title: Mahmud II of Johor

texts: The Sultan of Johor, Pahang and Lingga was Paduka Sri Sultan <mask> ibni al-Marhum Sultan Ibrahim Syah. regents oversaw the affairs of Johor state until the death of the Bendahara, a high official, in 1697, when he was young. <mask> II undermined stability in the state when he assumed duties as sultan. He was murdered by members of his advisory council. The death of the Johor sultan led to a period of upheaval and chaos in the southern Melaka Straits as successors jockeyed for control of the state. The year of <mask>'s birth is uncertain. According to many sources, he was born in 1675 and the other state is closer to 1680.Due to his rule and death, a lot of this is obscured. After the death of his father Ibrahim Syah, who had overseen an expansion of territorial control and economic prosperity of the state of Johor until it encompassed much of the southern reaches of the Melaka Straits and the Malay Peninsula, <mask> Syah II became sultan in 1685. The state was run by his mother and the Bendahara Paduka Raja until the death of the latter in 1697. The sultan was <mask> Syah II. The reign of Sultan <mask> Syah II was a disaster. The state was described as "ungovernable" by contemporary European trade company sources and local texts. Shrewd behavior was exhibited.There are references to the sultan being violent towards women in local texts. Alexander Hamilton vividly recorded several incidents, including the discharge of a firearm into a servant

masks:
Mahmud Syah II
Mahmud Syah
Mahmud Syah II
Mahmud
Mahmud
Mahmud


title: Mahmud II of Johor

type: paraphrased

texts: to test its efficacy, which supports larger accounts. The well-being of the state was in danger as traders and merchants avoided the main port. High officials of the state decided to act against the sultan because of the economic turmoil and violence directed toward women. August 1699 saw the death of Sultan <mask> II. The sultan was stabbed to death by the various officials of state. Many later accounts say it happened when <mask> II was going to the royal mosque, while others say it happened in the market.The naked corpse was dragged to the Bendahara's residence, where it lay exposed until late afternoon. The body of Sultan <mask> <mask> was wrapped in cloth and taken away and buried. His grave still exists in a village in Johor, which is known as the Village of the Tomb. The regicide of <mask> Syah II created a crisis in Johor state as he was considered to be the last in line of a dynasty founded by his grandfather. Abdul Jalil declared himself the next Sultan of Johor after the murder. Over the next two decades, the Bendahara dynasty had difficulty gaining support, leading to attempts from communities in peripheral Johor control to exert their own sovereignty. Raja Kecil, a man from eastern Sumatra who claimed to be the son of <mask> Syah <mask>, attacked Johor with the support of Orang Laut and a variety of diverse ethnic groups.After four years of chaotic rule, Raja Kecil retreated to eastern Sumatra, where he founded the Siak

masks:
Mahmud
Mahmud
Mahmud
II
Sultan Mahmud
Sultan Mahmud
II


title: Mahmud II of Johor

texts: Sultanate, and the descendants of the Bendahara sultan returned to power under a new arrangement with Bugis mercenaries. The murder of Sultan <mask> Syah II, the last ruler of dynasty descended from the Sultans of Melaka, created many difficulties for the society. The ruling elite's involvement in his death led to the creation of legends, tales, and alternative accounts. The regicide was blamed on one official who was supposedly motivated by the execution of his wife for a minor offense. Megat Sri Rama attacked the sultan while he was being carried to Friday prayers in remembrance of the way he was killed. This tale was recreated in court texts for the next two centuries. Raja Kecil claimed that he was conceived in a supernatural manner on the eve of the murder, as Sultan <mask> Syah II was childless at the time of his death.Although Raja Kecil already had adult children at the time of his attack upon the Johor state in 1718, his use of this legend in eastern Sumatra enabled him to attract followers hoping to continue the legacy of traditional Johor rulers and revenge the murder of a powerful ruler. The Siak Sultanate was legitimatized because of the supposed connection between Raja Kecil and Sultan <mask> Syah <mask>. The subject matter for popular culture texts in the 1950s and 1960s was the legend of Sultan <mask> Syah II. M. Amin is the Sultan. References Sultans of Johor 1675 births 1699 deaths 17th-century Sultans of Pahang Child rulers

masks: Mahmud Mahmud Mahmud II Mahmud


title: Charley Crockett

texts: An American blues, country and Americana singer, guitarist, and writer is named <mask>. Since 2015, he has released nine albums. The blues album peaked at number 11 on the US chart. Welcome to Hard Times was released in 2020. 10 for Slim: <mask> Sings James Hand a tribute album, to James "Slim" Hand, and Music City USA was released on September 17, 2021. Early life, a distant relative of <mask>, was born in Texas. The son of a single mother with an older brother and sister was raised in a trailer park.He spent the summer months with his uncle in New Orleans, after his mother relocated the family to Dallas. At the age of 17 he decided to travel with his guitar, acquired by his mother from a pawn shop. I started to write songs immediately after learning how to play the guitar. I didn't know what key I was in, but my ear was good and I could play any key. I didn't know what it was. Hearing hip hop inspired his early musical influences. I got into some of the artists through samples of their songs.The sample from the Manhattans version of "Hurt" was used in the song "Kenny Lofton" by J. Cole. In the French Quarter of New Orleans and Deep Ellum, Dallas, <mask> played music as a teenager. He traveled further by hitchhiking and riding freight before busking in New York City. The Trainrobbers, a street band organized by <mask>, caught the attention of a Manhattan-based representative for Sony Music. She signed a two-year management contract with the 26 year old. After living on the streets for a while, he moved to Northern California to work on farms and perform for three more years. He lived in Paris, France, for a year before moving to Spain and Morocco.The man struggled to stay on the right side of the law. In the US, he sold weed to get by, at one point working the harvest in a marijuana field in the northwest, and was

masks:
Charley Crockett
Charley Crockett
Davy Crockett
Crockett
Crockett


title: Charley Crockett

texts: arrested for possession. He was sentenced to prison for a second time for a felony crime. The way out was provided by music. The thing is, I've toned it down because people think my story is far-fetched. His debut album, A Stolen Jewel, was self-released in May after he settled in Dallas. He won the Dallas Observer Music Award for Best Blues Act.The cover of the Flying Burrito Brothers' "Juanita" was in the lo-fi collection. Leon Bridges was befriended by <mask> before he released his blues dominated album, In The Night. The cover of Freddy Fender's "Wasted Days and Wasted Nights" was included in In The Night. In The Night was called an impressive calling card by the Fort Worth Star-Telegram. He played over 125 shows in a year to promote his work. He toured with a number of bands. After moving to Austin, Texas, <mask>'s next release was a collection of covers of country songs.It was issued on Thirty Tigers. Tracks included the Roy Acuff penned "Night Train to Memphis", the Tanya Tucker penned "The Jamestown Ferry", and the Hank Williams penned "Honky Tonkin'". "I Ain't Never" is one of the tracks that were originally recorded by Ernest Tubb. He released a collection of songs called Lonesome as a Shadow. It was produced by Matt Ross-Spang. His sister died from a methamphetamine overdose and the opening track was written for her. The album was dedicated to a man.The Blue Drifters supported <mask> on his tour after the April release date. The House of Blues in Houston, the 9:30 Club in Washington, D.C., and The Mint in Los Angeles were some of the places he played. He performed at a number of festivals, including the Austin City Limits Music Festival. Late in the year, <mask> issued a new name to the group. The name is Blue Bonanza. "Lil G.L." was noted by <mask>. Like Hank Williams, I have a side name.It's used for all

masks: Crockett Crockett Crockett Crockett Crockett


title: Charley Crockett

texts: my side projects and cover projects. He said the name was given to him by a local blues drummer in reference to an obscure R&B singer. "Lil G.L." was stated by All Music. Blue Bonanza is a companion of sorts to the other one. "'s Honky Tonk Jubilee". Jimmy Reed's "Bright Lights, Big City" and Tom T. Hall's "That's How I Got to Memphis" are two of the tracks on the album. Work by Ernest Tubb, George Jones, and T-Bone Walker were covered by <mask>.G.L. is a person. Blue Bonanza peaked at number 10 on the Blues Albums chart. <mask> had open-heart surgery in January. Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome was caused by a congenital heart condition where his heart had two out of three aortic valve flaps fused together. "Borrowed Time" was co-written with Evan Felker of Turnpike Troubadours. There are field recordings. On April 3, 2020, a collection of 30 lo-fi covers and originals was released.On July 31, 2020, he released his eighth album, Welcome to Hard Times. The Black Keys' Dan Auerbach and Pat McLaughlin contributed to the song. The album followed a life-threatening health scare in which he was diagnosed with a congenital heart condition. "<mask> makes a beeline for the album's central theme and finds the sweet spot between country, soul, blues and folk on modest songs, effortless in their easy-going grooves," said American Songwriter who gave it a glowing review. 10 For Slim: <mask> Sings James Hand is a tribute album to James "Slim" Hand. It was praised by Rolling Stone, The Boot, Austin American-Statesman, Forbes, Saving Country Music, and American Songwriter. The lead single of Music City USA, "I Need Your Love," was released on September 17, 2021.The Boot called it a dose of horn-filled soul, while Brooklyn vegan said it was a sweet and steamy slice of southern soul. Discography studio albums extended plays singles music

masks:
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Charley Crockett


title: Gerda Lerner

texts: <mask> was an Austrian-born American historian and woman's history author. She wrote poetry, fiction, theatre pieces, screenplays, and an autobiography. She was president of the Organization of American Historians from 1980 to 1981. She taught at the University of Wisconsin-Madison until 1991, when she retired. The academic field of women's history was founded by <mask>. She taught "Great Women in American History" in 1963, which is considered to be the first regular college course on women's history offered anywhere. She taught at Long Island University.She was involved in the development of degree programs in women's history at Sarah Lawrence College, where she taught from 1968 to 1979 and established the nation's first master's degree program in women's history. She co-founded the Seminar on Women at Duke University and Columbia University. <mask> Hedwig Kronstein was born in Vienna, Austria, on April 30, 1920, the first child of Robert and Ilona Kronstein. Her family is related to Breslau, Berlin, Turdos, Helishoy, and Reichenberg. Gerda had a strained relationship with her mother, who was an artist, as a child. Gerda believed that her mother struggled because she did not fit in the role of a Viennese wife and mother. Gerda and her sister attended local schools.The anti-Nazi resistance was started by Kronstein. After her father escaped to Switzerland, she and her mother were jailed. <mask> Kronstein occupied a cell for six weeks with two Christian women. They shared their food with her because they were Jews. Her mother and sister moved to Palestine in 1939. Gerda was sponsored by the

masks:
Gerda Hedwig Lerner
Lerner
Gerda
Gerda


title: Gerda Lerner


title: Gerda Lerner

texts: think about people who didn't have a voice in telling their own stories. She decided to earn a PhD in history to help establish women's history as a standard academic discipline.The first regular college course in women's history was offered in 1963. The film Black Like Me was written by <mask> and her husband in the early 1960s, and was based on a book by a white journalist who had reported on six weeks of travel in small towns and cities of the Deep South. The film was directed by <mask>. At Columbia University, she earned the M.A. and continued with graduate studies. In 1966 and 1965, respectively. The Grimke Sisters from South Carolina: Rebels Against Slavery was a study of Sarah Moore Grimké and her sisters, who became abolitionists in the North. They helped pay to educate the boys after learning that their late brother had mixed-race sons.She served as a local and national leader for a short time after becoming a founding member of the National Organization for Women. Sarah Lawrence College was where she received her first academic appointment. The first American graduate degree in the field of Women's History was offered by Sarah Lawrence. Long Island University is in Brooklyn. In the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> published books and articles that helped establish women's history as a recognized field of study. Her 1969 article "The Lady and the Mill Girl: Changes in the Status of Women in the Age of Jackson" was an early example of class analysis in women's history. She brought a feminist lens to the study of history.Black Women in White America and The Female Experience are two of her most

masks:
Lerner
Carl Lerner
Lerner


title: Gerda Lerner

texts: important works. The Women's History Institute was held at Sarah Lawrence College and was co-sponsored by the college and the Women's Action Alliance. The leaders of national organizations for women and girls attended. After learning about the success of the Women's History Week celebrated in Sonoma County, California, the Institute participants decided to start similar commemorations in their own organizations, communities, and school districts. They agreed to support the effort to get a "National Women's History Week". The establishment of Women's History Month was a result of this. The nation's first PhD program in women's history was established at the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1980.She wrote The Creation of Patriarchy, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness, Why History Matters, and Fireweed: A Political Autobiography at this institution. The Organization of American Historians had a president from 1981 to 1982. She worked to make women's history accessible to high school teachers and leaders of women's organizations. Black Women in White America: A Documentary History chronicles 350 years of black women's contributions to history, despite centuries of being enslaved and treated as property. One of the first books to detail the contributions of black women was this one. In the first volume of Women and History, <mask> tried to trace the roots of patriarchal dominance. She found that patriarchy was a part of the 2nd millennium BCE.The idea that patriarchy is a cultural construct is supported by historical, archeological, literary, and artistic evidence. She believed that the


title: Gerda Lerner

texts: main strength of patriarchy was ideological and that in western societies it "severed the connection between women and the Divine". The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to 1870 is her second book. She shows the limitations imposed by a male-dominated culture in this book. The development of feminist thought can be seen in the writings of women after the seventh century. She shows how women have subverted or redefined male thought. She looked at the educational deprivation of women, their isolation from many of the traditions of their societies, and the outlet many women have found through writing.This was a way for women to engage inideological production, including defining alternative futures and "think themselves out of patriarchy", often beginning in religious or prophetic writing. Fireweed: A Political Autobiography is a detailed account of <mask>'s life from her childhood in Vienna through war and emigration. The New School for Social Research in New York was established by many European refugees from the Nazi persecution. She believed that education and life work were necessary for women's self-realization. A fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences was elected in 1998. The creation of patriarchaly, on the roots of women's oppression, won the American Historical Association's Joan Kelly Prize in 1986. She received the Bruce Catton Prize for Lifetime Achievement in Historical Writing from the Society of American Historians.The Organization of American Historians named their annual prize after her and Anne Firor Scott. The writer of the best PhD in U.S.


title: Gerda Lerner

texts: women's history is given the award every year. She is the subject of a film called Why Women Need to Climb Mountains. <mask> died in Madison, Wisconsin, at the age of 92. She was survived by her two grown children. Home for Easter (n.d.) is one of the works Musical Singing of Women. Black Women in White America: A Documentary History, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, A Death of One's Own, Teaching Women's History, and Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey are some of the films.2002. "A historian who takes sides", The Progressive, September. <mask> <mask>. 2005. The lecture was titled "Life of Learning". Nancy MacLean. 2002."Re thinking the second wave", The Nation, October 14. Gordon, Linda; Kerber, Linda K.; Kessler-Harris, Alice. The year 2013. <mask> <mask> was born in 1920. Pioneering historians and feminists. Women, gender, history. The name of the person is Keller, Renata.The year 2015. "Why Women Need to Climb Mountains - on a journey through the life and vision of Dr. <mask> <mask>." There is a biobibliographic guide. James J. Sheehan. New York: Berghahn Books. They were Deborah G., and Diana Rosen. In 2003Fifty Jewish women changed the world. New York: Citadel Press. 222–222. There are three people with Shaaron Cosner. 1996. A Biographical Dictionary of American Women Historians. The book is titled "Westport, Connecticut, and London."144–146. Kate Weigand. 2001. American Communism and the Making of Women's Liberation are covered in Red Feminism. The University Press of Baltimore and London. Multiple references are included in the index. The Jewish Women's Archive

masks:
Death Lerner
Gerda
Lerner
Gerda
Lerner
Gerda
Lerner


title: Gerda Lerner

texts: Gerda <mask> - Corporatizing Higher Education Papers contains links to Jewish Women and the Feminist Revolution.The library is at Harvard University. The papers were published in 1924–2006. The library is at Harvard University. There are additional papers of <mask> <mask>. The library is at Harvard University. Historians from the state of New York are fellows of the American Academy of Arts and

masks: Lerner Gerda Lerner


title: Barbara M. Carey-Shuler

texts: <mask>. Carey-Shuler was the first African American woman to serve on the Board of County Commissioners for Miami-Dade County, Florida. She was elected to the Commission in 1982, 1986, 1996, 2000, and 2004, while serving as the Chairwoman of the Board of County Commissioners from 2002-2004, when she became the first African-American to hold the position. <mask> was born and raised in Fernandina Beach, Florida by her parents. She was the valedictorian of a school that was desegregated for African Americans. <mask> graduated from Florida A&M University with a Bachelor of Science degree in speech. She received a Master of Arts in speech and communications from Ohio State University in 1962. While working as a public-school teacher and later as an administrator for the Miami-Dade County Public Schools, <mask> earned a Master of Education in Guidance at the University of Miami in 1969.She received a PhD in Educational Supervision and Administration from the University of Florida in 1978. <mask> co-chaired the 1978 Dade County election campaign of Robert Bob Graham. Carey was appointed the first black female to sit on the Metropolitan Dade County Board of County Commissioners after Neal Adams was removed from office. <mask> was married to a man named Archibald Carey, Jr., who died in 1981 at the age of 12. <mask>, an insurance agent, was killed by police officers after Carey was appointed. Riots lasting three days resulted in 18 deaths and an estimated $100 million in property damage after an all-white jury acquitted the officers. The McDuffie Riot was the most destructive race riot in the United States.Carey led the effort to compensate the <mask> family, stating "We can never compensate a family adequately for the life of loved ones." Everyone should settle out of court. These wounds can't be opened again in the community. Carey spearheaded a resolution designating the January 15th birthday of Dr <mask> King as a federal holiday. Carey secured the passage of legislation requiring motorists to observe a 15-mph speed limit in school zones. Black employees of the Solid Waste Department who only had been hired as part-time employees, were hired as full-time employees

masks:
Barbara M
Barbara Jean McCollough
Barbara
Barbara Carey
Barbara Carey
Barbara Carey
Arthur McDuffie
McDuffie
Martin Luther


title: Barbara M. Carey-Shuler

texts: Commission. The Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts became a financial success due to her efforts. Music Fest Miami, a multi-cultural event on Labor Day Weekend centered around the global music community of Miami and South Florida, was created by her. The three-year event featured music, food and culture events in numerous neighborhood mini-festivals. During interactive presentations and in-school concerts, local high school students were introduced to nationally known musicians. The culmination event was an all-day music festival of world music at Miami's Bayfront Park. On December 6, 2005, Carey-Shuler resigned from the Miami-Dade County Commission to care for her family.Less than seven weeks after her mother died, her mother's husband, James Lamar Shuler, and her mentor, M. Athalie Range, died. Carey-Shuler was instrumental in getting a street named after her late husband, James Lamar Shuler. As Carey-Shuler has managed and maintained her husband's legacy at the Shuler's Memorial Chapel, she has continued her civic and social activism within the African American community of south Palm Beach County. Palm Beach State College was able to establish the Cross-Cultural Equity Institute because of a gift from Carey-Shuler. Carey-Shuler was the President of the foundation and Vice President of the governing board. Students are taught to be career or college ready at the high school. Carey-Shuler is the Secretary on the Board of Trustees of Technology, Enterprise and Development Center, which provides business experience in its programming to clients and customers.She is a member of the Board of Directors for Pathways to Prosperity, a non-profit organization that is dedicated to strengthening the community by providing educational and social service resources. As a board member of the Spady Museum, <mask>-Shuler fulfilled her continued activism for history and community preservation. Carey-Shuler was recognized for her business success and personal contributions to the Greater West Palm Beach community by the Delta Heritage Foundation. People from Fernandina Beach, Florida County Commissioners in Florida, and people from Miami-Dade County, Florida are


title: Michael Thomas Sadler

texts: Malthusian theories of population and their use to decry state provision for the poor led to the opposition of <mask>, a British Conservative Member of Parliament. <mask> entered the British House of Commons at the request of the 4th Duke of Newcastle, who was returned by the pocket town of Newark as an 'Ultra' opponent of Catholic emancipation, but he devoted much effort in Parliament to urging the extension of the Poor Law to Ireland. The minimum age and maximum working hours of children in the textile industry were regulated in the last session of the House of Commons. Evidence from witnesses on overwork and ill-treatment of factory children was heard by the Select Committee. The Reform Act did not result in any legislation before or after the election. The leadership of the factory reform movement was passed on. The effect of the evidence gathered by the Select Committee was to convince the public that new factory legislation was needed but that it should be based on sound evidence.When he died, his work on Ireland, population, and poverty were mentioned, but only his ten-hour bill was remembered. The son of a local squire, <mask> was born in Snelston, Derbyshire, on 3 January 1780, and according to tradition his family came from Warwickshire. When he was elected an MP, he was said to have a broad Yorkshire accent. He moved to Yorkshire to work with his older brother after his father died. According to his biographer, <mask> was lucky to have competent partners as his mind, nature, and that he gave up the retail trade and went into partnership with the widow of an importer of Irish linen. He had always entertained a decided preference for the Church of England, but after his marriage he became more regular and undeviating in his attendance on her ordinances. There was no indication of the nature of the pre-marital deviations.An Apology for Methodists was written in 1797 and the Leeds Mercury published a letter from a Methodist dignitary advising Methodists not to vote for him because he was not active in the anti-slavery cause. A

masks:
Michael Thomas Sadler
Michael Sadler
Michael
Michael


title: Michael Thomas Sadler

texts: correspondent in the Intelligencer said that Benjamin had once been a Methodist circuit-steward but denied that <mask> had ever been a Methodist. Dissenters objected to paying for the established church, and were therefore in favor of any reform which might address this, and opposed to any steps which might increase the burden. Dissenters passed a motion at the vestry meeting forbidding any expenditure by the parish on the new churches, and then voted out the churchwarden in the middle of his term in office. The vestry meeting shouted down the man who tried to discourage them. He commanded a company in the local volunteers and visited the sick and destitute as a member of the 'Stranger', but his interests were mostly outside of business. The last activities gave him a familiarity with the habits, the wants, and the sufferings of the poor, and a concern with them which stayed with him for the rest of his days.He was strongly opposed to Catholic Emancipation and became active in politics. He wrote a pamphlet First Letter to a Reformer in order to counter the argument that corruption and the power of the Crown were increasing and should be decreased. He delivered a course of lectures on the Poor Laws to the Leeds Literary and Philosophical Society. He believed that the orthodox authorities of the age on economics and poverty tended to destroy traditional society. He told a political dinner that he wanted to extend the degree of human happiness to the greatest number of human beings. Our duties are plain, and fortunately for mankind, duty and interest are always found inseparably connected. He argued against the conventional wisdom for the establishment of poor laws in Ireland and denied that the ills of Ireland were due to over population.The 'Reds' and the 'Yellows' were chosen by a coalition of local landed interests to return 2 MPs to parliament. The 4th Duke of Newcastle's policy of evicting tenants who voted for the 'Blues' was supported by the vote for these candidates. General Sir William Henry Clinton GCB was one of Newark's MPs in the


title: Michael Thomas Sadler

texts: the Second Reading of the Catholic Relief Bill. The speech was well received, but it was quickly concluded that he wouldn't get a government post under George IV because of his lack of social polish.His performance against the Third Reading was described as the most perfect specimen of a canting Methodist I have ever seen by his opponent. In March 1830, Hansard recorded mockery by a colleague which the House apparently thought was a "hit". The loud and general burst of laughter that followed this sentence prevented us from hearing it. Member finished the encomium here. He made an argument in Parliament that the English Poor Law system should be extended to Ireland, which had no Poor Laws at that time. He said that the selection of MPs for the committee had ensured a built-in majority for opponents of the Irish Poor Law, so he declined to give evidence. The introduction of Irish Poor Laws was described in a speech as a measure of justice, policy and mercy.Every human being who the Providence of God has placed upon earth has a claim to relief when his honest labour is no longer needed, and it is not denied by any jurist in the world. He was described as "this philanthropic gentleman, whose great exertions to alleviate the condition of the poor of the sister isle will never be forgotten". The Poor Law system in Ireland was based on the New Poor Law of 1834, which was based on the Elizabethan Poor Law system. His argument for a Poor Law supporting the poor ran contrary to the advice of orthodox political economists of the day, who held with Malthus. The statistics quoted in support of Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population were not sound. He concluded that the birthrate per hundred marriages was lower in the more densely populated counties because they had a higher standard of living. TheProlificness of human beings, otherwise similarly circumstanced, varies inversely as their numbers in a large book of the same name.<mask> Macaulay wrote in the Edinburgh Review that he did not expect a good book from Mr. <mask> and that he had given

masks:
Thomas Babington
Sadler


title: Michael Thomas Sadler

texts: us a very bad one. The manner in which his treatise is described is extraordinary. His arrangement is confused and he has a style which it shouldn't be. Instead of saying what he has to say with the perspicuity, the precision, and the simplicity in which consists the eloquence proper to scientific writing, he indulges without measure in vague, bombastic declamation, made up of those fine things which boys of fifteen admire, and which every The inverse relationship in the technical/accurate meaning of the term, but rather a mild tailing off of fecundity at higher population densities which did not invalidate Malthus, was attacked by the author. The pamphlet showed that Macaulay had misrepresented the content of the book. In June of 1832, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.Defence of his patron's power in Newark was strengthened by his holding of Crown lands in the neighbourhood, which had come into his family by being granted by a previous Duke of Newcastle. In reply to an invitation to the meeting in Newark, he asked "Is it presumed, then, that I am not to do what I will with my own?". It didn't take much ill- will to get him to mean his tenants' votes when he said "the properties he leased to his tenants, but it did not take too much ill- will to get him to mean his tenants' votes." He spoke in defence of his patron in the Commons debate. <mask> denied that he had admitted in his speech that he owed his return for Newark to the Duke. The Catholic Relief Bill passed, but the Conservative Ultras withdrew their support from the Wellington administration, which then fell. The Whigs came to power and were committed to Parliamentary Reform, which included sweeping away many of the 'rotten boroughs'.There were separate Bills for England, Scotland, and Ireland in the 'Reform Bill'. The English Bill went first; it passed its Second Reading, but upon it entering Committee stage, the first amendment to the Bill deploring the reduction in the number of English MPs. The General Election was called after the Bill was withdrawn. The Whigs


title: Michael Thomas Sadler

texts: retained power and introduced a revised Reform Bill, which eventually passed the House of Commons. At the Committee stage, he spoke against the Reform Bill, but with revised boundaries, he was no longer in the pocket of the Duke of Newcastle. He made more speeches on Irish poverty and Irish Poor Laws during the time he spoke on the Reform Bill. The debate on Irish Poor Laws was held on the next sitting day after Sir Robert Peel appealed to members to "avoid every other business which should interfere with the progress of the Reform Bill".He moved the first reading of a bill to improve the lot of the labouring poor by building cottages with land attached and letting them at an economic rent. Both sides of the House agreed that in any reformed House of Commons Manchester and Leeds should be represented, and in September 1831 <mask> was approached by the Conservatives to stand as their candidate in the election that would follow the passage of the Bill. The second Reform Bill was rejected by the House of Commons in October of 1831. For the relief of the Irish poor, for bettering the condition of the manufacturing poor, and for regulating the labour of children in factories were some of the Bills that were given advance notice. Parliament reassembled before Christmas after attempts to form a Conservative government failed. The 'labouring poor' Bill was not resuscitated, instead he announced his intention to bring in a Bill regulating the Labour of Children in Mills and Factories. The third Reform Bill took up most of the parliamentary time in the late 18th century."That all householders paying taxes, shall have a vote for the respective Members to be chosen in the next, and every succeeding Parliament," was the only recorded speech in the Reform Bill debates. Every one above the rank of a pauper was entitled to the elective franchise. I did not vote for Hunt's amendment. Extending the existing Factory Acts to other textile industries and reducing the working hours of children in the industries legislated for were some of his efforts. Sir Robert


title: Michael Thomas Sadler

texts: other legislation when the Second Reading debate on it took place in March of 1832. Many supporters of the Bill wanted the subject to be considered by a Select Committee, despite warnings from Peel and Sir George that the Bill was too ambitious. "If the present Bill was referred to one, it would not become a law this Session, and the necessity of legislating was so apparent, that he was unwilling to submit to the delay of a Committee, when he considered they could obtain no new evidence on the subject."In his speech at Second Reading, he argued that a Committee was unnecessary, but concluded that he had not convinced the House or the Government of this, and that the Bill would be referred to a Select Committee. Lord Althorp said that the speech made a strong case for considering legislation, but thought it did little to support the details of the bill. There was no chance of the Factories Regulation Act being passed before Parliament was dissolved. On the understanding that opponents of the Bill would have their say, <mask> was made chairman of the committee, which allowed him to make his case by hearing evidence from witnesses of his selection. When the procedure of progressing his Bill without waiting for the committee's report was objected to by other MPs, he withdrew the Bill. The minutes of evidence were ordered to be printed after the chairman of the committee reported them. After Parliament was prorogued, <mask> gave notice of his intention to introduce a Ten-Hour Bill in the next session.<mask> Macaulay was a Whig politician of national standing and John Marshall was a reviewer for the Edinburgh Review. Marshall's father had become a millionaire by developing the spinning of flax by machinery, but as a Dissenter he was not allowed to become a magistrate. Marshall's father was the Sheriff of Cumberland and the Member of Parliament for Yorkshire. The witnesses who testified for the committee were children who had been ill-treated at a mill in Shrewsbury owned by the Marshalls and then employed as young as six years old. The candidates

masks:
Sadler
Sadler
Thomas Babington


title: Michael Thomas Sadler

texts: declared their views on factory legislation as they were escorted to the meeting by a procession organised by the local Short-Time Committee. Marshall held that no great injury would come to children working cotton-mill hours in a well-regulated mill, but that it would be well for Parliament to reduce the working week to 65 or 66 hours. Macaulay supported regulation in principle, but he had not yet seen enough evidence to make a decision on the appropriate limits.These exchanges have been used to show that the campaign was a hard fight which was mostly about the factory question. It may have been a factor, as Richard Oastler later said that the efforts of the factory children had "offended some of the Tories in the area". There were substantive differences between the candidates on church rates, the Corn Laws and close corporations; these were supplemented by repeated claims by Whig supporters that <mask>'s declared views on other issues were not his real views; he pretended to be the friend of the candidate. Macaulay likened him to the Hyaena, who imitates the cries of little children, when it wishes to decoy the unwary into its den. . The 'hard fight' descended into personality, with the accusation that <mask> had deserted Methodism for Anglicanism from worldly motives and now despised Methodists being repeated, countered by the assertion that no orthodox Christian should vote for Marshall or Macaulay as they were both Socinians. The conclusion was that the bill should be revived.The leading spokesman in Parliament for the factory reform movement was replaced by the eldest son of the 6th Earl of Shaftesbury. Since witnesses had not testified on oath, the report was unbalanced and there were doubts about the accuracy of the more lurid accounts of factory life. An air of ridicule and extravagance had been thrown not upon factory legislation, but upon the use of Select Committees for fact- finding on factory conditions. A commission was set up to investigate. The Short Time Committees tried to obstruct the work of the Commissioners. When the

masks: Sadler Sadler


title: Michael Thomas Sadler

texts: main recommendations of the commission were not yet available to MPs, the Bill proceeded to a Second Reading and was defeated by Lord Althorp's amendment. The first point where the Bill differed from the commission's was the age at which hours of work should be limited, and it was left to Althorp to pilot through a Factory Act based upon the commission'.Macaulay intended to resign his seat in Parliament in the autumn of 1834 and a by-election was imminent. It was assumed that he would be the candidate. There was a by-election. Since Captain Wood had converted to Catholicism and was advised that it was unlikely that he would win the by-election, the Whig MP was opposed only by the Radical. Wood told his supporters to invite <mask> to stand as a Conservative. Whig papers published allegations by John Foster, a former editor. The legal costs of preparing to defend a libel action bankrupted the Radical paper which supported the Ten-Hour movement.Foster said that he had been promised that the Ten-Hour committee would pay all his legal costs and hadn't done so; that <mask> had promised before the election to pay a handsome price for the Patriot and that money collected for the Ten-Hour. There were policy differences between the Conservatives and the Radicals. The Ten-Hour Bill was removed as a cause behind which they could easily unite because of the attitude to the Corn Laws and the passage of the Factory Act. Wood was persuaded to stand as the candidate by the Huddersfield Radicals because they refused to support <mask>. The successful Whig candidate won the election with over 200 votes. He declined the invitation to stand at the by-election, which was the last election he stood in. He was buried in Ballylesson churchyard after his death in 1835.There is a statue of <mask> in St George's Fields. Minor works include The Law of Population: A Treatise in Six Books and the Report of the Select Committee on his Factory Regulation Bill. The Factory Girl's Last Day 1780 births, 1835 deaths, and Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for

masks: Sadler Sadler Sadler Sadler


title: Willie Rushton

texts: <mask> was an English cartoonist, satirist, comedian, actor and performer who co-founded the satirical magazine Private Eye. <mask> was the only child of <mask> and his Welsh wife Veronica and was born in 1937. He met his future Private Eye colleagues at the school where he was not academically successful. The satirical magazine The Wallopian poked fun at school spirit, traditions and the masters. He said he didn't remember much of his schooldays except Blandings country. The kind of place you die in, not to be educated. Rushton failed officer selection after two years of national service in the army.He said that the Army is one of the funniest institutions on the planet. It's in the class system. The basic wit of my fellow man was discovered through serving in the ranks. He worked in a solicitors office after leaving the army. Private Eye and the satire boom Rushton remained in contact with his friends, who had added John Wells to their number and were now running their own humor magazines at Oxford, Parsons Pleasure and Mesopotamia, to which Rushton made many

masks:
William George Rushton
Rushton
Rushton


title: Willie Rushton

texts: photo-lithographed.The mast-head figure of Little Gnitty, who still appears on the cover, is a blended caricature of John Wells and the Daily Express standard-head. Rushton thought the lay-out of the magazine looked like a betting shop floor. He was able to work in a lot of puns and background jokes with the "Aesop Revisited", a full-page comic strip. Peter Cook contributed two serials about the adventures of Sir Basil Nardly-Stoads and the Rhandi Phurr, which were illustrated by Rushton, as well as "Mrs Wilson's Diary". The team worked on two books, Private Eye on London and Private Eye's Romantic England, that used his cartooning talents. <mask>'s Dirty Weekend Book, a collection of cartoons, was banned in Ireland. <mask>'s taste for acting had been reawakened by his reunion with his friends.He and his friends went to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe after they finished university. One night, Richard Burton appeared in a parody of Luther. Kenneth Tynan hailed Rushton as "brilliant" in a production of The Bed-Sitting Room directed by Richard Ingrams. The Room at

masks:
Willie Rushton
Rushton


title: Willie Rushton

texts: the Top, a chicken-in-a-basket nightclub at the top of a department store, really launched his career. Rushton met the Kray twins in the audience and Barbara Windsor wouldn't come out for a drink that night. John Wells starred in the revue. <mask>'s portrayal of the Prime Minister caught the attention of a young producer who was looking for talent to appear in a TV satire series."That was the week that was" ran from November 1962 to December 1963. It drew up to 13 million viewers and made stars of its cast. Rushton was known for his impersonation of the Prime Minister. I'm very grateful to the old bugger for his impersonation, it's the only one that people have ever actually recognised. He owed me something because I voted for him. Rushton had success with two self-penned songs on the original flexi-discs of skits and invective that Private Eye gave away. Many of the songs he wrote for TW3 are on later solo albums like Now in Bottles and The Complete Works.In the fall of 1963, a health scare led to the resignation of the Prime Minister. It was necessary for


title: Willie Rushton

texts: Douglas- Home to step down from his peerage. The Private Eye team decided to stand their own candidate in the by-election because they were so disgusted by the Conservative Party's actions. <mask> was the most well-known member of the team. <mask> stood under the slogan "Death to the Tories". He advised his supporters at the last minute to vote Liberal, the only credible challenger to the Conservatives. Douglas- Home won.When TW3 was canceled, <mask> and some of the cast went on tour in America, including future Goodies Tim Brooke-Taylor and Bill Oddie. <mask> and Barry Fantoni entered a painting titled Nude Reclining, a satirical portrait of three establishment types, for the 1963 Royal Academy Summer Exhibition under the name of Stuart Harris, which caused a lot of controversy. He began his career as a character actor. <mask> was involved as one of the hosts in the early episodes of Not So Much a Programme, but it was the vehicle that launched David Frost as a chat show host. A cartoon advert he created for the Brewers' Society proclaiming the charms of the

masks: Rushton Rushton Rushton Rushton Rushton


title: Willie Rushton

texts: local pub was proof that he was a personality. <mask> hosted New Stars and Garters in 1965, where he first met Dorgan. He was a guest on Not Only...Also with Peter Cook and Dudley Moore. Rushton spent a lot of his time in Australia following Dorgan back to her homeland. He married her in 1968. From Rushton with Love was one of the series he had on Australian television. He said of Australia, "They've got their priorities right, they're dedicated to lying in the sun, knocking back ice-cold beer". He was a model for She magazine and also appeared in a stage production of Treasure Island with Spike Milligan and Barry Humphries. He brought Tony's ashes back to the UK in an Air France bag on his return to the UK in 1968.He appeared in a number of films, including Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines, Monte Carlo or Bust, and The Best House in London. He played Tim Brooke-Taylor's gay husband in Sharon Tate's last film before her murder, The Thirteen Chairs, as well as appearing in sex comedies such as Keep It Up Downstairs. Big Teddy in Consuming Passions


title: Willie Rushton

texts: was his final film appearance. The Persuaders!, Colditz, and Up Pompeii! were all episodes he appeared in as a TV actor in the 1970s. The narrator is Plautus. He was the doctor in the movie Elementary, My Dear Watson. He played the irascible briadier in Tales from a Long Room, as well as appearing in a number of well-received pantomimes.Liz of Lambeth was written by <mask> in 1976. Who is Tallulah? In 1991, with Suzi Quatro. He was able to contribute seven humorous, spoken word pieces for the Tale of Ale. <mask>'s Illustrated was his last major solo TV project. He was a regular on quiz shows and celebrity panel games. He said that he appeared on the programmes because he met everyone there.He was a regular on the third series of I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue and was a panellist for 22 years. The 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217

masks: Rushton Rushton


title: Willie Rushton

texts: early animated Muzzy films was provided by him. He wrote and illustrated a series of children's books about "The Incredible Cottage" in the early 1980s. The last time Rushton was involved in Private Eye was when the Labour Party came back into power in the mid-1970s. He returned to Private Eye in 1978 to take over the job of illustrating "Auberon Waugh's Diary".<mask> drew at Waugh's instructions when he moved his column to The Daily Telegraph as the "Way of the World" in 1990. The Victoria and Albert Museum commissioned 24 large colour illustrations of <mask>'s great moments of history. When Rushton pulled a prank on the V&A, he put a plug hole in one of the galleries. The annoyance of a cleaner who had to use a heavy extension lead for a year so as not to damage the exhibit was what made it stay for a full year. This large-scale excursion into the use of colour was good practice for the monthly colour covers he created for the Literary Review. <mask> drew 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611

masks:
Rushton
Willie Rushton
Rushton


title: Willie Rushton

texts: him to teach at Lord's. His cricket and general knowledge were called upon in his role as a regular team captain on the quiz show, which ran from 1986 to 1993. Rushton played in the Lord's Taverners, a charity celebrity cricket team.He performed in The Secret Policeman's Biggest Ball. His act consisted of singing "Top Hat, White Tie and Tails" and acting out the lyrics, which left him standing in a top hat, white tie, and tails. His cartoons were part of an exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery. <mask> died of a heart attack in 1996 at the age of 59. He predicted this ten years ago on I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. In the first episode of Series 13, the Chairman asked the panellists to "gaze into their crystal balls" and make predictions for 1996. Rushton apologized because he spotted a memorial service for himself in the abbey.He told Bazza to tell Barry Cryer that he was too old to do a pantomime. The game I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue is a reference to <mask> being honoured by a blue plaque at the tube station. His contribution to I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue


title: Willie Rushton

texts: was shown in the week of the 10th anniversary of his death. He recorded the last shows for the programme. The boundary of The Oval Cricket Ground was where Rushton's ashes were buried. The Day of the Grocer by <mask> is a filmography novel. A preview of the new heir to the throne, <mask>.Queen's English: High Tawk PraWPah-leah is a book written by Queen's English author <mask>. The Compleat Cricketer Jonathan Rice is illustrated by Rushton. The Shrimp Street Gang and The Geranium of Flt <mask> are illustrations only. The Stupid Tiger And Other Tales Raychaudhuri, Upendrakishore, and Talbot Jon are all Rushton illustrations. An Old Tale is illustrated by Rushton while How To Keep Dinosaurs is only illustrated by Rushton. Comic Cuts: A Bedside Sampler of Censorship in Action was written by Richard Findlater. "World's Work" is the title of the book by Duckworth Vedah Hamon Moody.Frank Ward wrote Unarmed Gardening and I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue. How can I annoy you? R.T. Fishall was written by Sidgwick and Jackson. Health for Hooligans Sandy Fawkes and I Could Have

masks:
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton


title: Willie Rushton

texts: Kicked myself. A Memorable History of England Since The War To End All Wars was written by Ned Sherrin and Neil Shand. If You'll Believe That... David Frost is the author of If You'll Believe That... But I Digress: The Collected Monologues of Ramblin'Ronnie Corbett was written by David Renwick.Agreeable World of Wallace Arnold Craig Brown (Fourth Estate, 1990) Soft Targets From The Weekend Guardian: Poems Simon Rae. Barry Cryer was born in 2003 There are several references to items in this article. The University of Kent has a gallery of <mask>


title: Claudio Gora

texts: <mask> and Giordana were Italian actors and film directors. He made 155 appearances in film and television over the course of 60 years. In the 1950s he directed and wrote a film called Three Strangers in Rome, which was the first leading role forClaudia Cardinale. Adua e le compagne, directed by Antonio Pietrangeli, is one of his notable roles. The filmography Torna is ideal. Wealth Without a Future was written by Francesco Paolo Tosti. Giuseppe Amore imperiale (1941) and Mario Document Z-2 (1942) are examples of the compositore Giacomo Varni Eternal Melodies.Lerchmann Mater dolorosa, Giorgio della Valle L'amico dell donne, and De Simerose La storia di una capinera were mentioned. The Goddess of Love was written by Professor Charpentier Marie Antoinette Queen of France. The Primary L'et del malessere was released in 1968. Rossini! The song "Dott" was written in 1991. Onorevele Mariotti External links 1913 births 1998 deaths Actors from Genoa Italian male film actors Italian film directors Nastro d'Argento winners


title: Tariq ibn Ziyad

texts: The Muslim Umayyad conquest of Spain and Portugal was initiated by riq ibn Ziyd, a Berber Umayyad commander. He consolidated his troops at the Rock of Gibraltar after crossing the Strait of Gibraltar from the North African coast. The Spanish name for the mountain of riq is "Gibraltar", which means "mountain of riq" in Arabic. Historians give conflicting data about riq's origins. Some conclusions about his personality and the circumstances of his entry into al-Andalus are uncertain. Most modern sources state that riq was a mawla of the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya. The riq governor of Tangier was appointed after its conquest in 710-711, but an unconquered Visigothic outpost remained nearby.The custom was that after Roderic came to power, he sent his daughter to the court of the Visigothic king for education. It is said that the Muslims were incensed by the rape and decided to bring down the kingdom. He entered into a treaty with riq to secretly convoy the Muslim army across the Straits of Gibraltar, as he owned a number of merchant ships and had his own forts on the Spanish mainland. On April 26, 711, the army of riq <mask>, composed of recent converts to Islam, was landed on the Iberian peninsula. They went to the foothills of a mountain which was named after him. riq's army contained about 7,000 soldiers, mostly from the Berber stock, but also Arab troops. The army was said to be 100,000, but the real number may be much lower.Most of the army was commanded by the sons of Wittiza. Roderic was defeated and killed at the Battle of Guadalete by riq. While he remained at the head of the division which captured Toledo, riq <mask> split his army into four

masks:
Bin Ziyad
Bin Ziyad


title: Gay McDougall

texts: <mask> is an American lawyer who has spent her career addressing international human rights and racial discrimination. She is a scholar at the Leitner Center on International Law and Justice. From 1994 to 2006 she was the Executive Director of Global Rights, Partners for Justice. She was the first United Nations Independent Expert on Minority Issues. <mask> was born in 1947 to Louis and <mask>. Her parents were a high school math teacher and a hospital cook. She grew up in Atlanta.In 1965, she graduated from Booker T. Washington High School. <mask> was banned from public places as a child. She was the first black student at the college when she finished high school. She said: "We believed that our situation was uniquely tragic, and we looked to the international community with the hope that somehow the world beyond this country operated on different rules." After two years at Agnes Scott, she transferred to a college in Vermont. She received her masters degree in public international law from the London School of Economics and Politics. She joined the New York City corporate law firm of Debevoise, Plimpton, Lyons & Gates after graduating from Yale Law School.In 1998, she was first elected to serve as an independent expert on the United Nations treaty body that oversees the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms. She was the first American to be elected to the body of 18 international experts who oversee compliance by governments worldwide with the obligations established under the treaty. She was in office for four years from 1998 to 2001. She served on the Committee for a term that began on January 20, 2016 and ended on January 19, 2020 after being elected to another four-year term on the Committee in June 2015. She was a member of the committee. She was

masks:
Gay Johnson McDougall
Gay Johnson McDougall
Inez Gay Johnson
Gay


title: Gay McDougall

texts: elected to serve a four-year term as a member of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities of the Human Rights commission. She presented a study to the United Nations Sub-Commission on Human Rights that called for international legal standards for prosecuting acts of systematic rape and sexual slavery.The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights visited Sierra Leone to assess the impact of the civil war on civilians. One of the five international members of the Independent Electoral Commission in South Africa helped organize and administer the country's first non-racial elections. She was the director of the Southern African Project of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law from 1980 until early 1994 and gave direct assistance to the defense of thousands of political prisoners in South Africa. The year-long process to independence mandated by the U.N. was monitored by a bipartisan group of 31 Americans. The Commission forced changes to the voter registration and election laws because they threatened the fairness of the election process. In 1999 she was awarded a MacArthur Foundation fellowship for her work on behalf of international human rights. She has degrees from Georgetown University Law Center, the University of Witwatersrand (South Africa), the School of Law of the City University of New York, and the School of Advanced Study, University of London.The National Coalition of 100 Black Women gave a Candace Award to <mask> in 1990. Senior Scholars 2002, Institute for Policy Studies Board Member, Africare Board Member, CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere) Board Member, Global Fund for Women Advisory Council, Realizing Rights Executive Council, American University's College of Law are other


title: Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal

masks:
Pombal
Joseph I
Pombal


texts: opposition from the hereditary Portuguese nobility. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, one of the deadliest earthquakes in history, was managed by Pombal, who maintained public order, organized relief efforts, and supervised the capital's reconstruction. The Tvora affair of 1759 resulted in the execution of leading members of the aristocratic party and allowed Pombal to suppress the Society of Jesus. In 1759, <mask> gave the title of Count of Oeiras to Pombal. A leading estrangeirado strongly influenced by his observations of British commercial and domestic policy, Pombal implemented sweeping commercial reforms, establishing a system of companies and guilds governing each industry. The Douro wine region was created to regulate the production and trade of port wine.The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which successfully defended Portugal from Spanish invasion during the Seven Years' War, was maintained by Pombal despite his desire to decrease Portuguese reliance on Great Britain. The prohibition of the import of black slaves within Portugal and Portuguese India was one of the liberal domestic policies enacted by Pombal. Despite these reforms, Pombal governed autocratically, curtailing individual liberties, suppressing political opposition, and fostering the slave trade to Brazil. Following the accession of Queen Maria I in 1777, Pombal was stripped of his offices and exiled to his estates, where he died in 1782. The son of a country squire and his wife were both born in Lisbon. His uncle was a professor at the University of Coimbra. After


texts: graduating from the University of Coimbra, he served in the army for a short time before returning to study.He married the niece of the Count of Arcos in Lisbon. She married him against her family's wishes. Her parents made life difficult for the young couple. In 1734, <mask> was admitted to a royal historical society. In 1740, <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society after receiving his first public appointment as the Portuguese ambassador to Great Britain. The author says that <mask> <mask> used his influence to investigate the causes, techniques, and mechanisms of British commercial and naval power. He was the Portuguese ambassador to Austria in 1745.After his first wife died, <mask> <mask> of Austria arranged for him to marry the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshall, Count von Daun. John V recalled him in 1749. <mask> of Portugal was crowned king after John V's death. The Queen <mask> approved of <mask>'s appointment of Pombal as Minister of Foreign Affairs. The King gave him more control of the state as his confidence in him increased. He was appointed Prime Minister by the King by 1755. Pombal was impressed by English economic success and implemented similar policies in Portugal.He abolished slavery in Portugal and the Portuguese colonies in India, reorganised the army and the navy, and ended the discrimination against New Christians that had converted to Christianity. The Pombaline Reforms were a series of reforms intended to make Portugal an economically self-sufficient and commercially strong nation, by means of

masks:
Pombal
Pombal
Carvalho
e Melo
Mary Anne
Josepha
Joseph I
Mother
Joseph I


texts: expanding Brazilian territory, streamlining the administration of colonial Brazil, and fiscal and economic reforms both in the colony and in Portugal. Portugal was considered small and unprogressive during the Age of Enlightenment. Three million people lived in the country in the 17th century. The economy of Portugal before the reforms was relatively stable, though it had become dependent on Brazil for much of its economic support, and England for much of its manufacturing support. The majority of Portugal's exports went through expatriate merchants like the English port wine shippers and French businessmen like <mask> Ratton. The need to grow a manufacturing sector in Portugal was made more important by the excessive spending of the Portuguese crown, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, and the exhaustion of gold mines and diamond mines in Brazil.The creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity was one of his greatest reforms. The second attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe was made by him when he created the Douro Wine Company, which demarcated the Douro wine region for production of Port. He ruled with a heavy hand, imposing strict laws on all classes of Portuguese society, from the high nobility to the poor working class, and through his review of the country's tax system. The reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially the high nobility, who disliked him as a social upstart. Pombal expelled the Jesuits in 1759, created the basis for secular public primary and


texts: secondary schools, introduced Vocational training, created hundreds of new teaching posts, and added departments of mathematics and natural sciences to the University of Coimbra. On the morning of 1 November 1755, Lisbon was awakened by a violent earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 9 on the <mask> scale. The city was destroyed by the earthquake.After surviving a stroke of luck, <mask> immediately took upon the task of rebuilding the city, with his famous quote: "What now?" The dead are buried and the living are healed. Within less than a year, Lisbon was partially rebuilt after the calamity. The new central area of Lisbon was designed by a group of architects specifically to resist earthquakes, using a new construction method, "caging", which consisted of a wooden framework erected in the early stages of construction, giving the building a better chance of withstanding an earthquake. Architectural models were built for tests to see how an earthquake would affect them. The Pombaline Downtown of Lisbon is home to the world's first earthquake-resistant buildings. The Parochial Memories of 1758 was designed by Pombal and was sent to every parish in the country.The questionnaire asked if dogs or other animals behaved strangely prior to the earthquake, if there was a noticeable difference in the rise or fall of the water level in wells, and how many buildings had been destroyed. Modern Portuguese scientists have been able to reconstruct the event using the answers. The marquis was the first to attempt an objective scientific

masks: Richter Pombal


texts: description of the broad causes and consequences of an earthquake. Spain entered the Seven Years' War in 1761 to prevent the British from taking over. The Treaty of Windsor made Portugal Britain's closest ally. Spanish and French envoys were sent to Lisbon to demand that the King and Pombal cease all trade with Britain or face war. The Bourbon ultimatum was rejected by the King and <mask>, who wanted to make Portugal less dependent on Britain.Spain sent troops across the border to capture Porto, but they were repelled by the guerrillas and had to abandon their conquests. The Spanish general, Nicols <mask>, lost the confidence of the Spanish King and was replaced by Count of Aranda. In the second invasion of Lower Beira, a Franco-Spanish army was initially successful in capturing Almeida and several almost undefended fortresses, but they were soon ground to a halt by a small Anglo-Portuguese force. 7,104 British troops were sent together with William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe and military staff to organize the Portuguese Army after Pombal sent urgent messages to London. The Franco-Spanish army was destroyed in the battles of Valencia de Alcntara and Vila Velha because of a scorched earth tactic coupled with guerrilla actions in the Spanish Logistic lines. The Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco was taken by a Portuguese force under Townshend, and all the strongholds that had previously been occupied by the Bourbon invaders were retaken. There were defeats in Ouguela, Marvo and Codiceira during the third Spanish offensive in the

masks:
Pombal
de Carvajal


texts: Alentejo.Several men were captured by the allies after the invaders were chased back into Spain. According to a report sent to the British government by the British ambassador in Portugal, the Bourbon armies suffered 30,000 casualties during their invasion of Portugal. All of the territory taken from Portugal in South America in 1763 was returned to Spain in the Treaty of Paris. In the Hispano-Portuguese war of the 17th century, the territory of Rio Grande do Sul was reconquered from Spain, along with present-day Roraima. During the Seven Years' War, Portugal conquered most of the Rio Negro Valley and defeated the Spanish in the battle of Santa. Portugal was able to keep their territorial gains. Despite the crucial British assistance, Pombal began to be more concerned about the rise of British power.He was alarmed by the ease with which the British took Havana and Manila from Spain and he suspected they were interested in acquiring Brazil. The Society of Jesus, also known as the "Jesuits", had a grip on Pombal because he had lived outside of Portugal in Vienna and London. He was familiar with the anti-Jesuit tradition of Britain and had made friends with a man who was an adversary of the Austrian Jesuits. As prime minister <mask> engaged the Jesuits in a propaganda war, which was watched closely by the rest of Europe, he launched a number of conspiracy theories regarding the order's desire for power. The Society of Jesus was accused of treason and attempted regicide, a major public relations catastrophe for the order, during the


texts: Tvora affair. The Society's role in trying to protect Native Americans in the Portuguese and Spanish colonies resulted in the so-called Guarani War, in which the tribesmen were halved by Spanish and Portuguese troops. The population of the seven missions in the Guarani was about 15,000 less than in the 17th century.The Jesuit missions were occupied by the Portuguese until 1759. <mask>'s brother was the chief inquisitor and used the inquisition against the Jesuits. The Jesuits were suppressed throughout Europe and its colonies in 1773 after <mask> XIV issued a bull to suppress the order. After the earthquake, <mask> gave his Prime Minister even more authority, and <mask> became a powerful, progressive dictator. Bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent as his power grew. <mask> was wounded in an assassination attempt when he returned from a visit to his mistress. After a quick trial, the Tvora family and the Duke of Aveiro were executed.The Jesuits were expelled from Portugal in 1759 because of long-standing tensions between the crown and Jesuits. Jesuit assets were taken over by the crown. The Jesuits' independence, power, wealth, control of education, and ties to Rome made them targets for Pombal's brand of extreme regalism. Every person involved, even women and children, was prosecuted by Pombal. The Prime Minister's victory against his enemies was ensured by this final stroke. Count of Oeiras was made by <mask> I in 1759. The new Count of Oeiras had no opposition.He ruled Portugal until <mask>'s death in 1777.

masks:
Pombal
Pope Clement
Joseph I
Pombal
Joseph I
Joseph
Joseph I


texts: Pombalia, a group of flowering plants from America, was published in 1741. King <mask>'s daughter and successor, Queen Maria I of Portugal, hated Pombal. She was influenced by the Jesuits and after ascending to the throne, she withdrew all his political offices. One of the first restraining orders of its kind, she ordered Pombal not to be more than 20 miles away from her. He had to leave his house to fulfill the royal decree if she were to travel near his estates. The Queen is said to have had fits of rage when she heard about Pombal.<mask> designed the palace that Pombal built. The palace had formal French gardens and Portuguese glazed tile walls. There were waterworks in the vineyards. <mask> died on his estate. One of Lisbon's busiest squares and the busiest underground station is named after him, as he was a controversial figure in his own era. There is a statue of the Marquis next to a lion in the square. His grandson was the 1st Duke of Saldanha.There is a list of marquises in Portugal Precedence among European monarchies. Cartas outras obras selectas do <mask> <mask>mbal. <mask>stage, Edgar. ed. The links between Portugal and the United Kingdom are in the Catholic

masks:
Joseph
Carlos Mardel
Pombal
Marquez
de Po
Pre


title: Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester

texts: The 3rd Earl of Chester was a Norman magnate. He made his career in England because of his kinship with Hugh d'Avranches, the Earl of Chester, and his marriage to Lucy, granddaughter of the Bolingbroke. In the far north-west of England, in Cumberland and Westmorland, he served as a kind of semi-independent governor for the English king. After the death of his cousin Richard d'Avranches in the White ship Disaster, the earl of the county of Chester was born. He held this position for the rest of his life and passed it on to his son. There were two different families of viscounts in Normandy, and both of them were tied to Henry, son of William the Conqueror. He was styled le Meschin, "the younger", due to the fact that he was his father's son.The Bessin is located around Bayeux. The most powerful magnate in the Bessin region of Normandy was the father of the bishop of Bayeux. Le Meschin's paternal great-grandfather, Anschitil, is known to have married a daughter of Duke Richard III. Margaret was the daughter of <mask> Goz. Between 1017 and 1025, Richard's father became a viscount of the Hiémois, while Richard himself became a viscount of the Avranchin. Hugh d'Avranches "Lupus" was Richard Goz's son and viscount of the Avranchin and Earl of Chester. The heir to the Bessin was also the nephew of one of Norman England's most powerful and prestigious families.An entry in the Durham Liber Vitae shows that a younger brother named William was related to an older brother named Richard. He had a sister who married a man named Robert de Grandmesnil. According to C. Warren Hollister, Prince Henry and his father, the Elder, were friends from the time they were young in western Normandy. According to Hollister, Robert Curthose may have had a role in freeing Henry from captivity in 1089. The last and earliest appearance in historical


title: Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester

texts: records of <mask> junior is dated to 24 April 1089 in the charter of Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, to Bayeux. "Ranulf son of the viscount" is what appears to be the name of the man. The foundation charter of Chester Abbey was granted by Hugh Lupus, earl of Chester, and purportedly issued in 1093.His attestation is written with the signature of the nephew of the earl. The editor of the Chester comital charters thought that the charter was forged during the time of Earl <mask> II. When he became the third husband of Lucy, a descendant of the honour of Bolingbroke in Lincolnshire, he became a major English landowner. The lordship of Appleby in Westmorland was previously held by Ivo <mask>. Marriage to a great heiress came only with royal patronage, which meant that they had to be respected and trusted by the king. Among the earliest and most loyal of Henry's followers was his son, and he was noted as such by Orderic Vitalis. The king's closest group of administrative advisers did not include <mask>, and he was not recorded often at the court of Henry I.He became earl and witnessed charters more often. He was one of several justiciars at York in 1106 who heard a case about the lordship of Ripon. In 1116 he is recorded in a similar situation. One of the king's military companions was <mask>. After hearing of a planned invasion of England by his brother, Henry sought promises from his subjects to defend the kingdom. The men of Lincolnshire were told in a letter that there were four figures who would collect the oaths. King Henry invaded Duke Robert's Norman territory in the 11th century.One of Henry's commanders at the Battle of Tinchebrai was also an officer of the royal household. The first line of Henry's force was led by Ranulf, the second by Robert of Meulan, and the third by William de Warrene. The men of

masks: Ranulf Ranulf Taillebois Ranulf Ranulf


title: Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester

texts: Bayeux, Avranches and Coutances were part of the line. The Lord of Cumberland was a model for Robert's new lordship, according to a charter issued by David I, King of the Scots. Robert is known from other sources to have acted with semi-regal authority in this region. A source claims that the jurors of Cumberland remembered the name of the Lord of Cumberland as quondam dominus Cumberland. The dignity of a semi-independent earl in the region could be seen in the fact that he lacked the formal status of being called such.An example of this authority can be found in the records of Wetheral Priory, where a man named "Richer" is found addressing his own sheriff. During his time in charge of Cumberland and Westmorland, there was no royal activity. Ivo <mask>, when he married Lucy, had acquired her Lincolnshire lands, but after 1086 he acquired estates in Kendal and elsewhere in Westmorland. A territorial division between Roger the Poitevin and Ivo probably caused the later boundary between the two counties. The Norman lordship in the heartland of Cumberland can be dated from 1092, when King William Rufus seized the region from its previous ruler. There is no conclusive evidence that settlers from Ivo's lands came to Cumberland. Lucy was married to Roger fitz Gerold de Roumare between 1094 and 1098, and it is probable that this marriage was the king's way of transferring authority in the region to Roger fitz Gerold.We do not have evidence that this authority came to the area before Henry I. According to the historian <mask>, the authority of the region was not established until after the Battle of Tinchebrai. Richard Sharpe believes that the view probably came in after 1098. Lucy was the mechanism by which this authority changed hands, and she could be found months before Tinchebrai took evidence from county jurors at York,

masks:
Taillebois
William Kapelle


title: Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester

texts: which may have been responsible for Cumbria at this point. The Benedictine monastic house was founded by Ranulf after he gave land to the church. Ivo <mask> generously endowed the house that he established as a daughter-house of St Mary's Abbey, York. Abbot Stephen of St Mary's died in 1112 and was named in the foundation deed.St Mary and the Holy Trinity, as well as another saint named Constantine, were dedicated to the priory of Wetheral. There are two churches at Appleby, St Lawrences and St Michaels. The record of the jurors of Cumberland dating to 1212 claimed that the incoming regional magnate had created two baronies in the region. Robert de Trevers' brother-in-law was given the barony of Burgh-by-Sands. He tried to give the large barony of Gilsland to his brother William, but failed to take over the native lord, the "Gille" son of Boite. Kirklinton may have been given to the sheriff. The year of Earl of Chester 1120 was a turning point in Henry I's life.The earl of Chester, Richard, died in the White ship disaster. Four days before the disaster, Richard and his cousin had witnessed a charter together. The Welsh were under the leadership of Gruffudd ap Cynan when Henry replaced Richard. The Welsh killed and burned two castles after Richard's death. Perhaps because of his recognised military ability and social strength, and because he was the closest male relation to Earl Richard, Henry recognized him as Richard's successor to the county of Chester. Henry sent his bastard son, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, to strengthen the garrisons in Normandy with a large number of knights. The county of vreux was ruled by William Clito, Robert Curthose's son and heir.The Count of Meulan, <mask>, was captured in March of 1124. Scouts told Ranulf that <mask>ran's forces were going to go to Vatteville and that he was going to

masks: Taillebois Waleran Wale


title: Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester

texts: intercept them. <mask>ran was captured in a battle at Rougemontier. During the rule of his predecessors, the cantref of Tegeingl was included in the holdings of the earl of Chester. One of the least developed counties in England was one quarter of the value of the honour. In order to strengthen its position on the Anglo-Welsh border, the estates elsewhere were given to the earls. The lordship's wealth and attractiveness should have been supplemented by the possibility of conquest in Wales, but the English king tried to keep the Welsh princes under his control.It's not clear how much of his other lands he gave up as a result of his accession, but it's possible. It's likely that Cumberland was given up at this point, as King Henry ordered the strengthening of the castle in December of 1122. According to Hollister, Henry received the Bolingbroke lands in exchange for his earldom. According to the historian A. Thacker, Henry I forced the surrender of most of the Bolingbroke lands because he was afraid that he would become too powerful. The king's son may have had to sell a lot of land in order to pay the whole fee, as he succeeded his father to Chester, according to Sharpe. Hollister thought that Henry's forgiveness for non-payment was a form of royal patronage, and that the debt was normal feudal relief expected to be paid on a large honour. He was buried in Chester Abbey.His wife and son succeeded him. The lord in the Anglo-Welsh marches was married to a daughter. King Afonso I of Portugal granted the Lordship of Azambuja to one of his sons who participated in the Siege of Lisbon. William Langland's Piers Plowman suggests that his career had some claim on the popular imagination. The lazy priest confessed: "I know not parfitly my Paternoster as the preest it singeth." <mask>, the 3rd Earl of Norman warriors, was born

masks: Wale Chester


title: Owen Moore

texts: <mask> was an Irish-born American actor who appeared in more than 300 movies. <mask> was born in County Meath, Ireland, and he was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Along with his parents, John and <mask>, brothers Tom, Matt, and Joe, and sister Mary, he moved to the United States as a steerage passenger on the S.S. Anchoria. The <mask> family was inspected on Ellis Island in 1896 and settled in Toledo, Ohio. <mask> and his siblings went on to have successful careers in motion pictures. <mask> married a young Canadian actress named Gladys Smith on January 7, 1911. Their marriage was kept a secret because of her opposition.Mary Pickford became <mask>'s stage name. He co- starred in a number of Victor Studios films with Florence Lawrence. Mary Pickford joined the Independent Moving Pictures to replace Florence Lawrence. <mask> was signed by the owner of IMP, Carl Laemmle, as part of the deal.

masks:
Owen Moore
Moore
Rose Anna Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Gladys Moore
Moore


title: Owen Moore

texts: With this humiliation and his wife's rise to fame, alcohol became a problem that led to violent behavior and his physically abusing Pickford. Pickford met an actor in 1916. Pickford filed for divorce from <mask> after she agreed to his $100,000 demand.Pickford and Fairbanks were married. Lewis J. Selznick was the father of producer David O. Selznick and agent Myron Selznick. He was one of the stars at Selznick Pictures along with Olive Thomas, Elaine Hammerstein and Eugene O'Brien. He appeared in films for his own production company. <mask> married a second time in 1921. <mask> became a supporting actor for newer stars as his career declined with the advent of sound film. He competed with Cary Grant and Noah Beery, Jr. for the attentions of Mae West in She Done Him Wrong, Paramount's most lucrative film of 1933.His last film appearance was as a movie director in the 1937 drama A Star Is Born, a movie about a former film star who turned to alcohol, much like himself at that time. <mask> died of a heart attack in Beverly Hills, California, and was buried in East Los Angeles, California. <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. As Dennis Shawn Money Talks, he played Sam Starling in The Road to Mandalay, and as Dennis The Taxi Dancer, he played Lee Rogers in Women Love Diamonds. Dennis O' Farrell What a Widow was played by Dan Egan. As Lookalike Bartender 1 Hush Money, as Harry 'Fingers' O'Dell Extravagance, as Jim Hamilton, and as Tony

masks: Moore Moore Moore Moore Moore


title: Joe Mohen

texts: The founder and CEO of election.com, which ran the first legally binding election in the world in 2000, is the CEO of Chimes Broadcasting. The founder of SpiralFrog, an ad-supported free music service, was a force in creating the era of free legal music, as he was the one who secured the rights to free music distribution from the major record labels in return for a share of the advertising revenues. Baseball World Series television revenues are at risk unless the schedule is changed. The oldest child of <mask> and Virginia Ann Kelly was born in New York City in 1935. One of the first full time staff of any motion picture studio, James Morris, was hired by Adolph Zukor in 1912 at Famous Players, making sets for the silent films at Chelsea Studios in Manhattan. In 1960, the family moved to Garden City on Long Island. He was a captain of the Cross Country and Track teams in high school.He was offered a track scholarship to the University of Ohio, which he declined, but instead chose to attend the University of Baltimore, where he studied Mathematics and Biochemistry, and Manhattan College in New York City, where he studied Business. After working for Chase Bank on Wall Street, he became an officer at Citibank at the age of 24. In 1985 he became a Certified Computer Professional in Systems Development, having worked as a software engineer for six years. He founded Proginet Corporation in 1996 and served as CEO until September 1996. XCOM was one of the software products that spanned more than eleven computer operating systems and was created by Proginet. The renamed CA-XCOM was sold. As CEO of Proginet, he secured equity stakes from both Microsoft and Novell.In 1989 he wrote a widely quoted article, "Seeking a Cure for the Vaporware Epidemic", for PC Week (now eWeek), Data Communications Magazine, and Network World. Vendors that are unwilling to prove it exists shouldn't announce their packages to the press. There were representatives from computer and telecommunications organizations from around the world on the committee that set standards for Open Systems Interconnections Protocols. Jack Kemp and the former Irish Prime Minister were recruited by


title: Joe Mohen

texts: The Financial Times reported on August 28, 2006 that it had granted SpiralFrog the first ever license to give away its complete catalog of music to consumers for free, in return for a share of advertising revenues. "This is really promising that the labels are going to finally stop kvetching and start thinking about where their money's going to come from in the 21st century," said Aram Sinnreich, of Radar Research, being quoted in the Los Angeles Times. SpiralFrog is a small step for the record labels.While SpiralFrog service was one of the earliest free internet music services to be supported by advertising instead of charging users, it used a temporary download model which was not compatible with Apple or Android devices. The launch of SpiralFrog was delayed due to technical and licensing delays. A spectacular corporate takeover attempt by Robin Kent, the British advertising executive who had been recruited by <mask> the year before, was reported in the press. Most industry watchers believed that SpiralFrog.com would never launch, despite the fact that it was the winner in the boxing day massacre. He insisted that he would overcome the obstacles to launch the site. He went on to sign all remaining major music publishers, finance the company with exchangeable debt, and finally launch SpiralFrog.com on September 17, 2007. The catalog of the British music company EMI was added to SpiralFrog in June of 2008.The collapse of the stock market in September 2008 left SpiralFrog unable to meet its obligations. SpiralFrog was vulnerable to the credit crisis because it was debt-financed as opposed to equity-financed, and its backers were hedge funds who were facing huge redemptions. SpiralFrog was forced to close after its loans were called. While other free ad-supported music services that came later did succeed, the SpiralFrog download model limited the number of devices on which SpiralFrog could be used, and ultimately prevented its long term success. A group of people, including Dana Fields, purchased a fashion magazine for young women that focused on street fashion and merged it with a digital media company. He served as an adviser after he became interim CEO


title: Krste Misirkov

texts: He was a historian and journalist from the region of Macedonia. Between 1903 and 1905, he published a book and a scientific magazine in which he affirmed the existence of a Macedonian national identity, and attempted to codify a standard Macedonian language based on the central Western Macedonian dialects. <mask> was found to be the most significant Macedonian of the 20th century. He is considered the founder of the modern Macedonian literary language for his efforts to codify a standard Macedonian language. The 2006 discovery of his diary, where he advocated pro-Bulgarian views, sparked off a controversy in Skopje. In 1905 he began publishing mostly articles written from a nationalist perspective. He was a member of the local parliament in Bessarabia during the First World War.Macedonian nationalism was reverted to <mask> in 1919. He encouraged the Macedonian Slavs to adopt a Bulgaria national identity during the 1920s. The Ministry of Education gave financial support for <mask>'s burial in the Central Cemetery. <mask>'s national affiliation and legacy is a matter of dispute between Bulgaria and North Macedonia because he expressed conflicting views about the Macedonian Slavs at different points in his life. There have been attempts to reconcile the conflicting and self-contradictory statements made by Misirkov. According to historian Ivo Banac, <mask> believed that he and the Slavs of Macedonia were both from Bulgaria. <mask> called himself and the Slavs of Macedonia, Macedonians, in order to get both cultural and national differences from the other Bulgarias.The village of Postol in the Salonica Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire was where <mask> Petkov <mask> was born. The bad financial situation of his family made it impossible for him to continue his education after he left the local Greek school. The Serbian government began to promote pro-Serbian Macedonian nationalism and recruit young people in order to "Serbianize" them. <mask> received a scholarship from the Serbian association, "The Society of St. Sava". The promotion of pro-Serbian ideas and

masks: Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Krste Misirkov Misirkov


title: Krste Misirkov

texts: propaganda was the main goal of the education provided by the Society of St. Sava. The Macedonian students were forced to participate in a students protest and revolt against the Society of St. Sava because of the politics practiced by the association. <mask> and his friends moved from Belgrade to Sofia.He was confronted with pro-Bulgarian propaganda in Bulgaria. <mask> was rejected by the Society of St. Sava because of his involvement in the protests against it. He was forced to enroll in a theological school because he was willing to get higher education. Similar to the Society of St. Sava, this school had its own propagandistic goals which resulted in another revolt of the students. The students were sent throughout Serbia after the school ended its programs. He was sent to abac, where he finished his fourth course of secondary education, but this time in the local gymnasium, which was his last course. In order to be accepted in the educational system in Serbia and Bulgaria, <mask> and his friend had to be treated as Serbs or Bulgarias.After graduating from the gymnasium, <mask> went to another secondary school for teachers in Belgrade, where he graduated in 1895. The association of students called "Vardar" was founded in 1893. His qualifications were not recognized in Russia. The Seminary at Poltava was where <mask> had to study. He entered the Saint Petersburg Imperial University in 1897. He entered the association at first. In 1897 I went to Petrograd University and was a member of the Bulgaria Student Society for five years.The members of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society were lectured on the history of the Balkan Peninsula by <mask>. On November 15, 1900, <mask>, a third year student in the Faculty of History and Philosophy, along with other students in Russia, created a students circle in Saint Petersburg. The main objective of the circle was political autonomy of the populations of Macedonia and Thrace, declared by IMRO, and implemented by the Great Powers. In a letter sent to the President of the Supreme Macedonian- Adrianople Committee

masks: Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov


title: Krste Misirkov

texts: on 28 November of the same year, the founders of the circle stated that there is no Bulgaria who is not interested in the situation and fate of that part of our homeland. The people of Macedonia and Thrace were considered to be from Bulgaria. <mask> left for Ottoman Macedonia after abandoning the university. Facing financial obstacles to continue his postgraduate education, he accepted the proposal of the Bulgarian Exarchate to be appointed teacher in one of the high schools in Bitola.He befriended the Russian diplomat in Bitola. The Ilinden Uprising in 1903 and the assassination of the Russian Consul changed his plans and he returned to Russia. There were different articles published in Russia about the Ilinden Uprising and the reasons why the Consul was killed. He wrote and published a brochure called "The Macedonian Matters". The book was written in the Central Macedonian dialect and was attacked in his writings by the Ilinden Uprising and the Internal Macedonian- Adrianople Revolutionary Organization. It is thought that the members of IMRO destroyed a lot of copies of his book. Dame Gruev, Gotse Delchev, Boris Sarafov, and other IMRO members had to flee as they were considered by the officials to be anti-Bulgarian and/or Macedonian nationalists.He moved to Berdiansk in Southern Russia in 1905. He was given a post as an assistant master in the school. The author of "The Macedonian Matters" had pro-Bulgarian views in many of his next articles after 1905, but this may have been the result of threats made against him. The magazine "Macedonian- Adrianople Review" was edited by the IMRO's defacto organ, the "Macedonian-Adrianople Review", on 18 April 1907. <mask>'s work about the South Slavic epic legends was published in 1909. The article "The foundations of a Serbian-Bulgarian rapprochement" was published in the magazine "Bulgarian Collection" on 1 October 1909. <mask> was invited to attend the Slavic Festival in 1910 as its guest of honor.He translated the book of Prof. Atanas Ishirkov from Bulgaria to Russian. <mask> was a Russian war correspondent when

masks: Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov


title: Krste Misirkov

texts: the First Balkan War began. He could follow military operations in Macedonia. The Ottomans should be driven out of Macedonia according to some articles published in the Russian press. After the Second Balkan War, <mask> went back to Russia, where he worked as a teacher in the Bulgaria language schools. He was the teacher of the school in Chiinu. <mask> was a teacher in Chiinu when he sent a letter to Teodorov-Balan requesting to be assigned as a professor.That request clearly indicates his self-identification at that time, and a shorter letter was sent to another professor at the university. The journal "Makedonski glas" was published in Russian by the Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society. "K. Pelski" was the author of this magazine for some time. The Macedonian community in Russia, as well as issues surrounding the Macedonian people as a whole, were written about in the journal. Macedonian ideals were defended and written about in the "Voice of Macedonia" by <mask>. After the outbreak of the First World War, Bessarabia became a democratic republic and was elected a member of the local parliament Sfatul rii. <mask> was a secretary in the educational commission in Bessarabia.In March 1918, unification between Bessarabia and Romania was declared. On May 21, 1918, <mask> opened a language course in Bolhrad. After returning from a trip to Bulgaria in order to procure textbooks for the students, he was arrested by the Kingdom of Romania and extradited to Bulgaria. The head of the Historical Department of the National Museum of Ethnography in the late 19th century was <mask>, who was expelled from Bulgaria at the end of 1918. He was a teacher and director of high schools in Karlovo. After he met with a representative of the organization, the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization reconsidered their decision to assassinate <mask>. He published many articles on the Macedonian Question in the press.The Ministry of Education gave 5000 levs to help bury <mask> in the graveyards in Sofia. <mask> wrote one book, one diary, published one issue of a

masks: Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov


title: Krste Misirkov

texts: magazine, and wrote more than thirty articles in his life. His book "On the Macedonian Matters" was published in 1903. The magazine was published in the Russian Empire. <mask>'s articles have been published in different newspapers and they were focused on different topics. The book, magazine and a number of his articles were written in the Central Macedonian dialects, which are the basis of Modern Macedonian. The Macedonian book "On the Macedonian Matters" is one of the most important works of <mask>.The book was written in Macedonian dialects. The establishment of national institutions within the Ottoman empire, as well as the standardization of a Macedonian language, were in favor of national separation. The Internal Macedonian- Adrianople Revolutionary Organization was attacked by <mask> as an agent of the Bulgaria interests in Macedonia. According to the book, the Macedonian literary language should be based on dialects from the central part of Macedonia. The Ottoman authorities were appealed to for recognition of a Macedonian nation. There was no independent Macedonian state, and most of the Macedonian Slavs called themselves Bulgaria as a result of Ottoman religious classifications, but it should be created when the necessary historical circumstances arise. <mask> is the author of the first scientific magazine in Macedonian.The magazine was published in the Russian Empire. The magazine was only published once because of the financial problems that <mask> was facing. The orthography used for "Vardar" is almost the same as the orthography of standard Macedonian. The magazine was supposed to cover a lot of different scientific disciplines. <mask> wrote many articles for newspapers and magazines. The articles deal with Macedonia, Macedonian culture, ethnology, politics and nation on one hand and with the Bulgaria nation, politics and ethnography on the other. <mask>'s articles were either published in Russia or in Bulgaria.The majority of the articles were signed by his birth name. A diary written by <mask> during his stay in Russia in 1913 was

masks: Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov Misirkov