title: Janet Walker (costumier)

texts: business, she made sure that her staff were well trained, which resulted in several of them setting up their own businesses. <mask>'s partner, Margaret Caldwell, was able to match services offered by larger stores. The Ladies Emporium opened in September 1896. The partners were able to modify the emporium three times before 1900 because of the success of the business. There was a showroom on the ground level of the building.The partners decided to offer two services to the ladies of society. These were used to measure garments. In order to make sure that the products were individual to the company, most of the fabrics were imported in full dress lengths with minimal amounts of lace and trimmings to embellish the garments but just enough to complete the product fully. A growing number of large mail orders from clientele that was established in rural Queensland and New South Wales made the business highly successful. The partners of the company were given the chance to make several gowns that would be worn to the opening of the Common Wealth Parliament in 1901 and the reception at the government house in Brisbane because of the recognition from royalty. She made these garments into a feature in her new workrooms. <mask> was a well-known designer and dressmaker as well as an innovative business woman.<mask> invented an improved dress stand in 1904 and applied for a patent for a folding apparatus in 1895. This design was known as the 'plastic bust' and was described as a unique invention which reproduced the customer's exact figure, saves fitting, and ensures perfect work. <mask> was able to make sure that her measurements were correct for her client throughout the dressmaking stages as this improved her dressmaking skills. The new and improved dressmakers stand was sold to the House of Worth, Madame Paquin in Paris, and the House of Redfern in London. The Plastic Bust Co. was floated in 1905 by the <mask>. <mask> ran the business until 1938, when she retired as a highly skilled costumier. She died on November 27, 1940 at Toowong and is buried with her family in South Brisbane Cemetery.Some of her gowns are in a museum. Australian women in business births in the 1850's and 1940's are

masks:
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Janet Walker


title: Aleksandr Miroshnichenko

type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> "Alex" <mask> was a professional boxer. At the 1988 Summer Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the super-heavyweight division. His other accomplishments include silver at the 1989 World Championships, as well as bronze at the 1983 and 1989 European Championships, and other international tournaments. Miroshnichenko began boxing at the age of 13 after his mother brought him to the gym in his hometown of Kostanay because she wanted him to be able to defend himself. Miroshnichenko had a natural talent and ability to compete both nationally and internationally, which he did during the 1980s, despite showing little interest in boxing. The AIBA ranked him as the world's 6th superweight in 1984. Miroshnichenko had a distinguished amateur career, winning over 200 bouts, including a win over future world champion Lewis and the U.S. Army.He won medals in the European Championships and the World Cup. He was a member of the sports society. In the semifinals of the 1988 Olympics, <mask> floored Bowe in the first round, but Bowe won by the decision. Despite his loss to Bowe, Lou Falcigno, a New York-based boxing promoter, expressed a particular interest in bringing <mask> to the United States to fight professionally. Negotiations began between the promoter and the Soviet Boxing Federation but were

masks:
Aleksandr Viktorovich
Miroshnichenko
Miroshnichenko
Miroshnichenko


title: Aleksandr Miroshnichenko

texts: unsuccessful as the Soviet government dismissed the idea early in 1989. <mask> had limited success as a professional boxer in the late Soviet Union. He knocked out Roberto Servin in the first round.He stopped Puritty in his third fight. <mask> won the Russian title in 1991. <mask> won a very close Split Decision against Samuel M'Bendjob after vacating the Russian title. Ricky Parkey was knocked out in the third round by <mask>. <mask> had won 21 straight against limited competition before he was defeated by Maskayev in the third round. <mask>'s cornermen said that he fractured his arm in the bout. <mask> stopped fighting after the bout.He worked as a boxing coach and opened a state-sponsored boxing school after his retirement from competition. He was the dean of the school of martial arts at the Kostanay State University until his death. Death <mask> died in 2003 at the age of 39, after supposedly falling down nine flights of stairs at his apartment building in his hometown. The rumour was that his death was related to his testimony in the trial of the local judge. An annual junior boxing tournament has been established in the hometown of a professional boxer. Sports.kz 1964 births 2003 deaths People from Kostanay Accidental deaths from falls Soviet male boxers Boxers at the 1988 Summer

masks: Miroshnichenko Miroshnichenko Miroshnichenko Miroshnichenko Miroshnichenko Miroshnichenko Miroshnichenko Miroshnichenko


title: Mao Sui

texts: There is <mask>i. The Warring States period ended in the 3rd century BC. He was a retainer of Lord Pingyuan. Success was hard to come by for <mask>, who lived in Zhao for three years. The Battle of Changping happened in 257 BC. Handan, the capital of Zhao, was attacked by Qin. The Chu state gave assistance to Zhao.<mask> was successful in persuading the Chu to help him. It was believed that a good tongue of <mask>i was stronger than a million soldiers. <mask> was born in Jize. As a young man, he excelled in both academic and military training. He met Lord Pingyuan at Handan, the capital of Zhao. More than 3000 retainers were employed in various capacities, such as civil and military strategists, guardians, butchers, liquor sellers, etc. In 257 BC, the army of Qin besieged Handan.<mask>i helped the Chu and Zhao form an alliance after he realized that Handan was in danger. He was given the position of imperial adviser by the king. The Warrior states period ended after the Battle of Changping. The general of the army wanted to lead soldiers to besiege the capital of the province of Handan. The situation in Handan was very dangerous and the army went ahead and besieged it. The Chu was ordered to help by the king of Zhao. The 20 civil and military officers were selected by the prince.He had already picked 19 people, and only one remained to be picked. <mask>i recommended himself to Prince Ping Yuan. He told him that he would go to the Chu state to sign a covenant with them. I want to follow you to Chu state because you want to take 20 attendants with you. He was asked how long he had been with him. He said it would take 3 years. A talented person is like an awl in the bag, it will poke the bag and show its ability immediately.I have never heard of you despite being with me for 3 years. You don't have any talents. You can't follow us, just stay behind! "My lord, today is when I will ask you to put me in your

masks:
Mao Su
Mao
Mao Sui
Mao Su
Mao Sui
Mao Su
Mao Su


title: Mao Sui

texts: bag," <mask>i said. I will show my ability. I may have already pierced the whole bag if you had put me in the bag earlier. <mask>i was included in the group.The king of Chu only met Prince Ping Yuan when he arrived at the Chu. The negotiations did not yield any concrete results. The matter of sending troops is either harmless or profitable according to <mask>. Why do you hesitate when it is very simple and clear? <mask>i interrupted their conversation. The king asked the prince who he was. The prince said that <mask>i is his attendant.The king told <mask>i to leave. How dare you, I am talking to your master. Why do you interrupt us? The king was angry. He moved closer to the monarch. He said that the king had the courage to yell at him because he was the king with many bodyguards. I can cut your head off now that no one can protect you.Your life is in my hands! The king listened to him because he was scared. <mask>i didn't directly ask for help from Chu. The king was persuaded by another angle. The army general Bai Qi led the soldiers to defeat Chu in the battle ofYanying. The capital of Chu,Yan, was lost and the king's tomb was burned down. You lost your capital, your people were killed, and your civilization was destroyed when you retreated to Chen.Don't you feel embarrassed? I feel bad for you. It would benefit both of us if you helped Zhao. You have an opportunity to take revenge. Do you want to redeem your reputation and dignity? We can put up a united front now that we are here. You are so late in stating your position that it's for Chu.Do you have to shout at me in front of my master? <mask>'s words made the king feel embarrassed, but at the same time it made him want to fight. In ancient China, it was a tradition to put blood on the mouth of animals to signify the punishment that would come on. <mask>i was treated as the most honorable guest by Prince Ping Yuan. He said that the King of the Chu

masks:
Mao Su
Mao Su
Mao Sui
Mao Su
Mao Su
Mao Su
Mao Su
Mao Sui
Mao Su


title: Mao Sui

texts: would never look down upon Zhao because of <mask>i. The story of <mask> is very famous in China. There are very few records about him.Due to jealousy from other officers, the king of Zhao did not adopt <mask>'s admonishments anymore. <mask> felt that he was not appreciated by the king. He returned to his hometown after he resigned. He lived in the village for 20 years after reaching his hometown. All the crops withered in Jize in 230 BC. People from other villages had to leave their hometowns for a living. <mask>i spent all of his money to help his people get over the famine.They all appreciated <mask>'s generosity. Mao Sui park is located in the Jize county of Hebei province. In order to popularize the spirit and culture of Mao Sui, this park combines historical culture with modern spirit and natural ecology. The park has been improved over the years. The park has 8 hectares of lakes, 6 hectares of hills, 19 hectares of greenery, and cultural facilities. The area is 33 hectares. It's seamless integration of the lake, forests, mountains and culture.The park consists of one lake, one mountain, three islands, eight scenic spots and nine districts. At the same time, the park also includes recreation, viewing and water sports, all of which make it a good venue for leisure and entertainment for the surrounding residents. <mask> is a household name because it was born in Jize county. There is a statue of <mask> on the square in the center of the park. The park has been named Mao Sui Park. It shows the pride of local people. The park has nine functional areas, such as the square area, the plants area and so on, which serve as viable open spaces for people to enjoy fitness and leisure.During the Spring Festival of 2016 when various cultural events were held, Mao Sui Park received more than 30,000 visitors per day, ranking first in the list of the province's 4A-level parks. During the Spring Festival of 2017, the

masks:
Mao Su
Mao Sui
Mao Sui
Mao Sui
Mao Su
Mao Sui
Mao Sui
Mao Sui


title: Mao Sui

texts: number of tourists visiting Mao Sui Park set a new record. The total number of visitors was more than 160,000 and the daily flow was more than 50,000. The Mao Sui Statue is located in the Mao Sui theme park. The largest statue in China is made of red sandstone. <mask> had a sword in his left hand. It is a height of 11.09 meters and weighs 142 tons.The statue was designed by the academy. The viewpoint of <mask> theme park is reflected in the sculpture. The film titled legend of <mask> was made by the Propaganda Department of Jize county and the film and TV Production Center. The story of 'MAO SUI ZI JIAN' took place 2200 years ago, and this film shows the contribution of <mask>i as well as his outstanding character. The film was based on the Warring States era and focused on Sui <mask>. When the Chu State was besieged by the Qin State, <mask>i volunteered to go. The king of Chu was persuaded by <mask>i to send troops to save the state.The legend of <mask> is based on his courage and bravery. The film was released in China and will be released overseas. It's usually used as a compliment. <mask>i was a brave person and his self-recommendation is a representation of that. Someone needs to be brave enough and responsible enough to deal with things. There are two records relating to <mask>'s grave. There is a grave in Yong Nian county in the first record.The second record shows his grave to be in the current province. The grave was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. The tomb was rebuilt in the spring of 1991, and it was finished in the autumn of the same year. The tomb was large. The front of the tomb has an inscription by Wang Xuezhong. The wall and gate were built with bricks and tiles. A monument was built in 1998 in front of the tomb.The records of the grand historian are historical. sector 16 is called 'PING YUAN JUN YU QING LIE ZHUAN'. The 3rd-century BC Chinese people are referred to as People from

masks:
Mao Sui
Mao Sui
Mao Sui
Mao Su
Mao
Mao Su
Mao Su
Mao Sui
Mao Su
Mao Sui


title: John Thornton (philanthropist)

texts: <mask> was a British merchant and Christian philanthropist who became immensely wealthy through investment in the North Sea Russia trade, and as a result of his Christian faith, gave much of his money away to a huge number of good causes. <mask> was said to have become the second most wealthy man in Europe at the time of his death. <mask>'s family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch In the early years of the eighteenth century, his grandfather was one of Hull's leading exporters of lead and cloth to the Baltic nations. <mask> used his wealth to further his career as a merchant and banker, investing heavily in the lucrative Russian and Baltic trades and the recently- founded sugar refining trade in Hull, in which he had become a partner. He donated a large amount of his wealth to philanthropic causes. It is thought that <mask> became an evangelical Christian after he married the daughter of one of his partners in the sugar refining business.The Holy Trinity Church in Clapham was

masks:
John Thornton
Thornton
John Thornton
Thornton
Thornton


title: John Thornton (philanthropist)

texts: founded in 1754. His new-found faith had a profound effect on him, and he began giving away his money to individuals and deserving charities, as well as supporting various evangelical enterprises and other charitable causes, a way of living that continued for the rest of his life. For the remainder of his life, <mask> was to give away half of his annual income and donate it to a variety of causes; and to arrange for the printing and distribution of thousands of Bibles and hymnals to churches and schools that had none, as well as supporting preachers in colonial America <mask> became a founder member of the Marine society, a charity set up to house and clothe young men, at the same time as providing recruits for the Royal Navy in the Seven Years' War. The first charitable institution for the care and rehabilitation of prostitutes was founded by them two years later. The founding father of the so-called Clapham Sect of Christian social reformers was <mask>, who traveled extensively and contributed to churches in different parts of England. He used his wealth to pay for the printing of Bibles, which he then arranged to distribute to churches across Britain, as well as New South Wales and the Caribbean colonies.<mask> partly sponsored <mask>ton became established as a noted preacher for over twenty years, and where he ended his days. He helped set up Lady Huntingdon's training centre with an interest-free loan. Moor's Charity School, founded by Eleazar Wheelock in

masks:
Thornton
Thornton
John Thornton
Thornton
JohnNewtonNew


title: John Thornton (philanthropist)

texts: Lebanon, Connecticut for the education of native Americans, was the beneficiary of a charitable fund raised in England by American colonial preachers. The fund was used to establish a college in New Hampshire and one of its main buildings was named Thornton Hall. <mask> donated money so that Wheelock could build a mansion for the college president. It is still in Wheelock Street.<mask> married the daughter of one of his father's business partners on November 28, 1753. They had four children, including <mask>, who was a merchant and Governor of the Bank of England and later a Member of Parliament. <mask> died as a result of an accident at Bath in 1790. Holy Trinity Church is where he was buried. Hochschild, Adam. The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery is written by Ernest Marshall. The 'Clapham Sect' and the Growth of Freedom were written by Saints in Politics.Gordon Jackson was the author of the University of Toronto Press. Hull in the Eighteenth Century is a study of economic and social history. New York: Oxford University Press for the University of Hull. The Dictionary of National Biography was written by <mask>. The article was published on 7 February 2021. <mask>. Three Generations of Clapham Saints and Philanthropist, London: Charles H. Kelly.The Clapham Sect is how the circle transformed Britain. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was written by <mask>. The article was published on 7 February 2021. The people from Clapham were

masks:
Thornton
Thornton
Samuel Thornton
John Thornton
Henry Thornton
John Telford
Thornton


title: Priyabatra Mukherjee

texts: An American, academic researcher and professor is <mask>. He is a professor at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and an associate director at the OU Health Sciences Center. The OU Health Sciences Center has an endowed chair for cancer laboratory research. The primary area of research is tumor and tumor microenvironments. His research deals with cell-nanoparticle interactions and their implication in targeted therapy. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, and the National Academy of Inventors. He received the Outstanding Achievement Award from the Society of Asian American Scientists in Cancer Research.<mask> earned a M.S. From the University of Burdwan in 1994 and the University of Poona in 2000. He was a post-doctoral fellow at Texas Christian University. After completing his fellowship at Harvard Medical School, he moved to Rochester, Minnesota. In 2005, Murkherjee became an assistant professor and in 2009, he was promoted to associate professor. He joined the OU Health Sciences Center as a full professor in the Department of Pathology in the OU College of Medicine. At the cancer center, he held several administrative positions.He has been an associate director of research since the beginning of the year. According to research by the team, cancer cells can thrive under different environmental stress such as

masks:
Priyabrata Mukherjee
Mukherjee


title: Priyabatra Mukherjee

texts: was published in the journal NANO LETTERS. R. Bhattacharya, P. The "naked" metal nanoparticles have biological properties.60, pp. 1289–1302. Drug delivery reviews. I., Kumar, R., and Sastry were involved in the project. The gold nanoparticles were synthesised by the Fusarium oxysporum. The ChemBioChem was published in 3(5). Arvizo, R. R., Bhattacharyya, S.*, Kudgus, R.A. *, Giri, K.*, Bhattacharya, R. Past, present and future applications of noble metal nanoparticles. pp. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,  The Chemical Society reviews. I., Kumar, R., and Sastry were involved in the project.The fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, is involved in the synthesis of CdS. The American Chemical Society has a journal. R., Miranda, O. R., Thompson, M. A. There is an effect on the surface charge of the particles. The 10(7) edition of the Nano Letters was published. Wang, P., Wang, L., Basu, S., Nagy, J. A., Atala, A., Mukhopadhyay, D., Soker, S.There are antiangiogenic properties of gold. Clinical Cancer Research was published in 2011. R., Bhattacharya, R., Mukhopadhyay, D. Fabrication of gold nanoparticles for targeted therapy. 61, pp. It was 346–361. Drug delivery reviews.Arvizo, R., Bhattacharya, R., and <mask>, P. There are opportunities and challenges in gold nanoparticles. 7, pp. It was 753–763. There is an expert opinion on drug delivery. University of Burdwan American medical researchers American people of Indian


title: William Sharman Crawford

texts: In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, <mask> championed a democratic franchise, a devolved legislature for Ireland, and the interests of the Irish tenant farmer. With the support of the English constituency of Rochdale, he introduced bills to codify and extend the tenant right in Ireland. He failed to oust the Conservative and Orange party from Down in his last electoral contest, because he stood on the platform of the all-Ireland Tenant Right League. The son of a colonel in the Irish Volunteer movement and a member of the Irish parliament was born on September 3, 1780. He moved to Dublin in 1819 and became a patron of the Royal Dublin Society. He added (by royal licence) his own name to the estates of his brother-in-law <mask> of Crawfordsburn. He was an advocate of Catholic relief since 1812 and supported the abolition of slavery in 1829.The Ascendancy interest of the Downshire, Londonderry, and Donegall families opposed him when he was a candidate for parliamentary reform in Down in the 19th century. In the 19th century, Daniel O'Connell tried to get <mask> <mask> to join his campaign to repeal the Act of Union and restore an independent Irish parliament. The dissolution of the legislative union would "undermine the connection between Great Britain and Ireland upon which the prosperity, happiness, and security of the country depended" according to the Northern Whig. The case for devolution of self-government within the United Kingdom was outlined by <mask> <mask>, who was

masks:
Crawford
Arthur Crawford
Sharman
Crawford
Sharman
Crawford


title: William Sharman Crawford

texts: dissatisfied with the pace of reform in Ireland. O'Connell was able toTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkia <mask> sacrificed a future endorsement by criticising O'Connell for the price he appeared willing to pay for Whig favour. O'Connell accepted the Tithe Commutation Act because he didn't want to cause embarrassment to the government of Lord Melbourne O'Connell accepted the Tithe Commutation Act because he didn't want to cause embarrassment to the government of Lord Melbourne O'Connell.At a reduced rate, the levy was sustained as an additional element of rent. The People's Charter states that votes for working men are protected by a secret ballot. He stood with the English Radicals because of his opposition to the Corn Laws. Rochdale was secured as a parliamentary seat in 1841. He was encouraged when, in April 1842, 67 MPs followed him into the Aye Lobby on his motion for Commons' committee to consider the Charter's Six Points. These were proposed as a


title: William Sharman Crawford

texts: bill of rights. Along with proposals for a union with the Anti-Corn Law League, the leader of the democratic movement saw the potential replacement of the People's Charter as a threat to his position.The National Complete Suffrage Union's leader Joseph Sturge and a Chartist walked out of a conference in December. The reform bill was introduced to a small and bored House after the endorsement of the NCSU. The measure was lost by a wide margin. It would take another twenty years for Parliament to seriously consider a further extension of the franchise. Devolutionist, differences with O'Connell In Ireland, rather than join O'Connell's relaunched Repeal Association, led to the creation of the Ulster Constitutional Association. O'Connell was sympathetic to a federalist scheme outlined in letters to the Northern Whig. The Union Act of 1840 gave Canada powers similar to those given to Ireland.The basis for discussions with the Young Irelander Thomas Davis was the proposal from <mask> <mask>. O'Connell was challenged to affirm Repeal as his object by a colleague at The Nation. O'Connell said he wouldn't ask for or work for anything less if he accepted a "subordinate parliament". There was tension with O'Connell when <mask> tackled him on his opposition to the Colleges Bill, which proposed a "Godless" system of advanced education in Ireland. When the main opposition was from evangelical Protestants, <mask> <mask> supported similar proposals to educate Catholics and Protestants together at

masks: Sharman Crawford Crawford Sharman Crawford


title: William Sharman Crawford

texts: the primary level. The owner of more than 6,000 acres in Co. Down was a benevolent landlord. He never evicted a tenant and charged moderate rents.It was at a time when it was being challenged that it was recognised as the "tenant right". Tenants in Ireland's northern province were allowed to sell their interest in their land at the end of their tenancies, thanks to a feature of tenure that restrained rack renting and allowed that by virtue of labour they invested in the land. The insurance offered to the productive farmer was thought to be a key to the province's prosperity. The bill to give tenant right legal force was authored by <mask> <mask>. He did it again when he came back from Rochdale. Robert Peel's government responded to the commission. In its report on the Irish land system, the commission, composed entirely of landowners, rejected the Ulster Custom even though it was recognised as dangerous to the "just rights of property".During the Famine, <mask> pleaded for outdoor relief as an alternative to forcing the hungry to abandon the land and enter workhouses. He opposed emigration and land-clearance schemes in Depopulation not Necessary. Ireland's rural population could be supported by a tax on landlords. James MacKnight, editor of the liberal Londonderry Standard, and a group of radical Presbyterian ministers supported the formation of the Ulster Tenant Right Association. The failure of the Encumbered Estates Act to acknowledge the Ulster Custom provoked new tenant

masks: Sharman Crawford Crawford


title: William Sharman Crawford

texts: policy. Despite the narrow property franchise, <mask> was the only one who represented Newry. In Down, the electoral meetings were broken up by the Orange "bludgeon men" and the landowners threatened to withdraw their consent if the Conservative nominees were not elected. He chaired a major tenant-right meeting in Dublin in September of 1852. After <mask> reintroduced the Tenant Right Bill in the Commons, he surrendered leadership of the movement.The Conservative ministry of Lord Derby was brought down by the Independent Irish MPs in December of 1852. John Sadlier and <mask> broke their pledges of independent opposition and accepted positions in the new Whig-Peelite ministry of Lord Aberdeen. The MPs were reliable supporters of the CDA. Like MacKnight, <mask> failed to condemn these desertions. Advocates in office might improve the prospects for tenant right legislation. The pledgebreakers from Aberdeen only accepted an undertaking to the Ecclesiastical Titles Act. The tenant compensation measures passed in the Commons.The bills did not impress the League as they would have left landlords free to raise rents and pass on the costs of compensation. After the start of the Crimean War, agricultural prices began to rise. Although he still submitted his thoughts on rural poverty and evictions to the press, the old man withdrew from the public life. On October 16, 1861, he died at his residence at Crawfordsburn. He had seven sons and four daughters from his marriage to <mask>. In 1874, a

masks:
William Kirk
William Shee
William Keogh
Crawford
Crawford


title: William Sharman Crawford

texts: reformed and enlarged electorate in Down, voting for the first time by secret ballot, returned his oldest surviving son, <mask>, as a tenant-right Liberal. She was an adventurer, writer and women's suffragist.The subject of tenant right was conceded in the Land Acts of 1870 and 1884. High Sheriffs of Down Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Louth


title: John of Damascus

texts: <mask> was a Christian monk, priest, and apologist. Tradition says that he died on December 4, 749, but the precise date and place of his death is not known. He was a polymath with fields of interest and contribution that included law, theology, philosophy, and music. "The golden speaker" He wrote works about the Christian faith which are still used in Eastern Christian practice as well as in western Lutheranism at Easter. One of the Fathers of the Eastern Orthodox Church is known for his strong defence of icons. He is often referred to as the Doctor of the Assumption due to his writings on the Assumption of Mary.He used the term perichoresis to describe the interpenetration of the divine and human natures of Christ and the relationship between the hypostases of the Trinity. <mask>'s contribution is less that of theological innovation than that of a summary of the developments of the centuries before him. He is known as the "last of the Greek Fathers" in Catholic theology. The work attributed to <mask> of Jerusalem is the main source of information for the life of <mask> of Damascus. This is a translation of an Arabic text. Michael, an Arab monk, wrote the Arabic version of his biography in 1084 because there wasn't any available in his day. The main Arabic text is thought to have been written between the 9th and 10th century.It is not the best historical source for his life, but is widely reproduced and considered to contain elements of some value because it is written from a hagiographical point of view. The 10th century work of the hagiographic novel Barlaam and Josaphat is a work attributed to <mask>. <mask> was born to a prominent Damascene Christian Arab family. His father was an official of the Umayyad Caliphate. During the reign of

masks:
John Damascene
John
John
John
John
John


title: John of Damascus

texts: Emperor Heraclius, the taxes of the region were taken care of by the son of a prominent Byzantine official. After securing favorable conditions of surrender, the troops of Khalid ibn al-Walid capitulated to Damascus. Eutychius mentioned him as a high-ranking official involved in the surrender of the city to the Muslims.The name Mansur could have implied descent from the Arab Christian tribes of Kalb or Taghlib, which is why the tribal background of <mask>'s grandfather is unknown. Eutychius noted that the governor of Damascus was an Arab and that the name was common among Syrian Christians of Arab origins. The name may have been used by non-Arab, Semitic Syrians. According to historian Daniel J. Janosik, "both aspects could be true." The court at Damascus had a large complement of Christian civil servants, including <mask>'s grandfather. <mask>'s father served the Umayyad caliphs. After his father's death, <mask> served as an official to the caliphal court before becoming a monk, according to some later versions of his life.The claim that <mask> actually served in a Muslim court has been questioned since he is never mentioned in Muslim sources. <mask>'s writings never refer to any experience in a Muslim court. It is believed that <mask> became a priest in 734. According to Arab Christian folklore, <mask> was associated with the future Umayyad caliph Yazid I and the Taghlibi Christian court poet al-Akhtal. His father wanted him to learn not only the books of the Muslims, but those of the Greeks as well. It has been suggested that <mask> may have grown up bilingual. <mask> criticizes harshly the knowledge he shows of the Quran.See Christianity and Islam. According to other sources, his education in Damascus was conducted in accordance with the

masks: John John John John John John John John John John


title: John of Damascus

texts: principles of Hellenic education, which was termed "secular" by one source and "classical Christian" by another. <mask>'s tutor was a monk named Cosmas, who was kidnapped by Arabs from his home in Sicily, and who <mask>'s father paid a terrible price for. <mask> is said to have made great advances in music, astronomy and theology under the guidance of Cosmas of Maiuma. Cosmas was a refugee from Italy and brought with him the traditions of Latin Christianity. <mask> may have been a civil servant for the Caliph in Damascus. He became a monk at the Mar Saba monastery.When al-Walid I increased the Islamicisation of the Caliphate's administration, <mask> left Damascus to become a monk, according to one source. Muslim sources only mention that his father left the administration around this time, and fail to name <mask>. The Umayyad Caliphate occupied the borderlands of the Byzantine Empire after the Siege of Constantinople. Father LeQuien, an editor of <mask>'s works, has shown that <mask> was already a monk before the dispute over iconoclasm. The Byzantine court accepted iconoclasm in the early 8th century. The Emperor of Constantinople, who had forced his predecessor, Theodosius III, to abdicate and himself assumed the throne immediately before the great siege, issued his first edict against the veneration of images in 726. All agree that <mask> of Damascus defended holy images in three separate publications.His Apologetic Treatises against those Decrying the Holy Images secured his reputation. He attacked the Byzantine emperor, but adopted a simplified style that allowed the controversy to be followed by the common people, stirring rebellion among the iconoclasts. After his death, <mask>'s writings would play an important role in the Second


title: John of Damascus

texts: Council of Nicaea, which was convened to settle the icon dispute. At least one episode is recounted in <mask>'s biography. The caliph was implicated in a plot to attack Damascus by forged documents. <mask>'s right hand was cut off and hung up in public view. The Theotokos is said to have miraculously restored <mask>'s hand after he asked for it to be returned.He attached a silver hand to the icon, which became known as the "Three-handed", or Tricheirousa. The Holy Mountain has a monastery called the Hilandar. The name of <mask> of Damascus was added to the General Roman Calendar in 1890. The feast day was moved in 1969 to the day of <mask>'s death, 4 December, the day on which his feast day is celebrated. There is a commemoration for <mask> of Damascus in the Church of England. The choral work <mask> of Damascus was written in 1884. Sergei Taneyev wrote 1, for four-part mixed chorus and orchestra, which is dedicated to Saint <mask>.He was a Doctor of the Church in 1890. <mask> of Damascus also composed hymn, perfect the canon, a structured form used in Byzantine Rite liturgies, as well as many other works. Three Apologetic Treatises against those Decrying the Holy Images were among his earliest works. The Fountain of Knowledge or The Fountain of Wisdom is divided into three parts, the first of which deals with logic. Chapter 101 deals with the Heresy of the Ishmaelites. This chapter runs into several pages, unlike other heresies, which only run a few lines. It is one of the first Christian refutations of Islam.His work Peri haireseon is translated from Greek to Latin. The Western Catholic Church's attitude has been influenced by his manuscript, which is one of the first Orthodox Christian refutations of Islam. It was one of the first sources

masks: John John John John John John John John John


title: John of Damascus

texts: to say the Prophet of Islam Muhammad was a false prophet. An exposition of the Orthodox Faith is a summary of the writings of the Early Church Fathers. The first work of systematic theology in Eastern Christianity was written by this author. Dogma's Letter on the Thrice-Holy Hymn On Right Thinking On the Faith, Against the Nestorians On the Two Wills in Christ, was against the Jacobites. He was one of the first Christian critics of Islam.<mask> claims that Muslims were once worshipers of Aphrodite who followed after Mohammad because of his "seeming show of piety" and that he read the Bible. <mask> claims to have read parts of the Quran as he criticizes the Quran for saying that Jesus was not crucified but brought alive into heaven. <mask> claims to have spoken to Muslims about Mohammad. He uses the word "we", whether in reference to himself or a group of Christians that he belonged to. <mask> claims that he asked the Muslims what witnesses could testify that Mohammad received the Quran from God, since Islamic law mandates that a Muslim can only marry and do trade in the presence of witnesses. According to <mask>, the Muslims said that Mohammad received the Quran in his sleep. <mask> joked, "You're spinning my dreams."<mask> doesn't say if the Muslims misinterpreted the Old Testament or if the Jews edited the Old Testament to make Christians believe Jesus is God. <mask> claims that he has been accused of worshiping Jesus and venerating the Cross by Muslims. According to <mask>, the black stone in Mecca was the head of a statue of Aphrodite. He claims that the Muslims were wrong not to associate Jesus with God if he is the Word of God. <mask> says it would be wrong for Muslims to call Jesus the Word of God because the Word of God has always


title: John of Damascus

texts: existed with God. <mask> claims that Islam permits polygamy, that Mohammad committed adultery with a companion's wife before outlawing adultery, and that the Quran is filled with ridiculous stories, such as the She-Camel of God and God giving Jesus an "incorruptible table." The first work to be translated into Arabic was the homily on the Annunciation.The Library of Strasbourg has a manuscript dating to 885 AD. Antony, superior of the monastery of St. Simon, translated <mask>ascene in the 10th century. According to the introduction to <mask>'s work, Antony was a monk. Saint Simon's monastery was in ruins in the 18th century and this could be a misunderstanding of the title Superior of Saint Simon. Most manuscripts give the text of the letter to Cosmas. The Arabic life of the Chrysorrhoas was written by a monk named Mikhael. In 1912, the work was edited and translated into many languages, including German, Russian and English.The exposition of the Orthodox faith was translated by the Reverend SDF Salmond in the Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. The second series was vol 9. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1963. Frederic H. Chase translated the writings. The fount of knowledge, On heresies, and The orthodox faith are included in Fathers of the Church vol 37. The "Heresy of the Ishmaelites" is a translation of <mask> of Damascus on Islam. The 10th-century hagiographic novel Barlaam and Ioasaph is traditionally attributed to <mask>, with an English translation by G.R.The precious pearl: the lives of Saints Barlaam and Ioasaph was written by Woodward and Mattingly. <mask> of Damascus Catholic Encyclopedia: St. John Damascene is available through the Internet Archive. "St. John of Damascus' Critique of Islam" is at the Orthodox Christian

masks:
John
John Dam
John
John
John
John


title: Len Waters

texts: Leonard Victor (<mask><mask> was the first Aboriginal Australian military aviator and the only one to serve as a fighter pilot in the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II. There were restrictions on movement, residence, employment, and access to services and citizenship for Aboriginal people at the time. <mask> was working as a shearer when he joined the RAAF in 1942. He graduated as a sergeant pilot after volunteering for flying duties. He flew P-40 Kittyhawk in the South West Pacific theatre and completed 95 missions. He was promoted to the rank of warrant officer by the end of the war. He tried to start a regional airline but was unable to get government approval.He died in 1993 at the age of 69. The fourth of 11 children to Donald and <mask> was born on June 20, 1924. He was educated to the seventh grade at Nindigully State School. He had a "head in the clouds" when he heard stories of pioneers like Charles Kingsford Smith and Amy Johnson. <mask> left school to support his family, working alongside his father as a ring barker. He was paid 10 shillings per week, less than half of the average wage at the time. He began working as a shearer in 1939.After Japan entered World War II, the military relaxed its restrictions on the recruitment of Aboriginal people. On August 24, 1942, <mask> volunteered for service in the Royal Australian Air Force. He began training as an aircraft mechanic, but later volunteered for flying service, and began initial training in December 1943. The interviewer thought he looked rough but should be a fighter. <mask> studied nights to make up for his lack of education. He wanted to be a pilot and was worried that he would be assigned to duty as a wireless operator because of his interest in transmission. He replied, "I had a very disappointed look on my face, sir!" when he

masks:
Len
) Waters
Waters
Grace Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters


title: Len Waters

texts: was asked to imagine himself as the tail gunner in a heavy bomber.<mask> made three separate bets against himself being selected, and had to pay out a small amount of money when he was chosen. <mask> took his basic flight instruction. He trained at the Elementary Flying Training School in Narrandera, New South Wales. He received his wings as a sergeant pilot after completing his training. There is a Flying Training School in Uranquinty. It was posted to No. The 2 Operational Training Unit at Mildura, Victoria was converted to P-40 Kittyhawk fighters.While on leave, <mask> was gaoled in Moree, New South Wales, for not carrying an identity card, which was one of the racially discriminatory institutions affecting aboriginal people at the time. He was posted to No on November 14, 1944. The island of Noemfoor is home to 78 Squadron, a fighter unit. He was given a P-40 Kittyhawk. A previous pilot painted the words "Black Magic" on the plane's nose. <mask> decided to keep the name of his plane. Japanese aircraft were almost non-existent in the South West Pacific theatre by this stage of the war.78 squadron had a main role in ground attack, bombing and strafing. In Borneo, <mask> flew 95 sorties from Noemfoor and later from the air bases at Morotai and Tarakan. He was in the cockpit when his aircraft was struck by a 37mm cannon shell. He likened the situation to having a loaded gun against his head as he flew for another two hours. "That was the best landing I have ever made", he said after returning to base. He was promoted to flight sergeant in January 1945. <mask> commanded operations at the end of the war.He was described as a "gaunt, amiable figure, humble despite his daring feats". <mask> also held a boxing title. Donald Edward (Jimmy) <mask> was an infantryman with the Australian Army during the war. If his

masks: Waters Waters Waters Waters Waters Waters Waters Waters


title: Len Waters

texts: brother volunteered for the Australian component of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan, he would have to do the same. After Jim declined at the time, he later changed his mind and left the Air Force with the rank of warrant officer. <mask> attempted to start a regional airline after returning to Australia. He wasn't able to get finance or bureaucratic agreement.He wrote four letters, but never received a reply. He didn't fly a plane again. While racism in the military during World War II was considered to be minimal, <mask> and other aboriginal people who had served their country found that the skills they had acquired were not valued in peacetime. He returned to being a blackfellow after putting off his uniform. After he was discharged from the Air Force, <mask> married Gladys and raised six children. He was forced to serve an apprenticeship because he worked as an automotive mechanic. <mask> returned to shearing after a brief stint as a road worker, which took him away from his family to properties all over the country.He sheared a million sheep. <mask> was allocated a house at Inala in August of 1956. He lived there for 33 years. He died in Cunnamulla at the age of 69 and was buried in St George Cemetery. Australia Post depicted <mask>' portrait on a stamp and his P-40 Kittyhawk fighter "Black Magic" on an aérogramme, as part of its Australia Remembers series, and a brand of port was named after his personal Kitty. In 2003 a monument to <mask> and John Jackson was built in St George. In 2009, the suburb of Len Waters Estate was established.In honor of the memory and achievements of <mask>, a park was dedicated at Timbrey Circuit, Barden Ridge, New South Wales. The new building at RAAF Base Williamtown was named after him. There are 1924 births and 1993 deaths of Australian World War II

masks:
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Len Waters


title: Ion Iliescu

texts: <mask> served as President of Romania from 1989 to 1996 and from 2000 to 2004. <mask> was a senator for the Social Democratic Party from 1996 to 2000 and from 2004 to 2008 when he retired. In 1965, <mask> became a member of the Central Committee of thePCR. He was marginalized by Ceauescu. He became the country's president in December 1989. He was the first freely elected head of state. After a new constitution was approved, he served two more terms, from 1992 to 1996 and from 2000 to 2004, but was defeated in 1996 by the president.During his presidency, Romania joined NATO. In April of last year, <mask> was charged with committing crimes against humanity by "approving military measures, some of which had an evidently diversionary character" during the aftermath of the country's 1989 revolution. The case was rejected by a judge in 2020. The oldest living former president is <mask>. He was born in Oltenia and entered politics at an early age. He was abandoned by his mother when he was a baby. During the time when the Romanian Communist Party was banned by the authorities, his father had communist views.He took part in the Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow in 1931. He was arrested upon his return after four years in the USSR. He was imprisoned from June 1940 to August 1944 and died in August 1945. During his time in the Soviet Union, he married a chambermaid. According to <mask>'s statements, his grandfather, who was a Russian Jew, escaped persecution by the tsarist authorities and took refuge in Romania. He was raised by his stepmother and grandparents. He

masks:
Ion Iliescu
Iliescu
Iliescu
Iliescu
Iliescu
Iliescu


title: Ion Iliescu

texts: was adopted at the age of 9 by Aristia, a cook for Ana Pauker.He was a student at the Saint Sava High School and Elena was a student at the Iulia Hasdeu High School. They have no children, not by choice, but because they could not, as they had three miscarriages, and were married on July 21, 1951. He was a foreign student at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute and studied fluid mechanics. He was the secretary of the "Association of Romanian Students" in Moscow, but <mask> always denied that he had ever met Gorbachev. During Gorbachev's visit to Romania in July 1989, <mask> was sent to prevent any contact, so it's possible that there was a connection between the two. After the 1989 Revolution, <mask> learned to speak English, as well as Russian, French, and Spanish. He became a secretary of the Central Committee of the Union of Communist Youth in 1956 and a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in 1965, after joining the Union of Communist Youth in 1944.He was the head of the Central Committee's Department of Propaganda. The Minister for Youth-related Issues was <mask>. <mask> was seen as Ceauescu's heir apparent. He became vice-president of the Timi County Council in 1971 and later president of the Iai Council in 1974. He was in charge of the publishing house until 1989. He was tailed by the secret police for most of the 1980s, as he was known to oppose Ceauescu's harsh rule. The revolt in Timioara began as a popular revolt.The National Salvation Front was formed by Communist party members who were opposed to the policies of Ceauescu. The leader of the

masks: Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu


title: Ion Iliescu

texts: organization was <mask>. The Securitate was no longer following him when he learned of the revolution. The Ceauescus were put to death on Christmas Day. <mask> admitted that the trial and execution were necessary to end the chaos that had arisen since Ceauescu's overthrow. Multi-party elections and an "original democracy" were proposed by <mask>. The warm reception the new regime was given by the rest of the Soviet leadership, and the fact that the first post-revolutionary international took place, can be linked to the adoption of Perestroika-style reforms rather than the complete removal of existing institutions.There is a chance of trying a "Swedish model" of socialism. The events of December 1989 caused the rumour that Illiescu and other second-rank Communists had been planning to overthrow Ceauescu to stop. The first Defense Minister of the new regime,Nicolae Militaru, said that they had planned to take Ceauescu prisoner in February 1990 while he was out of the capital. The Securitate's ubiquity made advance planning for a coup all but impossible, according to Illiescu. The National Salvation Front decided to become a party and participate in the 1990 general election, which was the first free election in the country in 53 years. The FSN took control of both chambers. <mask> won the presidential election with 85 percent of the vote, still the largest vote share for a free election.He was the first elected head of state. It is the only time since the Fall of Communism that a president has been elected in a single round. The Democratic National Salvation Front was created by

masks: Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu


title: Ion Iliescu

texts: <mask> and his supporters after they split from the Front. The Front became vulnerable to criticism for using its appeal as the first institution involved in power sharing, while engaging itself in political battles with forces that could not enjoy this status. Under the pressure of the events that led to the Mineriads, his political stance has changed and he is now a Western European social democrat. The subject of his commitment to such ideals is linked to the special conditions in Romania and to the strong nationalist and autarkic attitude visible within the Ceauescu regime. Critics have pointed out that, unlike most Communist-to-social democrat changes in the Eastern Bloc, Romania's tended to retain various cornerstones.The first post-Communist Constitution of Romania was adopted in 1991. <mask> won a second term in 1992 when he received over 50% of the vote in the second round. The Constitution does not allow the president to be a member of a political party during his term. He ran for a third time in 1996, but lost in the second round to his opponent, who was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 There were accusations of

masks: Iliescu Iliescu


title: Ion Iliescu

texts: widespread fraud after over one million votes were canceled. <mask> was the only incumbent president to lose a bid for re-election since the end of Communism. <mask> won the 2000 presidential election in a run-off against the ultra-nationalist Tudor.He ended his third term on December 20, 2004. The center-right was defeated in the 2000 elections due to public discontent with the harsh economic reforms of the previous four years as well as the political instability and infighting of the multiparty coalition. Most urban voters either abstained or chose <mask> because of Tudor's extreme views. In the Party elections of 21 April 2005, <mask> lost the Party presidency to Mircea Geoan, but was elected as a position without official executive authority in the party. His political career after 1989 was characterized by a number of scandals and controversies. Public opinion about his presidency is still divided. When Russian dissident Vladimir Bukovsky was granted access to Soviet archives, he claimed that <mask> and some of the NSF members were KGB agents.Gorbachev said that <mask> holds a "calculated position" in a discussion with Bulgaria's Aleksandar Lilov after <mask>'s victory in the 20 May elections. The Jiu Valley miners were called to the capital in January and June 1990 to end the protests of the citizens gathered in University Square. The term Golaniad was used to describe the demonstration. The attempt by the authorities to remove from the square around 100 protesters, which had remained in the street even after the May elections, resulted in attacks against several state

masks: Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu


title: Ion Iliescu

texts: institutions. Several groups of miners descended on the capital, armed with wooden clubs and bats, after <mask> called on the people to defend the government. They trashed the University of Bucharest, some newspaper offices and the headquarters of opposition parties, claiming that they were havens of decadence and immorality. The June 1990 Mineriad was criticized both at home and internationally, with one historian comparing the events to Nazi Germany's Kristallnacht.The miners were instigated by former Securitate operatives. The house of <mask>, a leading figure in the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party, was ransacked by two security officers in February 1994 and 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 In 1992, three years after the revolution which overthrew the Communist dictatorship, the Romanian government allowed King Michael I to return to his country for Easter celebrations. Over a million people turned out to see him. Michael was not allowed to visit Romania again for five years because of his popularity. Michael was allowed to visit the country again in 1997 after the government restored his citizenship after <mask>'s defeat. George Tnase, former Financial Guard head commissioner for Ialomia County, was pardoned in 2001.<mask> revoked Tnase's pardon a few days later, claiming that a legal

masks:
Iliescu
Ion Raiu
Iliescu
Iliescu


title: Ion Iliescu

texts: adviser was superficial in analyzing the case. The humanitarian reasons used for the pardon were not supported by a medical expert opinion. Dan Tartag, a businessman from Braov who was drunk and killed two people on a pedestrian crossing, was pardoned. He was pardoned after only a few months after he was sentenced. Tartag was sentenced to two years for fraud. A few days before his last term ended, <mask> pardoned 47 convicts, including Miron Cozma, the leader of the miners during the early 1990s, who had been sentenced in 1999 to 18 years in prison. The criticism from the media was harsh.One of the pardoned had been imprisoned for his involvement in the suppression of the 1989 Revolution. The controversial, ultra-nationalist politician Vadim Tudor was decorated with the Order of the Star of Romania, arank of ceremonial knighthood, in the last days of the president's mandate. The leader of the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania, Béla Mark, did not show up to claim the award he received. Even after Bsescu's decree was declared constitutional, a lawsuit continues even after the award was revoked. Dick Marty, the Council of Europe investigator into illegal activities of the CIA in Europe, mentioned <mask> in his report. In the context of the War on terror, he should be held accountable for the operation of a CIA black site at Mihail Koglniceanu air base. In April 2015, <mask> confirmed that he had granted a CIA request for a site in Romania, but was not aware of the nature of the site, describing it as a small gesture of goodwill to an ally in advance of Romania's eventual

masks:
Iliescu
Ion Iliescu
Iliescu


title: Ion Iliescu

texts: accession to NATO.He would not have approved the request if he had known of the intended use of the site. In 2016 a previously closed legal case regarding crimes against humanity committed by the interim government during the Romanian Revolution was reopened. After 26 years of investigation, the authorities concluded that there was no evidence to prosecute. The case was re-examined in 2016 by the interim General Prosecutor. Military prosecutors said that the events of 1989 were orchestrated by a misinformation campaign on the part of <mask>'s government. The conflict of 1989 could be classified as a revolution or a coup d'état, as a result of this investigation. The General Prosecutor asked for <mask> to be put on trial.The proceeding of the prosecution of Petre Roman was approved by the President. At the time he headed the National Salvation Front interim government, <mask> was charged for his alleged role in the killing of hundreds of people during the revolution. The Mineriad case involved miners quashing protests against the government. The European Court of Human Rights found <mask>'s lack of investigation into the events of Mineriad to be in violation of human rights to life, freedom from inhumane, and degrading treatment and demonstration. The Prosecutor's Office indicted <mask> for crimes against humanity for his actions during the Mineriad protests. The statement released by the office claimed that the attack involved forces of the Interior Ministry, Defence Ministry, Romanian Intelligence service, as well as the miners and other workers from various areas of the country.


title: Ion Iliescu

texts: According to the office, attacks were also carried out against peaceful residents.In December 2020, the case was rejected as the judges found that the indictment was void and could not be used in a trial. Adrian Georgescu, <mask>'s lawyer, complained that the file was illegitimate due to the lack of a prosecutor. In December, <mask>'s trial began to focus on allegations that he had deliberately spread misinformation through the use of broadcast media with the aid of Aurel Munteanu, a member of the FSN and the director of TVR during the revolution of 1989. <mask> claimed that "unknown terrorists" were responsible for the deaths of Elena andNicolae Ceauescu. Several survivors of the conflict spoke out against <mask>'s trial, with many claiming it is a publicity stunt on the part of the president to gain popularity from the population. The trial is not expected to reach a conclusion. The trial was postponed to February 2020 due to <mask>'s declining health and the slow pace of legal proceedings.In June 2020, a judge decided the indictment was not valid. The Award of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic, First Class (1971) was given to <mask> by the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, on 6 October

masks: Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu Iliescu


title: Allen C. Guelzo

texts: The Director of the Initiative on Politics and Statesmanship in the James Madison Program is an American historian named <mask>. He was a professor at Gettysburg College. For two decades, <mask> has been at the forefront of Civil War–era scholarship. In particular, he has focused his analytical efforts on the life and legacy of Abraham Lincoln, publishing books covering the Lincoln-Douglas debates, the origins of the Emancipation Proclamation, and Lincoln's presidential leadership, among others. The son of a US Army soldier in the occupation of Japan was born in Yokohama, Japan. He was raised in Pennsylvania. His first two degrees were a BS in Biblical Studies and a M.Div.He taught church history at the seminary. He studied history at the University of Pennsylvania. He joined the History department at Eastern University in 1991. He was the Grace F. Kea Professor of American History at Eastern. He was the Dean of the college from 1998 to 2004. He joined the History department at Gettysburg College. American intellectual history is Guelzo's main specialty.His thesis, "The Unanswered Question: Jonathan Edwards's 'Freedom of the Will' in Early American Religious Philosophy", was published in 1989 and won an American Library. The Crisis of the American Republic: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction was published in 1995. The American Society of Church History gave the Albert C. Outler Prize to For the Union of Evangelical Christendom: The Irony of the Reformed Episcopalians. He began work in 1996 on an 'intellectual biography' of Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President, which won

masks:
Allen Carl Guelzo
Guelzo


title: Allen C. Guelzo

texts: the Lincoln Prize for 2000 and the 2000 Book Prize of the Abraham Lincoln Institute. The End of Slavery in America became the first two-time winner of the Lincoln Prize and the Book Prize of the Lincoln Institute. <mask> is the first three-time winner of the Lincoln Prize for his book Gettysburg: The Last Invasion. His interest in the American Civil War was partially due to his grandmother, who attended lectures by the Grand Army of the Republic as a child.Most contemporary scholars of the American Civil War agree with the "Self-emancipation" thesis, but <mask> disagrees. The ex-slaves testified that Lincoln was responsible for freeing them. <mask> does not believe that Lincoln was a competent military commander during his presidency and does not agree with several military decisions he made. He has co-edited a volume of essays on Jonathan Edwards, as well as editions of Manning Ferguson Force's From Fort Henry to Corinth and Life of Abraham Lincoln. His books include Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates That Defined America, which led to an appearance on Comedy Central's "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" on February 27, 2008; and Abraham Lincoln as a Man of Ideas, a collection of his previously published essays. In the 80 episodes of The Great Courses, <mask> contributed half the lectures. History.Matthew Pinsker says that <mask> emphasizes religious themes that other historians have neglected. Lincoln championed the cause of individual rights partly because of his fatalism, according to <mask>. When Earl J. Hess reported that <mask> believed that scholarly writing was negative, he created a

masks: Guelzo Guelzo Guelzo Guelzo Guelzo Guelzo Guelzo


title: Allen C. Guelzo

texts: controversy among younger historians of the Civil War. I don't think it's a good use of time. According to Rachel Shelden, <mask>'s Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction is heavily focused on Lincoln. She says that most of the book is based on old-fashioned historiography. She says he underplays the recent scholarship on the home front, environmental concerns, and medical issues and gives only cursory attention to the black experience.The American Council of Learned Societies, the University of Pennsylvania, and the Charles Warren Center for the Study of American History have affiliations with <mask>. He was appointed to the National Council on the Humanities by George W. Bush. He is a member of the association. The Guggenheim-Lehrman Prize in Military History for Gettysburg: The Last Invasion was presented to <mask> at an awards ceremony in New York. In 2009, the Governor of Illinois awarded the Order of Lincoln, the State's highest honor, to <mask> as a Bicentennial Laureate. The Bradley Prize was given to <mask> for his "contributions which have shaped important debate, thought and research on one of the most critical periods of American history." <mask> has a career army officer with two daughters and a son."Defending Emancipation: Abraham Lincoln and the Conkling Letter, 1863" was published in 2002. Further reading Yaffe, Deborah. The Politics of History: A conservative scholar of Lincoln and the battle over how we teach about America's past was published in March 2021. Historians from Pennsylvania won the Lincoln Prize for their work on the American Civil

masks: Guelzo Guelzo Guelzo Guelzo Guelzo Guelzo


title: Peter Waldo

texts: The leader of the Christian spiritual movement of the Middle Ages was <mask>. His first name can only be traced back to the 14th century. This has caused some historians to see it as a later invention. The relationship with <mask> is thought to have started sometime between 1170 and 1177. There was a claim that the Waldensians predated <mask>. In his A History of the Vaudois Church,AntoineMonastier quotes Bernard, Abbott of Foncald, who wrote at the end of the 12th century about the emergence of the Waldensians. The Waldenses were active before 1145, according to the conclusion of Monastier.The same Pope who condemned them as heretics in 1184 also condemned them in 1184. The name Vaudois was written in 1210 by Eberard de Béthune, who claimed that it meant "valley dwellers" or those who "dwell in a vale of sorrow and tears". There was a claim until the 19th century that <mask> had arisen from a pure Christianity established by the Apostles in the Alps after Jesus' ascension. There are no known details of <mask>'s life. He was a merchant from Lyon and a man of learning. The monks created a translated copy of the Bible for <mask> after he established himself as a successful merchant. The New Testament was translated by the clerics from Lyon.The first translation of the Bible in a'modern tongue' outside of Latin was provided to Europe by <mask>. <mask> was fascinated by the concepts of purity and perfection after reading his Bible and Church Fathers writings. He embraced poverty after hearing a song about Saint Alexius. Alexius gave up a large inheritance and a beautiful bride in order to live in poverty. Forswore his marriage and home, and put his two young daughters into a convent. He

masks:
Peter Waldo
Peter Waldo
Peter Waldo
Waldo
Waldo
Waldo
Waldo
Waldo


title: Peter Waldo

texts: began preaching about the value of poverty. Many of the religious reform movements in Lombardy were deemed heresies by the Catholic Church.The Albigensians and the Speronists are included. It becomes difficult for historians to determine the origins of many of the religious ideas circulating among them because they shared many features with the other reform movements. The leader of these groups had never joined the Catholic Church's religious orders. Hearing of Saint Alexius, as well as a rejection of transubstantiation when it was considered a capital crime to do it, may have contributed to <mask>'s decision to take up poverty and preaching. He gave his property to his wife and the rest of his belongings to the poor. According to his ideas of simplicity and poverty, no man can serve two masters, God and Mammon. They grew into a community of believers after being inspired by his example.The Poor of Lyons, the Poor of Lombardy, and the Poor of God were all formed by <mask> by 1170. They traveled as peddlers to spread their teaching. They were distinct from the Albigensians or Cathari. The movement was characterized by lay preaching, voluntary poverty, and strict adherence to the Bible. Pope Alexander III and the Roman Curia welcomed <mask> and one of his disciples to Rome. They had to explain their faith to a panel of three clergymen, including issues which were debated within the Church, such as the universal priesthood, the vulgate or local language, and the issue of voluntary poverty. The results of the meeting were not unanimous.The pope affirmed the Waldensians' vow of poverty, but forbid them to preach due to their status as lay people. <mask> and his followers increased their

masks: Waldo Waldo Waldo Waldo


title: Peter Waldo

texts: missionary efforts after revolting against the ban. They continued to gather followers and began proclaiming doctrines at odds with Catholicism, such as the right of all worthy members including women to preach the Scriptures without permission from Church authorities. They began praying for the dead, and preached against purgatory. The Catholic Church excommunicated them. They were being pursued as heretics by the late 1180s. They preached against the Roman Catholic Church.The doctrine that forbids the use of weapons or of oaths led to the refusal of participation in Catholic rituals. They were accused of apostasy by the Catholic hierarchy. purgatory and transubstantiation were condemned by <mask> as papal excesses. He said they were from the book of Revelation. The movement's ideas were condemned at the Third Lateran Council in March of the same year. The leaders of the movement were not excommunicated. A profession of faith was composed in 1180 by <mask>.After moving away from Lyon, <mask> and his followers settled in the high valleys of Piedmont and France, where they continued their pursuit of Christianity based on the New Testament. The synod held at Verona in 1184 excommunicated <mask>. The doctrine of the Poor of Lyons was declared to be heresy by the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, when they mentioned the group by name for the first time. Fearing suppression from the Church, <mask>'s followers fled to the mountains of northern Italy. The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution and Survival is a Cambridge Medieval Textbook. Clergy from Lyon Bible translators Roman Catholic mystics 12th-century merchants 13th-century merchants 12th-century Christian mystics French merchants

masks: Waldo Waldo Waldo Waldo Waldo


title: Sarfaraz Khan

texts: Mrza Asadullh, also known as Sarfarz Khn, was a Nawab of Bengal. As there was no direct heir to him, his maternal grandfather nominated him as the heir. In 1727, after the death of Murshid Quli, he ascended to the Masnad. The Subahdar of Orissa, Shuja-ud-<mask>, got to know that it arrived at Murshidabad, the capital of the Nawabs of Bengal. The dowager of the Nawab asked Shuja-ud-Din to ascend to the Masnad to avoid a conflict in the family. When Shuja-ud-Din died in 1739, his heir was nominated by him to be the Nawab of Bengal. The son of Shuja-<mask> was born sometime after 1700.Nawab Murshid Quli <mask> of Bengal died on June 30th, 1727. In the absence of a heir, Murshid <mask> nominated someone else. The son of Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad <mask> ascended to the throne of the Masnad in 1727. The Diwan Nazim of Orissa, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad <mask>, marched at the head of the army towards Murshidabad. Shuja-ud-Din ascended to the Masnad of Bengal to avoid a conflict in the family. Shuja-ud-Din was established as the second Nawab of Bengal by August 1727. The Naib Nazim of Bihar was appointed by Shujauddin.In 1734, he succeeded his cousin as the Naib Nazim of Jahangirnagar. The Diwan was appointed by <mask> instead of moving to Dhaka. The city of Jahangirnagar saw rapid economic growth through agriculture and trade, the greatest since the time of Governor Shaista <mask>. After Shuja-ud-Din died on August 26, 1739, he nominated his son, <mask>, as his heir and successor. He left the administration to his Nazims and Naib Nazims because he was an extremely religious and moderate ruler. His priority was religious matters. The rise of Alivardi <mask> the Nazim of Azimabad was the result of neglect in administrative matters.Early in the reign of his father Shuja-ud-Din

masks:
Din Muhammad Khan
ud Din Muhammad Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Sarfaraz
Khan


title: Sarfaraz Khan

texts: Muhammad <mask>, the Diwan of Bengal was created by his son. The place was administered by his adviser Syed Galib <mask>. He was not interested in economic and administrative matters. It would cost him a lot at the end of his life. The man was full of the outward forms of devotion and very regular in his prayers and ablutions. He fasted three full months besides the blessed month of Ramzan, and was scrupulous in the discharge of the various forms of worship to be attended to at different periods throughout the year. He was deficient in the great qualities of mind, so it was necessary.He neglected the affairs of state and paid no attention to his duties as a man of his high station and rank because he was engrossed in the little forms of religion. It is true that he did not hurt the people of Ray-Rayan, Alam Chand, the Dewan of his father, or the two other ministers, the latter men of great abilities and influence. Haji Lutfullah, Mardan <mask>, Mir Murtaza, and others were incensed by Haji Ahmed and insulted him with taunting expressions. These incensed noblemen, intent on giving vent to their enmity and hatred against Haji Ahmed, caused caricatures to be drawn of him, and eventually effected in <mask> <mask>'s mind a total alienation of regard towards him. After Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad <mask>'s accession, Haji Ahmed was removed from the office of Dewan, and the office was given to Mir Murtaza. The viceroy wanted to deprive Ataullah <mask>, son-in-law of the Haji, of the military command of Rajmahal, to give it to his own son-in-law. He wrote every thing to his brother Alivardi <mask> in order to gain strength to oppose his enemies.Haji Ahmed had the ability to convince the new viceroy to downsize his forces. While he listened to the counsel of Haji Ahmed to

masks:
Khan
Ali Khan
Ali Khan
Sarfaraz
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan


title: Sarfaraz Khan

texts: effect reduction, he allowed the arrest of Haji Ahmed's two sons, who were on the road from Patna. The troops that had been placed by his father under Alivardi <mask>, and for whom during many years they had conceived an attachment, were recalled by his father's son, as he set on foot an inquiry into the management of the public revenue of Azimabad (Patna). He resumed the grant of land which his father gave to them after they seemed to hesitate about being removed. All these acts were reported to his brother Alivardi <mask> with the usual exaggeration, and to give more weight to his own assertions, he used to superadd the testimony of his son. Alivardi <mask> decided to connect with his friend Ishaq <mask> at the court of Dehli, a nobleman who was in possession of the Mughal Emperor's ear. He wrote him a secret letter, in which he requested to have the patents of the three provinces transferred to himself, under promise of sending to court a present of a million dollars.He needed an imperial commission directed to himself to wrest the three provinces from the control of the viceroy. He gave out that he was going to march against the people of Bhojpur, and he always kept his troops ready. He had the ability to give public notice of his project, but he waited for the first chance to effect his true purpose. After Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad <mask>'s death, he received the imperial commission that he had requested. On a certain day, he would commence his march, after writing secretly to Jagat and Fateh. Alivardi <mask> encamped at a distance from the city of Patna after setting out for Murshidabad. Alivardi <mask> said in a message that he was going to pay homage to the Nawab and not marching on him.On 9 April 1740, <mask> <mask> decided to march on the head of his army

masks: Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Sarfaraz Khan


title: Sarfaraz Khan

texts: and arrived at the town of Comrah. Alivardi camped at Rajmahal after securing the Teliagarhi pass. The army was being led by a seasoned general, Ghaus <mask>. The rebel army was being led by Alivardi <mask>. The Battle of Giria took place on April 26, 1740, in a village on the banks of the river Bhagirathi. Even though Alivardi was an excellent leader even at the age of 70, he was still unlucky to have an opponent like <mask>. The Battle of Giria took place on the banks of the river Bhagirathi.The incumbent Alivardi <mask> was defeated by the Nazim of Azimabad. The battle was bloody and intense because of the loyalty standards of the time. The outcome was decided before the end of the game. Alivardi <mask> was too good a general for the remnants of his army. The main cause of the debacle was that <mask> didn't take precautionary measures in time and never saw what Alivardi <mask> was doing. Alivardi didn't give him much time to settle down. The bigger threat was Nadir Shah who was vandalising Delhi and Punjab.Nadir wrote to <mask> which made matters worse. He is described as a mild mannered person who was consigned to the footnotes of history because he didn't have the opportunity or exceptional merit to leave a mark on history. A little over 13 months was the length of the reign of <mask> <mask>. The death of <mask> <mask> ended the Nasiri Dynasty. Alivardi <mask> became the new Nawab of Bengal because of the five sons and five daughters that never made it to the doors of power. The Afshar Dynasty was founded by Alivardi <mask>. He is buried at Naginabag.The Tomb of Nawab Sarfraz <mask> at Naginabagh is a State Protected Monument according to the Archaeological Survey of India. There is a list of rulers of Bengal History of Bangladesh History of India Shia

masks: Khan Khan Sarfaraz Khan Khan Sarfaraz Khan Sarfaraz Sarfaraz Khan Sarfaraz Khan Khan Khan Khan


title: Marie Stopes

texts: <mask> was a British author and activist for women's rights. She was the first female academic on the faculty of the University of Manchester. The first birth control clinic in Britain was founded by <mask> and her second husband. The newsletter Birth Control News was edited by <mask>. Her sex manual Married Love was controversial and influential, and brought the subject of birth control into wide public discourse. Stopes publicly opposed abortion and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals One of her stated aims was to give security from conception to those who are racially diseased.Marie Stopes International changed its name to "MSI Reproductive Choices" in 2020 in response to this attitude. <mask> was born in Edinburgh. Her father was an engineer and a palaeontologist. Her mother was a women's rights activist. She was six weeks old when her parents took <mask> from Scotland and the family moved to London. Both of her parents were members of the British Association for the advancement of science. She was exposed to science at an early age and was taken to meetings where she met famous scholars.St George's School for Girls in Edinburgh was where she attended from 1892 to 1894. <mask> was a close friend of Frbe-Kapteyn. She focused on her

masks:
Marie Charlotte Stopes
Stopes
Stopes
Stopes
Stopes
Stopes


title: Marie Stopes

texts: science career in her 20s and 30s. A scholarship student at University College London, <mask> graduated with a first class B.S. from the University of London in 1900. After only two years at the University of London, I attended both day and night schools. The family was in financial ruin after <mask>' father died. Her paleobotany professor, Dr. Francis Oliver, hired her as his research assistant in 1903.She wanted to begin her career in paleobotany. When Dr. Oliver took <mask> on as a research assistant, he was on the verge of finding one of the greatest finds in paleobotany. Initially, it was thought that most of the fossil plants found in Carboniferous Coal Measures were ferns, but <mask> was tasked to find the specimen that showed better connection with the seeds of fern fronds. Some of the "ferns" bore seeds. "Seed fern" is the missing link between ferns and conifers. They became known as the pteridosperm. <mask> was given the chance to work with some of the world's leading experts in paleobotany.She won the Gilchrist scholarship from University College London with the help of Dr. Oliver and her geology professor. <mask> earned a D. Sc. He is the youngest person in Britain to have a degree. She published a study of the flora of the river. She put the money she received from the Gilchrist Scholarship towards a year's worth of funding her study on the reproduction of living cycads at the University of Munich after carrying out research on Carboniferous plants. Karl Goebel was a leading paleobotanist on cycads. <mask> presented her thesis in German and received a PhD in botany in 1904.One of the first women to be elected a fellow of the Linnean Society of

masks: Stopes Stopes Stopes Marie Marie Stopes Stopes


title: Marie Stopes

texts: London was appointed a demonstrator in order to teach students. She was a lecturer in paleobotany at University College, London. The first female academic at the Victoria University of Manchester was <mask>, who held the post of Lecturer in Paleobotany from 1904 to 1910. She met William and Frederick during this time. When members of the senate opposed the idea of having a woman teach young men, Dawkins advocated for her position. <mask> was known around the campus as a partier, and she would socialize freely with staff, colleagues, and a few students. During her time at Manchester, she studied coal and coal balls.This was an attempt to prove the theory of Suess. There was a chance of proving Suess's theory after a chance meeting with Robert Falcon Scott. Stopes's passion to prove Suess's theory led her to discuss the possibility of joining Scott's next expedition. She did not join the expedition, but Scott promised to bring back samples of fossils to provide evidence for the theory. Fossils of plants found near Scott's and his companions' bodies provided evidence that he died during the 1912 Terra Nova expedition. Her study of Carboniferous coal balls with Dr. Francis Oliver during her time at University College London proved pivotal and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals The calcareous nodules held the permineralized peat that formed the coal balls.Coal is the main source

masks: Stopes Stopes


title: Marie Stopes

texts: of fuel for the British Empire. The mines for these coal balls were close to Manchester, and <mask> became distinct from other paleobotanists by directly going to these mines and observing the coal on site. <mask> worked with a manufacturer of thin sections. She decided to work with one of her undergrad students because she and Lomax didn't get along. They looked at the coal-bearing areas of northern England. Their findings led them to theorize that the coal balls were formed by the marine water. They were able to prove that the coal balls had formed in situ and that the nodules had not been transported.The carbonate in the coal balls washed into the coal swamps because they were associated with overlying marine bands. The evidence became sustainable enough that this finding became one of the greatest contributions to the field. <mask> expanded her studies to include those from the era of the coal ball. It was an exciting new area of study for Stopes, as little evidence of preserved plants had been found at that time. Seeking advice from other academics in the field, she received leads for areas of potential study in India and Japan, the latter of which would become important later on. The most promising region at that time was closer to home, and on 22 March 1907, during the middle of a massive heat wave, <mask> and Watson departed for the coal-mining town of Brora, on the Moray Firth. Stopes thought that the type of coal balls she was looking for would be found in Brora.The 17th century Dutch scientist Nicholas Steno formulated the form of geological prediction known as biostratigraphy. They were unable to gain access to the mines due to the town's coal

masks: Stopes Stopes Marie Stopes


title: Marie Stopes

texts: mining operations being in full operation. Despite finding some fossils of interest, the pair were unable to locate any coal balls. Despite the setbacks, the flora fossils they did recover were the first Middle Jurassic period specimen to be uncovered in that region. After returning home to Manchester in 1907, <mask> began processing her discoveries for publication. A previous endeavor would bear fruit. <mask> applied for her first major grant in 1906, thanks to correspondence she had with several high-profile Geologists of the time, including John Wesley Judd and Albert Charles Seward.The purpose of the grant was to allow her to conduct her research into coal balls in Japan, and it was granted by the Royal Society in 1907. <mask> left for Japan on July 3, 1907, six weeks after finishing her research. During her time at the Imperial University, Tokyo, she explored coal mines on Hokkaido for fossils. Stopes did not find any coal balls in Japan, but did discover many important fossils, such as the Cretaceous angiosperm floras, which she wrote about in her 1909 article "Plant containing nodules from Japan". "Journal from Japan: a daily record of life as seen by a scientist" was published in 1910. Stopes were hired by the Geological Survey of Canada to determine the age of the Fern Ledges. It is part of the Lancaster Formation.Some Canadian scholars thought it was from the Pennsylvanian while others thought it was from the Devonian period. She arrived in North America before Christmas to begin her research. She and the Canadian researcher became engaged two days later. She started her work on the Fern Ledges in February of 1911 and did geological field work and

masks: Stopes Stopes Stopes


title: Marie Stopes

texts: researched at geological collections in museums. The couple returned to England on April 1st after they married in March. She continued her research. She delivered her results in 1912.Her results were published by the Government of Canada. She was married to Gates later that year. During the First World War, <mask> was engaged in studies of coal for the British government, which culminated in the writing of "Monograph on the constitution of coal" with R.V. Wheeler in 1918. Her last scientific publications were in 1935, after the success of her work on marriage issues and birth control. Between 1903 and 1935 she published a series of palaeobotanical papers that placed her among the leading half-dozen British palaeobotanists of her time. Major contributions to knowledge of the earliest angiosperms were made by <mask>.She created a classification scheme for coal. "Ancient Plants" was a successful effort to introduce the subject to non-scientists. At the start of her divorce proceedings in 1913, <mask> began to write a book about the way she thought marriage should work. Margaret Sanger had just given a talk on birth control at a meeting when she met her. <mask> asked for help with a chapter on contraception. The book was finished by the end of 1913. She offered it to Blackie and Son.The book was refused by several publishers because they thought it was too controversial. The boost that helped her publish her book was given to her by the secretary of the Malthusian League. Fifield & Co. was paid by a philanthropist to publish a work about birth control. The book required five editions in the first year and elevated <mask> to national prominence. On March 26,

masks: Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes


title: Marie Stopes

texts: 1918, <mask> visited Humphrey Roe, who had just returned from the First World War with a broken ankle, after reading Married Love. <mask> had her first chance to practice what she preached in her book less than two months after they were married. The success of Married Love encouraged <mask> to provide a follow-up; the already written Wise Parenthood: a Book for Married People, a manual on birth control that was published later that year.<mask> tried to give personal advice to many readers who wrote to her. <mask> believed that birth control was necessary for married couples to help protect mothers against the exhaustion of excessive childbearing. The sequel to Married Love, Wise Parenthood, was a success despite the fact that <mask> advocated for birth control. <mask> published A Letter to Working Mothers on how to have healthy children and avoid weakened pregnancies, a version of which was aimed at the poor. The pamphlet was to be free of charge. The middle classes were supposed to be <mask>'s intended audience. She had shown little interest in or respect for the working classes.On July 16, 1919, <mask> entered a nursing home. She was not allowed to give birth on her knees because of a disagreement with the doctors. The child was stillborn and the doctors thought it was due to STDs. <mask> said her baby had been murdered. She was 38 years old. The home of <mask> and Gates was brought into by Aylmer Maude in an effort to support their financial needs. The tension in the marriage was caused by Stopes flirtatious nature as he caused Gates more jealousy and frustration.After her separation from Gates in 1914, Maude and <mask> remained friends, and the intensity

masks: Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes


title: Marie Stopes

texts: of their relationship was reflected in a letter he wrote immediately prior to her second marriage. The Spectator described the book as a panegyric and not a biography and it may have been written by <mask>. When <mask> blamed Maude for the book's poor sales, he replied, "you so impressed on me the importance of getting the Life out quickly, and I evidently rushed it to the point of scamping it and failed to correct some of the errors in your rough draft." Questions have been raised about the credibility of the account of the libel trial of 1923 in the later book. Significant aspects of the story of <mask>' visit to Professor McIlroy in disguise and being fitted with a cervical cap have been shown to have been fabricated. She returned to work in 1920 after recovering from her illness, and engaged in public speaking and responding to letters seeking advice on marriage, sex and birth control. Mrs. Mayne was sent to distribute the Letter to Working Mothers.After several months, Mayne concluded that the working class was distrustful of meddlers. <mask> contemplated a different approach to taking her message to the poor because of the lack of success. <mask> had a vision before the conference that was due to be held in June. She called in her secretary and dictated a message to the bishops which began: "My lords, I speak to you in the name of God." You are his priests. I'm his prophet. I talk to you about the mysteries of man and woman.A New Gospel to All Peoples was written by <mask> in 1922. One of the resolutions carried during the conference was against "the deliberate cultivation of sexual union" and another was against "indecent literature, suggestive plays

masks: Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes Stopes


title: Marie Stopes

texts: and films". The start of a conflict that lasted the rest of <mask>'s life was marked by the Catholic Church's reaction. Before meeting <mask>, Humphrey Roe offered to establish a birth control clinic at St Mary's Hospital in Manchester. All patients would be married and there would be no abortions, but his offer was declined. After their marriage, he and <mask> planned to open a clinic for poor mothers in London. Margaret Sanger opened a birth control clinic in New York but it was closed by the police.Sanger proposed opening a clinic in London in 1920, but her plan never came to fruition. The Society for Constructive Birth Control and Racial Progress was founded by <mask> at the end of 1920, after she left her lecturing position at University College London. To counteract the steady evil which has been growing for a good many years of the reduction of the birth rate just on the part of the thrifty, wise, well-contented, and the generally sound members of our community. The birth rate from the worst part of the community is increasing in proportion to the birth rate at the better part in order to correct the grave social danger that I embarked upon this work. There is a list of prominent supporters on the printed notepaper. John Maynard Keynes was a supporter. The Mothers' Clinic opened on 17 March 1921.The clinic was supported by visiting doctors. It gave mothers birth control advice, taught them birth control methods and gave them Stopes own "pro-race" and "racial" caps. The free clinic was open to all married women. Stopes tried to find alternatives for families and increase knowledge about birth control. The most popular options were the coitus interruptus

masks:
Stopes
Marie Stopes
Stopes
Stopes


title: Marie Stopes

texts: and spermicides based on soap and oil. The use of sponges soaked in olive oil was rediscovered by Stopes. The ancient Greeks and Romans used olive oil as a spermicide.Her recipe was very effective. She tested contraceptives at her clinics. The "gold pin" is said to have been successful in America. She asked Norman Haire, an Australian doctor, if he would be interested in running a clinical trial of the device, as she had two correspondents who wanted to use it. The device was found to be dangerous by Haire. There was a rivalry between Haire and <mask> after Haire became involved in another birth control clinic. Even though <mask>' clinic had never used the gold-pin episode, Haire brought it up.The Stopes-Sutherland libel case had an issue with the gold pin device. The Mothers' Clinic moved to Central London in 1925. Stopes gradually built up a small network of clinics. She opened clinics in Aberdeen in October 1934, and in October 1936, and in October 1937, and in January 1943. The Marie Stopes International organisation continued to operate after <mask>' death, but by the early 1970s they were in financial difficulties and went into voluntary receivership. Marie Stopes International was established to work on sexual and reproductive health. In 1978 the global partnership began work in New Delhi, India, after taking over responsibility for the main clinic.Today the organisation works in 37 countries, has                                                  Birth Control: A Statement of Christian Doctrine Against the Neo Malthusians was written by Dr. Halliday in 1922. According to Jane Carey, the terms "birth control" and "eugenics" were so intertwined as to be


title: Marie Stopes

texts: synonymous in the inter-war years. Stopes' book was attacked after the attacks on Malthusian teaching. In the midst of a London slum a woman, who is a doctor of German philosophy, has opened a Birth Control Clinic, where working women are instructed in a method. There are millions of dollars being spent by the Ministry of Health and by Local Authorities on things like pure milk for expectant and nursing mothers, Maternity Clinics to guard the health of mothers before and after childbirth, and on Infant Welfare Centres. Charles Bradlaugh was sentenced to jail for a less serious crime.<mask> was angry. The reference to a doctor of German philosophy was meant to undermine <mask> because she was not a medical doctor and was so soon after the First World War. Charles Bradlaugh, who had been convicted of obscenity 45 years earlier, was associated with <mask>'s work. A public debate was challenged by <mask>. She brought a writ for libel against him when he didn't reply. The court case was acrimonious. Four questions were put to the jury, which they answered as follows.Yes. Is it true that they were true in substance? Yes. Did they make a fair comment? No. Is there any damage? A hundred dollars.Based on the jury's verdict, barristers for both sides asked for judgement in their favor. As soon as the jury decided that the statements were true in substance, the matter was over. As the press saw it, it was a moral victory for <mask>. The previous decision was reversed by the Court of Appeal on 20 July. The Catholic community supported <mask> in his campaign to raise money. On November 21, 1924, he made a final appeal to the House of Lords. The number of clients visiting