title: Rick Benjamin (conductor)

texts: The founder and conductor of the Paragon Ragtime Orchestra is <mask>. <mask> has an active career as both a pianist and tubist. <mask>'s interest in Ragtime Music began when he was eight years old and he found a 1917 Victorola in his grandparents' garage. He said that the music he played on the Victorola connected with him in a way that the pop music of his era did not. He said that he knew that the performers and their composers were expressing their joy in life through their music. ragtime was the first popular music conceived and created by Americans in an era where popular songs were brought over from Germany or England. <mask> wanted to play the tuba in order to make his living.When his jaw was wired shut after his teeth were inadvertently shattered during a tooth removal, he found himself temporarily unable to play that instrument and instead focused on writing a research paper on Arthur Pryor, an 1890s trombonist, conductor and music director. As the first conductor for the Victor Talking Machine Co., which produced the Victrola, he was able to decide what recordings were released for the machine. <mask> learned that an old theater in New Jersey that was going to be torn down had a collection of over 4,000 pieces of music in it. <mask> was not aware of the value of the collection, which was thought to have been destroyed, but he soon realized that there were many rare musical scores and manuscripts. Edward MacDowell, Victor Herbert, Jerome Kern and John Philip Sousa. He told the Herald & Review in 1997 that anyone who was in that era would send their scores to Mr. Pryor in hopes that they would be recorded. <mask> decided to form a 14-piece orchestra of fellow Juilliard students to perform the music as it had been originally arranged during the period.<mask> wanted to perform a concert of turn-of-the-20th-century American composers but his request was turned down by the dean of the school. <mask> scheduled a Mozart program on tuba at a concert hall, but instead led a group in performing ragtime music, leaving open the doors to draw in a wider crowd. <mask>'s group played selections by Irving Berlin and Victor Herbert before a full house. Both "Memphis Blues" and "Peacherine Two-Step" were written by Handy. <mask> was approached by a professor from the Juilliard school after the concert to encourage him to make it his life's work to preserve America's original music. The concert did not go over well with the dean, who put <mask> on the naughty list, but it had a positive impact on Columbia Records executive Thomas Frost, who was given a recording of the concert and had within a matter of weeks arranged for. <mask> devoted himself to his orchestra after quitting Juilliard.Lincoln Center Debut <mask> and the Paragon Ragtime Orchestra made their New York debut at the Alice Tully Hall at Lincoln Center in March 1988 with a program consisting of music from the 1890s and 21 songs from the period 1905 to 1920 which <mask> had found among Pryor's papers. Allan Kozinn for the New York Times remarked on the variety of the "abidingly energetic fun" performance, which included "a concert waltz, a maxixe, one-steps, two-steps, foxtrots and blues, and, of course, numerous rags, some quite Oh, You Kid! <mask> and the Paragon Ragtime Orchestra performed Oh, You Kid! in February 1999. The Paul Taylor Dance Company performed at the Kennedy Center. The work was commissioned by the Kennedy Center and American Dance Festival under the auspices of the Millennium Awards for Modern Dance and Jazz Music. The 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217<mask> and the Paragon Ragtime Orchestra performed a version of Scott Joplin's opera Treemonisha at the oldest festival of its kind in the United States in June of 2003 in San Francisco. <mask> thought that the Houston Grand Opera's staging was too heavy, Verdiesque, and spent nearly half a decade altering it to suit the kind of 12-piece theater pit orchestra that existed in the day. The premiere of <mask>'s version of Treemonisha was held at Wake Forest University. <mask> hopes that his simpler orchestration will allow the material to be presented in more modest venues, indicating that he never intended for the "opera" to depend on a large orchestra. The opera is an amalgam of the well-established American traditions of vaudeville, tab-show, melodrama, and minstrelsy, all held together by Joplin's marvelous music. He told the Wake Forest University newspaper that his dream was to give everyday people the chance to experience opera on their own terms in the music halls and neighborhood theaters. <mask> stated in an interview for the San Francisco Chronicle that he believed that Joplin realized opera's ability to speak to the public when he was barred from the opera house because he was black.The opera has new world records. <mask> has an extensive collection of period cinema-orchestra scores which his orchestra performs along with broadcasting of the films they were created to accompany. They perform the score for silent movies like Cops, Harold Lloyd's Never Weaken, and The Immigrant. <mask> performs 'The Mark Of Zorro' with his orchestra. According to <mask>, "Generation X" has responded favorably to the music, suggesting in 1997 that younger listeners may resist the more commercially oriented music "crammed down their throats." <mask> and his orchestra have performed for diverse radio programs on New York Times'' WQXR, National Public Radio, the British Broadcasting Corporation, and the Voice of America networks. <mask> is a published author and wrote liner notes for New World Records.Orchestras by their nature and tradition are much more fluid in regards to personnel, there are 36 players on the payroll of the Paragon Ragtime Orchestra and their appearance at a particular performance depends on a wide variety of criteria. The score for the silent motion picture Zorro was written for 12 instruments, while the orchestra's program is usually scored for 10 or 11 players. A theater orchestra of the era had 5 strings, 1 flute, 1/2 clarinet, 1/2 cornets, 1 trombone, Piano/Conductor and percussion. The publisher of the music and the arrangement had an influence on the variations on the instrument. Some of the orchestra's programs of historic theater music call for from 25 to 30 musicians and some of the grand silent film scores call for over 70 players, so the orchestra has to hire out. The road manager for the orchestra is a member of the orchestra who also plays flute and piccolo. He is an instructor at Bucknell University.At The Kennedy Center, he has appeared. The artist-in-residence for the State Arts Council of Oklahoma was a native of Oklahoma. The Royale Trio and the Linden Woodwind Quintet are two groups that he has played with. <mask>'s personal life includes his work with his orchestra, as well as lecturing at two universities near his home in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. <mask> was encouraged in his musical career by his grandfather, J. Edward Smith, who was a musician for many years until his death. Both of <mask>'s grandfather and grandson lived in New Jersey. You're A Grand Old Rag: George M. Cohan from Barrelhouse to Broadway: The Music of Joe Jordan.There are external links to <mask>'s Paragon Ragtime Orchestra New.

masks:
Rick Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Rick Benjamin


title: Owen Ray Skelton

type: paraphrased

texts: An American automotive industry engineer and automobile designer named <mask> was born in 1886. He was one of the founding members of the present day Chrysler Corporation. He was the main engineer behind the Chrysler Airflow automobile. He was elected to the automotive hall of fame in 2002. The nickname "Skelt" was used when he was a child, and he was born on February 9, 1886. He was born in Edgerton, Ohio, at the time his family lived there. His father used to sell horse harnesses and saddlery.He worked at his father's shop as a shop apprentice. He attended the local public schools as a child and then attended Ohio State University after graduating high school. He graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering. The Pope-Toledo automobile factory in Toledo, Ohio, was noted for their gasoline-powered engine technology. He joined the design drafting department at Packard Motor Car Company. As he became more experienced, he gained the reputation of being a design analyst who understood the entire transmission of a car, and a master specialist in rear axles and gear boxes. The Benham automobile was designed by one of the partners.The startup failed to sell a car. Studebaker was also interested in streamlined design. The vice president and chief engineer of the South Bend, Indiana, firm offered <mask> an engineering position redesigning their drive trains transmissions and rear axles. Studebaker offered 58 U.S. cents per hour. Studebaker needed to come up with a quick design for a mass-market automobile that could compete with Ford and GM. The struggling firm set up a design shop in Newark, and gave a relatively free hand to the shop's three principals. The Studebaker design work of The Three Musketeers became known as "The Three Musketeers".In 1921, a group of associates left Studebaker to start an independent Newark automobile design-and-engineering firm. The 1922 V-8 was designed by ZSB for the Daniels Motor Company, but the high-end car was listed for $7,450. Billy Durant hired ZSB to work on a motor design for theFlint automobile, after ZSB became interested in the mass market. The ZSB-designed six- cylinder engine with an updraft carburetor was used on the Locomobile. A concept car design was contracted out by ZSB and Skelton in the same year. The news of ZSB's work reached the ears of Walter Chrysler, the CEO of Maxwell's, who is an aggressive car making executive. This contact made a huge difference to Skelton's career.In 1923, Chrysler obtained financing to combine ZSB Engineering and the Detroit-based Chalmers Motor Car Company. The name of the firm's operations was changed to "Maxwell-Chalmers" in 1923. Maxwell-Chalmers's cars sold well, and the firm underwent rapid expansion under CEO Chrysler's leadership. The Chrysler Corporation was formed in 1925. The development of a rubber engine mount system for cars was led by a chief design engineer for Chrysler. The Chrysler team combined the best ideas into a new system known as "floating power." The team was directed to develop ideas to reduce motor vibration. The rubber engine mounts and other parts of the system smoothed the ride by reducing the transmission of engine vibration to the passenger compartment.This innovation was used in the automobile industry. Four-wheel brakes are a standard feature on Chrysler cars. His work on the rear-engine, all-steel-body Chrysler cars developed through the 1930s and into the postwar years DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch There were personal lives in Palm Beach, Florida, and Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan. He was a member of several clubs, including the Country Club of Detroit and the Detroit Athletic Club. He became a vice-president of the Chrysler Institute of Engineering in 1931. It had close ties to the University of Michigan.In 1937, he became a member of the Chrysler board. He was an engineer with the company and retired in 1951. He died in Palm Beach on July 20, 1969 at the age of 83. There were funeral services and interments in Detroit. He was survived by his wife Edith, two daughters, a stepdaughter, a brother and eleven grandchildren. In 2002 he was in the automotive Hall of Fame. There were births and deaths of American automotive engineers, American automotive pioneers, American chief executives in the automobile industry, and business people from Detroit Studebaker.

masks:
Owen Ray Skelton
Skelton


title: Enoch Crowder

texts: The Major General who served as the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army from 1912 to 1923 was an American Army lawyer. Thousands of American men were drafted into military service during World War I as a result of the United States Selective Service Act of 1917. He was born in Edinburg, Missouri in the 19th century. After graduating from Grand River College at 16, he taught at local schools until applying for the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York on the advice of his mother. He graduated from West Point in 1881. Lieutenant <mask> was assigned to the 8th Cavalry. He received a license to practice law in Texas in 1884 after studying law during this tour.The Jefferson Barracks in Missouri was where the transfer took place. Professor of Military Science at the University of Missouri was assigned to Lieutenant <mask> in 1885. The first ROTC cadet band in the United States was created here and is now known as Marching Mizzou. While at the University of Missouri, he obtained a law degree. After graduating in 1886, he was promoted to First Lieutenant and ordered to rejoin his unit as a troop commander in the Geronimo campaign. He taught at the University of Missouri until 1889 after the campaign ended. Lieutenant <mask> returned to Fort Yates, Dakota Territory, where he participated in the final campaign against Sitting Bull.He became the acting Judge Advocate General of the Department of the Platte in Omaha, Nebraska after being promoted to captain. In January 1895, this temporary branch transfer became final and <mask> was promoted to major. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel at the beginning of the Spanish–American War. He was a judge advocate in the Philippines from 1898 to 1901, and later served as secretary to the island governors, one of whom was Arthur MacArthur Jr., father of Douglas MacArthur. The Spanish surrender of the Philippines was arranged by him. He specialized in military law during his service in the Philippines. He drafted the new Philippine criminal code in 1899, after serving on the Philippine Supreme Court.During his time in the Philippines, Governor General William Howard Taft was impressed by <mask>'s legal skills. The Vatican wanted to create a system of indigenous land ownership in the hopes that the people of the Philippines would have a stake in their eventual independence. In 1901, Judge Advocate General Davis called him to Washington to serve as deputy judge advocate general, after he was impressed with the ability <mask> had demonstrated in the Philippines. He became a member of the general staff, and attained the rank of colonel, after assisting in the prosecution of the Deming case. He was a senior American observer in the Japanese Army. He worked on the staff of the governors in Cuba from 1906 to 1909 and oversaw the Cuban elections in 1908. In 1910, he represented the United States at the Fourth Pan American Conference and made official visits to six other countries.After studying the military justice and penal systems of France and England on a European tour, he returned to Washington to be promoted to brigadier general and assume the duties as Judge Advocate General of the United States Army. The regular publication of Judge Advocate General opinions, the issuance of a new digest of all JAG opinions issued since 1862, and a program for the legal education of line officers at government expense were some of the innovations initiated by General <mask> as Judge Advocate General. He supervised the revision of the Articles of War, revised the Manual for Courts-Martial, and took part in prison reform in the army. The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917. The Selective Service Act was passed by Congress in May of 1917. Over 2,800,000 American men who were 18 years of age or older were drafted into the armed services during the war, under the supervision of General <mask>. The officers who served under General <mask> are legion.Major Hugh S. Johnson, Major Cassius Dowell, Lieutenant Colonel Allen W. Gullion, Major John H. Wigmore, Major Charles B. Warren, and Captain M. C. Cramer are included. Although offered a promotion to the rank of lieutenant general in 1918, General <mask>, aware of public and Congressional opposition to chair generals, refused the promotion. <mask> was promoted to major general in October 1917. During the period when the number of general courts-martial rose from 6,200 in 1917 to over 20,000 in 1918, he was the Judge Advocate General. The Secretary of War issued a "work or fight" order in 1918 which mandated that virtually every activity in the country support the war effort. The United States applied the laws of war to German prisoners of war, and he sought to limit military jurisdiction to uniformed personnel. The military draft calls for October were canceled on September 26, 1918, in response to newspaper reports of military camps being overcome by the Great Influenza Pandemic.He wrote a book about his experiences in the military. The military justice system was the center of a storm of controversy after World War I after it was accused of being un-American. A perceptive critic of the system who had begun work on needed reform, now accelerated his efforts. More safeguards for the accused, changes in the composition and powers of special courts-martial, and the addition of an authority in the President to reverse or alter court-martial sentences were some of the specific recommendations he submitted to Congress. In the spring of 1919, at the invitation of Cuban President Menocal, the Ambassador went to Cuba to advise on revisions to the election laws he had helped write years earlier. He stayed for several years with the U.S. title Special Representative of the President and imposed reforms on the government of the Cuban President before the U.S. bank made a critical loan to the Cuban government. The reforms and appointments were undone once the loan was made.After retiring from the army on February 14, 1923, he was appointed the first Ambassador from the United States to Cuba, a post he held until 1927. General <mask> retired from the private practice of law in Chicago in 1927. On May 7, 1932, <mask> died in Washington, D.C. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. His awards and decorations included the Cuban Order of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun, and the British Order of St. Michael and St. George. The words of Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of State in the cabinet of President Herbert Hoover and Secretary of War in the cabinets of Presidents William Howard Taft and Franklin D. Roosevelt are the most apt description of the service to his country. The ROTC building at the University of Missouri is named after him.He is the subject of biographical studies. Fort Crowder is also seen. There is a college on the grounds of the fort and a state park.

masks: Crowder Crowder Crowder Crowder Crowder Crowder Crowder Crowder Crowder Crowder Crowder Crowder Crowder


title: Robert Arthington

texts: <mask> was a British investor and philanthropist. He was the son of a wealthy brewery owner. He moved to become a member of the Baptist Church after being brought up in a prosperous family. He left the University of Cambridge without a degree. He devoted his life and wealth to Christian missionary work, but instead of spending his money on himself, he spent it on others. He believed that the Second Coming of Christ would happen when Jesus's message is spread to the entire world. The spread of Protestantism, modernisation and formal education in the remotest parts of the world was made possible by the success of the Baptist Missionary Society and London Missionary Society.<mask> was born in 1823. <mask> and Maria née Jowitt had four children. His father owned a brewery. Both of his parents were members of the Society of Friends. He obtained an excellent academic record at the University of Cambridge. He joined the South Parade Baptist Church after leaving the Society of Friends. <mask>. closed his business in order to live a life of temperance.<mask> never started his own business despite having a huge fortune. He invested most of his wealth in British and American railways. His money was used to strengthen missionary works. He gave a lot to both the Baptist Missionary Society of London and the London Missionary Society. Many remote parts of the world received Christianity because of his philanthropic actions. One of <mask>'s achievements was his contribution to the launch of the Congo Mission. A steamer Peace was purchased from Arthington's initial donation in the early 19th century.Arthington funded the project to advance the mission at Congo River. The mission was extended by £2,000 in 1884. He increased the fund in order to reach the Upper Nile region. The Church Missionary Society received a donation of £5,000 from an anonymous donor. The Arthington Aborigines Mission was established in 1889 to evangelise tribal people in northeast India. J. H. Lorrain and F. W. Savidge were missionaries. They started preaching to the Mizo tribes in 1894.They helped to create the written language of the natives. Mizoram is the most Christian state and the second highest literacy rate in India. They left the Arthington mission in 1898 to set up their own field due to conflicting Arthington's impatience and method of evangelism. mass conversion resulted from Arthington's attention to the Kond people. William Pettigrew was also sent from Edinburgh in 1894. He was not allowed to preach among Meiteis in the Imphal. He worked with remote tribes such as the Tangkhul Nagas.Hospitals Arthington made a donation to the hospital during his lifetime. Robert Arthington Hospital was named after him in recognition of his charity. The hospital was opened in May 1905. It was running until 2008. Arthington spent his life in moderation after his father's lifestyle. He built a large stone house on the land he bought from Misses Marshall. He moved from Hunslet to a single room in this house.He made friends with students who were in need, cooked his own meals, and wore the same cloth for seventeen years. He wrapped himself in his coat and slept on a chair. Only special visitors were allowed to enter his room. He didn't light the room for visitors because he thought it was possible to speak in the dark as well as in the light. He cut his weekly expenditure in half. He was nicknamed "Headingley Miser" because of his self-imposed austerity and eccentricities. His restricted expenditure allowed him to give a lot of money to Christian missions.His estate was worth five million dollars. He believed that the spread of Christianity would lead to the Second Coming of Christ. His temperance commitment was most likely influenced by a letter from a missionary, which was found among his belongings after his death. The missionary wrote, "If I were in England again, I would live in one room, make the floor my bed, a box my chair, another table and not worry about the lack of knowledge of Jesus Christ." More or less, Arthington lived like this. <mask> died on October 9, 1900. He wanted to read the Sermon on the Mount to himself.He said after the reading that it was all there. <mask>'s life and wealth was devoted to the spread of the Gospel among the Heathen. The last will and testament was prepared by Arthington. He left a large portion of his estate to Christian missions, but only a small amount to his first cousins or their children. After five years, the High Court of Chancery approved his will. The actual distribution of the property took another five years because of outstanding claims from the family. The monetary value had risen to over one million dollars by that time.Twenty-one first cousins received the same amount of money. Nine-tenth of the money was shared by the two companies. Preference should be given to the Gospels of John, and Acts of the Apostles, as stated in the will. Within twenty-five years, the bequest was to be used. The General Secretary of BMS, Alfred Henry Baynes, died in 1914. He and Arthington both pursued evangelisaion of Africa. In addition to Africa, the LMS extended their mission to China and India.Arthington was founded on December 15, 1869. Located northwest of the capital city of Monrovia, it is a small town along the Saint Paul River. In 1868 Arthington financed the voyage of fifteen families of American slaves. The natives gave them the present Arthington. The University of Cambridge alumni have died.

masks:
Robert Arthington
Robert Arthington
Robert Arthington
Robert Sr
Robert Arthington
Arthington
Robert Arthington
Robert Arthington


title: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi

texts: A leading figure of the Deobandi jurist and scholar of hadith, Rashd Amad ibn Hidyat Amad Ayyb Anr Gangoh was born in August 1905. His family goes back to Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. He was a student of Mamluk Ali Nanautawi. Both studied the books of hadith and later became Sufi disciples. His lectures on Jami at-Tirmidhi were recorded by his student and later edited and published as Lami ad-Darari. His name and nasab is given as follows. He is mentioned in the biographical work "al-Anr, al-anaf, ar-Rmpr then al-Gangoh".He is mentioned in the introduction to al-Kawkab ad-Durri as Mawln Ab Mas, Amad al-Anr al-Ayyb al-Kankawh al-ana. His given name was Abu Masud. His heritage can be traced back to a famous companion of the prophet Muhammad. The prophet migrated to Medina city from his home in Medina city in 622. On Monday, 6 Dhu al-Qi'dah 1244 AD, in Gangoh, Saharanpur District, British India, <mask> was born. He was born near the tomb of Abdul Quddus Gangohi. His father and mother claim to be descended from Abu Ayyub al-Ansari.His grandfather was from Rampur and settled in Gangoh. Hidayat <mask> was an Islamic scholar connected to the Waliullahi tradition. He died at the age of 35. Sa'<mask> died at the age of nine. After the death of Hidayat <mask>, the responsibility for his upbringing fell to his grandfather. He had four maternal aunts: Muhammad Naqi, Muhammad Taqi, and Abdul Ghani. He was close to Abdul Ghani and he took on a fatherly role for him.He had a close friendship with his cousin, Abun Nasr. A local teacher, Miyanji Qutb Bakhsh <mask>, educated <mask>. He probably read the Qur'an at home with his mother. He studied the books with his brother. He completed Persian studies with both his maternal uncle and Muhammad Ghaus. He traveled to Delhi in pursuit of knowledge at the age of 17 after studying the primary books of Arabic grammar with Muhammad Bakhsh Rampuri. He studied Arabic after arriving in Delhi.After attending the classes of different teachers, he became a student of Mamluk Ali Nanautawi, a scholar of the Shah Waliullah line, and a professor at Delhi College. There was a close friendship between Mamluk Ali's nephew and <mask>. Both were private students of Mamluk Ali. He stayed a few more years in Delhi to study under other teachers after completing his studies with Mamluk Ali. He studied some books of the rational sciences while he was a student of Mufti Sadruddin Azurdah. The books of hadith and tafsir were studied by him. <mask> Sa'id was one of his teachers.After four years in Delhi, <mask> returned to Gangoh. He married the daughter of his uncle at the age of 21. He didn't memorize the Qur'an until after he married. He gave bay'ah at the hand of Haji Imdadullah in the Sufi path. He was in Imdadullah's company for 42 days. Imdadullah gave him permission to take his disciples when he was about to leave for Gangoh. There is no evidence that Gangohi played a role in the establishment of Darul Uloom Deoband.It is likely that he was not aware of the founding. Gangohi's written inspection of the madrasah on 3 Rajab 1285 AH is the earliest evidence that he had a formal relationship with the madrasah. It was common for graduates of the madrasah to attend the lectures. Gangohi's efforts were instrumental in fostering a pan-Islamic consciousness in the subcontinent amongst the educated middle classes. He forbade Muslims from engaging in various customs which he regarded as stemming from Hindu culture and criticized those Muslims who retained trappings of "Hindu" culture and lifestyles. Gangohi denounced the singing of British songs in English schools as an act of Kufr, as a strong opponent of the British rule. The sarparast was made after the death of Qasim.He was the sarparast of the Darul Uloom's sister madrasah. He died on a Friday after the adhan of Jumu'ah prayer. There are also references to the 19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam.

masks:
Rashid Ahmad
Ahmad
id Ahmad
Ahmad
Gangohi
Rashid Ahmad
Rashid Ahmad
Shah Ahmad
Rashid


title: Catherine Ann Janvier

texts: <mask> was an American artist, author, and translator. <mask> was an artist and teacher before she married. <mask> was born on May 1, 1841 in Philadelphia to Henry and Sandwith Drinker. James and Drinker was established in Hong Kong and Macao by her father, who commanded ships involved in East India trade. He worked for organizations in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. Janvier was the oldest of the four children. Her siblings were a sister and two brothers.Robert, Henry, and Elizabeth were her brothers. The Drinker family lived in Hong Kong from 1845 to 1849. The first Minister to Japan for the United States was a friend of Janvier's. The French and Latin languages were studied by Janvier. She was interested in dancing and horse-back riding. One of her father's business associates tried to arrange a marriage between Janvier and his son at a young age. The relationships between foreign traders and the Chinese were difficult during the Opium Wars.The Drinkers lived in Macao. Sandwith Drinker was poisoned and died of dysentery, believed to be the result of a mass poisoning of bread at a bakery. 400 foreignersuffered great impairment of health due to arsenic poisoning. The children and their mother sailed from China to Baltimore. The First Officer did not have enough knowledge of the charts to navigate the ship when the captain was drunk. Mrs. Drinker's Academy for Young Ladies was established by her mother. She died of a tumors in her uterus.After keeping the school open for a while, <mask> closed it to pursue a career in art. She included her grandmother in the responsibility of providing for the family. <mask> studied art at the Maryland Institute and worked under the name <mask> Drinker. The Drinker children moved to their cousin's house in Philadelphia in 1865. Drinker studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. The school established a life drawing class for women in 1868. Two of her fellow students were Ida and Emily.Through private lessons, Janvier taught art in the 1870s. Cecilia Beaux was one of her private students and they became good friends. Aimée Ernesta Beaux was the sister of Cecilia. Beaux was a student of hers from 1872 to 1874. She studied at the Pennsylvania Academy in the 1870s. She studied at the Art Students League in New York. Janvier's paintings of people, still-life, and genre scenes sold for $300 each in New York City.Her reputation as an artist was helped by the paintings of James Madison and Daniel at Prayer. James Madison is in the collection of the Independence National Historical Park after being purchased by the city of Philadelphia. Her works of art were displayed at PAFA. In 1922, Drinker's The Guitar Player was included in the collection of the Neighborhood Guild at Peace Dale, Rhode Island. She was the first woman to teach at the academy when she was 27. Lessons in Perspective was written by Janviers. On September 26, 1878, <mask> Drinker married journalist Thomas Allibone <mask> at St. James Church.The Janviers moved to New York City in the late 19th century and <mask> began her career as a writer. The Janviers had a happy marriage in which they lived in England and Provence. Felix Gras, Roumanille, and Mistral were their friends. The Janviers traveled to Mexico as well. They lived in New York City when they weren't out of the country. They were friends with William Sharp. <mask> was one of the first to know that Mcleod was a secret.A book about painting china that was translated by <mask> was written by a French ceramist who moved to Philadelphia in 1878 and established an art school. The book was titled China Painting in America. She taught pottery. Practical Keramics for Students was published in the late 19th century. Felix Gras wrote The White Terror and The Reds of the Midi. Gras was able to fund the education of his sons because of the royalties for the books. <mask> had an interest in Greek history and partially realized her manuscript Captain, which was published in 1935 as Captain Dionysios, A Romance of Old Marseilles under her brother Henry's name.Her book was published in 1904. Thomas and <mask> wrote for a magazine. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, London's Pioneer Club, and the Woman's Cosmopolitan Club are all where <mask> was a member. Death Thomas passed away on June 18, 1913. <mask> lived in New York from 1913 to 1918 and in Pennsylvania from 1921 to 1921. She died at her brother's house. She was <mask>'s aunt.Papers are held at the New York Public Library. Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania James Madison, after Gilbert Stuart, circa 1875 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Blessed are the Meek, 1871, three-color lithograph on cream wove paper Old-Fashioned Music, 1880, pen and ink over black and orange pencil on cream paper Man

masks:
Catherine Ann Janvier Drinker
Catherine Ann Drinker
Catherine Ann Drinker
Janvier
Janvier
Catherine Ann
Catherine Ann
Janvier
Catherine
Catherine
Janvier
Janvier
Catherine
Janvier
Catherine
Catherine Drinker


title: D. Elton Trueblood

texts: <mask>, also known as "<mask>", was a noted 20th-century American Quaker author and theologian. He was the fourth of five children and graduated from William Penn College in Iowa in 1922. He graduated from Brown University, Hartford Seminary, and Harvard University before earning his PhD in philosophy. Trueblood held several positions in his career, including a faculty position at Earlham College. He moved to Indiana to help spur the growth of Earlham College from a small regional religious school into a nationally recognized institution of higher learning. He was a founder of the Earlham School of Religion, a Quaker seminary, and contributed to a renaissance of American Quaker thought and action spurred on partly by the common experiences of conscientious objectors during World War II. He sought to mentor younger people.The Yokefellow movement was founded by Trueblood. Charles Samuel Coble, a planned community developer and Trueblood's former student, was one of the funders of the Yokefellow. The invocation at the 1972 Republican National Convention was given by a political conservative who supported Nixon's foreign policy. He served for many years as the permanent representative from the global Quaker community to the World Council of Churches, an organization he helped bring into being. Eisenhower created a post for him as Director of Religious Information at the U.S. Information Agency. He was profiled by Time magazine on March 15, 1954. He was an adviser to the President during the Nixon Administration.The Predicament of Modern Man, Alternative to Futility, Foundations for Reconstruction, Signs of Hope, The Logic of Belief, Philosophy of Religion, Robert Barclay, and Abraham Lincoln: Theologian of American Anguish were all written by <mask>. The Predicament of Modern Man, written by <mask>, addressed a widespread interest in finding spiritual meaning and morality in the face of extreme suffering during World War II. He stated in the book that searching for morality without a foundation in religion was futile. The short version of this thesis was written for Reader's Digest and generated a lot of mail. The Logic of Belief and Philosophy of Religion was one of Trueblood's most rigorous intellectual contributions to the field of philosophy of religion. Nancy Reagan talked about <mask>'s book in an interview with Good Housekeeping in September 1981. In 2012 it was re-released by Phoenix Press as Abraham Lincoln: A Spiritual Biography.According to <mask>, he wanted to provide the general audience with many readable works to promote a depth of religious thought among his readers. In his final book, While it is Day, he traced his personal journey from boyhood in Iowa to where he is today, and placed his history in the context of his family's long connection with Quakerism. The friend of Presidents Trueblood was also a friend of President Herbert Hoover. The first time they met was when Hoover was a faculty member at Palo Alto, California. Their friendship lasted for decades after they lived near each other. The State Department flew Trueblood back to the United States to perform the funeral service for Hoover at the request of his family. Trueblood was friends with several Presidents.He had four children with his first wife, who died in 1955. Trueblood was married to Virginia Zuttermeister in a ceremony at the Washington National Cathedral. After retiring from Earlham College in 1966, Trueblood lived in Indiana for the rest of his life. He maintained a summer home on Lake Paupac for many years. In retirement, he continued to write and give speeches. The death of Trueblood occurred on December 20, 1994. His obituary was in The New York Times.He is buried at his study on the campus of Earlham College. Further reading is recommended. While It Is Day is a book. Yokefellow Press was published in 1974. Newby, Elizabeth. Essays and Addresses of D<mask> Trueblood are included in A Philosopher's Way. Broadman Press was published in Nashville in 1978.Newby, James R. Addresses of D. Trueblood are included in Basic Christianity. Friends United Press was published in 1978. An anthology of the best of <mask>od. Impact Books was published in Nashville in 1978. The text of a memorial by the U.S. Sen. Richard Lugar can be found in the Congressional Record.

masks:
David Trueblood
Elton Trueblood
Elton Trueblood
Trueblood
Trueblood
Trueblood
. Elton
Elton Trueblo


title: Monika Gruber

texts: A German cabaret artist and actress named <mask> was born on June 29, 1971 in Wartenberg district. Life and career Youth and education was raised on a farm with her two younger brothers. She worked as a foreign language secretary after finishing her A-levels. She completed a two-and-a-half-year program at the Zerboni drama school at the age of 27. She had her first theater engagement in 2000 as an ensemble member of Iberl-Bhne. In 2002 she gained her first experience as a cabaret artist in the comedy series Kanal fatal, in which she portrayed a typical Bavarian waitress who talks about her adventures in gastronomy. She also performed in Gnter Grnwald's Freitagscomedy.She was a member of Die Komiker from 2003 to 2009. In 2004 and 2006 she was a celebrity gossip commentator for Grnwald Freitagscomedy. The four-part sketch show Normal is des ned was shot in 2009. The collaboration with Grnwald and BR ended in September 2009. <mask>'s TV series, Leute, Leute!, a boulevard satire, was given to her by the ZDF. Gruber didn't extend her contract for Leute, Leute. In order to get more time for live performance at the end of the year.She won an award in the category of comedian for the Die Groe Quatsch Variety Show. Die Klugscheier, a monthly satirical TV series of Bavarian Television, was started in January of 2011. She withdrew from the show to focus on her stage programs. She was a regular guest on Grnwald Freitagscomedy and also performed with Gnter Grnwald on a more regular basis. The title of the series was going to be changed. The plans were not realized because of scheduling and conceptual difficulties at the end of the year. In addition to her comedy and cabaret performances, she acted in TV productions.She played the role of Hannelore Herbst from 2008 to 2011. She played a reporter in the first 30 episodes of the ARD series. She played Moni Riemerschmidt in the new episodes of Mnchen 7 along with other actors. In 2004, Gruber toured through the south of Germany and Austria with her first solo program. Her solo program debut was in 2005. Her third stage program, Zu wahr, um schn, was performed at the 17th Arosa Humor-Festival. On April 6, 2011, she toured with her program.In the year 2012–13, Gruber performed with Michael Niavarani in their "patchwork program" called Best of Beide, in a repeatedly sold-out town hall in Vienna. The program focused on 40-year-old singles, people with a menstruation background, and people from Vienna. The stage performances in February were well-attended. Guber performed a fifth solo program in January. Christian Springer's association Orienthelfer e.V. is involved in social commitment. Locally supports refugees from Lebanon. Gruber was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217She was in a relationship with the managing director of the Paulaner brewery. Cabaret programs in 2004. 2012: Zu wahr, um schn, wann! The performances were in German or Bavarian. The Old Fox was on television from 2002 to 2004. In 2012: Leute, Leute! Ottis Schlachthof was in 2012 and 2013.The Anstalt 2015: heute-show was held in Mnchen. The Bavarian Cabaret Award was in the high fliers category. The Merkur Theatre Prize of the newspaper Mnchner Merkur was nominated for a German Comedy Award in the 'Best Comedian, female' category. There are links to people from the district.

masks:
Monika Gruber
Gruber


title: Mona Maris

texts: <mask>, was an Argentine film actress. <mask> was born early in life. Some sources give her last name as Cap de vielle, while others give her birth name as Maria Rose Amita Capdevielle. Her parents were Spanish Basque and French Catalan. When she was four years old, <mask> lived with her grandmother in France and was educated in a convent there, as well as in England and Germany. She spoke four languages by the age of 19. In the April 1930 issue of Picture Play magazine, William H.<mask> wanted to become an actress when she was a student in France during World War I. She and her classmates entertained soldiers near the school with short plays. <mask>' mother relented after she begged to go to England. In England, a woman was given more freedom than in Spain or South America. She traveled to England under the supervision of an Argentine family. Her stay was supposed to last six months, but was extended two years. The President of the United Film Association was introduced to <mask> by the Argentine ambassador in Berlin.She traveled to Germany to participate in Universum Film AG productions. During the screen test, the camera was not loaded with film. <mask> was offered a five-year contract by a prominent director. She asked her grandmother to allow her to accept. The film Los Esclavos del Volga was directed by Richard Eichberg. <mask>' film career began with the 1925 silent movie The Apache, according to a 1985 Associated Press newspaper article. She was an actress who could be expected to turn out noteworthy performances, according to the author of The Film Industry in Argentina: An Illustrated Cultural History.She was given the chance of a Hollywood career by Joseph Schenck, president of United Artists. She had only completed four films in Germany. The Apache was the beginning of her Hollywood film career. In the early years of sounds films, her English was almost unintelligible, but Spanish, French, and German came easily for her. She starred in 19 Spanish-language versions of successful American pictures from 1931 to 1941. <mask> appeared in seven English dialogue motion pictures. <mask> described her image as an actress.She said that they used to have hiss whenever she was on screen. I was always playing heavy. They get an English girl when they need a heavy. In the United States, when they needed a heavy, it was the Spanish girl. <mask> played a disturbed, broken-hearted grandmother in the film Camila, which was described as the most successful Argentine film in decades. She was married twice. Before she traveled to the United States, her first marriage took place while she was working in Europe.Clarence Brown proposed to her after she began an affair with him. Despite multiple sources listing them as being married, they were not, and the affair ended shortly after the proposal, with <mask> later saying she ended the relationship because she had her own ideas of marriage then. She was married to Herman Rick in 1960. They divorced in 1969. <mask> <mask> died in Buenos Aires at the age of 87. She is buried in La Chacarita Cemetery.On January 1, 1929, the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Argentine Film Actress Given Welcome Here".

masks:
Maria Amita CapdevilleMona Maris
Mona Maria Emita Capdeville
Maris
Maris
Maris
Maris
Maris
Maris
Maris
Maris
Maris
Maris
Marisona
Maris


title: Dagmar Schultz

texts: He is a German sociologist, filmmaker, publisher and professor. In World War II, her father committed suicide. She went to the USA after studying journalism, Romance and North American studies at the Free University of Berlin. She completed her studies in broadcasting, television and film at the University of Michigan after graduating with a master's thesis on "The Role of Broadcasting in Africa with Special Emphasis on West Africa". "My job interview at CBS or NBC was such that the gentlemen asked me, 'What do you mean, why we hire women here?'" she said. The answer was yes, as a cleaning woman and as a secretary. Rust College was in Holly Springs, Mississippi.She worked in the Anti-Poverty Programs of the Office of Economic Opportunity in Puerto Rico. She taught women's studies at Columbia College Chicago from 1969 to 1970 and was active in the women's movement. In 1972 she received a PhD from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a study on the life and work of women and men professors. She taught women's studies at the John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies in Berlin. The Feminist Women's Health Center in Berlin was the first of its kind in Germany and a book publishing house specialized in feminist literature. She worked at the center until 1981. She was the editor of Orlanda Women's Press until 2001.She taught sociology of education at the State University of New York. In 1984 she helped civil rights activist and poet Audre Lorde, whom she got to know at the 1980 UN World Conference on Women in Copenhagen, to become a visiting professor at FU Berlin. She worked at the Institute of Sociology of the Free University of Berlin. She stayed at the Department of Social Work and Social Education of Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences Berlin until her retirement in 2004. She focused her work on women in social work, intercultural social work, medical sociology and social education. Ika Hgel-Marshall's partner, <mask> Shultz, has been involved in organizing reading tours in the US since 2004. Growing up black in Germany.She co-produced the film "Hope in My Heart - The May Ayim Story" in 2007. The highest endowed award for gender studies and women's projects in Germany was given to <mask> Lorde archive at the FU Berlin, on the other she produced and directed a documentary about the time in Germany by the author Audre Lorde. She and Ika Hgel-Marshall wrote a screenplay. The film was shown at many international festivals, including the 2012 Berlin International Film Festival. Shultz was one of the first activists of the lesbian and women's movement since the 1970s to receive the "Magnus-Hirschfeld-Award" for her life's work. Among other things, her photos of plants and flowers have appeared on book covers.The Bedeutung fr die Gesundheitsversorgung von Frauen BMFSFJ was written by <mask> <mask>. Band 1: Interviews, Berichte, Analysen. 2. Ein Mdchen ist fast so gut, wie das Junge: Sexismus in der Erziehung. Band 2 ist Schlerinnen und Pdagogen. The Geschlecht luft immer: die Arbeitswelt von Professorinnen und Professoren. Lorde, Rich, and <mask> are from Centaurus 1991.Macht und Sinnlichkeit: Texte 3. There is a word for it. Showing Our Colors: Afro-German Women Speak Out was written by May Opitz. Ika Hgel-Marshall, Chris Lange, May Ayim, and Glen Akta were all in 1992. Antisemitismus, rassismus, and Klassenunterdrckung are related. The German Feminism: Readings in Politic and Literature was published in 1993. The case study of the Wisconsin School for Workers was published in 1984.Hope in my heart is a profile of the life and work of May Ayim as co-producer with Maria Binder and Audre Lorde.

masks: Dagmar Schultzdre Dagmar Schultz Schultz


title: Sonny Liew

texts: <mask> is a comic artist based in Singapore. He won the Singapore Literature Prize for fiction with The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye. Liew attended both Victoria Junior College in Singapore and the Victoria School in Seremban, Malaysia. He graduated from the Rhode Island School of Design in 2001 with a degree in illustration. His first comic strip was for The New Paper in Singapore. Times Publishing published a collection of the strips in 1996. After graduating from Rhode Island, <mask> got his first break into the American comics industry when he was signed on for My Faith in Frankie.His work appeared in the Flight Anthologies edited by Kazu Kibuishi, and he was the editor of the Eisner-nominated Southeast Asian comics anthology Liquid City. He was nominated for an Eisner award in the pencilling/inking category for his work on Disney's Wonderland. Malinky Robot was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 He won the Young Artist Award in Singapore. Epigram Books published The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye in 2015. It charts the life and career of a fictional comic book artist, the eponymous Charlie Chan Chye, and by weaving together fact and fiction, and different genres, tells the story of the formative years of Singapore's modern history and the history of comics. Shortly before the book's release in Singapore, the National Arts Council withdrew its grant of $8,000 for the title, citing "sensitive content" and its potential to "undermine the authority and legitimacy" of the government.The comic was the best-selling local fiction title that year. The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye was published in the United States by Pantheon Books in 2016 and went on to make bestseller lists at Amazon and The New York Times. It won the Book of the Year at the Singapore Book Awards in 2016 after winning the Singapore Literature Prize. The Pingprisen was given to it for Best International Comic. At the San Diego Comic-Con, <mask>w and The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye won three Eisner Awards. International Material - Asia and Best Publication Design are included. It was nominated for three Eisner Awards.Godshaper #1 is on the list. Shadow Hero Comics #1 is an artist. Gene Luen Yang is a writer. The cover artist for Revolutionaries #1 is M.A.S.K. Doctor Fate Vol 4 #1-12, #15-16 is an artist. Paul Levitz is a writer. The Art of Charlie Chan Chye is a work of art.Americatown #1 is a cover artist for Jim Henson's Storyteller: Witches. Hacktivist #1 is a variant cover artist. There is a variant cover artist named Abigail and the Snowman. Warm Nights Deathless Days: The Life of Georgette Chen is a variant cover artist. Gene Luen Yang is a writer. Malinky Robot: Collected Stories & Other Bits is a comic book. Mike Carey is a writer.Sense and Sensibility is an artist. Nancy Butler is a writer. Artist, co- creator of Au Pays des Merveilles. Tommy Kovac is a writer. Le Tour du monde en bande dessinée vol 2 is an artist. Roger Landridge is a writer. Malinky Robot is an artist, co-created by Disney Press and Writer Liquid City.The editor, artist, writer and co- creator of the image comics were all from Slave Labor Graphics. Tommy Kovac is a writer. The artist co-created Re-Gifters. Mike Carey is a writer. There is a flight. The writer of Malinky Robot: Bicycle was an artist for Slave Labor Graphics. Mike Carey is a writer.Malinky Robot: Stinky Fish Blues is an artist's work.

masks:
Sonny Liew
Liew
Sonny Lie


title: Zhu Xu (Jin dynasty)

texts: Cilun was the military general of the Jin dynasty. He was most well known for his involvement in the Battle of Fei River in 383, in which he set up a ruse that caused the retreat of the Former Qin army. The rebellion of <mask>n was put down by <mask> before he was captured and served a brief stint under Qin. After the river, the man returned to Jin and continued to serve the state. He fought against the states of Zhai Wei and WesternYan before retiring. There is a family line of generals in Yiyang Commandary. His father was the Governor of Yizhou and the Colonel of the Western Rong.By 365, he was already serving as General of Hawkish Display and Chancellor of Jiangxia. The Inspector of Yizhou, Zhou Chu, was placed under siege at Chengdu after Sima <mask>n rebelled in his province. The Commander-Protector of the Expeditionary Force was appointed by the Grand Marshall of Jin. Sima <mask>n was attacked by a group of people, including Zhou Chu. During the fight, Sima <mask>n's soldiers scattered. The captured Sima <mask>n and his subordinates were sent to Huan Wen, who had them all executed. The office of General Who Attacks Barbarians and the title of Viscount of Xiangping was awarded to <mask>.The third northern expedition against FormerYan was participated in by <mask>. The expedition resulted in the defeat of Fu Yan at Linzhu. The campaign ended in failure for Huan Wen as he was soundly defeated by Murong Chui. The Inspector ofYanzhou was appointed by Qian Hong's Revolt. Around the same time, a native of Changcheng County gathered more than a hundred people under his wing and revolted. The court ordered the campaign against the rebels to be led by the marshal of the Centre Army. The rebellion was pacified by the army of <mask> after he reprimanded them.The inspector ofYanzhou was returned to his position by this. The Siege of Xiangyang took place in 373 and was defended by the man known as "<mask>". The province fell before they could arrive, so the others stopped and returned. In the next year, he was appointed Inspector of Liangzhou by Huan Huo. Fu Pi was ordered to lead a large-scale siege. When the Qin forces arrived at the Han River, they did not have any boats with them. The general caught him by surprise when he swam across the Han River.Fu Jian and the others were able to use the boats captured by Shi Yue. Lady Han inspected the northwest corner of the defence and noticed that it was weak. A group of women built a new wall behind the old one. The women built a new wall after the old one fell. The wall was called "The Wives' Wall" and can still be seen today. In the following year, reinforcements were expected from Liu Bo. He refused to approach the army because he was afraid of their strength.<mask> sent his men out to fight skirmishes with the Qin soldiers, but they only responded by pulling back and refusing to fight. The false impression was given that Qin was planning a retreat, so he didn't prepare for what was to come. Li Bohu made contact with Qin and promised to give them an entry to the city. Fu Pi captured the city in February or March of 377. The Logistical Director of the Masters of Writing was appointed by Fu Jian after he was sent to the capital. Li Bohu was executed for betraying Jin. The man was determined to return to Jin.He hid in the home of his friend in Yiyang after fleeing to his hometown. Fu Jian became suspicious of Xia Kui and arrested him, so he decided to give himself up to Fu Hui. Fu Jian was made to further admire <mask> for his integrity, and he was appointed as a Master of Writing. The battle of the Fei River took place in 383. Xie <mask>an commanded the Jin forces which were defeated by Fu Jian's army. Fu Jian sent a group of people to intimidate Jin. If all the millions of Qin soldiers were to assemble, it would be difficult for us to defeat them.It is best that we attack as soon as possible because their troops have yet to gather. Their morale will plummet once they are defeated. Only then can we destroy them. Fu Jian didn't know what <mask> had done. As the battle was about to begin, Xie <mask>an told Fu Jian to move his army back away from the river to allow the Jin troops to cross. The brother commanded the army to move back. As soon as they moved, the man who was in the rear shouted, "The Qin army has been defeated!"Many of the Qin soldiers were conscripts who were not willing to fight so they panicked and fled from the battlefield. Xie <mask> quickly crossed the river and defeated the Qin forces. The northern empire would soon fall because of Fu Rong's death in battle. The Jin general, Zhou Xiao, and the abdicated ruler of Former Liang,Zhang Tianxi, were able to escape back to Jin together. After his return to Jin, he was appointed as the dragon general and interior minister of Langye. He was promoted to the position of Inspector of Yuzhou and Chief Controller of five counties. Zhai Liao rebelled against Jin in Liyang in 386 after killing its administrator.The troops were ordered to lead against Zhai Liao. Later that year, Liao tried to attack Qiao but was repelled by the other side. In 389, the position of Inspector of the two cities was taken over by <mask>. He moved his base to Huaiyin as it was closer to the capital and the borders of the powerful LaterYan. The son of Zhai Liao attacked Chenliu. Zhai Zhao was driven back after being sent to defend the commanderies. The General who campaigns against the Caitiff was appointed for his merits.The court was asked to transport 100,000 Hu of rice and 5,000 pieces of cloth from Jiangzhou. In 388, the Chief Controller and Inspector of Yongzhou was made. He was given the generals to be his subordinates. A request was sent to the court from the office of the former Inspector of Jingzhou, asking for supplies of rice and 1,000 hectares of land. He went to guard the city. In 395, the WesternYan Emperor, Murong Yong, led his troops to invade the city and faced his general, Wang Ci. Wang Ci retreated after being defeated at the river.TheYan army was defeated at Taihang by the sending of Zhao Mu and Huan Bucai. After Murong Yong retreated to Shangdang, he received a submission from a minor warlord named Yang Kai. They fought for 20 days in the White River, where they pursued Murong Yong. Zhai Liao, the King of Zhai Wei, took advantage of the absence of a friend. Hearing this, the man withdrew. The Army advisor, Zhao Fan, routed Zhai Liao at Huai County while the attack on Zhai Zhao took place north of Fuyang. There is a province called Henan.After Zhai Liao retreated, he left his general, <mask>, to defend Shimen. The son of the man was put in charge of the city while the man withdrew. Sima Daozi commented that the victories and defeats were the same, without any praise or criticism. The Former Qin general pretended to surrender to Jin. After Jin accepted him, he defected and invaded Hanzhong. The Jin administrators surrendered three counties to the other side of the world. Zhou Qiong, Jin's Inspector of Liangzhou, had little troops to resist them, so he asked <mask> to send reinforcements.The two men drove the other man out of Hanzhong while killing the other man and the other man's wife. Retirement and death Near the end of his life, <mask> requested the court for permission to resign multiple times, citing his old age and illness. The court refused to grant him. At the end of 392, he once again asked for his resignation, but was denied. The person left his post without authorization. He surrendered himself to the Minister of Justice and asked to be punished. He was pardoned by the court.His final positions were handed over to Chi Hui. The General of the Left and Cavalier in Regular Attendance was posthumously appointed after he died. There are references to Fang, <mask>anling. It was 648. The book of Jin is called Jin Shu. The name of the person is Sima, Guang. There is a person named Zizhi Tongjian.Jin dynasty generals had 362 deaths.

masks:
Sima Xu
Zhu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Zhu Xu
Zhu Xu
Zhu Xu
Zhu Xu
Zhu
Zhu
Xu
Zhu
Xu
Xuan
Zhu Xu
Zhu Dang
Zhu Xu
Zhu Xu
Xu


title: Martin Schlaff

texts: <mask> is an Austrian businessman. Before the reunification of Germany, he was occupied in trade with East Germany. According to investigations by the German parliament, Schlaff was an employee of the Stasi. His Stasi codename was "Landgraf". He has a net worth of over 8 billion. Jew refugees from World War II gave birth to a career with East Germany. He and his brother took over the business.There are files about him in the Stasi archives. There were several meetings with East German officials. Senior Stasi officers were impressed with Schlaff's "extensive holdings, his various companies, and his access to the needed America technology". According to the German parliament's investigations, East Germany was supplied with goods that were embargoed by the West. The parliament of Germany investigated the disappearance of public funds after the fall of the Berlin Wall and found that East Germany had transferred large amounts of money to Schlaff through accounts in Vaduz. Stasi officers continued their careers in management positions in Schlaff's group of companies. In 1990 Herbert Kohler, Stasi commander in Dresden, transferred 170 million marks to Schlaff for "harddisks" and months later went to work for him."Schlaff's empire of companies played a crucial role in the Stasi attempts to secure the financial future of Stasi agents and keep the intelligence network alive," concluded the investigations. The Stasi worked with the KGB in the same place. He has been buying and selling mobile phone companies in Eastern Europe for a long time. In 2010 he established a bank. In March 2008, The Sunday Times reported that the largest divorce settlement in history had been reached by Schlaff and his wife. There are links to Gazprom companies. Michael Hason is a close friend of his and holds positions in the Centrex Group.Hason was the president of CAP Holding, which holds shares in the casino for Schlaff and his partners. The Robert Placzek lumber trade company is one of the companies that Haskell holds positions in. He was appointed deputy chairman of the bank several months ago. Centrex Holding has a company in Cyprus registered at the same address as Schlaff's company. The press officer in Vienna is shared by Robert Nowikovsky, Centrex, and Schlaff. Nowikovsky is a director of Central Energy Italian Gas Holding, a company that was found to secretly benefit Bruno Mentasti-Granelli, a friend of Silvio Berlusconi, in an Italian-Russian gas deal. A co-owner of East Mediterranean Gas Company claimed that the off-shore Gaza gas fields project, owned mostly by British Gas, had shares held in trust for various people.In 1998 Schlaff and a company partly owned by Arafat opened a casino in Israel. It was intended for Israelis who couldn't gamble in Israel where gaming is not legal. During the Second Intifada, the casino was closed. Schlaff had many meetings with Sharon. The Austrian Federal Government's relations with Israel were normalized by Schlaff's contacts with Sharon. The government of Israel recalled its ambassador from Vienna. A new ambassador was sent to Austria.In December 2005, Israeli police raided Schlaff's apartment and found evidence of a 3 million dollar bribe. Sharon went to coma after a stroke within 24 hours. Robert Nowikovsky has also been investigated. An investigative exposé in Ha'aretz found connections between the financier of the Oasis Casino in Jericho and Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and his predecessor. According to police, Sharon received a $3 million bribe, while Lieberman is under investigation for receiving a bribe. The $3 million that was deposited into the bank account of the Sharons at the end of 2002 was used for a project in Russia. The campaign to make the wilderness bloom in Russia was started by Getex, a large Russian-based exporter of seeds from Eastern Europe.Israeli firms are involved in exporting wheat from Ukraine. Large and prominent in its field, the company owns farms in Eastern Europe. The $1-million guarantee to the Yisrael Beiteinu party was behind its Vienna offices. The activities seem to be related to Getex. Solomon Obstfeld, Schlaff's business partner in NYC, was found dead in an apparent suicide or murder in June of 2010. In September 2010 journalist Gidi Weitz published an investigative story in Ha'aretz on Schlaff's allegedly corrupt and illegal activities, both financial and political, in several countries including Austria and Israel. In April of 2011, the Israeli foreign minister was put under investigation after being accused of receiving bribes.According to the Stasi archive, there are Austrian billionaires, Austrian expatriates in Israel, and Austrian Jews.


title: Empress Matilda

texts: During the civil war known as the Anarchy, the queen of England was one of the people who claimed to be the queen. The daughter of King Henry I of England, she moved to Germany as a child when she married the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. Henry V's rival Lothair of Supplinburg claimed the imperial crown when he died in 1125. The White Ship disaster of 1120 resulted in the death of William Adelin, the younger brother of <mask>. After Emperor Henry V's death, her father arranged for her to marry Geoffrey of Anjou to form an alliance to protect his southern borders. The decision to swear an oath of loyalty to the successors of Henry I's illegitimate children was not popular in the Anglo-Norman court. The Anglo-Norman barons had opposition to Henry's death.Stephen of Blois had the support of the English Church. Stephen was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The kingdom of England was taken by force in 1139, supported by her half-brother Robert of Gloucester and her uncle King David I of Scotland. Stephen was captured at the Battle of Lincoln in 1141, but the attempt to be crowned at Westminster collapsed in the face of bitter opposition from the London crowds. As a result of this retreat, the Queen of England was never formally declared, and she was instead called Lady of the English. Robert was captured after the Rout of Winchester in 1141, and <mask> agreed to exchange him for Stephen. After being trapped in Oxford Castle by Stephen's forces, she was forced to escape at night across the frozen River Isis to Abingdon, wearing white as camouflage in the snow.The war was stalemated, with Stephen controlling most of the south-west of England. The rest of the country was in the hands of local barons. Henry II succeeded to the throne in 1154 after his mother left him to continue the campaign in England. For the rest of her life, she acted on her son's behalf when necessary and settled her court near Rouen. She provided political advice in the early years of her son's reign. She was known for her piety and worked with the Church. She was buried under the altar at the high altar.The child of Henry I, King of England and Duke of Normandy, and his first wife, could have been born in February of 1100. William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066 and created an empire stretching into Wales. Many estates spread across both sides of the English Channel were created by the invasion. The barons had close ties to the kingdom of France, which was a loose collection of counties and smaller polities. King Malcolm III of Scotland's daughter was a member of the West Saxon royal family and a descendant of Alfred the Great. For Henry, marrying <mask> of Scotland gave him increased legitimacy, and for her it was an opportunity for high status and power in England. Her father's relationships with many mistresses resulted in around 22 illegitimate siblings, including a younger, legitimate brother.She probably stayed with her mother and was educated in religious morals, but little is known about her earliest life. Her half-brother Robert of Gloucester, her cousin Stephen of Blois and Brian Fitz Count were among the nobles at her mother's court. Henry left his sister and brother in the care of the archbishop of Canterbury in 1108, while he traveled to Normandy. Although there is no description of her appearance, her peers described her as being very beautiful. In late 1108 or early 1109, King Henry V of Germany sent envoys to Normandy to propose that she marry him. The match was attractive to the English king because his daughter would be marrying into one of the most prestigious dynasties in Europe and he would gain an ally in dealing with France. Henry V needed to fund an expedition to Rome in order to be crowned the Holy Roman emperor.The final details of the deal were negotiated in June 1109 and, as a result of her changing status, she attended a royal council for the first time that October. She left England to go to Germany. The couple met at Lige before travelling to Utrecht to be married. The German queen was crowned at Mainz on July 25. There was a significant age gap between the couple, as Henry was 24 years old while <mask> was eight years old. Bruno, the archbishop of Trier, was tasked with educating her in German culture, manners and government after the betrothal. The city of Worms was chosen as the location for the wedding of <mask> and Henry in January 1114.She entered public life in Germany with her own household. Henry arrested his chancellor, Adalbert of Mainz, and other German princes, triggering a political conflict across the Empire. Rebellions followed, accompanied by opposition from within the Church, which played an important part in administering the Empire, and this led to the formal excommunication of the Emperor. In the early 1116's, Henry and <mask> traveled over the Alps into Italy to meet the Pope. The imperial government has 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 The rest of the year was spent establishing control of northern Italy, and in early 1117 the pair advanced on Rome. Maurice Bourdin, antipope under the name Gregory VIII, crowned the pair at St Peter's Basilica, probably at Easter and again at Pentecost, after Henry and Matilda arrived with their army.These ceremonies were used to claim the title of empress of the Holy Roman Empire. Henry V was elected by the major nobles to become the king of the Empire. The pope could not guarantee that these kings would be crowned emperors. Henry V coerced Paschal II into crowning him, but his status was less clear. As a result of her marriage, she was the legitimate queen of the Romans, a title that she used thereafter on her seal and charters, but it was uncertain if she had a legitimate claim to the title of empress. Henry kept calling himself king and emperor of the Romans. Bourdin's status and the ceremonies themselves were not clear.There were only a few times in the year when the rulers would wear their crowns in court. Pope Callixtus II deposed and imprisoned Bourdin for life after he conducted the second ceremony. She maintained that she was the empress in Rome. Her use of the title was widely accepted. Even 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 Henry returned north over the Alps into Germany in 1118 to suppress new rebellions and leave his regent, Matilda, to govern Italy. She probably gained a lot of practical experience of government, as there are few records of her rule over the next two years.In 1119, she met Henry in Lotharingia. Her husband was trying to find a compromise with the Pope, who had excommunicated him. Henry and <mask> were at the Council of Worms. Henry gave up his rights to invest in bishops when the council settled the dispute. The journey to visit her father in England was blocked by Count Charles I of Flanders because she would have needed to pass through his territory. According to Marjorie Chibnall, <mask> intended to discuss the inheritance of the English crown on this journey. Modern chroniclers blamed the Emperor and his sins against the Church for the infertility of the two parties.As Henry suppressed the political unrest, the couple traveled down the Rhine together, but by the end of the year, he was suffering from cancer. He died in Utrecht on May 23, 1125, leaving his nephew Frederick in possession of the imperial insignia. It is not clear what instructions he gave her about the Empire's future. The electoral process which appointed Lothair of Supplinburg, a former enemy of Henry, as the new king was led by Adalbert. She only had a limited amount of options as to how she would spend the rest of her life. She could not become an imperial regent because she was childless, so she chose to become a nun or remarry. She decided to return to Normandy after some offers of marriage from German princes.She didn't expect to return to Germany, as she gave up her estates within the Empire and left with her personal collection of jewels, two of Henry's crowns, and the relic of the Hand of St James the Apostle. The English political landscape changed after the White Ship disaster. The White ship was carrying around three hundred passengers, including William Adelin and many other senior nobles, to travel from Barfleur in Normandy to England. The vessel foundered just outside the harbour, possibly due to overcrowding or excessive drinking by the ship's master and crew, and all but two of the passengers died. William was one of the casualties. The succession to the English throne was thrown into doubt with William's death. In some parts of France, male primogeniture was becoming more popular, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, as the rules of succession were uncertain in western Europe.It was customary for the king of France to crown his successor while he was still alive. In England, the best a noble could do was to identify the legitimate heirs, leaving them to challenge and dispute the inheritance after his death. The problem was complicated by the sequence of Anglo-Norman successions. William the Conqueror had invaded England, his sons William and Robert had fought a war to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only gained control of Normandy by force. There had been no orderly successions. Henry wanted to father another son. Henry took a new wife after William and <mask>'s mother died.The future of the dynasty was at risk because Henry and Adeliza did not have children. Henry may be looking for a heir to his family. He may have considered his sister Adela's son Stephen of Blois as a possible option and, perhaps in preparation for this, he arranged a marriage for Stephen to his maternal cousin. Count Theobald IV of Blois was a nephew and ally of Henry. King Louis VI of France's preferred choice was William Clito, who was in open rebellion against Henry. Henry might have considered his illegitimate son, Robert of Gloucester, as a possible candidate, but English tradition and custom wouldn't have looked good on this. Henry's plans changed when Emperor Henry died.After her father's second marriage failed to produce a son, she returned to Normandy in 1125 and spent a year at the royal court. If this didn't happen, Henry decided that she was the rightful successor if he didn't have another son. The Anglo-Norman barons swore in January to recognize any future legitimate heir to the throne, after gathering together on Christmas 1126 to agree. Henry received various offers from princes within the Empire as he began to look for a new husband. His preference was to marry the son of Count Fulk V of Anjou and secure the southern borders of Normandy. William Clito, the new count of Flanders, who enjoyed the support of the French king, was the latest threat to Henry's control of Normandy. Henry needed to not face a threat from the south as well as the east of Normandy.The White Ship disaster put an end to the alliance between Henry and Anjou after William Adelin married Fulk's daughter. The argument between Henry and Fulk encouraged Fulk to support William Clito. To recreate the former alliance, Henry's solution was to negotiate the marriage of the two girls. She was not impressed by the idea of marrying a man from Anjou. She felt that marrying the son of a count diminished her imperial status and was probably also unhappy about marrying someone so young. Hildebert persuaded her to go along with the engagement. Robert of Gloucester and Brian Fitz Count traveled to Rouen in May 1127.Over the course of the next year, Fulk decided to leave his possessions in Jerusalem, where he hoped to become king. On 17 June 1128, Henry knighted his future son-in-law, and they were married a week later. In 1129, Fulk declared the count of Anjou and Maine. The marriage was difficult due to the couple not liking each other. It wasn't specified when the couple would take possession of the castles, but they were granted by Henry. It's not known if Henry intended to have any future claim on England or Normandy, and it's also not known if he kept Geoffrey's status uncertain. After the marriage, <mask> went back to Normandy.The couple were reconciled in 1131. She arrived in England that August after Henry summoned her from Normandy. At a meeting of the King's great council in September, it was decided that <mask> would return to Geoffrey. She was recognised as Henry's heir by the

masks: Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda


title: Empress Matilda

texts: council. The future Henry II's first son was born in March 1133 at Le Mans. Henry I traveled to Rouen to see her. Their second son, Geoffrey, was born in Rouen, but the childbirth was very difficult and the baby appeared to be close to death.She had an argument with her father about where she should be buried. Henry wanted her to be buried at Rouen Cathedral. Henry was overjoyed by the birth of his second grandson and may have demanded another round of oaths from his nobility. Relations between Henry and <mask> became strained. In 1135, the King should hand over the royal castles in Normandy to <mask> because she suspected that England lacked genuine support for her claim to the throne. This would have given the couple a much more powerful position after Henry's death, but the King refused out of fear that he would try to seize power in Normandy while he was still alive. The rebels broke out in southern Normandy, and the intervention of the two wives was necessary.Henry died near Lyons-la-Fort in the middle of the confrontation. Henry may have said something about the succession before he died. The accounts were coloured by events. Henry had re-affirmed his intent to grant all of his lands to his daughter, while hostile chroniclers argued that he had apologized for forcing the barons to swear an oath of allegiance to her. When news of Henry I's death began to spread, the rebels in Anjou were supported by a number of <mask>'s supporters, including Robert of Gloucester. The barons were prevented from returning to England because they took an oath to stay in Normandy until the king was buried. The opportunity to march into southern Normandy and seize a number of key castles around Argentan was missed.They stopped and faced increased resistance from the Norman nobility and a rebellion in Anjou. Historians have differing opinions as to what effect this will have on her military plans. Stephen of Blois left for England with his military household after learning of Henry's death. Some accounts suggest that Stephen was denied access to the ports when he first arrived. Stephen took power in England over the next week after he reached the edge of London. The crowds in London believed that Stephen would grant the city new rights and privileges in return for the support of the Church. Henry argued that the late King had been wrong to insist that his court take the oath, and that the King had changed his mind on his deathbed.Stephen's coronation was held a week later. The Norman nobility gathered at Le Neubourg to discuss declaring their elder brother Theobald king following the news that Stephen was getting support in England. The count, the oldest grandson of William the Conqueror, had the most valid claim over the kingdom and the Duchy according to the Normans. The news from England that Stephen would be crowned the next day interrupted their discussions. The barons were not willing to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen. After giving birth to her third child, William, on July 22, 1136 at Argentan, she operated out of the border region for three years, establishing her household knights on estates around the area. If she asked Ulger, the bishop of Angers, to support her claim, he was unsuccessful.After a temporary truce, Geoffrey invaded Normandy again in 1136, raiding and burning estates rather than trying to hold the territory. After returning to the Duchy in 1137, Stephen met with Louis VI and Theobald to form an alliance against the growing power of the Angevins. There was a battle between the two-halves of Stephen's army and the local Norman barons. Stephen gave up his campaign after the Norman forces deserted the King. Stephen agreed to another truce with Geoffrey, promising to pay him 2,000 marks a year in exchange for peace along the Norman borders. Stephen's reign began well in England, with lavish gatherings of the royal court that saw the King give out grants of land and favours to his supporters. Thanks to the testimony of Louis VI and Theobald, Stephen received the support of Pope Innocent II.Troubles began to emerge quickly. The north of England was invaded by David I of Scotland on the news of Henry's death. Stephen marched north with an army and met David at Durham. Stephen was forced to abandon his attempts to suppress the revolt after South Wales rose in rebellion. Stephen put down two revolts in the south-west led by Baldwin de Redvers and Robert of Bampton; Baldwin was released after his capture and traveled to Normandy, where he became a vocal critic of the King. Robert of Gloucester was one of the most powerful Anglo-Norman barons, controlling estates in Normandy as well as the Earldom of Gloucester. Civil war began in England in 1138 after he rebelled against Stephen.The rebellion in Kent and across the south-west of England was triggered by Robert's abandonment of his fealty to the King. Robert took the initiative in declaring war in 1138 because he had not been very active in asserting her claims to the throne since 1135. In France, Geoffrey took advantage of the situation. David of Scotland invaded the north of England again, announcing that he was in favor of the claim of <mask> to the throne. Stephen paid more attention to England than to Normandy. His wife was sent to Kent with ships and resources from Boulogne, with the task of retaking the key port of Dover, under Robert's control. David's forces were defeated at the Battle of the Standard by a small group of Stephen's household knights.David was still in most of the north despite this victory. Stephen went west in an attempt to regain control of Gloucestershire, first striking north into the Welsh Marches, before heading south to Bath. Stephen was content with raiding and pillaging the surrounding area because the town of Bristol was too strong for him. Robert remained in Normandy throughout the year, trying to convince the emperor to invade England. The Queen's forces took control of the city later in the year. By 1139, an invasion of England was imminent. Together with Robert, they spent the beginning of the year mobilising forces for a cross-Channel expedition.At the beginning of the year, her representative, Bishop Ulger, put forward her legal claim to the English throne on the basis of her hereditary right and the oaths sworn by the barons. Stephen argued that the claim to the throne was illegitimate because the mother had been a nun. The case helped establish that Stephen's claim was disputed, even though the Pope didn't reverse his earlier support for Stephen. At the end of the summer of 1139, the Civil War began. Stephen's forces forced Baldwin de Redvers to retreat into the south-west after he crossed over from Normandy to Wareham. In the month of September, the Empress was invited by her stepmother, Queen Adeliza, to land at Arundel instead, and Robert of Gloucester and his wife arrived in England with a force of 140 knights. Robert marched north-west to raise support for the rebellion and to link up with Miles of Gloucester, who took the opportunity to abandon his fealty to the King.Stephen proceeded to besieging and trapping Arundel inside the castle. Stephen agreed to a truce proposed by his brother, Henry of Blois, and his household of knights were released from the siege and escorted to the south-west of England. The reasons for her release are not clear. Stephen may have thought it was in his own best interests to release the Empress and concentrate on attacking Robert, seeing Robert as his main opponent at this point in the conflict. Stephen may have been worried that he would have to tie down his army in the south because Robert was in the west. Stephen had a generous, courteous personality and women were not normally expected to be targeted in Anglo-Norman warfare, so it is possible that Stephen released <mask> out of a sense of chivalry. After staying in Robert's stronghold of Bristol, <mask> established her court in nearby Gloucester, still safe in the south-west but far enough away for her to remain independent of her half-brother.Although there had only been a few new defections to her cause, she still controlled a block of territory stretching from Gloucester and Bristol south into Wiltshire, west into the Welsh Marches and east through the Thames Valley, threatening London. Her authority in these areas was limited. She faced a counter attack from Stephen, who started by attacking Wallingford Castle, which was held by Brian Fitz Count. Stephen took the castles of South Cerney and Malmesbury along the way to attack Trowbridge. Stephen's rearguard forces were attacked by Miles and he threatened to advance on London. After giving up his western campaign, Stephen returned to the east to protect his capital. The Bishop of Ely joined the other side at the start of 1140The base of his operations was in the Isle of Ely, surrounded by fenland. Stephen attacked the isle, forcing the Bishop to flee to Gloucester. Some of the territory that Stephen had taken in his 1139 campaign was taken back by Robert of Gloucester's men. Henry Blois held a peace conference at Bath in an attempt to negotiate a truce. The conference collapsed after Henry and the clergy insisted that they should set the terms of any peace deal. At the start of 1141, the fortunes of the Battle of Lincoln Matilda changed for the better. Stephen had placed his castle in Lincoln under siege because he had fallen out with the King.The Battle of Lincoln took place on February 2, 1141, after Robert of Gloucester and Ranulf advanced on Stephen's position. The centre of the army was commanded by the King, with Alan of Brittany on his right and William of Aumale on his left. Stephen dismounted many of his own knights to form a solid infantry block as his forces had a superiority in cavalry. After an initial success in which William's forces destroyed the Angevins' Welsh infantry, the battle went well for the other side. The King was surrounded by the army of the Angevin. Stephen was taken away from the field after Robert's soldiers overwhelmed him. Before moving to Bristol Castle, Stephen was received in person at her court in Gloucester.It was necessary for the Church and her to agree to her being crowned queen in his place. Henry summoned a council at Winchester before Easter to consider the clergy's view. In exchange for the support of the Church, Henry would grant control over Church affairs. Henry excommunicated many of her enemies who refused to switch sides after he gave her the royal treasury. A delegation of clergy and nobles, headed by Theobald, traveled to Bristol to see Stephen, who was prepared to release his subjects from their oath of fe. On April 7th, after Easter, the clergy gathered in Winchester and decided that <mask> should be the new monarch. She assumed the title "Lady of England and Normandy" before she was crowned.Few other major nobles seem to have attended and the delegation from London didn't show up. Queen <mask> wrote to complain and demand her husband's release. In June, her position became precarious after she moved to London to arrange her coronation. Even though the Tower of London had the support of Geoffrey de Mandeville, forces loyal to Stephen and Queen <mask> remained close to the city. Shortly before the planned coronation, the city rose up against the empress and her followers fled, making a chaotic retreat back to Oxford. In the absence of Waleran of Beaumont, who was still fighting in England, Geoffrey of Anjou invaded Normandy again. The new French king, Louis VII, had rejected his father's regional alliance, improving relations with Anjou, and taking a more bellicose line, so no help was forthcoming from Stephen's brother Theobald.The loyalty of many Anglo-Norman barons was affected by Stephen's weakness in England and his success in Normandy. Many began to leave Stephen's group. Waleran was one of the people who decided to defect in mid-1141, crossing into Normandy to obtain his ancestral possessions by allying himself with the Angevins. Robert withdrew from the conflict at the same time as Waleran. In the west of England, new earldoms were given to supporters of the Empress, such as the Bishop of Ely. Coins were struck by local barons and bishops across the country after the royal control over the minting of coins broke down. The position of the Siege of Oxford was changed by her defeat at the Rout of Winchester.The Bishop transferred his support back to Stephen's cause after his alliance with Henry of Blois was short-lived. The royal castle in the city was used as a base for their operations after they besieged Henry of Blois in his castle. The Queen, backed by her lieutenant William of Ypres and reinforced with fresh troops from London, took the opportunity to advance on Winchester after keeping Stephen's cause alive in the south-eastern part of England. The forces encircled the army. The rest of her army delayed the royal forces while she escaped from the city. Robert of Gloucester was taken prisoner during the retreat after the battle in which the Empress's forces were defeated. With both Stephen and Robert held prisoner, negotiations were held to try to come to agreement on a long-term peace settlement, but Queen <mask> was unwilling to offer any compromise to the Empress, and Robert refused to accept any offer to encourage him to change sides to Stephen.Stephen and Robert were exchanged for each other in November. A new church council held by Henry reversed its previous decision and Stephen was crowned king at Christmas 1141. Stephen was able to convince the man of Chester to change sides once more. Stephen spent the summer attacking some of the castles built the previous year. Robert returned to Normandy in the summer of 1142 to help with operations against some of Stephen's followers. Stephen's forces increased their pressure on the woman and she was surrounded at Oxford. Oxford was protected by walls and the River Isis, but Stephen led a sudden attack across the river, leading the charge and swimming part of the way.On the other side, the King and his men invaded the town, trapping the woman in the castle. Stephen settled down for a long siege at Oxford Castle because it was a powerful fortress. After sneaking out of the castle with a group of knights, she crossed the icy river to Abingdon-on-Thames and then rode to safety at Wallingford,

masks: Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda Matilda