title: Jason Banton

texts: to play due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United Kingdom. <mask> made his debut during a 1–0 victory over Haringey Borough after agreeing to join Kingstonian. He joined Bishop's Stortford on a loan in February of 2022, with 'The Blues' sitting in the play-off places on the hunt for promotion. There are external links to career statistics. The players are from Spurs. The players are from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from The players of the club.The players are fromLeicester City F.C. The players of Burton Albion F.C. The Seattle Sounders FC drafted Crystal Palace F.C. The players are from the Argyle F.C. Players from Keynes Dons F.C. The players of the club. The players are from Hartlepool United F.C.The players are from Notts County F.C. The players are from Crawley Town. The players are from Partick Thistle F.C. The players are from Woking. The players are from Torquay United F.C. The players are from St. Albans City F.C. The players are from Dulwich Hamlet F.C.The players are from Truro City F.C. The players are from Braintree Town F.C. The players are from Romford. The players are from the F.C. The players are from Kingstonian F.C. The players are from Bishop's Stortford F.C. Football players from English, Scottish, and


title: Chuck Dressen

type: paraphrased

masks:
Charles Walter Dressen
Chuck
Dressen
Dressen


title: Chuck Dressen

texts: 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The playing skipper of the Nashville Vols of the Southern Association was Dressen's first chance to manage. He was called up late in 1933 to fill in as a third baseman for the Giants when regular Johnny Vergez was forced out of the lineup because of appendicitis. Dressen started the month batting.222.He helped the Giants win Game 4 of the World Series. With New York leading the game by a single run in the bottom of the 11th, the Washington Senators loaded the bases with one out and sent up a pinch hitter. The Giants' first baseman and player-manager Bill Terry was told how to pitch and defend by Dressen on his own initiative. The Giants took a three-games-to-one lead in the Series and went on to win five games. <mask> was seen as a potential major league manager. <mask> was called to manage the last-place Reds on July 29, 1934, after rejoining Nashville at the outset of his successful minor league managerial career. The Reds rose as high as fifth place under him, but when they fell back into the National League basement, he was fired.He returned to Nashville and took the Vols to a second-place finish. <mask>

masks: Dressen Dressen Dressen


title: Chuck Dressen

texts: made a valuable ally in the Reds, despite his poor won-lost record. After becoming president and general manager of the Dodgers, MacPhail named <mask> as his third base coach. Brooklyn's third NL pennant of the modern era was won by the Dodgers under MacPhail and Durocher. According to reports, <mask> was fired from Durocher's staff because he refused to bet on horses. He was on the sideline for the first three months of the season before he was rehired by the Dodgers. As the Second World War ended, MacPhail returned to baseball as part owner, president and general manager of the New York Yankees.After the campaign, he raided the Dodger coaching staff, hiring <mask> and Red Corriden as aides. There was a public feud between MacPhail on one side and Rickey on the other. The Commissioner of Baseball suspended Durocher for the entire season for conduct detrimental to baseball, suspended <mask> for 30 days for signing a Yankee contract while still an employee of the Dodgers, and fined both clubs and some of their employees. After the Yankees won the World Series in 1947, MacPhail and Harris both left baseball. Harris did not retain <mask> as the manager of the Oakland Oaks of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League. His teams won 104 and 118 games in the regular season, finishing second and first. Rickey was forced out of the Brooklyn front office by the power struggle for

masks: Dressen Dressen Dressen Dressen Dressen


title: Chuck Dressen

masks: Dressen Dressen


title: Chuck Dressen

texts: and the Braves played a day game. The Giants began to win.The Giants won 16 in a row in August and 37 in a row in the last month of the season. The teams were tied at the end of the season, meaning a best-of-three game playoff to decide who won the league title. In the ninth of the decisive third game at the Polo Grounds, starting Dodger pitcher Don Newcombe had a 4–2 lead and two men on base when he was taken out of the game. The manager was told by his coach that Erskine was bouncing his curve. Branca, whose second pitch to Bobby Thomson was hit into the lower left-field stands for a three-run home run, was summoned by Dressen. For the next two seasons, the Dodgers dominated the National League, winning the regular-season games by margins and 13 lengths, while <mask> kept his job and denied that the Branca decision was a factor in his departure. They lost to the Yankees in the World Series in 1952 and 1953.The Dodgers offered their managers a one-year deal instead of a three-year contract, but <mask> decided to demand a three-year contract instead. <mask> resigned when the owner allowed his old contract to expire. He was replaced by Walter Alston, a veteran minor leaguer who was unknown to Brooklyn fans and the media. While winning seven NL pennants, four World Series, and a spot in the Baseball Hall of Fame, Alston went on to sign 23 consecutive one-year


title: Chuck Dressen

texts: contracts. While he sorted out his big-league future, <mask> was hired to take over the Washington Senators, who had gone 66–88 to finish sixth in the eight-team American. The second division team had a poor farm system. Baseball observers predicted that he would rouse the Senators with his managerial skills.On September 30, 1954, <mask> appeared on the Groucho Marx quiz program, You Bet Your Life, and predicted that the Senators would finish in the first division. His former boss said, "Dressen will steal at least six games for Washington in 1955." The team was told by Dressen that they wouldn't finish in sixth place again. The 1955 Senators finished eighth and last, the 1956 edition finished seventh, and the 1957 club was 4–16 when <mask> was fired. His Senators had a winning percentage of.354. After the franchise became the Minnesota Twins, the team's next winning season would have to wait. After leaving Washington, <mask> returned to the Los Angeles Dodgers to serve as a coach.The Dodgers won the World Series in 1959 and <mask> was in demand as a manager again. After the Dodgers lost the 1959 National League tie-breaker series to the Braves, Fred Haney stepped down as their manager. The Braves and Dodgers were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217


title: Chuck Dressen

texts: 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Two of Milwaukee's four consecutive NL championship victories were short. The Braves named Dressen their field boss. Hank Aaron, Eddie Mathews and Warren Spahn were still on Milwaukee's roster. The Braves' farm system could not keep up with the production of the stars around them.The Braves' decline to the middle of the NL pack was not able to be reversed by Dressen. They finished second in 1960, but a full seven games behind, and were in fourth place late in the season, when <mask> was replaced. <mask> went back to the minor league for one last assignment. He managed the Toronto Maple Leafs of the Triple-A International League, who had a working agreement with the Braves, to 91 victories. <mask> was out of uniform as the season began and scouting for the Dodgers. After the Detroit Tigers won only 24 of their first 60 games,


title: Chuck Dressen

texts: <mask> was hired to take over the team. He was a mentor to many of the key players who won the 1968 World Series for Detroit, including Denny McLain and Willie Horton.By his third year with Detroit, <mask>'s health began to fail. He didn't return as the Tigers' manager until May 31 after having a heart attack in spring training. He had a second heart attack on May 16 after managing the first 26 games. He died of cardiac arrest in a Detroit hospital on August 10, 1966, after he had a heart attack. <mask>'s age was reported to be 67 when he died because his year of birth was 1898. Baseball Reference and Retrosheet have dated his birth year to 1894, making him 71 years of age at his passing. He is buried in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.<mask>, known for his self-confidence, told the Dodgers to hold them for a while. I'll think of something. His big league managerial record included a                        . Managerial record See also List of Major League Baseball managers who have won. Baseball players from Illinois are buried at Forest Lawn Memorial

masks: Dressen Dressen Dressen Dressen


title: Esteban Chaves

texts: <mask> was born in January 1990 and is a professional cyclist. Since the start of the 2012 season, <mask> has competed as a professional, having signed for the team as a neo-pro after three seasons as an amateur. A monument winner, <mask> is a two-time grand tour podiumfinisher. As an amateur, <mask> won the French Tour de l'Avenir race in 2011, a race previously won by five future winners of the Tour de France. The mountains jersey was taken by <mask> after the first road stage of the race. He regained the lead on the third stage, having led the field over the Grand Ballon. <mask> moved into contention for the overall honours with several top-ten stage finishes, and was seven seconds behind race leader David Boily before the final stage, in Alba, Italy.Although he was beaten to the line by Warren Barguil and Mattia Cattaneo, <mask>' third place coupled with a 24 second time gap to the field allowed him to win the race. <mask> became a professional with the newly formed team for the 2012 season, as his former team returned to the domestic ranks. He withdrew from the race on the last day of the season in Italy. The Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia is a single-day race that takes place in the Basque Country. Izagirre beat <mask> in the sprint finish after Izagirre shadowed his move. The final stage of the Vuelta a Burgos was won by <mask>. <mask> beat his former team-mate to take his first professional victory on the line, but only after he was able to follow his team-mates on the final climb to Lagunas de Neila.After forming a group with Franco Pellizotti of the team on the Monte Pitoro climb, <mask> won the Gran Premio Citt di Camaiore in Italy. There was a crash at the Trofeo

masks:
Jhoan Estebans Rubio
Chaves
Chaves
Chaves
Chaves
Chaves
Chaves
Chaves
Chaves
Chaves
Chaves
Chaves


title: Esteban Chaves

texts: Laigueglia in February of 2013). The doctor said that he had a compound fracture to his right clavicle, a fractured left petrous bone, a fractured cheekbone, and a fractured sphenoid bone. The Orica–GreenEDGE team signed <mask> on an initial two-year contract. At the Vuelta a Espaa, <mask> won stage 2 by outsprinting Tom Dumoulin and Nicolas Roche at the summit of the final third category climb of Caminito del Rey. He took the overall race lead. The race lead was lost by <mask> on stage 5 as he was caught out in a split at the finish and dropped 6 seconds to Dumoulin.However, on stage 6 <mask> attacked from the summit of the final climb to Sierra de Cazorla and held off Dan Martin and Dumoulin for his second stage win and regain the race lead. The Vuelta <mask> extended his contract for three more years. He finished fifth in the Vuelta. In 2016 he finished second in the Giro d'Italia and third in the Vuelta a Espaa. The first victory in one of cycling's "monuments" was won by <mask>. He was on the startlist for the Tour de France. He finished 62nd in the general classification, almost two-and-a-half hours down on the winner.He went back to the Vuelta a Espaa later in the year. He showed good form in the beginning, but fell back to eleventh overall. He started his campaign at the Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race. He took the victory and the lead in the overall classification after breaking away from the rest of the pack. He won the event overall the next day, his second victory in a stage race. He won stage 6 of the Giro d'Italia. On 31 May, <mask> won stage 19 of the Giro d'Italia, his first victory in over a year.After eight seasons with the team, <mask> signed for the next

masks: Chaves Chaves Chaves Chaves Chaves Chaves Chaves Chaves


title: Arkady Shevchenko

texts: He was the highest-ranking Soviet official to defect to the West. <mask> rose through the ranks of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to become an advisor to the Foreign Minister. He was appointed Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1973, but he couldn't fulfill his mission of impartiality and began to pass Soviet secrets to the CIA. He defected to the United States from the Soviet Union in 1978 and lived there for the rest of his life. When he was five years old, his family moved to Yevpatoria, a resort town on the Black Sea, where his father was the administrator. He, his mother, and the patients in the sanatorium were evacuated to the Altay Mountains of Siberia in 1941, when the Crimea was overrun by German forces. After the Germans were driven out of the peninsula, the family was together again.He recalled how his father went to the Yalta Conference to observe and report on the health of US President Franklin Roosevelt. <mask> was admitted to the Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1949 after graduating from secondary school. He was trained to become a foreign service diplomat after studying Marxist, Leninist and Stalinist theory. He married a fellow student. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217

masks: Shevchenko Shevchenko


title: Arkady Shevchenko

texts: 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The Department of International Organizations at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the USSR was a branch of the Foreign Ministry dealing with the United Nations and NGOs. He was sent to New York City in 1959 to represent the Soviet Union at the UN General Assembly.<mask> was a member of the Soviet delegation at the 1962 Geneva Committee on Disarmament Negotiations. He was appointed Chief of the Soviet Mission's Security Council and Political Affairs Division at the United Nations. His family went with him to New York City. He was an advisor to Andrei Gromyko. His duties included a wide range of Soviet foreign policy initiatives. The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Soviet leadership's perspective of it were close to <mask>'s heart. He described it in an interview.<mask> became an Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1973. He was expected to support and promote the policies of the Soviet Union even though he was employed by the United Nations. He became resentful of the restrictions that his Soviet superiors imposed on him that prevented him from carrying out his duties objectively. The early 1970s were a time when NATO and the Eastern Bloc cooperated. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and other international agreements were negotiated during this time. According to <mask>'s memoirs, he became increasingly dissatisfied with the attitudes of the Soviets towards these international agreements. He had immediate access to the inner workings of the

masks: Shevchenko Shevchenko Shevchenko Shevchenko


title: Arkady Shevchenko

texts: Moscow ordering him to return to the Soviet Union. He called his CIA contact because he realized that if he flew to Moscow, he wouldn't be allowed to return to his UN duties or leave the Soviet Union. He wrestled with how to broach the idea of defection with his wife. He knew that she would reject the offer. He didn't tell her until he left a note for her and went out the door. He wanted her to read the note and catch up with him if she chose to. A man answered the phone when he called her the next day.He thought that she called the KGB after reading the note. Less than two months after she was whisked back to Moscow, she died of a suspected suicide. In order to gain leverage in her situation, she may have threatened senior party members with exposure of their corruption, which made killing her the easiest solution. He admitted to himself that the reason he never told her about his defection was that she would probably get angry and expose his plan to the KGB. <mask> was sentenced to death in the Soviet Union. <mask> lived in the United States from 1978 to his death in Maryland 20 years later. In 1985, he published his book, "Breaking With Moscow", in which he described Soviet Russia as a mobster economy in which the KGB played a significant role.In the summer of 1978, the FBI ordered a call girl named Judy Chavez from Washington. The Judy Chavez Story was published in 1979. <mask> was buried in Washington, DC after he died of a heart attack. There is a list of Eastern Bloc defectors. excerpts from breaking with Moscow were published online. St. Martins' Press was published in 1994. People from Horlivka Soviet defectors to the United States were killed by American spies against the

masks: Shevchenko Shevchenko Shevchenko


title: Damond Williams

masks: Williams Williams


title: Damond Williams

texts: and New Mexico State, before finding a permanent role on the men's basketball team at the Lake Charles Toyota. He earned a bachelor's degree in Social Sciences after playing 50 games for the Cowboys. He was named Chevrolet Most Valuable Player of the 1st-round game against Mississippi State University in the 2002 NCAA Tournament because of his brilliant all-around game. <mask> started his professional career in Ireland with the Tralee Tigers in the 2003– 2004 season, helping the team win the championship. <mask> played for the Cedar Rapids River Raiders in the United States Basketball League.<mask> played for the Dakota Wizards in the Continental Basketball Association league. After returning to the U.S., <mask> was drafted into the NBA Development League to play for the Los Angeles D-Fenders. <mask> accepted the offer to compete in the top basketball league in Syria. In 2004 and 2007, <mask> played for the Globetrotters. In 2007, <mask> joined the Argentine LNB League team Boca Juniors, where he led his team to win the Argentina de Bsquetbol Argentina Cup at the National Level. <mask> played for multiple teams within the LNB. In 2007, <mask> joined the Syrian Basketball League, playing for 3 teams.<mask> won several titles while playing in the Syrian League, including the title in the Syrian League. References 1980 births Living people Basketball players from Chicago Dakota Wizards players Los Angeles D-Fenders players McNeese State Cowboys basketball players New Mexico State Aggies men's basketball players American men's basketball

masks:
Ireland Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


title: Joe Mesi

texts: <mask> is a retired boxer and Democratic Party politician from New York. He defeated former world champion Vassily Jirov as well as other title challengers. <mask> grew up in a suburb of Buffalo. He attended a high school in New York. He didn't start boxing until he was 19 years old. He was a New York State Golden Gloves champion and an amateur boxer who defeated Hasim Rahman. <mask>net Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet<mask> was once considered the third professional franchise in Buffalo, with the Buffalo Bills and Buffalo Sabres being the other two. <mask> supports many local charities and is often seen at Bills and Sabres games. <mask> started a non-profit in 2002 to raise awareness about organ donation and transplantation after he found out his cousin was in need of a transplant. She was able to receive the operation after her cousin died in an accident. In January 2004, <mask> donated $7,500 to the Golisano Children's Hospital in Rochester, New York as a way of giving back to the Rochester community and to promote an upcoming fight at the Blue Cross Arena, with a recipient and his family in attendance. Admission fees to victory parties funded the foundation. Injury and suspension set back <mask>'s promising boxing career when he had suffered at least one and possibly two subdural hematomas after a 2004 bout with former cruiserweight champion Vassiliy Jirov.In the ninth round, <mask> was

masks:
Joe Mesi
Joe
Mesi Hughes
Joe
Joe
Mesi
Mesi
Mesi
Mesi


title: Joe Mesi

texts: knocked down by a right hook and in the tenth round, he was knocked down two more times. The bout was scored 94-93 for <mask> by all three judges. In June 2005, <mask>, along with his attorneys and three doctors, went before the Nevada State Athletic Commission to argue that he was in no more danger than any other boxer. <mask>'s appeal was denied. Football players and other athletes who had more severe head injuries than <mask> were allowed to continue their careers. Tony Alamo replied, "You don't play boxing, you play football." He was banned from boxing in the United States because of the full faith and credit clause.He launched several ineffective lawsuits against parties he claimed had leaked his health information, while also appealing to Nevada representatives that he should be allowed to box. The suspension was lifted when <mask>'s Nevada boxing license expired. The license was not renewed due to the concerns of Nevada boxing officials. In 2006 and 2007, <mask> was licensed by boxing commissions in Puerto Rico, Louisiana, Arkansas and Michigan. <mask> won all of his fights and retired from boxing in 2007. One of the longest active boxing records in the world was held by <mask>. Prior to his two-year layoff, <mask> was #16 in the December 2007 rankings.<mask> was a member of the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame and the New York State Boxing Hall of Fame. On February 14, 2008, <mask> publicly expressed his interest to run for the New York State Senate. Mary Lou Rath resigned from the 61st District seat. On September 9, 2008, he won the Democratic primary. <mask> was defeated in the general election. <mask> is in charge of a local Buffalo liaison office for the Democratic Senate Majority. There was a rumor that <mask> was a potential Democratic candidate for the New York State Assembly.Raymond Walter won the seat. <mask> is a medical supply salesman. <mask> and his wife have three

masks:
Mesi
Mesi
Mesi
Mesi
Mesi
Mesi
Mesi
Joe Mesi
Mesi
Mesi
Mesi
Mesi
Joe
Mesi
Mesi
Mesi


title: Aditya Narayan Purohit

texts: An Indian scientist and professor named <mask> was born on July 30, 1940. He was born in Kimni. Chamoli. He was the Director of the High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Center and the Vice-Chancellor of the university. From 1990 to 1995 he was the Director of the Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development. The President of India awarded <mask> the fourth highest civilian award of India in 1997 for his valuable scientific contribution in Indian mountains. <mask> was born in the Chamoli district of India.He graduated from Panjab University Chandigarh with a degree in research studies. He worked at a number of universities before joining H.N.B. Garhwal University was founded in 1977. He has delivered seminars all over the world. He has a daughter and a son with his wife, Malti <mask>. <mask> started work on high altitude plants after joining HNB Garhwal University. The first Alpine Center in India was established by him at 1300-ft elevation at Tungnath.The low altitude species are less sensitive to environmental stresses than the high altitude species. The plants made by <mask> and his associates have helped in germinating many species and establishing them in nature. He and his associates have come up with a technology that can increase the yield of Aconites, Alpine and sub-alpine plants by up to 12 fold. He made a valuable scientific contribution to the mountain plants. After leaving H.N.B. He was offered a special chair by Garhwal University in 2002 to advise on the development and management of plants in the state. He established a centre for plants.From 1991 to 1997 he was a member of the Board of Governors of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. He is a member of the editorial board. <mask> was a member of the group constituted by the Planning Commission. The national policy for the development of the Himalayan region needs to be formulated. The action plan for the

masks:
Aditya Narayan Purohit
Purohit
Purohit
Purohit
Purohit
Purohit
Purohit


title: Aditya Narayan Purohit

texts: international mountain forum. <mask> has worked on ecology of trees and high altitude plants. The indeterminate species can be made determinate by <mask>. He proposed that it is the channelization of food factors and the reproductive hormones that controls the indeterminate nature of the plants.Prof. <mask> has shown a close relationship between photosystem I and the start of generative phase. The biophysical processes relating to the excitation of molecule in response to light and oxidation-reduction state of reaction centre pigments are proposed by him. <mask> reported the first report of histological changes in the shoot apex during the longest period of dormancy and the first report of recurrent growth pattern in trees. This was confirmed by a simple experiment in which he grew dogalus fir seedlings in high concentration which resulted in bud dormancy leading to cone like structure in one year old seedlings of this plant. He found that the presence of red light during flowering is associated with the concentration of inhibits flowering in classical short day plants. He reported for the first time that enrichment affects viral multiplication. The applied value of variations in leaf temperatures in plants has been added to the scientific field by <mask> and his associates.Under and over temperature tree species have been identified. Their findings show that species have higher survival potential on mountain slopes with high temperature and irradiance. He worked out the superiority index for selection of tree species for plantation in mountains and their fuel wood value index. <mask>'s study on large cardamum and mandarin based agroforestry systems in Sikkim showed that under the influence of fixing trees, there was an increase in the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil. The significance of these findings is great. <mask> started work on high altitude plants after joining Garhwal University.

masks: Purohit Purohit Purohit Purohit Purohit Purohit Purohit


title: Aditya Narayan Purohit

texts: He established a research centre with a field station at 1300 feet.The low altitude species are less sensitive to environmental stresses than the high altitude species. The regulatory role of cotyledons in the growth of epicotyle has been reported by him. The plants made by <mask> and his associates have helped in germinating many species and establishing them in nature. He and his associates have come up with a technology that can increase the yield of Aconites, Alpine and sub-alpine plants by up to 12 fold. <mask> helped establish G.B. The institute is called the Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development. The institute has units all over India.The base document for the sustainable development of the Himalayan region was prepared with the assistance of all the staff members of the institute. He initiated many programmes in the Himalayan region Badrivan Restoration with the help of pilgrims, which has been cited as a model for restoration of religious places all over the world. <mask> was the recipient of the President of India's highest award for scientific achievement. Views on Physiology of Flowering was edited by books. K.G. Ramakrishnan. K.S. Saxena A.R. and R.K. Maikhuri collaborated on Harvesting the Herbs.M.C. and Nautiyal. He has published more than 175 papers and has guided 20 research scholars. In 1969 the J.J. Chinoy Gold medal was given for the best piece of research work published in the Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. The Indian Society of Tree Scientists received the Seth Memorial Award in 1992. The Citizens Council, Dehra Dun, U.P. gave the award to the Fellow of Indian National Science Academy. The Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation Award in Agriculture for the advancement in Science and Technology was given in 1996. The Shiksha Ratna Award was given by the University of Petroleum & Energy Studies.The National Academy of Sciences India gave the RN Tandon Memorial

masks: Purohit Purohit Purohit


title: Chico O'Farrill

texts: O'Farrill was best known for his work in the Latin idiom, specifically Afro-Cuban jazz or "Cubop", but he also composed traditional jazz pieces and even symphonic works. He was the son of an Irish father and a German mother. He composed works for Machito, the Afro-Cuban suite with Charlie Parker, and the Bebop Orchestra, among others. O'Farrill's big band lived at New York's Birdland nightclub in the 1990s. The band was taken over by O'Farrill's son. O'Farrill was born in Cuba. He became enamored with jazz music and pursued that instead of following in his family's footsteps and entering into law practice.He discovered big band jazz when he attended military boarding school in Florida, where he first learned to play the trumpet, and after returning to Havana began studying classical music under Felix Guerrero at the Havana Conservatory. He pursued the jazz scene in his free time after moving to New York City in 1948. After moving to New York City, he wrote a song called " Undercurrent Blues". His nickname was born when he had trouble pronouncing his name, and began referring to him as "<mask>" instead. The Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite feat. Machito was one of the works he worked on during this period. The Afro-Cuban jazz work "Manteca Theme" was recorded on May 24, 1954. He started his own band, the Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra, which toured the country, recorded, and played weekly at the Birdland jazz club.He and his wife, singer Lupe Valero, lived in Mexico from 1957 to 1965, and he wrote a suite for Art Farmer in 1959 while there. He returned to New York City in 1965, where he worked for CBS on their show "The CBS Festival of Lively Arts for Young People." He recorded Spanish Rice, an album of his Afro-Cuban jazz compositions, with


title: Chico O'Farrill

texts: introducing rhythm sections. O'Farrill composed in a highly strict, tightly-organized fashion due to his strict conservatories education. Ben Ratliff, writing for The New York Times, describes his work as "cinematic", saying that the music is complicated and leaves little. O'Farrill's style is a fusion of the Cuban music he heard growing up, the jazz music that he became enamored with in school, and the European classical music he studied in conservatories, and it is summarized in his Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite. The title alludes to the inclusion of these three elements, and several movements are inspired by music of a Latin idiom, while others are more jazz-inspired.O'Farrill states that he was never an expert on Cuban music. They asked me to write a suite, and I just wrote it according to my best understanding. Todd Barkan, O'Farrill's manager and record producer from his 90s comeback, notes in his obituary that O'Farrill felt a good measure of appreciation for his contributions. The interest that surrounded his work when he returned to recording in the '90s exceeded what he had experienced before. He was featured in a Latin jazz film and two of his albums were nominated for a gramophone. In a review of Pure Emotion, Paul Verna wrote, "The return of veteran composer/arranger <mask>'Farrill should earn an enthusiastic welcome for devotees of swinging, straight-ahead Latin jazz." There are few glowing records of O'Farrill's works from before the 1990s, but Peter Watrous wrote a review of a 1998 Afro-Cuban jazz concert featuring O'Farrill's older work.While he was an important behind-the-scenes figure in earlier life, his band did not achieve much fame until this period. Jazz musicians from New York are 20th-century American male


title: Ashkan Rahgozar

texts: <mask> was born in Tehran in 1986 and is an author, director and filmmaker. He is the founder and CEO of Hoorakhsh Studios. He received a bachelor of arts degree in graphic design and a master of arts degree in illustration. In 2004, he established his own animation production studio, Hoorakhsh 7th Sky, after starting his professional career in 1999. Along with a highly motivated team of young artists, they produced multiple 2D computer animation for promotion and commercial purpose. He has directed short and feature animation since then. The Last Fiction was the winner of the Best Animated Movie at the International Animation Festival.The Special Prize was created for creating unique projects. Thanks to the 5th Digital Media Festival for advanced technology. A degree from the 5th Digital Media Festival. Palm Springs Intl. nominated "The Last Fiction" for best animated feature.


title: Ludwig Meidner

texts: The German expressionist painter and printmaker <mask> was born in Bernstadt. <mask> is best known for his painted, drawn, and printed portraits and landscapes, but is also known for his stylized visions of a pending transformation of Germany before World War I. He attended the Royal School of Art in Breslau and studied painting in Paris where he met and became friends with Amedeo Modigliani. He returned to Berlin to work as a fashion illustrator. A series of paintings in 1912 marked a radical departure in style and would make his reputation. The 1914 drawing at the Art Institute of Chicago is interesting because it was executed before the start of the First World War. The German expressionist group, "Die Pathetiker", was co-founded by <mask>.Their focus is on the use of pathos in art to get an emotional response, which can be seen in the apocalyptic landscapes. The first art show of his group was in 1912. <mask> served in the German military as an infantry soldier. Orthodox Judaism began producing more baroque-like religious paintings after the First World War, including a long and repetitive series of portraits of "prophets." He created a series of Rembrandt-inspired self-portraits. His portraits from 1915 to the end of the 1920s were a gallery of the leading expressionist and Dada writers and poets. He contributed to many newspaper articles and produced several books of dense expressionist prose.He moved to Cologne in 1935 to become an art teacher at the Yawneh Jewish School. He

masks:
Ludwig Meidner
Ludwig Meidner
Ludwig
Ludwig


title: Ludwig Meidner

texts: was an enemy alien on the Isle of Man and fled with his family to England in 1939. He was penniless in England until he returned to Germany. He created an extensive oeuvre of very original works during the time he was in exile. There are drawings and watercolors on religious subjects, humoristic scenes and a cycle on the holocaust. He had his first major exhibition in Recklinghausen and Berlin in 1963. He died on May 14, 1966 in Darmstadt.The Jewish Museum Frankfurt has an artistic bequest by Meidner. Throughout his life as a painter, <mask>er created many portraits. His portraits are often distorted with flowing movements that create strange perspectives in the paintings. This form of distortion and his unrefined brushstrokes is credited as helping to create an emotional sense of depression and anxiety in his portraits, which in turn detoured many from getting portraits done by <mask>. Johannes R Becher and Max Herrmann- Neisse were two expressionist writers who had their portraits painted. Several landscapes of Berlin were created by <mask>, which are known as apocalyptic from the style of the pieces. There is only one painting that connects the idea of apocalypse through the title.The movement and chaos of the urban world is what some people see as the oncoming of WWI. In the series, comets cross the sky like canon shells, men scream and flee for their lives, and buildings totter on the edge of collapse. The intensity and creativity of apocalyptic landscapes would never be

masks:
Ludwig Meidn
Ludwig
Ludwig


title: Ludwig Meidner

texts: repeated by Meidner. The majority of <mask>'s prints are made through the processes of hard ground etchings, lithographs, and dry point. He continued to make portraits in printmaking, such as a lithograph Theodor Dauber and an etching of Johannes Becher, that are similar to his painted portrait style. "Krieg" is an eight piece collection of lithographs. Scenes of battle, death, bombs, guns, and overall destruction are shown in different prints.They were made to protest the war and show the terrible outcomes of it. The prints show <mask>'s far left political views on War and his connection to the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Being a visual artist and writing together. He is an author of poetry and stories. He wrote a short story and three books, but none became popular. During his time at war, Meidner didn't have much time to paint, draw, or make prints, so he created a lot of his poetry. The majority of his writing has a dark tone and eerie stories, which are told from his point of view.The popularity of Meidner's writing never grew as much as his art did. Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1989. "<mask>er, An Expressionist Master" was published in 1978. "Ludwig und Else Meidner" is an exhibition catalogue in German and English. Munich, Hirmer, 2016 (Englisch); (German) Mirjam Wenzel. <mask>er. Exil, expressionism, ecstasy, exile are some of the terms used.Berlin 2018, There are External links to <mask>'s works at the Jewish Museum and at Arts in

masks:
Ludwig
Ludwig
Ludwig Meidn
Ludwig Meidn
Ludwig Meidner


title: Luka Šamanić

texts: <mask> is a Croatian professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA), on a two-way contract with the Westchester Knicks of the NBA G League. He was drafted 19th by the San Antonio Spurs in the NBA draft. amani was a member of the homonymous basketball club. He joined the FC Barcelona's reserve team in the Spanish second-tier league at the age of 16. amani was the most valuable player of Croatia's gold medal winning team at the FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship Division B in 2017. amani was born in Zagreb. His father was a professional basketball player for 19 years, including in the EuroLeague.amani lived in a number of countries due to his father's career. He moved to Belgium when he was nine months old. amani was involved in breakdancing as well as playing a variety of sports. He didn't start playing basketball until he was 11 years old. He attributes his improved coordination as a basketball player to his football experience. At the youth level, amani began his basketball career. In a win over the junior team for anac Karlovac, he collected 29 points, 10 rebound, 4 steals, and 3 blocks.In Zagreb's 160–21 victory over Samobor on 16 November, he recorded 43 points, 8 rebound, and 7 steals. amani was the most valuable player in the youth tournament in Italy where he led his team to a championship win. He scored 32 points in a win over the junior team. amani


title: Doreen Massey (geographer)

texts: She was a British social scientist and geographer. She specialized in Marxist geography, feminist geography, and cultural geography. She was a professor at the Open University. She spent most of her childhood in Wythenshawe, a council estate. She received a master's degree in Regional Science from the University of Pennsylvania. She started her career at the Centre for Environmental Studies in London. The contemporary British economy was covered by several key analysts.There was a working partnership with Richard Meegan. She became the Professor of Geography at the Open University. A frequent media commentator, <mask> retired in 2009, but continued to write about industry and regional trends. She was involved in educational TV programmes and books as a professor at the Open University. globalisation, regional uneven development, cities, and the reconceptualisation of place were some of the main fields of study studied by <mask> <mask>. She was associated with an analysis of contemporary western capitalist society but also worked in other countries. Her work on space, place and power has been highly influential within a range of related disciplines.The basis for her spatial divisions of labour theory (Power Geometry) was established by her economic geography work. Poverty, welfare and wealth are related to space. Space and spatial relationships are central to her account of contemporary society and have been refined and extended over the years. While she has argued for the importance of place, her position accords with those arguing against essentialised or

masks: Massey Doreen Massey


title: Doreen Massey (geographer)

texts: restructuring of the electrical engineering sector. New York and Oxford: Pergamon Press. The anatomy of job loss: The how, why, and where of employment decline was written by D. B., and R. A. Meegan. London and New York.D. B. Social structures and the geography of production are related to spatial divisions of labour. The city of New York is Methuen. D. B. It was in Nicaragua. The Open University Press has a book called "Milton Keynes, England and Philadelphia". D. B.Local responses to global restructuring. The lecture was given by the author. The city of Worcester, Mass. Clark University has a graduate school of geography. There is gender and economic policy in a democratic South Africa. The Technology Faculty is at the Open University. D. B.Space, place, and gender were covered in 1994. The University of Minnesota Press is in Minneapolis. D. B. Spatial divisions of labor: social structures and the geography of production is a second edition. New York. The next ten years was written by Hall, D. B., and M. Rustin. Soundings in London.Rethinking the region was written by J. Allen, D. B<mask>, and A. Cochrane. New York. For Space is a book by D. B. D. B. World City, Cambridge: Polity Press. D. B. World City has a new Preface: "After the Crash".Polity Press in Cambridge. David Featherstone's "<mask> <mask> obituary" can be found in the mp3 file. The Academy of Social Sciences of the British Academy of St Hugh's College, Oxford Academics of the Open University and people from Wythenshawe Human were recipients of the Vautrin Lud International Geography

masks:
. Massey
Doreen
Massey


title: Arghavan Salles

texts: An Iranian American bariatric surgeon is named <mask>. Salles is a Senior Research Scholar at the Clayman Institute for Gender Research and is the Special Advisor for DEI Programs in the Department of Medicine. Salles focuses on gender equity, well-being, and the challenges women face in the workplace. Salles is an activist against sexual harassment. Salles supports health professionals through social media. <mask> was born in Iran. She and her mother moved to the United States when she was five years old.She became a citizen when she was 21. Salles was a fan of math in high school. Salles received a B.S. in 2002. There is a B.A. in Biomedical Engineering. The University of Southern California has a French program. Salles received an M.D. in 2006 From the school of medicine.Salles did a residency in general surgery at the school. Salles finished her last two years of surgical residency in 2016 and went on to become a Board Certified Surgeon. Salles completed her fellowship training at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis after finishing her residency and PhD. A graduate of the surgery program took his life six months after graduating. Salles said that the event caused her and her peers to change and educate the community about health issues in medicine. The "Balance in Life" program for surgery residents was created by Salles and a professor of surgery at the time. The program included weekly psychotherapy sessions, mentor-mentee pairs between senior and junior residents, and support for residents in their search to find their own doctors and dentists.One of the most innovative and progressive resident surgery programs in the country was created by Greco and Salles. After Salles helped start the Balance in Life program, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical

masks:
Arghavan Salles
Salles


title: Arghavan Salles

texts: significant for female surgeons and not male surgeons or non-surgeons, further affirming the existence of stereotype threat in female surgeons and the importance of addressing the negative psychological impacts women face in order to level the playing field. <mask> and her colleagues explored gender bias in clinical evaluations of surgical residents. Their results show that evaluations show gendered differences and the overall tones of men's evaluations were more positive than women's. The impact of biases on career success in surgery is highlighted by these findings. <mask> and her colleagues used the Implicit Association Test to assess implicit biases in the medical field. Respondents associated men with career and surgery and women with family and family medicine. The results bring about awareness of the gender bias that exists in medicine and will hopefully lead to conscious efforts as well as interventions to improve the current medical climate and bring it towards equality.One way that Salles and her students have discovered is to create networks for women physicians and to increase their visibility. Highlighting the achievements of women in medicine and ensuring a supportive community of fellow female physicians is exactly what Salles and her colleagues aim to do by creating 500 Women in Medicine. This community has grown into a support for women and a platform for effecting positive change. Salles explores how well-being impacts retention of residents in the progression to careers in surgery. Salles found that feelings of social belonging were positively correlated with well-being and negatively correlated with thoughts of leaving surgery. She found that self-efficacy was a strong predictor of well-being and that it prevented physician burnout and improved retention in the

masks: Salles Salles


title: Elmar Peintner

texts: <mask> is an Austrian contemporary artist. Peintner lives and works in Austria. The second of seven children of a teacher and a tailoress, Peintner was born in 1954. He spent his formative years in Landeck. In 1972, he sat his A-level exams. He qualified as a primary school teacher when he was a student at the Teacher Training Academy. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts.He received a degree in Fine Arts in 1979. The Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Arts gave him a Foreign Scholarship to study in Luxembourg. He was a guest student at the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music. In 1982, <mask> <mask> built himself a studio house. <mask> was married to Maria Foerg. <mask>'s works have been published in a number of catalogues and books and have been awarded many honors and prizes for his art. The Golden Fger Award, Vienna, Austria, the Uitgeverij Danthe Award, Belgium, the Master Class Award, Vienna, Austria, the Polish National Museum Award at the 8th International Biennial of Graphic Art, and the 1st Prize at the 11th International BiennialThe European Triennial of Graphic Art was held in Grado, Italy in 1989. The 1st Prize at the 3rd "Lilla Europa 2004" and the Special Award at the 4th Lessedra World Art Print Exhibition were from Brazil. He was a contemporary artist best known for his depictions of senescent children, which were usually done with hard pencils and

masks:
Elmar Peintner
Elmar
Peintner
Peintner
Peintner


title: Elmar Peintner

texts: additional water-colour, the models being from the family circle, the neighbourhood, or local rest homes. The naturalistic reproduction of nature is not in the forefront, but the attempt to penetrate to the physical and mental structure of man through realism. Peintner restricted himself to placing different objects next to or above each other in his work in the 90s. In his pictures, the artist presents poetic enigmas containing questions of reality, but he does not seek to create a "super - reality" by means of dream and subconscious. The real and the imaginary meet in a tense relationship in order to contribute to the awareness and perception of reality.<mask> <mask> presents a new series of drawings which deal solely and simply with what nature offers: records of fragments or conglomerates from the patterns in nature, fanned out facet-like and presented in their transparency: ramifications, hollows. They are not a catalog of floral prints. The subject matter is lively with all the phases of growth and decay. Inner issues and energy are released. There are various processes in the unyieldingness of the substance. <mask>'s position as a re- creator of this nature also comes out. He says he is in his consistency and his stamp of the graphic production.The ideal world is reduced to the factual. Peintner <mask>'s art " Children's Feet and Ladders" was selected for the Beijing International Art Biennale

masks: Elmar Peintner Peintner Elmar


title: Muhammad

texts: The founder of the world religion of Islam was an Arab religious, social, and political leader. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet who was inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings. The modern Ahmadiyya movement does not agree with the belief that he is the final prophet of God in Islam. The Quran and <mask>'s teachings formed the basis of Islamic religious belief as Arabia was united into a single Muslim polity. <mask> was born in Mecca. He was the son of two people. A few months before <mask>'s birth, his father died, and he was the son of a Quraysh tribal leader.<mask> was an orphan after his mother died. He was raised by his paternal uncle and his grandfather. He would go to the mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. <mask> said he received his first revelation from God when he was 40. In 613, <mask> started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete submission to God is the right way of life, and that he was a prophet and messenger of God. Meccan polytheists were hostile to <mask>'s followers for 13 years. He and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina in 622 in order to escape persecution.The Hijra is the beginning of the Islamic calendar. The tribes were united under the

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: Constitution of Medina. After eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, <mask> gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. <mask> took the city with little bloodshed. He died a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage. Most of the Arabian Peninsula converted to Islam by the time he died. Muslims consider the "Word of God" on which the religion is based to be the revelations that <mask> received until his death.The Quran is one of the sources of Islamic law, along with <mask>'s teachings and practices. Four times in the Quran, the name <mask> is referred to as "praiseworthy". The Quran addresses <mask> in a number of ways, including prophet, messenger, servant of God, witness, bearer of good tidings, warner, and reminder. The Quran is the central religious text of Islam. Muslims believe the words of God were revealed to <mask>. Most Quranic verse do not provide significant historical context, and the Quran provides minimal assistance for <mask>'s chronological biography. The earliest biographies of <mask> can be found in the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Muslim era.Additional information about <mask>'s life can be found in traditional Muslim biographies. The Life of God's Messenger is the earliest written

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: sira and is attributed to <mask>. Although the original work was lost, this sira is still present in works by Ibn Hisham and Al-Tabari. In his biography of <mask>, Ibn Hisham admits that he omitted certain things that would distress certain people. The history of <mask>'s campaigns by al-Waqidi is one of the earliest sources of history. The early biographies are unascertainable, but many scholars accept them as authentic. Scholars have been able to distinguish between traditions touching legal matters and historical events.Traditions could have been subject to invention in the legal group, while historic events may have only been subject toential shaping. The hadith collections, accounts of verbal and physical teachings, and traditions attributed to <mask> are some of the important sources. Several generations after his death, his hieths were compiled by Muslims including <mask>-Bukhari. The hadith collections are considered to be accurate historical sources by some Western academics. Madelung does not reject the narrations which have been compiled in later periods, but only on the basis of their compatibility with the events and figures. The lack of a traditional chain of transmission for biographical literature makes it unverifiable in the eyes of Muslim

masks:
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad al


title: Muhammad

texts: scholars. The Arabian Peninsula is mostly arid with volcanic soil making agriculture difficult.Mecca and Medina are two of the most prominent beings. Mecca was an important financial center for many surrounding tribes, while Medina was a large flourishing agricultural settlement. Communal life was important for survival in the desert because of the harsh environment and lifestyle. An important source of social cohesion was tribal affiliation. Arabs were either sedentary or nomadic. The nomadic groups traveled to find water and pasture for their flocks, while the sedentary focused on trade and agriculture. nomads did not view raiding caravans as a crimeIn pre-Islamic Arabia, gods or goddesses were seen as protectors of individual tribes and their spirits were associated with sacred trees, stones, springs and wells. The Kaaba shrine in Mecca housed hundreds of idols of tribal patron deities, as well as being the site of an annual pilgrimage. Allt, Mant and al-'Uzz were worshiped as daughters of Allah. Christians and Jews were part of a monotheistic community in Arabia. Hanifs, native pre-Islamic Arabs who "professed a rigid monotheism", are sometimes listed alongside Jews and Christians in pre-Islamic Arabia. <mask> was a Hanif, one of the descendants of Abraham,


title: Muhammad

texts: according to Muslim tradition. There is no evidence for a historical Abraham or Ishmael.Communication routes were no longer secure during the second half of the sixth century because of political disorder in Arabia. The crisis was caused by religious divisions. Christianity took root in the Persian Gulf area while Judaism was the dominant religion in Yemen. The region witnessed a decline in the practice of polytheistic cults and a growing interest in a more spiritual form of religion. Intellectual and spiritual reference points were provided by the faiths that many were reluctant to convert to. The Quraysh tribe that <mask> belonged to became a dominant force in western Arabia. The prestige of the Meccan sanctuary was reinforced by the formation of the cult association of hums, which tied members of many tribes in western Arabia to the Kaaba.Quraysh upheld the sacred months during which all violence was forbidden to counter the effects of anarchy. The economic consequences of the association of hums were important. Abu al-Qasim was born in Mecca in the year 570 and his birthday is believed to be in the month of Rabi' al-awwal. The Banu Hashim clan was part of the Quraysh tribe and was one of Mecca's prominent families. The Year of the Elephant is named after the


title: Muhammad

texts: failed destruction of Mecca that year by the Yemen's king, who supplemented his army with elephants. Some 20th century scholars have suggested different years. <mask>'s father died six months before he was born.Some western scholars don't agree with the tradition that he was sent to live with a Bedouin family in the desert after he was born. <mask> lived with his foster- mother and her husband until he was two years old. <mask> lost his mother at the age of six and became an orphan. <mask> was under the care of his paternal grandfather until he was eight years old. He was taken care of by his uncle Abu Talib. According to Islamic historian William Montgomery Watt there was a general disregard by guardians in taking care of weaker members of the tribes in Mecca during the 6th century, "<mask>'s guardians saw that he did not starve to death, but it was hard for them to do more for him." <mask> was with his uncle on Syrian trading journeys in his teens.According to Islamic tradition, when <mask> was nine or twelve, he met a Christian monk named Bahira who is said to have foreseen <mask>'s career as a prophet of God. It is difficult to separate history from legend when there is little known of <mask> during his later youth. He was involved in trade between the Indian

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. He gained the nickname "al-Amin" (Arabic: ) meaning "faithful, trustworthy" and "al-Sadiq" meaning "truthful" due to his upright character. His reputation attracted a proposal from a successful businesswoman. The happy marriage was a result of <mask> agreeing to it. <mask> was involved with a well-known story about setting the Black Stone in place in the wall of the Kaaba.During renovations to the Kaaba, the Black Stone was removed. The Meccan leaders couldn't agree on which clan should get the Black Stone. They asked the 35-year-old <mask> if he wanted to make that decision. The first revelation by Gabriel to him happened five years before this event. He laid the Black Stone in the center with a cloth. The clan leaders held the corners of the cloth and together they carried the Black Stone to the right spot. One of <mask>'s visits to the cave was when he began to pray alone in the Quran.The first Quranic words were revealed in Quran 96:1. <mask> was very upset when he received his first revelations. After returning home, <mask> was reassured and consoled by his Christian cousin, Waraka. He was worried that others would dismiss his claims. According to a Shi'a tradition, <mask> welcomed Gabriel as if he was already there. <mask>

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: gave himself to prayers and spiritual practices for three years after the initial revelation, during which he felt depressed. He was told to preach after the revelations resumed and he was reassured.Brown, pp. Sometimes it is revealed like the ringing of a bell according to <mask>. The sweat dropped from the Prophet's forehead as he was being inspired on a cold day. Since they are unlikely to have been forged by later Muslims, these descriptions may be considered genuine. <mask> believed he could distinguish his thoughts from the messages. One of the main roles of <mask> is to warn unbelievers of their eschatological punishment. The Quran provided examples from the history of extinct communities and warned <mask>'s successors of similar disasters.<mask> warned those who rejected God's revelation and gave good news for those who abandoned evil. The Quran tells <mask> to proclaim and praise the name of his Lord and not to associate other deities with God. The responsibility of man towards his creator, the resurrection of the dead, God's final judgment, and the signs of God in all aspects of life are some of the key themes of the early Quranic verse. Belief in God, asking for forgiveness of sins, HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax According to Muslim tradition, <mask>'s wife was the first to believe he was a prophet. She was followed by <mask>'s cousin Ali and his friend Abu Bakr. <mask> began to preach to the public.Meccans ignored and mocked him, but a few became his followers. Younger brothers and sons of great merchants, people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe, and weak foreigners were the main groups of early converts to Islam. The polytheism practiced by the Meccan forefathers is said to have started the opposition in Mecca. The Quranic exegesis says that it began when <mask> began preaching. As his followers increased, <mask> became a threat to the local tribes and rulers of the city, whose wealth rested upon the Ka'aba, the focal point of Meccan religious life that <mask> threatened to overthrow. The Quraysh were the caretakers of the Ka'aba and were offended by <mask>'s denunciation of the Meccan traditional religion. <mask> was offered admission to the


title: Muhammad

texts: inner circle of merchants, as well as a marriage, as powerful merchants tried to convince him to abandon his preaching.He refused both of them. Tradition records the persecution of <mask> and his followers. The first martyr of Islam was killed with a spear by her master when she refused to give up her faith. A rock was placed on the chest of a Muslim slave to force him to convert. Some of <mask>'s followers founded a colony under the protection of the Christian emperor Aama ibn Abjar in the Kingdom of Aksum. Two migrations are mentioned by Ibn Sa'ad. Most of the Muslims returned to Mecca prior to Hijra, while a second group went back to Medina.Tabari and Ibn Hisham only talk about one migration to Ethiopia. Meccan persecution played a major role in <mask>'s decision to suggest that a number of his followers seek refuge among the Christians. According to the famous letter of Urwa preserved in al-Tabari, the majority of Muslims returned to their hometown as Islam gained strength. There is a completely different explanation as to why the Muslims returned from Ethiopia to Mecca. According to this account, initially mentioned by Al-Waqidi, but not by Tabari, but not by Hisham, and not by Ishaq, <mask> desperately hoping for an accommodation with his tribe, pronounced a

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: verse acknowledging the existence of three. On the recommendation of Gabriel, <mask> withdrew the verse the next day, claiming that it was whispered by the devil. A mockery of the gods was offered."The Story of the Cranes" is also known as "Satanic Verses". The story says that this led to a general reconciliation between <mask> and the Meccans. Gabriel told <mask> that the two verses were not part of the revelation, but had been inserted by Satan. Notable scholars argued against the historic authenticity of the stories at the time. Al-Waqidi was criticized by Islamic scholars for being a liar. Strong objections to the incident continued past the tenth century, despite the fact that it received some acceptance. The story became the only acceptable orthodox Muslim position when the objections were rejected.In 616, the leaders of Makhzum and Banu Abd-Shams, two important Quraysh clans, declared a public boycott against Banu Hashim, their commercial rival, to pressure it into withdrawing its protection of <mask>. The boycott lasted three years but failed in its goal. During the holy pilgrimage months, all hostilities between Arabs were suspended and <mask> was able to preach. According to the Isra and Mi'raj Islamic tradition, <mask> experienced the Isra and Mi'raj, a


title: Muhammad

texts: miraculous night-long journey said to have occurred with the angel Gabriel. The Isra is said to have traveled from Mecca on a winged steed to the farthest mosque. During the Mi'raj, <mask> is said to have visited heaven and hell, as well as speaking with other prophets. The event is presented as a spiritual experience by the author of the first biography of <mask>, and later historians such as Al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir present it as a physical journey.Some western scholars believe that the Isra and Mi'raj journey traveled through the heavens from the sacred enclosure at Mecca to the al-Baytu l-Mamur, which was the prototype of the Kaaba. The year 619 was known as the "Year of Sorrow" because of the deaths of Hijra <mask>'s wife and uncle. The leadership of the Banu Hashim clan passed to Abu Lahab, who was an enemy of <mask>. Abu Lahab withdrew the clan's protection over <mask>. The withdrawal of clan protection implied that blood revenge for <mask>'s killing would not be exacted. <mask> went to Ta'if, another important city in Arabia, and tried to find a protection, but his attempt failed and he ended up in physical danger. <mask> had to return to Mecca.The protection of the tribe of Banu Nawfal made it possible for a Meccan man to return to his hometown. People


title: Muhammad

texts: went to Mecca on business or as pilgrims. <mask> wanted to find a new home for himself and his followers. He found hope with some men from Yathrib. The Arab population of Yathrib were prepared for the appearance of a prophet because of their familiarity with monotheism. The Yathrib were jealous of Mecca's importance as a place of pilgrimage, and they hoped that by means of <mask> and the new faith, they could gain supremacy over Mecca. seventy-five Muslims came to Mecca for pilgrimage and to meet <mask> after they converted to Islam from nearly all Arab tribes in Medina.The "Second Pledge of al-'Aqaba" is also known as the "Pledge of War". <mask> encouraged his followers to emigrate to Yathrib. The Quraysh tried to stop the emigration. Almost all Muslims left. <mask> and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina in 622CE. <mask> moved his followers to Medina, north of Mecca, after he was warned of a plot to assassinate him. The representatives of the twelve important clans of Medina invited <mask> to serve as chief arbitrator for the entire community due to his status as a neutral outsider.The dispute between the Arab and Jewish inhabitants of Yathrib lasted for around a hundred years before it ended. After the Battle of Bu'ath in which all clans were involved,


title: Muhammad

texts: it was obvious to them that the tribal concept of blood-feud and an eye for an eye was no longer workable unless there was one man with authority. The delegation from Medina said they would accept <mask> into their community and protect him as one of their own. Most of <mask>'s followers left Mecca to emigrate to Medina. Tradition says that the Meccans plotted to kill <mask> because they were alarmed at the departure. With the help of Ali, <mask> tricked the Meccans into thinking he was in the town. <mask> moved to Medina in 622.The people who migrated from Mecca were known as muhajirun. The first thing <mask> did to ease the longstanding grievances among the tribes of Medina was to draft a document known as the Constitution of Medina, "establishing a kind of alliance or federation" among the eight Medinan tribes and Muslim emigrants from Mecca. The legal forms of the old Arab tribes were substantially preserved by the community defined in the Constitution of Medina. The clans without great leaders were the first group of converts to Islam in Medina. The pagan population of Medina accepted Islam with some exceptions. The conversion of a Medinan leader to Islam was said to have influenced this. The ansar are Medinans who converted to Islam and helped Muslims find


title: Muhammad

texts: shelter.<mask> chose Ali as his brother because he instituted brotherhood between emigrants and supporters. The people of Mecca seized property of Muslim emigrants to Medina. The people of Mecca were at odds with the Muslims. The Quranic verse permitting Muslims to fight the Meccans was delivered by <mask>. <mask> received a revelation from God that he should be facing Mecca rather than Jerusalem during prayer, according to the traditional account. The tradition of facing Mecca during prayer began when <mask> adjusted to the new direction. <mask> ordered a number of raids to capture Meccan caravans, but only the 8th of them resulted in actual fighting and capture of prisoners.<mask> led hundreds of warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The caravan was attacked by Muslims at Badr. The Meccan caravan was aware of the plan. After receiving word that the caravan was safe, a Meccan force was sent to confront the Muslims. The Battle of Badr began. At least forty-five Meccans were killed in the battle, with fourteen Muslims dead. Abu Jahl was one of the Meccan leaders they succeeded in killing.Many of the prisoners were kidnapped. The victory was seen by <mask> and his followers as confirmation of their faith and he attributed it to an invisible host of angels.


title: Muhammad

texts: Practical problems of government and issues like the distribution of spoils were dealt with in the Quranic verse. <mask>'s position in Medina has been strengthened by the victory. The opposition became less vocal as a result. The advance of Islam was very bitter for the pagans who had not yet converted. There are two pagans, Asma bint Marwan and Abu 'Afak of the 'Amr b.The Awf tribe had insulted the Muslims. <mask> didn't disapprove of the killings because they were done by people from their own clans. Some consider this report to be a fabrication. Most of the tribes converted to Islam. <mask> was expelled from Medina the Banu Qaynuqa, one of three main Jewish tribes, according to some historians. According to al-Waqidi, <mask> told them to be exiled from Medina after they spoke for him. Following the Battle of Badr, <mask> formed alliances with a number of Bedouin tribes to protect his community from attacks.The Meccans wanted to avenge their defeat. To maintain economic prosperity, the Meccans needed to restore their prestige. The Meccans sent ambush parties to Medina while <mask> led expeditions against tribes allied with Mecca. The army of 3000 men was assembled by Abu Sufyan to attack Medina. A scout told <mask> of the Meccan army's presence. There was a


title: Muhammad

texts: dispute over how to repel the Meccans at the Muslim conference of war. It was suggested by <mask> and many senior figures that it would be better to fight within Medina and take advantage of the strongholds.Younger Muslims argued that huddling in the strongholds would destroy Muslim prestige. <mask> prepared the Muslim force for battle. The Battle of Uhud took place on March 23, 625, when <mask> led his force outside to the mountain of Uhud. Although the Muslim army had the advantage in early encounters, lack of discipline on the part of strategically placed archers led to a Muslim defeat; 75 Muslims were killed, including <mask>'s uncle who became one of the best known martyrs in the Muslim tradition. The Meccans did not chase the Muslims, but instead went back to Mecca and declared victory. <mask> was wounded and thought to be dead. The Meccans did not return due to false information about new forces coming to <mask>'s aid.The aim of the attack was to destroy the Muslims. The Muslims returned to Medina after burying the dead. There were questions about the reasons for the loss and <mask> said that the defeat was twofold: a punishment for disobedience and a test for steadfastness. Another attack on Medina was directed by Abu Sufyan. He gained support from the


title: Muhammad

texts: nomadic tribes to the north and east of Medina, using propaganda about <mask>'s weakness, promises of booty, and memories of Quraysh prestige. <mask> had a new policy to prevent alliances against him. He sent expeditions to break up alliances against Medina.<mask> heard of men massing against Medina, and reacted harshly. The assassination of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf was carried out by members of the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir. After the Battle of Badr, Al-Ashraf went to Mecca and wrote poems that roused the Meccans' grief, anger and desire for revenge. After expelling the Banu Nadir from Medina, <mask> allowed them to take some possessions as he was unable to subdue them in their strongholds. The rest of their property was claimed by <mask> in the name of God. <mask> caused his enemies to unite to destroy him. <mask>'s attempts to prevent a confederation against him were unsuccessful, though he was able to increase his own forces and stop many potential tribes from joining his enemies.The Quraysh military leader Abu Sufyan had a force of 10,000 men. The Muslims dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack after <mask> prepared a force of about 3,000 men. The idea is credited to a Persian who converted to Islam. The siege of Medina lasted for two weeks. After


title: Muhammad

texts: an ineffectual siege, the coalition decided to return home. The Quran talks about the battle in sura Al-Ahzab. The Banu Qurayza tribe, located to the south of Medina, entered into negotiations with Meccan forces to revolt against <mask>.The Meccan forces wanted reassurance that the confederacy would not be able to destroy <mask>. <mask>'s scouts sabotaged attempts to reach an agreement. The Muslims besieged the Banu Qurayza for 25 days after accusing them of treachery. The men of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded, along with the women and children, when they surrendered. The accuracy of the narrative was disputed by Walid N. Arafat and Barakat Ahmad. Arafat believes that Ibn Ishaq's Jewish sources, speaking over 100 years after the event, conflated this account with earlier massacres in Jewish history, and that he was considered an unreliable historian by his contemporary. Some of the tribe were killed, while others were enslaved, according to Ahmad.Arafat's arguments are not entirely convincing according to Watt. The Muslim community was destroyed in the siege of Medina. Their trade with Syria vanished after the failure. <mask> made two expeditions to the north after the Battle of the Trench. <mask>'s wife was accused of adultery while returning from one of these

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: journeys. When <mask> announced he had received a revelation that confirmed Aisha's innocence, he directed that the charges of adultery be supported by four witnesses. The Muslims did not perform the Hajj because of Quraysh enmity.In the month of Shawwal 628, <mask> ordered his followers to obtain animals and to prepare for a pilgrimage to Mecca, saying that God had promised him the fulfillment of this goal in a vision when he was shaving his head. The Quraysh dispatched 200 cavalry to stop the Muslims. <mask> allowed his followers to reach al-Hudaybiyya by taking a more difficult route. According to Watt, <mask>'s decision to make the pilgrimage was based on his dream and he was also demonstrating to the pagan Meccans that Islam did not threaten the prestige of the sanctuaries. The emissaries traveled to and from Mecca. There were rumors that one of the Muslim negotiators, Uthman bin al-Affan, had been killed by the Quraysh. If the situation deteriorated into war with Mecca, <mask> called upon the pilgrims to stay with him.The pledge under the tree became known as the "Pledge of Acceptance". The Muslims and Quraysh signed a treaty after news of Uthman's safety allowed negotiations to continue. The main points of the treaty were cessation of hostilities, deferral


title: Muhammad

texts: of <mask>'s pilgrimage to the following year, and agreement to send back Meccans who left without permission from their protectors. Many Muslims didn't like the treaty. The Quranic sura "Al-Fath" assured them that the expedition must be considered a victory. The benefit of the treaty was realized by <mask>'s followers. The Meccans were required to identify <mask> as an equal, cessation of military activity allowing Medina to gain strength, and the admiration of Meccans who were impressed by the pilgrimage rituals.The Battle of Khaybar was started by <mask> after he signed the truce. The truce of Hudaybiyya may have been a result of housing the Banu Nadir who were inciting hostilities against <mask>. According to Muslim tradition, <mask> sent letters to many rulers, asking them to convert to Islam. Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire was one of the people he sent letters to. <mask> directed his forces against the Arabs in the Battle of Mu'tah after the truce of Hudaybiyya. The truce of Hudaybiyyah was in effect for two years. The tribe of Banu Khuza'a had good relations with <mask>, while their enemies, the Banu Bakr, were allied with the Meccans.A group of people were killed in a raid by the Bakr clan. Some sources say that the Meccans helped the Banu Bakr with


title: Muhammad

texts: weapons and that a few took part in the fighting. <mask> sent a message to Mecca with three conditions, asking them to accept one of them. Either the Meccans would pay blood money for the dead among the Khuza'ah tribe, or they should declare the truce of Hudaybiyyah null. The Meccans accepted the last condition. They sent Abu Sufyan to renew the Hudaybiyyah treaty after realizing their mistake. <mask> was getting ready for a campaign.<mask> traveled to Mecca with 10,000 Muslim converts. <mask> took control of Mecca. Ten men and women who were guilty of murder or of sparking off the war and disrupted the peace were excluded from the amnesty. Some were later pardoned. Meccans converted to Islam and <mask> destroyed all the statues of Arabian gods around the Kaaba. According to reports, <mask> spared paintings or frescos of Mary and Jesus, but other traditions suggest that all pictures were erased. The conquest of Mecca is discussed in the Quran.After the conquest of Mecca, <mask> was alarmed by a military threat from the confederate tribes who were raising an army double the size of <mask>'s. The Banu Hawazin were enemies of the Meccans. The Banu Thaqif adopted an anti-Meccan policy due to the decline of the prestige of Meccans. The Battle of Hunayn was won by


title: Muhammad

texts: <mask>. <mask> organized an attack against northern Arabia because of their previous defeat at the Battle of Mu'tah and reports of hostility against Muslims. Half of the 30,000 men assembled were untroubled by the damning verse which <mask> threw at them. <mask> received the submission of some local chiefs of the region after he did not engage with hostile forces at Tabuk.He ordered the destruction of pagan idols in Eastern Arabia. Taif was the last city to fight against Muslims. <mask> refused to accept the city's surrender until they agreed to convert to Islam and allowed men to destroy the statue of Al-Lat. emissaries were sent to surrender to <mask> after the Battle of Tabuk. To benefit from the spoils of war, many bedouins submitted to <mask>. Their code of virtue and ancestral traditions were alien to the system of Islam and they wanted to maintain independence. <mask> requires a military and political agreement in order to refrain from attack on the Muslims and their allies, and to pay the Zakat, the Muslim religious levy.<mask> completed his first true Islamic pilgrimage at the end of the tenth year after migration to Medina, setting the precedent for the annual Great Pilgrimage. On the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah <mask> delivered his farewell sermon at Mount


title: Muhammad

texts: Arafat. <mask> told his followers not to follow pre-Islamic customs. He said that a white has no superiority over a black except by piety and good action. He abolished old blood feuds and disputes based on the tribal system and asked for old pledges to be returned as implications of the creation of the new Islamic community. <mask> asked his men to be good to women because they are powerless captives in their homes. You took them in God's trust, and legitimated your sexual relations with the Word of God, so come to your senses people, and hear my words.He forbade his followers to leave their wealth to a testamentary heir and forbidd false claims of a client relationship to the deceased. The sacredness of four lunar months was upheld by him. The Quranic verse that was delivered during this event was: "Today I have mastered your religion, and completed my favors for you and chose Islam as a religion for you" According to Shia tafsir, <mask>'s successor was named at the pond of Khumm a few days after Muslims returned from Mecca. <mask> fell ill a few months after the farewell pilgrimage and had to be hospitalized. He died at the age of 62 or 63 in the house of his wife. With his head resting on his wife's lap, <mask> asked her to dispose of his last worldly goods,


title: Muhammad

texts: which were seven coins.Academics Reit Haylamaz and Fatih Harpci say that Ar-Rafiq Al-A'la is referring to God. <mask> was buried in a house. The Mosque of the Prophet was expanded during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I. The Mamluk sultan Al Mansur Qalawun built the Green Dome in the 13th century, but the green color was added in the 16th century. The tombs next to <mask> include those of his companions, as well as an empty one that Muslims believe awaits Jesus. <mask>'s tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornamentation when Medina was taken by Saud bin Abdul-Aziz in 1805. The one of <mask> is said to have narrowly escaped after his followers destroyed nearly every tomb dome in Medina.When the Saudi militias retook the city in 1925, they were able to keep it. In the interpretation of Islam, burial is to take place in secret graves. The Saudis don't like the practice of pilgrims going to the tomb. In the last years of his life, <mask> united several of the tribes of Arabia into a single Arab Muslim religious polity. There was disagreement over who <mask>'s successor would be. Abu Bakr was nominated by Umar ibn al-Khattab, <mask>'s friend. Abu Bakr was confirmed as the first Caliph.The choice was disputed by some of <mask>'s companions, who claimed that


title: Muhammad

texts: he had designated his cousin and son-in-law as the successor. The Ridda wars, also known as the "Wars of Apostasy", took place after the Byzantine forces were defeated, and Abu Bakr had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes. The pre-Islamic Middle East was ruled by two empires. The region was devastated by the Roman–Persian Wars, making them unpopular with local tribes. The lands that would be conquered by Muslims had many Christians who were disaffected from the Eastern Orthodox Church. Muslims conquered Mesopotamia, Byzantine Syria, Byzantine Egypt, large parts of Persia and established the Rashidun Caliphate within a decade. According to William Montgomery Watt, religion for <mask> was not a private and individual matter, but the total response of his personality to the total situation in which he found himself.To the religious and intellectual aspects of the situation but also to the economic, social, and political pressures to which contemporary Mecca was subject was what he was responding to. There are two important political traditions in Islam, according to Bernard Lewis. He thinks Islam is like a revolution when it is introduced to new societies. Historians agree that Islamic social changes in areas such as social security, family structure, slavery and


title: Muhammad

texts: the rights of women and children improved on the status quo of Arab society. Islam "from the first denounced aristocratic privilege, rejected hierarchy, and adopted a formula of the career open to the talents", according to Lewis. In the Arabian Peninsula, society focused on the changes to perceived identity, world view, and the hierarchy of values after <mask>'s message. The plight of the poor was addressed by economic reforms.As <mask>'s power grew, he demanded that tribes who wanted to ally with him implement the Zakat in particular. <mask> is depicted by two of his companions in <mask>-Bukhari's book. In the 17th century, calligraphic panels (Turkish: hilye) became an art form of their own in the Ottoman Empire. Household <mask>'s life can be divided into two periods: pre-hijra in Mecca from 570 to 622), and post-hijra in Medina from 622 to 632. Rayhana bint Zayd and Maria al-Qibtiyya are said to be <mask>'s 13th and 14th wives. After the migration to Medina, eleven of the thirteen marriages occurred. At the age of 25, <mask> married a woman who was 40 years old.The marriage lasted for 25 years. <mask> did not marry another woman during this marriage. After Khadijah's death, Khawla bint Hakim suggested to <mask> that he should marry Sawda bint Zama, a Muslim

masks:
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad al
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: widow. arrangements to marry both are said to have been requested by <mask>. <mask>'s marriages were mostly contracted for political or humanitarian reasons. The women were either widows of Muslims killed in battle or belonged to important families or clans with whom it was necessary to honor and strengthen alliances. When she was six or seven years old, she was betrothed to <mask>, with the marriage not being finalized until she reached puberty, according to traditional sources.At marriage, she was a virgin. Modern Muslim authors who calculate Aisha's age based on other information, such as a hadith about the age difference between her and her sister Asma, estimate that she was over thirteen and perhaps in her late teens at the time of her marriage. <mask> married several more women after moving to Medina. Preparing food, sewing clothes, and repairing shoes were some of the household chores performed by <mask>. The wives debated and even argued with him, as he had accustomed them to, and he listened to their advice. Fatimah Zahra is said to have been one of the four daughters with <mask>. One of his daughters, Fatimah, died before him.Fatimah was <mask>'s only daughter according to some Shi'a scholars. Maria al-Qibtiyya had a son named Ibrahim who died when he was


title: Muhammad

texts: two years old. Nine of <mask>'s wives are still alive. <mask>'s favourite wife, who survived him by decades, was instrumental in helping assemble the scattered sayings of <mask> that form the Hadith literature for the Sunni branch of Islam. Fatimah's descendants are known asSharifs, syeds or sayyids. The honorific titles in Arabic are 'noble' and'sayed' or'sir'. They are respected by both Sunni and Shi'a because they are <mask>'s descendants.<mask> bought a slave, freed him, and then adopted him as his son. He had a wetnurse as well. The Prophet <mask> bought, sold, captured, and owned slaves. He stressed the virtue of freeing slaves and the fact that slave owners treat their slaves well. <mask> held slaves in the highest esteem and treated them as human beings. The belief in <mask>'s prophethood is the main aspect of the Islamic faith. In Shahadah, every Muslim proclaims that there is no god but God and that <mask> is a Messenger of God.The basic tenets of Islam are the Shahadah. The Shahadah is the first words a newborn will hear, and children are taught it immediately. The shahadah is repeated in the call to prayer. Non-Muslims are required to recite the creed in order to convert to Islam. <mask> is believed to be the last prophet sent by God. The Quran is a


title: Muhammad

texts: confirmation of Revelations that went before it and a full explanation of the Book from The Lord of the Worlds. The book of Moses was a guide and a mercy.The believers of Islam are told to say "Say: we believe in God and that which is revealed unto us, and that which was revealed unto Abraham and Ishmael and Jacob and the tribes." We don't differentiate between them, and we have surrendered to Him. <mask> is credited with several miracles. Many Muslim commentators and some Western scholars have interpreted the Surah as referring to <mask> splitting the Moon in view of the Quraysh when they began persecuting his followers. Denis Gril, a Western historian of Islam, believes that the Quran doesn't describe <mask> performing miracles, and that the supreme miracle of <mask> is identified with the Quran itself. <mask> was badly injured when he was attacked by the people of Ta'if. The tradition says that an angel appeared to him and offered revenge against the attackers.<mask> prayed for the guidance of the people of Ta'if after rejecting the offer. The Sunnah covers a wide range of activities and beliefs, including religious rituals, personal hygiene, and burial of the dead, as well as mystical questions involving the love between humans and God. The Sunnah has a great


title: Muhammad

texts: degree of influence on the Muslim culture. "may peace be upon you" is a greeting that Muslims all over the world use. The Quran does not contain many details of major Islamic rituals such as daily prayers, the fast and pilgrimage. Muslims love and venerate <mask>. There are stories of <mask>'s life and his miracles in popular Muslim thought and poetry.Qasidat al-Burda, also known as the "Poem of the Mantle", is a well-known, and widely held, healing, spiritual power of the Egyptian Sufi al-Busiri. <mask> is referred to as "a mercy (rahmat) to the worlds" in the Quran. The association of rain with mercy in Oriental countries has led to imagining <mask> as a rain cloud stretching over lands and reviving the dead hearts, just as rain revives the seemingly dead earth. <mask>'s birthday is celebrated as a major feast throughout the Islamic world, except in Saudi Arabia where public celebrations are discouraged. Muslims follow the Arabic phrase all llahu alayhi wa-sallam (may God honor him and grant him peace) or the English phrase peace be upon him when they say or write the name of <mask>. In casual writing, the abbreviations SAW (for the Arabic phrase) or PBUH (for the English phrase) are sometimes used; in printed matter, a small calligraphic rendition is commonly


title: Muhammad

texts: used. From the end of the first Islamic century, Sufism The Sunnah contributed to the development of Islamic law.The prophet of Islam was viewed as a perfect human being by Muslim mystics who were seeking for the inner meaning of the Quran and the inner nature of <mask>. Sufi orders trace their spiritual descent back to <mask>. Islamic religious art is focused on the word, which is in line with the hadith's prohibition against creating images of sentient living beings. Mosques are decorated with Quranic inscriptions, not images or sculptures, and Muslims generally avoid depictions of <mask>. The interdiction against images of <mask> is more strict in Sunni Islam and Ahmadiyya Islam than in Shias. Both Sunnis and Shias have created images of <mask>, but Islamic depictions are rare. Most depictions of <mask> have 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611


title: Muhammad

masks: Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: 888-349-8884 The Ilkhanid and Timurid artistic style of covering <mask>'s face with a veil to obscure his features was initiated by the Safavaids, who made Shi'i Islam the state religion. Some of the unveiled images were defaced. Mosques were never decorated with images of <mask>.The night journey was popular from the Ilkhanid period through the Safavid era. In the 19th century, Iran saw a boom of printed and illustrated books, with <mask>'s face veiled, aimed at children in the manner of graphic novels. These were basically "printed manuscripts". Millions of historical reproductions and modern images are available in some Muslim-majority countries, such as Turkey and Iran, but are unknown in most other parts of the Islamic world. Byzantine sources give the earliest documented Christian knowledge of <mask>. Both Jews and Christians believed <mask> to be a false prophet. The Confessor is a Greek writer from the 9th century.John bar Penkaye is the earliest source of Syriac. The earliest European literature often refers to <mask> in a bad way. Middle Ages Europe Latin-literate scholars had access to a lot of biographical material about <mask>. They viewed <mask> as a person who was willing to sacrifice his life for the sake of his religion. European literature of the


title: Muhammad

texts: time portrayed <mask> as a worshipper of Muslims, similar to a god. Brunetto Latini's 13th century Li livres dou tresor depicts <mask> as a former monk and cardinal, while Dante's Divine Comedy was written in the early 20th century. <mask> was portrayed in a similar way after the Reformation.The first to present a more positive view of <mask> was Guillaume Postel. <mask> was praised because he did not deviate from the natural religion. <mask> was described as a gifted political leader and a just lawmaker by Henri de Boulainvilliers. He says that he is a messenger who God uses to confound the Oriental Christians, to liberate God from the rule of the Romans and Persians, and to spread the knowledge of the unity of God from India to Spain. In his play Le fanatisme, ou Mahomet le Prophte, he vilifies <mask> as a symbol of fanaticism, but in a published essay in 1748, he calls him a "sublime and hearty charlatan". In his Social Contract, Rousseau "brushes aside hostile legends of <mask> as a trickster and impostor, presents him as a wise legislator who wisely fused religious and political powers." In his Zoroaster, Confucius and Muhammad, which was published in 1787, Pastoret compares the lives of these three "great men", "the greatest legislators of the universe", and


title: Muhammad

texts: their careers as religious reformers and lawgivers.He argues that the Quran is the most important book of cult and morals and that it defines the unity of God with an "admirable concision." The "legislator of Arabia" was a great man and the accusations of immorality are not true. <mask> was described as a great man and a model lawmaker by Napoleon Bonaparte. <mask> is described as a silent great soul, one of those who cannot but be in earnest by Thomas Carlyle in his book Heroes and Hero Worship and the Heroic in History. Muslim scholars cite Carlyle's interpretation as proof that Western scholarship supports <mask>'s status as a great man. Ian Almond says that German Romantic writers generally held positive views of <mask>. John Tolan quotes Heinrich Heine, who said in a letter to a friend that "I must admit that you, great prophet of Mecca, are the greatest poet and that your Quran... will not easily escape my memory".William Montgomery Watt and Richard Bell argue that <mask> was sincere and acted in good faith and that he was ready to endure hardship for his cause. Watt says that <mask> might have mistaken his subconscious for divine revelation. Watt and Lewis argue that it is impossible to understand Islam's development if you view <mask> as a self-seeking


title: Muhammad

texts: impostor. <mask> was able to be successful because of his belief in his vocation. Other religions think that the Bah Faitherate <mask> is a prophet. His teachings have been superseded by those of Bah'u'llh, the founder of the Bah faith and the first Manifestation of the current cycle. <mask> is an important prophet of God in the Druze faith, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history.Since the 7th century, when <mask> was criticized for preaching monotheism and for vituperation of the Jewish faith, criticism of <mask> has existed. Western and Byzantine Christian thought <mask> to be a perverted man, a false prophet, and even the Antichrist, as he was frequently seen in Christendom as a demonic being. Thomas Aquinas criticized <mask>'s promises of pleasure in the afterlife. Modern religious and secular criticisms of Islam concern <mask>'s claim to be a prophet, his morality, his ownership of slaves, his treatment of enemies, his marriages, and his psychological condition. The invasion of the Banu Qurayza tribe in Medina and <mask>'s sexual relationships with slaves were accused of being sadism and merciless. See also Ashtiname of Muhammad Arabian tribes that interacted with <mask> Companions of the Prophet. There