title: Zhou Enlai

texts: a Communist party branch. This was the high point of <mask>'s time at Whampoa. Political activities were an important part of <mask>'s life in 1925. <mask> asked for permission to marry Deng in January 1925, after keeping in touch with Deng, who he had met in the Awakening Society.The two were married in August of 1925. <mask>'s work at Whampoa came to an end with the Zhongshan Warship Incident of 20 March 1926, in which a gunboat with a mostly Communist crew moved from Whampoa to Guangzhou without Chiang's knowledge or approval. The removal of Communists from high positions in the Nationalist Party was caused by this event. According to his memoirs, the gunboat moved in protest of <mask>'s arrest. <mask>'s time in Whampoa was important in his career. He was an important Communist Party expert in this area because of his work as a political officer in the military. <mask>'s covert activities in the period were typical of his work in the Guangdong Regional Committee Military Section.The section was a secret group consisting of three members of the Provincial Central Committee, and was first responsible for organizing and directing CCP nuclei in the army. The nuclei were formed without the knowledge or authorization of the Nationalists. The Section was responsible for organizing similar nuclei in other armed groups, as well as secret societies and key services. <mask> worked in these areas until the end of the Soviet-Nationalist alliance in 1927. The Nationalist-Communist split the Extent of cooperation immediately after <mask>'s removal from his positions. According to an earlier biographer, <mask> was put in charge of an advanced training center for the people who had left the army. <mask> had an important role in securing Communist control of Ye Ting's Independent Regiment, according to recent Chinese Communist sources.The first major military action of the Communists was the Nanchang Revolt. In July of 1926, the Nationalists began their attempt to unify China. The National Revolutionary Army is an amalgam of earlier military forces with significant guidance from Russian military advisors and numerous Communists as both commanding and political officers. With the early successes of the expedition, there was a race between the Nationalist Party and the Communists for control of major southern cities, with the Communists running inside the Nationalists for control of major southern cities. Sun Chuanfang was one of the militarists targeted by the North expedition. The Communists made three attempts to seize control of the city in October of 1926, after Sun reduced his forces and defections from his army. The activities in Zhou were moved to Shanghai in the late 19th century.He was in Shanghai by December 1926, but he wasn't present for the first uprising. Early accounts show <mask> working to strengthen the indoctrination of political workers in labor unions and smuggle arms for the strikers. <mask> is said to have ordered the second and third uprisings on 20 February and 21 March. Major decisions were made by the Communist head in Shanghai, Chen Duxiu, the Party's general secretary, with a special committee of eight party officials coordinating Communist actions. The Comintern representatives in Shanghai were consulted closely by the committee. The Communist Party Central Committee's Military Commission was headed by <mask>. He worked with A. P. Appen, the Soviet military advisor to the Central Committee, to train the pickets of the General Labor Union.The Communists declared a "Red Terror" after the failed February uprising, which resulted in the murder of twenty "anti-union" figures, and the kidnapping, beating, and intimidation of others associated with anti-union activities. The third Communist uprising took place in March. 600,000 rioting workers cut power and telephone lines and seized the city's post office, police headquarters, and railway stations. The insurrectionists obeyed strict orders not to harm foreigners. The uprising was successful despite the small number of armed forces. The first Nationalist troops entered the city. As the Communists attempted to install a soviet municipal government, conflict began between the Nationalists and Communists, and on 12 April Nationalist forces, including both members of the Green Gang and soldiers under the command of a Nationalist general, attacked the Communists and quickly overcame them.On the eve of the Nationalist attack, Wang Shouhua, who was both the head of the CCP Labor Committee and the Chairman of the General Labor Committee, accepted a dinner invitation from "Big-eared Du" and was killed after he arrived. <mask> was arrested after arriving at a dinner held at the headquarters of Si Lie, a Nationalist commander of the Twenty-sixth Army. Bai Chongxi's forces quickly released him despite rumors that he had put a high price on <mask>'s head. <mask>'s sudden release may have been due to the fact that <mask> was the most senior Communist in the city, that the efforts to destroy the Communists were highly secretive at the time, and that his execution would have been seen as a violation of the cooperation agreement between the CCP and the <mask> was released after the intervention of a representative of the Twenty-sixth Army, who was able to convince his commanders that the arrest of <mask> had been a mistake. <mask> was a participant in the 5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in Hankou, which took place from 27 April to 9 May. <mask> was re-elected to the Party's Central Committee at the end of the congress.The Nationalist Party split in two after the suppression of the Communists, with the left wing led by Wang Jingwei controlling the government in Hankou. The Communists were still trying to expand their influence through the Nationalists despite following Comintern instructions. In May 1927, Wang's left-wing government collapsed after being attacked by a friendly warlord, and Chiang's troops began an organized purge of Communists in territories formerly controlled by Wang. <mask> had to go underground in July. The Communists decided to launch a series of military revolts because they were convinced that the "revolutionary high tide" had arrived. The Nanchang Revolt was the first of these. The moving figures seem to have been Tan Pingshan and Li Lisan, while the main military figures were Ye Ting and He Long.The Communists' forces were decimated and scattered in the revolt. <mask> was sent to Hong Kong for medical treatment after contracting Malaria during the campaign. <mask> was assigned to the care of local Communists after he arrived in Hong Kong. <mask> was demoted to being an alternate member of the Politburo after he was blamed for the failure of the Nanchang campaign. <mask> left China for the Soviet Union to attend the Chinese Communist Party's Sixth National Party Congress in Moscow in June–July 1928. The Sixth Congress had to be held in Moscow because of the dangerous conditions in China. Many Chinese delegates attending the Sixth Congress were forced to travel in disguise because of the tight control of the KMT.<mask> said at the Sixth Congress that the main task of the CCP should be to win over the support of the people in the countryside and establish a soviet regime in southern China, similar to what happened in the Soviet Union. <mask>'s assessment was generally accepted by the Congress. <mask> emerged as the defacto leader of the CCP after the secretary general of the Party was found incapable of fulfilling his role. <mask> was thirty years old. <mask> was elected Director of the Central Committee Organization Department during the Sixth Congress. Li Lisan took over propaganda work. <mask> returned to China in 1929 after more than a year away.According to <mask> at the Sixth Congress in Moscow, by 1928 only ten percent of Party members were proletarians, and fewer than 32,000 union members were loyal to the Communists. Three percent of the Party were proletarians by 1929. <mask> disagreed with the timing of Li Lisan's strategy of favoring rich peasants and concentrating military forces for attacks on urban centers. <mask> tried to implement these more orthodox notions later in 1931. Mif criticized Li's strategy as "left adventurism" and criticized <mask> for compromising with Li when he was in China. <mask> admitted his mistakes in compromising with Li in January 1931 and offered to resign from the Politburo, but was retained. Mif understood that <mask>'s services as Party leader were indispensable, and that <mask> would willingly cooperate with whoever was in power.<mask> established and oversaw a network of independent Communist cells after returning to Shanghai in 1929. The threat of being discovered by the KMT secret police was <mask>'s greatest danger in his underground work. <mask> and his wife changed their residences at least once a month to avoid detection. <mask> wore a beard and pretended to be a businessman. <mask> was careful that only a few people knew where he was. <mask> hid all urban Party offices, made sure that the CCP offices never shared the same buildings in the same city, and required all Party members to use passwords. <mask> only allowed his meetings to take place before 7AM or after 7PM.<mask> avoided being seen in public places and never used public transportation. The Special Service section of the Central Committee established its own intelligence agency in November of 1928, which <mask> eventually came to control. Gu Shunzhang, <mask>'s chief lieutenant, had strong ties to Chinese secret societies and became an alternate member of the Politburo. One for the protection and safety of Party members, one for intelligence gathering, and one for facilitating internal communications were part of the operational section of Teke. <mask> wanted to establish an effective anti-espionage network within the KMT secret police. The head of the intelligence section, Chen Geng, planted a large network of moles inside the Investigation Section of the Central Operations Department in Nanjing within a short period of time. <mask> referred to Hu Di, Li Kenong, and Qian Zhuangfei as the three most distinguished intelligence workers of the Party in the 1930s.The survival of the CCP was aided by agents planted in various KMT offices. In late April 1931 <mask>'s chief aide in security affairs, Gu Shunzhang, was arrested by the KMT. Gu was a former labor organizer with strong mafia connections. Under threat of heavy torture, Gu gave the KMT secret police detailed accounts of underground CCP organizations in Wuhan, leading to the arrest and executions of over ten seniorCCP leaders in the city. Gu offered to give the KMT details of the activities of the CCP in Shanghai, but only if he could give the information directly to the KMT. One of <mask>'s agents left his cover to warn <mask> of the impending raid after intercepting a telegram requesting further instructions. The two days before Gu arrived in Nanjing gave <mask> time to evacuate Party members and to change the communication codes used by Teke, all of which were known to Gu.Gu assisted the KMT secret police in raiding the offices and residences of members who could not be evacuated in time. The death toll from the summary executions of those suspected of Communist sympathies was the largest since 1927. <mask>'s reaction to Gu's betrayal was extreme. More than fifteen members of Gu's family, some of whom worked for Teke, were murdered by the Red Squad and buried in quiet residential areas of Shanghai. Wang Bing, a member of the KMT secret police who was known for moving around in rickshaws without bodyguards, was assassinated by the Red Squad. The majority of the survivors were relocated to the Communist base. Most of its best agents were relocated because most senior staff had become exposed by Gu.Pan Hannian was <mask>'s most senior aide. One of <mask>'s most senior agents decided to stay in a hotel with his mistress the night before he was scheduled to leave, ignoring <mask>'s warnings. He was spotted as he left the hotel in the morning. Within the French Concession, Xiang was immediately arrested and imprisoned. The KMT authorities appealed directly to the authorities of the French Concession in order to prevent the chief of police from intervening in the case. <mask> was hoping that he would be given an opportunity to abduct Xiang, but that didn't happen. The French agreed to transfer Xiang to the Shanghai Garrison Headquarters, where he was subjected to torture and interrogation.After he became convinced that he had given his torturers all the information they wanted, he ordered Xiang to be executed. <mask> bought a copy of Xiang's interrogation records. The location of <mask>'s residence was disclosed by Xiang to the KMT authorities before his execution. <mask> and his wife were able to escape capture because they abandoned their apartment on the morning of Xiang's arrest. <mask> and his wife relocated to the Communist base in Jiangxi at the end of 1931 after establishing a new Politburo Standing Committee. <mask> was one of the most wanted men in China by the time he left. The Communists began to focus on establishing rural bases of operation in southern China after the failed Nanchang and Autumn Harvest Uprisings of 1927.<mask> was involved in the politics of these bases before moving to Jiangxi. Mao began an ideological purge of the populace inside the Jiangxi Soviet after he claimed the need to eliminate counterrevolutionaries and Anti-Bolsheviks. <mask> supported the campaign to uncover subversion because of his own success in planting moles in various levels of the KMT. Mao's campaign was driven by paranoia and aimed at anyone with an ideological outlook different from Mao's. It was common for suspects to be tortured until they confessed to their crimes and accused others of crimes, and wives and relatives who inquired of those being tortured were themselves arrested and tortured even more severely. Mao accused Chen Yi of being a counterrevolutionary after he tried to purge the Red Army of those who might oppose him. The Red Army's numbers were reduced from forty thousand to less than ten thousand.The campaign continued until 1931. Historians estimate that about one hundred thousand people died due to Mao's persecution. <mask> was in Shanghai at the time. <mask> was against the "excess, the panic, and the oversimplification" practiced by local officials when he arrived in Jiangxi in December 1931. <mask> criticized the campaign for focusing on the narrow persecution of anti-Maoists as anti-Bolshevists, exaggerating the threat to the Party, and condemning the use of torture after investigating those accused of Anti-Bolshevism. The campaign gradually subsided after <mask>'s resolution was passed. <mask> moved to the Jiangxi base area because he wanted the armed forces under Communist control to be used to expand the base rather than just to defend it.<mask> replaced Mao as Secretary of the First Front Army in December of 1931 and became the political commissar of the Red Army. Three people criticized Mao's tactics at the October 1932 conference. After moving to Jiangxi, <mask> met Mao for the first time since 1927, and began his relationship with Mao as his superior. Mao was demoted to being a figurehead in the Soviet government. <mask>, who had come to appreciate Mao's strategies after the series of military failures waged by other Party leaders since 1927, defended Mao but was unsuccessful. After achieving power, Mao demoted those who had opposed him, but remembered <mask>'s defense of his policies. Bo Gu took control of party affairs after arriving with the German Comintern adviser Otto Braun.<mask> reorganized and standardized the Red Army with the help of his military colleagues. The Red Army defeated four attacks by the Nationalists. The military structure led the Communists to victory. The army was able to advance steadily into Communist territory thanks to the use of blockhouse tactics and larger numbers of troops. Bo Gu and Otto Braun used orthodox tactics to respond to Chiang, and <mask> directed them. He and other military leaders were blamed for their defeat. <mask> was reappointed to the position of vice chairman of the Military Commission despite his cautious military approach being distrusted by hardliners.<mask> was accepted as leader largely because of his organizational talent and devotion to work, and because he had never shown any overt ambition to pursue supreme power within the Party. The continued orthodox tactics of Bo and Braun led to a serious defeat for the Red Army and forced the leaders of the CCP to seriously consider abandoning their bases in Jiangxi. <mask> was put in charge of organizing and supervising the Communist withdrawal after the decision to abandon Jiangxi was announced. <mask>'s goal was to break through the enemy encirclement with as few casualties as possible, and before Chiang's forces were able to completely occupy all Communist bases, he waited until the last moment to inform senior leaders of the group's movements. It is not known what criteria were used to determine who would stay and who would go, but 16,000 troops and some of the Communists' most notable commanders were left to form a rear guard. In October 1934, the withdrawal of 84,000 soldiers and civilians began. <mask>'s intelligence agents were able to identify a large section of Chiang's blockhouse lines that were manned by troops under General Chen Jitang, a Guangdong warlord who <mask> identified as being likely to prefer preserving the strength of his troops over fighting.General Chen allowed the Red Army to pass through the territory that he controlled without fighting after <mask> sent Pan Hannian to negotiate for safe passage. The Red Army had to pass through three of the four blockhouse fortifications to escape the encirclement. There were 86,000 Communists who attempted to break out of Jiangxi. Bo Gu and Otto Braun were demoralized by the loss, but <mask> remained calm. There were disagreements over the direction that the Communists should take and the causes of the Red Army's defeats during the Long March. <mask> was against the interests of Bo Gu and Otto Braun during the power struggles. Bo and Braun were removed from their positions of leadership after they were blamed for the Red Army's defeats.On October 20, 1935, the Communists re-established a base in northern Shaanxi with only a few thousand remaining members. Throughout the Long March, <mask>'s position within the CCP changed many times. <mask> was the defacto leader of the CCP by the early 1930s, and he exercised superior influence over other members of the CCP even when sharing power with Bo and Braun. After Bo and Braun were removed from senior positions following the January 1935 Zunyi Conference, <mask> mostly retained his position because he displayed a willingness to display responsibility and because his tactics in defeating Chiang's Fourth Encirclement Campaign were recognized as being successful. After the Communists reached Shaanxi, Mao took over <mask>'s leading position in the CCP, while <mask> took a secondary

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title: Zhou Enlai

type: paraphrased

texts: position. Until their deaths in 1976, Mao and <mask> would retain their positions. During the seventh congress of the Comintern, held in August 1936, Wang Ming issued an anti-Fascist manifesto, indicating that the CCP's previous policy of "opposing Chiang Kai-shek and resisting Japan" was to be replaced by a policy of "uniting".The policy was carried out by <mask>. One of the most senior KMT commanders in the northwest was spoken to by <mask>. By 1935,Zhang was well known for his anti-Japanese sentiment and his doubts about Chiang's willingness to oppose the Japanese. <mask>'s intentions to fight against the Japanese were influenced by Zhang's disposition. <mask> established a committee to promote cooperation with Zhang. The committee worked to get the Northeast Army to join the Red Army to fight Japan. "Chinese must not fight Chinese" is one of the new patriotic slogans created by the committee.<mask> used his network of secret contacts to arrange a meeting with the leader of the "Northeast Army". <mask> and Zhang met for the first time in a church on April 7, 1936. Even though he wanted to end the civil war, unite the country, and fight the Japanese, he warned that it would be hard to achieve these goals without Chiang's cooperation. Both parties came to an agreement to secretly work together. At the same time that <mask> was establishing secret contacts withZhang, Chiang was growing suspicious of him, and became increasingly dissatisfied with his actions against the Communists. The Northeast Army and the Red Army were portrayed as being engaged in battle by <mask> and Zhang. In December 1936, Chiang Kai-shek flew to the Nationalist headquarters in Xi'an in order to test the loyalty of the local KMT military forces and to personally lead them in a final attack on Communist bases in Shaanxi.The Generalissimo was killed and most of his bodyguards were killed on December 12th when Zhang and his followers invaded his headquarters to force him to direct China's forces against the Japanese. Reactions to the kidnapping were mixed. It was seen as an opportunity to have Chiang killed. It was an opportunity to achieve a united-front policy against the Japanese, which would strengthen the overall position of theCCP. A long telegram from Joseph Stalin urged the CCP to work towards Chiang's release, explaining that a united front was the best position from which to resist the Japanese, and that only Chiang had the authority to carry out such a plan. On December 16th, <mask> reached Xi'an on a plane sent for him by Zhang Xueliang, as the chief Communist negotiator. When he realized that his life and freedom were dependent on the goodwill of the Communists, he withdrew his opposition.<mask> and Chiang had not seen each other since <mask> left Whampoa over a decade ago. In the ten years since we met, you seem to have aged very little, <mask> said. "<mask>, you were my supervisor," he said. You should do what I say. The Red Army would accept Chiang's command if he halted the civil war and resisted the Japanese. By the end of this meeting, Chiang promised to end the civil war, to resist the Japanese together, and to invite <mask> to Nanjing for further talks. On December 25, 1936, Zhang and Chiang were released.Most of the officers who participated in the Xi'an incident were executed. Chiang ended military activity against Communist bases inYan'nan, implying that he had given his word to change the direction of his policies. After the end of the KMT attacks, the CCP was able to consolidate its territories and prepare to fight the Japanese. Wang Yizhe, a Nationalist general who was seen as largely responsible for the military's lack of response after news of Zhang's betrayal, was murdered by some of the old officer corps. While <mask> was in Xi'an, he was surrounded in his office by a number of Zhang's officers, who accused the Communists of inciting the Xi'an incident and of betraying the general by convincing him to travel to Nanjing. They made a threat to kill <mask>. <mask> defended his position and maintained his composure.<mask> succeeded in calming the officers, and they left him unharmed. When the Marco Polo Bridge incident occurred, <mask> tried to get Zhang's release, but failed. <mask> accompanied the Nationalist government to its temporary capital of Wuhan when the Nationalist capital of Nanjing fell to the Japanese on December 13, 1937. The official KMT-CCP liaison office was established by <mask> as the chief representative of the CCP. <mask> established the Yangtze Bureau of the Central Committee while running the liaison office. <mask> used the Yangtze Bureau to conduct covert operations in southern China, secretly recruiting Communist operatives and establishing Party structures throughout KMT-controlled areas. In August 1937, <mask> was ordered by the CCP to focus on Communist organization at all levels of the government and society.<mask> applied his organizational talents to complete the orders. <mask> convinced the Nationalist government to approve and fund a Communist newspaper in order to spread anti-Japanese propaganda. The Nationalists viewed the approval and funding of this newspaper as one of their biggest mistakes. <mask> was able to organize large numbers of Chinese intellectuals and artists in order to promote resistance against the Japanese. Following the successful defense of Taierzhuang, <mask> staged a week-long celebration. In this event, between 400,000 and 500,000 people took part in parades, and a chorus of over 10,000 people sang songs of resistance. Over a million dollars was raised during the week.<mask> donated his monthly salary as deputy director of the Political Department. <mask> was the main contact person with the outside world and worked hard to reverse the public perception of the Communists as a "bandit organization". <mask> had contacts with over forty foreign journalists and writers, many of whom became sympathetic to the Communist cause and wrote about their sympathies in foreign publications. <mask> arranged for a Canadian medical team to travel toYan'an in order to assist the Dutch film director in producing a documentary about 400 million people. <mask> was unsuccessful in preventing the public defection of one of the founding fathers of the CCP. He resented Mao's authoritarian leadership style and was prepared to defect due to a disagreement with Mao over the implementation of the united front policy. <mask>, with the help of Wang Ming, Bo Gu and Li Kenong, tried to convince Zhang not to defect, but these negotiations were unsuccessful.Zhang placed himself under the protection of the KMT secret police after he refused to compromise. On 18 April, the Central Committee of the CCP expelled Zhang from the Party, and he issued a statement accusing them of sabotaging efforts to resist the Japanese. <mask>'s attempts to improve the prestige of the Party were dealt a serious blow. <mask> was appointed as the deputy director to the Political Department of the Military Committee by the Nationalist government. <mask> was the only Communist to hold a high-level position within the Nationalist government. <mask> used his influence within the Military Committee to promote Nationalist generals that he believed were capable, and to promote cooperation with the Red Army. In the Tai'erzhuang campaign, <mask> used his influence to ensure that the most capable Nationalist general, Li Zongren, was appointed overall commander despite Chiang's reservations about Li's loyalty.<mask> convinced Chiang to commit troops to the defense of Tai'erzhuang by promising that the Communist Eighth Route Army would attack the Japanese from the north and that the New Fourth Army would sabotage the railroad. The defense of Tai'erzhuang was a major victory for the Nationalists, as they killed 20,000 Japanese soldiers and captured a large amount of supplies and equipment. The childless <mask> befriended many orphans while he was an ambassador for the KMT. <mask> adopted a young girl in 1937. After Sun's father was executed by the KMT in 1927, Sun's mother took her to Wuhan. <mask> came upon the sixteen-year-old Sun crying outside of the Eighth Route Army Liaison Office because she had been refused permission to travel toYan'an due to her youth and lack of political connections. Sun was able to travel toYan'an after <mask> befriended her.She was the first female director of spoken drama in the PRC. <mask> adopted Sun's brother. Sun Yang was <mask>'s personal assistant. Sun Yang became the president of Renmin University after the founding of the People's Republic of China. <mask> befriended another orphan, Li Peng. In 1931, Li's father was killed by the Kuomintang. <mask> looked after him.<mask> groomed Li for leadership after the war and sent him to Moscow to study energy-related engineering. During the Cultural Revolution, <mask> placed Li within the powerful energy bureaucracy, shielding him from the Red Guards. In the fall of 1938, the Nationalist Army engaged the Japanese in the surrounding regions for over four months, allowing the KMT to withdraw farther inland, to Chongqing, bringing with them important supplies, assets, and many refugees. <mask> was nearly killed in the "fire of Changsha", which lasted for three days, destroyed two thirds of the city, killed twenty thousand civilians, and left hundreds of thousands of people homeless. The Nationalist army wanted to prevent the city from falling to the Japanese. The fire was started without warning to the residents of the city. <mask> escaped from Changsha and took refuge in a Buddhist temple in a nearby village.<mask> demanded that the causes of the fire be thoroughly investigated by authorities, that those responsible be punished, that the city be thoroughly cleaned up, and that accommodations be provided for the homeless. The Nationalists blamed three local commanders for the fire and executed them. The fire contributed to a loss of support for the KMT in China. <mask> resumed the official and unofficial operations that he had been conducting in Wuhan in January 1938 after early activities in Chongqing. <mask>'s activities included those required by his formal positions within the Nationalist government, his running of two pro-Communist newspapers, and his covert efforts to form reliable intelligence networks. Several hundred people worked under him in both official and covert roles. <mask> looked after his father in Chongqing until his father's death in 1942.<mask> was able to get the Nationalist government to release Communist political prisoners. <mask> assigned these former prisoners to lead Party organizations in southern China after they were released. <mask>'s covert activities increased the membership of theCCP tenfold within months. Efforts to suppress the activities were generally unsuccessful. <mask> fractured his elbow while riding a horse in July of 1939 while he was inYan'an to attend a series of Politburo meetings. <mask> used the occasion to brief the Comintern on the status of the united front because there was little medical care available inYan'an. <mask>'s right arm was bent for the rest of his life because he arrived in Moscow too late to mend the broken arm.During his stay, Joseph Stalin refused to see <mask> because he was displeased with the CCP's refusal to work more closely with the Nationalists. <mask>'s daughter, Sun Weishi, accompanied <mask> to Moscow. She was studying for a career in theatre after <mask> left. The Politburo accepted <mask>'s assessment that <mask> should focus his efforts on creating a network of secretCCP agents working covertly and for long periods. Communists were told to join the KMT if it would increase the ability of agents to get in. <mask> adopted a series of measures to expand the intelligence network under the cover of the Office of the Eighth Route Army. By the time <mask> returned to Chongqing in May 1940, there was a serious rift between the KMT and the CCP.Over the course of the next year, the relationship between the two parties deteriorated into arrests and executions of Party members, covert attempts by agents of both sides to eliminate each other, propaganda efforts attacking each other, and major military clashes. In January 1941, the united front was abolished after the New Fourth Army were attacked by government troops and their commanders were killed or imprisoned. <mask> directed Party leaders to conduct their operations in a more secret way. He kept in touch with foreign journalists and ambassadors through the newspapers. <mask> organized a large network of Communist spies and increased intelligence efforts within the KMT, Wang Jingwei's government, and the Empire of Japan. <mask> was told that the Soviet Union was going to be attacked by Hitler on June 22, 1941. Stalin received this information under <mask>'s signature two days before Hitler attacked.<mask> operated openly in Chongqing, befriending Chinese and foreign visitors and staging public cultural activities. <mask> was able to circulate freely among the officers of the Nationalist Army because of his close personal friendship with General Yuxiang. During an official visit toYan'an, <mask> befriended the General and convinced him to become a member of the CCP. Deng's secret agreement to supply ammunition to the Communist New Fourth Army was caused by <mask>'s intelligence agents penetrating the army of General Deng. <mask> convinced another general to install a radio transmitter that would allow secret communication between the two cities. <mask> befriended commanders in the Yunnan armed forces, who became secret CCP members, and established a radio station that broadcast Communist propaganda from the provincial government building in Kunming. <mask> was the primary representative of the CCP to the outside world.<mask> and his aides enjoyed receiving foreign visitors and made a good impression on foreign diplomats. <mask> was charming, urbane, hard-working, and living a very simple lifestyle. Ernest Hemingway and his wife, Martha Gellhorn, visited <mask> in 1941. According to Gellhorn, she and Ernest became convinced that the Communists would take over China after meeting <mask>. <mask> was partially funded by donations from sympathetic foreigners, overseas Chinese, and the China Defense League, which was supported by Sun Yat-sen's widow. <mask> wanted to start and run a number of businesses in China. <mask>'s businesses grew to include several trading companies operating in several Chinese cities, an oil refinery, and factories for producing industrial materials, cloths, Western medicines, and other commodities.<mask> made great profits in currency trading and commodity speculation, especially in American dollars and gold. opium plantations in remote areas generated <mask>'s most lucrative business. <mask> justified opium production and distribution in KMT-controlled areas by the huge profits generated for the CCP, and by the effects that opium addiction might have on KMT soldiers and government officials. <mask>'s relationship with Mao was not as good as it was in 1943. The Chairman of the Communist Party of China was trying to have his political theories accepted as the Party's dogma. Mao organized a campaign to get the members of the CCP to like him. The Maoist personality cult dominated Chinese politics until the end of the Cultural Revolution.<mask> was harshly criticized in this campaign after returning toYan'an. <mask> was labeled an "empiricist" because he had cooperated with the Comintern and with Mao's enemies. <mask> was attacked by Mao as a "collaborator and assistant of dogmatism". After Mao became convinced of <mask>'s subservience in the latest period of the campaign, Mao and his allies withdrew their accusation that the CCP organizations in southern China were in fact led by KMT secret agents. <mask> defended himself by engaging in a long series of public reflections and self-criticisms, and he gave a number of speeches praising Mao and Mao's leadership. He joined Mao's allies in attacking Mao's enemies. Moscow was distressed by the persecution of <mask> and a personal letter was written to Mao.<mask>'s praise for Mao's leadership and his attacks on Mao's enemies convinced Mao that <mask>'s conversion to Maoism was genuine, a precondition for <mask>'s political survival. By the seventh congress of the CCP in 1945, Mao was acknowledged as the overall leader of the CCP, and the dogma of Mao's Thought was firmly entrenched among the Party's leadership. The United States began to plan for an invasion of Japan, which they assumed would be based in China, and American political and military leaders became eager to make contact with the Communists. The "Dixie mission", an American military observation group, was allowed to travel toYan'an in June 1944. Mao and <mask> were interested in gaining American aid. The Americans were promised support for any future American military actions to attack the Japanese in China. In a gesture of goodwill, communist guerrilla units were instructed to rescue downed American airmen.By the time the Americans left, they had become convinced that the CCP was a party seeking orderly democratic growth towards socialism, and suggested greater cooperation between the CCP and the American military. <mask> tried to convince General Joseph Stilwell of the need for the Americans to supply the Communists and of the Communist's desire for a united Chinese government after the war. Franklin D. Roosevelt decided to remove him from office because of his open dislike of the Nationalist government in general. Patrick J. Hurley refused to align the American military with the CCP unless the Party made concessions to the KMT, which Mao and <mask> found unacceptable. Mao and <mask> were invited to take part in an American-endorsed peace conference after Japan surrendered. There was apprehension that the Nationalists were planning to assassinate or imprison the two people, and that the invitation from Chiang was a trap. After taking control of Mao's security detail, <mask> inspected their plane and lodgings but found nothing.Mao refused to enter his accommodations until <mask> personally inspected them. <mask> introduced Mao to many local celebrities and statesmen that he had befriended during his previous stay in Chongqing. During the forty-three days of negotiations, Mao and Chiang met eleven times to discuss the conditions of post-war China. The negotiations ended with nothing. P.J. ignored <mask>'s offer to withdraw the Red Army from southern China. Mao was insulted by Hurley's ultimatum. <mask> stayed behind to sort out the details of the conference's resolution after Mao returned.Major skirmishes between the Communists and Nationalists made future negotiations pointless. He accused members of the US embassy of being against him and favoring the Communists. After Harry S. Truman became President of the United States, he nominated General George C. Marshall as his special envoy to China. Marshall was charged with brokering a ceasefire between the CCP and KMT, and to influence both Mao and Chiang to abide by the Chongqing agreement, which both had

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title: Zhou Enlai

texts: signed. Marshall's nomination was seen as a positive development by the top leadership of the CCP, and they hoped that he would be more flexible in his negotiations. <mask> was in Chongqing to negotiate with Marshall. The first phase of talks went well.Marshall represented the Americans, <mask> represented the Communists, and Zhang Qun represented the KMT. Both sides agreed in January 1946 to cease hostilities and reorganize their armies to separate them from political parties. Neither side would be able to implement the changes that <mask> signed. Political freedom, local autonomy, free elections, and the release of political prisoners were all promised by the speaker. <mask> expressed his opposition to civil war. These agreements were viewed optimistically by the leadership of the CCP. <mask> was appointed as one of eight leaders to participate in a future coalition government.<mask> should be nominated as China's vice president. <mask> received orders to manipulate Marshall in order to advance the peace process after Mao expressed a desire to visit the United States. Marshall's negotiations deteriorated as neither the KMT nor the CCP were willing to sacrifice any of the advantages that they had gained, to de-politicize their armies, or to sacrifice any degree of autonomy in areas their side controlled. In the summer and spring of 1946, communist forces were forced to retreat after a few major battles in Manchuria. In other parts of China, the government armies increased their attacks. On 3 May 1946, <mask> and his wife left Chongqing for the Nationalist capital of Nanjing. <mask> informed Marshall that he no longer had the confidence of the CCP after negotiations deteriorated.Nationalist troops took control of the Communist city of Zhangjiakou on October 11. The National Assembly was called into session without the participation of the Communists and was ordered to draft a constitution on November 15. <mask> held a press conference in which he condemned the KMT for tearing up the agreements from the political consultative conference. <mask> and the entire delegation left for Yan'an on November 19th. The Chinese Civil War resumed after the failure of negotiations. <mask> kept an interest in intelligence work, but turned his attention to military affairs. <mask> was Mao's chief aide, as well as the vice chairman of the Military Commission of the Central Committee, and the general chief of staff.<mask> continued to direct underground activities as the head of the Urban Work Committee of the Central Committee. The KMT army's troop strength, distribution, positions, and other details were given to the commanding general by <mask>'s intelligence agents. This intelligence allowed Communist forces to avoid major battles and to engage Nationalist forces in a campaign of guerrilla warfare that resulted in a series of major victories. The KMT troops in the northwest were either defeated or exhausted by February 1948. Over a million pieces of artillery and 40,000 army uniforms were captured on 4 May 1948. Beijing and Tianjin were seized by the Communists in January 1949. General Li Zongren took over as president of the Nationalist government on January 21, 1949.On 1 April 1949 Li began peace negotiations with a six-member delegation. The delegates were led by <mask>. <mask> asked why he went to see Chiang Kai-shek before he left Nanjing. Even though he had technically retired, Zhang said that his consent would be needed to finalize any agreement. <mask> asked if Zhang had the necessary credentials to implement the terms of the CCP's wishes. <mask> produced a final version of a "draft agreement for internal peace", which was an ultimatum to accept the demands of the CCP. After five days, the KMT government did not respond to <mask>'s demands.Mao and <mask> issued an "order to the army for country-wide advance". Li went into exile in America in October after the PLA captured his stronghold of Guangdong. The last KMT-controlled city on mainland China was captured by the PLA in December 1949. China's international influence was low in the early 1950s. China's pretensions of universalism were shattered by a string of military defeats and incursions by Europeans and Japanese. China's international prestige had declined to "almost nothing" by the end of Yuan ShiKai's reign. China's role in World War II was questioned by other Allied leaders.The Korean War ensured that Taiwan would remain outside of PRC control and that the PRC would remain outside of the United Nations for the foreseeable future. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, <mask> was appointed both the Prime Minister of the Government Administration Council and the Minister of Foreign Affairs. <mask> became the architect of early PRC foreign policy through the coordination of these two offices and his position as a member of the five-man standing committee of the Politburo. <mask> was respected as a senior revolutionary within China by the early 1950s. <mask>'s earliest efforts to improve the prestige of the PRC involved recruiting prominent Chinese politicians, capitalists, intellectuals, and military leaders who were not technically affiliated with the CCP. After <mask>'s underground network successfully escorted the family of Zhang's family to Beijing, <mask> was able to convince him to accept a position inside the PRC in 1949. The other members of the KMT delegation that <mask> had negotiated with in 1949 accepted the same terms.Sun Yat-sen's widow, Soong Ching-ling, who was estranged from her family and had opposed the KMT for many years, joined the PRC in 1949. A prominent industrialist who had refused offers of a government post for many years was persuaded to accept a position in the new government. Fu Zuoyi, the KMT commander who surrendered the Beijing garrison in 1948, was persuaded to join the PLA and become the minister of water scarcity. <mask>'s first diplomatic successes came as a result of successfully pursuing a warm relationship with India's first post- independence prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. <mask> succeeded in persuading India to accept China's occupation of Tibet in 1950 and 1951. During the negotiations to settle the Korean War, India was persuaded to act as a neutral mediator. <mask> was in the process of demobilizing half of the PLA's 5.6 million soldiers when the Korean War broke out.In May <mask> and Mao urged Kim to be cautious if he were to invade and conquer South Korea, but Kim refused to listen to them. <mask> criticized both the UN and US initiatives as "armed aggression on Chinese territory" after the United States sent the Seventh Fleet to neutralize the Taiwan Strait. <mask> and other Chinese leaders were less optimistic than Kim, who predicted that he would win the war by the end of August. <mask> was worried that the United States would intervene because he did not share Kim's confidence that the war would end quickly. To counter the possibility of an American invasion into North Korea or China, <mask> secured a Soviet commitment to have the USSR support Chinese forces with air cover, and deployed 260,000 Chinese soldiers along the North Korean border, but they were strictly ordered not to move into North. <mask> ordered Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea and directed his military advisor in North Korea to analyze the military situation there. According to Lei, the most likely landing location would be Incheon.On 15 September 1950, MacArthur landed in Incheon, met little resistance, and captured the capital city of South Korea. Most of the North Korean tanks were destroyed in bombing raids. North Korean troops quickly disintegrated. <mask> warned the United States that the Chinese people would not tolerate foreign aggression and 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 On 1 October 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 Kim appealed to Mao to reinforce his army after Stalin refused to become directly involved in the war. The Chinese leadership held an emergency meeting at Zhongnanhai on 2 October to discuss whether or not to send military aid.<mask> supported Mao's position that China should send military aid regardless of the strength of American forces. The meeting concluded with a resolution to send military forces to Korea. <mask> traveled to Stalin's summer resort on the Black Sea in order to get his support. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment, but warned <mask> that the air force would need two or three months to prepare, and no ground troops would be sent. Stalin told <mask> that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace after an undisclosed period of time, and that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis. Stalin did not agree to send military equipment until March 1951. The 200,000 Chinese troops were ordered to enter North Korea on October 25th, 1950, after <mask> met with Mao and others.After consulting with Stalin, Mao appointed <mask> the overall commander of the People's Volunteer Army, a special unit of the People's Liberation Army, China's armed forces that would intervene in the Korean War and coordinate the war effort. The orders were delivered in the name of the Central Military Commission. After a stalemate around the Thirty-eighth Parallel, the two sides agreed to negotiate an armistice. The truce talks began on 10 July. The Chinese negotiating team was headed by <mask>. After two years of negotiations, a ceasefire agreement was signed at Panmunjom. <mask>'s last military assignment was the Korean War.<mask> had headed the Central Military Commission since 1947. After the eighth Party Congress, <mask> gave up his post in the Military Commission and focused on his work in the Standing Committee, the State Council, and on foreign affairs. <mask> attended Stalin's funeral in Moscow four days after he died. Mao might have decided not to travel to Moscow because no senior Soviet politician had yet traveled to Beijing, or because Stalin had rejected an offer to meet with Mao in 1948. While in Moscow, <mask> was allowed to stand with the new leaders of the Soviet Union, instead of with the other. <mask> walked behind the gun carriage carrying Stalin's coffin. After <mask> traveled to Moscow, Khrushchev visited Beijing to mark the fifth anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic.In 1952, <mask> signed an economic and cultural agreement with the Mongolian People's Republic, giving tacit recognition to the independence of what had been known as "Outer Mongolia" in the past. <mask> worked to conclude an agreement with Kim in order to help the postwar reconstruction of North Korea's economy. <mask> held talks with the prime minister of Burma and promoted China's efforts to send supplies to the rebels in Vietnam. <mask> traveled to Switzerland to attend the conference to settle the Franco-Vietnamese War. He assisted the major powers in ironing out the agreement to end the war. French Indochina was to be divided into five different countries according to the negotiated peace. In order to create a coalition government in a united Vietnam, elections were agreed to be held within two years.John Foster Dulles was the American secretary of state and <mask> was in the same room. Dulles walked out of the room after <mask> politely offered to shake his hand. <mask> was thought to have turned this moment of possible humiliation into a small victory by shrugging his shoulders. <mask> countered Dulles' insistence that China wouldn't be given a seat at the sessions. <mask> had lunch with Charlie Chaplin, who had been living in Switzerland since being blacklisted in the United States for his radical politics. <mask> was a participant in the Asian–African Conference in 1955. The conference in Bandung was a meeting of twenty-nine African and Asian states and was called to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism.<mask> made the United States appear to be a serious threat to the peace and stability of the region by giving the conference a neutral stance. <mask> said that while China was working towards world peace and the progress of mankind, "aggressive circles" within the United States were aiding the Nationalists in Taiwan and planning to rearm the Japanese. "The population of Asia will never forget that the first atom bomb was exploded on Asian soil," he was quoted as saying. With the support of its most prestigious participants, the conference produced a strong declaration in favor of peace, the abolition of nuclear arms, general arms reduction, and the principle of universal representation at the United Nations. An assassination attempt was made against <mask> when a bomb was planted on the Air India plane Kashmir Princess, which was used for <mask>'s trip from Hong Kong to Jakarta. <mask> avoided the attempt when he changed planes at the last minute, but all 11 of the flight's other passengers were killed, with only three crew members surviving the crash. The attempt was blamed on one of the intelligence agencies of the KMT.There was a second attempt on <mask>'s life at the Bandung conference, according to journalist Joseph Trento. <mask> found out about the bomb on the Kashmir Princess after being warned of the plot by his own intelligence officers and did not attempt to stop it because he viewed those that died as disposable. <mask> used the crash to warn the British about the KMT intelligence operatives in Hong Kong, and then pressured Great Britain to shut down the Nationalist intelligence network in Hong Kong. He hoped that the incident would improve Britain's relationship with the PRC. The official explanation for <mask>'s absence on the flight is that he had surgery and had to change his schedule. China's international political situation began to improve after the Bandung conference. With the help of many of the nonaligned powers who had taken part in the conference, the US-backed position economically and politically boycotting the PRC began to erode.The PRC gained China's seat at the UN in 1971. When the PRC was founded on 1 October 1949, <mask> told all governments that any countries wishing to have diplomatic contact with the PRC must end their relationship with the leaders of the former regime on Taiwan and support the PRC's claim to China's seat in the United Nations. The first foreign policy document was issued by the new government. The PRC gained diplomatic relationships with other communist countries and with thirteen non-communist countries, but talks with most Western governments were unsuccessful. <mask> emerged from the Bandung conference with a reputation as a flexible and open-minded negotiator. <mask> was aware that the United States would back the defacto independence of Taiwan with military force, so he persuaded his government to stop the shelling. <mask> said in a formal announcement in May 1955 that the PRC would "strive for the liberation of Taiwan by peaceful means so far as it is possible."<mask> argued that the resolution of the conflict with the Taiwan authorities was an internal matter and that Taiwan was part of China. The post of Minister of Foreign Affairs was passed to Chen Yi, a general with little prior diplomatic experience. The diplomatic corps of the PRC was reduced after <mask> resigned. Some were sent to work in labor camps to be replaced by others who had been labelled "rightists". Sino-American relations began to improve in the early 1970s. In order to consider growth at levels desired by the Party's leadership, large imports of American technology and technical expertise were essential, as advised by Mao's workers in the petroleum industry. The era of "ping-pong diplomacy" began when the Chinese invited the American ping-pong team to visit.Nixon's security advisor, Henry Kissinger, flew to China in 1971 to prepare for a meeting between Nixon and Mao. The United States agreed to allow the transfer of American money to China, to allow American-owned ships to conduct trade with China, and to allow Chinese exports into the United States for the first time. The negotiations were so sensitive that they were hidden from the American public, the State Department, and all foreign governments. On the morning of 21 February 1972, Richard Nixon arrived in Beijing and met with <mask> and Mao. The diplomatic substance of Nixon's visit was resolved in the Shanghai Communique, which summarized both sides' positions without attempting to resolve them. The "US side" affirmed that America's involvement in the Vietnam War did not constitute "outside intervention" in Vietnam's affairs, and pledged continued support for South Korea. All foreign troops should be withdrawn from their own countries and Korea should be unified according to the demands of North Korea according to the Chinese side.Both sides agreed to disagree on Taiwan's status. Both sides' intentions to work towards the relaxation of tensions in Asia and the world were endorsed by the closing sections of the Shanghai Communique. There was a major policy shift between the United States and China. The Great Leap forward was started by Mao Zedong to increase China's production levels in industry and agriculture with unrealistic targets. <mask> was a popular and practical administrator. Frank Diktter described <mask> as the "midwife" of the Great Leap Forward, who "transformed nightmares into reality". Mao's economic policies had failed and he had developed a lifestyle that was out of touch with his older colleagues.Among the activities that seemed contrary to his popular image were the swims in his private pool in Zhongnanhai, his many villas around China that he would travel to on a private train, his private, book-lined study, and the camaraderie of an ever-changing succession of enthusiastic young Veteran revolutionaries like Deng Xiaoping and <mask> seemed less and less enthusiastic about his vision of continuous revolutionary

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title: Zhou Enlai

texts: struggle because of his personal eccentricities and industrialization policy failures. Mao and Lin undertook a number of public propaganda efforts to improve his image and power. In the early 1960s, Mao and Lin collaborated to improve Mao's image, including Lin's publication of the Diary of Lei Feng and his collection of Quotations from Chairman Mao. The Cultural Revolution was the most successful of these efforts. The Cultural Revolution gave Mao the power and influence to purge the Party of his political enemies at the highest levels of government. Young Chinese were told to destroy old buildings, temples, and art, and to attack their "revisionist" teachers, school administrators, and parents, along with closing China's schools and universities.After the Cultural Revolution was announced, many of the most senior members of the CCP who had shared <mask>'s hesitation in following Mao's direction were removed from their posts. <mask> argued that Deng Xiaoping should be allowed to come back to work, but he was opposed by Mao, Lin Biao, and Chen Boda. <mask> might be considered counter-revolutionary if he didn't toe the Maoist line. <mask> stopped his criticisms and began to work more closely with the Chairman after he was threatened with death if he did not support Mao. In October 1966 <mask> gave his support to the establishment of radical Red Guard organizations, which were against what they considered to be leftist and rightist Red Guard groups. There were attacks on Deng Xiaoping in December 1966 and January 1967. <mask> told the Japanese LDP parliamentarians that one's personal opinions should advance or beat a retreat according to the direction of the majority.He was accused of being less enthusiastic in following Mao's leadership, and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals <mask> worked to aid Mao, and restricted his criticisms to private conversations. <mask> was not able to save many of the people closest to him from being destroyed by the Cultural Revolution. Sun Weishi, <mask>'s adopted daughter, died in 1968 after seven months of torture, imprisonment, and rape by Maoist Red Guards. The Red Guards tortured and murdered Jiang's adopted son in 1968. Sun's plays were re-staged in order to criticize the Gang of Four, who many thought were responsible for her death. Mao developed policies while <mask> carried them out, trying to moderate some of the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, such as preventing Beijing from being renamed "East Is Red City" and the Chinese guardian lions in front of Tian'anmen Square from being replaced.<mask> ordered a PLA battalion to guard the Forbidden City and protect it from Red Guards. <mask> was devastated by the inability to prevent many of the events of the Cultural Revolution. <mask>'s ability to implement Mao's policies and keep the nation afloat during periods of adversity was so great that his practical importance alone was enough to save him whenever <mask> became politically threatened. <mask> pushed for the " Four Modernizations" in order to repair the damage done by Mao's policies. <mask> was a target of political campaigns orchestrated by Chairman Mao and the Gang of Four. The "Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius" campaign was directed at <mask> because he was viewed as one of the Gang's primary political opponents. In 1975, <mask>'s enemies started a campaign called "Criticizing Song Jiang, Evaluating the Water Margin", which encouraged the use of <mask> as an example of a political loser.<mask> was first diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1972, according to a biography of <mask> by a former researcher at the Party Documents Research Office. According to <mask>'s medical team, he had a high chance of recovery, but medical treatment for the highest ranking party members had to be approved by Mao. <mask> and his wife should not be told of the diagnosis, no surgery should be performed, and no further exams should be done. Henry Kissinger offered to send cancer specialists from the United States to treat <mask>, but the offer was eventually refused. <mask> had a lot of bleeding in his urine by 1974. After pressure by other Chinese leaders, Mao finally ordered a surgical operation to be performed in June 1974, but the bleeding returned a few months later, indicating the cancer had spread to other organs. Over the course of a year and a half, a number of operations failed to check the progress of the cancer.<mask> and Deng Xiaoping handled most of the important State Council matters while <mask> was in the hospital. In January 1975, he presented the government's work report at the first meeting of the 4th National People's Congress. He was out of the public eye for medical treatment. <mask> died of cancer at the age of 77. After <mask>'s death, Mao issued no statements acknowledging <mask>'s achievements or contributions and sent no sympathies to <mask>'s widow. Mao didn't allow his staff to wear black mourning armbands. The Great Hall of the People is where <mask>'s funeral was held, but whether or not Mao would have attended remains to be seen.A wreath was sent to the funeral by Mao. Instead, Mao attacked a proposal to have <mask> publicly declared a Marxist, and rejected a request that he make a brief appearance at <mask>'s funeral, instructing his nephew, Mao Yuanxin, to explain that he could not attend because doing so would be seen as a public admission that he was Mao backed the "five nos" campaign to suppress public expressions of mourning for <mask> after he died. Memorial Whatever Mao's opinion of <mask>, there was general mourning among the public. Beijing looked like a ghost town after <mask>'s death was reported by foreign correspondents. <mask>'s ashes were scattered across the hills and rivers of his hometown instead of being stored in a mausoleum. With <mask> gone, it became clear how the Chinese people had revered him, and how they had viewed him as a symbol of stability in an otherwise chaotic period of history.<mask>'s death was mourned by nations around the world. Deng Xiaoping delivered the eulogy at <mask>'s state funeral. He offered a personal tribute to <mask>'s character at the end of his speech, which was similar to the official statement by the Central Committee immediately after <mask>'s death. Deng stated that <mask> was open and aboveboard, paid attention to the interests of the whole, was strict in "dissecting" himself, and upheld the unity and solidarity of the Party. He showed boundless warmheartedness towards all the people and he was modest and prudent. The statement that we should follow his example of adhering to the proletarian style and opposing the bourgeois style of life was seen as a subtle criticism of Mao and the other leaders of the Cultural Revolution, who could not possibly be viewed or praised as being open and aboveboard. The persecution of Deng was increased by the Gang of Four after he delivered this eulogy.After <mask>'s single official memorial ceremony on 15 January, <mask>'s political enemies within the Party officially prohibited any further displays of public mourning. The poorly observed and poorly enforced "five nos" were the most notorious regulations that prevented <mask> from being honoured. Years of resentment over the Cultural Revolution, the public persecution of Deng Xiaoping, and the prohibition against publicly mourning <mask> became associated with each other shortly after <mask>'s death, leading to popular discontent against Mao and his apparent successors. The official attempts to enforce the "five nos" included removing public memorials and tearing down posters. On 25 March 1976, a leading Shanghai newspaper published an article stating that <mask> was the capitalist roader inside the Party who wanted to help the unrepentant capitalist roader regain his power. The public's attachment to <mask>'s memory was strengthened by this and other propaganda efforts. There was a forged document that claimed to be <mask>'s last will.It praised Deng Xiaoping and was attacked by the government. One of the most extraordinary events in the history of the PRC occurred after the death of <mask>. Thousands of people gathered around the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square to remember <mask>lai on the eve of China's annual Qingming Festival. At the foot of the Monument, the people of Beijing honoured <mask> by laying wreath, banners, poems, placards, and flowers. The memorial was set up to honor <mask>, but other people were also attacked for their actions against the premier. Some slogans were left at Tiananmen that attacked Mao and the Cultural Revolution. Two million people may have visited Tiananmen Square.The first-hand observations of the events in Tiananmen Square on 4 April show that all levels of society were represented. Anger over the treatment of <mask>, revolt against Mao and his policies, apprehension for China's future, and defiance of those who would seek to punish the public for commemorating <mask>'s memory were some of the reasons why people participated. There is no evidence that the events were coordinated from any position of leadership. Deng Xiaoping instructed his children to stay away from the square because he was absent. On the morning of 5 April, crowds gathered around the memorial to learn that it had been removed by the police during the night. A crowd of over 100,000 people forced their way into several government buildings after attempts to suppress the mourners led to a violent riot. A small group of people remained in Tiananmen Square until 10:00 pm, when a security force entered and arrested them.The number of people arrested was reported to be 388, but was rumored to be much higher. Many of the people who were arrested were sentenced to work camps or people's trial. There were similar incidents in Beijing on 4 and 5 April. Deng Xiaoping may have been stripped of his positions because of his close association with <mask>. Deng Xiaoping released those arrested in the Tiananmen incident as part of a broader effort to reverse the effects of the Cultural Revolution. <mask> was seen as representing moderation and justice in Chinese popular culture by the end of his life. <mask> was regarded as a skilled negotiator, a master of policy implementation, and a devoted revolutionary after his death.He was known for his dedication and work ethic. He was the last mandarin in the Confucian tradition. <mask> has a political philosophy as well as a personality. <mask> epitomized the paradoxes inherent in a Communist politician with traditional Chinese upbringing: at once conservative and radical, pragmatic and ideological, possessed of a belief in order and harmony as well as a faith, which he developed very gradually over time, in the progressive power of rebellion and revolution. <mask> is believed to have moderated Mao's radical policies within the limits of his power, despite being a firm believer in the Communist ideal on which the People's Republic was founded. It has been assumed that he protected several imperial and religious sites of cultural significance, such as the Potala Palace in Lhasa and the Forbidden City in Beijing, from the Red Guards. <mask> was sometimes forced to act against his conscience in order to minimize the damage caused by Mao's policies, according to Deng Xiaoping.<mask>'s image has remained positive among contemporary Chinese despite earlier Chinese leaders being subjected to criticism inside China. Many Chinese still venerate <mask> as the most humane leader of the 20th century, despite the fact that <mask> is a symbol of the Communist Party. Historians who list Mao's faults generally attribute the opposite qualities to <mask>: <mask> was cultured and educated where Mao was crude and simple, and <mask> was consistent where Mao was unstable. The Chinese press emphasized Mao's consultative, logical, realistic, and cool-headed leadership style after his death. Recent academic criticism of <mask> has focused on his late relationship with Mao, and his political activities during the Cultural Revolution, arguing that the relationship between <mask> and Mao may have been more complex than is commonly portrayed. <mask> has been depicted as submissive and loyal to Mao and his allies, going out of his way to support or allow the persecution of friends and relatives in order to avoid facing political condemnation himself. After the founding of the PRC, <mask> was unable or unwilling to protect the former spies that he had employed in the Chinese Civil War and the Second World War, who were persecuted for their wartime contacts with the enemies of the CCP."From now on you make all the decisions, and I'll make sure they're carried out," he told Jiang Qing early in the Cultural Revolution. <mask> passively accepted the political persecution of many others, including his own brother, which can be seen as a sign that he was a political opportunist. <mask> was described as Mao's slave by Dr. Li Zhisui in his book The Private Life of Chairman Mao. Neither he nor Deng had a shred of independent thought. Mao held <mask> in contempt because he was so subservient and loyal. He has been criticized as being too diplomatic because he avoids clear stands in complex political situations. There are many explanations offered to explain his elusiveness.Dick Wilson, the former chief editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review, wrote that <mask>'s only option was to go on pretending to support the Cultural Revolution movement while trying to downplay its successes. Many Chinese accepted the explanation for <mask>'s elusiveness after his death. <mask> would have been removed from control of the Government if he had made a stand and demanded that Mao call off the campaign. <mask>'s involvement in the Cultural Revolution is defended by many because he had no choice other than political martyrdom. The entire government may have collapsed due to his influence and political ability. It is unlikely that <mask> would have survived a purge without the help of Mao. <mask> was praised by American statesmen who met him.<mask>'s intelligence and character were described by Kissinger as "equally at home in philosophy, reminiscence, historical analysis, probes, humorous repartee and personal graciousness." <mask> was described as one of the two or three most impressive men I have ever met by Kissinger, who stated that his commands of facts, in particular his knowledge of American events and, for that matter, of my own background, was stunning. Richard Nixon stated in his memoirs that he was impressed with <mask>. <mask>'s achievements to distance the Communist Party from Mao's Great Leap forward and Cultural Revolution may have weakened the Party's prestige after Deng Xiaoping came to power. The legacy and character of <mask> could not be compared to Mao's disastrous policies. Deng received credit for the economic policies that <mask> originally proposed. <mask>'s legacy may have been used as a political tool by the Party after his death if it had been actively associated with an already popular <mask>.<mask> is a well-known figure in China. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, <mask> ordered his hometown not to keep up the <mask> family tombs and not to transform his house into a memorial. <mask>'s family home and traditional family school have been restored and are visited by a large number of tourists every year. A museum dedicated to <mask>'s life was opened in 1998 in order to commemorate his 100th birthday. There is a reproduction of <mask>'s living and working quarters in Beijing in the park. A bronze statue of <mask> is located in the city of Nanjing, as well as a museum and a memorial to <mask> and his wife. The first anniversary of <mask>'s death was marked with stamps in 1977.The film The Story of <mask>lai tells the story of <mask>'s trip to the countryside in May of 1961. <mask>: The Last Perfect Revolutionary is a work about the history of the People's Republic of China. Dictionary of Republican China. Columbia University Press was published in New York, NY. "Dillon, Michael." "<mask>: Mao's Enigmatic Shadow" is online. "Dillon, Michael."<mask> is a book about Chairman Mao. Dittmer is inLowell. The Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Mass Criticism was published in 1974. The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic was written by John W. Garver. It was a comprehensive scholarly history. There is a person named Gao Wenqian. The Last Perfect Revolutionary was written by <mask>.New York, NY: Public Affairs. Han Suyin. The Making of Modern China was written by <mask>. New York: Hill & Wang in 1994. Kai-yu. China's Gray Eminence is called Chou En-Lai. Doubleday, 1968, Garden City, NY.Itoh, Mayumi. <mask> and Japan are the beginnings of contemporary Sino-Japanese relations. Kissinger talked about Nixon years. The Collegian is a daily newspaper. 25 September 1979. Henry Kissinger. "Special Section: Chou En-lai"Time Magazine. Monday, 1 October 1979. On 12 March 2011. Kraus, Charles. <mask> and China's response to the Korean War. It was online. Lee, Chae-jin.<mask> talks about the early years. The article was published in the journal of the university, the journal of the university, the journal of the university, the journal of the university, the journal of the university, the journal of the university, the journal of the university, the journal of the university, the journal of the university Tien-min, Li. The name is Chou En-Lai. The Institute of International Relations was founded in 1970. The people are Li,Yanhua, Hongyu Zhao, and Jianmei Jia. "Chou En-lai's Exploration of China's Democratic Political Construction."The International Conference on Education, Management and Social Science is online. Levine, Marilyn. During the Twenties, there were Chinese Communists in Europe. The University of Washington Press was published in 1993. Peter Ritter. "Saint and Sinner". Time Magazine.On Thursday, 1 November 2007. On 11 March 2011. Smith, Steve. Moscow and the Second and Third armed uprisings took place in 1927. Between Triumph and Disaster is the title of the Chinese Revolution in the 1920s. ed. Mechthild Leutner et al.The book was written in London, England. 222–243. Trento wrote a book about the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network. 10–11. William W. and Huang were both from Chen-hsia. The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics was published in 1927. Praeger was in New York in 1973.C. Martin. The Nationalist Revolution in China took place in the 19th century. Cambridge University Press was published in 1983. C. Martin and Julie Lien-ying How. Soviet Advisers and Nationalist China were part of the Missionaries of Revolution. Harvard University Press was published in 1989. Wilson, Dick.<mask> is a biography. New York, NY:

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title: Mary N. Meeker

texts: <mask> was an American educational psychologist. She applied the theory of human intelligence to the field of education. He was born in Louisiana and grew up in Texas. She graduated with a degree in psychology from the University of Texas at Austin. After moving to California, she began graduate studies in educational psychology at the University of Southern California, where she studied with J. P. Guilford, whose work would be central to her career. In 1971 he received a PhD in Education from USC. To create assessments and curriculum materials for use in teaching children and adults was the focus of SI and SOI Meeker's PhD.Intelligence comprises many underlying mental abilities or factors, organized along three dimensions--operations, comprehension, and Content--according to the premise of SI. Each intersection of the three dimensions represents a unique intellectual ability, such as comprehension of semantic relations, that is, understanding analogies. She saw the potential of applying SI in the field of education, based on a twofold premise: 1) intelligence can be precisely measured using a test that identifies an individual's aptitude on the multiple intellectual abilities identified in the Structure of Intellect model; and 2) the individual. Her application was called "SOI." SOI testing SOI assessment materials, including the SOI Learning Abilities (or "SOI-LA") test instrument, measure intelligence corresponding to those intellectual abilities from Guilford's SI model that Meeker determined to be most closely correlated to educational and professional success. Other SI abilities were excluded from SOI due to their lack of correlation to educational requirements. The SOI-LA instrument was normed and validated by her in the late 1970s and early 1980s.In many states, the SOI-LA is accepted for screening students for admission into gifted and special education school programs, and worldwide, SOI-LA is used in private clinics. Learning materials can be used to address learning disabilities in early childhood education. Basic school tasks that require application of multiple underlying abilities are actually complex. Children who fail at these classroom tasks often lack the underlying abilities to succeed at them, so attempts to teach them to perform such tasks are not successful. Some children who cannot read may not have the intellectual ability to associate a word with a series of graphical figures. SOI training can help with the mastery of reading and math. The SOI model addresses learning disabilities in stages.The underlying intellectual abilities of an individual are assessed in an SOI test. After the SOI profile is compared against the intellectual abilities that enable the targeted task, specific intellectual abilities are identified for remediation. SOI curriculum materials train the identified abilities so that the individual can learn to perform more complex tasks after the abilities are fixed. The SOI model can be used to assess learning styles because of the SOI-LA test. SOI is related to the multiple intelligences theory. The SOI Institute was opened in 1975, and was a business that produced SOI tests and educational materials. The SOI Institute was run by Meeker during the 1980s and 1990s, and he developed a reputation in the field of educational psychology.He was a consultant for the state departments of education in California, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin. Bridges Learning Systems was a commercial enterprise founded by a former U.S. The Integrated Practice Protocol (IPP) she developed with her husband, Robert, was used by Senator William E. Brock to implement school programs. Intelligence assessment, vision assessment, and sensory integration assessment are included in the IPP. Some children who can't read may not be able to visually distinguish one alphabetical character from another. The extensions of SOI application made in IPP are shown in this perceptual aspect of SOI. <mask> won a variety of local prizes for her watercolor painting.Her subjects were outdoors. <mask> was survived by her husband, three daughters, and two granddaughters. Her husband, Robert, runs SOI Systems in Springfield, Oregon. M. N<mask> wrote articles and books. There is an Interpretation and Uses of Intellect. Merrill is in Columbus, Ohio. M. N., and R. J. are the authors.Roid. G. H. was born in 1985. There is a manual about the structure of the learning abilities test. Western Psychological Services is located in Los Angeles, California. Meeker, M. N., and Meeker, R. IPP is a treatment system for students. SOI Systems is located in Vida, OR.The articles were selected by M. N. There is a procedure for relating behavior samplings. The third edition of the Journal of School Psychology. 26–36. M.N. Meeker. Is there any creativity for the preschool child? There is a quarterly magazine for the gifted child.M.N. Meeker. Understanding the evaluation of gifted is a new method. There is a quarterly magazine for the gifted child. XIII(4). M. N. and C. E. were authors. The success of average and special groups of ninth-grade boys is determined by memory factors and school success. The Genetic Psychology Monographs was published in 1983.M.N. Meeker. Do you handle the gifted well? The child was gifted. M.N. Meeker. Individualized curriculum based on intelligence test patterns. In Coop and White. There are psychological concepts in the classroom.They called itHarper and Row. M.N. and R.J. Meeker. The year 1973. There are strategies for assessing intellectual patterns in Black, Anglo, and Mexican-American boys. The journal deals with school psychology. M. Meeker. Diagnostic basics include cognitive abilities from the Binet, WISC, and SOI-LA tests.M<mask> is the author. Collected Readings is a collection of readings. I. It was 2–3. The SOI Institute is in El Segundo. M.N. Meeker. The child has a point of view.There is a journal for creative behavior. 52–62. M.N. Meeker. The relevance of testing is related to teaching. The second edition of The Gifted Child Quarterly. 295–303. Abroms, K. I.<mask>, M. N., was born in 1980. Learning disabilities are a challenge. The journal deals with learning disabilities. M.N. Meeker. The SOI Institute is based on the "Structure of the Intellect" model. Education 101(4). M.N. Meeker.Brain research needs to separate site, actions, and functions. The conference was held in New York City. Also in the book. pp. 5, No 3. 148–154. M.N. Meeker. There is a curriculum for intelligence.The children are gifted. M.N. and R.J. Meeker. The year 1986. The SOI system is used for gifted education. In J.S. Renzulli is an author. There are systems and models for developing programs for the gifted and talented.M.N<mask>. A word to the coach. The fourth edition of Gifted International, Vol 4. No. 2, pp. 78–88. M.N. Meeker.When high school ends, what do you do? There is a child today who is gifted. 4–2. M.N. Meeker. There are toys before and after Christmas. A child is gifted. 6, pp.54–55. M.N<mask>. Trying to be innovative. A child is gifted. 6, pp. 2–5. M.N<mask> wrote.There is a structure of intelligence. In A.L. Costa is the author. Developing Minds Vol. pp 3–8 M.N<mask> wrote. The gifted are looking for a career.The journal was published by the California Association for the Gifted. M.N<mask> wrote. What are the differences between math and arithmetic? There is a child today who is gifted. 14, No. 1, pp. 6–9.The American Advisory Council for Government Schools Secretary, the National Association for Gifted Children Education Leader of the Year, and the California Commission for Education are some of the honors and positions. One of the fifty most creative professional women in America was selected by the International Center for Studies in Creativity.

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Mary Nacol Meeker
Mary Meeker
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title: Diana Rigg

texts: Dame <mask> was an English actress of stage and screen. She played the wife of James Bond in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, as well as the title role in Medea in the West. She joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1959 after making her professional stage debut in 1957. She made her Broadway debut in 1971. Her role as Emma Peel made her a sex symbol. She won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her role in Medea. She was made a Dame in 1994 for her services to drama.In films and TV, Rigg played Arlena Marshall in Evil Under the Sun and Lady Holiday in The Great Muppet Caper. She won two awards for her roles in Mother Love and Rebecca. You, Me and the Apocalypse, Detectorists, Doctor Who episode "The Crimson Horror", and playing Mrs Pumphrey in All Great and Small are some of her television credits. Her last film role was in Last Night in Soho, which was completed just before her death. Rigg was born in Doncaster in the West Riding of Yorkshire in the year 1938 and then in South Yorkshire in the same year. Her father moved to India to work for the railway in order to take advantage of the career opportunities there. Her mother moved back to England after Rigg's birth.Between the ages of two months and eight years, Rigg lived in Bikaner, Rajasthan, India, where her father worked his way up to become a railway executive. She used to speak Hindi as her second language. She was sent back to England to attend a boarding school. She felt like a fish out of water at her boarding school, but she believed that Yorkshire played a bigger part in shaping her character than India did. She graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1955 with Glenda Jackson and SinPhillips. There were roles in the Royal Shakespeare Company between 1959 and 1967. Her professional debut was in The Caucasian Chalk Circle at the York Festival.She made her Broadway debut with the play in 1971 in which she appeared nude with a man. She received a nomination for Best Actress in a Play. In 1975, she received her second nomination. A member of the National Theatre Company at the Old Vic from 1972 to 1975, Rigg took leading roles in premiere productions of two Tom Stoppard plays. She appeared in a musical based on the life of a French writer, but it closed during a tour in the US. She played the lead role in the West End production of Follies in 1987. She received the Tony Award for Best Actress in 1994 for her performance in Mother Courage at the National Theatre, which she also starred in.In October 1996 the Almeida Theatre was transferred to the Aldwych Theatre. She appeared in a production of Tennessee Williams's play Suddenly Last Summer at the Albery Theatre in 2004. In 2006 she appeared at the Wyndham's Theatre in London's West End in a drama entitled Honour which had a limited but successful run. She played Huma Rojo in the Old Vic's production of All About My Mother, which was based on the film of the same title directed by Pedro Almodvar. She reprised her role in Hay Fever at the Chichester Festival Theatre in 2009. She played Mrs Higgins in Pygmalion at the Garrick Theatre in 2011. She reprised her role in My Fair Lady in February of last year.She thought it was so special. I thought it was a great idea when I was offered Mrs. Higgins. She was nominated for the fourth time. In the British 1960s television series The Avengers, Rigg played the secret agent Emma Peel, opposite Patrick Macnee as John Steed. Shepherd was dropped from the role after filming two episodes. Rigg didn't see the programme before auditioning for the role. She disliked the lack of privacy that came with the series.She wasn't comfortable in her position as a sex symbol. In an interview with The Guardian, she stated that becoming a sex symbol overnight had shocked her. She didn't like how she was treated by ABC. In her second series she held out for a pay rise from £150 a week to £450; she said that not one woman in the industry supported her. Neither did Patrick. I was painted as a mercenary by the press because I wanted equality. We are still talking about the gender pay gap, which is depressing.She didn't stay for a third year. Patrick Macnee said that she thought he and her driver were her only friends on the set. She played Tracy Bond, James Bond's only wife, in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, opposite George Lazenby. She hoped that she would become better known in the United States as a result of her role. In 1974 she starred in a US sitcom called <mask>. In This House of Brede is based on the book by Rumer Godden and is one of her other films from this period. She played the title character in The Marquise, a television adaptation of a play by Nol Coward.She played Lady Holiday in The Great Muppet Caper and was in the Yorkshire Television production of Ibsen's Hedda Gabler. She received praise for her performance as Arlena Marshall in the film adaptation of Agatha Christie's Evil Under the Sun, sharing barbs with her character's old rival. She played the king's second daughter, Regan, in a television production of King Lear. She played the Evil Queen in the Cannon Movie Tales's film adaptation of Snow White, as well as playing Lady Dedlock in the television version of Dickens' Bleak House. Her portrayal of an obsessive mother who was prepared to do anything, even murder, to keep control of her son won her the 1990 BAFTA for Best Television Actress. She played the main character's grandmother in the television adaptation of the film. She played the amateur detective Mrs Bradley in The Mrs Bradley Mysteries and won an award for her work in Rebecca.She played an eccentric old woman who worked for Scotland Yard as a pathologist in Gladys Mitchell's series. The series did not return for a second season. She hosted the PBS television series Mystery! from 1989 to 2003 and took over from her co-star in Theatre of Blood. She was in the second series of Ricky Gervais's comedy Extras, as well as the 2006 film The Painted Veil, in which she played a nun. She appeared in an episode of Doctor Who with her daughter and two other people. The episode was written for her and her daughter by Mark Gatiss. It was not the first time mother and daughter had appeared in the same production, but the first time she had worked with her daughter and the first time in her career her roots were accessed to find a Doncaster, Yorkshire, accent.In the third season of Game of Throne, <mask> was cast in a recurring role as Lady Olenna Tyrell, the Queen of Thorns, the paternal grandmother of the main character. She was nominated for an award at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. She reprised her role in the fourth season of the show. She reprised the role in seasons five and six from the books. She received two more guest actress Emmy nominations. The character was killed off in the seventh season. She said she had never watched the show before or after her time on it.The role of Mrs Pumphrey was being filmed for All Creatures Great and Small. The first season of the show had finished. Her last performance was the British psychological horror film Last Night in Soho, where she played the main villain and elder vision of the character. The film was made in London and is dedicated to the memory of her husband. In the 1960s, Rigg lived for eight years with director Philip Saville, gaining attention in the tabloid press when she said she had no desire to be respectable. She was married to an Israeli painter from 1973 until their divorce in 1976, and to a theatrical producer and former officer in the Scots Guards from 1982 until their divorce in 1990 after he had an affair with the actress Joely Richardson. Five years before their marriage, Rigg had a daughter with Stirling, who was born in 1977.For many years, Rigg was the public face of the charity's child-sponsorship scheme. When her 10-year term of office ended on July 31, 2008, she was succeeded by James Naughtie. Michael Parkinson first interviewed Rigg in 1972 and she was described as the most desirable woman he had ever met. A smoker from the age of 18 was still smoking 20 cigarettes a day in 2009. By December of last year, she had stopped smoking after having a heart surgery. She said that the good Lord told her to send the old bag down again, because her heart had stopped after the procedure. An interview was done with the website The A.V.Club, Rigg talked about her chemistry with Patrick Macnee, despite their 16-year age difference, and he looked kindly on her and husbanded her through the first couple of episodes. We became equal after that and loved each other. We would write our own lines. They trusted us. Our scenes when we found another dead body. How do you get around that one? They allowed us to do it.She was asked if she had kept in touch with Macnee, who died two days before the interview was published. We haven't seen each other in a long time. <mask> passed away at her daughter's London home on September 10, 2020. Her daughter said that she died of cancer, which was diagnosed in March. The Will Award was presented to Rigg by the Shakespeare Theatre Company. On 25 October 2015, to mark 50 years of Emma Peel, the British Film Institute screened an episode of The Avenger, followed by an onstage interview with her. Commonwealth honours the chancellor, visitor, governor, and rector.No Turn Unstoned is a collection of theatrical reviews first published in 1982. <mask> was born at the British Film Institute in 1939 and died at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 2020.

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Diana Elizabeth Rigg
Diana
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Diana Rigg