title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

texts: <mask> was a Roman populist politician during the First Triumvirate. <mask>, one of the most colorful people of his era, was adopted by an obscure person so that he could be elected the tribune of Rome. During his term of office, he pushed through an ambitious legislative program, including a grain dole, but he is mostly remembered for his scandalous lifestyle, which included violating the sanctity of a religious ritual reserved for women, purportedly with the intention of seducing Caesar's wife. The youngest son of Appius Claudius Pulcher, <mask> was born in 93 BC. His mother's name is uncertain, she may have been a daughter of one of the ancient patrician houses, or the sister of one of the ancient patrician houses. <mask> had two older brothers, Appius <mask> and <mask>. His sisters included the wife of a man, the wife of a man, the wife of a man, the wife of a man, the wife of a man, the wife of a man, the wife of a man, the wife of a man, and the wife of a man.<mask> was close to a number of Roman politicians. His brother-in-law, Lucullus, was the consul in 74 BC, followed by his brother-in-law, Celer, in 60 and his brother-in-law, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, in 57. Mucia Tertia was a half-sister to the Caecilii and later Marcus Aemilius Scaurus was a half-brother. In 73 BC, <mask> accused Catiline of adultery with one of the Vestal Virgins, a capital crime. <mask> was obliged to leave Rome after Catiline was acquitted. His brother-in-law, Lucullus, was a proconsul in the war against Mithridates.

masks:
Publius Clodius Pulcher
Clodius
Clodius
Publius
Claudius Pulcher
Gaius Claudius Pulcher
Clodius
Clodius
Clodius


title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> felt that he was not given enough respect by Lucullus' brother-in-law, so he fomented unrest among Lucullus' soldiers.<mask> deserted Lucullus and joined his brother-in-law in Cilicia. <mask> was captured by pirates while he was in command of part of the fleet. Ptolemy of Cyprus, an ally of the Romans, was asked for a ransom to be paid for <mask>' release. The pirates released <mask> without keeping the money because the amount offered was so low. <mask> had hatred for the Cypriot ruler because of Ptolemy's conduct. <mask> was accused of inciting a mutiny in Syria and almost lost his life. <mask> returned to Rome at the age of twenty-seven.He needed protection from his brother-in-law. The young <mask> was accused of carrying on an incestuous affair with his sister's wife, and the general blamed him for the east's rebellion. Lucullus divorcedClaudia and <mask> gained the trust of a close relative of Lucullus. Murena and <mask> were among those who accepted money from Catiline, who had been charged with extortion for his conduct as governor of Africa, and who was acquitted through the payment of large sums of money. Murena and <mask> went with him as part of his staff. <mask> enriched himself by various criminal schemes during his time in Gaul, including the forging of wills and arranging the deaths of heirs. In opposition to Catiline, <mask> and Murena returned to Rome in 63.With the support of veterans who had served under Lucullus, as well as that of Cicero, Murena was elected, becoming the first of

masks: Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius


title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

texts: the Murenae to attain the consulship. Catiline plotted with other Romans to stage a revolt. The conspirators wanted to set up a small, patrician-dominated oligarchy to kill their opponents in the Roman aristocracy. Cicero wanted to portray <mask> as a participant in the conspiracy because he was a patrician. Cicero was rendered every assistance by the cause of the optimates. As the drama of the detection and arrest of the conspirators unfolded, <mask> appears to have joined the many other equestrian and noble youths who formed an intimidating bodyguard around Cicero. The rift developed when one of <mask>' sisters tried to get Cicero to divorce Terentia and marry her.Cicero was loyal to his wife, while Terentia was against her and her family. In December of 62 BC, the Bona Dea was held at the Regia, the official residence of the Pontifex Maximus, Rome's chief priest. The contest that spawned the conspiracy of Catiline had elected Caesar as Pontifex Maximus the previous year. All men were excluded from the celebration because it was a mystery. The ceremony was hosted by Caesar's wife, Pompeia, and mother, Aurelia. <mask> was discovered in the course of the evening after he sneaked into the rites as a woman with the intention of seducing Pompeia. <mask>' presence at the rites was sacrilegious, but profaning the ceremonies in order to seduce the wife of the Pontifex Maximus was considered an even greater offense to the goddess.The trial brought all of Rome to a halt. Lucullus wanted to destroy his brother-in-law's

masks: Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius


title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

texts: political career and repay <mask> for inciting a mutiny among his soldiers, so he charged <mask> with incestum, a capital crime. The prosecution was carried out by three of the Cornelii Lentuli. The chief advocate for <mask> was a noted orator. Pompeius returned from the east and the trial dragged on for months. The witnesses against <mask> included Aurelia and one of her daughters, as well as various household slaves, who claimed that <mask> had committed incest with his sister, Clodia, the wife of Lucullus. Caesar, despite the insult to his office and his honor, claimed no knowledge of the events, but he divorced his wife because he believed that she would have yielded to <mask>' advances.<mask> lied about being in Rome on the day of the rites. Cicero knew that the impact that Clodius' conviction or acquittal would have on Roman society, so he was reluctant to refute the alibi. Cicero was forced to act because Pompeius and Lucullus were at odds over the settlement of the eastern provinces. He was able to do Lucullus a favor by giving evidence against Clodius. Terentia, Cicero's wife, still smarting at the attempted seduction of her husband, insisted that he testify against her rival's brother. The outcome of the trial was decided by Marcus Licinius Crassus, who bribed the jurors to acquit Clodius. The trial helped Clodius forge alliances with his benefactors, and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals

masks: Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius


title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

texts: INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDealsHe was grateful to Caesar for not knowing anything about the events. He wanted no payback for the wrongs he had done to the people who led his prosecution. He was incensed by Cicero, who tried to bring about his downfall by testifying against him, and he thought Pompeius was a betrayal. Pompeius' rivalry with both Lucullus and Cicero would seem to have made him Clodius' natural ally when he stirred disaffection among Lucullus' troops in the east. Fulvia was married to <mask>, a member of the noble family of Tusculum. Cicero refers to a certain man as <mask>' brother-in-law, although it is not clear who he was, or how the two men were brothers-in-law. <mask> Claudius Pulcher was the son of Clodius and Fulvia and later became the first wife of Augustus.<mask> returned from Sicily, where he had been quaestor between 61 BC and 60 BC, with the intention of taking revenge on Cicero. <mask> was a member of Rome's most aristocratic patrician families and was deliberately excluded from this office. <mask> abandoned his status as a patrician in order to be adopted into a plebeian Gens. The adoption of a member of one generation into another was perfectly legal, and a venerable practice in Roman society, but the adoption arranged by <mask> was highly irregular and violated

masks: Clodius Clodius Publius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius


title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

texts: all of the usual conditions and legal requirements of the process. Adoption was only allowed for men who were at least middle-aged and who did not expect to father sons to carry on their legacies. In taking the place of a man's natural children, an adopted son would assume his new father's name so that he could pass it on to his own children. <mask>, who was thirty-four years old in 59, and had probably been married for three years, was adopted by <mask> Fonteius, a member of a minor plebeian family, who was younger than <mask> himself.When <mask> gave up his patrician status, he changed his adoptive father's name to <mask>, which was associated with the plebeians. His sister did the same. The children of <mask> would return to the "patrician" spelling of their nomen. The adoption of <mask> was possible due to the fact that he had the support of Caesar. <mask> was elected tribune of the plebs on November 16. He immediately began preparing for the destruction of Cicero, at the same time undertaking an extensive program of populist legislation, intended to position himself as benefactor to as much of the community as possible. In December of 59 BC, <mask> took up his tribunate.Several crowd-pleasing bills became known as the Leges Clodiae after he won over the common people. The most striking was the free monthly corn dole, which replaced the subsidised grain supplies made available to poor citizens, set up by Cato during his tribunate in 63. A number of measures were passed by <mask>. The right of magistrates

masks: Clodius Publius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius


title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

texts: to prevent the assembly of the comitia, Rome's citizen assembly, was one of these. The augurs were granted this right around 150 BC by the Lex Aelia et Fufia. It was not possible to prevent the meeting from happening indefinitely, but it was possible to stop proceedings on a given day. <mask>' measure abrogated the Lex Aelia, which was used to delay or prevent the assembly from acting.If a citizen had not been publicly tried and convicted, the censors would not have been able to exclude him from the senate. The power to enroll new members or expel them from the senate made it potentially the most powerful magistracy. <mask> introduced a law that threatened exile to any public official who executed a Roman citizen without a trial. Cicero had suppressed Catiline's conspiracy and ordered the execution of its leading members before they could stand trial. The senatus consultum gave Cicero the power to deal with the conspiracy and he sought the support of various senators and the consuls to avoid the consequences of Clodius' legislation. Cicero went into exile in Greece in the spring of 58 BC when it became clear that help was not forthcoming. On the day Cicero left Italy, <mask> proposed a law that forbade Cicero from entering Italy and took his property.Cicero's house on the Palatine Hill was destroyed by <mask>' supporters after the bill was passed. <mask> built a temple to Libertas on the site of Cicero's rival's house in order to prevent Cicero from returning to Rome. <mask> couldn't find buyers for Cicero's

masks: Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius


title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

texts: other property. <mask> came up with an ingenious plan to get the support of various collegia, consisting of local trade associations, social and political clubs, which he intended to use as private gangs. The collegia had traditionally organized street parties during the Compitalia. <mask> obtained the loyalty of their members by legalized these associations, which were banned by the senate in the preceding decade. <mask> used to control the streets of Rome and drive off the supporters of his political opponents.The gangs attacked any politician who dared confront their patron, employing various forms of harassment, including accosting and beating in the streets, loud booing, showering their targets with filth at the games, besieging their houses by throwing rocks and other weapons, or even attempting to burn them <mask> became the "king of the Roman streets" because of the muted opposition to him. With Cicero out of the way, and the backing of ordinary Romans, <mask> became a formidable power in Roman politics. His dominance wasn't checked. The First Triumvirate was formed by Pompeius, Crassus, and Caesar. Caesar was the wealthiest man in Rome, while Pompeius and Caesar were formidable military leaders. Although he didn't get much notice from Pompeius, <mask> was helped by the support of Caesar and the Bona Dea scandal, which helped him escape punishment.It was <mask>' interest to comply with the wishes of the triumvirate. <mask> supported Caesar by vetoing a speech of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus at the

masks: Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius


title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

texts: beginning of the tribunate. <mask> gained a measure of revenge when he passed a bill to end the kingship of Ptolemy of Cyprus and annex the island to the Roman Republic. <mask> had never forgiven Ptolemy for his insult to his dignity when he had been held captive by pirates a decade earlier. To take possession of the island and its royal treasures, and to preside over the administrativeization of Cyprus into the Roman province of Cilicia, the members of the triumvirate suggested that Cato the Younger be appointed propraetor. The appointment worked in <mask>' interests as well as those of the triumvirate. He would stay in Rome for more than two years because he was a potential opponent for <mask>.At the same time, the prestige and opportunity afforded Cato by the appointment rendered him agreeable to Clodius' actions, and led Cato, a skilled orator, to oppose Clodius' rivals when they attacked his legitimacy. <mask>' relationship with the triumvirate deteriorated when Pompeius criticized his policies. <mask> was enraged and began to harass Pompeius. <mask> tried to assassinate Cicero when the general began to discuss the possibility of recalling him. Pompeius was forced to stay at home until the end of the year after Clodius' gangs blockaded his house. <mask> turned against Caesar after he failed to eliminate one opponent. The act set in motion the recall of Cicero.Caesar agreed to support the bill if it were renewed after <mask>' term of office expired in December. In January of 1957, one of the new tribunes

masks: Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius


title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

texts: tried to pass the bill, but his attempt was stopped by violent acts on the part of Clodius' gangs. Pompeius gave his approval for the tribunes to raise their own forces in order to fight against <mask>. The gangs were led by gladiators. <mask>' attempt to prevent Cicero's recall failed as street fighting continued through the first half of the year. Workmen were assigned to rebuild the orator's house after he returned from exile. <mask> had the builders attack Cicero and set his brother's house on fire.Milo, a close friend of Cicero, was charged by <mask> with vi, or public violence, for defending his house against <mask>' people, and with keeping armed bands in his service. <mask> dropped the matter after attempts to bring Milo to trial were repeatedly hindered by street violence. Violence erupted in the streets of Rome between the gangs of Milo and <mask>, causing the election to be delayed twice. <mask> was returning to Rome by way of the Appian Way after visiting Aricia on January 18, 52 BC. Without his wife, <mask> was travelling lightly with a band of 30 armed slaves. By chance, Milo was travelling the other way with his wife as well as an escort which included gladiators, and the two groups passed each other near Bovillae, 11 miles from Rome. The two groups passed without incident until the last pair at the back of each train started fighting.<mask> was wounded by a javelin thrown by one of the gladiators in Milo's party. His slaves were killed or driven off when he was brought to a nearby inn for his

masks: Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius


title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

masks: Clodius Clodius


title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

texts: and an obsessive attachment to a common prostitute. The inscription on the Egyptian alabaster vase was once owned by Clodius' son. The literary evidence shows that Clodius was the son of Appius Claudius Pulcher and the grandson of Appius Claudius Pulcher. The daughter of Clodius was probably born between 57 and 55 BC.She was still quite young when she married the young Octavian. As the two men and their followers battled for control of the Roman state, they arranged a political marriage so that they could reconcile with one another. In 41 BC, Fulvia joined her brother-in-law, the consul, in raising eight legions against Octavian in what became known as the Perusine War. In 40 BC, the enmity between the triumvirs gave Octavian an excuse to divorceClaudia. She was still alive in 36 BC. Cicero fulminates against <mask> in mock resignation, "let it at least be destroyed by a real man", if the Republic must be destroyed by someone. Cicero was supplied with invective for years by <mask> in the Bona Dea incident.Like other popularist politicians of his time, <mask> was accused of having a sexual magnetism that was attractive to both women and men and enhanced his political charisma. The Lacanian analysis "Gendering Clodius" claimed that Cicero's word played a part in the fascination that masqueraded under rebuke. Cicero's description of <mask>' attire when he intruded on the rites amounts to a verbal striptease, as the privative Latin "from" deprives the future tribune of his garments and props one by one: Publius

masks: Clodius Clodius Clodius Clodius


title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

texts: <mask>. <mask>' marriage to the formidable Fulvia appears to have been the cause of Cicero's accusations of sexual profligacy against him, as the attempt to seduce Caesar's wife into adultery and his incestuous relations with his sisters fail to enlarge in scope over time. Since it implied dependence on a woman, devotion to one's wife could be construed by the upholders of traditional values as undermining one's manhood. Clodius plays a small role in The Ides of March, a 1948 novel that deals with characters and events leading to the assassination of Julius Caesar. There is a possibility that Clodius was involved with Caesar's second wife Pompeia and that he tried to attend the secret rites of the Bona Dea.The Masters of Rome series books Caesar's Women and Caesar have <mask> as a key player. His exploits from his time in the East to his death in 52 BC are chronicled as a part of the larger story. Steven Saylor, an American author, wrote a series of novels about <mask>. The story of his death is told in A Murder on the Appian Way. <mask> is a central character in Robert Harris's novels Lustrum and Dictator, which chronicle the career of Marcus Tullius Cicero. References include Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Domo Sua, De Haruspicum Responsis, and Epistulae ad Familiares. The Commentarii, Caesar Giarratano, ed., Rome was reprinted by Adolf M. Hakkert.The Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans was written by Mestrius. The History of the Roman Empire. I Gentile, Clodio e Cicerone, Milan is a modern work. E.S. In


title: Publius Clodius Pulcher

texts: Fortnightly Review, Beesley wrote "Cicero and Clodius." G. Lacour-Gayet wrote "De P. Clodio Pulchro, Paris." Cicero and his Friends was written by Gaston Boissier. H. White, Cicero, <mask> and Milo lived in New York.Ciceronis Orationum Scholiastae: Asconius was written by Thomas Stangl. There is a person named Scholia Bobiensia. The name of the plant is Pseudoasconii Sangallensia. The recentiora Ambrosiana ac Vaticana was written by Scholia Cluniacensia. The Scoliasts on the Orations of Cicero was published in Vienna in 1912. Andrew Lintott asked if P<mask> <mask> was Felix Catilina. In Greece and Rome.14, pp. Violence in Republican Rome was published in 1968. Clodiana religio is owned by Philippe Moreau. Un politique en 61 av. P. <mask> Pulcher: Studies in the History of Greece and Rome was published by the University of North Carolina Press. The Groe Gestalten der rmischen Republik was written by Karl-Joachim and Elke Stein-Hlkeskamp. Stanisaw Stabrya wrote "P. <mask> Pulcher: a Politician or a Terrorist in Violence and Aggression in the Ancient World."10). External links 93 BC births 52 BC deaths 1st-century BC Romans Ancient Roman murder victims Publius

masks:
Clodius
. Clodius
Pulcher
Clodius
Clodius


title: Juan Manuel Echavarría

texts: A present-day Latin American artist is <mask>. Currently residing in Bogot, Colombia and New York City, he was born in 1947. He spent time in Europe, specifically Greece, where he began to study mythology and poetry, and in his words, "became very dreamy". In his first book, he published two novels, La Gran Catarata and Moros en la Costa. He was interested in looking at history from different points of view, specifically looking at the conquistadors who were confronted by foreign cultures. His initial interest in literature was due to his love of the rich images it produced, so he became frustrated with writing as a creative outlet. He told his artist friends that he was hopelessly in the world of writing.He turned to photography as a way to express the images and metaphors he wanted to portray after realizing that he was more interested in imagery than writing. In 1995 Photography Echavarria started to produce photography and videos that deal with the violence and civil conflicts of the 20th century and still today. The pictures and documentations depict a nation that has become accustomed to the brutality associated with the conflicts between the national army, guerrilla groups, and paramilitaries which started in the 1950s and have continued through the 1980s into present day aggression. The viewer is faced with photographs and videos showing death and destruction as a result of this seemingly endless and forgotten war. In order to understand the contexts of <mask> Echavarria's artwork, it is important to have a concept of the long history of violence in the country. Since 1947, there has not been a year of peace in the country. Hundreds of thousands of civilians have been killed and millions of people have 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 over the last half century.Poor and vulnerable citizens are the victims of the violence. Throughout most of the 20th century, Echavarria has depicted violence in his artwork. A brief history of the different movements and groups since Echavarria's birth are listed as a backdrop to understand the

masks:
Juan Manuel Echavarria Olano
Juan Manuel


title: Oliver Evans

texts: <mask> was an American inventor, engineer and businessman who was born in rural Delaware and grew up in Philadelphia. He was one of the first Americans to advocate high pressure steam. <mask> was one of the most influential and prolific inventors in the early years of the United States. He designed and built the first fully automated industrial process, the first high-pressure steam engine, and the first amphibious vehicle. In his mid-teens, <mask> was apprenticeshipd to a wheelwright and received little formal education. He worked for over a decade designing, building and perfecting an automated mill with devices such as bucket chains and conveyor belts. <mask> designed a continuous process of manufacturing that did not require human labor.The Industrial Revolution and the development of mass production would be affected by this novel concept. <mask> built the first high-pressure steam engine in the United States in 1802, independently of Richard Trevithick, who built the first in the world a year earlier. The adoption of high-pressure steam engines in the United States was led by <mask>. <mask> wanted to build and run a steam-powered wagon in 1805. The Oruktor Amphibolos was the first automobile in the country and the world's first amphibious vehicle. <mask> produced designs and ideas that were far ahead of their time. He proposed a design for the first refrigerator in 1805, but it would be three decades before Jacob Perkins would be able to build a working example.He drew up designs for a solar boiler, machine gun, steam-carriage gearshift, dough-kneading machine, perpetual baking oven, marine salvage process, quadruple-effect evaporator, and a scheme

masks:
Oliver Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: for urban gas lighting. <mask> had influential backers and political allies, but lacked social graces and was disliked by many of his peers. <mask> was angry at the perceived lack of recognition for his contributions, which damaged his reputation and left him isolated. Despite the importance of his work, his contributions were often overlooked (or attributed to others after his death) so he never became a household name alongside the other steam pioneers of his era. On September 13, 1755, <mask> was born to Charles and Ann Stalcop <mask>. <mask> was moved with his family to the north of Newport on the Red Clay Creek after his father purchased a large farm there. <mask> was the fifth of twelve children.Few details about <mask>'s early life are available in surviving records. The nature and location of his early education has not been preserved, however his literacy was strong from a young age, both as a writer and an avid reader on technical subjects. <mask> was a wheelwright and wagon-maker in Newport. <mask> was forbidden by his master to use candles to illuminate his reading in the evenings. <mask> was able to find another way to use scraps and wood from his day's work as fuel for small fires. <mask> was 19 when the war began. He was a member of the Delaware militia company but did not serve in the war.<mask> left wheel-making at the age of 22 to become a specialist in forming the fine wire used in textile cards, which were used to comb fibers in preparation for the spinning process to make thread or yarn. A desire to increase the efficiency of this process led him to his first invention, a machine which would bend wire into teeth and cut them off

masks:
Evans
Evans
Oliver Evans
Evans
Oliver
Oliver
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: quickly to aid the assembly of cards. One of <mask>'s early successes was the creation of the machine, which was tasked to a blacksmith by George Latimer, then a justice of the peace in Newport. <mask> wanted to develop a machine that could puncture the leather into which the wire teeth were inserted to mechanize the production of textile cards. <mask>' invention was able to speed up the card manufacturing process, but he was not able to get financial backing to market his invention. Over the next two decades card manufacturing innovations inspired by <mask>'s led to the development of automated textile card production, which was in great demand due to the growth of the Southern cotton industry. Early pioneers of mechanized textile-card production, including Giles Richards and Amos Whittemore, are thought to have borrowed heavily from his original designs.<mask> began experimenting with steam power and its potential for commercial use. <mask> had yet to produce a working model of the steam-powered wagon that his early ideas culminated in a Delaware state patent application. <mask> married the daughter of a local farmer at the age of 27. <mask> focused on flour milling in the early 1780s, an industry which was booming in rapidly industrializing northern Delaware. The operation of mills was labor-intensive in this era. Grain was moved from one stage to the next by gravity or manual labor. The cooling stages were slow and inefficient.The bulk of milling in the 1780s was done in the home through hand milling, as Mills were becoming commonplace in populated areas and those with ready access to waterways for power. In colonial America, the quality of milling

masks: Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: wheat was poor. Hard wheat varieties were insufficiently ground and the flour was coarse and brown. Mill processes were not partitioned and the many people moving about the mill contaminated the flour with dirt, grain and other impurities. The result was a low quality product that took too many people to make. Two of <mask>'s brothers began building a mill in Newport on part of the family's farm estate which they purchased from their father, and <mask> was recruited to oversee its construction on the Red Clay Creek. <mask> began to experiment with inventions to reduce the reliance on labor for milling after the mill opened in 1785.It was the most difficult task to move wheat from the bottom to the top of the mill. The bucket elevator was <mask>'s first innovation. Roman technology used chains of buckets to raise water. <mask> realized with some modification and careful engineering that they could be used to raise grain, so a series of bucket elevators around a mill could move grain and flour from one process to the next. Spreading meal was a labor intensive task. This came out of the grinding process warm and moist, needing cooling and drying before it could be packed. The task used to be done manually.<mask> came up with the "hopper boy", a device which gathered meal from a bucket elevator and spread it evenly over the drying floor. A gentle incline in the design of the rake blades would slowly move the flour towards central chutes, from which the material would be sifted. The two innovations saved many hours of labor and greatly reduced the risk ofcontamination. Neither device was revolutionary by the standards of the time. The total vision of their

masks: Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: design was. <mask> was attempting a radical shift in thinking about the manufacturing process, treating it as a continuous integrated whole rather than a series of isolated processes. Manufacturing could be a fully automated line.<mask>'s mill designs sought to feed materials continuously through a system without the need for any human intervention. The idea of continuous production was proved to be a critical ingredient of the industrial revolution, and would lay the foundation for modern mass production. It was difficult to build the machinery to see this vision. <mask> was unable to find the money to pay the skilled carpenters who were needed to build his machines. The large flour milling industry on the Brandywine River was dominated by the Quaker Millers who saw little potential in <mask>'s designs. James Latimer exclaimed "Ah!" after hearing <mask>'s ideas. <mask>, you can't make water run uphill.George helped <mask> secure patent protection for his inventions throughout the 18th century. <mask> converted his brothers' mill at Red Clay Creek into a fully automated prototype based on his designs, and the <mask> brothers sent handbills and diagrams to the major milling centers of the United States offering free licensing of the designs. The campaign was to prove that it was a disappointment. <mask> had a prickly disposition and was prone to display frustration and bewilderment towards those who did not see the value of his ideas. The idea of a fully automated production process was difficult to comprehend, and his ideas and designs were often far ahead of their time. The Red Clay Creek mill was fully automated in the early years of its operation. He

masks: Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Oliver Evans Evans Evans Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: was alone at the mill that day and made hay in a nearby field, so his visitors could see the mill running on its own.<mask> explained how the feat they witnessed was possible, and was convinced that the chance visit would bring about a breakthrough with the Brandywine millers. He was angry that the <mask> mill was reported to be a set of rattletraps by the Millers. <mask> convinced a Brandywine miller to convert his mill. <mask>'s designs were given a trial on larger scales and adopted elsewhere after years of persistence and attempts at marketing. <mask> was invited to refit the mills by the Ellicott family in Baltimore in 1789. <mask> worked with Jonathan Ellicott to develop a modified form of the Archimedean screw that could act as a horizontal conveyor to work alongside the bucket elevators. He added a rake-drill and conveyor belt to his designs and now has a full complement of materials handling machines.<mask> built a model of his designs in the town after moving from Newport. <mask>'s inventions were given a major boost when leading miller Joseph Tatnall converted his mills to the Evans system, and estimated that in one year the changes saved his operation a small fortune amounting to $37,000. Brandywine Village was soon a showcase for <mask>'s milling technology. Within a short period, automated mills began to spread across the eastern seaboard after the Brandywine millers were finally convinced. After the introduction of federal patent law, <mask> immediately applied for protection for his milling designs and was granted the third US patent, with his application personally examined and approved by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of

masks: Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: War Henry Knox, and Attorney-General Edmund Randolph. After securing patent protection for his designs, <mask> turned his attention to other areas. According to some sources, by 1792 over one hundred mills were operating Evans machinery, as a result of Joseph travelling widely to promote <mask>'s work.George Washington was so impressed with <mask>'s technology that he converted his own gristmill at Mount Vernon to use it. <mask> sold his share in the Red Clay Creek mill and moved his family to Philadelphia, where he opened a store for milling supplies. His early years in Philadelphia were dominated by writing. <mask> wanted to write a pamphlet to help the construction of milling machinery, as well as promote his own automated designs. <mask> devoted several years to writing a comprehensive book on milling technology that included long chapters on the basic principles of physics, hydraulics and mechanics, at times neglecting his family's financial security in order to complete it. The Young Mill-wright and Miller's Guide consisted of five parts: 'Principles of Mechanics and Hydraulics', 'Of the different Kinds of Mills', 'Description of the Author's Improvements', and 'On the Manufacturing of Grain into Flour'. The section on mill construction was contributed by Thomas Ellicott, whose family was early adopters of <mask>'s designs.<mask> insisted that much of the theoretical work of the book was based on earlier scientific work on mechanical principles, yet he often revised standing theories to fit his experiments and observations. He found that the theoretical mechanical principles of waterwheels did not match what he could replicate in practice, so he


title: Oliver Evans

texts: revised them based on observation to form a "true theory" and conclude that neither the old or new theories agree with practice. If the true theory continues to agree with practice, the practitioners need not care about what it is founded. The first edition of the guide was published in 1795 and featured George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Edmund Randolph. The book was very popular and was printed in fifteen editions between 1795 and 1860. The book's popularity was due to its detailed explanations of mill design and construction, and it would not be replaced until after the Civil War. <mask> concentrated on his work as a milling supply merchant and licensing his patented designs after the publication of the Guide.Adoption began to accelerate after 1800 due to <mask>'s wealth from the license fees. <mask> concentrated on growing his commercial operations in Philadelphia, expanding his store, becoming an agent for English imports, and taking on blacksmiths to complete more complicated metal work for mills. <mask> continued to refine various elements of mill design, including patenting a new process for making millstones and developing a screw mill for grinding plaster of Paris, which was in great demand in Philadelphia for stucco work. <mask> and his younger brother Evan, along with blacksmith Thomas Clark, developed a device for packing flour barrels using a wooden disc and compound lever. <mask> was exposed to early examples of the application of steam engines in the United States when he lived in Delaware and Philadelphia. The Philadelphia waterworks operated two low-pressure steam engines to pump water from the Schuylkill River, but they were rare


title: Oliver Evans

texts: examples and most instances of this new technology were found in Europe. James Watt and Thomas Newcomen were instrumental in the development of steam power in Great Britain and elsewhere in Europe, with several hundred machines operating there in industrial and labor-saving applications by 1800.<mask> had begun to consider the potential applications of steam power for transportation while still an apprenticeship in the 1780s, and had developed rudimentary designs for'steam carriages' in the 1790s. British engineers such as Richard Trevithick had already begun work on <mask>' ideas for a steam carriage. Watt contemporary, William Murdoch, had developed plans for a steam-propelled carriage incorporating a heavy flywheel, in which pressure was converted directly to rotary power, however it became apparent in experimentation that a low-pressure, rotary steam engine would never be powerful enough to propel. <mask> turned his attention to a reciprocating engine, not only for his steam carriage ideas, but also for industrial application. <mask> was an early advocate of strong steam or high-pressure engines, an idea long resisted by Watt and other steam pioneers because of the lack of iron making and metal working technology in America. <mask> recognized that a high-pressure steam engine would be essential to the development of a steam carriage because they could be built far smaller while providing similar or greater power outputs to low-pressure equivalents. Some experiments with high-pressure steam engines had been made in Europe, most notably Trevithick's Puffing Devil, which circumvented Watt's patent by simply removing it.It was feared that no boiler could

masks: Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: safely hold high-pressure steam. Watt wanted to have Trevithick imprisoned because of his high-pressure engines. <mask> developed different designs of engines operating at high-pressure while eliminating Watt's condenser, ignoring the potential drawbacks. His designs incorporated a grasshopper beam, a double-acting cylinder, and four steam valves, very similar to the designs of Trevithick. Each valve was operated by a single cam. The resulting design was a high-pressure steam engine that had a higher power-to-weight ratio than Newcomen engines, setting it among the ranks of other engineers' engines in their quest to make locomotives and steamboats practical. The engines were simpler to build and maintain and did not require large volumes of water.The engines were well suited for a variety of industrial applications. Some of the Philadelphia engineering community, including Benjamin Latrobe, criticized <mask>'s ideas as similar to the automated mill. It is assumed that <mask> was unaware of Richard Trevithick's work, as he had previously developed nearly identical ideas in favor of high-pressure engines. With just six working steam engines in the United States at the time, and a handful of workshops with no experience making them, it took <mask> much of his savings and two years to produce a working example to display to the public. The first engine was powered by a double acting cylinder six inches in diameter and eighteen inches in length. The crosshead was made of wood in order to be simpler to build. The boiler consisted of a large copper shell encased in wood and cast iron rings to hold the pressure in the engine.The machine's output was around five

masks: Evans Evans Evans Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: horses. The low-pressure engine of the nearby waterworks produced about twelve horsepower, which was modest by contemporary standards. The waterworks machine was over twenty-five times larger than his steam engine. <mask> put his engine to use by crushing plaster of Paris and sawing marble at his store. The showmanship paid off, and thousands came to see the machine in operation, while the Philadelphia newspaper Aurora declared "a new era in the history of the steam engine." In 1804, Oruktor Amphibolos <mask> received a patent for his new steam engine. His first proposal was for the Lancaster company.He proposed to build a steam wagon with the capacity to carry 100 barrels of flour between Philadelphia and Lancaster in two days, which would greatly increase profits compared to the equivalent five horse wagons, for which the trip took three days. <mask> said in his proposal that his engines would propel boats against the current of the Mississippi and waggons on turnpike roads with great profit. The proposal was rejected because the company wasn't sure of the reliability and cost of the technology. <mask> was able to find a client within a year. <mask> convinced the Philadelphia Board of Health to contract him to develop a steam-powered dredge to clean the dockyards and remove sandbars. The result was the Oruktor Amphibolos. A flat-bottomed scow with bucket chains was used to clear away sticks, stones and other obstacles.A high-pressure <mask> engine supplied the power for the dredge equipment. The craft was thirty feet long, twelve feet wide and seventeen tons. To demonstrate his belief in land-based steam transportation, <mask> mounted the hull on four

masks: Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: wheels and connected the engine to them. The Oruktor Amphibolos is believed to have been the first motorized amphibious craft in the world. <mask>'s tendency to exaggerate his craft's success makes it difficult to verify its performance. The great weight of the craft makes land-propulsion based on its limited engine capacity and jury-rigged. <mask>'s claims on how well the Oruktor functioned as a steamboat vary greatly over the years.The invention was scrapped for parts by the Board of Health because it was useless as a dredger. <mask>'s ideas of steam carriages were not impossible to imagine. <mask> would continue to promote the idea. A futuristic description of a world connected by a network of shipping lines railroad tracks and steam locomotives was published in 1812. "The time will come when people will travel in stages moved by steam engines, from one city to another, almost as fast as birds fly, fifteen or twenty miles in an hour," said the Italian automobile model company. It is no longer being produced. It is fairly basic, but it looks like a faithful representation of the original.An example of a vehicle from this period. In the late 19th century, <mask> quarrelled with fellow inventors and engineering peers over steam technology. The abortion of the young steam engineer's guide was the petulantly titled and premature publication of what he had hoped would be the equivalent of his earlier manual for millers. The Steam Engineer's Guide was shorter and less structured than the first book. A third of the book is devoted to an ongoing argument between <mask> and John Stevens, much of which had previously appeared in the journal The Medical Repository


title: Oliver Evans

texts: and to which <mask> added additional criticisms of Stevens' contentions. <mask> concludes his book by complaining of the ingratitude of the public and the unprofitability of the endeavor, although this would prove to be just one of many such assertions by <mask> over the coming years. The first book in the United States to make accessible to anyone ideas and techniques for steam engineering was the Steam Engineer's Guide.The <mask> high-pressure steam engine, boilers, screw-mills and other designs are discussed in the beginning of the book. <mask> had a similar set of tools and tables for potential steam engineers, as well as instructions for assembling the basic components of a steam-powered system, and a schematic for useful components such as valves and boilers. <mask> used the book to justify the safety of high-pressure steam engines even though he had experienced several boiler explosions in his workshop. He didn't know much about thermodynamics in his time. Many of <mask>'s theories, including the 'grand principle' of steam he develops to guide the mathematical modelling of pressure and fuel in steam engines, were substantially flawed. <mask> was unable to accurately predict the inputs and outputs of his machines because of his limited theoretical understanding of high-pressure steam engines. <mask> was interested in a number of inventions, including a straw-cutter and flour press developed by his brother Evan, and a horse-drawn scraper and earth mover."If government would, at the expense of uncertainty, employ ingenious persons, in every art and science, to make with care every experiment that might lead to the extension of our knowledge of

masks: Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: principles, carefully recording the experiments and results so that," <mask> said. Many engineers relied on the basic principles of physics and mechanics to guide their work, and yet this often required inventors and engineers to become scientists as well to obtain experimental data, something that they were rarely qualified or resourced to do. <mask> tried to create a private research consortium after the Steam Engineer's Guide that would conduct reliable experiments and gather data for the benefit of subscribed members. <mask> committed the new venture to developing a steam wagon of his own design, which may have led to the failure of the venture. After <mask>'s death, the Franklin Institute would be founded in Philadelphia. <mask>'s thinking about the potential for steam engines was once again far ahead of its time, despite an incomplete understanding of the principles behind them. <mask> stated in the postscript of the steam engineer's guide that drawing a vacuum on water reduces the boiling point.The effect of a vacuum on ether should be enough to produce ice. He showed that a compression stroke of the vacuum pump should produce heat in the condenser. <mask> produced the first detailed and theoretically coherent design for a vapor-compression refrigerator, identifying all the major components (expander, cooling coil, compressor and condenser) of a refrigeration cycle, leaving some to credit him as the 'grandfather of refrigeration'. Although <mask> never developed a working model of his designs, and there is no evidence that he ever attempted to, <mask> in his later life worked and associated extensively with fellow inventor Jacob Perkins on steam


title: Oliver Evans

texts: engines and the potential for refrigeration. The same principles that <mask> put forward were used by Perkins to develop and build a refrigeration device. <mask> turned his attention to the commercial propagation of his inventions once more after he had mastered many of his ideas and designs for steam engines. His first steam engines were built on an ad-hoc basis, often with improvised tools and workers, and he relied heavily on blacksmiths and other metal-working shops in Philadelphia with little experience in the more precise metal-work required to build steam engines.<mask> realized that unlike his milling machines of wood and leather, he would need specialist skills, precision tools and a large foundry in order to build steam machines on a commercial basis. <mask> built the Mars Works on a large site a few blocks north of his store in Philadelphia. The choice of name, after the Roman god of war, is thought to have been a challenge to the Soho Foundry, famous for building the Watt and Boulton engines. One of the largest and best equipped outfits of its kind in the United States was the Mars Works. With over thirty-five staff, the Mars Works produced a wide range of manufactures ranging from working steam engines to cast iron fittings, as well as milling and farming machines for <mask>'s now well-established agricultural clientele. Philadelphia's emergence as a leading center for heavy machinery work in the 19th century can be traced to the fact that the steam engine orders alone proved insufficient to support the extensive business costs. During the War of 1812, the works received military orders to cast naval cannons.<mask> was innovative in designing


title: Oliver Evans

texts: steam power solutions for his clients. In one instance where the Mars Works was commissioned to build engines for wool processing factories in Connecticut, <mask> designed a network of pipes with radiators to heat the factory with engine exhaust. <mask>'s most famous engine design appeared around 1812, although there are no records as to the designs of the early steam engines produced by the Mars Works. <mask> brought to bear his experience in designing and building high-pressure steam engines when he created the Columbian Engine. The horizontally oriented engine allowed the crankshaft and rod to work closely together at one end of the machine, thus reducing the need for a heavy working beam like those required for conventional engines. Two sets of pivoted bars guided the movements of the working bar, which was kept working to a straight line by a new type of linkage. The <mask> straight-line linkage was replaced within a few years by more precise straight line mechanisms.The Columbian was the culmination of a steam engine. The popularization of the grasshopper-style saw it used in a wide range of applications. He introduced a condenser to the Columbian design. At this point, his engines were as efficient and powerful as low-pressure Watt- Boulton designs, yet it was far cheaper to build and 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465. Within a year, 27 Columbian engines were operating or under construction in applications ranging from grain milling to the manufacturing of paper, wire and wool. As the reputation of the Mars Works grew, so did the demand for its products. The Mars


title: Oliver Evans

texts: Works began exporting its engines inland after a few years.<mask>, the son of <mask>, was the first such order. George and the mill generated a lot of interest in <mask>'s engines. It was difficult and expensive to export engines to western Pennsylvania, Kentucky or Ohio. The Pittsburgh Steam Engine Company was founded in 1811 by <mask> and George, as well as another steam miller and engineer Luther Stephens, to produce heavy machinery and castings in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. With high demand for industrial products and relatively little industrial capacity, the Pittsburgh works added brasswork as well as producing fine products for domestic purposes. The location of the Pittsburgh factory was important in the development of high-pressure steam engines for use in steamboats, and the new company began to promote its engines for river transport. <mask> believed in the use of steam engines for maritime purposes."The navigation of the river Mississippi, by steam engines, on the principles here laid down, has for many years been a favorite subject of the author, and among the fondest wishes of his heart," said <mask> in his book of 1805. <mask>'s only attempt at building a steamboat was the Oruktor Amphibolos, which was powered by a high-pressure engine. steamboats became a reality after Robert Fulton found success with the North River Steamboat on the Hudson River. <mask>'s designs for Fulton's steamships were not implemented because Fulton contacted <mask> about the possibility of using <mask>'s engines. The strong currents of the Mississippi and the tributaries made low-pressure steamboats powerless to counteract them. The first viable steamboat to run on

masks:
George Evans
Oliver Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: these rivers was designed by Daniel French and used an adapted <mask>' engine. Most of the high-pressure engines on the Mississippi were built by the Pittsburgh works, though <mask>' patent on high-pressure engines was not widely enforced, and many other engine shops opened on the Mississippi that freely adapted <mask>' designs for their own purposes.Notable examples of river steamboats that were constructed by the Pittsburgh and Mars Works include the Franklin. The <mask> Evans, also known as the Constitution, was lost along with eleven crew members when its boiler exploded in Louisiana. <mask> defended the safety of high-pressure engines, despite the fact that he was deeply distressed by the news. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 <mask>' battles were influential in setting precedent for the newly established area of federal patent law, as his first and most successful patents concerning flour-milling proved the most problematic to defend. <mask> petitioned the

masks: Evans Evans Evans Oliver Evans Evans Evans Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: Congress to extend his patent for fourteen years because he thought it was too short. An Act for the Relief of Oliver Evans was signed by President Jefferson, who was a fan of Evans's work.<mask> was delighted when the act revived his expired patent and gave it another fourteen year term, but it was problematic for those who had implemented <mask>'s designs in the intervening three year period between the patent terms. <mask> and his agents aggressively collect royalties from those using his designs. <mask> raised the license fees for his use of his patented technology, raising claims of extortion from those being asked to pay, and many cases ended up in court. The 1808 act indemnified those who had adopted <mask>'s technologies from 1805 to 1808, but did not specify whether this indemnity was permanent or only for three years. <mask> had established a poor reputation for himself amongst the milling community and his pursuit of patent rights stiffened resistance. <mask> prevailed in each case despite the fact that several major legal cases questioned whether laws to extend private patents in this manner were even constitutional. In 1809, the most bitter legal battle began.<mask> sued Samuel Robinson, who was using <mask>'s improvements without a license to produce a very modest amount of flour, for $2,500. The sum was deemed unjustifiably high and harsh by many, and <mask>'s actions rallied the Baltimore community against him, and when the case was finally heard in 1812 many appeared in support of the defendants. <mask>'s detractors presented evidence and witnesses at the trial to argue that <mask> did not invent much of what his patents protected. The

masks: Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: use of bucket chains and Archimedean screws had been used since ancient times and <mask> had only modified some of their features and adapted them for use in a milling context. In letters to both <mask> and his detractors, a retired Thomas Jefferson questioned the philosophy of patent law and the validity of his claims, but defended the purpose of patent law, which was to incentivize. Jefferson noted that <mask>'s designs consisted of devices that had existed before, but only <mask> had thought to modify and use them in conjunction to build an automatic mill. The jury found in favor of <mask>, but it was a pyrrhic victory as <mask> had put most of the milling community off, and ultimately reduced his claim against Robinson to $1,000.In the wake of the trial entitled Memorial to the Congress of Sundry Citizens of the United States, praying Relief from the Oppressive Operations of <mask>' Patent, a prominent <mask> critic made a submission to Congress. The Senate drafted a bill that would roll-back some of <mask>'s patent rights, but it did not pass, and he continued to pursue his patent fees. It would not be until the Patent Act of 1836 that these issues would be addressed. <mask> had suffered from bouts of depression and bitterness towards those he felt did not appreciate his inventions, but they seemed to peak in his later years. During one of his many legal battles in 1809, comments from the presiding judge sent <mask> into a particular fury in which he dramatically incinerated many schematics and papers regarding his inventions, both prior and future. <mask> committed himself to business and material acquisition for the sake of his family when he

masks:
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Oliver Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: declared that inventing had only led to heartache, disappointment and under-appreciation. <mask> continued his interest in inventing despite what was burned, but the tone of his later life was one of hostility and disappointment.James Rush and John Muhlenberg are <mask>' sons-in-law and George is his son-in-law. The Mars Works received prestigious commission such as the engines for the Philadelphia Mint in 1816. Records show that the Mars Works would produce more than one hundred steam engines by <mask> death. <mask> became more focused on pursuing his patent dues from those using his technology in retirement. He stated in 1817 that he was engrossed by law suits. <mask> wrote <mask> to His Counsel: Who are Engaged in Defence of His Patent Rights, for the Improvements after becoming somewhat obsessed and taking on a siege mentality. <mask> traveled to distant areas of the country to find offenders.On a trip to Vermont, <mask> visited various mills and then engaged a lawyer there to press charges against twenty-two of them for perceived breeches of his patent rights. In his last years, <mask> compiled a list of all his inventions, which he referred to in the title of his last publication to his lawyers. His unfinished ideas include a scheme for the gas lighting of cities in the United States, a machine gun, a self-oiling shaft bearing, various types of gearshift for steam carriages, and a dough-kneading machine. The British Navy threatened Washington, D.C. during the War of 1812, but <mask> tried to build a steam-powered frigate. His wife Sarah died in 1816. Hetty Ward was the daughter of a New York innkeeper and was <mask>' second wife. <mask> lived in New

masks:
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Oliver Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans


title: Oliver Evans

texts: York with his new wife.<mask> died on April 15, 1819, after a month of illness and an inflammation of the lungs. The Mars Works in Philadelphia had burned down four days before, but his sons-in-law were committed to re-establishing the business and did so further outside of the city. When the Zion Episcopal Church in Manhattan was sold, <mask>' body was moved several times until he was finally laid to rest in a common grave at Trinity Cemetery on Broadway in New York City. <mask>' contributions to milling were profound. Within his lifetime American milling had undergone a revolution, and his designs allowed mills to be built on industrial-scales with far greater efficiency. The number of mills increased across the United States. The price of flour fell, availability increased, and the automated drying and bolting processes increased the quality of flour.Cheap and better quality flour lowered the cost of bread production and within a generation the majority of bread consumption shifted from the home-made to store-bought. In Europe, the so-called "American System" was quickly adopted by the milling industry and triggered major increases in food production, which was needed in a period of almost continual warfare at the turn of the 18th century. The combination of many machines into an automated and continuous production line was a unique idea that would prove pivotal to both the Industrial Revolution and the development of mass. Scientific and technical historians now generally credit <mask> as the first in a line of industrialists that ended with Henry Ford and the modern assembly line. It would take more than a century to fully realize his concept of


title: Oliver Evans

texts: industrial automation, which was far ahead of its time. Continuous process manufacturing would spread from <mask>'s milling designs, first to related industries such as brewing and baking, then eventually to a wide variety of products, as technology and prevailing opinion caught up. <mask> contributions were thought to be so important that Sigfried Giedion would conclude that <mask> "opens a new chapter in the history of mankind".<mask>' contributions to steam were not as ground-breaking as his earlier work in milling, but he played a critical role by inventing and propagating the high-pressure steam engine in the United States. The evolution of steamboats and steam-powered industrial processes were influenced by <mask>' engines. <mask> was ahead of the curve with many of his ideas, and his death during steam's infancy in the United States meant that it would be some time before many of his ideas came to fruition. Although a leading advocate for high-pressure engines, it would not be until the 1830s that such engines replaced low-pressure designs. <mask>' dream of a steam wagon, despite the brave attempt of the Oruktor Amphibolos, would not see widespread adoption until later. <mask> was just one of many brilliant minds in steam technology. The high-pressure engine that would make that dream a reality would be developed by another inventor, Richard Trevithick.Despite his importance in the history of technology, <mask> never became a household name. <mask> was his worst enemy. He was deeply affected by a perceived lack of recognition and appreciation from his peers for his work, and his bouts of depression would lead him to act in the extreme, prematurely


title: Oliver Evans

texts: ending projects and vow to give up inventing many times over the course of his life. In time these feelings turned to bitterness and vengeance towards those who criticized or doubted him, and led him to become notoriously hyperbolic and combative, often aggrandizing his accomplishments. While his pursuit of patent rights forced people to pay him his due, the process badly damaged his reputation and made him many enemies. In 1802, a leading Philadelphia merchant stated that <mask> had invented any of the useful contrivances in milling for which he now enjoys patents. In spite of his anguish and the weight of his detractors, <mask> was persistent in his pursuit of his ideas, a quality which <mask> felt would ultimately see him triumph.According to the French translator of the Young Steam Engineer's Guide, "posterity will place his name among those who are most truly distinguished for their services rendered to their country and to humanity." <mask> is a biography from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. <mask> is a biography on PBS. Theodore Hazen gave detailed explanations of <mask>' Automatic-Mill and Hopper-Boy. Theodore Hazen compiled reference works on <mask>. People from Newport, Delaware are descended from the 18th-century American inventors and railroad

masks:
Oliver Evans
Evans
Evans
Oliver Evans
Oliver Evans
Evans
Oliver Evans


title: Tucker Max

texts: <mask> was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He chronicles his drinking and sexual encounters in the form of short stories on his website TuckerMax.com, which has received millions of visitors since <mask> launched it as the result of a bet in 2000. From 2006 to 2012 I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell was a New York Times #1 best seller. It has sold over one million copies around the world. His book was made into a feature film which received generally negative reviews and was considered to be one of the worst films of the year. In 2010, he released a book called Assholes Finish First, and in 2012 he released a book called Sloppy Seconds: The Tucker Max. He was a Time 100 finalist in 2009, but did not make the magazine list.<mask> is a restaurant owner in South Florida. <mask> said his parents met at one of George Jung's coke parties. <mask>'s grandmother was Jewish. <mask> graduated from the Blair Academy in 1995 and was voted "most egotistical". He graduated from the University of Chicago with a B.A. In 1998 I received degrees in Law, Letters, and Society. He graduated from Duke Law School with a J.D.In 2001. <mask> lives with his wife, Veronica, and four children in Austin, Texas. The first book <mask> published was The Definitive Book of Pick-Up Lines, followed by Belligerence and Debauchery: The Tucker Max Stories. He was in charge of the website from 2002 to 2003 In 2006 he began development of a television pilot for Comedy Central, but the project was canceled due to a dispute with Sony about feature film rights. In September 2006 Simon Spotlight Publishing, a division of Simon & Schuster, announced that <mask> was contracted to release a book in January 2008. The release date was pushed back due to

masks:
Tucker Max
Max
Dennis Max
Max
Tucker
Tucker
Max
Career Max
Max


title: Tucker Max

texts: unforeseen delays.The revised and expanded edition of I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell was released in January 2009. The Hollywood Reporter announced in 2008 that <mask> was making a movie based on his book I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell. The movie's website has a production blog where he detailed the process. The Good Wife's Matt Czuchry played <mask> in the film. The film earned over a million dollars at the box office despite being panned by critics. <mask> hoped that the film would find an audience on DVD because of the poor box office performance. He was a guest speaker at the Ancestral Health Symposium in 2011.<mask> claimed in January 2012 that he was leaving behind the lifestyle he had described in his books. A publicity campaign for his book led to his account being banned by a company for ethics violations. <mask> and Dr. Miller were working on a show called The Mating Grounds. The advice book about men's sexual strategies was published by Little, Brown and Company. In November of 2014, <mask> published his experience of working with the CEO of the Lionesque Group for her book, The Pop-Up Paradigm. Entrepreneurs who want to have their own book but don't have the time, ability, or patience to do it the conventional way can get a book from Scribe Media. <mask> decided to step aside from day-to-day decisions after launching Scribe Media.Tiffany Haddish's memoir, The Last Black Unicorn, was ghostwritten by <mask> and it made the New York Times best-seller list. George Ouzounian and Fratire <mask> are considered to be the founding authors of the 21st-century literary genre "fratire". The New York Times reporter introduced the term "satire" and "fraternity" in a 2006 article. The male

masks: Max Max Max Max Max Max Max Max Max


title: Tucker Max

texts: equivalent of chick lit is the genre. Neither of them were ever in a frat, so they don't like the label. In the final chapter of Hilarity Ensues, <mask> announced that he has retired from writing fratire, explaining that he doesn't do all the funny but stupid shit that he did when he was 25. I don't live the same life I did when I started writing these stories, so it makes sense for me to stop writing that way.<mask> stated in the chapter that he is currently working on an "advice book", as well as other undisclosed projects. <mask> posted on his website an account of his relationship with Miss Vermont in 1999. Johnson claimed in her lawsuit that she had been invaded of her privacy. In response to the lawsuit, a Florida state court judge ordered <mask> not to write about Johnson, not to use Johnson's first, full, or last name, and not to use the phrase "Miss Vermont" on his website. The decision was called a suppression of free speech by some legal experts. <mask>'s story was once again posted on his website after the American Civil Liberties Union filed an amicus brief claiming a violation of <mask>'s First Amendment rights. Hilarity Ensues published an expanded version of the story.<mask> made fun of Anthony DiMeo on his message board for throwing a New Year's Eve party that was a disaster. The food and alcohol ran out before midnight because the number of young partygoers exceeded expectations. The more than 700 partygoers got unruly, two pieces of art were stolen, and city police were called in to break up the crowd. Some comments on <mask>'s message board were libelous according to DiMeo, who sued <mask> under the Violence Against Women Act. The law must protect the coarse conversation


title: Tucker Max

texts: that, it appears, never ends on TuckerMax.com, according to the U.S. District Judge Stewart Dalzell, who dismissed the lawsuit under the Communications Decency Act. In May 2009, <mask> held a speaking engagement which was picketed by a feminist group at Ohio State University, who claimed that his writing promoted a culture of rape. The North Carolina State University Women's Center held a silent protest in August of 2009.In multiple cities, the advertisements were vandalized. Ryan Holiday claimed in his book Trust Me, I'm Lying, that he defaced some movie posters to get the attention of the media. For three years starting in 2005, <mask> was harassed by a man named Justin Massler, who sent him repeated "Unabomber type" emails, and showed up at a 2006 party hosted by <mask> while dressed up as a superhero. Massler was charged with stalking Trump's daughter. <mask> was hoping to offset part of his taxes in a way that also provided self-promotion when he offered to donate $500,000 to the organization if they named an abortion clinic after him. The organization declined. Belligerence and Debauchery: The Tucker Max Stories was published in 2001, followed by Assholes Finish First and Hilarity Ensues.Blair Academy alumni include the Duke University School of Law and the University of

masks: Max Max Max Max


title: Desmond Dekker

texts: He was a Jamaican ska, rocksteady and Reggae singer and musician. His hit "Israelites" was one of the earliest international reggae hits. "You can get it if you really want" is one of the hits. Dacres was born in Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica, on July 16, 1941. He spent his formative years in Kingston. He used to attend the local church with his grandmother and aunt. <mask>'s early religious upbringing as well as his enjoyment of singing hymns led to a lifelong religious commitment.He moved to St. Thomas after his mother's death. After completing an apprenticeship as a tailor at St. Thomas, he returned to Kingston and became a welder. His co-workers encouraged him to pursue a career in music. He tried out for Coxsone Dodd and Duke Reid in 1961. The unsigned vocalist was awarded his first recording contract after auditioning for the record label. Two years before his first record was released, <mask> achieved a record deal. The youth was brought to Kong's attention by the welder who spotted the talent of Bob Marley.In 1962, "Judge Not" and "One Cup Of Coffee" became the first recorded efforts of Marley, who retained gratitude, respect and admiration for <mask> for the rest of his life. Kong chose "Honour Your Mother and Father" written by <mask> and the song that he had sung in his Kong auditioning two years earlier, which became a Jamaican hit and established <mask>'s musical career. The release of the tracks "Sinners Come Home" and "Labour for Learning" followed. During this time, the stage-name was adopted by <mask>. His fourth hit, "King of Ska", made him one of the island's biggest stars. Four brothers, Carl, Patrick, Clive and Barry Howard, were recruited to be his permanent backing vocalists. A new group recorded a number of Jamaican hits.The first four years of his career dealt with the moral, cultural and social issues of mainstream Jamaican culture: respect for one's parents, religious morality, and education. He appeared on a song called "Tougher

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Desmond Dacres


title: Desmond Dekker

texts: Than Tough" in 1967, which started a trend of popular songs commenting on the rude boy culture which was based in Jamaican ghetto life where opportunities for advancement were limited and life was difficult. <mask>'s songs did not go to the extremes of many other popular rude boy songs, which reflected the violence and social problems associated with ghetto life, though he did introduce lyrics that resonated with the rude boys, starting with one of his best-known songs. The song established <mask> as a rude boy icon in Jamaica and also became a favourite dance track for the young working-class men and women of the United Kingdom's mod scene. "007 (Shanty Town)" was a Top 15 hit in the UK and his UK concerts were attended by a large following of mod. "Rude Boy Train" and "Rudie Got Soul" are rude boy songs, as well as mainstream cultural songs like "It's a Shame" and "Hey Grandma". Many of the hits from this era came from his debut album."Israelites" peaked in the Top Ten of the US Hot 100 in June 1969 after topping the UK Singles Chart in April 1969. The first Jamaican artist to have a hit record in the US was <mask>. "Beautiful and Dangerous", "Writing on the Wall", "Music Like Dirt", "Bongo Girl", and "Shing a Ling" were released that year. "It Mek" became a hit in Jamaica and the UK. "Problems" and "Pickney Gal" were both popular in Jamaica, but only "Pickney Gal" made it to the UK Top 50. In 1969 he became a permanent resident of the UK. "You can get it if you really want" was written by Jimmy Cliff.There are 2 in the UK charts. <mask> was initially hesitant to record the track, but was persuaded to do so by Kong. The backing track is the same as the original. Kong's death in 1971 affected the careers of both artists for a short time. In 1972 the rude boy film The Harder They Come was released and the soundtrack included a version of "You Can Get It..." by Cliff, as well as other Jamaican artists' hits. "Israelites" became a UK Top 10 hit for a second

masks: Dekker Dekker Dekker Dekker


title: Desmond Dekker

texts: time in 1975. The production duo Bruce Anthony and <mask> began working on new material in 1974.In 1975, this collaboration resulted in the release of "Sing a Little Song", which was his last UK hit. The 1980s saw the emergence of a new label, Stiff Records, which specialized in punk and new wave acts as well as releases associated with the 2 Tone label, whose acts instigated a short-lived but influential ska revival. His previous hits were backed by The Rumour, Graham Parker's backing band and Akrylykz, which was later of Fine Young Cannibals. Jimmy Cliff's "Many Rivers to Cross" and "Book of Rules" were recorded after a re-recording of "Israelites" was released on the Stiff label. Robert Palmer was the producer of <mask>'s next album. <mask> continued to tour with The Rumour despite declining sales. He was declared bankrupt in 1984.There was only one live album released in the late '80s. In 1990 "Israelites" was used in a Maxell TV advert that became popular and brought the song and artist back to the attention of the general public. He collaborated with The Specials on the 1993 album, King of Kings. King of Kings is a collection of songs by <mask>'s musical heroes. He collaborated on a version of "Israelites" with Apache Indian. "Israelites" and "007 (Shanty Town)" were included in a 2003 re-release of The Harder They Come soundtrack. He died of a heart attack on May 25, 2006 at his home in Thornton Heath in the London Borough of Croydon, England, at the age of 64.He was going to headline a music festival. His son and daughter were by his side when he died. The 2006 - 2015 line-up for <mask>'s backing band, The Aces, includes Delroy Williams. Gordon Mulrain and Steve Roberts are both members of the British band Dub. The current line up of musicians for the band are Gordon Mulrain, Delroy Williams, and guests from Greyhound 'Black & White'. Also founder and MD of popular Reggae and Ska Tribute/backing band Zeb Rootz Paul Abraham - guitarist and backing

masks: Dekker Dekker Dekker Dekker Dekker


title: Mariano Paredes (President of Guatemala)

texts: From January 1, 1849 to November 6, 1851, <mask> was President of Guatemala. After short-term governments failed to restore order, <mask> came to power. But he was not able to control the country. During his first term as president, Rafael Carrera brought the country back from excessive conservatism to a traditional climate, but the liberals were able to force him to leave office after the country had been in turmoil for several months. Carrera left for México at his own will. The Aycinena family allied itself with the new liberal regime and immediately passed a law ordering Carrera to be executed if he dared to return to his native country. Los Altos was declared an independent state by the liberals after General Guzmn took over the city.The interim government was led by Guzmn and had two Cabinet members. The criollos altenses chose a formal government led by Fernando Antonio Martnez. The return of Carrera led to the creation of a new Indian identity, as he met with the native leaders and told them that they had to remain united to prevail. After trying to take over the Corregidor office in 1849, former president <mask> Paz and rebel leader Vicente Cruz were both murdered in the Jalapa region. After learning that officer José Vctor Zavala had been appointed as Corregidor in Suchitepéquez, Carrera and his bodyguards crossed a dangerous jungle to meet his former friend. When they met, Zavala agreed to serve under his orders, thus sending a strong message to both liberals and conservatives that they had to negotiate with Carrera, otherwise they were going to have to fight on two fronts. Carrera went back to the Quetzaltenango area, while Zavala remained in Suchitepéquez as a tactical maneuver.Carrera told Paredes that he had control of the native population and that he would keep them appeased. The emissary told the president that the native forces were formidable and that everything Carrera said was true. The altense leader, Guzmn, went to Antigua Guatemala to meet with

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Mariano Rivera


texts: another group of Paredes emissaries, and they agreed that Los Altos would rejoin Guatemala, and that the latter would help Guzmn defeat his hated enemy. Carrera convinced Guzmn that he should work with the k'iche' when he was away. Yrigoyen told a friend that he was the King of the Indians. Luis Batres Juarros persuaded president <mask> to deal with Carrera, but Guzmn only got a temporary truce from the revolt leaders. After leaving for El Salvador, he issued a note to the rest of the liberal leaders in Central America in which he attacked the immorality and viciousness of the savage.Carrera, the Army Commander in Chief, and his officer went after the rebels who were able to escape from a small garrison. After starting a fire in Carrera's house, Guzmn and Reyes went to the National Palace to take over the government, but they were met with gunfire and a cannon that decimated their forces, and Guzmn died. After Rafael Carrera returned from exile in 1849, Vasconcelos granted asylum to the Guatemalan liberals, who harassed the Guatemalan government in several different forms: José Francisco Barrundia did it through a liberal newspaper that had been established with that specific goal. Due to the slow progress of the war with Guatemala, Vasconcelos decided to plan an open attack. The Honduran government led by Juan Lindo accepted an invitation from the head of state to join the alliance. While the invasion plans were well-known, President <mask> started taking precautions to face the situation, while the Guatemalan Archbishop ordered peace prayers. On January 4, 1851, Doroteo Vasconcelos and Juan Lindo met in Ocotepeque, Honduras, where they signed an alliance against Guatemala.The Honduran army had 2,000 men, while the Salvadorean army had 4,000 men. The coalition army was stationed in Metapn due to its close proximity to both the Honduran and Guatemalan borders. On January 28, 1851, Vasconcelos sent a letter to the Guatemalan Ministry of Foreign Relations, demanding that

masks: Paredes Paredes


texts: the president relinquish power so that the alliance could designate a new head of state who would be loyal to the liberals. The Allied army entered the territory of the government that did not accept the terms. The majority of the invading force marched from Metapn after a 500-man contingent entered through Piuelas. Vasconcelos was the Commander in Chief of the Allied army. General Ramn Belloso was one of the commanders.Lieutenant General Carrera was the Commander in Chief and several colonels were recruited. Carrera's strategy was to feign a retreat, forcing the enemy forces to follow the "retreating" troops to a place he had previously chosen; on February 1, 1851, both armies were facing each other with only the San José river between them. The foothills of La Arada were fortified by Carrera. A meadow deep between the hill and the river was a sugar cane plantation. The left wing was led by Cerna and Solares, while the right wing was led by Bolaos. The central battalion was led by him. Five hundred men stayed in Chiquimula to defend the city and to aid in a possible retreat.The final count of the Allied losses was 528 dead, 200 prisoners, 1,000 rifles, 13,000 rounds of ammunition, 11 drums, and baggage. Two Generals on the same horse were seen crossing the Honduran border. After the Allies requested a cease-fire and a peace treaty, Carrera regrouped his army and crossed the border into the other side of the country. In 1854, after his victory in La Arada, Carrera was named President for Life. <mask> was a member of the army. General <mask> was sent by President Carrera to participate in the National War of Nicaragua against William Walker in 1856 as part of the Allied Army Central. He went to Cojutepeque with his troops and joined the column under colonel José Vctor Zavala.Zavala took over and helped the Allied Central American Army defect Walker, despite the fact that he died without being able to complete his mission. There are links to 1800 births and 1856


title: William Berkeley (governor)

texts: King Charles I appointed Sir <mask> to the posts of governor of Virginia and one of the lords of the colony of Carolina. As proprietor of Green Spring Plantation in James City County, he tried to expand the tobacco-based economy by growing silkworms. The Native Americans revolt in 1676 was caused by <mask>'s friendly policies towards them. King Charles II recalled him to England after he was angered by the reprisals against the rebels. <mask> was the son of <mask> and Elizabeth Killigrew, both of whom held stock in the Virginia Company of London. He was born in the winter of 1605 and was referred to as "Will" by his family and friends. His father died when he was twelve and he left Berkeley land.<mask> was the 1st Baron <mask> of Stratton. <mask> had signs of a quick wit and broad learning. The moves that governed the larger English society and his privileged place in it were learned from observing his elders. As a member of the English country gentry, he was aware of agricultural practices which would influence his actions as governor of Virginia. <mask> was able to get a proper education even though his father died in debt. He was literate in Latin and English when he was in school. Like the other <mask> men, he entered Oxford at eighteen.He moved to St. Edmund Hall from Queen's College in the footsteps of his forebears. He did not complete his B.A. He arrived at the Hall in fifteen months. A personal tutor was given to all undergraduates at St. Edmund Hall. <mask>'s "disciplined intellect and steady appetite for knowledge" showed the effect of <mask>'s tutor on the boy. He was in the household of Charles I in 1632. He

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Maurice Berkeley
John Berkeley
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title: William Berkeley (governor)

texts: became a member of the court literary circle known as "The Wits".The Lost Lady: A Tragy Comedy was written by <mask> and was published in 1638. The first and fourth editions of Dodsley's Old Plays and A Description of Virginia contain it. <mask> became a knight during the First and Second Bishops' Wars. <mask> became the governor of Virginia in 1641. He was governor of Virginia from 1655 to 1677. When he first became governor, <mask> wanted to encourage the use of Virginia's agricultural products. He set himself up as an example for planters by passing laws.<mask> built Green Spring House on a tract of land west of the capital to experiment with alternatives to tobacco. He planted a wide range of crops at Green Spring, including corn, wheat, barley, rye, rape, tobacco, oranges, lemons, grapes, sugar and silk. Although he always produced the crop, <mask> devoted a lot of his time to experimenting with alternatives to tobacco. <mask> tried to determine the best crops for Virginia through trial and error. Green Spring joined with <mask> to export his products to markets in North America, the West Indies, Great Britain, and Holland. <mask> became a successful rice farmer after several of his slaves recommended him. They were familiar with the way it was grown in their native West Africa.He owned a plantation. <mask> offered an asylum to the gentlemen of the royalist side when the parliamentarians were successful. Richard Lee I was dispatched to the Netherlands to get an extension of his office from the Crown Prince after the king was beheaded. The document was worthless because Parliament sent a small fleet to the colony and

masks: Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley


title: William Berkeley (governor)

texts: the governor was forced to resign. <mask> was given permission by Lee to remain on his own plantation as a private person. <mask> was reappointed governor at the Restoration. The path towards Virginia's prosperity was fourfold: a diverse economy, free trade, a close-knit colonial society and freedom from London.He turned this thought into action in many ways. He used his own plantation as an example in order to support a diversified economy and free trade. The colony's governance was supported by the General Assembly. The Assembly was a mini Parliament. <mask> was against the revival of the Virginia Company of London and advocated for the colony's independence from London. <mask> was hostile to Virginia's Puritans. <mask> helped create a law to preserve the unity and purity of the Church of England.Any minister who preached outside the teachings and doctrine of the church was punished. <mask> was against public education. He held that the establishment of such schools would bring "disobedience, heresy, and sects into the world" and were destructive to society. He had the same level of printing as public education. <mask>'s downfall came with the advent of his second term. He came back from retirement in 1660 after the death of Governor Samuel Mathews. <mask> appealed to England for financial support of Virginia's economy.<mask>'s appeal was denied by Charles II. <mask> appointed his wife's nephew to high office. This was atypical of <mask>, and may have shown signs of incompetence as governor. <mask>'s authority was easy to undermine because he was slow to respond to Indian attacks. The disagreements over Indian policy

masks: Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley


title: William Berkeley (governor)

texts: led to the rebel against <mask>. The governor warned bacon against leading the volunteers, but he accepted the command of an illegal troop of Indian fighters. He dissolved the General Assembly and promised to remedy any complaints the voters had with him.After forcing the frightened legislators to appoint him general, he marched away in search of the Indians. His extortion of a general's commission turned a dispute over Indian policy into a battle for control of Virginia. <mask> defeated the invaders, which allowed him to return to the western shore and take his capital. The crown sent 1,000 redcoats, ships, and a commission to crush Bacon after reports of the revolt reached London. <mask> had regained the upper hand, so there was nothing for the troops to do. They arrived in January 1677. The Treaty of 1677 was signed after <mask> returned to England.Death <mask> was buried in the crypt of St Mary's Church, Twickenham, where there is a memorial window to him and his brother, after he died in Berkeley House, Mayfair, England, on July 9, 1677. Further reading is Harold Lee. Sir <mask> was an economist. The second ser. of the William and Mary Quarterly. 18 (1938): 158–3. The author of the book. The Sojourner Truth is in New Paltz.The year began on 23 March 2009. Ammen Lewis Burger. School history of Virginia. Dulaney-Boatwright was born in Lynchburg in 1914. The Dictionary of Virginia Biography was edited by John T. Kneebone. External links Friends of Green Spring a large interactive web site with streaming video and more than a dozen essays "The voices of Green Spring" Library of Virginia and Sir <mask> at Encyclopedia

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Berkeley
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William Berkeley


title: Adolfo Costa du Rels

texts: The last President of the Council of the League of Nations was a writer and diplomat named <mask> Res. He received several literary awards and was the author of many plays, novels and other writings. <mask> was born in Sucre in 1891. <mask> was the mother of his father. When he was eight years old, the family returned to Corsica. At the age of ten, he was sent to a college in Corsica. He studied literature and law at the University of Paris-Sorbonne.In his 1941 essay El drama del escritor bilinge, <mask> <mask> described the "linguistic trauma" that resulted from being a native Spanish speaker. <mask> <mask> went back to his home country in 1912. There was oil discovered in the Bolivian Oriente. A member of the Sucre elite, he obtained grants to explore for oil in the region and became one of the richest operators in the country. He owned claims for a combined area after becoming secretary of the Incauasi Petroleum Syndicate in 1914. The background for his novel was provided by these experiences. <mask> <mask> was attached to the Bolivian embassy in France when he entered the diplomatic service in 1917.He was appointed to the position of chargé d'affaires. He became a counsellor to the Bolivian embassy in France after being elected a deputy in the government. He was a delegate to the Pan-American Conference in Havana in 1928, where he was the rapporteur of the Havana Convention for the protection of artistic property and copyright. <mask> <mask> was the vice-president of the 11th Assembly of the league in 1930. He joined the Standing Committee of Arts and Letters in 1931. Coca, a relatively mild drug that had been used for centuries by the local people, was not included in the protocol on opium and other harmful drugs that the Bolivian government followed in January 1927. In 1932, these reservations were incorporated into law.<mask> Rels was given many pamphlets on coca in order to defend the position at the League of Nations. In 1933 he sought advice from industrialists on new steps to

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Adolfo Costa du
Adolfo Costa du Rels
Amelia du Res y Medeiros
Costa du
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Costa du
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Costa du
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Costa du


title: Adolfo Costa du Rels

texts: protect coca. The economic importance of the crop, its value in health and nutrition, and the fact that its use was a long tradition among Bolivians were some of the arguments in defense. An armed conflict broke out in July of 1932 over the Gran Chaco territory. In September of that year, the League of Nations set up a three-person committee with delegates from Ireland, Spain and Guatemala to investigate the conflict and if necessary prepare for intervention. The committee head tried to resolve the positions of the two countries' delegates to the League. The Secretary General of the League of Nations was told in June 1933 that Puerto Casado, a port on the Paraguay River, was being used as a base for Paraguayan troops and as a point of supply.He denied that Bolivia had attacked agricultural settlements, while justifying the aerial bombardment of the town. He told the League that the territory had been taken over by Paraguay, but that it had been taken over by Bolivia. He wanted to establish the boundaries. Both sides lost a lot of life in the war. In June 1935, a cease-fire was brokered between the two countries and most of the disputed territory was held by Paraguay. The Chaco Boreal was divided into three quarters. Since the war had been fought over suspected oil and gas reserves, it turned out that there were no oil and gas resources in the Asuncion sector.<mask> <mask> was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Switzerland and the Vatican during World War II. World War II lasted until 1945. The last to hold this post was <mask> <mask>, who became President of the council of the League of Nations in 1940. The United Nations replaced the League after World War II. In July 1940, <mask> <mask> supported the appointment of Sen Lester as Secretary-General of the League, a diplomat with whom he had negotiated during the Gran Chaco conflict. Between 1943 and 1944, <mask> <mask> was Ambassador to Argentina. <mask> <mask> was still technically the President of the League of Nations when he

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Rels
Costa du
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title: Adolfo Costa du Rels

texts: attended a meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on January 10, 1946, to discuss disposing of the assets of the League of Nations.<mask> <mask> was the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Public Worship. He tried to get support from the United States for raising the price of tin that had been fixed at a relatively low level but for which there was now a shortage. <mask> <mask> was the Ambassador to France from 1948 to 1952. He was the Ambassador to UNESCO in 1973. <mask> <mask> lived in Paris for most of his life. <mask> <mask> and Joseph de Maistre had the right to say that no foreigner is more French than them. <mask> <mask> died in La Paz.<mask> <mask> wrote poetry, plays, novels, short stories and essays in both French and Spanish. The king's standards was the subject of his play. The Spanish version of Los estandartes del rey was performed in 1968. The play was a winner of the Gulbenkian Prize, an award given to the best dramatists in the Latin world. His plays include Les Forces du Silence, El signo del fuego, and El quinto jinete. Los cruzados de alta mar won the Prix Rivarol in Paris in 1954. He left Paris in May 1940.La Misk'isimi (Quechua misk'i sweet, honey, simi mouth, word, language) was one of his stories. The Spanish edition of La hantise de l'or was published in 1948 as El embrujo del oro. This story and another from the same book, Plata del diablo [The Devil's Silver], which tells of prospecting in the Andes, were freely combined with his 1973 novel Los Andes no creen en Dios to form the basis for a film. The National Prize for Literature was given to <mask> <mask> in 1976, as well as the Grand Cross of the Order of the Condor of the Andes. He was made an officer of the French Legion of Honour and a member of the History of Argentina and Bolivia. He was a member of the academy. Although he wrote in French, he was mostly known for his work on the issues of the country of his birth.The grand prize for international poetry from the society of French poets was awarded

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title: Louis Walsh

texts: <mask> is an Irish talent show judge, manager and television personality. Four of Ireland's most successful pop acts in the 1990s and 2000s were managed by him. He began his career as a talent judge on shows such as Popstars, You're a Star and The X Factor. <mask> was born in Kiltimagh on August 5, 1952, the son of Frank and <mask>. He has seven siblings. He was raised a Roman Catholic. <mask> decided to create an Irish version of Take That after moving to Dublin to start his music industry career.Boyzone achieved international success with 16 top three singles, six of which were number ones, as well as four number one albums, selling more than 20 million copies worldwide. <mask> continued to manage his career after Keating decided to take a break from Boyzone. Keating had a number one hit in 1999 with "When You Say Nothing At All" and in 2000 with "Life Is a Rollercoaster". Keating's solo career reached an all-time high as he and <mask> agreed to part company. Keating co-managed with <mask> for the first couple of Westlife's number one singles and albums. Westlife were formed in Dublin in 1998. They sold over 50 million records, including studio albums, singles, video releases, and compilation albums.There were 14 number-one singles in the United Kingdom. They achieved a total of 26 UK top ten singles over their 14-year career, and achieved the first number one on the UK Singles Downloads Chart with "Flying Without Wings" in 2004. <mask> had a public reconciliation with Boyzone on the ITV2 programme Ghosthunting With... in which they explored a network of subterranean streets beneath Edinburgh. He became Union J's manager. <mask>'s first television work was in 2001 in the Irish version of Popstars. <mask> was a judge on the UK show Popstars: The Rivals with Pete Waterman and Geri Halliwell. Girls Aloud and One True Voice battled it out with <mask>'s band on the show."Sound of the Underground" was Girls Aloud's first single. The band's debut album

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Michael Walsh
Maureen Walsh
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Walsh
Walsh
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