cardinal Pietro Riario, Girolamo was given a leading position in the

masks: Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina


title: Caterina Sforza

texts: expansion policy of Pope Sixtus IV. He displayed increasing ruthlessness towards his enemies as his power grew. The lordship of Forl had remained vacant after it was sequestered from the Ordelaffi family, and Girolamo was assigned the task of attaining a strong domain in the land of Romagna. The new lord tried to earn the favor of the populace by building magnificent public buildings and abolishing taxes.The death of Sixtus IV changed the lives of <mask> and Girolamo. When Pope Sixtus IV died, rebellions and disorder spread through Rome, including loot of his supporters' residences. The Orsini palace was stripped of its contents and almost destroyed. <mask>, who was seven months pregnant at the time, crossed the Tiber on horseback to occupy the rocca of Castel Sant'Angelo on behalf of her husband. <mask> was able to dictate the conditions for the new conclave from this position. The city's disorder increased. The militia was with the cardinals.The latter did not want to attend the funeral of Sixtus IV because they were afraid of the fire of <mask>'s cannons. Only the election of a new Pope would end the violence in Rome. She was determined to give it to the new Pope, despite unsuccessful attempts to leave the fortress. Girolamo's army could not implement an effective solution because they were in a strategic position. Girolamo was offered the confirmation of his lordship over Imola and Forl, the military post of captain-general of the Church, and 8,000 ducats in compensation by the Sacred College if he left Rome. Girolamo accepted. <mask> increased the quota of her soldiers and prepared for resistance when she was told of her husband's decisions.Girolamo took up a position against his wife after being approached by the cardinals. <mask> surrendered the fortress to the Sacred College and left Rome with her family. The new Pope was elected in a conclave. In Forl, law and order was maintained by the Duke of

masks: Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina


title: Caterina Sforza

texts: Milan. Giovanni Battista Cybo, an old opponent, was elected Pope Innocent VIII. Girolamo was confirmed in his lordships of Imola and Forl. Girolamo had no control over the papal army and Innocent VIII refused to pay him for leaving Rome.Girolamo did not impose taxes on the people of Forl. The city government ran out of money at the end of the year. Nicol Pansecco, a member of the Council of Elders, pressed Girolamo to impose taxes. Girolamo's unpopularity among all citizens of Forl was caused by the excessive taxes. The tax increase added to the discontent that had previously been limited to the families who had suffered under Girolamo's persecution of those whom he suspected of treachery. His enemies wanted to make Franceschetto Cybo, the illegitimate son of Pope Innocent, lord of Imola and Forl. Girolamo was killed on April 14, 1488, by a conspiracy led by the Orsis, a noble family of Forl.<mask> and her children were made prisoners when the lord's palace was sacked. A central part of the city's defensive system was refused to surrender by the Orsis. <mask> tried to convince Tommaso Feo to submit. The Orsis believed <mask> because she left her children as hostages, but once inside she let loose a torrent of threats and promises of vengeance. According to one rumour, when they threatened to kill her children, <mask>, standing in the walls of the fortress exposed her genitals and said: "Do it, if you want to: hang them even in front of me." The story is most likely false. <mask> said she was pregnant, according to the historical record.Although her statement that she was pregnant is considered to have been a ruse, it rendered worthless any power the conspirators had in holding her children, Girolamo's legitimate heirs. The Riario children were not touched by the Orsis. <mask> defeated her enemies with the help of her uncle, who was very interested in gaining influence in the Romagna, to counter the influence


title: Caterina Sforza

texts: of Venice. Lady of Imola and Forl became regent for her son Ottaviano on April 30, 1488, but was too young to become Lord of Forl. According to the custom of the time, <mask>'s first act as Regent of Forl was to avenge the death of her husband. The Pope's governor, Monsignor Savelli, all the pontifical generals, and the cast of the fortress of Forlimpopoli were ordered to be imprisoned by her. Soldiers were looking for people who had taken part in the conspiracy.The houses owned by those who were imprisoned were demolished. Pope Innocent VIII gave Ottaviano Riario the official investiture of his state until his line ended. Cardinal Riario visited Forl to protect the orphan children of Girolamo, but he actually oversaw the government of <mask>. All issues concerning the government of her city-state, both public and private, were personally dealt with by the young Countess. She involved herself in marriage negotiations with her children to consolidate her power. She controlled her realm's spending by reducing taxes and eliminating others. The training of her militia was directly related to the use of weapons and horses.She expected her subjects to appreciate her efforts to make her cities and towns orderly and peaceful. Due to their geographical position, the states of Forl and Imola had a strategic importance on the political affairs. Significant events changed the situation of Italy in those years. Lorenzo il Magnifico died on April 8, 1492. Pope Innocent VIII died on 25 July of that year, and was replaced by Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, who took the name of Pope Alexander VI. His election made <mask>'s rule stronger. She and her husband lived in Rome, and the Cardinal was often a guest at their home.Italy's peace and stability were threatened by these events. The Kingdom of Naples became the Anjou after King Charles VIII of France entered into Italy to claim it following the death of Lorenzo. Alexander VI

masks: Caterina Caterina Caterina


title: Caterina Sforza

texts: supported Charles's claim, leading to four years of war. <mask> was placed in a strategic position of passage for anyone who wanted to go to the south during the conflict between Naples and Milan. On the way to Rome, Forl was exposed to invasion. Pope Alexander VI opposed France's ambitions in Italy, while her brother-in-law argued in favor of the incumbent King of Naples. <mask> was persuaded by the Duke of Calabria to support King Alfonso II of Naples and to defend Imola and Forl.The break between the two was caused by the so-called sack of Mordano, which took place between 20 and 21 October, when they gathered between fourteen thousand and sixteen thousand French to encircle the city of Mordano. On the advice of his generals, he decided not to respond to the countess's requests for help. <mask> considered herself betrayed by the Neapolitan allies and passed on the side of the French, who had devastated her lands and torn her subjects. <mask> sent men behind Ferrandino to rob him, even though he always behaved honestly, and Charles VIII preferred to avoid the Romagna and cross the Apennines. The French army conquered the Kingdom of Naples in 13 days. The Italian principalities formed the League of Venice against Charles VIII. The French King was forced to retreat to France after the League defeated him.<mask> was neutral this time. She maintained the support of both her uncle and the Pope by not participating in the expulsion of the French. After the death of Girolamo, there was a rumour that <mask> was going to marry Antonio Maria Ordelaffi. The Ordelaffi family had claims on the city of Forl. The Duke of Ferrara was told by Antonio Maria that the Countess would marry him. Those who spread the false news were imprisoned. Antonio Maria was summoned to Friuli by the Senate in Venice, where he remained for ten years.<mask> had fallen in love with the brother of Tommaso Feo, who had remained faithful to her

masks: Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina


title: Caterina Sforza

texts: after the assassination of her husband. <mask> married him to avoid losing custody of her children. <mask> was in love with the young man. It was feared that Ottaviano could be stripped of his future lordship in order to give it to her lover and secret husband. An order of chivalry was awarded to Giacomo after he was appointed castellan of the fortress in place of his brother. <mask> gave birth to Carlo in honor of King Charles VIII, who made Giacomo a baron of France. She gave the fortress of Imola and the fortress of Forlimpopoli to her half-brother, Piero Landriani.There was a plan to take the fortress in the name of Ottaviano and kill both Giacomo and <mask>. Those who were involved were executed or imprisoned after the Countess discovered the plot. Antonio Maria Ordelaffi, who had never become resigned to the loss of Forl, organised another plot after this one failed. The hatred of all, including <mask>'s children, was incurred by Giacomo as his power increased. Nobody had the courage to defend Ottaviano after he was slapped by him in full view of the public. The city was liberated from the domination of Giacomo Feo by Ottaviano. Some of <mask>'s children were involved in a conspiracy.<mask>, Giacomo Feo, and their team were coming back from a hunt. <mask>, her daughter Bianca Riario and some of her ladies-in-waiting rode in a carriage, followed by horses and soldiers. Giacomo was wounded and attacked by agents of the conspiracy. <mask> was thought to have given the order to kill Giacomo. <mask>'s revenge was terrible. When her first husband was murdered, she avenged his death according to the justice of the time. Her death was among the most cruel and painful.The children, infants and pregnant women of the conspirators were slaughtered by Catherine. Thirty-eight people were executed for the crime and many others were imprisoned or exiled. The politics that inspired the plot were blinded by <mask>'s fury.

masks: Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina


title: Caterina Sforza

texts: The supporters of Ottaviano Riario believed that <mask> had given her tacit consent to the killing of the man who was considered the "usurper" of the state's rightful ruler. They wanted to keep the power of the Riario family. The good will of her people was lost as a result of the massacre which followed the assassination of Giacomo Feo. <mask> was visited by the ambassador of the Republic of Florence, Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano.The second son was a descendant of the Medici family. He and his older brother Lorenzo were sent into exile because of their hostility towards their cousin Piero, who succeeded Lorenzo il Magnifico in the government of Florence. Piero had to sign a treaty to allow the French army to move into the Kingdom of Naples after Charles VIII invaded Italy. Piero was deposed and the people of Florence established a Republic. Giovanni and his brother were able to return to their homeland. They changed their name to "Popolano". Giovanni was appointed as ambassador by the Florentine government.After arriving in Forl, Giovanni and his team were housed in the apartments next to <mask>'s. The lords of the League and the Duke of Milan were alarmed by rumors of a possible marriage between Giovanni and <mask> and that Ottaviano Riario had accepted the post of Condottiero from Florence. <mask> hid her feelings for Giovanni from her uncle, but she fell in love with him. <mask> had the approval of her children and she also got the consent of her uncle, which was different from the previous one. The marriage of two people from powerful families was likely to cause opposition, so they were wed in secret. <mask> had a son, Giovanni, in April 1498. The child was christened after his mother's uncle, the Duke of Milan, but later became known as Giovanni delle Bande Nere.<mask>, who occupied the main route between the two cities, prepared her defences as the affairs between Florence and Venice got worse. She

masks: Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina


title: Caterina Sforza

texts: sent a group of men, led by Giovanni and Ottaviano Riario, to help Florence. Giovanni had to leave the battlefield and return to Forl because he was seriously ill. Despite treatment, his condition deteriorated and he was transferred to Santa Maria in Bagno, where he hoped for a miracle recovery. Giovanni died in the presence of <mask>, who was summoned to attend him. <mask> was alone to face the Borgias. After returning to Forl in order to make preparations for the defence of her states, <mask> was occupied by military concerns.The militia was trained by the Countess. She wrote to her uncle and the Republic of Florence to find more money and troops. A small group of soldiers were sent by the Marquis of Mantua. <mask> was not able to manage the grumpy and angry character of the first, she complained about it with her uncle, who did what he wanted and spoke. They couldn't find a better leader than him, so they invited her to be patient. <mask>'s army outmanoeuvred the Venetians after they attacked. The war continued until the Venetians were able to get to Florence by another route.<mask> Sforza gained the nickname "The Tiger" because of this defence. Louis XII succeeded to the French throne after being captured by Cesare Borgia. The Kingdom of Naples was heir to the House of Anjou and the Duchy of Milan was heir to the grandson of Valentina Visconti. Savoy, the Republic of Venice, and Pope Alexander VI formed an alliance with Louis XII before he began his campaign in Italy. In the summer of 1499, he came to Italy with a formidable army, and he occupied Piedmont, as well as Genoa and Cremona. Alexander VI settled in Milan, which had been abandoned the previous month by Duke Ludovico, who fled to the Tyrol under the protection of his nephew-by-marriage Emperor Maximilian I. Alexander issued a Papal Bull to invalidate the investiture of the feudal lords.When the French army left Milan with Cesare to begin the


title: Caterina Sforza

texts: conquest of Romagna, the Austrians helped to regain the Duchy. Florence was threatened by the Pope and so she was left alone to defend herself. She immediately began to train and recruit soldiers. She reinforced the defences that were already considered impenetrable. Her children were also sent to Florence. Cesare Borgia arrived in Imola. He was able to take possession of the city after it was opened by the inhabitants.<mask> asked the people of Forl if they also wanted to capitulate to Borgia, or if they wanted to be defended and endure the siege. <mask> absolved the citizens of Forl of their oath of fealty because they hesitated in answering. The Duke of Valentinois took possession of Forl on December 19th. Cesare and Cardinal Riario offered peace, but <mask> refused. Cesare offered 10,000 ducats for her dead or alive. <mask> tried to capture Cesare when he came near the fortress to talk to her. <mask>'s cannon inflicted heavy losses on the French army, but the French artillery damaged the defences of the main fortress.During the night, what was destroyed was rebuilt. Niccol Machiavelli reports that many songs and poems were written in honor of <mask>. Marsilio Compagnon was the only one that was lost. Cesare changed his tactics as time went by. His troops bombarded the fortress at night. They opened the walls after six days. His forces attacked the fortress on January 12.<mask> fought with weapons in hand until she was taken prisoner, and the battle was quick and decisive. Her secretary was one of the men who were caught with her. She surrendered herself to the bailli of Dijon as a prisoner of the French because they couldn't hold women as prisoners of war. The defense operations were misdirected by Giovanni da Casale and brought disgrace to the magnanimous enterprise of the Countess. Rome Cesare obtained custody of <mask> from the French general, Yves d'Allgre, who promised that he would treat her as a