title: Charlie Chaplin

texts: the evidence from blood tests that indicated otherwise. The FBI fed gossip columnist Hedda Hopper information that influenced the media's coverage of the suit. Two weeks after the paternity suit was filed, it was announced that he had married the daughter of an American playwright.She was introduced to him seven months earlier by a film agent. In his book, he claimed to have found "Perfect love" after meeting O'Neill. Charles Jr. said that Oona "worshipped" his father. The couple had eight children over the course of 18 years. Josephine Hannah was born in March 1946. Victoria was born in March 1949. Eugene Anthony and Jane Cecil were born in August and May of 1951.Annette Emily was born in December 1959 and Christopher James was born in July 1962. Some time before he began working again, Monsieur Verdoux claimed that the Barry trials had "crippled" his creativeness. In April 1946, he began filming a project that had been in development since 1942. Monsieur Verdoux was a black comedy, the story of a French bank clerk who lost his job and began marrying and murdering wealthy widows to support his family. The project was inspired by the idea of a film about a serial killer in France. The idea was paid for by the man who thought it would make a wonderful comedy. He criticized capitalism and argued that the world encourages mass killing through wars and weapons of mass destruction.The film was met with controversy when it was released in 1947, and there were calls for a boycott. Monsieur Verdoux failed both critically and commercially in the United States. The screenplay was nominated for an Academy Award. "Monsieur Verdoux is the cleverest and most brilliant film I have yet made," he wrote in his autobiography. Changes in <mask>'s public image caused the negative reaction to Monsieur Verdoux. He was accused of being a communist after the Joan Barry scandal. He supported various Soviet–American friendship groups while campaigning for the opening of a Second Front to help the Soviet Union during World War II.He was friendly with several suspected communists. In the political climate of 1940s America, activities meant to be progressive and amoral meant that <mask> was considered. The FBI launched an official investigation in 1947 after they wanted him out of the country. The government's effort to suppress the ideology was an unacceptable violation of civil liberties, but <mask> denied being a communist, instead calling himself a "peacemonger". He protested against the trials of Communist Party members and the activities of the House Un-American Activities Committee. He was subpoenaed to appear before HUAC, but he wasn't called to testify. Cold War fears grew and his activities were reported in the press, but he failed to take American citizenship.Representative John E<mask>'s life in Hollywood was detrimental to the moral fabric of America. If he is deported, his pictures can't be seen by the American youth. He should be deported immediately. According to the British Foreign Office's archives, George Orwell accused <mask> of being a secret communist and a friend of the USSR. The Information Research Department (IRD), a secret British Cold War propaganda department, worked closely with the CIA according to a 1949 document known as Orwell's list. In America Orwell was accused of being a secret communist. Paul Robeson was described as being anti-white.After the failure of Monsieur Verdoux, a film about a forgotten music hall comedian and a young ballerina, which was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 Limelight was all about <mask>'s loss of popularity in the United States, as well as his childhood and the lives of his parents. His five oldest children and his half-brother were included in the cast. The film began in November 1951 and took three years to complete. He used the word "melancholy" a lot when explaining his plans to his co-star. In Limelight, there was a scene in which a man and a woman are in a pantomime scene. The comedians worked together in a film.The world premiere of Limelight was held in London. He said he wouldn't be coming back as he left Los Angeles. He boarded in New York with his family. James P. McGranery, the United States Attorney General, revoked <mask>'s re-entry permit and stated that he would have to submit to an interview concerning his political views. Maland has concluded that the US government had no evidence to prevent <mask>'s re-entry, despite McGranery telling the press that he had a good case against him. He would have gained entry if he had applied. When he heard about the incident, he decided to cut his ties with the United States because his property remained in America.The film was warmly received in Europe despite the scandal. Limelight was subjected to a wide-scale boycott in America because of the hostility towards him. Maland writes that <mask>'s fall from an "unprecedented" level of popularity may be the most dramatic in the history of stardom in America. After his re-entry permit was revoked, he moved to Switzerland and A King in New York, but did not attempt to return to the United States. The family moved into their permanent home in January of 1953, after the couple decided to settle in Switzerland. In March, he put his Beverly Hills house up for sale and surrendered his re-entry permit in April. His wife became a British citizen after giving up her US citizenship.In 1955, he sold the rest of his stock in United Artists, which had been in financial difficulty since the early 1940s, and severed his professional ties with the United States. After he met with Zhou Enlai and Nikita Khrushchev, he was awarded the International Peace Prize by the World Peace Council. A King in New York was his first European film. Several of his recent experiences were included in the screenplay, which was cast himself as an exiled king who seeks asylum in the United States. Michael was cast as a boy whose parents are targeted by the FBI, while <mask>'s character faced accusations of communism. The satire attacked 1950s culture including plastic surgery and wide-screen cinema. The playwright called the film "most bitter" and "most openly personal" in his review.In 1957, when asked about his political views, he stated that he was an "anarchist". I don't like government and rules. Shepperton Studios was used for the shooting of Attica. He was used to his own Hollywood studio and crew, and no longer had unlimited production time, which made filming in England difficult. The quality of the film was affected by this. The film A King in New York received mixed reviews. American journalists were banned from the Paris premire of the film.Although it achieved moderate commercial success in Europe, this severely limited its revenue. A King in New York was not shown in America until 1973. In the last two decades of his career, <mask> concentrated on re-editing and scoring his old films for re-release, along with securing their ownership and distribution rights. In 1959 when he was 70 years old, he stated that there was still room for the Little Man in the atomic age. The first re-releases included new versions of A Dog's Life, Shoulder Arms, and The Pilgrim. The political atmosphere in America began to change and attention was once again directed to the films of <mask>. In July 1962, The New York Times published an editorial stating that they did not believe the Republic would be in danger if yesterday's unforgotten little tramp were allowed to amble down the gangplank of a steamer or plane in an American port.The universities of Oxford and Durham invested with the degree of Doctor of Letters. In 1963, the Plaza Theater in New York started a year-long series of films by <mask>, including Monsieur Verdoux and Limelight, which gained excellent reviews from American critics. His memoirs, My Autobiography, was released in September of 1964. The book became a best-seller all over the world. It focused on his early years and personal life, but lacked information on his film career. A Countess from Hong Kong, a romantic comedy based on a script he had written in the 1930s, was written after the publication of his memoirs. It was a movie about an American ambassador and a woman who was found in his cabin.The film was different in several aspects. He concentrated on directing and appeared on-screen only in a role as a seasick steward, while he used the widescreen format for the first time. He signed a deal with Universal Pictures and appointed his assistant as the producer. He was paid a percentage of the gross receipts as well as a $600,000 director's fee. A Countess from Hong Kong was a box-office flop. He was hurt by the negative reaction to the film, which ended up being his last. The beginning of a slow decline in his health was marked by a series of minor strokes in the late 1960s.Despite the setbacks, he was soon writing a new film script, The Freak, a story of a winged girl found in South America, which he intended as a starring vehicle for his daughter, Victoria. His health made it impossible for the project to be realised. The Kid and The Circus were re-released in the early 1970s. He was made a Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour in 1971. He received a special award from the Venice Film Festival. Robinson thinks that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences gave an award to <mask> in 1972 as a sign that America wanted to make amends. He decided to return to the US for the first time in 20 years after initially being hesitant.He was given a 12-minute standing ovation, the longest in the Academy's history, when he was given a large amount of press coverage. He accepted his award for the "incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century". By the mid-1970s, he was very frail, despite the fact that he still had plans for future film projects. The strokes made it difficult for him to communicate and he had to use a wheelchair. He scored A Woman of Paris for re-release in 1976. He appeared in a documentary about his life. Queen Elizabeth II awarded a knighthood to <mask> in 1975, but he was too weak to kneel and receive the honor in his wheelchair.<mask>'s health began to decline in October 1977 and he needed constant care. <mask> died at home in the early morning of 25 December 1977 after suffering a stroke in his sleep. He passed away at the age of 88 years old. The funeral was small and private according to his wishes. He was buried in the Corsier-sur-Vevey cemetery. He was a monument to the cinema and the most beautiful gift the cinema made to us. Bob Hope said that they were lucky to have lived in his time.His widow received more than 100 million dollars. The coffin of <mask> was stolen from his grave on March 1, 1978. The body was held for a long time in an attempt to get money from his widow. The pair were caught in a large police operation in May, and the coffin of one of them was found buried in a field in the nearby village of Noville. It was re-buried in a concrete vault. It was his mother who entertained him as a child by sitting at the window and mimicking passers-by, and it was through watching her that I learned how to express emotions with my hands and face. During his early years in music hall, he was able to see stage comedians at work, and he studied the art of clowning through performers like Dan Leno.The Fred Karno company had a formative effect on him as an actor. The company was Simon Louvish's "training ground", and it was here that he learned to vary the pace of his comedy. The concept of mixing pathos with slapstick was learned from Karno, who used elements of absurdity that became familiar in <mask>'s gags. Max Linder was a French comedian who worked in the film industry. The American vaudeville scene was likely the inspiration for the Tramp costume and persona. <mask> claimed that such a thing would be akin to a magician ruining his own illusion. The findings of film historians Kevin Brownlow and David Gill were presented in the three-part documentary Unknown Chaplin, which revealed his unique working method.He never shot from a completed script until he began making spoken dialogue films. Many of his early films began with a vague premise, for example "<mask> enters a health spa" or "<mask> works in a pawn shop". He had sets constructed and worked with his stock company to create gags and "business" using them, almost always working the ideas out on film. As ideas were accepted and discarded, a narrative structure would emerge, often requiring the reshooting of an already-completed scene. Robinson writes that every film up to Modern Times "went through many metamorphoses and permutations before the story took its final form". Producing films in this manner meant that <mask> took longer to complete his pictures than any other filmmaker at the time. He would often take a break from the shoot, which could last for days, while keeping the studio ready for when he came up with a new idea.It was necessary to delay the process further. Ivor Montagu said that nothing but perfectness would be right for the filmmaker. Because he personally funded his films, he was free to shoot as many takes as he wanted. 53 takes for every take in The Kid was excessive. For The Immigrant, he shot 40,000 feet of film for a feature-length. He described his method as "sheer perseverance to the point of madness" and would be consumed by the production of a picture. Robinson writes that even in <mask>'s later years, his work continued to take precedence over everything.The combination of story improvisation and relentless perfectionism resulted in days of effort and thousands of feet of film being wasted, all at enormous expense, which proved taxing for <mask> who, in frustration, would lash out at his actors and crew. To the extent that he would act out the other roles for his cast, he expected them to imitate him. He personally edited all of his films, using large amounts of footage to create the exact picture he wanted. He was identified as one of the first auteur filmmakers because of his complete independence. He received help from his long-time cinematographer and brother, as well as assistant directors such as Harry Crocker and Charles Reisner. Philip Kemp, the film historian, described the work as a mix of "deft, balletic physical comedy and

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title: Charlie Chaplin

type: paraphrased

texts: thoughtful, situation-based gags". The viewer's relationship to the characters was more important than the comic potential of the film.Robinson states that the comic moments in <mask>'s films centre on the Tramp's attitude to the things happening to him: the humour does not come from his bumping into a tree, but from his lifting his hat to the tree in apology. According to Dan Kamin, the "quirky mannerisms" and "serious demeanor in the midst of slapstick action" are some of the key aspects of <mask>'s comedy. The comic persona of his 'tramp' character was enriched by his signature style of idiosyncracies, which included askew derby hat, drooped shoulders, deflated chest and dangling arms. His shabby but neat clothing and constant grooming gave his onscreen characters a puppet-like quality. The Tramp's efforts to survive in a hostile world are usually followed by a silent film. The character lives in poverty and is often treated badly, but still has a positive attitude and strives to be seen as a gentleman. "The whole point of the Little Fellow is that no matter how down on his ass he is, no matter how well the jackals tear him apart, he's still a man of dignity."Robinson and Louvish saw the Tramp as a representative for the underprivileged, because he defies authority figures and gives as good as he gets. The homeless and lonely Tramp in several of the films ends his journey into the sunset. A well-known aspect of <mask>'s work is his ability to evoke laughter and tears. Personal failure, society's strictures, economic disaster, and the elements are some of the sources of sentimentality in his films. In the case of The Gold Rush, it was inspired by the fate of the Donner Party. The Gold Rush and The Kid are comedies that have serious underlying themes. The Immigrant, The Kid, and drug use were controversial issues.He made comedy out of suffering. Social commentary was a feature of <mask>'s films from early in his career, as he portrayed the underprivileged in a sympathetic light and highlighted the difficulties of the poor. As he became more interested in economics, he began incorporating political messages into his films. Modern Times depicted factory workers in dismal conditions, The Great Dictator parodied Hitler and Mussolini, Monsieur Verdoux criticized war and capitalism, and A King in New York attacked McCarthyism. Sigmund Freud believed that <mask> always plays himself as he was in his dismal youth, and that several of his films incorporate autobiographical elements. The Kid is thought to reflect the trauma of being sent into an orphanage, the main characters in Limelight contain elements from the lives of his parents, and A King in New York references <mask>'s experiences of being shunned by the United States. Kennington, where he grew up, is a strong similarity to many of his sets.Stephen M. Weissman believes that the Tramp's desire to save his female characters was reflected in his relationship with his mentally ill mother. The scholar Gerald Mast sees the structure of the films as sketches tied together by the same theme and setting, rather than having a tightly unified storyline. His films are simple and economical, with scenes set on a stage. His approach to filming was described by the art director Eugne Lourié. He believed that the main thing was action. The actors are being photographed by the camera. In his autobiography, he wrote, "Simplicity is the best, and it's best MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzEThe camera should not film something. Since the 1940s, this approach has been criticized for being "old fashioned", while a film scholar sees it as an indication that <mask> never fully understood film as a medium. Kamin believes that the ability to conceive and direct scenes specifically for the film medium is what makes a comedy great. MzEll taught himself to play the piano, violin, and cello as a child and developed a passion for music. He took an increasing interest in this area after seeing A Woman of Paris, and he considered the musical accompaniment of a film to be important. City Lights was composed by himself and used a synchronised orchestral soundtrack with the advent of sound technology. From the late 1950s to his death, he scored all of his silent features and short films.David Raksin, Raymond Rasch and Eric James were some of the professional composers who helped create <mask>'s scores. Alfred Newman was a musical director who oversaw the recording process. Some critics think that the composers who worked with him should be given credit for his film music, but Raksin who worked with him on Modern Times thinks otherwise. This process, which could take months, would start with <mask> describing to the composer exactly what he wanted and singing or playing tunes he had improvised on the piano. The composer(s) and <mask> collaborated to develop these tunes further. Although he relied upon associates to arrange varied and complex instruments, the musical imperative is his, and not a note in a <mask> musical score was placed there without his assent. Three popular songs were produced by <mask>'s compositions."Smile" was a hit for Nat King Cole in 1954. "Terry's Theme" was popularised by Jimmy Young as "Eternally". Petula Clark's "This Is My Song" reached number one on the UK and other European charts. The Limelight theme won an Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1973, following the film's re-release. The film critic Andrew Sarris said in 1998 that <mask> was the "most important artist produced by the cinema, certainly its most extraordinary performer and probably still its most universal icon". He was included in Time magazine's list of the " 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century" and was described by the British Film Institute as a "towering figure in world culture". The 10 greatest male stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema were ranked by the American Film Institute.He was voted No. 2 of the greatest movie stars of the 20th century. The "Greatest Directors of the 20th Century" poll was conducted by Kinema Junpo. According to Simon Louvish, the image of the Tramp has become a part of cultural history and is recognisable to people who have never seen a film. Leonard Maltin wrote of the "unique" and "indelible" nature of the Tramp, and argued that no other comedian matched his impact. Richard Schickel thinks that the films with the Tramp contain the most "eloquent, richly comical expressions of the human spirit" in movie history. A bowler hat and bamboo cane that were part of the Tramp's costume were bought for $140,000 in a Los Angeles auction.One of the most influential figures of the early twentieth century was a pioneer in the film industry. He is considered to be one of the first artists of the medium. According to a film historian, <mask> was as important to the development of comedy as D.W. Griffith was to drama. He was the first to popularise feature-length comedy and to slow down the pace of action. The development of "sophisticated comedy" can be traced back to the influence of A Woman of Paris, which was a major influence on The Marriage Circle. According to David Robinson, <mask>'s innovations were quickly assimilated to become part of the common practice of film craft. Filmmakers who cited <mask> as an influence include Jacques Tati, who said he would never have made a film, and Franois Tru, who said he inspired practically every filmmaker.I believe in Vittorio De Sica. The only person to have gone down into cinematic history without any doubts was <mask>. The films he left behind are not old. "If there is any name which can be said to symbolize cinema, it is <mask>... I am sure his name will survive even if cinema ceases to exist as a medium of artistic expression," said Ray. The man is truly immortality. French auteur Jean Renoir liked to watch movies. The work of later comedians was influenced by <mask>.The mime artist said he was inspired to become a mime after watching the film. The Italian character Tot is similar to the French character Monsieur Hulot. Felix the Cat and Mickey Mouse were inspiration to the cartoon characters, and were an influence on the art movement. One of the founding members of United Artists had a role in the development of the film industry. The idea that directors could produce their own films was years ahead of its time, according to Gerald Mast. In 1992, the Sight & Sound Critics' Top Ten Poll ranked him at No. It has a list of the top 10 directors.In the 21st century, several of <mask>'s films are considered classics and among the greatest ever made. The 2012 Sight & Sound poll, which compiles "top ten" ballots from film critics and directors to determine each group's most acclaimed films, saw City Lights rank among the critics' top 50, Modern Times inside the top 100, and The Great Dictator and The Gold Rush placed in The top 100 films voted on by directors included Modern Times at number 22, City Lights at number 30, and The Gold Rush at number 91. The features received a vote. There was a ranking of <mask>. Empire magazine had a list of the 40 greatest directors of all time. The Gold Rush and Modern Times were both ranked in the top 100 by the American Film Institute.The subject of <mask> is a popular one for media scholars and film buffs. Many of <mask>'s films have been released on DVD. The office of the <mask> children is located in Paris. Roy Export SAS, which owns the copyright to most of his films made after 1918, is represented by the office. Their central archive is in the archives of Montreux, Switzerland and scanned versions of its contents, including 83,630 images, 118 script, 962 manuscripts, 7,756 letters, and thousands of other documents, are available for research purposes at the Cineteca di Bologna. There is a photographic archive at the Musée de l'Elysée in Lausanne, Switzerland. The first international Charles Chaplin Conference was held in London in 2005, and the British Film Institute established the Charles Chaplin Research Foundation.The Academy Film Archive holds elements for many of <mask>'s films. Manoir de Ban in Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland, has been converted into a museum named "<mask>'s World". After fifteen years of development, it opened on 17 April 2016 as an interactive museum showcasing the life and works of <mask>. On the 128th anniversary of his birth, a record-setting 662 people dressed as the Tramp in an event organised by the museum. A dedicated exhibition to his life and career was hosted by the Museum of the Moving Image in London in 1988. The Great Londoner exhibition was held at the London Film Museum. There is a statue of <mask> in London that was sculpted by John Doubleday.There is a road named after him in central London, which is the location of the BFI IMAX. In London, Hampshire, and Yorkshire there are blue plaques. In 1980, the town of Vevey named a park after him. Two large murals depicting <mask> were unveiled in Vevey in 2011. He was honoured by the Irish town of Waterville, where he spent several summers with his family in the 1960s. The town has hosted the annual Charlie Chaplin Comedy Film Festival since it was founded in 2011. There is a minor planet named after <mask>.IBM used the Tramp image to promote their computers. On April 15, 2011, a day before his 122nd birthday, a special video on the global and other country-wide homepages of the search engine was dedicated to the man, who was celebrated with several events around the world. <mask> has been honoured with a postal stamp in many countries. The biographical film, "<mask>", was directed by Richard Attenborough and starred Robert Downey Jr. in the title role. Eddie Izzard plays a character in the historical drama film The Cat's Meow and Clive Revill plays a character in the made-for-television movie The Scarlett O'Hara War. Young <mask>, a television series about <mask>'s childhood, ran on PBS in 1989 and was nominated for an award. The Price of Fame is a fictionalized account of the robbery of the grave.<mask>'s life has been the subject of several stage productions. There were two musicals produced in the early 1990s. Limelight: The Story of <mask> was first performed at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego in 2010. It was adapted for Broadway two years later. Robert McClure played the role of <mask> in both productions. The Tampere Workers' Theatre and the Svenska Teatern hosted plays about the man. He has also been described as a literary fiction writer.He is the main character in Robert Coover's short story "<mask> in the House of Rue" and Glen David Gold's novel "Sunnyside", both set in the First World War. In Alan Moore's Jerusalem, a novel set in the author's home town of Northampton, England, a day in the life of <mask> is dramatised. He was brought to life in a comic strip called "<mask>" that ran for 30 years in the British pre-war comic "Funny Wonder". One of the earliest comic strips inspired by the popularity of a celebrity was drawn by Bertie Brown. <mask>'s Comic Capers was syndicated in the United States from March 29, 1915 to September 16, 1917. The comic strip Les Aventures Acrobatiques de Charlot was created in France in 1922. The strip ran in French children's magazines for over two decades.Other artists continued Charlot's comic strip adventures until 1963. There were many albums where the strip was collected. Many awards and honours were received by <mask>. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1975. He received Doctor of Letters degrees from the University of Oxford and the University of Durham. He was appointed a Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour by the French government after he and Ingmar Bergman were joint winners of the Erasmus Prize. The Lincoln Center Film Society gave a Lifetime Achievement Award to <mask> in 1972, after he received a Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival.The award is presented annually to filmmakers. When he was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1972, he was previously excluded because of his political beliefs. In 1929 and 1972 he received an Academy Award for "versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing, and producing The Circus" and "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century" respectively. He received two Best Original Screenplay nominations for Monsieur Verdoux and The Great Dictator. In 1976, he was made a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. The Immigrant, The Kid, The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times, and The Great Dictator were selected for preservation by the United States Library of

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title: Pepin the Hunchback

texts: The Hunchback was a Frankish prince. He was the son of a noblewoman. The epithet "hunchback" was given to him by early medieval historians after he developed a humped back. After his mother was dismissed, he lived with his father's court. Carloman,Pepin's half brother, was rechristened as "Pepin of Italy" around 776, a move that may have signaled the decision to disinherit the elderPepin. The plot to overthrow his father was discovered and put down before it could happen. The monastery ofPrm was chosen because of Charlemagne's decision to commutePepin's death sentence.The subject of numerous works of historical fiction has beenPepin. The legitimacy of his mother's union to Charles remains unclear to modern scholars. Charles' first union is dismissed as illegitimate by most Carolingian-era sources. Einhard writes thatPepin was born to a "concubine", but he doesn't list him among Charlemagne's legitimate offspring. Einhard is probably referring to Himiltrude, the first child-bearing partner of Charlemagne, who is not known. Einhard and most other Carolingian historians worked in the courts of Charlemagne's successors to undermine the legitimacy of the claims of other potential royal lines. The writers may have made a mockery of Charles' union in order to justify his disinheritance.It is possible that the union of Charlemagne and Himiltrude was a Germanic form of marriage with less obligations than the sacramental marriage of the Church. "Pepin was born ante legale connubium or before legal marriage", but his precise meaning is unclear, as he does not specify as to whether Charles and Himiltrude were legally married. Pope Stephen III had a vested interest in preventing Charlemagne from taking a new wife because he was a major political enemy of the papacy. The story of Himiltrude might have been altered after Charles married the Lombard princess Desiderata. It's possible that Charles' resentment over his son led him to divorce Himiltrude. Another possibility is that stories needed to be changed to accommodate a different heir. The Carolingians had a different conception of legitimacy and rightful inheritance than the later monarchies.We do know that Charles fathered a son with a woman named Himiltrude, with whom he may or may not have been married. The customs of naming present during this time illuminate the nature ofPepin's birth. The newborn children were often named after successful ancestors. The Carolingians saw naming customs as a way to help children assume the historical roles of their ancestors. The name "Pepin" was used by several members of the royal line, including Charles' father's name. Carloman named his firstborn Pepin before Charles was even married. The decision to name his first son "Pepin" was made by Charles in order to clear the way for the eventual recognition of his son as emperor.Notker the Stammerer believes that it was Himiltrude,Pepin's mother, who gave him his name. After Charlemagne dismissed his mother Himiltrude to marry Desiderata,<mask> continued to live at his father's court. After Charlemagne's marriage to Hildegard and the birth of new male heirs like Charles the Younger and Carloman,Pepin's position seemed to become more precarious. The young Carloman was christened by Pope Hadrian in Rome. The Poeta Saxo is a 9th-century Latin poet who records the events of Charlemagne's reign. Many historians believe that the beginning of the Hunchback's disinheritance was caused by Charles adding another, more fit Pepin to his line. A lack of documents and credible contemporary historians leaves the question up for debate, and some have even argued thatPepin retained a full stake in the kingdom until his rebellion in 793.During his lifetime, Charlemagne refused to marry off his daughters to the Frankish nobility, even though he was aware of the notions of succession and inheritance. "He never wanted to give any one of them in marriage to anybody," Einhard writes, "and probably reflects Charles' reluctance to leave problematic heirs that could interfere with a peaceful succession after his death." According to sources, Charlemagne treated him with affection and respect despite the difficulties that he presented for the succession. Even after Carloman was rechristened "Pepin", Charlemagne maintained the olderPepin at his court, right alongside Charles the Younger, one of Charlemagne's sons by Hildegard. Charles the Younger was named the "King of the Franks" by Charlemagne when he split his kingdom, and to some historians this suggests that he was also being groomed for future kingship, perhaps for the "lion's share" of Francia. According to historian Janet Nelson, the rechristening of Carloman probably had more to do with satisfying political interests outsideCharlemagne's family than it did with disinheriting the originalPepin. The Franks' historical commitment to the papacy was reinforced by the naming of an Italian king namedPepin.The early disinheritance theory states that Carloman'sbaptism was a repudiation ofPepin's claims to the throne. A plan that left no room for a hunchbacked king was revealed in the Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium. Paul depicts the Frankish kingship as a "birthright" handed down from a father to only one son, like those passed down among biblical patriarchs, by using his history of the ancestry of Charlemagne as an example. He was rejected in favor of his younger brothers because he had no more than one blessing to give. The Hunchback may have been promised that he would become bishop of Metz in exchange for surrendering his claim to the throne, according to historians. There are more reasons to believe thatPepin was passed over. While he was at court with his third wife and new Queen Fastrada, his half-brother Charles the Younger joined his father on important campaigns.Charles the Younger was increasingly tasked by Charlemagne to responsible commands, while leaving Pepin in the shade. Changing standards of marriage may have undermined Pepin's claims to the throne. Charlemagne's intimate relationships with both wives and concubines drew a lot of criticism from his peers. The intellectuals and religious reformers who pushed for the introduction of orthodox Catholic practices throughout the Frankish domain were the same people who dismissedPepin's mother as a concubine. Even if Himiltrude was technically Charlemagne's legal wife, reformers would have rejected the morality of friedelehe. The move to more orthodox Catholic definitions of marriage helped pushPepin into the background, according to some historians. If Charles wanted to impose Catholic notions of orthodoxy on his domain, he needed to abandon the incarnate symbol of what was at best a pre-Christian variety of marriage.Charles may have bowed to pressure from Hildegard, who wanted her own son to inherit the throne. The Hunchback attempted to overthrow his father with the help of a group of Frankish nobles. The plan wasn't put into action before it was discovered. The historical context of the rebellion deserves an explanation. The famine in 793 was caused by a poor harvest. The Duke of Benevento incited acts of hostility in Italy after the Saxons revolted in 793. A single bad harvest doesn't make a revolt in the Carolingian domain.The local nobility had recently been the target of new royal measures handed down by Charles in order to consolidate power and check the abuses of local counts. He instructed the nobility to take an oath of loyalty to him as king, promising that he would be faithful to him for the rest of his life. The increased presence of central authority might have upset the aristocracy, opening the way for a palace coup. Fastrada, Charles' current wife, is cited by both the Royal Frankish Annals and Einhard as a factor in the rebellion. During Fastrada's tenure as his wife and queen, there were two major uprisings against the throne. According to the Royal Frankish Annals, a conspiracy was hatched against the king's life by his oldest son and some Franks. The main cause of these plots is said to be the cruel conduct of Queen Fastrada, and the deviation from the usual by Charles.According to Carl Hammer, the revolt was caused by "crudelitas, the extraordinary harshness of Charlemagne's wife, Fastrada, which had subverted the normal clemency of the king's rule." It's not clear what actions Fastrada took against Pepin, but she seems to have made things worse between the nobility and the aristocracy. Charles moved to Regensburg in the year of 793 in order to better manage his campaign against the Avars. Einhard said that the Hunchback faked sickness instead of accompanying his father. Einhard says that when Charles was at war with the Huns, he shammed sickness, and plotted against his father in company with some of the leading Franks. Einhard was a member of the royal court and his description of Pepin's motivation should be taken with a grain of salt. The plot was discovered when Charles was away.According to the Poeta Saxo, a Lombard named Fardulf exposed the plot and reported it to Charles. He was made abbot of the Abbey at St. Denis for his service to the throne. The co-conspirators were accused of breaking their oaths. They professed a technical innocence against the charge of oath-breaking, claiming they had never actually taken the oath in question. This is a weak defense as it doesn't do anything to mitigate the charge of attempted regicide. The conspirators were found guilty and sentenced to death by the court and king. Some of the conspirators walked away with their lives.Charles might have been unwilling to put to death his first born son, who still seemed to hold some of his father's affection. The revolt in 793 of his bastard son <mask> after he was tonsured. <mask>'s head was shaved and he was forced to devote himself to a religious life in the monastery after the conspirators were punished. Stewart Airlie points out a possible upshot of the revolt in the book Charlemagne: Empire and Society. The suppression ofPippin's conspiracy allowed the king to slim the royal family down further: only the sons of Hildegard were to inherit. The year after the revolt, the Lorsch Annals wrote that Charlemagne's loyal retainers were rewarded.The members of his court who were conspirators had to be punished, but he also had to give away gold, silver and silks to those who didn't take part. They could not be taken for granted. Monastic life and death became a monk, and settled at the abbey ofPrm. Located near the confluence of the Rhine and Moselle rivers, just north of

masks: Pepin PippinPepin Pepin


title: Pepin the Hunchback

texts: modern-day Luxembourg,Prm was far from the heart of Charles' empire. He was sheltered from political intrigue and upheavals. Charles, careful to ensure a smooth transition of power upon his death, issued the divisio regnorum, a royal decree that divided the lands of his kingdom into three separate territories. There is some ambivalence as to whether the Revolt of 793 or the illegitimate nature of the Hunchback's birth resulted in his exclusion from the divisio.There is a chance thatPepin died from plague. His death was recorded in the Royal Frankish Annals, but historians don't agree on the actual date. It is not clear how his hunchback would have been perceived by his peers. Many medieval people believed that disability was an outward symptom of spiritual corruption, a position that was partially informed by passages from the Bible. "The desserts of souls are not to be estimated by the qualities of bodies," wrote St. Augustine in his book City of God. According to one historian, the role of individual deformities was hidden from human understanding, but had significance in God's divine plan of creation. In Carolingian society, individuals who traveled through life apparently cursed by God, but for reasons incomprehensible to humans, are the deformed and the disabled.Einhard calls him a "handsome of face, but hunchbacked." "<mask>'s disability is more of a mundane annoyance than a sign from God," writes Notker the <mask>in. Some historians read a lot about the plight of Pepin into the supposedly allegorical histories that Paul provides of Charlemagne's ancestors. The historical appraisal of the Gesta has varied over time, however, and many historians see it as more of a "literary curiosity" with only an accidental historical value. Historians value a lot of Paul's work as a collection of legends. The Lorsch Annals are a series of historical entries written by Frankish monks during the life of Charlemagne. One of the best early accounts of Pepin's revolt was provided by the Royal Frankish Annals.Although they were compiled in Charlemagne's court, a later writer revised them after the emperor's death, which might affect the way in which the annals cover Pepin. One of the king's most important early biographers, Einhard, only gives a glancing mention ofPepin. Einhard did not mention thatPepin was the first born in his list of legitimate offspring and spouses, but he did mention thatPepin was Charlemagne's son. Einhard acknowledgesPepin's birth a few pages later, saying, "He had a son, handsome in face, but hunchbacked, namedPepin, whom I omitted to mention in the list of his children." By the time of Einhard's writing,Pepin was already in a sort of historical exile because he wasn't portrayed as part of the legitimate family. This is explained by Einhard's account of the revolt. As he plotted to overthrow his father,Pepin feigned illness.<mask> was sent to the monastery after the plot was discovered. Carl Hammer argues in his paper "Pipinus Rex" that Einhard gives priority to the rebellion of 785/6 over the revolt of Pepin. According to Hammer, Einhard hopes to maintain the cohesiveness of the family unit in his portrayal of Charlemagne and his offspring, as he describes Pepin as a "hapless pawn of the real conspirators". Hammer points out that there is no record of Einhard calling Pepin "the Hunchback" prior to his attempt to spare the family. Notker the Stammerer, a Benedictine monk who was Charles the Fat's great-grandson, wrote a third and differing account of Pepin's life. Notker's account, referred to by modern scholars as the Gesta Caroli Magni or De Carolo Magno, provides more detail about the plot than previous sources. According to Notker,<mask> and his co-conspirators meet in the church of St. Peter in Regensburg to discuss their plot, where a cleric hiding under the altar overhears them.After the deacon reveals the conspiracy to Charlemagne, the plotters are captured, andPepin is "cruelly scourged" and sent to a poor monastery. Another element to the story may have been borrowed from the Roman historian Livy's account of Tarquin's poppies. When faced with another revolt, Charlemagne sent his messengers to askPepin his advice. The king's men foundPepin weeding in the garden, but he refused to give Charles any advice, saying "I will send him no message except what I am doing!" I am digging up the useless weeds in order to allow the vegetables to grow more freely. The nobles are put to death when the messengers relate the story back to Charlemagne. As a reward for his good counsel, Charles allowsPepin to choose "the manner of life that most pleased him" andPepin asks to move to the monastery ofPrm.The Annales de gestis Caroli magni imperatoris libri quinque was composed by an anonymous Saxon poet at the end of the 9th century. He usually gives an interesting literary restatement of the older history. The historical accuracy of Notker the Stammerer's account is dismissed by many modern historians. Some scholars argue that Notker has a valuable early literary account ofPepin. The introduction to Notker's work suggests that De Carolo Magno can be seen as an attempt to provide a revision of Einhard's text. According to Professor Lewis Thorpe, the Charlemagne of the Monk of Saint Gall seems to live before our eyes and to be a little closer to the real man who we find portrayed elsewhere. Like his portrayal of Charlemagne, Notker's depiction of the hunchback inaugurated a long tradition of fictionalizingPepin as a literary character, with an emphasis on the complex relationship he maintained with his father.The 1972 Broadway musical hit, Pippin, is based on the story of the Hunchback of history. Pippin, who is not a hunchback, graduated from university and is trying to decide what his life should be about. He decides to join his father's army but changes his mind quickly. After finding no meaning in women and sex by the end of the first act, Pippin decided to revolt. The revolt succeeds, Charles is killed, and Pippin becomes king. He finds no meaning in this calling and so, through magic and song, resurrects Charles. He chooses the love of a woman over taking his own life.The musical won multiple Tony awards, including Best Direction of a Musical, Best Choreography, and Best Leading Actor in a Musical, among others. The revival won many Tonys, including Best Revival of a Musical, Best Direction of a Musical, and Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical. The story of Charlemagne's family is told in a historical-fictional style in the 1998 novel Son of Charlemagne, fleshing out the details of more historical accounts. "Carl" expresses distress as he learns that he has been renamed "Pepin", taking his older half-brother's place. "Carl had caught Bertha by the wrist and she had answered by putting her other hand as tightly as possible on his." What is the name of the person? It is not possible to have a detailed account of Gobbo.The name "Gobbo" means "hunchback" in Italian. "Gobbo means hunchback", explains the character Charlemagne. The Lombards were fought in Italy when you were born. When I heard my son was called Gobbo, I knew he wouldn't succeed me. It is not possible to mock a king. Besides... I fear that Gobbo is not completely trustworthy.It makes sense that this is a possibility since it is founded in little historical evidence. The king's concerns about Pepin's trustworthiness are just a literary device. Most of the available sources say thatPepin's relationship with his father was strong in his early years. The short story "Episodes from the Hunchback" is not about the Hunchback. The story is about Charles' father. It is possible that Dumas was confused by the redundant names in the history and that the story is not about the hunchbacked prince. The DC comic Arak, Son of Thunder was set in the time of Charlemagne and featured Pip in its backup strip, Valda the Iron Maiden.Airlie, Stuart, you can see also the Charlemagne Himiltrude Carolingian dynasty. "Captains and Kings" is a book about the Aristocracy. The Empire and Society of Charlemagne. Ed. The story of a woman. pp 90–101. The book is "Book XL."The City of God. The Ethereal Library has Christian classics. There is a website. The year ended on 11 December. Alessandro Barbero. The Father of a Continent was Charlemagne. pp 133, 134, 136, 137, 149, 341 are from the University of California."Becher." There is a person named Charlemagne. pp 121, 123, 127 were published in New Haven. There is a Capitularia Regum Francorum. The Bibliopolii Hahniani was published in the late 19th century. Entry 23. Alexander Dumas."Episodes from Pépin et Charlemagne". J. D. Whyte edited and selected it. Rivingtons was in London in 1889. Einhard and Notker The Stammerer. There are two lives of Charlemagne. Trans. David Ganz.N.p. pp 33, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 101, 102, 103 was written by Walter. "Paul the Deacon's 'Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium' and the Early Design of Charlemagne's Succession." Traditio 42 was published in 1986. Carl I. Pipinus Rex' was written by Hammer. Traditio 63 was published in 2008. Thomas Hodgkin.The life of Charles the Great. pp 130, 139, 140 King, P. D. "Lorsch Annals." There are Translated Sources. P.D. is located in Lambrigg, Kendal, Cumbria. pp 137–45 McKinney, Mary E. The life of a Saxon Poet.The New York: Pageant was published in 1956. "Rosamond McKitterick." The formation of a European identity was created by Charlemagne. Cambridge UP, 2008. "Charlemagne - pater optimus?" was a question posed by Janet L. Nelson. The original article was published in 2002. Ohnacker, Elke.What if the Other Sons had survived? The Problems of Royal Succession are related to Charlemagne's Sons. pp 184–2 are from Historical Social Research/ Historische Sozialforschung. "Pippin synopsis." Musicals on the net. There is a website. Pierre, Riché.The Carolingians are a family who created Europe. Trans. Michael Allen. The University of Pennsylvania was in Philadelphia in 1993. Carolingian Chronicles includes Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories. The University of Michigan published a paper in 1972. "Simek" is the name of the man.The Physical World before Columbus was called Heaven and Earth in the Middle Ages. Boydell, 1996, p. 91. They were joined by Barbara and Emil Weiss. He was the son of Charlemagne. Bethlehem Books was published in 1998. The man was named Richard. From the Hammer to the Cross is what Charlemagne said.Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill. The life of Charlemagne was translated by Samuel Epes

masks: Pepin StPepPepPepinPep EinhardPepin Pepin


title: Empress Elisabeth of Austria

texts: The empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary was married to the emperor. She was born into a royal family. She had an informal upbringing before marrying the Emperor at the age of sixteen. She was unprepared for the formal Habsburg court life after the marriage, and found uncongenial. She was at odds with her mother-in-law, who took over the rearing of her daughters, one of whom died in infancy. The birth of the heir apparent, Crown Prince Rudolf, improved her standing at court, but her health suffered under the strain, and she would often visit Hungary for its more relaxed environment. She helped to bring about the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867.The death of her only son and his mistress in a murder–suicide at his hunting lodge in 1889 was a blow from which she never recovered. She left court duties and went with her family. She spent a lot of time on the Greek Island of Corfu in the 1890s. The palace was a refuge. She was obsessed with keeping her youthful figure and beauty. In 1897, her sister was killed in a fire at a charity event in Paris. In 1898, an Italian named Luigi Lucheni mortally wounded <mask> while he was travelling in Switzerland.The longest serving empress of Austria was <mask>. The third child and second daughter of Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria, she was the half- sister of King Ludwig I of Bavaria. He had a love of circuses and traveled the countryside to escape his duties. During the winter and summer months, Possenhofen Castle was the family's home. She often skipped her lessons to go riding in the countryside when she was a child. The domineering mother of the emperor arranged a marriage between her son and his sister's daughter, preferring to have a niece as a daughter-in-law rather than a stranger. The archduchess took for granted the fact that the couple had never met.The duke and his wife were invited to a resort in Upper Austria to receive his proposal of marriage. The mother and sister of 15-year-old Sisi traveled from Munich in several coaches. The coach with their dresses never arrived as the Duchess had to interrupt the journey. The family was mourning the death of an aunt so they were unable to change into more appropriate clothing before meeting the young Emperor. The dark color of her sister's hair made her blonder look more striking. He was instantly enamored with her younger sister, even though he and her felt ill at ease in each other's company. He told his mother that if he couldn't have <mask>, he wouldn't marry.Their betrothal was announced five days later. The couple were married in Vienna eight months later. Three days after the marriage was finalized, <mask> received a dower worth $240,000USD. The Habsburg court life and strict protocols of the Hofburg made it difficult for the Empress of Austria to adapt. She had fits of coughing and became anxious and frightened when she had to descend a narrow staircase within a few weeks. She gave birth to her first child ten months after her wedding and was surprised to find she was pregnant. The Archduchess named the baby after herself and refused to allow the mother to care for the child.When a second daughter, Archduchess Gisela of Austria, was born a year later, the baby was taken away from her father. The fact that she didn't have a male heir made her unwanted in the palace. She found a pamphlet on her desk that said her mother-in-law was the source of the pamphlet. There was an accusation of political interference regarding her husband's Italian and Hungarian subjects. She persuaded him to show mercy to political prisoners when they traveled to Italy. After visiting Hungary for the first time with her husband and two daughters, it left a deep and lasting impression on her, probably because she found a welcome respite from the constraints of Austrian court life. She felt her innermost soul reach out in sympathy to the proud, steadfast people after meeting with men of character for the first time.Thirty-six years after her assassination, her love for Hungary and the Hungarians was returned with interest and still declared by Patrick Leigh Fermor, who wrote about his visit to Hungary in 1934. The trip was tragic as both of the children became ill. The two-year-old died after growing weaker. It is assumed that she died of typhus. The death of her husband pushed her into periods of depression, which will haunt her for the rest of her life. Their relationship never recovered after she turned away from her daughter. In December of 1856, <mask> became pregnant for the third time in as many years, and her mother, who had been concerned about her daughter's physical and mental health, hoped that this new pregnancy would help her recover.<mask> was 5 feet 8 inches tall. She maintained her weight for the rest of her life after four pregnancies. She did this by doing gymnastics and riding. After the death of her daughter, <mask> refused to eat for days, a behavior that would reappear in later periods of depression. She ate quickly and very little if she ate with the family. She would have a "fasting cure" or "hunger cure" if her weight got too high. She either had the juice of half-raw beefsteaks squeezed into a thin soup or she had a diet of milk and eggs.The practice of "tight-lacing" was used to emphasize her extreme slenderness. During the peak period of 1859–60, her sexual withdrawal from her husband after three pregnancies in rapid succession, and her losing battle with her mother-in-law for dominance in rearing her children, she reduced her waist. Corset of the time were split-busk types, fastening up the front with hooks and eyes, but <mask> had more rigid, solid-front ones made in Paris out of leather, probably to hold up under the stress of such strenuous lacing. She only wore them for a few weeks, and even leather proved inadequate for her needs. Her mother-in-law expected her to be pregnant continuously because of her defiant flaunting of this exaggerated dimensions. Although on her return to Vienna in August 1862, a lady-in-waiting reported that she was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Her youngest daughter was terrified when she first met Queen Victoria because of her horror of fat women.When fashion began to change, she was at the forefront of abandoning the hoop skirt for a tighter and leaner silhouette. She preferred simple riding habit-like attire and disliked the protocol that dictated constant changes of clothing. She never wore a skirt as they added bulk and sewed them into her clothes to emphasize the "wasp waist" that became her hallmark. The empress was very disciplined in her exercise habits. Every castle she lived in had a gymnasium, the Knights' Hall of the Hofburg was converted into one, mats and balance beams were installed in her bedchamber, and the imperial villa at Ischl was fitted with gigantic mirrors. She started fencing in her 50s. A fervent horsewoman, she rode every day for hours on end, becoming probably the world's best, as well as best-known, female equestrian at the time.She substituted walking for long hours in the saddle, causing her attendants to go on hiking tours in all weather. In the last years of her life, she became restless and obsessive and weighed herself up to three times a day. She wasted away to near emaciation after taking steam baths to prevent weight gain. On one occasion in 1878, the Empress astonished her travelling companions when she unexpectedly visited a restaurant incognito, where she drank champagne, ate a broiled chicken and an Italian salad, and finished with a " She had a spiral staircase built from her living room into the kitchen so that she could reach it in private, and she may have satisfied her urge to binge in secret on other occasions. She practiced beauty routines in addition to her rigorous exercise regimen. It took at least three hours to care for her long and abundant hair.She complained that the weight of the double braids and pins gave her headaches because of her long hair. Her hairdresser was once a hairdresser at the Burgtheater. She was responsible for all of <mask>'s hair. After hours of dressing, braiding, and pinning up the Emperor's tresses, the hairs that fell out had to be presented in a silver bowl to the empress for inspection. All activities and obligations were canceled when her hair was washed with a combination of eggs and cognac every two weeks. At the end of her life, her hair was described as "abundant, though streaked with silver threads." She spoke English and French while grooming, and added modern Greek to her studies.Her Greek tutor said that it takes almost two hours for her to get her hair done. My mind escapes through the hair and onto the fingers of my hairdresser. My headaches afterwards. The table was moved to the center of the room and covered with a white cloth. She was covered in a white peignoir, her hair unfastened and reaching to the floor. As she wanted to show her natural beauty, she used cosmetics and perfume less. She tested many beauty products at both the court pharmacy and in her own apartments.She preferred a wide variety of facial tonics and waters. It was just as demanding for her to go to sleep and wake up. She slept without a pillow on a metal bedstead, which she thought was better for maintaining her upright posture, and either raw veal or crushed strawberries lined her nightly leather facial mask. She slept with cloths soaked in either violet- or cider-vinegar above her hips to protect her slim waist, and her neck was wrapped with cloths soaked in Kummerfeld-toned washing water. She took a cold shower every morning and an olive-oil bath in the evening to preserve her skin tone. She didn't want the public image of the eternal beauty to be challenged. She wouldn't allow any photographs and didn't want to sit for any more portraits.A woman who was graceful, but almost too slender, is shown in a few photos without her knowledge. Marriage Franz Joseph was in love with his wife, but she did not reciprocate his feelings fully and felt stifled by the rigidness of court life. He was an unimaginative and sober man, a political reactionary who was still guided by his mother and her adherence to the strict Spanish Court Ceremonial regarding both his public and domestic life. She was restless to the point of being emotionally distant from her husband, so she fled him as well as her duties of life at court, avoiding them both as much as she could. He tried to get her into a more domestic life with him. She took up smoking, a shocking habit for women which made her the subject of already avid gossip, as she slept very little and spent hours reading and writing at night. She had a deep admiration for the German lyric poet and radical political thinker, Heinrich Heine.She wrote Heine-inspired poetry to make a name for herself. In a large number of romantic poems, she expressed her intimate thoughts and desires in a type of secret diary. She writes about her journeys, classical Greek and romantic themes, and commentary on the Habsburg dynasty. She was an emotionally complex woman, and perhaps due to the melancholy and eccentricity that was considered a given characteristic of her Wittelsbach family, she was the best-known member of the family being her favorite cousin, the eccentric Ludwig II of Bavaria. When the Emperor asked her what she wanted for her Saint's Day gift, she said a fully equipped lunatic asylum. The heir to the throne was born on 21 August 1858. Her influence on the court was signaled by the 101-gun salute announcing the welcome news to Vienna.She sympathized with Hungary and made her an ideal mediation between the emperor and the Magyars. She was liberal minded and placed herself firmly on the Hungarian side in the growing conflict of nationalities within the empire. Hungarian Count Gyula Andrssy was rumored to be <mask>'s lover. She helped restart difficult negotiations between the court and the Hungarians whenever they broke down. In an attempt to bring the two men together, she told her husband that she had just had an interview with Andrssy and that he should be made the premier of Hungary. He clearly stated his views. I came to the conclusion that if you would trust him completely, we might still be saved, not only Hungary, but the monarchy as well.I can assure you that you aren't dealing with a man who wants to play a part at any price or try to get a

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


title: Empress Elisabeth of Austria

texts: position; on the other hand, he's risking his position, which is a fine one. He is prepared to do everything in his power to save it; what he possesses, his understanding and influence in the country, he will lay at your feet. I beg you not to lose this at the last moment. If you stop listening at the last moment, you are no longer willing to listen to disinterested counsels. You will be relieved forever from my future, and I will be able to tell you honestly that I did everything in my power. Your misfortunes are not on my conscience. When she was not able to control her son's upbringing, she rebelled.In October 1860 she was reported to suffer from "green-sickness" (anemia), and also from physical exhaustion, due to her nervous attacks, fast cures, severe exercise regime, and frequent fits of coughing. A stay on Madeira was advised by a lung specialist who was worried about a serious lung complaint. There were rumors that the court was rife with that Franz Joseph was having a liaison with an actress named Frau Roll. After seizing on the excuse, she left her husband and children to spend the winter in seclusion. Four days after her return to Vienna, she experienced coughing fits and a high temperature. She ate little and slept poorly. She was advised a new rest cure, whichLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamLevetiracetamWhen she was removed from her husband and her duties, her eating habits caused physical problems as well. She had not seen Vienna for a year when she was examined by her family physician. She could only walk with the help of others. She was told to go to Bad Kissingen for a cure. Instead of coming home to explain her absence she spent more time with her family in Germany. In August 1862, after a two-year absence, she returned just before her husband's birthday, but immediately suffered from a violent migraines and vomited four times, which might support a theory that some of her complaints were stress-related and psychosomatic. It was hoped that another son would safeguard the succession as Rudolf was four years old.The empress would have to go to Kissingen for a cure if she had another baby. She used her health as an excuse to avoid both official obligations and sexual intimacy, escaping boredom and dull court protocol through frequent walking and riding. Preserving her youthful appearance was also an important influence in her avoidance of pregnancies, as she said "children are the curse of a woman, for when they come, they drive away Beauty, which is the best gift of the gods". She was now more assertive in her defiance of her husband and mother-in-law than before, openly opposing them on the subject of the military education of Rudolf, who, like his mother, was extremely sensitive and not suited to the life at court. After using every excuse to avoid having a baby, she decided that she wanted a fourth child. She decided to return to the marriage in order to ensure that Hungary would gain an equal footing with Austria. The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary was created by the Austro-Hungarian Compromise.The king and queen of Hungary were crowned in June after Andrssy became the first Hungarian prime minister. Hungary presented the royal couple with a country residence as a gift. In the next year, she lived mostly in Gdll and Buda-Pest, leaving her neglected and resentful Austrian subjects to trade rumors that if the baby were a son, she would name him Stephen, after the first king of Hungary. The issue was avoided when she gave birth to a daughter. She was christened the "Hungarian child" in April, ten months after she was born. The last child was going to be brought up by herself. Her youngest daughter was nearly smothered by her as she poured all her maternal feelings on her.She died in 1872 and her influence over the court waned. After achieving this victory, <mask> Alter fashion house was very popular with the fashion-crazed crowd. Several newspapers reported on reputed lovers. There is no evidence that she had an affair, but one of her alleged lovers was an Anglo-Scot named George "Bay" Middleton. He was said to be the father of Lady Hozier and the probable lover of her. She encouraged her husband's close relationship with an actress to prevent him from becoming lonely. All public attention and crowds of people were avoided by <mask> on her journeys. She used pseudonyms like 'Countess of Hohenembs'.When she didn't feel right, she refused to meet European monarchs. She was usually accompanied by her Greek language tutor or her ladies-in-waiting on her high-speed walking tours. The empress is described as a natural, liberal and modest character by her last lady-in-waiting. Most of the readers who accompanied her on her journeys were in their mid-twenties. The memoirs of a future playwright and theater director were banned by the Viennese court. The others were a lawyer, a resistance fighter, and a future sportsman. The English-Greek Frederic Barker was the last tutor.He was a middleman in the negotiations to sell the palace. Barker continued to stay in touch with the imperial family after Sisi's death. On her voyages, she was accompanied by a Swedish therapist, Arvid Kellgren. In 1889, the life of <mask> was shattered by the death of her only son, who was found dead with his young lover Baroness Mary Vetsera, in what was suspected to be a murder-suicide. The scandal was named after the location of the hunting lodge where they were found. He never recovered from the tragedy. She lost her father, her only son, her sister, her mother and her brother within a few years.After the death of her husband, she was thought to have only dressed in black for the rest of her life, but a light blue and cream dress discovered by The Hofburg's Sisi Museum dates to this time. The Count died a year later. She said her last and only friend was dead. Marie Valerie said that she had a true and steadfast friendship with him. Whether their personal relationship was intimate or not, her feelings for him were ones she also felt for his country, and that she knew were reciprocated by the Magyars. The Mayerling scandal made her an icon and a sensation in her own right. She wore long black dresses that could be buttoned up at the bottom and carried a white parasol made of leather and a concealing fan to hide her face.She and her husband didn't spend a lot of time in Vienna. Their relationship became warm as their correspondence increased during their last years. She traveled through the Mediterranean on her steamer. Her favorite places were Cape Martin on the French Riviera, Sanremo on the Ligurian Riviera, Lake Geneva in Switzerland, and Bad Ischl in Austria, where the imperial couple would spend the summer. The countries not usually visited by European royals at the time were: Algeria, Turkey, and Egypt. The Emperor was hoping that his wife would finally settle down in the palace, but she didn't. The endless travels gave her escape from her life and misery.In 1898, despite warnings of possible assassination attempts, the 60-year-old <mask> traveled to Switzerland. The Htel Beau-Rivage had a guest from Austria. The steamship Genve was on the shore of Lake Geneva when the Sztray de Sztra et Nagymihly left the hotel at 1:35 p.m. Since the empress disliked processions, she insisted that they walk alone. They were walking along the promenade when a 25-year-old Italian man tried to peer under the empress's parasol. According to Sztray, as the ship's bell announced the departure, Lucheni made a movement with his hand as if he wanted to maintain his balance. He had stabbed her with a long needle file that was used to file the eyes of industrial needles that he had inserted into a wooden handle.The Duke of Orléans was supposed to be killed by Lucheni, but the Pretender to France's throne left for the Valais. When the assassin failed to find him, he chose the elegant woman traveling under the name of "Countess of Hohenembs" as his replacement. It wasn't a woman that I struck, it was a sovereign who I came to kill, because I wanted to give an example to those who suffer and those who do nothing to improve their social position. The empress collapsed after Lucheni hit her. Planner, the Austrian concierge of the Beau-Rivage, was watching the empress's progress toward the Genve when a coach driver helped her to her feet. Sztray relaxed her hold on <mask>'s arm after the two women walked to the gangway. The empress lost consciousness and collapsed next to her.Only a former nurse was available when Sztray called for a doctor. The captain of the boat advised the countess to disembark and take her companion back to her hotel since it was very hot on the deck. The boat was leaving the harbor. Three men carried her to a bench. Sztray cut the corset laces so she could breathe. Sztray asked if she was in pain, and she replied, "No". She asked what had happened.And lost consciousness again. There was a stain above the empress's left breast. She told the captain of her identity and the boat turned back. Six sailors on a stretcher improvised from a sail, cushions and two oars, carried <mask> back to the Hotel Beau-Rivage. Sztray noticed a few small drops of blood and a small wound when the countess undressed and removed her shoes. She was dead when they removed her from the stretcher and brought her into the room. Two doctors and a priest arrived, but the priest was too late to grant her forgiveness.After incising her left arm, she found no blood. Everyone knelt down and prayed for her soul after she was pronounced dead. The empress of Austria had been there for 44 years. When he received the telegram, he was worried that her death was caused by suicide. He was reassured on that point when he received a later message detailing the assassination. The telegram asked for permission to perform an autopsy, and the answer was that procedures prescribed by Swiss Law should be followed. The autopsy was performed the next day by Golay, who discovered that the weapon, which had not yet been found, had penetrated into <mask>'s thorax, fractured the fourth rib, pierced the lung and pericardium, and penetrated the heart from the top before coming out the baseDue to the sharpness and thinness of the file, the wound was very narrow and the bleeding of blood into the pericardial sac was slowed. The beating of her heart was not impeded until this sac filled, which is why she was able to walk up the boat's boarding ramp. She would have lived longer if the weapon had not been removed. The wound was photographed by Golay, but turned over to the Swiss Procurator-General, who had it destroyed, along with the autopsy instruments. The body of <mask> was placed in a triple coffin, with two inner ones of lead and the third one of bronze, and reposing on lion claws. On Tuesday, before the coffins were sealed, Franz Joseph's official representatives arrived to identify the body. The doors of the coffin could be slid back to allow her face to be seen.The funeral train carried the body back to Vienna. She had an inscription on her coffin. The words, "and Queen of Hungary" were hastily added after the Hungarians were angry. On the morning of 17 September, high-ranking nobles followed her funeral cortege to her tomb in the Capuchin Church, as the entire Austro-Hungarian Empire was in deep mourning. After the attack, Lucheni fled down the Rue des Alpes, where he threw the file into the entrance to No. 3. He was caught by two cabdrivers and a sailor.The concierge thought he found a weapon that belonged to a man who had moved the day before, but he didn't tell the police until the next day. The tip of the file was broken off when Lucheni threw it away. It was thought that the file was deliberately selected because it would be less noticeable than a shiny knife, which would have given Lucheni away as he approached. Lucheni had planned to purchase a stiletto, but without the price of 12 Swiss Francs, he cut down a piece of firewood and made a homemade dagger. Although Lucheni boasted that he acted alone, because many political refugees found a haven in Switzerland, the possibility that he was part of a plot and that the life of the emperor was also in danger was considered. After it was discovered that an Italian was

masks: Elisabethtal Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


title: Empress Elisabeth of Austria

texts: responsible for the murder of <mask>, unrest swept Vienna and Italians were threatened. At the news of Rudolf's death, the intensity of shock, mourning, and outrage was much greater.There was an uproar over the lack of protection for the empress. The Swiss police were aware of her presence and sent telegrams to the appropriate authorities to make sure they took all precautions. The police chief of the Canton of Vaud had no choice but to withdraw his officers because she had detected his officers outside the hotel the day before the assassination. It is1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556 Lucheni was brought to the court. He signed the letter "Luigi Lucheni, anarchist, and one of the most dangerous" because he was so angry that the death sentence had been abolished. Lucheni's sanity was questioned initially since he was considered a blameless target since he was famous for preferring the common man to courtiers.The proceeds from the sale of a large part of her jewel collection were to be applied to various religious and charitable organizations. "That a man could be found to attack such a woman, whose whole life was spent in doing good and who never injured any person, is to me incomprehensible", said Franz Joseph. Everything other than the crown jewels and state property was left to her granddaughter, the Archduchess <mask>. Lucheni was tried as a common murderer, not a political criminal, despite being declared to be sane. Incarcerated for life, and denied the opportunity to make a political statement by his action, he attempted to kill himself with a tin of sardines on February 20, 1900. He hanged himself with his belt in his cell after a guard took his uncompleted memoirs. The Order of Elizabeth was founded in memory of her.There is a monument in the Volksgarten of Vienna that was dedicated in 1907. There is a monument to the empress on the promenade. Her many visits to the area are mentioned in the inscription. There is a statue in memoriam near the location of her assassination, created by Philip Jackson and dedicated in 1998 on the 100th anniversary of the assassination. A number of chapels were named after her. The park in Meran, South Tyrol was named after her. The Imperial Hofburg apartment, the Schnbrunn Palace in Vienna, the Imperial Villa in Bad Ischl, and the summer residence in Gdll are all preserved and open to the public.The Possenhofen Castle is where she lived as a child. There is a sleeping car on display at the museum. The districts of Erzsébetvros and Pesterzsébet are named after her. The main theme for a high value collector coin is the western railway named after the queen of Prussia. The Sisi Star, a 10-pointed star of diamonds fanning out around one enormous pearl from an exhibit commemorates the 100th anniversary of her assassination at the Schnbrunn Palace in Vienna, was stolen in 1998. It was one of 27 jewel-encrusted pieces designed and made by court jewelers for her to wear in her hair, which is depicted in a portrait of her by Winterhalter. The Star was returned to Austria after being recovered by Canadian police.No one was ever charged with taking the jewel. A second type of stars without a pearl center was designed by a court jeweller. The ladies of the court received some stars. One set of 27 diamond stars was kept in the Imperial family, and can be seen in a photograph of the bride and groom at their wedding. There are busts of Empress <mask> in Poltr and Preov, as well as a bronze statue by Gyula Donth from 1903 in Bardejov spa. The bridge that connects the towns of Komrno in Slovakia and Komrom in Hungary was built in 1892 and is named after Sissi. The comic operetta Sissi was shown in Vienna in 1932.The opera was written by the Marischkas with the help of Robert Russell Bennett. Although the pet name of the empress was always spelled "                                               The play L'Aigle  Deux ttes was written in 1943 by Jean Cocteau. It was staged for the first time in 1946. The musical was premired in Vienna in 1992. This is probably the most dark portrayal of the Empress' life. The depiction showed that the Habsburg dynasty was destroyed by the physical manifestations of death that <mask> brought to the imperial court.The lead role in the premiere was played by a Dutch singer. <mask> went on to become the most successful German-language musical of all time and has enjoyed numerous productions around the world. In Kenneth MacMillan's 1978 ballet, he played a mother and son in a pas de Deux. Sissi, l'impératice anarchiste (Sissi, Anarchist Empress), choreographed by Maurice Béjart, was performed in 1993 by French ballerina Sylvie Guillem. Kaiserin Elisabeth von sterreich was one of the first films to focus on one person. It was co-written by <mask>'s niece, Marie Larisch, who played her younger self at the age of 62. The film became famous when a group of con-artists started selling stills from the murder scene as actual photographs of the crime.The film was directed by Adolf Trotz. The King Steps Out, a film version of the operetta "Sissi", was released by Columbia Pictures in 1936. Grace Moore and Franchot Tone were in it. The film version of The Eagle with Two Heads was directed by Jean Cocteau. Another adaptation of Cocteau's play is Michelangelo Antonioni's 1981 film The Mystery of Oberwald. In the German-speaking world, <mask>'s name is often associated with a trilogy of romantic films about her life, which starred a teenage Romy Schneider and made her famous worldwide. In 1962, this version was released in North America.<mask> is shown as a mature character in early dramatizations because she is peripheral to her husband and son. The empress is seen on screen for the first time in Schneider's portrayal as a young woman. The first to explicitly depict the romantic myth of Sissi, the trilogy ends abruptly with her determination to live a private life. The image of the loving wife, devoted mother, and benevolent empress would be at odds with any further exploration of the topic. Every Christmas the films are shown on Austrian, German, Dutch, and French television. The Sissi Collection was released in 2007, with English subtitles. Schneider claimed thatissi sticks to him like porridge.She played a more realistic and fascinating <mask> in Luchino Visconti's Ludwig, a 1972 film about Ludwig II of Bavaria. The portrait of Schneider that is displayed in her home was taken from her roles in the film. The empress in the film was played by a woman. Sisi und der Kaiserkuss was a 1991 French-German film that starred a French actress, a German actor and a German actress. In 2007, German comedian and director Michael Herbig released a computer-animated parody film called Lissi und der wilde Kaiser. "Lissi and the Wild Emperor" His Sissi parody sketches were used in his show Bullyparade.Herbig plays <mask> in the film Bullyparade. Hannah Herzsprung played Sisi in the 2012 movie Ludwig II, which was about Ludwig II of Bavaria. Cara Delevingne starred in a short film directed by Karl Lagerfeld in December of last year to coincide with the presentation of the Pre-Fall 2015 'Metier d'Arts' collection by luxury fashion house Chanel. During a dream sequence, the duo sing a song written by Williams entitled CC the World, which plays on the interlocking logo of the fashion house, as well as the initials of its founder Coco Chanel. The gown worn by <mask> in the portrait by Winterhalter was recreated by Lagerfeld. Sisi und Ich is a German-language movie that will be released in 2022. The first episode of the British television series Fall of Eagles was about Television Elisabeth.The empress at the time of Rudolf's death was portrayed by Rachel Gurney. The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side is a 1992 adaptation of Agatha Christie's Miss Marple mystery. The role of the empress was played by a woman. The season five finale of the Austrian detective television series Kommissar Rex focuses on a delusional woman. "Sisi" is the title of the episode. In a 1997 animated children's series, Princess Sissi, a heavily fictionalized version of <mask>'s younger years is depicted. The 2004 French television film Sissi, l'impératrice rebelle was portrayed by Arielle Dombasle.In the 2006 television dramatization of The Crown Prince, Ceccarelli portrayed an older <mask>. Her son and his lover were played by two actors. The two-part mini-series was produced by a German, Austrian and Italian partnership and was aired on European television in December 2009. The political problems of the empire and the personal troubles of the main characters are dealt with in much better detail than in many other dramas. The Italian cartoon series Sissi: La Giovane Imperatrice began airing on Mondo TV in October of 2015. After airing two seasons totalling 56 episodes (26 minutes each), with 52 shorter 11-minute episodes slated for its 3D third season, it sold its second season to TV Azteca. The upcoming series on Sissi's life will be centered on her life and will be played by a Tukish German actress.His book displeased the Imperial Court that declared him persona non grata and forced him to resign his University teaching position in Vienna. Susan Appleyard's ebook, In a Gilded Cage, tells the story of <mask>. William S. Abrahams wrote a novel about <mask>'s youth and early adult life. The 1987 novel Spangle has a significant character named <mask>. The novel focuses on a circus that traveled through Europe at the end of the 19th century, and depicts the interest of <mask> in circuses and daredevil horseback riding. The Royal Diaries: <mask>, The Princess Bride is a children's book about her teenage years. Stars in my Heart was written by Barbara Cartland.Alexander Lernet-Holenia wrote a novel about her. The short story "The Road to Charing Cross" was written by George MacDonald Fraser. She dances with the anti-hero at a ball at the end of the story, in which he helped prevent her husband from being assassinated. A man by the name of Mark Twain. He did not submit for publication an article he wrote about the assassination of the Empress of Austria. In Georgette Heyer's mystery, Envious Casca, there is a biography of the empress of Austria, Life of the empress Elizabeth of Austria. The book's disappearance is part of the goings-on that distracts various family members and guests.The Accidental Empress is a historical fiction novel written by Allison Pataki. Its sequel was published in March of 2016 The story of the theft of the Koechert diamond and pearl jewel was written by a journalist. The Reluctant Empress: A Biography of Empress <mask> of Austria was written in 1988. Hamann portrayed <mask> as a bitter, unhappy woman full of self-loathing and suffering from various emotional and mental disorders, unlike previous depictions of her as a one-dimensional fairy tale princess. She died a broken woman who never found happiness, but was seen to have searched for it. The role of women in high-level politics and dynasties was explored in Hamann's portrayal.The Fortune Hunter is a historical fiction novel about a woman and a man. "If I Had a Wish" is a song on Petra Berger's album Eternal Woman. The Scottish band Washington Irving wrote a song that was inspired by the life of <mask>. The bridge over the Elbe was named after her. The Greek Catholic Church of Sts. in Lviv is now the Elizabeth Church. Olha and Elizabeth were founded in 1903 by the Emperor. She was appointed as a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St John.The Kingdom of Prussia: Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Class : Grand Cordon of the Precious Crown was nominated but never formally invested due to her death. There is a Kaiserin in Griechenland. There was a place where an empress used to lodge. The book is "Fakping 2009 () (44pp.)". European Royal History Journal, Issue 64, Vol. 2, contains a story titled "Stefan Haderer: Empress <mask>'s Final Odyssey." The Reluctant Empress: A Biography of Empress <mask> of Austria was published in 1986 by Knopf. Sissi, <mask>, is the empress of Austria.The Elusive Empress was written by Ann Nibbs. They wrote 'Sissi's World: The Empress <mask> in Memory and Myth'. The book is called Our Savage and is written by Matt Pavelich. The Simone de Beauvoir Society published Matteo Tuveri's Elizabeth of Austria: A Beauvoirian perspective. Matteo Tuveri: Sissi becomes Lissy. Matteo Tuveri is the author of Tabularium. The website of the Italian biographer Matteo Tuveri can be found at www.matteotuveri.it.The Royal Palace of Gdll was the site of murders during the

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


title: James Pritchard (boxer)

texts: <mask> was a professional boxer. He was the only one to challenge for the world cruiserweight title. The 1985 National Golden Gloves Superweight Champion was an amateur named <mask>. After a pro career that included 17 victories, including a draw with Mike 'The Bounty' Hunter, <mask> faced ex-world champion Mike Weaver in a crossroads fight. <mask> was stopped by the big punching Weaver on his feet in six, but returned to win three fights in a row before meeting another former world champion, Michael Dokes. <mask> gained a reputation for being tough as Dokes could not drop him. <mask> traveled to South Africa for several fights, boxing to a controversial draw with Johnny DuPlooy when he had apparently got the better of him.He was stopped in 10 by Pierre Coetzer and then in eight by DuPlooy. Prior to his Tyson fight, <mask> was a sparring partner of Frank Bruno. He had a string of wins including a knockout of a novice. A trip to England to face Gary Mason resulted in a 9th rd stoppage loss, despite the fact that no one could knock him down. <mask> was demoted to opponent status in the heavyweights and moved down to the cruiserweight division. He beat two-time world title challenger Siza Makathini in his debut winning an IBF Intercontinental title, but in his 1991 fight with <mask> he was dropped for the first time in his career and stopped in 36 seconds. After his cruiserweight title disaster, Journeyman <mask> was demoted to journeyman status.He knocked out West Turner to win the title, but lost to many other people. He wasn't much more than a cannon fodder in the late 1990s for Wladimir and Brian. He retired in 1997 with a respectable record. He was released from parole in 1991 after serving 10 years. He was released on parole in 2009. On January 5, 2012 he was back in jail for parole violations after pleading guilty to a theft case in which a relative was a co-conspirator. Boxers from Louisville, Kentucky won the National Golden Gloves in 1961.

masks:
James Pritchard
Pritchard
Pritchard
Pritchard
Pritchard
Pritchard
Pritchard
Pritchard
James Warring
Pritchard