title: Rebecca Black

texts: question-and-answer videos, and occasional covers of songs by other artists. This includes her versions of two Cyrus songs.<mask> and Jon D collaborated on an acoustic cover of "We Can't Stop" in July of that year. <mask> released an acoustic version of "Wrecking Ball" in November. <mask> said that she hoped to release an album by the end of the year. She said that the album wouldn't be anything like her previous ones. She had been working on the album since Friday, but it took her a while to find producers that she was comfortable with. There were no new original songs released. <mask> performed a cover of "Wild" at the end of 2015."Life After Friday" is a web video created by <mask>. In the show, <mask> graduates from high school and tells her parents she is not going to college and follows her adventures after moving to Los Angeles. <mask> released her first new song in almost three years, "The Great Divide", on August 26, 2016 The last of her songs to make the charts was this one. There is a "US Dance" category. "Heart Full of Scars" and "Foolish" were two more singles released by <mask> in the following year. "The Great Divide" and two other songs were included in the RE / BL, which was released in September of last year.She spoke about the adverse effects online attacks had on her and how cruel comments "stick with you forever" in June of last year. On June 4, 2018, <mask> released the final single from RE / BL, titled "Satellite". <mask> was a contestant in the second season of The Four: Battle for Stardom, which aired on Fox. The judges for the series are Sean Combs, DJ Khaled, andMeghan Trainor. <mask> received the go-ahead for the next round after singing "bye Bye Bye" from NSYNC. She chose James Graham from Stereo Kicks


title: Rebecca Black

type: paraphrased

texts: as her opponent in the next round. Graham and <mask> sang "A Song for You" and "Torn", respectively.<mask> was eliminated from the show after the audience voted to save Graham. She wrote "I am just blown away reading your comments and seeing so much support online" after her appearance. I'm sending all of my love to you. Thank you for listening and seeing me. This is just the beginning. I don't think I'm going to sleep tonight. As part of the Donut Fries marketing strategy, Miranda Sings released an adapted version of "Friday" titled "Donut Fry Day featuring <mask>" on National French Fry Day.The singles "Anyway" and "Do You?" were released by <mask> throughout the year. ", "Sweetheart" and "Self Sabotage". <mask> was on the track "Edgelord" in September 2020. On January 29, 2021, <mask> released a song called "Girlfriend". On February 10, 2021, she released a hyperpop version of "Friday" produced by Dylan Brady of 100 Gecs and featuring 3OH!3 and Big Freedia to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the song. <mask>'s second album, <mask> Was Here, was released on June 16, 2021. On April 3, 2020, <mask> came out as queer.In April 2011, the MTV O Music Awards, one of the annual awards established by MTV to honor the art, creativity, personality and technology of music into the digital space nominated "Which Seat Can I Take?" For "Favorite Animated Gif" that had <mask> and 50 Cent in it. <mask> was named the "Choice Web Star" at the Teen Choice Awards. References External links 1997 births Living people 21st-century American women singers American child singers American dance musicians American women pop singers American musicians of Mexican descent American people of English descent American people of Italian descent American people

masks:
Black
Black
Rebecca Black
Black
Black
Rebecca Black
Black
Rebecca Black
Black
Rebecca Black
Black


title: Grandpa Jones

texts: <mask> was an American banjo player and "old time" country and gospel music singer. He's a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame. The youngest of 10 children in a sharecropper's family, <mask> was born in a small farming community in Kentucky. His father was a fiddle player and his mother was a singer. His first instrument was a guitar. <mask>, a woman who began to gain some recognition in a musical form long dominated by men, was <mask>'s wife and musical partner for over thirty years. Ramona started playing the instrument when she was six years old.<mask> began singing country music on a radio show in Ohio when he was a teenager. The Pine Ridge String Band provided the musical accompaniment for the Lum and Abner show. His pursuit of a musical career took him to WBZ radio in Boston, Massachusetts, where he met Bradley Kincaid, who gave him the nickname "<mask>" because of his off-stage grumpiness at early-morning radio. <mask> decided to create a stage persona based on the name. He lived in Mountain View. He learned to play the banjo from Cousin Emmy, a rising country radio star. He played the guitar or banjo, yodeled, and sang old-time ballads while performing as <mask>.<mask> learned how to play the clawhammer style of banjo in West Virginia, which gave him a rough backwoods flavor to his performances. The music of theWLS Barn Dance in Chicago was a major influence on Louis, as were the records his sister brought home. <mask> joined Cincinnati, Ohio'sWLW in 1942. It was there that he met another Kentuckian. They recorded for King Records in 1943. <mask> had his first hit in 1944 with "It's Raining Here This Morning". When he enlisted in the United States Army during World War II, his recording career was put on hold.He recorded for King again after he was discharged. When he and several Opry cast members were invited to become a part of the burgeoning world of television by a Washington

masks:
Grandpa Jones
Jones
Ramona Jones
Grandpa
Jones
Grandpa Jones
Jones
Grandpa Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones


title: Grandpa Jones

texts: D.C.entrepreneur, they became cast members at the Old Dominion Barn Dance. In March 1946, he moved to Nashville, Tennessee and began performing on the Grand Ole Opry. On October 14, 1946, he married Ramona Riggins. She would take part in his performances. <mask> had a bridge to television. "T For Texas," "Are You From Dixie," "Night Train To Memphis," and "Mountain Dew" are some of his most famous songs.In the fall of 1968, <mask> became a charter cast member on the long-running television show Hee Haw, often responding to the show's skits with his trademark phrase "Outrageous." He played the banjo with David "Stringbean" Akeman. A musical segment featured in the early years had <mask> and his lovely wife Ramona singing while ringing bells held in their hands and strapped to their ankle. A favorite skit had cast members asking grandpa what's for supper. He would describe a delicious, country-style meal, often in a rhyming, talking blues style. He would say something wasn't so good. thaw out TV dinners because you were bad!He was a neighbor and friend of David "Stringbean" Akeman. The bodies of Akeman and his wife were discovered by <mask> on the morning of November 11, 1973. <mask> testified at the trial in order to get a conviction. <mask> was a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame. Everybody's Grandpa: Fifty Years Behind The Mike was published in 1984. <mask> had two strokes after his second show at the Grand Ole Opry. He died on February 19, 1998 at the McKendree Village Home Health Center in Hermitage, Tennessee, at the age of 84.He was buried in Tennessee. Discography <mask> was recorded for several labels. <mask> sings his greatest hits in the Country Music Hall of Fame. "<mask> Jones". There is an encyclopedia of country music. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.The score was 269–70. The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum website has a profile of <mask> with the Delmore

masks:
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Grandpa Jones
Grandpa
Grandpa Jones


title: David Boswell Reid

texts: The British physician, chemist and inventor Prof <mask> was born on 5 April 1863. He made a reputation in the field of Sanitation through reports on public hygiene in public buildings. He was called the "Father of air-conditioning". Christian Arnot was the eldest daughter of Hugo Arnot of Balcormo and was the elder brother of <mask>. The family is thought to have lived at Milne's Square off the Royal Mile. The family lived independently in Edinburgh's South Side in the 19th century after the father gained his doctor's degree. After graduating from the High School in Edinburgh, <mask> obtained a medical degree from Edinburgh University and was admitted to the Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh.Practical chemistry classes were started by <mask> in the 18th century. He became an assistant to Thomas Charles Hope. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and proposed to Hope. He lived at 37 Nicholson Street, which was described as an "experimental rooms" for Edinburgh University. He had a disagreement with Hope. He set up a lab of his own. Robert Christison was the Dean of the Medical Faculty who was opposed to the idea of a Practical Chemistry chair being set up in his favor, as well as the idea of the existing chair being too mechanical.In The Scotsman, he complained. At the Dublin meeting of the British Association for the advancement of science in 1835, he talked about reform of education in chemistry and was asked to give evidence to the committee looking into education in Ireland. Macquorn Rankine was a chemistry student. When he moved to London in 1847, he continued to give private chemistry classes. At the 1834 meeting of the British

masks:
David Boswell
Reid
David
Reid


title: David Boswell Reid

texts: Association in Edinburgh, some members of parliament were invited to visit the laboratory of the Ventilator <mask>. There was a fire at the Houses of Parliament in 1834, which was brought in as a consultant by <mask>. He did innovative work in the temporary accommodations.He was in a good position to carry out plans that were systematic when the new building work began. Lord Wade of Chorlton remembered him as "Dr.<mask> the ventilator" in the 20th century in discussions of energy efficiency. Six years after the Houses of Parliament burned down, the committee for the House of Lords appointed <mask> to work on the replacement. With the creation of the post, there began a long series of arguments between the architect and the post's creator. Barry reluctantly adopted theReid's system in this new Palace of Westminster. He was engaged for five years. He made a reputation by his work.He was commissioned to conduct an air quality survey in the tunnel of the railway. The steam vessels built for the expedition of 1841 were fitted with ventilation systems. Air was passed over charcoal. The system failed. James Ormiston McWilliam published a detailed account. St. George's Hall was the only building in which his system was completely carried out. In 1841, the architect Harvey Lonsdale Elmes requested that <mask> be involved in ventilation design.He was dismissed from his position in the Houses of Parliament. Alfred Meeson was Barry's assistant. The feud between Barry and Benjamin Disraeli was over, and Lord Derby thought he was a fraud. The compensation for his dismissal was substantial. The state of large towns and populous districts in England and Wales with reference to

masks: Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid


title: David Boswell Reid

texts: the causes of disease among the inhabitants was the subject of the Royal Commission on public health. He was one of the medical men who made up the dominant group on the committee. He wrote a report about the state of the towns.Sandgate was a place of great poverty and squalor. It had immediate effects. The setting up of the Sunderland Water Company was a result of his findings. The paper on the pathology and mode of communication of the disease of John Snow was published in 1849. In 1856, he moved to the United States. His stature as an author was recognised by the physician who wrote in the book. After a year as a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, <mask> was dismissed.He became a government medical inspector. On the outbreak of the American Civil War, new military hospitals were built throughout the country, and when he came down with a fatal illness, he was about to leave Washington on a tour of inspection. He died at Washington on April 5, 1863. Neil Arnott was one of the leaders in theories of air and fever, but his views differed from that of <mask>'s Theories. He placed more weight on the susceptibility of the individual than Southwood Smith. John Bell M.D. wrote about public hygiene. He has reported that he has detected their escape from carbonic acid gas in old graveyards andvitiated air.The health hazard of "defective ventilation" was emphasized by <mask>. He wrote a book with illustrations of the chemical phenomena of daily life. The Theory and Practice of Ventilation was published in the 19th century. The debate over the height of the Central Tower, as well as the deaths of the 19th-century Scottish, can be found on the Victorian Web

masks: Reid Reid Reid


title: Helena Devereux

texts: The founder of the Devereux Foundation is an American educator who was born in 1885. She is a pioneer in the field of special education. The first school for exceptional children opened in 1912 with less than $100. More than 6,000 Devereux staff provide services to tens of thousands of children, adolescents, adults, and their families in 11 states and millions more across the country through public education and prevention programs each year. She graduated from the Philadelphia High School for Girls in 1904 and from the Philadelphia Normal School for Girls in 1906, where she trained to become a teacher. She taught at the George Washington School in South Philadelphia after graduation. At a time when very little was known about people with disabilities, Devereux took an interest in slow learning children.The public school system was not equipped to teach children with mental handicaps. She had ideas for individualized educational programs for children with special needs that were far away from her time. The system used to refer to slow learners as "throw-aways", but Devereux believed that every child should be given the chance to learn. She believed that special educators are missionaries. Her class became a special education classroom. The Director of Special Education position was created by the Philadelphia Board of Education in order to supervise the creation of a special education department. She turned it down because she thought she could have a bigger impact on her own.In 1911, a reporter visited her classroom and received national attention. The First Class of Special Education in an Elementary School in Philadelphia was published. A parent in South Carolina contacted <mask> after reading about her teaching methods.


title: Helena Devereux

texts: facilities and schools became one name in 1922. During the Great Depression, the company had an operating deficit of $250,000. The debt was kept at bay by the shared burden of the staff and students. The Devereux Foundation was granted a non-profit charter by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The assets and properties of the schools were transferred to the Foundation in 1940. A 350-acre estate in Santa Barbara, California was purchased by The Devereux Foundation in 1943. She would continue to work as a consultant.The Foundation opened branches in Texas, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Arizona. In 1955, <mask> began professional training and research partnerships with several universities, including the Teachers College of Columbia University. The Devereux Institute for Research and Training was established in 1957 to expand professional training and research into the causes and treatment of certain psychological problems in children. The director of the Foundation resigned in 1957. In 1958, the first non-medical person, and only the fourth woman, became an official member of the American Psychiatric Association. In 1909, a paper titled "Report of a Year's Work on Defectives in a Public School" was published in The Psychological Clinic. She was still called Miss Devereux.Despite collaborating in the affairs of the organization, they kept their private lives very private. Fentress was the organization's Vice President and oversaw finances as the organization grew in size and scope. Both Fentress and <mask> died in 1943. Her family life in Pennsylvania was centered on her brother Robert's children. She died in 1975 at the age of 90. The biographies of school teachers from Pennsylvania and the United States can be found on

masks: Devereux Devereux


title: Volodymyr Viatrovych

texts: <mask> is a Ukrainian historian, civic activist and politician. He was the Director of the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance. He is a candidate for a PhD in historical sciences. He was the Director of the Center for Research of Liberation Movement. Viatrovych is a member of the board of trustees. He was the director of the Archives of the Security Service of Ukraine from 2008 to 2010. He was a senior visiting scholar at the Ukrainian Research Institute at Harvard University, working on the archives of Mykola Lebed.Viatrovych was number 25 on the list of European Solidarity. He is a member of the Ukrainian parliament. Viatrovych is a controversial figure in both Ukraine and abroad. He has been accused of whitewashing the history of Ukraine, marginalizing or suppressing the facts about involvement of Ukrainian nationalists in ethnic cleansing of Poles, and collaborating with German Nazis. Viatrovych has advocated for laws that would restrict free speech and academic freedom. From 1994 to 1999 Viatrovych was a student at the history faculty of the university where he studied Ukrainian history. His thesis was about the creation of an anti-totalitarian national-democratic revolution among the nations of East-Central Europe.He published a book on the subject in 2001. Viatrovych was the director of the Centre for the Study of the Liberation Movement from 2002 to 2008. He lectured at the Ukrainian Catholic University. The first course in Ukrainian higher education on "The Ukrainian Liberation Movement from the 1920s to


title: Volodymyr Viatrovych

texts: a youth movement. Viatrovych called for active measures against the authorities during the Euromaidan protests. He led a group of activists to block the parliament.The conditions in the underground were worse in the 1940s and 1950s because a comrade had gone forever. He said that they do not intend to stop after the regime has changed in Ukraine, when they have got rid of the rule of Yanukovych. Two of the laws were drafted by <mask> Viatrovych. The criminal sentences imposed by these acts came in for criticism. The archives of repressive bodies of the communist regime from 1917-1991 were placed under the control of the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance, headed by <mask> Viatrovych. Viatrovych was number 25 on the list of European Solidarity. The first 23 candidates were elected.Iryna Lutsenko gave up her mandate and <mask> was sworn in as People's Deputy of Ukraine on December 3, 2019. Number 24 of the election list European Solidarity, Nataliya Boyko, nixed her right to enter parliament in favor of <mask>. Viatrovych ran for the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast Council as the first number on the list of European Solidarity. He didn't take up his seat. The Security Service of Ukraine has a department head who has received decorations and awards. His book History marked "Classified Material" in 2011. The first <mask> <mask>'s book was based on his PhD thesis.It was devoted to a little explored area, and that this work has been appreciated and probably resulted in Viatrovich's appointment as a director of TsDVR. His third

masks: Volodymyr Volodymyr Viatrovych Viatrovych Volodymyr Viatrovych


title: Volodymyr Viatrovych

texts: book, Army of the Immortals, was discussed on the Polit.ru website by Professor Alexei I. Miller of the Central European University in Hungary. Miller thought the book was glorification of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists. According to Miller, many historical sources were ignored in the book's writing. Miller says Viatrovych preferred to ignore the criticism of the Army of the Immortals. Concerns about discussion of the past, the role and influence of <mask> Viatrovych, and the impact of differing views on the present were raised in a discussion following a Columbia University workshop on Russian and Ukrainian Nationalism. There is a one-sided view on the OUN's attitude towards Jews in this book.The book portrays the Ukrainian nationalists and UPA as a "national liberation" movement and denies accusations that they collaborated with Nazi Germany. Viatrovich only presents one critical article on OUN's anti-semitism in his book. Other authors agree that this book is an attempt to deny the crimes of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) on Jews and to dismiss the allegations of its anti-Semitism. The work does more to distort history than it does to understand it, however it contains an interesting material and forms the basis for further discussions on the relationship of the OUN and UPA to Jews. Viatrovych mentions Leiba Dubrovskii, an alleged Jewish member of UPA, as an example of the Ukrainian nationalist forces' lack of anti-semitism. Dubrovskii was a Soviet POW who hid


title: Volodymyr Viatrovych

texts: apology for Ukrainian nationalist violence, was noted in his review. Rudling states that the monograph lacks any scholarly value and would only recommend The Second Polish-Ukrainian war as a primary source for studying far-right historical negationism.He stated that the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, which supported Viatrovich's work with Lebed's archives, have good reason to ponder the implication of being associated with Harvard University. In May 2016 in Foreign Policy, Josh Cohen claimed that Viatrovych was whitewashing Ukraine's past. Viatrovych assured Cohen and the readers of Foreign Policy that the history of Ukraine was in good hands. Viatrovych was responsible for the exhumation ban. Viatrovych did not have then and apparently still does not have any relevant peer-reviewed academic publications. There were UPA raids on Czechoslovak territory. Insurgents in images are part of the army of immortals.Povstans'ki svitlyny.  OUN attitudes towards the Jews: Formulation of a position against the backdrop of a catastrophe. The documents of OUN and UPA have Polish-Ukrainian relations in them.  There was a Polish-Ukrainian war. In 1942-1947, Druha pol'sko-ukrains'ka viina.1942-1947 is a time period. The second revised edition was published in 2011. transl. K. Maryniak is publ. The Gordian Knot is a book about the Second Polish-Ukrainian War. "Classified Material" was marked in history. New subjects were marked as "Classified Material".Collective works are V<mask>, R. Hryc'kiv, I. Derevianyi, R. Zabilyi, A. Sova and


title: Rodolfo Gonzales

texts: <mask> "Corky<mask> was a Mexican American boxer, poet, and activist. He was one of the leaders of the Crusade for Justice. The Crusade for Justice was a Chicano cultural urban movement that focused on social, political, and economic justice. The first-ever Chicano Youth Liberation Conference was poorly attended due to timing and weather. The First Chicano Youth Liberation Conference was established in March 1969 after he tried again. Many future activists and artists attended the conference. The Plan Espiritual de Aztln advocated for revolutionary Chicano nationalism.The Mexican American people of Denver fought for their cultural, political, and economic rights through the Crusade for Justice. In celebration of National Hispanic Heritage Month in the United States, he was honored with a Google Doodle. The youngest of the eight children was born in Denver, Colorado in 1928. His father came to Colorado from Mexico at an early age. As an immigrant, he taught the histories of Mexico's struggle against Spanish domination. The Mexican Revolution began as a result of the knowledge given to his son by his father. When <mask> was two years old, his mother died.The Great Depression took a heavy toll on the Mexican Americans who were raised in Denver's Eastside Barrio. Though the Depression was devastating to so

masks:
Rodolfo
" Gonzales
Rodolfo


title: Rodolfo Gonzales

texts: many, we, as children, were so poor that it was hardly noticed. The family was poor. Along with his mother and siblings, <mask> worked in the fields and his father worked in the coal mines to provide for the family. He attended high schools in Colorado and New Mexico and graduated from Manual High School at the age of 16. His uncle said that he was always popping off like a cork. We called him Corky.The nickname stuck. The couple wed in February 1949 at the age of 21. Their father's legacy of the Crusade for Justice was taken on by their eight children. At one time, <mask> was ranked as a top threefeatherweight by Ring Magazine. He never got a shot at the title when he competed at the highest level. He retired from the ring in 1955 with a record of 63 wins, 11 losses, and 1 draw. "I bleed as the vicious gloves of hunger cut my face and eyes, as I fight my way from stinking barrios to the glamour of the ring and the lights of fame or mutilated sorrow," he said.During his political career, he was able to take advantage of his boxing success. He was a member of the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame. When he became a politician, he was ranked the 5th best boxer in the world. In 1947, he was involved in campaigning for the Mayor of Denver, and in 1950 he was involved in leading the Colorado "Viva Kennedy" campaign.

masks: Gonzales Gonzales


title: Rodolfo Gonzales

texts: The foundation of the Crusade for Justice was laid in 1967, when <mask>'s efforts to organize for change within the Democratic party became a crucial turning point. In 1966, <mask> wrote a letter of resignation to the chair of SER in Denver, stating that S.E.R. was offering a gateway to a society that offered hypocrisy, castration, and neurosis in exchange for the values of integrity. He believed that Chicanos couldn't rely on the "gringo establishment" to provide education, economic stability, or social acceptance.The idea for the Crusade for Justice came from the Fisherman's meetings. The original organization of Chicanos had these meetings. The structure of the Crusade for Justice was not developed until later in the meetings. To gain a following and spread education was the goal. The meetings were only open to men. Women demanded a part in the discussions as they were directly affected by the topics at hand, when the conversation started to cross over from culture to politics. The Chicano community was brought together by the power of educating the people around him.He said that the best way to get people involved is to live among the people and hear what they are saying. The Chicano movement gained steam after the development of the Crusade for Justice. The movement was about art, music, vision,


title: Rodolfo Gonzales

texts: pride, culture, and value of participation. He explained. The ideas developed through the Crusade were implemented at a personal level by <mask>. He was able to inspire greatness in the entire Chicano community. The rights of Mexican-American people were the focus of the new political party founded by <mask>.The land of the Southwest United States was referred to as Congreso de Aztlan. The creation of a third political party was the only way to meet the goals of the Crusade. The main goal of the creation of this party was to unite the Mexican-American vote. At a pioneer youth conference in 1967, the idea for this party was born. The party gained a lot of support in Texas by 1970. There were issues due to a lack of coordination among different groups. The party didn't have enough resources to keep going.One of the largest rivals was Tijerina. The Congreso de Aztlan was doing more to separate the Mexican American vote than to unite it, and that working within the Democratic Party would provide larger success in the political world. The issues within the public education system were solved by a private school. The school would focus on building students' self-esteem. Tlatelolco is a square in Mexico City. The last stand of the Aztecs was the site of the massacre of thousands. In post-Revolutionary Mexico,


title: Rodolfo Gonzales

texts: Tlatelolco became home to the Plaza de las Tres Culturas, which celebrated Mexico's dual cultural heritage.It was home to a group of scholars. In 1968, Tlatelolco became the site of massive student protests, and saw another massacre by Mexican forces. The school's name evokes the history of reconciliation and hope for indigenous and Mestizo people. Thousands of people were being displaced for the Olympics when the Tlatelolco massacres took place. The charter school closed. With his poem Yo soy Joaqun, known in English as I Am Joaqun, <mask> shared his new vision of the "Chicano", who was neither Indian nor European, neither Mexican nor American, but a combination of all the conflicting identities. He believed that the new "raza", or "race", was given the right to live in the ancestral land of Aztln by the Pre-Columbian civilization.The hope of humanity lay in the mixed "Raza Csmica" of Latin America, which was proclaimed by the Secretary of Education of Mexico, José Vasconcelos. Joaqun, the archetypical Chicano, found hope for his future in his own personal and spiritual awakening, a realization forced upon him by his status as an oppressor in the United States. Some scholars attribute the historicized, politicized definition of what it is to be a "Chicano" to Gonzales. "Here, finally, was our collective


title: Rodolfo Gonzales

texts: the Crusade was to bring justice, to introduce change through struggle, and not to start a war. In the letter he wrote to S.E.R., he illustrated his character.The organization focuses on the needs of Hispanics in the areas of education, training, employment, business, and economic opportunity. The Chairman of the Board of S.E.R. was the subject of a letter written by <mask>. They are telling American that they are also in the game. How well they succeed will be related to their own abilities to replace fragmented, weak organizations by effective political unity, to utilize ethnic identity as a root-force for progress within a larger society and to develop leadership dedicated to the fulfillment of the rising expectations of all Mexican-Americans. And <mask> did. The Poor People's Campaign in Washington, D.C. was started by Martin Luther King Jr. after his assassination. The seminars and panels were about organizing, activism, and self-defense as well as Chicano culture and gender issues.The activities within these seminars, workshops, and panels included painting, poetry, debates, and networking to other activists in the country. The idea that everyone would be united in the struggle against oppression, exploitation, and racism was developed from this campaign. Like third-world countries who have fought


title: Rodolfo Gonzales

texts: economically. The idea was the starting point for the creation of a third political party.The El Plan Espiritual de Aztlan was designed to bring political, economic, and social power to the people of Aztlan. One idea from the plan was to create community controlled institutions such as schools, law enforcement, production of resources, and development of cultural values. That is similar to the Chicano people. I am Joaquin is an epic poem. The writings of <mask> "Corky" <mask> were included in a message to Aztln. <mask> "Corky" <mask> was a spokesman for the Mexican American movement. Juan, Haro.An Autobiography of The Ultimate Betrayal. Escuela Tlatelolco Obituary is from La Prensa San

masks: Rodolfo Gonzales Rodolfo Gonzales


title: Carlos Pérez Soto

texts: <mask> is a teacher of physics, lecturer at various universities and a social sciences researcher. He is the author of several works covering a wide range of topics. He was a member of the Broad Front when he was a militant of the MA. The merger of the MA and Social Convergence took place in November of that year. He joined the Faculty of Education at the University of Chile in 1972 for a career in physics. His only formal academic degree was obtained in 1979 when he obtained the state degree of a Government authorized teacher of physics. He spent most of his student life during the years of the military dictatorship in the country, even though he began studying in the heyday of the student movement's political activity.He taught physics in schools and colleges of Santiago from 1975 to 1999. In 1984 he began teaching at the Institute of Arts and Social Sciences, which brought together intellectuals opposed to Pinochet's dictatorship. He taught philosophy of science in psychology departments at both the Diego Portales University and the University of Chile. He was well-known among students and scholars for his Marxist analysis and concrete policy proposals. The following years were characterized by an intense teaching activity because of the invitations he received to give lectures and conferences. In the last decade, he has taught courses at several universities, including the University of Santiago and the Catholic University of Valparaiso. In the late 1990s he started giving seminars and conferences in other countries, including in Barcelona and Cali, on topics such as Marxism and Hegel.He taught regular courses at the School of Psychology and the School of Sociology at the University, where he focused his academic work, besides serving as senior researcher at the Center for Social Research. He has made relevant theoretical contributions to the political discussion and has often been interviewed by the left-wing press. He provided analysis and proposals to change the educational model of the country. He has been invited


title: Carlos Pérez Soto

texts: to lecture on the subject by international organizations. <mask> is a regular speaker at international meetings and he is a scholar of Hegel and Marx. In addition to the educational activity at the universities, he has been giving a number of free biannual seminars about Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, on Marxism and Psychoanalysis, Critical Theory of Law, History of Marxism. He teaches in several graduate programs at the university, including masters and doctorates.He deals with the critical reflection on methodological aspects of the social sciences in his classes and seminars. He usually presents himself as a teacher of physics, which intends to be a provocation against the academic establishment. He has decided to publish his books under a Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND (which allows you to copy and distribute the texts freely and at no costs, provided that the source is mentioned; the works can't be altered or used for commercial purposes). The development of the idea that the scientific method should be considered a logic to confer legitimacy to the scientific community is one of the main ideas he has developed. <mask> bases his theoretical approach and practical proposals in "Hegelian Marxism", a philosophy which could lead to the emergence of a new type of Marxism. The idea that bureaucracy should be considered a social class in the Marxist sense of the term, a Marxist critique of the ruling regime in socialist countries, and an analysis of the process of bureaucrat objectiveization are some of the contributions that stand out. A political program is also constituted by his proposition for a new anti-psychiatry.In order to bring the issues back to the social sphere, they focus on a critique of the psychiatric practices, on the need for de-medicalization and de-privatization of the symptoms. The paternalistic aspects of the idea of psychiatric hospitals as "shelter homes" have been overcome by the "new" anti-psychiatry promoted by <mask>. An anti-psychiatry that emerges from the affected people themselves

masks:
Carlos Pérez
Carlos Pérez
Pérez Soto


title: Carlos Pérez Soto

texts: goes beyond the organization of a more humane or better quality psychiatric care. <mask> makes two contributions that can be highlighted: a critique of the medicalization processes of behavioral disorders and a proposal of distinctions when it comes to criticizing the medicalization and commodification of behavioral disorders. His proposal of a theoretically founded reconstruction of the history of European modern dance throughout the twentieth century, his proposal of technical differentiation of style in contemporary dance, and his theoretical distinctions regarding political art, the political use of art and the particular politics are all relevant to the field of art and dance. He finished his excursion through the history of dance with his second book. He wanted to return to the core of his analyses.Works books on the social condition of psychology. 2nd extended edition LOM, Santiago, 2009, Epistemologa de la ciencia, is the 1st edition. The concept of histrico de ciencia was published by the Instituto de Educacin y Pedagoga. 2nd revised edition, LOM, Santiago, July 2008, was the 1st edition. The 2nd revised edition of LOM was published in Santiago in July 2008. 2nd revised edition, LOM, Santiago, 2010, has a proposal of a Hegelian Marxism. The first edition was published in Santiago in 2008.The second revised and extended edition of Proposiciones en torno a la historia de la danza was published under a Creative Commons license. Desde Hegel, para una crtica radical de las ciencias sociales, is from Hegel, towards a radical critique of the social sciences. The editorial was published in Itaca, Mexico City, Mexico. Comentar obras de danza is an editorial about works of dance. Marxismo y movimiento popular was published under a Creative Commons license. The articles were published on the Internet under a Creative Commons license. Publicado en Brasil en la revista Arma da Critica.His works can be found on the official site which offers download of some of his works. The site is dedicated to translations of <mask>'s

masks:
Carlos Pérez
Carlos Pérez


title: Jack Common

texts: <mask> was a British socialist, essayist and novelist. <mask>'s writing was warm and ironic. He was a writer with a proletarian viewpoint that was distinct from middle-class Marxist fiction. He was invited to become circulation promoter and later assistant editor of the magazine by John Murry, the founder and editor of The Adelphi. A collection of his articles The Freedom of the Streets appeared in 1938, after he was acting editor for a period in 1936. V.S. George Orwell heard the authentic voice of the ordinary working man in the essays, but who in practice never seems, andPritchett considered the book to have been the most influential in his life.<mask> was praised as a "warm-hearted, matey writer." <mask>'s writings about the day-to-day realities of workers lives include descriptions of how work was performed and production organized, and how knowledge was transmitted from worker to worker. The separation between the ideas of middle-class intellectuals and the ideas of workers is reflected in <mask>'s writing. He wrote that "very likely we will have to await the arrival of the intellectuals-in-touch, the unemployed man at present reading in public libraries, the young stoker spending the mornings of his back-shift week ploughing through Shaw and Lawrence." Seven working men told of their experience in the anthology Seven Shifts. <mask> and Orwell became friends when <mask> was running the village shop in Datchworth, about ten miles from Orwell's Wallington cottage. <mask> advised Orwell to set up his own shop.He traveled to Newfoundland and Labrador on another film assignment after the war and wrote a film about a community scheme in a Scottish town. In 1951 Turnstile Press published <mask>'s best-known book, Kiddar's Luck, in which he vividly describes his childhood

masks:
Jack Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common


title: Jack Common

texts: on the streets of Edwardian Tyneside, as seen through the lens of his adult socialism. There are four chapters on his life before five years old, a feat of detailed memory, while his mother's alcoholism and the domineering father whom <mask> at length dramatically defies, form the dark background to the vigorous, at times bravura, narrative. Praise was a convincing depiction of 'the other England' which was found in the book. Its irony and bitter universality went largely unrecognized. The publishers of The Ampersand went out of business two years after <mask> took the story further. <mask> didn't complete the trilogy with his novel, which was set at the time of the General Strike, and neither book was a commercial success.<mask> wasn't able to sustain a career in writing because he was too young to be angry. In Whitest Britain was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 The book had too much class distinction and the workman was a dated cliché. <mask>, perhaps the finest chronicler of the English working class, spent his last years in Newport Pagnell writing film treatments at poor rates. Near the rail-sheds where his father worked

masks:
Jack
Common
Common
Common
Jack Common


title: Jack Common

texts: as an engine-driver, he was born. Common didn't find it easy to extend his education or get a rewarding job after he graduated from Skerry's College. He began to submit articles to left-wing journals after becoming a vigorous speaker in socialist circles.<mask> went to London in hopes of finding a better job than at home. He was invited to become circulation promoter and later assistant editor of the magazine by Murry, the founder and editor of The Adelphi, after he was sacked for making suggestions to improve work procedures. <mask> and his partner, Mary Anderson, a childhood friend who went south to join him, had a son, Peter, and another son, Robert. They never married, but they had touching love letters. <mask> and Mary Anderson looked after the Wallington cottage when Orwell was in Morocco in 1938, because <mask> was poor enough to be subsidized by Orwell. <mask> left The Adelphi during the editorship of Max Plowman in 1939 to join the Peace Pledge Union. During the Second World War <mask> moved Peter to Frating Community Farm in Essex, where conscientious objectors tried to avoid contributing to the war effort by self-sustaining farming.The men and women in the Land Army were involved in heavy rescue and ambulance work. <mask> was a friend of Mary's when she died from cancer in 1942, and they lived together for a while. Their first daughter was born in 1944, followed by twins Mary and Charmian. <mask> took part in a debate on the radio during the war. The broadcast on 19 June 1942 featured two opposing sets of speakers. <mask> liked a good argument. <mask> was trying to make ends meet by working at a mushroom nursery while toiling over script and reviews at night and writing for himself in between when the family moved to a council house at 32 Warren Hamlet.He

masks: Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common


title: Jack Common

texts: didn't have beer or tobacco. <mask> had a two-year stint as guide to Chastleton House in the Cotswolds in the mid-sixties. <mask> was able to get some writing done in the winter due to disagreements with the owner. The Georgian house at 14 St John Street was rented by a friend from Frating days. <mask> spent hours working on books for film treatment reviews in a cemetery, walking with his wife in the countryside, and reading to his children. Sally recalled listening to the translation of Edward FitzGerald's stance on religion. Fred Hoyle's theory of an endless self-renewing universe was attractive to him because his Uncle Robin was a flat-earther.<mask> was not a stern parent and never struck his children. He left domestic work to care for his wife, who had small, feminine hands. He wasn't an activist or a joiner, nor did he encourage his children to be so. He flourished in the right place, often in pubs, where he enjoyed political arguments with self-taught thinker like himself. The working men's club on Silver Street was one of his favorite places. At this time, he was a fan of beer and was described by his friend Tommy as 'fairly jolly', though he retained his hatred of the bourgeoisie. The <mask> Archive is held in the Special Collections at the University Library.The sculptor used <mask>'s brow as a model for his bust of Karl Marx, saying that he found there a similar patience and understanding. Jez Lowe has an album called <mask>'s Anthem, which contains a song of the same name. Common Words and the Wandering Star was published in 2009, about <mask> and his work. He has drawn a lot on the archive. A song on the band's album, Where the Red Kites Fly, called "Jack The Lad" is dedicated to <mask>. A selection of articles by <mask> can be found on the External

masks:
Common
Common
Common
Common
Jack Common
Common
Jack Common
Jack Common
Jack Common
Jack Common


title: Tomasz Lubaszka

texts: <mask> was born May 4, 1961, in Lubliniec. <mask> attended a humanities class at high school in Lubliniec. <mask> studied at Jan Dugosz University in Czstochowa from 1980 to 1984. Wincent Maszkowski's studio was where the defense of <mask>'s degree in painting took place in 1985. He was an intern-assistant at his alma mater from 1984 to 1986. The All-Polish Painting Exhibition "Bielska Jesie 1986" was awarded an award. A. Patrzyk is the owner of the "Wzgrze" Gallery and the "Bon Art" Gallery.2000 Municipal Art Gallery - Czstochowa, "Dialogue" had an exhibition with Jerzy Fober. Sacral Art was created in Gttingen in 1989. The painting exhibition "Bielska Jesie" was held in New York. Collection of the Moment - Czstochowa 1991 1st Fine Art Triennale "Sacrum" An open-air exhibition post event was held at the Candidus Gallery. "Obok" Gallery - Tychy 2001 "The Nature of Nature". "Art on the Border" was written by KCK."Knutz an der Grence" is from Lebus, Germany.

masks:
Tomasz Lubaszka
Lubaszka
Lubaszka
Lubaszka


title: Elinor Ostrom

texts: <mask> was an American political economist who was associated with the New Institutional Economics and the resurgence of political economy. She shared the prize with Oliver E. Williamson for their analysis of economic governance, especially the commons. She was the first woman to win the economics prize. graduating with a B.A. <mask> lived in Bloomington, Indiana, and served on the faculty of Indiana University, with a late-career affiliation with Arizona State University. She was a research professor and founding director of the Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity at Arizona State University. She was a lead researcher for the sustainable agriculture and natural resource management collaborative research support program.She and her husband advised the journal. <mask> created a research center that attracted scientists from all over the world because of his involvement in resource management policy. Working and teaching at her center was created on the principle of a workshop, rather than a university with lectures and a strict hierarchy. <mask> studied the interaction of people and the environment for many years and found that the use of exhaustible resources by groups of people can be rational. <mask> Awan was the only child of Adrian and Leah Awan and was born in Los Angeles, California. <mask> lived with her mother most of the time. She spent her weekends with her father's Jewish family and her mother's Protestant church.<mask> described herself as a poor kid when she was a child. She started teaching swimming to earn funds to help put herself through college after she joined a swimming team and swam competitively. <mask> graduated from Beverly Hills High School in 1951. She thought that the school had a high rate of college acceptance. <mask> joined the debate team during her junior year. Her way of thinking was changed by learning debate tactics. Quality arguments are important for both sides of public policy.<mask> <mask> was discouraged from studying trigonometry as a high school student due to the fact that girls without top marks in geometry were not allowed to take the subject. She saw college as a normal thing

masks:
Elinor Ostrom
Ostrom
Ostrom
Ostrom
Elinor
Elinor
Ostrom
Ostrom
Ostrom
Elinor
Ostrom


title: Elinor Ostrom

texts: to do, even though no one in her family had ever gone to college. Her mother did not want her to attend college. She received a B.A. at UCLA. In political science at UCLA in 1954. She was able to graduate in three years by attending multiple summer sessions and extra classes. She used to work at the library, dime store and bookstore to pay her fees.Scott attended Harvard Law School while she worked at General Radio in Cambridge, Massachusetts. After graduation, she had trouble finding a job because employers assumed that she was only looking for jobs as a teacher or secretary. She began her job as an export clerk after taking a correspondence course for shorthand, which she later found to be helpful when taking notes in face-to-face interviews on research projects. She was hired as an assistant personnel manager in a business firm that had never before hired a woman in anything other than a secretarial position. She thought about going to graduate-level courses and applying for a research assistantship when she got the job. She wasn't accepted for an economics PhD at UCLA because she didn't have trigonometry in high school. She received an M.A. from UCLA's graduate program in political science.In 1962 and 1965, respectively. A group of graduate students were analyzing the political economic effects of a group of basins in Southern California. The West Basin was assigned to <mask>. It is difficult to manage a common-pool resource when it is used between people. The locals were pumping too much water. <mask> was impressed with how people who depended on that source were able to find incentives to settle contradictions and solve the problem. The foundation for the study of "shared resources" was laid by the study of this collaboration.<mask>, an associate professor of political science, was the leader of the postgraduate seminar. <mask> put "love and contestation" in her dedication to her seminal 1990 book, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. "The Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas" was published in 1961, and introduced themes that would be central to the <mask>s' work. The UCLA

masks:
Ostrom
Ostrom
Vincent Ostrom
Ostrom
Ostrom


title: Elinor Ostrom

texts: Bureau of Governmental Research had a conflict with the article because it advised against centralization of metropolitan areas in favor of polycentrism. The <mask> accepted a political science professorship at Indiana University. She joined the faculty as a Visiting Assistant Professor.She taught an evening class on American government. The so-called "tragedy of the commons" was proposed by a Biologist in 1968. According to an article published in the journal Science, the collective effect of increasing the number of cattle on the land would deplete or destroy the commons. Multiple individuals acting independently and rationally consulting their own self-interest will deplete a shared limited resource even if it is clear that it is not in anyone's long-term interest. The "tragedy" in such situations isn't inevitable according to <mask>. If the herders cooperate with one another, monitor each other's use of the land and enforce rules for managing it, they can avoid the tragedy. The principle of shared resources in reproduction is the most important aspect that we need to realize today.<mask> <mask> wrote a book called "Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action". The book shows that the selfish behavior of stakeholders within the framework of the accepted algorithms for quoting and control is not destruction, but rational use and renewal of the resource. Both her own and that of others were informed by fieldwork. She studied the water wars and pumping races in the 1950s while she was a PhD student at the University of California, Los Angeles. She showed cases where humans were not trapped and powerless as a result of diminishing supplies. She draws on studies of irrigation systems in Spain and Nepal, mountain villages in Switzerland and Japan, and fisheries in Maine and Indonesia in her book. The Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis was founded in 1973.Examining the use of collective action, trust, and cooperation in the management of common pool resources (CPR), her institutional approach to public policy, known as the Institutional analysis and development framework (IAD), has been

masks: OstromVcent Ostrom Elinor Ostrom


title: Elinor Ostrom

texts: considered sufficiently distinct to be thought of as a separate school of public choice theory She wrote many books in the fields of organizational theory, political science, and public administration. <mask> <mask> was a dedicated scholar until the very end of her life. She sent e-mail messages to at least two different sets of coauthors on the day before she died. She was the chief scientific advisor for the International Council for Science (ICSU) Planet Under Pressure meeting in London in March. She decided she couldn't come in person, but that she could contribute in a way that only she could. It was long held by economists that natural resources that were collectively used by their users would be over-exploited and destroyed in the long-term.<mask> <mask> conducted field studies on how people in small, local communities manage their natural resources. When natural resources are shared by their users, rules are established for how they are to be cared for and used in a way that is both economically and ecological. She was a professor in the College of Arts and Sciences and a professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs. To understand how institutional arrangements in a diverse set of ecological and social economic political settings affect behavior and outcomes, the workshop was meant to use scholars from economics, political science, and other fields. The goal was not to collect data, but to create a network of scholars who live in particular areas of the world and have strong interests in forest conditions and forest policy conducted the studies. <mask>'s innovative and ground-breaking research was supported by a number of organizations. Throughout her career, <mask> has been involved in international activities.I made research trips to Australia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines, Poland and Zimbabwe. She and her husband supported many international students. They did not have children of their own and used personal funds to help others. In a 2010 interview, <mask> said that because they had no family to support, he was not concerned about salary. <mask> was a founding member and first president of the

masks: Elinor Ostrom Elinor Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom


title: Elinor Ostrom

texts: International Association for the Study of the Commons. Public choice was emphasized in Research <mask>'s early work. Her study on police functions in Indianapolis is one of her better known works.The task of caring for the commons had to be organised from the beginning. It had to be talked about face to face. Dr. <mask> enjoyed using game theory to try to predict the behavior of people with limited resources. Her students were given shares in a national common in her workshop in political theory and policy analysis at Indiana University. The rate of return from their "investments" more than doubled when they discussed what they should do before they did it. Her later work focused on how humans interact with the environment to maintain long-term sustainable resource yields. Common pool resources include forests, oil fields, and irrigation systems.She studied the management of pasture and irrigation systems in Africa and western Nepal. Even though some arrangements have failed to prevent resource exhaustion, she has considered how societies have developed diverse institutional arrangements for managing natural resources. Her work argued against a single panacea for individual social-ecological system problems. <mask> identified eight design principles for stable local common pool resource management, including clear definition of the contents of the common pool resource and effective exclusion of external un-entitled parties. There are a number of additional variables believed to affect the success of self-organized governance systems, including effective communication, internal trust and reciprocity, and the nature of the resource system as a whole. A comprehensive "Social-Ecological Systems (SES) framework" has been developed by <mask> and her many co- researchers. According to the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research, "<mask> cautioned against single governmental units at global level to solve the collective action problem of coordinating work against environmental destruction."It's partly due to their complexity and partly to the diversity of actors involved. Key management decisions should be made as close to the

masks: Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom


title: Elinor Ostrom

texts: scene of events and the actors involved as possible, according to her proposal. <mask> helped disprove the idea that natural resources would be destroyed in the future. <mask> <mask> disproved this idea by conducting field studies on how people in small, local communities manage their natural resources. When natural resources are managed by their users, rules are established for how they are to be cared for and used in a way that is both economically and ecological. <mask> <mask>'s works in economics challenge previous theoretical frameworks and assumptions about property, especially the commons. An alternative view of the arrangement of resources is created by <mask>'s analyses of functional examples of the commons.Lee Anne Fennell stated that a resource arrangement that works in practice can work in theory. <mask> was a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, a member of the American Philosophical Society, and a president of the American Political Science Association. She was the first woman to receive the prize. <mask> received an award for political economy. In 2004, she received the John J. Carty Award from the National Academy of Sciences, and in 2005, she received the James Madison Award. She was the first woman to receive the William H. Riker Prize in political science. <mask> was included in the "25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World" in the Utne Reader magazine.She was named one of the most influential people in the world. In 2002 she received a fellowship from the International Institute of Social Studies. A statue of <mask> will be placed outside of the building which houses the political science department at Indiana University Bloomington. <mask> was the first woman to receive a prize for economics. <mask> was cited by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for her analysis of economic governance. The 10 million Swedish kronor (990,000; $1.44 million) prize was shared by <mask> and Oliver E. Williamson. <mask> donated her award to the workshop she helped found.The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said that <mask>'s research brought this topic from the fringe to the forefront of scientific

masks: Ostrom Elinor Ostrom Elinor Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom


title: Elinor Ostrom

texts: attention. <mask> challenged conventional wisdom by showing that common resources can be successfully managed without government regulation. According to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, <mask>'s work teaches us novel lessons about the deep mechanisms that sustain cooperation in human societies. Even if <mask>'s selection seemed odd to some, others saw it as an appropriate reaction to free-market inefficiencies highlighted by the 2008 financial crisis. Death <mask> was diagnosed with cancer. She gave the Hayek Lecture at the Institute of Economic Affairs just eleven weeks before she died. She died at IU Health Bloomington Hospital at the age of 78.She published her last article, "Green from the Grassroots," on the day of her death. Indiana University has lost an "irreplaceable and magnificent treasure" with the passing of <mask> <mask> according to Michael McRobbie. <mask> donated her share of the prize money to the workshop, which was the biggest of several academic prizes with monetary awards that the <mask>s had given to the center over the years. Her husband died 17 days after being diagnosed with cancer. He died at the age of 92. Chapters in books are included in selected publications. Service users and communities co-production of public services.<mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, O Interviews with <mask> <mask> about rethinking institutional analysis. By Paul Dragos Aligica. The Mercatus Center at George Mason University had an interview. <mask> <mask> speaks on The Forum Ostrom workshop at Indiana University and the Elinor Ostrom Curriculum Vitae Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity at Arizona State University. <mask> <mask> talks with Fran Korten on December 8, 2009, about Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. The International Institute of Social Studies has a profile.<mask> <mask> is interviewed in the video of annual reviews. 20th-century American economists, 21st-century American economists, Jewish American economists, and 20th-century American

masks: Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Elinor Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom Ostrom ElinorVcent Ostrom Elinor Ostrom Elinor Ostrom Elinor Ostrom


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: Between 1579 and his death in 1625, the Ottoman beylerbey (provincial governor) of Tripoli Eyalet was served by a man who was a chieftain and multazim. The Kurdish or Turkmen levends may have been established in the vicinity of Tripoli by at least the 1510s–1520s. He was promoted to the rank of pasha and became the first beylerbey in Tripoli in 1579. Hostilities with the Assafs ended with the assassination of their last leader in 1591) and the seizure of their tax farms. In 1598 he had his first confrontation with Fakhr al-Din II, the district governor of Sidon-Beirut. He commanded the armies in the region of Syria to suppress the rebels in 1606. The rebellion was suppressed in 1607 after he submitted to Janbulad at Krak des Chevaliers.The relationship between Fakhr al-Din and the Ottomans deteriorated over the next ten years, with Fakhr al-Din gaining a steady advantage over his opponent. Fakhr al-Din was reappointed by the Porte in 1619. He was indebted to Fakhr al-Din, who gained control over most of the eyalet's districts. The <mask>s' power waned and most of the family was wiped out by the Ottomans by the 17th century. The generosity and patronage of poets and Sufis, which contributed to his poor financial state, was noted by contemporary historians. In contrast to the thriving domain of Fakhr al-Din, neither he nor his family developed Tripoli or its eyalet. Despite his loyalty to the Ottomans, he was resented by the Maronite peasantry for executing unpopular and ruinous government


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: measures.The 17th-century Maronite patriarch and historian Istifan al-Duwayhi referred to the SayFA family as Turkmens, despite the fact that they were originally considered to be Kurds. The modern historians agree that they were Turkmens. According to Abu-Husayn, the Sayfas had been levends. From Marash in the Anatolian–Syrian borderlands, he moved to Tripoli. The 16th-century Damascene historian and intimate of <mask>, al-Hasan al-Burini, noted that the Sayfas were relatives of the Dulkadirids. The Sayfas were most likely of Kurdish origin, according to the modern historian. According to Abu-Husayn, the Sayfas may have arrived in Tripoli Sanjak after the dispersal of the Dulkadirids and their affiliates.Damascus Eyalet spanned the coast of Ottoman Syria from Latakia southward to Byblos and the Alawite Mountains. The establishment of Kurdish and Turkmen military colonies around the strategic port city of Tripoli began during Mamluk rule in the 13th century to protect the roads connecting the Syrian coast with the major cities of the Syrian interior plains. The Alawite Mountains and northern Mount Lebanon were dominated by Catholic Maronites and Muslim Alawites, who were viewed with suspicion by the Mamluks and Ottomans. In 1528, Duwayhi places <mask> in the vicinity of Tripoli. He was probably ten to twelve years old at the time. According to Ottoman tax records, a certain Muhammad SayFA was the first member of the SayFA clan who had a name recorded in the sources. The name of Muhammad

masks: Yusuf Yusuf


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: lost their local importance after Mansur established the Sayfas. After the demise of the Shu'aybs and Mansur's elimination of other local rivals, he became the strongman of the Tripoli region, and the Sayfas, with whom he continued to be allied, became his fiscal subordinates. The tax farms of Homs and Hama were acquired by Mansur, who became the most powerful leader in Syria. The governorship of Tripoli in the first term was designated as its own eyalet, likely to check Mansur's growing power and to strengthen Ottoman authority over Mount Lebanon. The new eyalet's first beylerbey was appointed by <mask>, who was promoted to the rank of pasha.The loss of tax farms in the predominantly Maronite area of Bsharri and the appointment of <mask> weakened the Assafs. According to Abu-Husayn, the Ottomans made a decision. The Porte determined that he was well-equipped to efficiently manage the eyalet because of his long career in the area, his ties to the local chiefs and his understanding of local politics. He would be easier to control because he lacked the power bases of the Assafs and Ma'ns, as well as the headquarters of other local chiefs nestled deep. The Porte wanted to undermine their alliance by appointing <mask> to a rank and position above the Assafs. Mansur's death strengthened the Sayfas' position. The local chieftains of Syria were suppressed by an Ottoman expedition in 1585.While the expedition's commander Ibrahim Pasha attacked the Druze chiefs in the Chouf, a veteran commander,

masks: Yusuf Yusuf Yusuf


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: Muhammad was assassinated on his way to Musayliha by <mask>. The end of Assaf power was marked by his death. Muhammad's tax liability was transferred to <mask>, who was ordered to appropriate all of Muhammad's money, real property and stockpiled goods. Muhammad's iltizam was seized by <mask> in Tripoli Eyalet.He took possession of the properties either forcibly or by purchasing them from Muhammad's widow. The imperial order called for the imprisonment of Muhammad's chief aide, Ghumayda, to investigate his books, and to seize his wealth. Although the Porte's order called for the transfer of Assaf assets and moneys to the Ottoman state, he did not comply and kept the possessions for himself. The imperial order to execute the Hubaysh brothers was carried out in the same year. In 1592/93 Husayn ibn Janbulad, the Kurdish chieftain of Kilis and career Ottoman official, was appointed beylerbey of Tripoli, an act which was opposed by Ghumayda, who had since been released and given charge of an ilti. Ghumayda was killed on his way to Constantinople to protest Husayn's appointment. The Porte canceled his appointment to Tripoli because he suspected Husayn's involvement in the killing.Tensions may have been caused by the episode. The Porte issued an order to him regarding the shipment of olive oil-based soap from Tripoli, an important soap production center in the 16th and 17th centuries, to Constantinople. The Porte sent notices to the beylerbey of Damascus raising concerns about the employment of


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: imperial Janissaries in Damascus. In 1593, <mask> married Muhammad's widow and took control of the Keserwan. The Hamade clan escorted his new wife to Tripoli. Damascus Eyalet, which was part of the Keserwan, gained him the ire of the Damascus provincial government. His increasing proximity to Ma'nid domains in the southern Lebanon range provoked Fakhr al-Din II, the sanjak-bey of Sidon-Beirut Sanjak from 1592 and the son and successor of Qurqumaz ibn Yunis, who died in the 15In 1598, the Damascus beylerbey ordered Fakhr al-Din and Musa al-Harfush to leave the Keserwan and Lebanon. Fakhr al-Din and Musa fought a battle near the Nahr al-Kalb river in the Keserwan and conquered the city. Fakhr al-Din held the two territories for a year before agreeing to withdraw his forces and return them to <mask>. During the battle at Nahr al-Kalb, there was a rivalry between Fakhr al-Din and <mask>. The rivalry became a part of the local culture, as exemplified in a verse from the wine ode of a contemporary poet addressed to his companion. Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Akrami al-Salihi was from Damascus. The muqaddams of the village of Jaj were driven out by the Hamades in 1600 in revenge for their support for Fakhr al-Din.One of the Damascene Janissaries' two main leaders was allying with <mask>. The Damascene Janissaries were blocked from entering the city by an imperial guard in 1601. The fifty-day siege of Musa in Baalbek was a payback for the previous year. Hadath was pillaged after they captured its

masks: Yusuf Yusuf Yusuf Yusuf


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: citadel. Several captive partisans of Musa were executed in that village because of their alleged involvement in the murder of Ali SayFA. A nephew of Husayn ibn Janbulad launched a revolt in 1606. Although Ali was loyal to the Ottoman Sultan, he engaged in secret talks with the Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand I, to establish an independent realm over Syria.The rank of serdar (commander-in-chief) of the Ottoman forces throughout Syria was granted to <mask> in late 1606 in order to curry favor with the Porte. The bulk of imperial forces were engaged in the war with Austria and the sultan was compelled to grant <mask>'s request. With the help of the Janbulads, <mask> was able to gain considerable clout without requiring the Porte to intervene directly. Ali decided to kill or capture <mask> because he was an obstacle to his territorial ambitions in Syria. The imperial and provincial troops of Damascus, Hama, and Tripoli were routed by Ali in a relatively quick battle. Most of his allies defected to Ali. Fakhr al-Din joined Ali after Hama despite Ottoman orders.Ali and Fakhr al-Din advanced through the Beqaa Valley. After fleeing the city for Cyprus, he left command of the citadel to his slave soldier. After a short battle, Darwish's troops captured the city and took the treasure stored in the citadel. Fakhr al-Din probably took the Keserwan from the other side. Haifa is a port village controlled by the sanjak-bey of Lajjun. He proceeded to Damascus after securing an escort. Ali and Fakhr al-Din


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: traveled through Wadi al-Taym.The Damascene troops, including the Janissaries, were swelled by soldiers from Jerusalem, Nablus, Gaza, Lajjun, and Ajlun, all sanjaks of Damascus located in Palestine and Transjordan. Fakhr al-Din collaborated with a dissident Janissary group. In September or October, Ali and Fakhr al-Din moved their forces to the suburbs of Damascus, where Muhammad's troops were defeated in a battle. The Damascene troops retreated into the city after rejecting Ali's demand to surrender. The suburbs were sacked for three days. The officials of Damascus were alarmed by the economic impact of the city's impending sack and forced him to pay 100,000 gold piasters before he was allowed to leave. According to al-Burini, the leader of the troops didn't lead his troops during the Damascus engagements and hid among the womenfolk until he was escort out of the city by a Damascene guard.Ali said the city's leaders should not have allowed <mask> to leave because he had bought a war against him. After being bribed by the Damascenes, Ali lifted the siege. The fortress of Krak des Chevaliers is in the Homs Gap. Ali wanted peace to be sealed by a marriage alliance between their families. They reached an arrangement where Fakhr al-Din and Ali were in control of Syria. Husayn was wed to Ali's sister, while one of his daughters was married off to Ali. The agreement left <mask> in an awkward position where he became subservient to the rebel Ali Janbulad, while trying to remain loyal to the


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: Porte.After the Peace of Zsitvatorok, imperial troops were released from the Austrian front, suppressing Ali's revolt in 1607–1608. By the 1600s, Abu-Husayn said, <mask> had become almost completely Syrianized, by becoming enmeshed in the power structure of Syria's chieftains instead of solely dependent on them. The Kurdish Sunni emir Musa was his closest ally. The Al Musa of the Akkar plain were the closest Bedouin allies. The Druze leader in southern Lebanon was allied with the rivals of Fakhr al-Din. One of the family's chiefs, Shalhub, was allying with him. Husayn Pasha al-Jalali was replaced by an official from Constantinople.Fakhr al-Din, who had close ties with the grand vizier dating to the 1590s, may have engineered his dismissal to check his burgeoning local power. Fakhr al-Din, who was still sanjak-bey of Sidon-Beirut, was instructed by the grand vizier in 1610 to not allow <mask> to hinder his replacement's attempts to collect taxes in the eyalet. A kapicibasi (head doorkeeper) sent by the beylerbey of Damascus Ahmad Pasha al-Hafiz to collect a debt from <mask> was taken captive and executed by him along with his two attendants. The Porte ordered al-Jalali to punish the killers without naming them. During a battle with the Damascene Janissaries in the Hauran in 1613, <mask> sent reinforcements to aid Fakhr al-Din's son Ali, who was wounded. Fakhr al-Din's flight to Tuscany was compelled by an expedition by al-Hafiz. The Porte's favor was reclaimed by <mask>, who sent a force

masks: Yusuf Yusuf Yusuf Yusuf Yusuf


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: under his son Husayn and nephew Ahmad to fight alongside al-Hafiz.There were reinforcements from Deir al-Qamar sent to relieve the Ma'n-held Beaufort Castle on the Litani River. The Sayfas played a key role in the siege. After the Ma'ns submitted to al-Hafiz, Husayn was stopped from burning Deir al-Qamar. The Sayfas were rewarded by al-Hafiz when he restored the Keserwan. By early 1614, Husayn was made a pasha and appointed beylerbey of Tripoli. The eyalet of the Sidon-Beirut and Safad sanjaks became an eyalet in 1614, but they refused to hand over the Keserwan and repulsed an attempt. They retook Beirut once more after Sidon Eyalet was dissolved.The Sayfas' ascendancy ended in 1616 because of imperial and provincial changes. Al-Hafiz was replaced in Damascus by Cherkes Muhammad Pasha, Husayn was replaced by al-Jalali, and the Keserwan was transferred to the Ma'ns. The Sayfas and their Druze allies were defeated by the Ma'ns in four engagements in southern Lebanon in August. After retreating from the Keserwan, Hasan was captured by al-Jalali's troops and released after a large bribe by his father. The following year, Husayn was arrested and executed for attempting to bribe the Porte. As his position with the government deteriorated, his nephew's sons defected from him. After Husayn's execution, the former proclaimed his alliance with the Ma'ns from his fortress of Tula in Jubbat Bsharri.The rebellion was stamped out by <mask>. Fakhr al-Din returned to Mount Lebanon in December 1617 and


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: took advantage of the weakened position of <mask>. The practical authority of the beylerbey was confined to the city of Tripoli, the countryside being controlled by the new governor, who refused to forward tax revenues to the new governor. Fakhr al-Din, who offered to help Umar Kittanji assert control over the eyalet, marched against Hisn Akkar. The fortress and a caravan of provisions were taken by Fakhr al-Din. Muhammad ibn Husayn was captured by a Ma'nid force and held hostage by Fakhr al-Din. They fortified themselves in Safita after restating their alliance with the Ma'ns.The SayFA-held nahiyas of Hermel and Qayraniya were captured by Yunus al-Harf. Third term as the siege against <mask> progressed the Porte, possibly seeking to avoid a total victory by Fakhr al-Din, reinstated <mask> as beylerbey of Tripoli. The village of Akkar was burnt down by Fakhr al-Din and Umar Kittanji as they pressed their offensive. After that, the beylerbeys of Damascus and Aleppo moved their troops to Homs and Hama. Fakhr al-Din and Umar Kittanji agreed to a bribe of 50,000 piasters each, with an equivalent sum to be paid later, in exchange for the government's leverage. The siege was lifted on 4 March. There were debts owed to the Porte, beylerbeys of Damascus and Aleppo, and Fakhr al-Din.During the Krak des Chevaliers siege, the latter took over Byblos and Jubbat Bsharri and was unable to pay his debt to Fakhr al-Din so he leased them to him for four years. In 1620, <mask> tried to get the farms tax


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: back by offering Fakhr al-Din permanent peace terms, but his offer was rejected. Fakhr al-Din bribed the Porte 100,000 piasters to have their leader replaced by al-Jalali. 230,000 piasters were pledged by <mask>, which resulted in the cancellation of appointments to al-Jalali and Mustafa before they could take office. Fakhr al-Din was able to get an alliance with the Damascus Janissary leaders, who pressured the son of <mask> to execute his kethuda over a land dispute. In June 1621, Fakhr al-Din and Sulayman took over the village of Akkar after the Sayfas' houses were destroyed. Fakhr al-Din was charged with collecting the payment after the Porte was unable to collect taxes from <mask>.The fortress of al-Bahsas south of Tripoli was captured by the Ma'nid emir. Under pressure, Fakhr al-Din personally accepted the surrender of his properties in Lebanon, thus ending SayFA claims to the Keserwan and Beirut. The tax arrears to the Porte were not paid until the siege was over. Fakhr al-Din promised to pay the arrears after persuading the Porte that he was using the tax issue to take over. On October 2, 1621, Fakhr al-Din was withdrawn from Tripoli, while <mask> paid part of the arrears out of the silk revenues of the eyalet. The eyalet's tax arrears were not paid in time for the fourth term of <mask>'s term. Fakhr al-Din ordered his men to mobilize at Ghazir after he refused to give up the post.Beylik defected to Fakhr al-Din, his father-in-law, but his father-in-law abandoned him. In January


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: 1623, Umar Kittanji assumed office, but was unable to get the tax revenues of the province. In return for the tax farms of Byblos, Jubbat Bsharri, Dinniya and Jabal Akkar, Fakhr al-Din agreed to assist Umar Kittanji. Fakhr al-Din agreed to beylerbey if he retained the tax farms of the eyalet. After Fakhr al-Din mobilized his troops in Bsharri against him, he called off the campaign to meet his tax obligations to the Porte and avoid further dismissals from Tripoli. Beylik took control of Hisn Akkar and threw in his lot with Fakhr al-Din, who was assisted by Beylik and Sulayman. The two Sayfas were joined in their alliance with Fakhr al-Din by Umar Pasha of Homs.Shalhub and Muzaffar al-Andari defected to Fakhr al-Din. In the spring the Porte dismissed beylerbey, but he refused to turn over the city to his replacement Umar Kittanji, who docked his ship in the port of Batroun, which was controlled by the Ma'ns. The Porte agreed to reinstating him on the one hand, and with Fakhr al-Din, whose assistance was requested by Umar Kittanji, to stall the Druze emir from military action. He bribed Fakhr al-Din to hold off an assault. His authority was limited to the city of Tripoli, Krak des Chevaliers, the Jabala Sanjak, and the Koura nahiya held by the Kurds. There was a death on 14 or 15 Sha'ban 1034 or 22 July 1625. <mask> had lived for more than a century.According to the Aleppine historian Abu al-Wafa al-Urdi, a Sufi religious leader considered <mask> to be among four men of whom time had


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: become weary. His death brought to an end the history of the SayFA family in Syria. The Sayfas' influence and demise deepened the divisions within the household. Three of his sons, Qasim, Mahmud and Beylik, were given control of the city. His rule was not recognized by the Porte. The new governor allied with Fakhr al-Din and moved against the sons of the previous governor. Beylik and Mahmud fled to Krak des Chevaliers after fleeing to the Margat fortress.Fakhr al Mud-Din attacked the man and forced him to seek protection withlij al-Hayari. The Porte's orders for alleged collaboration with the Safavids led to the execution of Sulayman in late 1625 or early 1626 by the Bedouin emir. Fakhr al-Din interceded on behalf of the Krak des Chevaliers when they surrendered to <mask>'s sons. Fakhr al-Din was imprisoned by the Porte in 1633 after being given the post of beylerbeys in 1627. In 1634, Qasim was appointed bebeyyler. After being ordered to the Safavid front, he pretended to be insane and was replaced by his nephew. After two months in office, Ali was deposed by Assaf, whose mother was a concubine.Ali allied with Ali Alam al-Din, the Ottoman-appointed successor of Fakhr al-Din over the Druze iltizam of southern Mount Lebanon, and with his support defeated Assaf and retook control of Tripoli, as well as Batroun and Byblo Ali was appointed over Byblos, Batroun and Dinniya in 1636. When Nishanji was sent to the Safavid front, he put Assaf in charge of the eyalet. Heavy casualties and


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: members of the urban Sunni Muslim scholarly establishment are Ibn Karama, al-Burini, al-Muhibbi, al-Urdi, and Najm al-Din Muhammad al-Ghazzi. The protection of the Sufi sheikh Ahmad al-Kawakibi, who fled the persecution of the beylerbey Husayn ibn Janbulad in the 1600s, is one example."People, whether needy or not, called on them from various regions; it is said that they have revived the days of the Barmakids, who were known for their generosity," al-Utayfi wrote. His poor financial state was partly caused by his spending and patronage. Abu-Husayn believes that <mask>'s generosity was a costly means to gain recognition, which resulted in his dismissal from office or his loss of fiscal districts. The view of the Ottoman officialdom of <mask> was that he was a devious old man with a white beard, a sunburnt complexion, and a long face. He killed many men in Tripoli and threw them into a well so nobody could say that he killed them. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The inhabitants of the Akkar were mostly Sunni Muslims and were loyal to the Ottoman state, which they considered the global bastion of Sunni Islam.Although the Sunni Muslim townspeople and peasants supported him, his local manpower was opportunist and not loyal to him personally. The Ottomans were unpopular with the Maronites of Byblos, Batroun and Jubbat Bsharri. The Maronites of Jubbat Bsharri were attacked by Shia Muslim peasants in 1602. According to Duwayhi, one of the reasons for the friendly ties between <mask> and one of his predecessors was because of the permits of safe conduct that he secured. Maronites who had professed Islam to secure their personal interests reverted to publicly proclaiming their Christian faith, according to Duwayhi. The Maronite peasantry viewed <mask> as an agent of the state. His oversight of the Porte-ordered quartering of troops in 1607 led to the abandonment of four Maronite villages in Batroun, while his excessive taxation on fruit trees in 1621 led to the ruin of eight villages.Fakhr al-Din was favored by the Maronites because of his support from the Catholic coreligionists in the Italian states. George Sandys was an English traveler who visited Syria in 1610. The Sayfas did not invest in or promote the economic development of Tripoli. The Soap Caravanserai (Khan al-Saboun) is the


title: Yusuf Sayfa

texts: city's soap industry, but there are no indications that they took an interest in it. With its easy access to the major cities of the Syrian interior, the port of Tripoli was supposed to be a hub for foreign trade. In 1623, he seized the gold, goods and cloth of two Venetian ships docked in Tripoli's harbor. All eighty crew members were beheaded on the shore after the ships' crews were found to be Maltese pirates.The consul in Izmir went to Tripoli to investigate, but was warned that he would be executed if the investigation continued. No foreign ships docked at Tripoli after the incident, according to al-Khalidi. The economic decline of the eyalet was gradual. Sidon and Acre flourished under Fakhr al-Din, while agriculture flourished in the Galilee and southern Lebanon. The eyalet's silk production was stimulated by the planting of thousands of mulberry trees by Fakhr al-Din. <mask> was a poor manager of affairs, and lacked the imagination and energy of Fakhr al-Din, to whom he was indebted. The 16th-century people of the Ottoman Empire, the 17th-century people of the Ottoman Empire, and the Kurdish people of the Ottoman Empire are all


title: Alonso de Alvarado

texts: <mask> was a knight of the Order of Santiago. Secadura de Trasmiera is where he was born. He joined the campaign of Francisco Pizarro after a period in Mexico. In 1534, he went with his uncle to search for gold. At the Battle of Las Salinas in 1538, he fought against the armies of Manco Inca Yupanqui that were besieging the city in 1536. He fought at Chupas and Jaquijahuana. While charged with avarice and cruelty, it is clear that during the period of civil wars in Peru, <mask> was an adherent to the interests of the Spanish crown.It was not always profitable and safe to be on the side of those who he thought to be sincere representatives of the crown, as he INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals He commanded the troops of Pizarro's followers when <mask> claimed the mythical city of Cuzco. He was captured at the Battle of Abancay. He took part in all the bloody troubles that followed, always as a prominent military leader and always unsuccessful when in immediate command, after escaping under great difficulties and dangers and rejoining Pizarro. He was a mainstay of the Spanish cause and held a high military position. <mask> married in Spain in 1544. <mask> was put in

masks: Alonso de Montaya Gonzlez de Cevallos y Miranda


title: Alonso de Alvarado

texts: charge of the forces to fight the rebellion.At Chuquinga, in 1554, a signal defeat was suffered by <mask>. He was overcome by melancholy after the last disaster and died. The first step towards the Amazon basin was taken in the years 1535 and 1536 with the pacification of Chachapoyas. The city that is today the capital of the Chachapoyas is the result of the expeditions that penetrated the Amazon Basin in the 15th century. In the year of the Lord one thousand five hundred and thirty eight Ihsu Christo, with sixty Spaniards under the control of captain <mask>, the first foundation of the city of Chachapoyas was built. Captain Luis Valera is the father of the Cachapoyana Jesuit Blas Valera and he was present at the foundation. He organized new expeditions along the Maran River and founded the city of Moyobamba in 1540 because of his knowledge of the treasures that a legendary city was keeping in the thickness of the forest.<mask> and Francisco Pizarro were both involved in civil wars. He escaped after being made a prisoner in 1537. The Battle of Las Salinas took place in 1538 and was won by the followers of Pizarro. Francisco Pizarro ordered him to look in 1539 for the ideal place to build the city. He took part in the foundation with <mask> <mask>. Francisco Pizarro was killed by "El Mozo" in 1541. The governor Cristbal Vaca <mask> defeated "El Mozo" in the battle of Chupas.Carlos I of Spain named a

masks:
Alvarado
Alonso de
Diego deAlmagro
Francisco de
Crdenas
de Castro


title: Alonso de Alvarado

texts: member of the Order of Santiago and Marshall ofPeru after him when he returned to Spain and married. In 1546. The younger brother of Pizarro, Gonzalo, rebelled against the Crown in April 1548. The victory of <mask> la Gasca in the battle of Jaquijahuana did not calm the many Spaniards who were opposed to the increasing control of the Spanish court. He was the captain-general and chief justice in La Plata and Potos. The Battle of Chuquinga took place in 1554 and resulted in the defeat of the rebels. In 1556, <mask> died.There were many expeditions that left for the forest from the city of Chachapoyas. The thirst for wealth of the first Spanish explorers was inspired by the legend of El Dorado. Although the enthusiasm for the tasty reward was commanding his sleep, his companies met frustadas for unsuspected enemies: the famine, the illnesses, the Indians and the forest itself. The imaginary conqueror described "El Dorado" as a city with streets and temples covered in gold and he kept in his constructions and squares made of massive gold. Sometimes he was looked to the north from Chachapoyas, and other times they found his track in the central forest. The doors for the initial colonization and evangelization of some of the most extensive and remote regions of South America were opened by this golden legend. There are people from Trasmiera, Cantabrian conquistadors, Spanish generals, and the Knights of

masks:
Pedro de
Alvarado


title: Sean McGrath (philosopher)

texts: <mask> is a Canadian philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at Memorial University of Newfoundland. He has published work in the history of philosophy and religion. The dark ground of spirit: schelling and the unconscious, thinking nature: an essay in negative ecology, and the philosophy of the late schelling: the turn to the positive are all single-authored works. The President's Award for Outstanding Research is given by Memorial University. He was a member of the College of New Scholars. Secular Christ, a series of podcasts on secular Christianity, was released in collaboration with the Centre of the Cross. In 2002 he received his PhD in philosophy from the University of Toronto.After many years of teaching and studying at the University of Freiburg, first as a Humboldt fellow and later as a PhD candidate, <mask> earned his PhD in Theology from the Christian Theological Academy in Warsaw. From 2002 to 2003 he taught philosophy at the University of Toronto, from 2003 to 2004 at Mount Saint Mary's University, and from 2004 to 2007 at Mount Allison University. He was a Visiting Professor in the School of Religious Studies. He is an Adjunct Professor of Religious Studies. Since graduating from the University of Toronto in 2002 with a degree in philosophy, <mask> has written a number of publications that include religion, ecology, and depth psychology. The philosophy of religion and Christian theology is one of the main areas of his output. The legacy of religion in secular society is a major theme of his work.The Early Heidegger and Medieval Philosophy: Phenomenology for the Godforsaken was his first book. "Phenomenology for the Godforsaken is a systematic and detailed dismantling of Heidegger's deconstruction of medieval scholasticism." The book

masks:
Sean Joseph McGrath
McGrath
McGrath


title: Sean McGrath (philosopher)

texts: is underscored by his recent publications. The concept of nature is not a scientific concept according to the author of Thinking Nature: An Essay in Negative Ecology.It is vague because it is a living symbol that is constantly changing. The book is a passionate, timely and audacious book. For a New Earth is a registered NPO in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The Muskrat Falls Symposium in Happy Valley-Goose Bay Labrador and The Future of Nature Conference in Gros Morne Park were hosted by FANE. He was a professed monk in the Roman Catholic religious order of the Spiritual Life Institute. He pursued graduate studies in theology and philosophy after leaving religious life. He believes that Christianity is not finished with us.If Christianity is what it was proclaimed to be in the early teaching of the Church, then it cannot be over and does not depend on any of the institutions associated with it. Christianity is compatible with a variety of institutional forms according to the history of the Church. Christianity is the necessary condition for the rise of secular consciousness in early modernity. The question is, Who is Christ today? He looks to popular culture figures for signs of the Christ in the Western imaginary. While remaining aligned with all the Christian denominations that identify with the teachings of the council of Nicaea and Chalcedon, <mask>'s preferred description for his religious commitment is contemplative Christianity. The Early Heidegger and Medieval Philosophy: Phenomenology for the Godforsaken is a single-authored book.Rethinking German idealism was co-edited by A.Wiercinski. The Collected Essays in Speculative Philosophy was co-edited by J. Carew and James Bradley. The co-edited book was written by J. Carew and K.


title: Eric Hosking

texts: <mask> was an English photographer who was noted for his bird photography. One of the first professional photographers to make a living mainly from photographing birds was <mask>. He was born in London in 1909. During World War I, <mask>'s family moved to north London, where he developed his photographic business. On February 22, 1991, Hosking died suddenly after returning from a trip to Africa. It was a bold move to start out in wildlife photography. The Zoological Photographic Club, founded in 1899, was founded by a group of people who took photographs of birds for their own interest.With no financial backing other than understanding parents, Hosking began to develop a market for his wildlife photographs. During the spring and summer, birds were mainly photographed at the nest because pre-focussing was necessary. In autumn and winter, articles could be written for magazines like Picture Post and Country Life, and book ideas were developed and illustrated with high numbers of good quality images. Birds of the Day, published by Collins in 1944, sold more than 50,000 copies. A turning point in Hosking's career happened on 12 May 1937. He returned to the tawny owl photographic hide late at night and was struck in the face by the owl's claw. The choice was between losing one eye or going blind.His photographs were in great demand after the eye was removed and the publicity appeared in all the national newspapers. He returned to the hide to continue taking pictures. Lectures were taken up in the evening. It was not unusual for Hosking to give 100 or more in a year. Many tens of thousands of people were entertained with lantern slides of British bird life during his lecturing career. Many comments made by people from Hosking's generation suggest that this form of education had a

masks:
Eric John Hosking
Eric Hosking
Hosking


title: Eric Hosking

texts: profound effect on many of them. It is useful to understand how difficult it was to take Hosking's black and white bird photographs.Success in the picture taking process was dependent on in-depth knowledge, experience and calculation. Without through-the-lens viewing, the camera was pre-focussed with a distance scale to where the subject was expected to be. The exposure was manually calculated, working out the best F-stop and shutter speed combination, and hoping that the light intensity did not change before the picture was taken. The film had a low light sensitivity. Film ISO 400 and above became readily available, allowing much faster shutter speeds. The glass base was fragile. Only one picture could be taken before reloading.Light-proof changing-bag is required for film holders to be loaded in complete darkness. For a day's photography, it was common to have only 12 exposures. The negatives had to be developed in the darkroom before they were printed. The process has changed since Hosking's death. He was always interested in new technology. He was the first to see the potential of flashbulbs for photographing nocturnal birds. He was the first person to use electronic flash to record birds in flight.People saw birds they had never seen before in his pictures taken with the new lighting. With the increasing availability of books, magazines and television, it is possible to plot the growth in membership of organizations like the RSPB. During Hosking's lifetime, most of the growth took place. In her tribute to Hosking's work, Rothschild wrote: <mask>g brought birds into all our lives. Our eyes were opened to the beauty of their world. He probably achieved more for birds than any other person. The <mask>sking Trust was established in 1993 to commemorate Hosking's life and

masks:
Eric Hoskin
Eric Ho