title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: <mask> was an English nobleman. He was the only child of <mask>, 1st Earl of Essex and Elizabeth Wyckes. The chief minister of Henry VIII, <mask>, tried to modernize government at the expense of the privileges of the nobility and church. One of the strongest advocates of the English Reformation was the man who used his office to promote religious reform. <mask> became brother-in-law to Henry VIII and uncle to Edward VI after marrying Elizabeth, Lady Ughtred, widow of Sir Anthony Ughtred. <mask> survived the fall from royal favor and the execution of his father in 1540, as well as the ousting of his brother-in-law and patron, Edward Seymour in 1549. He owned land and property in several counties in England.<mask>'s family connections provided him with wealth, property and privileges; however, it was his own intelligence and ability, combined with the remarkable education and training provided by his father, that he was able to benefit from them, leaving his wife and family well provided for at his death. Henry was the heir to <mask>'s throne. The Duke of Suffolk and his brother Charles were both present when <mask> died. There are two portrait miniatures by Hans Holbein the Younger. <mask> was born in London. The home where he lived with his father, mother and grandmother was a happy one according to surviving letters. The friendly and familiar atmosphere out of which this comes was evidently the atmosphere of <mask>'s house, as <mask>'s father, <mask>, had the habit of not taking himself too seriously.He was noted at home and abroad for his fidelity to those who helped him. People liked to go to his home. <mask> was a self-made man who was able to rise to become the most powerful man in England next to the king because of his intelligence and abilities. <mask> was a jack of all trades and had come to the attention of the authorities. A boy named <mask> was sent to school where he learned to read and write. <mask> was given a more extensive education by <mask>. <mask>, Anne and Grace were the children of Thomas and Elizabeth.Anne and <mask>, <mask>'s daughters, are thought to have died after their mother. Provisions for Anne and Grace have been removed from <mask>'s will. The early life of <mask>'s daughter, <mask>'s illegitimate daughter, beyond the fact that she existed. She is in the archives of the county of Chester. Jane was married to William Hough in the year 1585. Richard Hough's son William was employed by <mask> from 1534 to 1540 as his agent in Chester.She doesn't know what role Thomas and <mask> played in her life. Jane did not share her father's religious beliefs after she married. In the reign of Elizabeth I, Jane and her husband, William, as well as their daughter, Alice, her husband, William, and their children, all came to the attention of the authorities as recusant Catholics. The friends of <mask> were known to be members of the reformed faith. A letter written to <mask> by Henry Dowes in March 1540 shows that he was worried about the recantation of the vicar of Stepney. "Your comaundemente fully persuaded me you to be nott a litle desyrous to receive knowledge after what sorte he behaved himselfe, as well as concernyng his Recantation," the report stated. After the deaths of his wife and daughters, <mask> was devoted to his son, <mask>, and his sister Catherine's son, Richard Williams.They were separated from one another in one of Richard's letters. Since your departure, he wanted to see you and not think about time in your absence. <mask> was effusive in a letter where he asked for his father's blessing, which he described as "more treasure unto me then all the abundance of worldly goods." <mask> looked up to his cousin, <mask>, who had distinguished himself by his military skill and bravery. He changed his name to <mask> by the autumn of 1529. Richard left <mask> in his will because he was fond of him. <mask>, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, ensured his son received the best possible education at Cambridge with a number of carefully selected tutors, often sending gifts to <mask> and his older companions.From 1528 to 1533 <mask> was at Cambridge. He lived at the homes of his father's friends and colleagues during his education. Early historians such as J. S. Brewer and R. B. Merriman assumed that it was true. <mask> was fourteen or fifteen when he was educated at Cambridge in 1528, according to Beckingsale and Loades. Negative speculation about the boy's character and abilities can be disproved. <mask> did not have a degree at the end of his education. He didn't get a degree at Cambridge.Unless he was destined for a career in the church, that would have been unusual for a gentleman's son. The date of <mask>'s birth is not recorded, but it could have been earlier than 1520. According to Henry Ellis, <mask> was a small boy in 1528, no more than eight years old. <mask>'s education letters point to a year of birth around 1520. There are two letters written by John Chekyng, <mask>'s tutor, to <mask>, describing a little boy who plays and who is learning to read and write. <mask> is not currently at Cambridge, but in the country, where he works and plays, according to the first letter. He spends the rest of the day studying and writing letters to other people.Little <mask> is becoming great in letters according to a second letter from Chekyng. Margaret Vernon wrote a letter to <mask> between September 1529 and September 1530, which shows <mask>'s age. Vernon promised that he would have the governance of the child until he was 12 years old. If any wrong be offered him, he will speak for himself, except by my maintenance. Margaret Vernon was <mask>'s father's friend and he was placed in her care after his mother's death. It was not unusual for fathers to place their children in the care of nuns. It was not appropriate for the boys in nunneries to stay with the nuns after their ninth or tenth year as they were too young.The nuns were allowed to teach only girls. It was acceptable for young boys up to the age of ten to be supervised by nuns, but not taught by them, and so they were usually accompanied by a male tutor. Margaret Vernon wrote to <mask> in 1528 saying that her son and his master were in good health and that they were learning more in one day than before. Saddelar has good conditions. Every morning, Mr. Copland gives each of them a laten and <mask>'s lesson as his own, and maketh the same <mask> perfect against his time of rendering. The master is with them three times a day. <mask>'s older companion, Nicholas Sadler, may have been a younger brother or cousin of a close friend of <mask>.Margaret wanted permission to educate herself, so Nicholas had with her a "little gentlewoman". John Chekyng was <mask>'s tutor while he was at Cambridge. The Master of Christ's College was given to Henry Lockwood. John Hunt graduated from Cardinal College, Oxford, as a lawyer. <mask> was placed under the care and supervision of his father's friends and allies. The English Bishop. He was preferred by Cardinal Wolsey, who employed him in the suppression of the monasteries.He is thought to have performed the ceremony of Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn. He took the oath of supremacy to recognize Henry as the head of the church. Privy Councilor is Sir Richard Southwell. The son of a Maldon merchant was a mentor to <mask> and he lived with Southwell in Norfolk in 1535. He taught his student in Latin, French and other subjects. After he stopped being his mentor, Dowes kept up his relationship with <mask>. In March 1540 he sent <mask> a detailed report of a sermon preached by the vicar of Stepney in which he referred to the burgesses of the Parliament as butterflies.Voluzenus' version of Cicero's Dream ofScipio was one of three works that <mask> received dedications to. In 1540, Sir Richard Morrison dedicated his translation of "Introductio ad sapientiam" to Edward VI, who was an ambassador to the German court of Charles V. The introduction to wisdom was translated into English in 1540 and was dedicated to the son of <mask>. The translator heaped praise on Vives, saying he was a man who was well-versed in all kinds of lerning. The English schools used Vives' manual as a textbook in the Tudor schools. One of the most influential advocates of humanistic learning in the early sixteenth century was Juan Luis Vives. His works deal with a wide range of subjects including philosophy, psychology, politics, social reform and religion.<mask> was influenced by the view of preparation for the active life and took great pains with his son's education. <mask> approved a curriculum that included the study of English and ancient history, music, and exercise with arms for <mask>. The sort of education Sir Thomas Elyot advocated for the ruling class was provided for his son by his father. <mask>'s father wrote a letter to <mask> detailing how his son studied French, Latin, English, accounting, music and Roman and Greek history. He shared his father's love of hunting, hawking and riding and practised the longbow. During breaks in their studies, <mask> and Christopher Wellyfed were allowed to indulge in their love of hunting. <mask> promised his father that he would do his best.<mask>'s tutor seemed to be happy with his progress. John Chekyng told his father that Little <mask> was becoming great in letters. <mask> is in good health and can read and write, according to Margaret Vernon. I don't think you will like him very well when you next come to me. Young children used to read from religious texts, the primer, containing the Paternoster, Ave Maria, Creed and other common prayers. In the case of boys, religious material was involved in the learning of Latin. As <mask> is mentioned by Vernon, learning to translate the Paternoster and the Creed from Latin is an elementary exercise that might take the form of studying and analyzing the basic prayers in their Latin forms.The lure of the countryside could distract an active boy who needed to be pulled back into line. The summer was spent in the service of the wild gods and so much to be regarded after what fashion youth is brought up, according to a letter written to <mask> in September 1534. His improvement is greater than at any time before, partly because he is brought into some awe and dread, and is ready to give himself to learning when required, according to his report to his father. <mask> excelled in sports. In September 1535, <mask> was told by his father that his son used to hawk and hunt and shoot in his long bowe. Towards the end of <mask>'s education, the boy was to become an asset to his father and a mentor to him. The bishop wrote to <mask> on January 19th to ask for help learning a new school since he had to use the King's money.He asked <mask> to send his lover, Mr. <mask>, so that he could be with the thieves. During his time in Wales, Rowland Lee was known as the "hanging bishop" for the harsh measures taken to curb lawlessness. The man was impressed by the young man. In August 1536, <mask> was told by Thomas Howard that his son was in good health and that he was sparing no horseflesh to chase the deer and hounds. I don't think you will be upset that I cause him to stop reading his book. You should have in him a quick piece. It would appear that <mask>, and John More, the son of Thomas More, have been wrongly assumed to be unintelligent because of their extraordinary fathers.<mask>'s son was a capable scholar who excelled in Latin, French and accounting, as well as playing the virginals and hunting with the longbow. He was similar to his cousin, the courtier <mask>. <mask> was an intelligent, well-educated and accomplished young man who must have been a source of pride to his father. <mask> received a lot of education to prepare him for adulthood. He was ready to marry and start a career in his father's service after completing his education. In March 1537 Elizabeth wrote to <mask> from York in order to get one of the soon-to-be dissolved monasteries. She was the widow of Sir Anthony Ughtred, who was the younger sister of Queen Jane Seymour.<mask> proposed to her that she marry his son and heir, <mask>. By June it appeared that <mask>'s offer had been accepted. "If I do tarry here in the country, I would have been glad to have had you also, but sure it is, as I said, that some southern lord shall make you forget the North," Sir Arthur wrote to her. The couple were married in August of 1537. In marrying his son <mask> to the queen's younger sister, <mask> became related to the king, an event that is well worth recording in a portrait of his daughter-in-law. The Portrait of a Lady, Probably a Member of the Cromwell Family, was created by Hans Holbein and was displayed at the Toledo Museum of Art. The lady is wearing a French hood, her sleeves are said to follow a style set by Anne of Cleves, and she has blackwork on her cuffs.In 1539 or 1540, Elizabeth was in her 21st year, so she was the right age to be the sitter. Anne of Cleves was queen consort to <mask> before he was arrested. It is1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556 It looks like Elizabeth had two children from her marriage. In August 1537, Sir Richard Southwell wrote to <mask>, saying that he had seen a child of his lady's at Wylberffosse nunnery. The writer only referred to <mask>'s new daughter-in-law, Lady Ughtred, and the child was

masks:
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Walter Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Grace Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
JaneCromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Richard Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

type: paraphrased

texts: in Yorkshire, where she had been living since her marriage. The child may have been Henry Ughtred, who was born in Jersey around 1533, or Margery Ughtred, who married William Hungate of Burnby, Yorkshire.Elizabeth assured her father-in-law that he would be her good lord and father and that she would give cause for him to be so. It is not known if it was <mask> or Edward Seymour who suggested the match, but the marriage appears to have been happy and Elizabeth's brother and father-in-law were on friendly terms. <mask> received a letter from Edward Seymour on September 2, 1537. He wishes <mask> were with him, when he should have had the best sport with bow, hounds, and hawks, and sends commendations to his brother-in-law and sister. Mary Paulet, daughter of John Paulet, was married before 1560 to <mask>, 2nd Baron <mask>. <mask> was the 3rd Baron Cromwell and he had three children with the couple. Sir <mask> was married to the daughter of Sir Edward Griffin.Sir Lionel Tollemache, 1st Baronet, of Helmingham, Suffolk, and his wife, Susan Jer, were married on 10 February 15 81 at North Elmham, Norfolk. Sir Lionel was the 2nd Baronet. <mask> was bef. 1553. St John's College, Cambridge, educated <mask>, who died between February 1610 and April 1611. The daughter of Thomas Gardner of Coxford was married in August 1580. He was an English Member of Parliament.His diaries of proceedings in the House of Commons are an important source for historians of parliamentary history during the period when he was a member. I was published in 1953. II was published in 1957. The Earl of Bedford may have arranged for Sir William Cecil to sit at Fowey, Bodmin and Grampound. <mask> was brought up in the household of <mask>'s grandfather, <mask>, the 1st Earl of Essex, who was the chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. <mask> was described as "the model type of parliamentarian, deeply versed in the history and procedure of the institution, but lacking in historical perspective, but fearless in defence of liberty." He was a puritan but his knowledge of procedure made him one of the most experienced committeemen of his time.He wrote journals about the sessions of Parliament in the library of Trinity College, Dublin. John Strode was the son of Robert Strode and Elizabeth Hody. There were six children. On 11 November 1560 at Compton, Hampshire, Richard Strode, son of William III Strode, was married to Elizabeth Courtenay, daughter of Philip Courtenay. William Strode was their only son. <mask> was still in his father's service, and he and his wife were living in one of <mask>'s many houses after the marriage, however, there is no mention of <mask> and Elizabeth in the records until the death of Queen Jane on 24 October 15. They were part of the funeral procession.The wives of <mask> and <mask> were among the mourners. It was a tragedy for Elizabeth that her sister's death would have long-term repercussions for the <mask>s. <mask> continued his training in his father's service after his marriage. The couple's first child, Henry, was christened after he held several offices. After thebaptism, <mask> and his wife left for Lewes in Sussex, arriving with a large retinue at the former Cluniac Priory of St Pancras, recently acquired by <mask>. <mask> was the first official justice of the peace. On February 16, 1538, the site and possessions of the Priory of St Pancras, Lewes were granted to <mask> and his heirs.Their extent was large. The Priory House was reserved as a place of residence for the new owner of the monastery, which was demolished without delay. <mask> wrote a letter to his father in April detailing his arrival and the warm reception he and his wife received. In May, plague broke out in the town, and the rats of Lewes had presents of their own. The couple left the town and went to the house of <mask> four miles away. The king was going to come to Lewes in June. <mask> told his father that the plague wasn't over in the town.<mask> and his wife were to leave Sussex in 1539 after <mask> was accused of a sex crime and refused his penance. <mask> and his wife moved into the castle after their father, <mask>, was appointed as the constable of the castle. <mask> and his wife lived at <mask>'s expense until his arrest in June 1540 <mask> was one of the knights of the shire for Kent and was elected to the Parliament of that year. At the request of his father, Sir Thomas Cheyne ensured his return. <mask> was under the age of twenty-one. His election will be seen as a move by <mask> to ensure atractable Parliament.<mask> was summoned to Parliament on April 28, 1539, to welcome Anne of Cleves. During its second prorogation, he traveled to Calais to welcome Anne of Cleves. <mask> wrote several letters to his father detailing the difficulties of crossing the English Channel and assuring him that he and the Lord admiral were not among the group. He was on a ship for the first time and away from the English mainland. He has seen the castle and the blockhouses and other fortresses and has been waiting for Henry VIII's new bride. <mask> wrote to his wife from Calais, thanking her for being his "loving bedfellow", as well as requesting news about Anne of Cleves and his little boys. The admiral and his retinue spent about nine days in Calais before the arrival of Anne of Cleves, with tournaments and other amusements.Anne arrived on Thursday. The lord deputy, the Lieutenant of the Castle, the Knight Porter, and the marshal of Calais received her at 7 a.m. She was received by the earl ofSouthampton, with the lord William Howard, Sir Francis Brian, the lord Grey of Wilton, the lord Hastings, lord Clifford, lord Herbert, and Sir Thomas Seymour. After the King's ships off Newland let 200 shots of guns, the town of Calais shot 300 pieces of ordnance. She stayed at the Lantern Gate and saw the king's ships, the Lion and the Sweepstake, adorned with 100 banners of silk and gold, as well as a double drum that was never seen in England. One of her trains couldn't see another because of the smoke from the two ships that let out 150 pieces of ordnance. "Wherever stood in order on both sides the streets, with 500 soldiers in the King's livery of the retinue of Calais, and the mayor of Calais with his brethren, and the commons of Calais, and the merchants of the Staple, stood in like manner."The mayor and his brethren came to her and gave her 50 gold coins. She stayed in the King's garrison for 15 days after she had a gun shot next morning. The admiral was told by Henry VIII to "cheer my lady and her train so they think the time is over". With the help of an interpreter, Anne was taught to play "Sent" and other card games that the king enjoyed. The journey to England was planned for Friday afternoon, but the weather made it impossible to think of crossing at that time. The ships in the harbour were decorated with men on the tops, shrouds, and yard-arms, and Anne was entertained by the Lord Admiral on the Saturday by showing her the ship prepared for her passage. There was jousting after the banquet when guns were shot off in her honor.The high winds and rough seas continued until Saturday the 27th, when the weather was favorable for the crossing and Anne of Cleves finally arrived in England, landing at Deal, in Kent. In 1539, in response to the potential threat of invasion by his Roman Catholic enemies, Charles V and Francis I, Henry VIII prepared for the worst by fortifying the coasts and fitting out his navy, and ordered a muster of all his male subjects. A general muster of citizens was ordered by the Lord Mayor of London. The king stood in his gatehouse to watch the five thousand men and their attendants march through the city to the palace. The size of the muster was estimated by the Lord Chancellor, Thomas Audley, to be sixteen and a half thousand men. <mask> sent a large number of men and weapons to the citizens of London. They were led by a forest of pike-men, bowmen and gunners in the thousands, and followed by weaponry drawn on carts, moving through the city to parade past Henry VIII at Westminster.<mask>'s son and heir, <mask> and his nephew, <mask> rode with the other King's servants. They followed the end of the last battell. The <mask> family was to have a year of triumph and tears after the fall of <mask>. The new Queen, Anne of Cleves, appointed Elizabeth to her household. <mask> requested Henry Dowes to write a letter detailing the recantation of William Jerome, the Vicar of Stepney, during a virtual witch-hunt against 'heretical preachers'. This was significant because Stepney was where <mask> and his family worshiped. A warning shot was fired by Gardiner in his opponent's direction.On 17 April, <mask> was created Earl of Essex, and his son, <mask>, became Lord <mask>, from his father's secondary title of Baron <mask>. The arms granted to <mask> were four coats, quarterly, per fess, azure, and or, four lions passant, on a pale between two lis, azure. On April 18th, <mask> was made a Great Chamberlain. In May 1540, <mask>, now Lord <mask>, and his cousin <mask> took part in the May Day Jousts at the Palace of Westminster. The jousts lasted for a week. The jousts would be held in France, Flanders, Scotland and Spain. The challengers were Sir John Dudley, Sir Thomas Seymour, Sir Thomas Poyninge, Sir George Carew, and Anthony Kingston.The challengers entered the lists richly dressed, their horses trapped in white velvet, with knights and gentlemen riding ahead of them, dressed in white velvet and white sarcenet, and all their servants in white sarcenet doublets and hose, in the Burgundian fashion. In order to joust against them, forty-six defendants entered, including Lord William Hayward, Lord Edward Clinton, Lord <mask>, and others. After the jousting had ended the challengers rode to Durham Place, which was lavishly decorated, with great cupboards of plate on display and where they kept open household during the tournament. There were lots of delicious foods and drinks. Elaborate feasts and suppers were provided there, which were attended by the King, the Queen and her ladies, all the court, and all other comers. The guests were warned against every meal by their own servants after the manner of war. On the second day of the jousts, Mr. Anthony Kingston and <mask> were knighted.The king gave <mask> a diamond ring after he impressed him with his valour. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Stephen Gardiner was determined to destroy <mask> by accusing him of supporting heretical preachers, thus undoing his programme of religious reforms. At the same time, <mask>'s political rival and religious conservative, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, who had pushed hard for the Act of Six Articles to be passed in Parliament, was becoming a threat. In May 1539, the Act of Six Articles was passed. <mask> was in a difficult position with regards to his policies because Henry VIII had drawn a line in the sand on religious reform. The King's ministers are trying to destroy each other, according to the French Ambassador.The situation was about to get worse as <mask>'s party seemed to have the upper hand. <mask> had to retain royal favour to be safe. The king wanted a divorce because his new wife Anne of Cleves was no longer used to being in politics. <mask> realized that a divorce would result in a massive loss of face for him as the promoter of the marriage and its associated political machinations and that it could lead to the end of the Reformation in England. When the king asked him to look for a solution to end the marriage, he made a fatal mistake. The plan to bring down the Earl of Essex was a result of the king's discontent and <mask>'s hesitation over the divorce. While Henry VIII was distracted, Norfolk used his pretty young niece, Catherine Howard, to distract him.Stephen Gardiner entertained the king and the girl in his palace while his agents searched for damning evidence that could be used against <mask>. The three states decided to make a strike after the arrest of the Bishop. <mask> was accused of denying the real presence. The king was persuaded to order <mask>'s arrest after he was accused of stalling over the divorce by Wriothesley. Henry saw the chief minister as an obstacle to Anne's removal. Richard Rich and Michael Throgmorton were able to make further allegations to the king about the Earl of Essex because of the help given to him by Gardiner. On the afternoon of 10 June 1540, <mask> was taken to the Tower and his possessions were seized after he was arrested at a council meeting.The French Ambassador was arrested in the Council Chamber. <mask> in a rage cast his bonnet on the ground, saying to the duke of Norfolk and others of the Privy Council assembled there that this was the reward of his services, and that he appealed to their consciences. Some said he was a traitor and others said he should be judged according to the laws he had made. The duke of Norfolk had reproached

masks:
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Henry Cromwell
Cromwell
Edward Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Edward Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Richard Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Richard Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: him with some "villennyes" done by him, snatched off the order of St George which he bore on his neck, and the admiral, to show himself as great an enemy in adversity as he had been thought a friend in prosperity. Then, by a door which opens upon the water, he was put in a boat and taken to the Tower without the people of this town suspecting it until they saw all the King's archers under Mr. Cheyney at the door of the prisoner's house. Edward Hall said that those who mourned <mask>'s arrest were outnumbered by those who were happy. <mask>, who was brave enough to implement radical changes in an inherently conservative society like England, was not a popular man.The news of <mask>'s arrest seems to be of such importance that it should be written forthwith. The dean of the Chapel was taken by <mask>'s party. It seems that it was overthrown by the taking of the said lord <mask>, who was chief of his band. They have for open enemies the duke of Norfolk and the others, who dare not open his mouth, and the lord Admiral, who has long learnt to bend to all winds. It was unexpected by everyone. When his father was arrested, <mask> would have been at the House of Commons, and his wife Elizabeth would have been at the court. He and his wife were faced with the possibility of their own arrest, as they found themselves in a very vulnerable position.They were homeless after <mask>'s houses, lands, money, and goods were seized by the king and they were in dire financial straits. It is highly probable that Elizabeth's brother, Edward Seymour, interceded with the king on the couple's behalf, gave them advice, and provided them with a place to live. <mask>'s marriage to Elizabeth, the sister of the late Queen Jane, may have given him a degree of protection from the king. <mask> and his wife were not questioned in relation to <mask>'s arrest. The case against <mask> was weak because he had not proceeded any further with his programme of reforms than the king would allow, and his every act had been approved by the king. <mask> had not broken any laws. He was condemned without a trial and his sentence was confirmed by an act of attainder.At this time, there are no surviving records of <mask> and Elizabeth's movements. From the day of <mask>'s arrest until 16 June, he gave written answers to questions and wrote detailed letters to the king, but there was still a faint hope of a reprieve. On 17 June, the bill of attainder was heard in Parliament for the first time and <mask> would have known his fate. He wrote on a deposition to the king that he would die and that a letter would be sent to him by Mr. Secretary. <mask> wrote a desperate letter from the tower to the king to plead his innocence and appeal to him to be merciful to his son and the rest of his family. John Foxe said that he "most humbly beseeched your most gracious Majesty to be a good and gracious lord to my poor son, the good and virtu[ous lady his] wife, and their poor children." Henry VIII sent <mask> money while in the Tower and it appears to have given him more than a hope of life.<mask> was given the privilege of being told of the charges against him and who his accusers were. When Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk was arrested in 1546, he asked the lords to intercede with the king, so that his accusers might be brought face to face, to say what they had against him. He was present when <mask> was examined, so he wanted to have no more favor than <mask> had. If <mask> didn't see his accusers and didn't answer to every point, he wanted to live an hour longer. His fidelity was tried like gold because he was pursued by enemies about the king. The act of attainder was passed in both houses of parliament on June 29th. It is not known if <mask> was present in the House of Commons.In July 1540, fearing for her family's future security, Elizabeth wrote a letter of submission to Henry VIII. Considering your grace's most high and important affairs at this present time, fear of molesting or being troublesome to your highness has disuaded me as yet, until your grace's said affairs shall be. In the mean season, most humbly beseeching your majesty to accept this my most obedient suit, and to extend your accustomed pity and gracious goodness towards my said poor husband and me, who never shall offend your majesty, but continually pray for the prosperous estate. The letters and papers of the reign of Henry VIII were placed at the end of July. Elizabeth refers to her father-in-law, not her late father-in-law, so it is possible that it was written while <mask> was imprisoned in the Tower. She did not write "may his soul God pardon" when referring to someone who had recently died. The king may have told her to write the letter.Elizabeth was to be included in the future Queen Catherine Howard's household as one of her attendant ladies because the king was inclined to be generous. Richard Hilles, a merchant, wrote in a letter dated February 28, 1541 that some think it was a ruse for the King to give his title and many of his domains to his son <mask>, who was almost a fool. There is a lot to prove that <mask> was intelligent and accomplished. <mask> did not receive any royal grants before February 1541. After his father's arrest, the courtesy title of Lord <mask> was forfeited, although he still received the profits from the property. The manors and lordships of Oakham and Langham, Clapthorne, Hackleton and Piddington, and Blaston were included in this property. <mask>'s entitlement was questioned and later resolved in his favor, as he was still receiving the profits from Langham in April 1541.There is a chance that Henry VIII promised <mask> to be a "good and gracious lord" when he was in the Tower. The king requested that <mask>'s letter be read to him three times after his death. It wasn't enough to save his life. On July 28, 1540, <mask> was beheaded. <mask> was unable to succeed his father as Earl of Essex and <mask> because of Thomas. It took a long time for <mask> and Elizabeth's situation to be resolved. Their lives were in danger from a paranoid king.It is not known if <mask> and his family were present at <mask>'s execution or if permission was given by the king to bury his beloved father under the floor of the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula. Among those who genuinely mourned <mask>, beside <mask> and his family, were his protégés and close friends, including Sir Ralph Sadler, who had lived in <mask>'s household as a boy and had known <mask> since he was born. <mask> was a friend of the first two sons. The portrait of <mask> was hidden during the last few years of Henry VIII's reign. The poet Sir Thomas Wyatt wrote about his loss. The verse talks of a man who was both his patron and his friend. The pillar is where I leant, The strongest stay of my quiet mind; The like of it no man can find again.I assign'dDaily to mourn, till death do it, but I have a woful heart. Large monastic and other royal grants augmented an active decade buying and selling lands. <mask> should have had a lot of money. The king gave his father's lands and property to other people. <mask> and his family faced an uncertain future. For several months after <mask>'s execution, Henry VIII remained convinced of his late chief minister's guilt and anyone who had been associated with the Earl of Essex was closely watched. The court was tense.On the evening of 17 January 1541, Ambassador Eustace Chapuys and Charles de Marillac reported to their masters that Sir Thomas and others had been arrested. They were taken to the Tower with their hands bound and accompanied by 24 archers. Marillac wrote to Montmorency that Thomas Wyatt was bound and fettered by the custom of leading them to prison free. Sir Ralph was released a few days after clearing himself. Queen Catherine Howard requested that Sir Thomas Wyatt be freed the following March. In order to get his own release and to convince the king to question his late chief minister's fate, he must have provided some very persuasive evidence to his interrogators in the Tower. The French ambassador was to write to Montmorency that Henry VIII had reproached his ministers for <mask>'s death, saying that they made him put to death the most faithful servant he ever had.Henry VIII no longer considered <mask> to have been guilty of the charges against him, that he had been misled by his council, and now regrets the loss of an able minister. Less than five months after his father's execution, <mask> was made Baron Cromwell and summoned to Parliament as a peer of the realm. This title was a new creation, not a restoration of his father's forfeited barony. His motto was "Faire mon devoir". He was the 1st Baron <mask>. When <mask> was created Earl of Essex on 17 April 1540, his son, <mask> assumed the courtesy title of <mask> from his father's secondary title, <mask>, 1st Baron Cromwell. <mask> only held the courtesy title for a few weeks until his father's arrest and the title was forfeited.Henry VIII granted Oakham to <mask> in July 1538 under the old title of the castle, lordship and manor, but the grant seems to have referred only to the manor of Oakham with certain judicial rights in the soke and not to the dependent manors and fees of the In November 1538 the manor was settled on <mask> and his wife Elizabeth and their son, Henry. It was held by <mask>'s descendants and escaped forfeiture at the time of his execution. The lands that <mask> received a royal grant of were owned by his father. The house and site of the former priory of Launde were included in the grant. The main family estate was to be Launde Abbey. There is a manor house on the site of an Augustinian Priory.<mask> didn't live to take up residence after buying Launde Abbey. <mask> built the manor house on the site of the priory and lived there with his family until his death in 1551. On February 20, 1547, <mask> was created a Knight of the Bath. The pitfalls of the Tudor nobility were avoided by <mask>. He had an excellent attendance record in the House of Lords for the last ten years of his life, and he did not participate in court politics. He was close to several people in the Duke's household, including his cousin, Sir <mask>. Four years after <mask>, Sir <mask> died.The land given to <mask> by his father in 1538 DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch <mask> received a grant of property in Leicestershire and Northamptonshire of the "house and site" of the late priory of Launde. <mask> owned the castle, the manor of Oakham, two windmills, three other mills, sixty messuages, twenty cottages, and the King in Capite. Land belonging to the late chantry at Manton, as well as the manor of Lyddington, and land in the vicinity of Wardley, and Snelston, all by the rent of the King. All services were granted Letters Patents by Edward VI. He and Elizabeth had an estate for their lives. From 1538 to 1545, he owned the manors of Clapthorne, Piddington and Hackleton in Northamptonshire, as well as the manors of North Elmham and Beetley in Norfolk.<mask>'s life was interesting. The last turbulent years of Henry VIII's reign saw his queens and courtiers come and go, he survived the execution of his father, epidemics of plague and sweating sickness took away his friends and relations, and he lived through much political, social and religious upheaval. Although he wasn't allowed to attend the king in the war in France, he seems to have made a full recovery. He participated in several high-profile proceedings, notably the attainders of Catherine Howard on 8 February 1542, as well as Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, in January 1547. He was one of the lords who carried the canopy over Henry VIII's coffin. The bill of attainder was passed on his brother-in-law's brother, Thomas Seymour, on February 28, 1549, and again on January 15, 1550, during proceedings against his brother-in-law, Edward Seymour. On July 4, 1551, <mask> died of sweating sickness and was buried in a magnificent tomb in the chapel at Launde Abbey.His wife was also sick. Henry succeeded his father. The Earl of Ardglass was created in the Irish peerage on 15 April 1645 by Thomas, 4th Baron <mask>, later 1st Viscount Lecale. The Barony of Cromwell was held by the 1st Viscount Lecale and the Earls of Ardglass from 16 April 1645 to 26 November 1687, when the 4th Earl of Ardglass and 7th Baron <mask> died. <mask> married Sir John Paulet, the son of Sir William Paulet. She was buried in St Mary's Church in Basing, Hampshire, on April 5, 1568. Jack West played <mask> in the Season 3 finale of The Tudors.Hilary Mantel's novel Wolf Hall offers a sympathetic portrayal of the rise of <mask>, and <mask> is depicted as a lovable young man. The portrayal of a young man coming of age with confidence is still naive, but with potential, and he is played by Tom Holland in the television adaptation of Bring Up the Bodies. <mask>, played by Benedict Hastings, is an intelligent young man who understands why his father must be sometimes ruthless but is still young enough to be horrified by his father's actions. External links include The Monument to <mask> in Launde Abbey Chapel and All that Glitters: Hans Holbein's Lady of the Cromwell

masks:
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Baron Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Lord Cromwell
Lord Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Lady Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell


title: M. Grazia Speranza

texts: <mask> graduated from the University of Milan with a master's degree in applied mathematics in 1980 and a doctorate in applied mathematics in 1983. She was an associate professor at the University of Udine from 1987 to 1990 and an assistant professor at the University of Milan from 1983 to 1987. She was promoted to full professor at the University of Brescia in 1994. Resource allocation and project scheduling are some of the key areas of her research.Computational complexity, worst-case analysis, exact, branch-and-cut and branch-and-price are her primary areas of research. She has collaborated on scientific projects with both Italian and foreign colleagues, and she has co-authored publications with some of the greatest scholars like Hans Kellerer and Zsolt Tuza of the Hungarian Academy of Science. She is a former president of the Association of European Operational Research Societies and the INFORMS Transportation Science and Logistics Society. She was the president of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies. <mask> was appointed as the Dean of the Faculty of Economics and business at the same university after serving as the President of the Research Council. From 2000 to 2002 and again from 2017 to 2020, she was the deputy rector of the university. Since 2006 she has been the president of the Research center on models for the economy and management of transport and logistics.She is a member of the Board of Directors of a2a, a multi-utility company and the 15th largest Italian company. She is a member of the Board of Directors. She coordinated several research initiatives that received funding from the Ministry of Higher Education, the National Research Council, and the European Union. She led a study in Industrial Logistics that involved 12 research units as part of the National Research Council's Finalized Transportation Program 2. She was on the board of the Italian Operations Research Society from 1990 to 1996. She has served on committees to evaluate PhD theses from institutions all over the world. She has published hundreds of articles in journals.C. Archetti, D. Cattaruzza, W. Gu, M. Ogier, F. The optimal route of traffic flows with user constraints using linear programming will be published in the European Journal of Operational Research. Dynamic traveling salesman problem with release dates, European Journal of Operational Research, with C. Archetti, D. Feillet, and A<mask>. Quantitative approaches to distribution logistics and supply chain management is one of her books. Klose, L.N. Van Wassenhove is the editor of Springer Science & Business Media. St ahly, with B. Fleischmann, J. van Nunen, and P. St ahly, Advances in distribution logistics, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Springer-Verlag, vol. 480, 2012

masks:
Maria Speranzaanza
Maria
. Mor


title: John W. Kirklin

texts: <mask> was an American cardiothoracic surgeon, general surgeon, prolific author and medical educator who is best remembered for refining <mask>'s heart–lung bypass machine via a pump-oxygenator to make feasible under direct vision. His other advances included developments in establishing the correct diagnosis before surgery and progress in computerized intensive care unit monitoring after open heart surgery. <mask> graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1942 after completing his undergraduate education at the University of Minnesota. He specialized in the surgical treatment of congenital heart disease after he was appointed to the Mayo Clinic in 1950. From 1964 to 1966 he held the same position at the University of Alabama School of Medicine as he did at the Mayo Clinic. He used the heart-lung machine to perform the world's first successful series of open heart operations. The first eight operations were approved by the Board of Governors.The idea of training surgeon assistants as a new type of physician's assistant was started by Kirklin in 1967. He received a number of degrees from universities around the world and was the editor of The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was president of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery. <mask> was born in the United States on April 5, 1917. His parents were Gladys Marie <mask> and Byrl <mask>. Mary W<mask> was his sister. At the age of eight, he moved with his family to Minnesota, where his father became the first director of radiology at the Mayo Clinic.He graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1942 after completing his undergraduate education at the University of Minnesota. He had an internship at the University Hospital of Pennsylvania and a residency at the Mayo Clinic. <mask> served in the United States Army with the rank of Captain in the Second World War. He was discharged from the army in 1946. Robert Gross at the Boston Children's Hospital changed <mask>'s interest in neurosurgery to heart surgery and congenital heart disease. He was appointed to the Rochester Clinic in 1950. He wrote about how he would fix the inside of a heart if he could.We couldn't, but being young, you dream! In 1952, F<mask> Lewis at the University of Minnesota used deep hypothermic circulatory arrest to visualize and close an atrial septal defect in a five-year-old girl. Kirklin formed a team of specialists to advance a cardiac surgical programme for the clinical application of a mechanical pump-oxygenator. Kirklin acquired the pump-oxygenator blueprints after looking at other devices. The only successful procedure using the pump-oxygenator machine before <mask>'s work was closed by Gibbon with his machine. Kirklin refined the heart-lung machine to the point that it allowed the person to receive oxygenated blood, temporarily providing a blood free environment to work on the heart. <mask>'s rival used cross circulation to operate on a baby who died on the 11th day after surgery.He used the parent for cross circulation and performed 45 operations on ventricular septal defects. 50 years later, 30 and 20 were still alive. <mask>'s team were granted permission by the governance of the Mayo Clinic to go ahead with a clinical trial in eight children, using the machine, following the experimental trial in dogs. The first child to survive a repair of a VSD was in 1955. 50% survival was reported in this series of clinical cases. The first series of open heart surgeries were performed with a mechanical pump-oxygenator. Prior to this, the conditions were fatal.The world's first successful series of open heart operations were performed using the heart-lung machine. The first eight operations were approved by the Board of Governors. With a high degree of success, open heart surgeries and repairs of some heart defects could be performed routinely and with a high degree of success. Kirklin's modifications and team work allowed the repairs of Fallot's tetralogy. Lillehei and Kirklin were 90 miles away from each other. In the 1950s and 1960s, the trend for ambitious cardiac surgeons was to fly to Minneapolis to observe Lillehei and then go to the Mayo Clinic to watch Kirklin. Donald Ross was a surgeon.Errors in diagnosis and limited understanding of the congenital heart defects that the surgeons were attempting to correct led to unsuccessful open heart surgery. <mask>'s leadership included developments in establishing the correct diagnosis before surgery and in the progress of computerized intensive care unit monitoring after open heart surgery. He was appointed Chairman of the Department of Surgery at the Mayo Clinic in 1964 after becoming Professor of Surgery in 1960. In 1961, an Italian surgical student received a NATO scholarship and entered into a fellowship under Kirklin's guidance. <mask> accepted the same position at the University of Alabama School of Medicine as the chair of the Department of Surgery at the Mayo Clinic. He said that he would be able to develop a department of surgery and the training of surgeons in the city. The <mask> Clinic is named after him because he built the school and the hospital into one of the leaders in the health care industry.He established a training programme for surgical assistants and was the editor of The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Kirklin developed technology for continuous monitoring of vital functions in the intensive care unit. <mask> wanted to train surgeon assistants as a new type of physician assistant. He enlisted his wife, <mask>, as the programme's first Academic Director and started the surgeon assistant training programme with four students. America's first formal educational programme was to train surgeon assistants. <mask> was married to Margaret Hair. James K<mask> is the Director of the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa.<mask> retired in 1989. He died of a head injury on April 21, 2004. Almost one million heart operations have been performed around the world using the heart-lung bypass machine. The <mask> W. Kirklin Award is given by the American Association of Surgical Physician Assistants. <mask> has received awards and honours for his contributions to surgical science. The 'An Academic Surgeon's Work' was given at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. The Ray C. Fish Award was given by the American Heart Association and the Rene Leriche Prize was given by the International Society of Surgery.He received degrees from a number of universities. Kirklin had more than 700 publications to his name and he and Brian Barratt-Boyes authored the textbook Cardiac Surgery. The Tetralogy of Fallot from a surgical viewpoint is a book. The Surgical Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction was co-authored with James K<mask>. The press release about Kirklin births 1917 deaths was published by the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

masks:
John Kirklin
John Gibbon
Kirklin
John Kirklin
Kirklin
Raymond Kirklin
. Kirklin
Kirklin
Kirklin
. John
Kirklin
Kirklin
Kirklin
Kirklin
Kirklin
Kirklin
Kirklin
Margaret Kirklin
Kirklin
. Kirklin
Kirklin
John
Kirklin
. Kirklin


title: Robert Rollinger

texts: <mask> is known for his works on Herodotus, the Persian-Achaemenid Empire, ancient empires and cross-cultural encounters in the ancient world. He is a professor at the University of Innsbruck and a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He studied Ancient History, History, and Ancient Near East at the University of Innsbruck from 1984 to 1989 and earned his MA in 1989. He earned his PhD in 1993. Early forms of historical thinking were the focus of the thesis. In. He worked on cultural connections between Greece and the Ancient Near East during the 8th and 5th century BCE.He was a lecturer, senior lecturer and reader in the department of Ancient History and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at Innsbruck from 1990 until 2005. He holds the chair for "cultural interactions between the ancient Near East and the Mediterranean" in the department of Ancient History and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at the University of Innsbruck. Bichler and Oberhuber were his academic teachers. He was a professor at the University of Hildesheim. He was a visiting professor at the Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations from 2006 to 2008 and from 2010 to 2015, where he headed the research project "Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East." He chaired the "Melammu" project, which was dedicated to studies on the "intellectual Heritage of Assyria and Babylonia on East and West", gathering together scholars with international renown. He was invited to become a scholar by the research center.Rollinger is the head of the international project "From the Achaemenid to the Roman Rule: Empires in Contexts - the Processes of Long Lasting" at the University of Wrocaw. He is a member of the core group of the European Network for the History of Ancient Greece, as well as being a member of international research groups. He is a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, the German Archaeological Institute, and the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. His research focuses on the history of empires in the ancient Near East and the Classical world as well as universal history with a comparative approach. He is an editor and co-editor of over 70 volumes. There are selected publications. Ansuchung der Glaubwrdigkeitsdiskussion ist ansuchung der Historische Parallelberlieferung.Frhformen historischen Denkens. Ideologie und Propaganda ist am bergang von der Isin-Larsa Zeit (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 263). Alexander und die groen Strme. Im Lichte altorientalischer Pioniertechniken (Classica et Orientalia 7) ist die Flussberquerung. <mask> is the author of the eds. The Archaische Griechenland: Internewicklungen was published in 2004. <mask> and Bruno Jacobs.The Achaemenid Court (Classica et Orientalia 2) is in Wiesbaden. <mask> and Giovanni Lanfranchi. There are concepts of kingship in antiquity. The European Science Foundation held a workshop in Padua in December of 2007. <mask> is the author of the eds. Is there a Lag Troia in Kilikien? Homers Ilias, Darmstadt 2011.<mask>, Truschnegg and Bichler are authors. Herodotus and the Persian Empire (Classica et Orientalia 3) was published in 2011. Giovanni B. Lanfranchi, <mask>, and John Steele are authors. The World of Berossos is from Classica et Orientalia 5. Michael Gehler and <mask> are authors. Imperien in the world. 2 volumes of Epochenbergreifende und globalhistorische Vergleiche were published.The authors are Giovanni Battista Lanfranchi, Raija Mattila, and <mask>. Writing Neo-Assyrian History. The State Archives of Assyria Studies 29 contains sources, problems, and approaches. Kai Ruffing, Kerstin Dro-Krpe, Sebastian Fink and <mask> are authors. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press 2020. The authors are <mask>, Julian Degen and Michael Gehler. There are short-term empires in World History.<mask> and Bruno Jacobs. The Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World and A Companion to the Persian Achaemenid Empire are in press. There are references to the Univ.- Prof. Mag. Papers of <mask> can be found on academia.edu.

masks:
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger


title: Richard Lieber

texts: The father of the Indiana state parks system was <mask>. He was considered the most powerful spokesman for the preservation of natural resources in the United States. He was born in Dsseldorf, Germany, in 1869. He was mostly tutored as a young child due to an illness. He was prone to trouble due to his free-spirited nature. He spent time in London, England, because his parents wanted him to learn the English language. His parents gave him plenty of time to learn English while he was there and he spent a lot of his time going to museums and historical places.After his time in London, he decided to go to the Hoosier state to live with his paternal uncles. His parents were worried that he was gaining socialism's attitudes from his time in London after a Christmas trip back to Dsseldorf. After working as a reporter for the Indiana Tribune, he married Emma Rappaport, the daughter of the Tribune's owner. He started his own businesses after the sale of the paper. He publicly forsook his German citizenship because of the freedom he felt in America. He became a supporter of conservativism after a tour of the park in 1900. The tour of the Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Montana was increased by a month.He was a delegate to the White House conference. He started a series of articles after meeting Roosevelt. The site of the fourth national congress certified his status as a major figure for the preservation of the environment. <mask> and Wilson formed a partnership for American conservativism there. With the 100th anniversary of Indiana's statehood in 1916, <mask> thought that the state needed its own state parks. The State Parks Committee was encouraged by the Indiana Governor. He started acquiring parks with the help of a twenty-man committee and opened Turkey Run and McCormick's Creek on December 11, 1916.At the start of the American involvement in World War I, he was given the positions of Forestry Board secretary, Indiana State Parks Committee director, and Military Secretary to the Governor, and made a Colonel. The appointments were done by the governor. Due to World War I fueling anti-German sentiment in Indiana, these were not easy decisions for the governor, and he had three brothers who were colonels in the German army. The department was stopped from forming by the Democratic legislature in 1917, but the new Republican one of 1919 created it. He saw the creation of ten state parks and five state memorial when he was the chairman of the commission. Lieber had a knack for inspiring private citizens to obtain money to acquire park areas that would later be turned over for state park use. In 1919, attendance at Indiana state parks was 33,000.Despite the lack of people and wealth, it was rated as one of the best state park systems by the National Park Service in 1934. He was asked to help in national endeavors more and more. Indiana's park system became a model for the rest of the United States thanks to him. The first nationwide gathering of state park workers met at Turkey Run in 1921. He often turned down jobs in Washington, D.C. because he was not interested in politics. In 1933, the new Democratic governor, Paul V. McNutt, demoted <mask> to the position of Division of State Parks and Lands and Waters Director. He led the National Conference on State Parks and was an adviser to different sections of the National Park Service.In 1944, <mask> died at the Canyon Inn. The Turkey Run State Park is where his ashes are buried. It was important for gate fees to be charged for state parks as they made users value them more. He had state parks build inns to increase self-sufficiency. For their time, both were revolutionary ideas. The parks became self-sufficient by 1942. Ensuring that each park had a nature guiding program was a new approach."Our parks and preserves are not just picnicking places," he said. They have a lot of memories and reveries. They help the weary and faltering in spirit. They are bearers of wonderful tales to him, who will listen, a solace to the aged, and an inspiration to the young. He wrote a book called America's natural wealth: A story of the use and abuse of our resources in 1942. His widow would write a book about him. Indiana State Library 1869 births 1944 deaths Indiana Republicans State parks of Indiana German emigrants to the United States People from Dsseldorf Business people from Indianapolis

masks:
Richard Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber


title: Betty Comden

texts: In the mid-20th century, <mask> contributed to numerous Hollywood musicals and Broadway shows. The longest running creative partnership in theatre history was her writing partnership with Green. As part of the famed "Freed unit" at MGM, <mask> and Green collaborated with Jule Styne and Leonard Bernstein on Singin' in the Rain. The younger child of a lawyer and an English teacher, <mask> was born in 1917. Russian immigrants and Jews were both present. Her older brother, Nathaniel, was born in 1915. Basya graduated from New York University with a degree in drama, according to The New York Times.Adolph Green was introduced to her by mutual friends. The Revuers were formed by Comden and Green along with Leonard Bernstein and Judy Holliday. Due to the act's success, the Revuers appeared in the film, but their roles were so small they were barely noticed, and they returned to New York. On the Town, a musical about three sailors on leave in New York City that was an expansion of a ballet entitled Fancy Free, was Comden and Green's first Broadway show. The book and lyrics were written by Comden and Green. Billion Dollar Baby, with music by Morton Gould, was not a success and their 1947 show, Bonanza Bound, closed out-of-town. Comden and Green found work at MGM after moving to California.They adapted On the Town for Frank Sinatra and Gene Kelly, but removed most of Bernstein's music at the request of Arthur Freed. In the final days of the silent film era, the duo collaborated with Gene Kelly for their most successful project, Singin' in the Rain. The songs were hits from the late 1920s and early 1930s and were written by Arthur Freed and Nacio Herb Brown. They followed this with another hit, The Band Wagon, in which the characters were patterned after themselves. The Band Wagon and It's Always Fair Weather were both nominated for an Oscar. Both films received Screen Writers Guild Awards. Comden and Green's stage work of the 1950s included Two on the Aisle, a musical with music by Jule Styne, and a musical adaptation of the play My Sister Eileen, with music by Bernstein.The score, including the standards "Just in Time", "Long Before I Knew You", and "The Party's Over", proved to be one of their richest. The duo contributed additional lyrics to the musical Peter Pan, translated and streamlined Die Fledermaus for the Metropolitan Opera, and collaborated with Styne on songs for the play-with-music Say, Darling. Some of their early sketches were included in the Broadway show A Party with <mask> and Adolph Green. An updated version was brought back to Broadway in 1977. Auntie Mame was written by the pair. The New York Times movie review from that year said that it caught some glimpse of behavior that flash a few glints of irony. The picture is more potent than the play.The stage play, which was written by Robert E. Lee and Jerome Lawrence, was more like a movie script in its pile-up of scenes. The play invited expansion. It has been accepted by the writers, <mask> and Adolph Green, as well as the director, Morton DaCosta. <mask> and Green collaborated with Jule Styne four times. They wrote the lyrics for Do Re Mi and the book and lyrics for Subways Are For Sleeping, Fade Out, and Hallelujah, Baby! They're Hallelujah, Baby! The score won a Tony Award.Applause, an adaptation of the film All About Eve, and On the Twentieth Century were written by Comden and Green. The original star of that musical, Imogene Coca, left the show. The Will Rogers Follies was Comden and Green's last musical hit. They received Tony Award nominations for their book and A Doll's Life was an attempt to figure out what Nora did after abandoning her husband in A Doll's House. Comden was in the Hall of Fame in 1980. In 1981 she was in the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Comden played the mother of the lead character in Isn't It Romantic.Anne Bancroft and Ron Silver starred in a film directed by Sidney Lumet. The producers of the film were certain that the real Garbo could not be located or would refuse to appear in a cameo. They asked a Garbo associate if the great actress would appear in the film, but she didn't reply. Comden was asked to play a small part in the film. The Kennedy Center honored Comden and Green in 1991. Comden and Green were guests on Frasier in the episode "Burying the Hatchet" in 1994. Family Comden and Green were not a romantic couple.Steven Kyle changed his name to <mask> in 1942. He died of acute pancreatitis in 1979. They had two children, a daughter and a son. She never married again. <mask> died of heart failure at New York Presbyterian Hospital in Manhattan on November 23, 2006 at the age of 89. She was buried in New York. <mask> wrote about teaching Comden and Green papers.The New York Public Library has Betty Comden Papers. Billy Rose Theatre Division is a division of the New York Public Library.

masks:
Betty Comden
Comden
Betty Comden
Betty Comden
Betty Comden
Comden
Comden
Betty Comden
Betty Comden


title: Camille-Marie Stamaty

texts: Camille-<mask> was a French pianist, piano teacher and composer. He was one of the best piano teachers of the 19th century. Louis Moreau Gottschalk and Camille Saint-Sans were his most famous students. Stamaty was the heir to Kalkbrenner's teaching method. He taught his students how to play the piano with evenness of scales, independence of fingers and minimum movement of body and arms. Stamaty composed a number of piano studies, various other shorter piano works, a piano concerto and some chamber music. None of his music is in use today.The son of a naturalized Greek father and a French mother was born in Rome. His father was a French diplomat in Italy. According toAntoine Franois Marmontel, his mother was a fine singer of Italian opera arias. The family moved back to France after <mask>'s father died, first to Dijon and then to Paris. <mask> didn't have musical training from an early age. After classes in literature and history, Marmontel's musical studies had to take second place. <mask> didn't have a piano until he was fourteen years old.<mask>'s mother was against his career in music because of his musical gifts from an early age. <mask>'s family wanted him to become a civil engineer or a clerk in the administration. <mask> didn't give up on music despite becoming a civil servant. His playing was so good that he could perform at soirees in fashionable Parisian homes. As Paris was considered to be the city of pianists and Stamaty had plenty of competition in fashionable salons from Sigismond Thalberg, Stephen Heller, Henri Herz, mile Prudent and scores of lesser known piano players, this was no mean achievement. <mask>'s fate was decided by an encounter with Friedrich Kalkbrenner. He was looking for a student who would stay at his school for a while.He considered Frédéric Chopin, but his teacher turned him down. The same thing happened to Charles Hallé. Hallé was deterred by Kalkbrenner's stiff, old-fashioned playing so much that he decided not to become his teacher. Stamaty was the perfect candidate for Kalkbrenner. He was talented, ambitious and bored at his job in the Préfecture. He was prepared to take on a man with a reputation as a martinet. Stamaty was not an artist on the scale of Chopin and lacked the strong personality of a great genius, which made him ideal for the strict regime of Kalkbrenner.<mask> was offered a business proposal by Kalkbrenner when he heard <mask> play a quadrille with variations of his own composition. In his later years, a "réptiteur" did little teaching himself. Stamaty would teach students how to play the piano and Kalkbrenner would teach students how to play the piano. Stamaty did not neglect his studies in music theory even as a teacher. He received lessons in harmony and counterpoint from both Benoist and Reicha. Stamaty received the finishing touches of his education in October 1836. Stamaty is staying here, and I have to teach him counterpoint, I declare I really don't know much about it.He says that's only his modesty. Stamaty will be at Frankfort in a few days, on his way back to Paris. I think he has got de l'Allemagne and dessus Les Oreilles. On October 4, 1836, Rebecca wrote to Karl Klingemann that Stamaty was the best teacher she had ever had. Stamaty was the most sought after piano teacher in Paris for 35 years. Most of the students he had were from wealthy families in the Faubourgs. The highest fees he charged were in Paris.According to Marmontel, he was a born teacher and also had the useful talent of inspiring trust not so much in his pupils but in their mothers: "Let's add that he combined all the proper qualities that would inspire confidence and trust in mothers of families: distinction." He achieved a lot. Stamaty's most famous student was Camille Saint-Sans. Saint-Sans started with Stamaty when he was seven years old and stayed with him until he was fourteen. Even though Saint-Sans was critical of <mask>'s teaching, he developed into a first rate pianist who maintained his high level of playing all his life. Stamaty was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 During this time, Stamaty was forced to give up all musical activities because of the illnesses.<mask> went to Rome for a full year after his mother died. <mask> was the father of four children. <mask> was the most devoted husband and father. <mask>'s piano technique is based on the piano manufacturing craft of the first decades of the 19th century. The pianos that were manufactured in France before 1850 had an easy touch and light action. The pianos were perfect for the execution of rapid scales, facile arpeggios and quickly repeated notes. The bravura played was ideally suited for smaller venues.Stamaty's piano technique was very similar to the 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 Stamaty was a pianist of style but was not a virtuoso and his playing lacked warmth, colour and brilliance according to Marmontel. Stamaty's method required complete immobility of the body and arms, with all action of the muscles limited to fingers and forearms. The advantages and the drawbacks of the Kalkbrenner-Stamaty school are summed up by Saint-Sans, who had witnessed the development of the old purely digital technique. The continuous legato, which is both false and monotonous, and the abuse of nuances, were invented by this school. His works include a lot of studies, short piano works, and some chamber music. The "Finger Rhythm Studies" are the only work of his still in print.36). <mask>'s studies are similar to Carl Czerny's. There are many similarities between <mask>'s best output and Czerny's more demanding studies. 499. There is a piano concert in A minor. There are 2 variations on an original theme. 3 tudes pittoresquesThere are 21 progressives. Chant et méchanisme, Op. 37–39 There are 38 tudes concertantes. Les Farfadets Rythme des doigts Six tudes caractéristiques sur Obéron is a collection of six tudes caractéristiques. The Piano, A History is a revised edition. C.E. Hallé. The Life and Letters of Sir Charles Hallé were written by Hallé and Marie.Sebastian Hense is from The Mendelssohn Family. From journals and letters. 2 is from New York:Harper & Brothers. Hiller, Ferdinand, Mendelssohn - Letters and Recollections was published in 1874. Frédric Chopin was written by Karasowski. His life and letters were published in London. Loggins, Vernon, is where the word ends.Louisiana State University Press published The Life of Louis Moreau Gottschalk. Imprimerie Centrale des Chemins de Fer, A. Chaix et Cie, was written by Antoine Francois Marmontel. Edward Gile Rich translated Saint-Sans, Camille, Musical Memoirs. The newly annotated edition of Saint-Sans, Camille, Musical Memoirs was published by Oxford University Press. The Great Pianists was revised and updated. The International Music Score Library Project contains scores by 19th-century classical composers and 19th-century French male classical pianists.

masks:
Marie Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty
Stamaty


title: William Frawley

texts: <mask> was an American vaudevillian and actor best remembered for playing landlord Fred Mertz in the American television sitcom I Love Lucy and "Bub" O'Casey in the television comedy series My Three Sons. <mask> began his career with his wife<mask> and Louise's comedy act continued until their divorce in 1927. <mask> was signed to play in silent films by Paramount Studios in 1916. Over the course of 35 years, he appeared in more than 100 films. <mask> was the second son of Michael A<mask> and Mary E. Brady. He was a member of the choir at St. Paul's Catholic Church.He played small roles in local theater productions at the Burlington Opera House and performed in amateur shows despite his mother's opposition. <mask>'s first job was as a stenographer in an office of the Union Pacific Railroad. He moved to Chicago after two years to work as a court reporter. He got a singing part in a musical comedy after moving against his mother's wishes. Frawley moved to Missouri to appease his mother. He continued to hope that one day he would be a professional entertainer. <mask>'s mother told Paul to return to Iowa six months after he formed a vaudeville act with his brother.<mask> earned more than $500 by writing and selling a script called Fun in a Vaudeville Agency. After his initial success as a writer, <mask> decided to relocate again, this time to the West, where he was hired as a singer at a coffee shop. The duo moved to San Francisco with their act. Frawley helped popularize the songs "My Mammy", "My Melancholy Baby", and "Carolina in the Morning". <mask> Sings the Old Ones was a collection of his old stage songs. Frawley started performing in Broadway theater. The musical comedy Merry, Merry was his first show.He played a press agent in the original production of Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur's Twentieth Century. He was a dramatic actor until 1933. Frawley appeared in two silent films in 1916. After performing in three other short films, he decided to develop a cinematic career, but he didn't start until 1933. He signed a seven-year contract with Paramount Pictures after moving to Los Angeles. He had roles in comedies, dramas, musicals, Westerns, and romances. In Miracle on 34th Street, he played a political adviser who warned his client that the political consequences of not allowing Santa Claus would be dire.He played the baseball manager in Joe E. Brown's Alibi Ike, the wedding host in Charlie Chaplin's Monsieur Verdoux, and the hard-nosed insurance investigator in My Home in San Antone. Frawley had appeared in over 100 movies by 1951, but was starting to find fewer film roles. He was eager to play the role of the cantankerous landlord Fred Mertz when he heard about the new comedy. He asked Lucille Ball what his chances were. Ball was surprised to hear from him. It would be great to have <mask> appear as Fred Mertz. CBS executives were wary of <mask>'s frequent drinking and instability.<mask> was warned that if he was late to work, drunk, or unable to perform because of an illness more than once, he would be written out of the show. In one version of the conversation, <mask> was told he would get three chances. The first mistake would be forgiven, the second would be reprimanded and the third would be fired. Frawley mastered his lines after only one reading, despite the network's concerns. One of <mask>'s few close friends was Arnaz. Frawley would read the script with the rest of the cast and then discard the rest of the script to study only his part. I Love Lucy was a huge success.The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour was a half-hour show that aired from 1957 to 1960. Ethel Mertz was <mask>'s on-screen wife. The two actors disliked each other. Most attribute their hatred to Vance's resentment of having to play wife to a man 22 years her senior. Frawley took offense and never forgiven her. "She's one of the finest girls to come out of Kansas", he once observed, "but I often wish she'd go back there." <mask> had written into his I Love Lucy contract that he wouldn't have to work during the World Series if the Yankees were playing.The Yankees did not win a World Series during that time. He didn't appear in two episodes of the show. <mask> was nominated for an award five times for his work on the show. Desilu Studios was given the opportunity to make a spin-off series of Fred and Ethel at the end of I Love Lucy. Frawley accepted the lucrative opportunity despite his animosity towards her. He didn't want to work with Frawley again and he felt that the Ricardos wouldn't be successful without them. My Three Sons Frawley joined the cast of the ABC comedy "What's Cooking?", playing a live-in grandfather and housekeeper."Bub" O'Casey began in 1960. The series was about a widower raising his three sons. <mask> was demoted to supporting player after MacMurray joined the cast. After doing I Love Lucy in sequence for years, Frawley never felt comfortable with the out-of-sequence filming method used for My Three Sons. Each season was arranged so that main actor Fred MacMurray could film all of his scenes during two separate blocks of filming for a total of 65 working days on the set; <mask> and the other actors worked around the absent Mac Murray for the remainder of the year's production schedule. <mask> was married to another vaudevillian in 1914. They performed an act called "Frawley and Louise" all over the country.Their act was described as light comedy with singing, dancing and patter. The couple separated in 1921. They didn't have any children. His brother, <mask>, was an actor on Broadway with relatively few appearances in motion pictures. Frawley had a reputation for being cantankerous and difficult due to his drinking problem. He was fired from the Broadway show That's My Baby for punching an actor in the nose. Frawley appeared on television in the year before his death.His appearance on the panel show I've Got a Secret on May 3, 1965, consisted of contestants guessing Frawley's "secret", which was that he was the first performer ever to sing "My Melancholy Baby" in 1912. He performed that song as Fred Mertz on the Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour. On October 25, 1965, <mask>'s final on-camera performance, he made a brief appearance in the episode "Lucy and the Countess Have a Horse Guest". Lucy says Frawley reminds her of someone she used to know. Vivian Vance, who left The Lucy Show except for an occasional guest appearance, does not appear in the episode. Five days after his birthday, Frawley died of a heart attack while walking on Hollywood Boulevard. Desi Arnaz took out a full-page ad in all the trade papers after learning of his death.My Three Sons executive producer Don Fedderson was pallbearers at his funeral. One of my dearest friends and one of the greatest character actors of all time has passed away. Those of us who loved him will miss him. <mask> is buried in the San Fernando Mission Cemetery. On February 8, 1960, he was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The "Hippity-Hoppity" (Frog) costume from an episode of I Love Lucy is one of the things he is remembered for. The Television Academy Hall of Fame has two people in it.I Love Lucy: A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Sitcom is a comedy that tells the story of how <mask> was hired to play Fred Mertz in I Love Lucy. The play was recorded in front of a live audience for nationwide public radio broadcast and online distribution, and starred Sarah Drew as Lucy and Oscar Nuez as Desi. In August 2020, the play Lucy Loves Desi: A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Sitcom was broadcast on Radio 4 in the UK. J. K. Simmons was nominated for an Academy Award for his role in the film. Billy Should Husbands Be Watched? was written by Filmography Lord Loveland as Tony Kidd Persistent. Rush Mad About Music was also known as Uncle Willie Lee Touchdown, the Sons of the Legion, and Inspector J.L. As Maj. Martingale Persons in Hiding, Weber St. Louis Blues, The 'Duke' Rose of Washington Square, Harry Long Ex-Champ, and Bright Eyes Night.The Quarterback (1940) as Coach One Night in the Tropics. Madame La Zonga and Chauncey Beheegan Footsteps in the Dark were both written by A. O'Hara. As Sheriff McGee Cracked Nuts, as James Mitchell Public Enemies, as 'Hotfoot', as O'Malley It Happened in Flatbush, and as Sam Sloan Give Out, Sisters. Monsieur Verdoux played Jean La Salle Miracle on 34th Street in the movie I Wonder Who's Kissing Her. O'Fleery Red Light, Hotel Clerk The Lady Takes a Sailor, Oliver Harker East Side, West Side, and Bill the Bartender were all written by Crane Home. I Love Lucy, The Ford Show, My Three Sons, and The Lucy Show all starred Bill Turner.

masks:
William Clement Frawley
Frawley
. Frawley
Frawley
William Clement Frawley
. Frawley
Frawley
Frawley
William
Frawley
Bill Frawley
Frawley
Frawley
Frawley
Frawley
Frawley
Frawley
Frawley
Frawley
Frawley
Frawley
Frawley
Paul Frawley
Frawley
William Frawley
Frawley


title: Femke Heemskerk

texts: Frederike Johanna Maria "<mask>" <mask> is a former Dutch competitive swimmer who mainly specializes in freestyle, but also has a strong backstroke and medley. She holds the short course world records in the 4  50 m freestyle relay, 4  100 m freestyle relay, and 4200 m freestyle relay. She owns six national records, four in long course, 100 m and 200 m freestyle, 100 m backstroke, and 200 m individual medley, and two in short course. She is a member of the International Swimming League. At the 2005 World LC Championships in Montreal, <mask> made her international debut as a relay swimmer. She only swam in the heats of the freestyle events. She competed in the European LC Championships and the European Short Course Swimming Championships.She did not advance past 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 She won a bronze medal in the 4 100 m freestyle at the World LC Championships in 2007. She finished 6th in her first international final at the European Short Course Swimming Championships in Debrecen. She finished 10th in the 200 m freestyle. In the spring of 2008 she swam on the world record breaking 4 100 m freestyle team that won bronze at the World Championships. She finished fourth in the 4200 m freestyle relay with the same team. She didn't make the semi-finals.She broke two relay records in the 4200 m freestyle with the same team that she broke in the 4200 m freestyle in Manchester. In the 4 100 m freestyle, Hinkelien Schreuder replaced the injured Kromowidjojo. She won a silver medal in the 200 m freestyle at the end of the tournament. During the National Championships in June 2008, he lowered three national records on the long course, 200 m freestyle, 200 m individual medley and 100 m backstroke. She won a gold medal in the 4 100 m freestyle relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics. The group of people did a time of 3:33.76, just 0.14 outside of their own world record. She finished 28th in the heats of the 200 m individual medley the day after that.<mask> did not qualify for the finals in the 4200 m freestyle and 4 100 m medley relays. She qualified for the World Championships in the 100 m and 200 m freestyle after returning to competition in the fall of 2008. The European Short Course Swimming Championships were held in Croatia. She won a silver medal in the 200 m freestyle. She finished fifth in the 100 m backstroke. She became Amsterdam Sportswoman of the year at the end of 2008 and won a gold medal in the 4  100 m freestyle relay at the World Championships in 2011. She anchored the team with a split time of 52.46, which was the fastest in the final.At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, <mask> and her teammates won a silver medal in the 4  100 m freestyle relay. Australia won the gold medal. In the 100 m freestyle, <mask> won her first individual world title, ahead of Sarah Sjstrm and Kromowidjojo. She won three more gold medals. In the 4  100 m freestyle relay, she swam a split time of 50.58 s, the only split under 51 seconds in the field. After finishing outside the medals in her individual events at the World Championships in Kazan, <mask> decided to move to France to train with her coach. She qualified for her third Olympics in the 100 and 200 meter freestyle and the 4  100 and 4  200 meter freestyle relays.She finished 4th in the final of the 100 meter freestyle with the 4  100 meter freestyle relay. She finished 16th in the 200 meter freestyle semifinals. She won the 200 m freestyle with a time of 1:56.59, came second in the 100 m freestyle with a time of 54.19, and third in the 50 m freestyle with a time of 25.29. The KZNB Challenger was held in Dordrecht, the Netherlands, on 18 and 19 March. She finished first in the 100 m freestyle with a time of 54.27. <mask> took part in the Dutch Championships and the Swim Cup in order to qualify for the World Championships in Hungary. <mask> won the 200 m freestyle event with a time of        .The silver and bronze medals were won by Isabel Gose and Robin Neumann. In the 100 m freestyle event he reached the finals and finished second with a time of 53.77. The Energy Standard International Swim Club won the team title at the International Swimming League in Las Vegas, Nevada, in December. People from Kaag en Braassem hold world record holders in swimming Olympic swimmers of the Netherlands and swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

masks:
Femke
Heemskerk
Femke Heemskerk
Heemskerk
Heemskerk
Heemskerk
Heemskerk
Heemskerk
Heemskerk