title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

texts: The extension of the Royal Navy dockyard was designed by <mask>, who was an English naval engineer and shipbuilder. His survey of the south coast ports is a well-known document. He was a Member of Parliament for ten years and founded the first packet service between Cornwall and the West Indies. He died in the prison. Using elements of mathematical calculation and meticulously honing standards of empirical observation, <mask> tried to introduce a more rational, planned approach to the task of building ships and dockyards. He struggled to succeed because he was operating on the margins of what was technically possible. His biggest building projects were almost completely destroyed by the dockyard developments and bombing that followed.The eldest of four sons was christened on August 28, 1651 at St. Nicolas' Church, North Stoneham, Hampshire. He served his apprenticeship under Sir John Tippetts at the naval dockyard after joining the Royal Navy. Samuel Pepys wrote in his 1686 account of the state of the Navy that <mask> was mostly employed as his clerk in writing and drawing. <mask> was employed as an "extra clerk" in the office of the Surveyor. His job was to make designs for a variety of projects, including lodgings at Sheerness and ships' sterns. Sir Anthony Deane, who had been appointed Controller of the Victualling Accounts on the Navy Board, was given the responsibility of establishing for the first time standardised sets of dimensions of ships of the line. The Navy Board singled out <mask> for his "extraordinary ingenuity to lay down the bodies of all the thirty new ships" for his work on establishing the new standards.The sketch-book Tables of Proportions of Ships, which comprises a series of engraved sheets of squared paper on which are plotted the curves or sweeps of the hull of one second rate and some of the third rate ships newly built in, is one of <mask>'s draughts from this A volume of eight <mask> drawings entitled Draught of the Body of an English Man of War is in thePepys Library; these are more elaborate and likely intended to show off his extraordinary skills as a draughtsman to potential patrons, and include vertical sections through the ships showing the design The earliest example of <mask>'s skills as a draughtsman can be found in these works. <mask> was caught up in a political dispute involving Deane andPepys, who were accused of leaking naval intelligence to France. The charges against Deane andPepys were that they hired a man to take the bodies of the king's ships. Being extremely fearful myself what ill use might be made of me or of the works so innocently meant was taken before the King to prevent any reflection upon them that were already distressed. <mask> was sent to Bristol until January 1680 when he was summoned to attend the Navy Board.There he met Deane who had been released from prison though not yet discharged, and he asked <mask> to make two draughts for him, a promise <mask> failed to keep, having been instructed by the Navy Board not to do so. The Admiralty still appeared to have suspicions about the loyalty of both <mask> and Deane, and at a meeting of the Lords Commissioners it was ordered that I did not draw draughts for any other or the King's service. In April 1680, <mask> wrote to the Navy Board asking if he could draw new draughts in the same way he had done before. In May he was still asking if the Board wanted to discharge or continue employing him, warning that the greatness of the enterprise was never truly valued. The Navy Board was given the order to pay him at the rate of £7 per draught on February 24th and again on May 11th, with proviso, "to take care before the payment of any of the said sums to the said Mr <mask>." In July 1682, <mask> was commissioned as a midshipman-extraordinary and sent to the Mediterranean in order to collect what useful observations should arise to him. It was agreed that <mask>'s expenses for about two years would be paid for by the Navy's treasurer.The Moorish Ambassador, who had been in England for six months, was taken back to Tangiers by Dummer on 3 August 1682. The Ambassador's Moorish retainers attempted a mutiny while the ship was at anchor, but it didn't happen. After a change in command, they sailed east into the Mediterranean, south of Sardinia and Sicily, across the Ionian Sea to Cephalonia and Zante, and back through the Strait of Messina past the active volcano of Stromboli. He split his time between Livorno and Pisa until 11 February 1683 when he received an answer from the Commissioners of the Admiralty "to whom I had given an account of my leaving the ship and the reasons for requesting extended shore leave". Sir Thomas Dereham, the English envoy in Florence, received a magnificent panel carved by Grinling Gibbons celebrating the fruits of peace and friendship between princes, which was commissioned by Charles II as a gift for Cosimo III de' Medici. Dummer took a keen interest in recording towns, their dockyards and fortifications throughout the Mediterranean, making detailed perspectives and measured plans. In contrast to the English method of building and repairing ships in dry dock, the Mediterranean ports used covered slipways which Dummer made many drawings.He was particularly impressed by the VenetianArsenal, drawing it in plan, general and detailed perspective, including A Perspective of the Mode of laying up small Ordnance and A Perspective of Two Arches. He took the opportunity to carry out a little informal espionage by writing a note to the special officer of the ship he was going to. The Royal Louis and two other first-rate vessels were in the harbour. The fleet was described as a "good fleet, but in appearance ill built, or through some weakness in long living have generally put their wales a little straight in the midships". The Royal Louis was a great ship and glorious in her first carving, but to my judgement not of good proportion, or good workmanship, her figure under water is not to be admired. "All ships great and small are built on launches, and careened when their occasions require it, for here are no docks, an obligation we are not tied to", Dummer reported. The new fortifications were drawn to the designs of Vauban.There were 35 in the harbour when he arrived at the home of the French King's galleys. The galleys were described as the most polite and beautiful by him. The King ordered <mask> to make "observations upon all foreign shipping" during the voyage. Each vessel was described in great detail in his journal, with both watercolour views and three-dimensional skeleton models. In July 1683 <mask> sailed homewards from Livorno in the Swallow via the Balearic Islands, Mlaga, Alicante, Gibraltar and Cadiz, where on 13 September he received orders to attend Lord Dartmouth in Tangier and stay until the English garrison was given up and destroyed. After a rough journey back through Spain, <mask> and Samuel Pepys arrived back in England after the abandonment of the British colony. His expenses were paid by the end of the year, which was 50% more than his initial estimate.The British Library has a "sumptuous volume" that <mask> produced on the completion of the voyage. <mask> applied for positions as a shipwright based on his skills as a draughtsman, as he completed the fair copy of his journal. <mask> visited John Evelyn on the recommendation of the Secretary to the Admiralty Board. "I look on it as a new obligation to you, and if you find I cultivate it for my own sake a little, you will let him understand, how much I wish him the improvement of your," he wrote. <mask> replaced Daniel Furzer as the first assistant master shipwright at Chatham in 1686. <mask> was described as "an ingenious young man, but said rarely to have handled a tool in his life, nor knows how to convert a piece of timber; has been much abroad, but gained his present promotion upon the credit only of his designing." After the death of Sir John Tippetts in August 1692, <mask> succeeded him as Surveyor of the Navy with a salary of £500 a year.The Navy was strengthened by extending the measure of uniformity in ship construction initiated by the thirty new ships project. Despite the Navy's desire for standardisation, even the thirty new ships differed in size and tonnage, as shipwrights took the dimensions specified as being minimum rather than absolute measures. <mask> wrote to the men appointed to survey and measure the ships then under construction, enclosing a small printed sketch with measurement points in letters, to serve for one common rule of direction and information. <mask> was the first to introduce exact standards for the construction of new vessels, sending each builder with his warrant for building a new ship the precise measurements together with models of the completed vessel. Every master builder was required by Mr <mask> to measure the body and compare it to the figure. Following instructions by the Admiralty Board to report on the subject of bomb vessels, <mask> wrote to his masters, asking them to check the proportions of a bomb-vessel designed by a French engineer. The bomb vessels were built to English dimensions and rigging in 1693.A cheaper and more effective class followed two years later. The idea of a system of paddle-wheels driven by a capstan was dismissed by the Admiralty after <mask>'s negative report on Thomas Savery's patent designs. <mask>'s main achievement was the development of the dockyards. In September 1689 he was ordered to report on the most suitable site for a single dry dock. Estimates of the cost of building on each site, both in timber and stone, were included in the information he returned to London with in November. The work was to be done in stone with a protective wet dock in front and, at the insistence of King Willam, the dry dock was made large enough to hold first-rate ships. The first stepped stone dry dock in Europe was designed by <mask>.Prior to 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 The Dummer designed docks were stronger with more secure foundations and stepped sides that made it easier for shipwrights to reach the underside of the vessel. Increased workforce mobility and rapid erection of staging were allowed by these innovations. The earlier three-sectioned hinged gate was discarded and replaced with a simpler and more mobile two-sectioned gate. He wanted to ensure that naval dockyards were efficient working units that maximized available space, as evidenced by the simplicity of his design layout. His double rope-house combined the previously separate tasks of spinning and laying while allowing the upper floor to be used for the repair of sails, as well as introducing a centralised storage area and logical positioning of buildings. By 16 September 1694, Dummer reported to the Admiralty, "Our docks here are finished and we intend to take in the cleaning of the mouth of the basin from the dam that stands before it, which will be done in a few days".In December 1694, his account of the progress of his Majestie's New Docks and Yard was presented to the Principal Officers and Commissioners of the Navy. His extensive travels influenced his planning of the works. The plans of the site, the yard and the dry dock, plans and elevations for the officers' dwelling houses, the great store house, rope house and rope yard buildings were typically appended to the description of the works. The drawings served as a means of explanation and a form of advocacy, as well as evidence of and pride in his achievement. <mask> wanted to arrange the buildings as efficiently as possible to eliminate the "great abuses committed in their Majesties' yards" such as "the tedious and expensive practices of carrying all things afloat for expediting of ship works, and which are many times." There were opportunities for swindling ships' stores because of time-wasting and obstruction. "Too many to be named, and some too subtle to be discovered, Dummer ensured that men and materials were placed close together under the constant eye of command, saving time and costs."The thirteen officers' dwelling houses were located on the most prestigious spot of ground in the yard, for the officers to better observe things abroad and communicate with one another. An

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title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

type: paraphrased

texts: abstract of the costs in <mask>'s account amounted to £50,000, but he was at pains to point out that this was because of the greatness and novelty of the works, which overcame the deficiencies of the other yards. Obstructions were brought about because of the irregular cash flow, the weakness of contracts, and the imbecile stock of a private man under the weight of a work. He maintained that the increases were made deliberately by stealth so that they wouldn't be rejected at the outset, rather than by demanding too great a lump sum. In 1689, Parliament ordered one new dry dock and two new wet docks to be built at Pompey and work began in 1691 at an estimated cost of over fifteen thousand dollars. <mask> used brick and stone instead of wood and increased the number of altars or steps. Civil engineering on an unprecedented scale was involved in the new works, which were built on reclaimed land.The great stone dock was evacuated with the help of horses. The Mary Rose is located in No.3 dock. He oversaw the raising and repairing of the fourth rate ship St David which capsized and partially blocked the harbour. At a time when a new war with France was a real threat, <mask> undertook a plan to survey various harbours along the south coast of England. In the survey, he was assisted by two Masters of Trinity House, Captain James Conaway and William Cruft, who were assisting the Navy because of their navigation experience. The surveying was completed in July and August of 1698, with eighteen harbours being visited, and the resulting charts seem to be rushed, as in most cases they show few soundings, only the high and low water lines, and few, if at all. They were looking for sites for new dockyards and to see if any of the smaller ports could be improved to accommodate larger vessels.After all the surveys were completed and the critique written up, the work was sent to the Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy, just over four months after it started. It was suggested in the report that the only ports worth considering were the ones in the area around Pompey and the Isle of Wight. The Hampshire County Council Museums Service holds a copy of this report. In 1698, <mask> produced his Survey of the Royal Navy Dockyards, which gave an account of the improvements which had been made at each of the royal dockyards since 1688, with full descriptions of the various buildings with their quantity and value, together with detailed descriptions. <mask>'s survey was part of a larger effort to get to grips with the management of the massive business under their charge. <mask>'s work is an extraordinary feat of surveying. Each dockyard is treated separately and its description is given in a different order so that cross-comparisons can be made.The emphasis was on precise measurement. The general situation of the port and harbour is given in the first type of drawing, the second focuses on the situation of the yard, and the third compares the plan of the yard at the Revolution with its development ten years on. The survey covers the dockyards in Chatham, Sheerness, Woolwich and Deptford, as well as the Navy Office, before dealing with the dockyards at Portsmouth and Plymouth. It was estimated that the value of His Majesty's Dockyards was more than double the original value, with £166,799 spent in the previous ten years. The Navy Office had made the greatest investment of $239, followed by the others. The new docks at Plymouth and Portsmouth are considered to be monuments of <mask>'s great skill by naval historians. <mask> stood for election in November 1695.The candidates were all admirals. The inhabitants of Portsea, who pay "Scot and lot", supported Dummer and insisted on their right to vote, but were prevented from doing so by measures adopted on behalf of Mr. Hedger. Threats and other unconstitutional measures were used to shut the gates of the town. Although a petition was lodged to have the election overturned, it was not followed up and <mask> was elected to represent Arundel in the neighboring county. When he did not stand for re-election, <mask> was elected three times as a supporter of the court. He was re-elected in January 1701 but he was replaced by Carew Weekes in November. <mask> continued to represent the town for six years after returning to Parliament.He was a supporter of Robert Harley. <mask> was one of the Governors of the newly opened Greenwich Hospital until his death in 1713. The career of Downfall <mask>, the Navy's Surveyor of the Navy, came to an abrupt end in December 1698, when he was suspended without warning after a dispute with the main contractor. The dispute began in 1693 when <mask> and Sir Anthony Deane had reason to doubt the working methods and claims of Fitch. The construction problems were caused by the new docks being built on unstable land. The piling was exposed and vulnerable because of the damage to the entrance to the lower basin. The dam which had been constructed to shelter the work on the new docks from the sea had been breeched.He wrote to excuse his attendance at Parliament in January and February due to the need to secure the great dam in the face of terrible weather. <mask> ejected Fitch because of fraudulent claims for payment and terrible workmanship. The Attorney General, Richard Haddock, and <mask> were named as defendants in the case. The case was referred to trial after it was first heard in the Court of Exchequer. On 27 April 1697, the Court ordered that the matter be referred to four referees, two appointed on behalf of the plaintiff and two on behalf of the defendants, with an umpire to decide if they could not agree. The party arrived in Portsmouth on 2 June to examine the works and advise on repairs, accompanied by Sir Christopher Wren. After spending a day examining the works, the party returned to London and confirmed <mask>'s condemnation of the workmanship and ordered that the upper wet dock be taken down and rebuilt.The final decree was issued in late June or early July of 1698, stating that the amount already paid for the work should have been satisfied. After he was turned off site, it was accepted that he was still owed more than $8k for further contract work. A complaint was made to the Admiralty that <mask> had asked for bribes in return for awarding him Navy contracts, and that he would get an immediate certificate for his bill if he made him a present of £100. <mask> denied the other charges, even though he admitted that he had borrowed money. <mask> was suspended from office on Christmas Eve 1698. His career at the Navy Office was over after he was awarded damages in a civil court. He was allowed the title and salary for 1699 but was not reinstated and dismissed by the Admiralty on 10 August 1699, with Daniel Furzer being appointed in his place from 22 September.He and his cousin, <mask> of South Stoneham, helped to finance an ironworks in Hampshire. Iron wares were ordered from the dockyard by the works. Chancery ruled in 1711 that <mask> was the rightful owner of the ironworks and Corbett's naval contracts after Henry Corbett died. <mask> continued the business until 1712 and his brother Thomas continued to supply the navy until 1716. <mask> supervised the construction of a number of extremely fast packet-boats for the Post Office packet service from Harwich to the Low countries. There was a packet service between Lisbon and Dummer. <mask> devoted a lot of his time to studying the issue of a regular packet service between England and the British Island Plantations in the West Indies.He set out the terms for a monthly intelligence between England and the Island Plantations in the West Indies. <mask> proposed a monthly service to be operated by four oceangoing packet-boats. <mask>'s plan was granted special concessions by the Crown on June 30. He was allowed to fly the Queen's colors on his ships, his crews were exempt from impressment for naval service, and he was granted a letter of marque for the duration of the War of the Spanish Succession. On October 21, 1702, the Post Office sponsored the first mail service between the US and Canada. There was a mail service between Gravesend and Brill in the Netherlands between 1699 and 1700. The King William was 90 tons and 8 guns, and the Frankland was 132 tons and 10 guns.The four vessels were designed to succeed each other monthly and their motions are determined to be very quick because there is a chief fruit that is to be reaped. The best time for <mask>'s mail service was just under three months. The pattern for overseas mail services for the British Empire was created by <mask>'s packet service and has been adapted by subsequent overseas mail services. The Postmaster General passed <mask>'s expenses on to the Treasury. <mask>'s finances couldn't handle the strain because the Treasury were so slow in paying. He was granted a salary as a Commissioner of the Navy in 1704. If the war continued, a new contract was drawn up that would last at least three years or five years.The monthly service was to be maintained by a fleet of five vessels, and <mask> was to be allowed to carry 5 tons of freight on the outward journeys, and 10 tons on the homeward runs. He was to accept all risks to the ships and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals Five new ships were built for the new contract. Each of these vessels was of 200 tons, armed with 20 guns, and with two decks; they were also fitted with 24 oars apiece to enable them to escape from attacking vessels in the calms of the Caribbean. If the clause guaranteeing the Crown's income remained in the contract, <mask> could no longer maintain the service. The contract was drawn up on January 25th. He was to continue the monthly service with five vessels, to be responsible for the payment of the crews, and to take all risks from the loss of ships.The revenue from the Mail was to go to the Crown, and he was to be allowed a yearly allowance of over twelve thousand dollars. Even with the new contract, it was not possible to continue the service indefinitely. It was necessary for <mask> to borrow money on the security of future payments. The service came to an end with the return of the packet. <mask> was bankrupt due to the loss of ships from enemy action during the War of the Spanish Succession. <mask> lost two packets at sea and had seven captured. The service expired after his remaining seven packets were seized.Due to the growth of British interests in sugar plantations, the Post Office re-introduced a service to the West Indies in 1745, based on <mask>'s original plans. Through his shipbuilding interests at Blackwall, <mask> continued his association with the Royal Navy. In 1704 he presented to the Admiralty a model and a draught for a small vessel designed to cruise on the coast of this Kingdom and row with oars. The Admiralty instructed the Navy Board to contract with <mask> to build two vessels. The two sloops were larger and more powerful than the unrated craft. These 128-ton vessels were the first sloops built to serve as effective warships and were replaced by a uniform armament of twelve 3-pounder guns. In 1709 <mask> designed and built the small sixth rateHMS Swan for the Navy Board, and in the same year they purchased from him a similar vessel which he was building on speculation.The Weazle and Swan were sold in 1712 after Ferret was captured by the French in 1706. South Stoneham House was built by Nicholas Hawksmoor after <mask> acquired the estate from Giles Frampton. <mask> was declared bankrupt in February 1711, and although he was released from the Fleet Prison in April 1712 he was recommitted to the Fleet. He was buried at St Andrew's, Holborn on 8 May 1713. His brother ran the ironworks until 1716 and bought the business from his creditor. His widow, Sarah, and his daughter, Jane, presented a petition to the Navy Board in December of 1713. The petition was heard by Robert Harley, <mask>'s political mentor.They were given a pension of £150 per annum because of <mask>'s work as a civil engineer. <mask>'s estate, including South Stoneham manor and property at Shedfield and Curdridge, were sold by Jane to meet his debts. Edward Nicholas was the owner of the manor. <mask> and Sarah were married in about 1680 and they had five children. His widow, Jane, died in 1714 and was buried at St. Margaret's. The Royal Navy made a Survey of the Ports on the South West Coast of England. The Ingenious Mr Dummer: Rationalizing the Royal Navy in Late Seventeenth-Century England was written by Ian Kenneth

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title: Elio de Angelis

texts: <mask> was an Italian racing driver who raced for the Shadow, Lotus and Brabham teams in Formula One. He died in an accident while testing the BrabhamBT55 at the Paul Ricard circuit. <mask> is sometimes referred to as Formula One's "last gentleman player", as he was a very competitive and popular presence in the 1980s. <mask> was born in Rome. Giulio was an inshore and offshore powerboat racer who won many world titles. <mask> won the Italian Formula Three Championship in 1977. He won the prestigious Monaco F3 race and competed in one round of the British Formula One championship in 1978 for the ICI British F2 Team.At the end of the 1977 season, <mask> was on the short list to replace Lauda. At the Fiorano circuit, <mask> tested the car, but eventually it was hired by Ferrari. Shadow was <mask>'s debut Formula One season. In his first Grand Prix in Argentina, he finished seventh and 15th with three points. Colin Chapman, the boss of Lotus, was impressed by <mask>'s performance with Shadow. At the age of 21, <mask> became the youngest Grand Prix podium finisher of all time when he finished second at the Brazilian Grand Prix. His first victory was in the Austrian Grand Prix in 1982, 0.05 seconds ahead of the Williams of Keke Rosberg.Colin Chapman threw his cloth cap into the air after the win. Peter Warr became the new Lotus team manager after Chapman died. It was a disappointing season for Lotus, despite the fact that they had been using the Cosworth DFV since the beginning. A fifth place in the 1983 Italian Grand Prix was <mask>'s best result. <mask> <mask> scored 34 points and finished third in the season with three podiums. He had a second place finish at the Detroit Grand Prix. In 1984 the only driver to finish in the top 5 not to score a race win was <mask>.At Lotus, <mask> was joined by another person who had left the Toleman team. The San Marino Grand Prix was the third race of the 1985 season and <mask> won after Prost was disqualified. In Canada, <mask> claimed his last Formula One pole position. He finished fifth in the championship with 33 points, five points behind his teammate. At the end of the season, <mask> decided to leave Lotus because of the team's focus on Senna. As a replacement for two-time World Champion Nelson Piquet, <mask> joined Brabham. Patrese was his teammate.After two unhappy years with Alfa, Patrese was returning to the team. Gordon Murray was the designer of the 1986 Brabham-BMW. The idea was to have a cleaner air flow over the car to create more downforce, while at the same time reducing the car's drag. The BMW l4 had to be tilted to an angle of 72 in order for it to work. The BMW had become famous for its lack of throttle response, but this caused severe oil surge. Although the team worked hard to overcome the problems, it was clear that Brabham had fallen behind the leading pack. A cartwheel over a sidetrack barrier caused the car to catch fire after the rear wing detached during tests at the Paul Ricard circuit in France.The impact did not kill <mask>, but he was unable to get out of the car. The lack of track marshals on the circuit made the situation worse. There was a 30-minute delay before a helicopter arrived and <mask> died from smoke inhalation. He had a broken collar bone and light burns on his back. The end of Formula One was caused by <mask>'s death. F1 cars started using the "Club" version of the circuit, which bypassed the Verriere curves where the Brabham had crashed, and cut the length of the Mistral Straight from 1.8 to 1 km. The move was unpopular with many of the drivers, but most did like the reduced straight length as it was easier on the engines.The full layout featured sharper Verriere curves and a chicane on Mistral that cut the straight to two 800m straights. <mask>'s place in the Brabham team was taken by the driver who was the only top level driver who didn't contact the team owner immediately after <mask>'s death. At the end of the 1986 season, a close friend of <mask> retired. The last driver to die in a Formula One car was <mask>, who died in the San Marino Grand Prix at Imola eight years later. The day after Ratzenberger's death, <mask>'s former Lotus teammate was killed on the seventh lap when his Williams-Renault crashed into the Tamburello Curve wall. Legacy De <mask> was a concert-standard pianist and kept his fellow Formula One drivers entertained with his skills while they locked themselves in a hotel in protest of the new Super Licence conditions. The helmet that Jean Alesi wore was a tribute to his semi-compatriot.<mask> was ranked the 20th best Formula One driver of all time by an academic paper that looked at the relative influence of driver and machine. In Rome, <mask> was honoured at a memorial. The race was stopped with less than 75% of the laps completed. There are external links to <mask> <mask> tribute page.

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title: Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg

texts: The Regent of Hesse-Kassel was a consort of the Landgravine. She married the future William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1619 and became Landgravine upon his ascension to power in 1627. She and William V were exiled in East Frisia in 1637. After her husband's death, she became regent for their son William VI. She influenced the Peace of Westphalia to end the Thirty Years' War through skillful diplomacy and military successes. She abdicated her majority to her son in 1650. After her abdication in 1651, her health deteriorated and she died.The Count of Hanau-Mnzenberg and the Countess of Nassau's daughter was born in 1602 to Philip Louis II. The niece of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, was a daughter of William the Silent. Many of the other noble houses of Europe were related to her mother's siblings. She lived for a time with her aunt and her husband at the Wittelsbachs in Heidelberg. She returned to Hanau after her father's death. She lived with her relatives in the Netherlands. The conflict that would come to be known as the Thirty Years' War began in 1618.She was engaged to one of the six nobles who threw the Emperor's representative from a window. The couple could not be married before Smiick died. When the Habsburgs took control of the inheritance in 1621, there was a fight over it. After the death of Smiick, Amalie was engaged to William. Maurice Landgrave, William's father, was trying to build alliances with other anti-Habsburg states. The couple were married in 1619. They had their first child in 1620 and went on to have 12 children together.During the first few years of their marriage, Landgrave Maurice was facing serious internal and external challenges to his authority. Many of the challenges would not be solved until Amalie <mask> became regent. The will of the last Landgrave stipulated that the territory of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg should be divided between Landgrave Maurice of Hesse-Kassel and Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. Maurice tried to convert his half of the Marburg inheritance to his new faith after converting to Calvinism. Louis V challenged Maurice's right to the inheritance, taking the case to the Aulic Council. Calvinism was not one of the legally recognized religions of the Empire, so Maurice didn't think the court would find in his favor. He joined the Protestant Union in 1609.In 1623, the Aulic Council awarded the entire inheritance to Louis V. Louis V moved to enforce his claim after establishing connections with the Catholic League. Landgrave Maurice tried to raise a force to expel Tilly, but he was opposed by the Landgraviate's estates, made up of representatives from the local towns and nobility. Maurice was prevented from raising an army because the estates opposed his foreign policy goals. Maurice was forced to abdicate to his son William in 1627. Landgrave William V is now known as Landgravine. William V wanted to reverse the settlement that the Emperor and the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt forced on him.The issuing of the Edict of Restitution in 1629 strengthened Imperial authority and directly threatened his religion. William V was the first German prince to ally with Sweden. The war went well for the allies, with William V and the Swedes achieving many victories. William V received subsidies from France. William V was granted several territories in Westphalia by Gustavus Adolphus in lieu of subsidies. The subsidies and territories gave William V an independent source of revenue, preventing the Hessian estates from obstructing his war effort as they had his father's. When William V was away on military campaigns, his wife ran affairs for him.The victory of the Imperial and Spanish troops in the Battle of Nrdlingen led many German princes to desert Sweden and sign the Peace of Prague with the Emperor. William V was one of the princes who refused to make peace because he was excluded from the general amnesty. The French officially joined the war on the side of the Swedes after he signed an alliance with them. The city of Hanau was liberated by William V on the 13th of June 1636. The Peace of Prague shifted the balance of the war in the Emperor's favor and left Hesse-Kassel under attack by Imperial armies. William V and his family were forced to leave the territory of East Frisia, which had recently been occupied by William V's forces. William V and Amalie <mask> had to leave their young daughters behind in Kassel during this flight.On October 1, 1637, William V died in Leer, East Frisia, at the age of 36. William VI was named as regent in his will. His army was the most important instrument of power that he left his wife. William V's will stipulated that the head of the council should be a woman. The Landgravine enforced her own authority and diminished the influence of the other council members. She flattered the councilors and shamed them when they didn't obey her. She physically separated them by sending them to diplomatic missions.She used to delay decisions when the councilors pushed her to do things she didn't want to do. She put the authority of the councilors in question because she delayed the official establishment of the government. Control of her late husband's army was secured quickly. It was not uncommon for a female ruler to have authority over military matters in 17th century Europe. Charles Louis, Prince Palatine, and Landgrave Frederick, William V's half-brother, asked to be given command of the armies of Hesse-Kassel. Landgrave Frederick was forced to accept her authority after she told the Prince that he should not approach her while he had no lands, funds, or allies. Although she was determined to retain control over the army, she allowed it to remain in the hands of Peter Melander.Retaining Melander was not without risk, as he was greedy and self-interested, so his defection was always a possibility. The French Court, fearing that Melander would defect to the Imperialists, offered him generous amounts of money and new titles. The regent ordered the army and inhabitants of the territories still under her control to swear an oath of loyalty to her son William VI, solidifying her power. There were unique threats to her legitimacy because she was a woman. In the 17th century Europe considered government by women to be unjustifiable, but there were some exceptions. John Calvin wrote in 1559 that there were occasionally women so endowed, that the singular good qualities which shown forth in them, made it evident that they were raised up by divine authority. During her reign, she claimed that God had placed her in this position and that it was her responsibility to carry out his will.She stressed her role as a widow and mother to reinforce her legitimacy, refusing any course of action which would violate her late husband's intent or compromise her son's inheritance. The Hessian estates have been the focus of efforts to limit their power. She kept sources of revenue independent of the estates because she kept the territories occupied by her husband. She was able to ignore the hostility of the estates towards her government and ignore their calls for peace. She was able to dismiss the grievances of the estates when they were presented to her. A desperate situation was inherited from her husband. She held East Frisia and other territories in Westphalia but 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884Landgrave George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, son of Landgrave Louis V, announced in October 1637 that the Emperor had declared William V an enemy of the Empire and appointed George II as imperial administrator. George II was urged to accept whatever terms were necessary to achieve peace by the councilors of the Hessian estates. George II demanded that Hesse-Kassel submit to the Emperor. He demanded very harsh terms for his own benefit, such as concessions to the Hesse-Darmstadt line and control over her government. The terms were intolerable and unjust and she refused to sign the agreement against the advice of her councilors. The French and Swedish armies defeated the Imperial army at the Battle of Rheinfelden in 1638, as a result of her refusal to make peace. Peter Melander was able to negotiate a cease-fire with the Imperial forces.The terms offered by Landgrave George II were not good enough for the woman. She and her councilors appealed to the other German princes, arguing that George II's stubbornness and unreasonable demands were preventing a settlement from being reached. As the French and Swedish gained steam, the Emperor decided to remove George II's authority over the negotiations and appoint the Elector of Mainz to conclude the treaty. The Elector of Mainz wanted to make peace as quickly as possible because he was one of the princes whose lands were occupied. The right of all Calvinist princes to practice their religion and no further territorial or political concessions to Hesse-Darmstadt were offered by the Elector. The treaty was agreed to by Amalie <mask>. Calvinism's legalization was not a concession the Emperor was willing to accept.While negotiating with the Emperor, she also negotiated with France. After the death of William V, the French stopped subsidy payments to Hesse-Kassel because they feared that the regency would collapse. The subsidy payments did not resume until early 1639, after French agents reported that the Landgravine had a firm grip on power. She requested that the subsidies be increased and that the alliance between France and Hesse-Kassel be restored. In the ensuing negotiations, she used her gender to her advantage by portraying herself as a widow in need of help from the French court. She said that if she

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


texts: were to fall, France and Sweden would not be able to defeat the Emperor. She made her negotiations for peace with the Emperor public and signaled to the French that she would make a separate peace if they did not agree to her terms.The Treaty of Dorsten was signed by the French in August 1639, renewing the alliance and giving her a greater subsidy than her husband had received. During the next decade of war, the alliance between France and Hesse-Kassel would remain strong. Her efforts earned her the admiration of the First Minister of France, Cardinal Richelieu, who wrote in 1637 that she "defended herself with courage, not least by the force, as by the justice of her cause." Thirty Years' War After renewing Hesse-Kassel's alliance with France, Amalie <mask> rejoined the war on the allied side. General Peter Melander was ordered to link up with the armies of France and Sweden in 1640 after she agreed to support a joint allied offensive. Melander did not support rejoining the war against the Emperor and objected to serving under the Swedish Field Marshall, who had been given overall command of the allied army. In July 1640, Melander offered his resignation.The resignation was accepted by the woman who had had enough of the criticism of her leadership. Peter Melander was a general in the Imperial army. The Landgravine chose several men to lead her armies, including Count Kaspar von Eberstein and Johann von Geyso. The army of Hesse-Kassel was committed to the cause of France and Sweden until the end of the war. Hessian troops fought with the French and Swedish armies. They won a pyrrhic victory. The Swedish tried to relieve the Hessian force under siege in Dorsten, but they were too late and Dorsten fell to the Imperials.Hessian forces aided the French army at the Battle of Kempen in January 1642 in order to strengthen their position along the Rhine. The Second Battle of Breitenfeld was fought in October 1642. The battle resulted in a major victory for the allies and left the Habsburg Hereditary lands vulnerable. The last battle of the Thirty Years' War took place at Wevelinghoven in 1648. The Imperial army was defeated in this battle by the Hessian army. Along with committing troops to the major campaigns of the war, she also launched initiatives to increase the size of her children's inheritance. In 1641, the last count of Hanau-Mnzenberg died without a male heir and there was a succession struggle between many different people.The county of her birth, Hanau-Mnzenberg, was liberated from the Imperial siege in 1636. Count Friedrich Casimir of Hanau-Lichtenberg offered to allow the territory to return to Hesse-Kassel if his line never had a male heir. Count Friedrich Casimir won the succession struggle with her help after she accepted the deal. If the Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg ever died without a male heir, Hanau-Mnzenberg would become part of Hesse-Kassel. The Marburg inheritance was lost to Hesse-Darmstadt by her late father-in-law. She used the opinions of legal experts to show that the 1627 treaty was both illegal and forced. In 1645, she invaded Marburg and the rest of the disputed territory.The start of the Hessenkrieg, or "Hessian War," would be waged throughout the later stages of the Thirty Years' War. Landgrave George II's meager forces were easily defeated by the experienced army of Hesse-Kassel. George II requested help from the Imperialists, and the Emperor and the Elector of Bavaria sent a force under Peter Melander to assist him. The main focus of the war shifted to the conflict in Hesse after the French and Swedish allies called for her support. The city of Marburg was taken back by Melander in 1647, but the city's fortress held out and the army ran out of supplies. Melander's army retreated from the territory after a cannonball from the fortress seriously injured him. George II had to come to terms with the re-occupied Marburg.The Hessian houses signed an agreement in April of that year in which the city of Marburg was included. A general peace conference between the Emperor, the French and the Swedish in the Westphalian cities of Mnster and Osnabrck would not begin for several more years. The princes of the Empire were invited to attend the congress, with Catholic princes joining the French at Mnster and Protestant princes going to Osnabrck with the Swedes. One of the few German princes remaining at war with the Emperor, she sent diplomatic delegations to both Mnster and Osnabrck. The Landgravine instructed her diplomats to pursue an uncompromising strategy in order to achieve her demands. Many thought she was being unreasonable as her demands were far more ambitious than they had expected. In addition to negotiating with the princes of the Empire, she had to ensure that her French and Swedish allies would not abandon her demands in favor of their own.A formal change in the structure of the Holy Roman Empire was one of the most ambitious demands. Landgrave William V believed that every Imperial prince should have the same rights as everyone else. The goal of the goal of stripping the Emperor and the Electors of their power over the Empire was achieved by the goal of formalizing an aristocratic interpretation of the Imperial constitution. The most prominent of which was the Elector of Brandenburg, the French, the Swedes, and a few German princes supported this goal. Other disputes prevented these allies from working together. Sweden was awarded half of the territory of Pomerania after the Imperial negotiator brokered the dispute. Both parties dropped their demands for changes to the Empire's constitution as a result of this mediation.They were unable to achieve all of their goals. Although a complete re-interpretation of the Imperial constitution did not happen, the Allies did achieve important concessions on this issue. Every Imperial Prince has the right to make alliances and take up arms on their own. The question of religion was the most important issue. She wanted Calvinism to be given the same legal status as Catholicism and Lutheranism. She faced strong opposition from both the Emperor's delegates and the Lutheran princes, who were not inclined to make common cause with their fellow protestants. She had refused to make peace in the past without protections for her religion, so she was not willing to compromise on this issue.The delegates agreed to grant Calvinists the same rights as Catholics and Lutherans after her hardline stance won out. The interests of Hesse-Kassel were advanced by Amalie <mask>. She initially demanded territorial concessions from the princes. She agreed to drop the demands in exchange for 600,000 Reichsthalers. She gained recognition of her acquisition of the Marburg inheritance and several smaller territories because she did not achieve these territorial demands. For herself and all other princes outside the Habsburg hereditary lands, the Landgravine successfully negotiated an amnesty back to 1618. The only German territory to demobilize her army was aided by the help of Sweden and France.Despite being the ruler of a minor German state, she achieved many of her objectives and wielded significant influence on the Peace of Westphalia. There are 15 paragraphs in the Treaties of Mnster and Osnabrck about the affairs of Hesse-Kassel. During the war, the burdens they brought with them DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch Her son William VI was 21 years old when she decided to abdicate and transfer power to her. On the 5th of October, she held an extravagant abdication ceremony, attended by her advisors and the Hessian estates, at which William VI was officially granted control over the court. Charlotte was married to Charles Louis of the Palatinate before her mother abdication. In March 1651, she and her daughter went to visit Charlotte and her husband.She had to have part of her foot removed due to rheumatism while she was there. Her condition deteriorated when she returned to Kassel. On August 8, 1651, Amalie <mask> died in her sleep. She was buried on September 30. Calvinists fondly remembered the efforts of a woman named <mask> <mask> to preserve the faith in the Holy Roman Empire. She was called a second Deborah when she visited the city in 1651. "Reformed Deborah" and "Reformed Joan of Arc" are both used in the 1901 book Women of the Reformed Church.The Representation of the Thirty Years War was an appendix to her first biography. Only four women were accepted into King Ludwig I's Walhalla hall of fame during his lifetime. Christian Friedrich Tieck carved her bust. Modern scholarship on the Thirty Years' War doesn't pay much attention to her or her accomplishments. The Iron Princess: Amalia Elizabeth and the Thirty Years' War is a biography written in English. Dr. Helfferich argues in her book that the role of the woman in the Thirty Years' War was marginalized because she was a woman. The issue of Agnes was published in November and August.Maurice died on 24 September 1621). The dates are October 1623 and January 1624). William was born in January 1625 and died in July 1606. Henri Charles de La Trémoille married Emilie on 15 May 16 48. Charlotte was married on 12 February 1650. Charles I Louis of the Palatinate was sent on April 14. William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, was married to Margravine Hedwig of Brandenburg.Philipp was born on 16 June 1630 and died on 17 August 1638. Adolf was born on 17 December 1631 and died on 17 March 1632 Karl was born on 18 June 1633 and died on 9 March 1635). Princess-Abbess of Herford was born in June 1634 and died in March 1688. There was a stillbirth on February 1635. Luise took place on 5 November 1636 and 6 January 1638. The baby was stillborn on May 28, 1637.17th-century German women were rulers of the House of

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Amalie Elisabeth


title: Scott Elarton

texts: He is a retired right-handed pitcher. He played for the Houston Astros, Colorado Rockies, Cleveland Indians, and the Kansas City Royals. After attending college for the Minor Leagues, he made his Major League debut on June 20, 1998 at the age of 22. He spent most of 1998 as a relief pitcher, but gave up the game-winning run in the pivotal Game 3 of the National League Division Series against the San Diego Padres. The pitcher started in the pen. He recorded a 3.48 earned run average and a 9–5 record after moving to the starting rotation. After the 1999 season, Elarton had shoulder surgery and was on the disabled list.He had the best season of his career in 2000 despite the injury, as the Astros had a 72–90 record. He was named the team's Pitcher of the Year after winning twice as many games as any other pitcher on the team. In 20 starts for the Astros in 2001, <mask>'s earned run average rose to 7.14 and he was traded to the Rockies. He was traded to the Rockies for Pedro Astacio at the trading deadline, returning to his home state of Colorado. The Rockies' hitter-friendly stadium did little to improve his ERA, which finished at 7.06 as he was shut down due to shoulder discomfort, appearing in only 4 games for the Rockies. He finished the season fifth-worst in the National League in home runs allowed and eighth-worst in earned runs allowed. He missed the entire season because of shoulder surgery.He was called up to the Rockies after posting a 6–8 record in the minor leagues. In 11 games in the majors, Elarton had a 6.27 earned run average. Entering 2004, he was competing for a starting spot in the Rockies rotation. The 5th starter on the opening day roster was <mask>. He set a Colorado record for most consecutive decision losses to open a season, as he opened the season with a 0–6 record. He was released by the Rockies in May. After being released by the Rockies in 2004, he was signed to a Minor-League contract by the Cleveland Indians.He earned his first victory of the season on July 29 against the Tigers, giving up 7 hits and striking out 7. On August 29, 2004, Elarton pitched the best game of his career, a two-hit complete game, in which he allowed only one walk and recorded six strikeouts. He spent his first season in the Majors in 2005. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He responded with an 11–9 record for the second-place Indians and a 4.61 ERA while ranking among the ten worst in home runs allowed for the second year in a row. The Kansas City Royals signed Elarton as a free agent after the 2005 season. In 2006 he gave up the 2000th career hit.After 20 starts, <mask> was shut down, finishing with a 4–9 record and a strikeout/walk ratio of 3.8. He was released by the Royals on July 25, 2007, after going 2–4 with a 10.46 ERA. On August 3, 2007, he signed a Minor League contract with the Indians. On February 8, 2008, he re-signed with the Indians and was invited to spring training. He was called up to the majors on May 24. On July 8, he was put on the disabled list. Prior to that, he was on the restricted list with personal issues.After taking a year off from baseball, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the White Sox. He was limited to 16 games for the Charlotte Knights because of a toe injury. The following years were spent battling injuries and remaining outside of baseball. He was obese between 2009 and 2011. A chance meeting with the Philadelphia Phillies general manager led to a minor league contract and invitation to the team's spring training. He spent the entire year in the IronPigs. He went 6–11 in 26 starts with an average of 5.41 in 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611At one point, he had a streak of 22 in a row. After appearing in just 16 games in 2009, it was just a matter of having love for the game again. The Minnesota Twins signed <mask> to a minor-league contract. He was released before the end of spring training. He signed a contract with the Sugar Land Skeeters. After being released by Minnesota, Elarton signed a contract to pitch for the Sugar Land Skeeters. The crowd gave him a standing ovation when he announced his retirement at the end of the season.On January 14, 2014, it was announced that <mask> would serve as the pitching coach for the Gulf Coast League Pirates, the Gulf Coast League affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates. He was named the pitching coach for the Pirates' High-A affiliate, the Bradenton Marauders, in the following season. He became a special assistant to the general manager in the Pirates' front office. Elarton had a tall frame and relied on a sinking two-seam fastball to hide the ball. At the time of his callup with the Astros, his fastball was at 93–95 MPH, but due to multiple shoulder injuries, it lost two to three miles per hour, reaching between 90 and 92 MPH. A cutter, a changeup, and a curveball were thrown by Elarton. He gave up a lot of home runs because he was a flyball pitcher.Major League Baseball players from Colorado include the Houston Astros, the Cleveland Indians, the Kansas City Royals, and the Pittsburgh Pirates.

masks: Elarton Elarton Elarton Elarton Elarton Elarton


title: Howard Gimbel

texts: <mask><mask> is a Canadian ophthalmologist, university professor, senior editor, and amateur musician. His invention, along with Thomas Neuhann, is known for its use in modern cataract surgery. <mask> was born in Canada. He was the son of Jacob and <mask> and grew up on a dairy and grain farm near the small town of Beiseker. He graduated from Canadian University College in 1952. He graduated with a degree in physics. He married Judy Carl on the evening of his graduation day here.<mask> graduated from medical school in 1960. The choice of specialization in Ophthalmology came naturally to him because of his physics background. <mask> completed his residency training at the White Memorial Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, in 1964. He became known as "Gadget Gimbel" because of his early use of new technologies. In January 1974, <mask> took a course with Charles Kelman on phacoemulsification, a surgical technique for the removal of cataracts. Cataract surgery used to require a 10 to 12mm incision which was closed with sutures. He attended the first International IOL Implantation course in the Netherlands.Despite being considered standard care today, the concept of intraocular lens implantation during cataract surgery was a topic of much controversy at the time. <mask> was one of the first ophthalmologists in North America to successfully implement the two novel techniques into his practice. <mask> introduced radial keratotomy to Canada in 1984 in order to correct refractive errors. The Gimbel Eye Centre was founded the same year as an eye surgery centre dedicated to the treatment of cataracts. He mastered the continuous capsulorhexis and the divide and conquer techniques around this time. His excellent surgical outcomes compelled him to share these techniques and others with his colleagues at universities and societies around the world through presentations, videotape distribution, and over 25 live satellite broadcasts at international conferences. <mask> was the first surgeon in Canada to use the excimer laser for Refractive Surgery.John A. van Westenbrugge performed the first photorefractive keratectomy in Canada in 1990. PRK is a laser treatment for the correction of Refractive Errors. <mask> was the first surgeon in North America to offer the ICL to his patients. A phakic intraocular lens is used for the correction of moderate to high Refractive Errors. <mask> was appointed chairman and professor of the Department of Ophthalmology at the University in 2000. He is the director of the Anterior Segment and Refractive Surgery fellowship at the Gimbel Eye Centre. In 2009, he was presented with the Canadian Ophthalmological Society Lifetime Achievement Award, and is considered one of the most influential and accomplished ophthalmologists in the world.Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorhexis is an important part of modern cataract surgery. A small opening is made on the anterior surface of the lens to facilitate phacoemulsification. The previous can-opener capsulorhexis had multiple small anterior capsular tears connected. The safety and ease of phacoemulsification were improved by providing a smooth, continuous surface that resists radial extension. <mask> and Thomas Neuhann published a description of this technique in 1991. One of the safest approaches to phacoemulsification is divide and conquer. It is one of the first techniques taught to beginner surgeons around the world.It begins with the formation of two grooves in the lens nucleus, followed by the mechanical fracturing of the cataract with the phacoemulsification probe and second instrument. The four quadrants are easier to remove by phacoemulsification. The technique was first proposed by Gimbel in 1991. Kwitko was the first to perform the procedure in Canada. <mask> lives in Canada and is interested in innovations and techniques. He commutes every two weeks between his private practice and his position at the university. He has DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatchHe visits his farm on his free time. He enjoys farming, family reunions, hiking, singing in choral groups, and playing musical saw and trombone. His wife Judy provides organizational support for his travel plans and other commitments, which makes it possible for him to accomplish all of these activities. There are external links to awards and recognitions.

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title: Gurajada Apparao

texts: <mask> was a noted Indian playwright, dramatist, poet, and writer. The play Kanyasulkam is considered to be the greatest play in the Telugu language. One of the pioneers of Indian theatre, Rao holds the titles Kavisekhara and Abyudaya. The song "Desamunu Preminchumanna" was written in 1910. In 1897, Kanyasulkam was published and dedicated to Ananda Gajapati. <mask> and his brother Syamala wrote English poems. His work was well received.The editor of the Calcutta-based "Rees and Ryot" read it and re- published it in his magazine. <mask> was encouraged greatly by the editor of the "Indian Leisure Hour". <mask> was appointed to the post of Epigraphist in 1891. <mask> was born in a Niyogi brahmin family at his maternal uncle's home in Rayavaram village in Visakhapatnam district. His parents were Venkata and Kausalyamma. The place where Gurajada lived most of his life was called Kalinga Rajyam. He and his father were both employed by the princely state of Vizianagaram.Gurajada had a close relationship with the ruling family. While his father worked in Cheepurupalli, he attended his initial school there. After his father died, his remaining school was done at Vizianagaram. He was taken care of by the M.R. He was provided free lodging and boarding by the college principal. He obtained a F.A. after completing his education. In 1884.He was hired as a teacher in M.R. soon after. The high school had a salary of Rs.25. Gurajada spoke at a Congress Party meeting. His daughter was born in the 19th century. He became a member of the Voluntary Service Corps in Visakhapatnam in the late 19th century. He was elected vice-president of the club in 1889. His son was born in 1890.He was promoted to Lecturer in 1891 with a salary of Rs.125. The F.A. was taught by him. And B.A. Several subjects are included in the classes. His brother Syamala died while studying at Madras Law College. He was appointed to the Board of Studies by Madras University. The Andhra Sahitya Parishat was started by <mask> and his friends.He was invited to attend the meeting of the Sahitya Parishat at Calcutta the next year. The condition of widows in traditional Brahmin families during the 19th century is the subject of Kanyasulkam. The play deals with social issues relevant to the time. <mask> Apparao was troubled by the double standards in the Indian society. The first edition of his play states that "such a scandalous state of things is a disgrace to society, and literature can not have a higher function than to show up such practices and give currency to a high standard of moral ideas." One needs to only look at the stage to exert such healthy influence. For the first time in the history of Telugu literature, a prostitute was given a very positive image so that she is shown to improve the lives of many people during the course of the play.The play is relevant to Indian society today because of its projection of the Indian mindset. The play was very bold in its criticism of the popular opinions and practices of that era. It brings to the forefront certain egoistic quirks of a typical Indian male in an unflattering manner. It questions the practices of witchcraft, sorcery, and their popular use in medical practice during that time in India. <mask> married Appala Narasamma in 1885. He graduated with a B.A. In 1886, there was a philosophy major and minor Sanskrit.He was the head clerk in the deputy collector's office. He joined as a lecturer in M.R. on Vijayadasami day. College has a salary of Rs. 100. He was introduced to the prince around the same time. Gurajada's mother died in 1905. P.T. was his close friend in 1906. Mrs. A.V.N has a principal.The association was started to promote curriculum reform in high schools. The aim was to introduce spoken dialects. J.A. was with him. Gidugu and Gurajada were British civil servants. S. Srinivasa Iyengar gave a lot of encouragement and support. The President of the AICC at the time was a well-known lawyer named Srinivasa Iyengar. Gidugu Rammurty was Gurajada's school of thought.The Madras University honored <mask> with the title "Emeritus Fellow" after he retired in 1913. He died on November 30, 1915. The Cook is a literature work. An English poem, called sarangadhara, is a long poem. Refer a letter from the Editor of Reis ans Rayyet to Gundukurti Venkataramanaiah. An English long poem, padya kavyam - Authorship and Date uncertain - was written in praise of Queen Victoria. Completely revised second Ed.Review and introduction to the Sanskrit works "the Wars of Rajas, Being the History of Hande Anantapuram, Thathacharyula ka" There is a brown thing. The works were published after <mask>'s death. Review and introduction to Minugurlu, a children's story, perhaps the first in modern style. <mask> wrote an article for The Hindu about the beauty of the Nilagiri hills where he recuperated from an illness. A poem parodying the session is now available. "Canna kalapu cinna buddhulu" is an essay that condemns the superstitions associated with the appearance of Haley's comet in 1910.There arePoems in Gurajada's own meter. During the same year, there were many poems and short stories. These were some of the earliest examples of short stories. Several essays supporting the use of vernacular as formal language were published. His famous patriotic song was written around this time. Visvavidyalayalu: Bilhaneeyam, Lavanaraju kala, Kanyaka, Subhadra. Editors: Dr Kalidasu Purushotham and Sri Mann.The first edition was published in September of 2012 An English poem by <mask> was published in a magazine around 1940. The University of Madras alumni include Indian theatre directors, 19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights, and Indian male dramatists and playwrights.

masks:
Gurajada Venkata Apparao
Apparao
Apparao
Gurajada
Gurajada
Gurajada
Gurajada
Gurajada
Gurajada
Gurajada
Gurajada
Gurajada


title: Henri Lambert

texts: The glass works owner at Charleroi was <mask>. The world's largest glass works were done by him. He was one of the first people to work in the social economy. He spoke Walloon with his blue collar workers. He was a prolific writer of articles for newspapers and political journals, as well as books on political philosophy, and had several of his works translated into German and English. He favored individualism, free trade, and international peace. He wrote works about corporations, trade unions, government, democracy, and representation, which may not be consistent.His criticism of the principle of limited liability in connection with corporations seems to have attracted attention at the turn of the century, as well as his ideas about the organisation of trade unions. He was called to speak to the associations of lawyers and economists. <mask> is a profound thinker and still relevant. Jean-Louis Van Belle is the grand penseur toujours d'actualité. Représentation des intérts. (copie d'une lettre adressée  L'Indépendance belge du 27.12.1892) H.L. wrote  La représentation des intérts  in the Gazette de Charleroi.The brochure traitant de l'organisation du suffrage général was published in 1894. 1895 H.L. BAUDOUx (). Les syndicats professionnels et l'évolution corporative was published in Bruxelles. H.L. wrote "situation de l'industrie du verre  vitre en Belgique" in 1895. H.L.,  Deux hérésies économiques, was published in 1895. H.L. wrote about the situation of l'industrie du verre  vitre en Belgique.H.L. wrote about the situation in Moniteur industriel de Charleroi et de la province. H.L.,  Deux hérésies économiques, was published in 1895. H.L. wrote about the situation in the Revue industrielle deCharleroi. H.L. wrote about the situation de l'industrie du verre  vitre en Belgique. H.L. wrote about the situation de l'industrie du verre  vitre en Belgique. 2.x., H.L.? La crise verrire.The situation of l'industrie du verre  vitre en Belgique, inGazette de Charleroi, was published in 1895. H.L.,  Controverse économique, was published in 1895. H.L.,  Controverse économique, was published in 1895. The Gazette de Charleroi published Un remde empirique  on 21 mars 1895. La production en verrerie is by H.L. Un remde empirique (suite) was published in 1895. H.L.,  La crise verrire, was published in 1895.H.L.,  Producteurs et consommateurs, was published in 1895. H.L. BAUDOUx (.) La Liberté published Les associations professionnelles in 1895. H.L. BAUDOUx (). ),  Les associations professionnelles, in La Liberté, in 1895.1896 H.L. BAUDOUx (). ),  Les associations professionnelles, in La liberté, 12 January 1896,p. 1-2. H.L. BAUDOUx (). In La Liberté, on January 26, 1896, there was a report on Les associations professionnelles.1-2. 1897 H.L. BAUDOUx (). ), Les syndicats professionnels et le régime général des associations modernes, Bruxelles, s.d. H.L. has a brochure about Des syndicats de production. BAUDOUx (). Quelle est la meilleure organisation des Unions professionnelles?in STRAUSS. The international de la Législation douanire was published in 1898. H.L. wrote  Le systme libéral  in 1898. 1899 H.L.,  La représentation des intérts, in Charleroi, 2 février 1899, p. 1. The Suffrage universel organisé was published in 1906 H.L. In L'cho de l'Industrie, 28 juillet 1907, H.L., une appréciation sur le marché verrier. 233.H.L. BAUDOUx (). The Revue des Deux-Mondes was published in 1907. In L'cho de l'Industrie, on January 12th, 1908, H.L.,  Les Deux Regimes, was published. H.L. wrote  Les Deux Regimes  in the Gazette de Charleroi. H.L. is a member of the Fédération des Avocats. The note was published in the Journal des Tribunaux.H.L.,  Fédération des Avocats belges, La Personnification civile des associations, was published in the Journal des Tribunaux. H.L. wrote  Les Deux Regimes, in L'cho de l'Industrie, 26 January 1908. H.L. was in the Gazette de Charleroi on January 28, 1908. H.L. is a member of the Fédération des Avocats. Personnification civile des associations. The Journal des Tribunaux was published in 1908. col.154-157.H.L.,  Les Deux Regimes. The conclusion was in L'cho de l'Industrie. H.L.,. The conclusion was in the Gazette de Charleroi. H.L.,  Le troisime. Lettre de M. Henri <mask> is in L'cho de l'Industrie. H.L. posed a question.The solution internationale is in the Gazette de Charleroi. H.L. wrote "Une solution internationale" in Le Ralliement, 19 avril 1908. H.L. wrote about internationalisation du Congo belge  in a newspaper. 1-2. H.L. wrote about L'internationalisation du Congo in Le Ralliement. H.L. wrote about internationalisation du Congo belge  in a newspaper. 1.H.L. wrote about L'internationalisation du Congo in Le Ralliement. Le droit d'association et le problme social  was written in 1909. In L'cho de l'Industrie, 30 May 1909, H.L. proposed d'une entente générale de la verrerie belge. H.L. is in Vavasseur. In the Journal des conomistes, intervention d'H.L., there is a piece about the loi sur the syndicats professionnels. In La Revue politique et parlementaire, Paris, avril-juin 1909, H.L.,  L'organisation du suffrage universel et la représentation des fonctions sociales. The score was 62-78.The Journal des conomistes was published in 1910. 27-47. Les syndicats de fabricants sont-ils un obstacle. In L'chode l'Industrie, M. De Leener is the professeur d'conomie sociale. H.L. wrote "La Belgique et le libre é change" in the Gazette de Charleroi. H.L., FOLLIN,  Le libre échange et la paix was published in the Gazette de Charleroi. H.L. wrote "La Belgique et le libre é change" in the Gazette de Charleroi.H.L. wrote "Le libre échange, l'arbitrage et la paix" in the Gazette de Charleroi. In L'cho de l'Industrie, H.L. proposed d'une entente générale de la verrerie belge. In the Revue de Belgique, 15 aot-1er septembre 1912, H.L.,  Le suffrage universel organisé, was published. Pax O economica was written in 1913 by H.L. H.L. Pax Oeconomica was published in Paris in 1913. H.L., La question européenne en l'année 1913 et sa solution économique, was published in 1913. H.L.,  La représentation des intérts sociaux, was published in 1913.In Le Ralliement, 17 aot 1913, H.L. wrote about his organisation du suffragist universel. H.L. wrote Pax Oeconomica in Le Ralliement in 1913. Le problme de l'enseignement primaire is in Le Soir. La solution libérale, s.d., is the name of the problme de l'enseignement primaire. In 1914. H.L., in ZOLLA (D.),  La législation sur Les accidents du travail et l'agriculture, Séancedu 5 Mars 1914 de la Société d'conomie politique de Paris. H.L. wrote about the organization of the Chemins de fer in L'Action économique, 15mars 1914.H.L,  L'organisation du suffrage universel et la solution de la crise sociale, in L'Individualiste européen, Revue de Philosophie politique, n 60, juin 1914, p. 26 sq. Monsieur Woodrow Wilson, Président des tats-Unis d'Amérique, is in Nieuwe Rotterdam. The H.L., Un autre aspect de la question européenne, was published in 1915. H.L., La guerre et le moyen d'éviter son renouvellement. The ethics of international trade, Papers for war time, n 29, Third series, Oxford university press, London, 1915, 24 p. dition 2009. H.L.LUPTON (A.) The war and the possibilities of a satisfactory settlement in 1915. H.L.,  La guerre et le moyen d'éviter son renouvellement. In 3 mars 1915, there was a p. 3. H.L. is the mondial de l'Allemagne et de l'Autriche. H.L. wrote Belgium and peace in The Nation. H.L. is referring to the place of the soleil de l'Allemagne.The New-York Evening Post, New YorkEvening Mail, and the Manchester Guardian were included in the lettre de novembre 1915. H.L. wrote Pax o economica in Internationale Rundschau in 1915. H.L. was in the Daily News and Leader in 1915. H.L. wrote about the militarisme in L'Indépendance belge. The economic solution of the European crisis was published in 1916. H.L., Neuer Gesichtspunkt, was published in 1916. There is an introduction to H.L., International Morality and Exchange.Hon. The publication parue la mme annéedans le Journal des conomistes was published in 1916. The Journal des conomistes was published in Paris. The Journal des conomistes was published in 1916. H.L. wrote "A Belgian for peace with good- will" in The New York Times in 1916. The League of Nations Magazine published Positive international Justice and Morality in 1917. 504-506.H.L. wrote "The Economic Fundamentals of international Morality" in public. Pax Oeconomica, a texte en anglais publié  Boston USA, was written by H.L. The sole method for the permanent and universal abolition of war is freedom of international exchange, with a statement of the cause and the solution of the European crisis and a sketch of the only possible conclusive settlement of the probleme confronting the world. The sole method for the permanent and universal abolition of war is freedom of international exchange, with a statement of the cause and

masks:
Henri Lambert
Henri Lambert
Lambert


title: Henri Lambert

texts: the solution of the European crisis and a sketch of the only possible conclusive settlement of the probleme confronting the world. H.L. had a message about the Society of Friends and the secte des Quakerset. The Public Ledger de Philadephie was written by the Springfield Republican Johnstown Democrat. H.L.,  Le salut de la civilisation.The Public Ledger, Daily Republican, Evening Mail, and Daily Democrat are part of the same group. Freedom of international exchange is the sole method for the permanent and universal abolition of war, with a statement of the cause and the solution of the European crisis and a sketch of the only possible conclusive settlement of the probleme confronting the world. H.L.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,  In January of 1918, the Daily Republican, Evening Mail, and Daily Democrat appeared. H.L.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,  Evening Post de New York lettre parue en mars 1918. H.L.,  Deux lacs allemands.The Public Ledger, Daily Republican, Evening Mail, and Daily Democrat were all published in 1918. H.L.,  La libre-disposition des nationalités. The p. 193-209) is called PE. The Journal des conomistes was published in 1918. National self-Determination  paru, le titre anglais. 207, avril 1918. The Clergy Club de New York was founded in 1918.There is a PE, p. The Journal des conomistes published  La liberté des nationalités  on 15 septembre 1918. H.L., qui n'ai-je pas?  The 1918 parue was published in the Public Ledger, Daily Republican, and Evening Mail. H.L. is an acronym for Une Fédération Russe. The New YorkEvening Post was published in 1918.H.L.,  Les fondements de l'Ordre international. The World Tomorrow was published in 1918. H.L.,  Les bases de la Société des Nations. The World to morrow is in the Journal des conomistes  Les bases de la Ligue des Nations. H.L. wrote "The Fundamentals of a League of Nations I and II Free trade and national sovereignty" in The World to morrow. H.L. wrote "The basis of a world peace" in The Single Tax Review. 18, 1918.In The New World, 1918, there is free trade and national sovereignty. 1919 H.L.,  Open and secret Diplomacy, in Public, 18 January 1919, p. 63. H.L.,  Le désarmement et la liberté des mers. The Journal des conomisteset in The World Tomorrow was published in 1919. H.L. wrote "Les bases de la Ligue des nations" in the Journal des conomistes. The false peace is that protectionism means endless conflict. 8 p.The false peace: protectionism means endless conflict, Boston, Mass : The international Free-Trade League, s.d. 19 p. H.L.,  La Troisime condition. Lettre du 28 mars 1919 was in the Netherlands. H.L.'s Pax Economica was published in the Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant in 1919. H.L., Pax Economica, was in the Gazette de Charleroi, 12 avril 1919. H.L. wrote "Le désarmement et la liberté des mers" in the Journal des conomistes.In Comptes, H.L., CR de la séance du 3 aot 1919, de la Société d'conomie Politique de Belgique consacrée. 50, 51, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65. H.L., Pax Economica, in Le Drapeau Bleu, aot 1919, p. 38-40. H.L., CR de la séance du 5th of October 1919, de la Société d'conomie Politique de Belgique consacrée, in-. La paix des Alliés is written by H.L. The Journal des conomistes published Le protectionnisme, voil l'ennemi, in 1919. H.L., "Une Fédération conomique Mondiale"The World Tomorrow was written in 1919. In 1920 H.L., Le NouveauContrat Social ou l'organisation de la Démocratie individualiste, Paris, was published. H.L. is the owner of Pax Economica. The suffisant de la Paix universelle et permanente was found in Paris in 1920. Boston, Mass : The international FreeTrade League, s.d., was published in 1920. H.L.,  La faillite des Dirigeants et la défaite des Vainqueurs, in Monde Nouveau, aot 1920. The failure of the leaders and the defeat of the conquerors was written in The New World.169-173. 1921 H.L. The politique de conqute is in the Revue industrielle de Charleroi. H.L.,      ,   ,  , ,,,,,,,,,,,  The Revue industrielle de Charleroi was published in August of 1921. 6. H.L. wrote  La faillite internationale des dirigeants et la défaite des vainqueurs, in Revue Parlementaire, 1-15 October 1921.The Organisation der individualistischen Demokratie was founded in 1922. EinVersuch sozialer Einigung, Berlin, was published in 1922. H.L. wrote about the Freihandel as Weg zum Weltfrieden. The Verlagsgesellschaft fr Politik und Geschichte, Berlin, was founded in 1922. Participation ouvrire  la gestion des Entreprises was published in the Journal des cono. Paris, 15 mars 1922, p. 361. H.L. wrote "Le seul rglement possible de la situation internationale" in L'cho de la Bourse in 1922.H.L. wrote "Le seul rglement possible de la situation internationale" in the Journal des conomistes. H.L.,  La paix libre-échangiste, was published in 1922. H.L. wrote  La paix libre-échangiste in 1922. Une lettre de M. Henri Lambert was published in 1924. H.L. wrote "Lettre Au directeur de  La Libre Belgique" in Bulletin de La Ligue du Libre- change, Journal des conomistes, 15 mars 1924. H.L.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,  H.L. wrote about La Belgique et le libre é change.H.L., Droit d'association et question sociale, was published in 1925. H.L. wrote "Le droit d'association et la question sociale" in Comptes rendus de la Société d'conomie politique de Belgique. Séance du 5 février 1926 de la Société d'conomie politique de Paris was published. L., 15 février 1926 is a book. H.L. wrote  Pax Oeconomica  in Revue la Paix. In  POTTIER (Aristide), there is a story about the martyrdom of the mobilires in Paris. Paris, 15 juin 1926, p. 423.H.L. asked, "Le socialisme, cause ou effet de la décadence européenne?" The Gazette de Charleroi published Une lettre de M. Henri <mask>  on 1 juillet 1926. H.L. is anonymat et responsabilité. The Gazette de Charleroi published Une lettre de M. Henri <mask>. H.L. Pour la restauration. The Gazette de Charleroi published Une lettre de M. Henri <mask>. The article was in the Journal des conomist.L.15 avril 1927 is a book. H.L. wrote  Les idées mres du communisme? . Séance du 5 Mars 1928 was published in the Journal des conomistes intervention d'H. H.L., in PAVIE (André),  La valeur actuelle de la propriété rurale en France. L., 15 Mai 1928, p. 115- 116. La crise du libéralisme et le problme social was published in 1930.1931 H.L., Les Entreprises par actions in relation to l'évolution industrielle. M. H. LAMBERT, Bruxelles, was born in 1931. 45 p. H.L. wrote about the 10 février 1931 de la Société d'conomie politique de Belgique in Comptes rend. H.L., in CR de la séance du 28 avril 1931, de la Société d'conomie politique de Belgique consacrée. CR des séances des 12 et 19 juin 1931 was written by H.L. H.L. is talking about Les Grandes enqutes de  l'toile Belge.The actuelle est-elle un phénomne d'exception. In L'toile Belge, 17 avril 1931, there is an opinion by M. <mask>. 1. H.L.,  La crise économique est-elle exceptionnelle? In the Journal des conomistes, 15 October 1931, there is an article titled  in La Ligue du Libre- change. H.L. was the author of Le seul rglement possible de la situation internationale. 1932 H.L., in  FERRAND (Lucien), Les consequences financires de la législation.L., p. 172, was published in 1932. H.L. wrote "Les conditions de la sécurité et de la paix" in the Journal des conomistes. The Bulletin de la Ligue pour la Réforme foncire et de la Ligue du Libre- change was published in 1932. A propos de la  Pan-Europa, et des  tats-Unis d'Europe, de MM.Briand, Herriot, Coudenhove-Kalergi, et consorts. The Congrs européen de Ble was published on October 8, 1932. In  H.D., 72 p.- 384 H.L. was published. La crise actuelle est-elle un phénomne d'exception.Avril 1933, p.1, is the opinion of M. <mask>. The Journal des conomistes published  Les garanties de la Sécurité et de la Paix  in 1933. In the Journal des conomistes, Paris, 15 juillet 1933, H.L.,  Les garanties de la Sécurité et de la Paix, was published. H.L.,  L'équilibre du monde, was published in 1933. H.L.,  L'quilibre du monde, was published in the Journal des conomistes in 1933. 1934 H.L., La Réforme de l'tat en Belgique et ailleurs. Le suffragist universel organisé est le parlementarisme d'intért général.Bruxelles,.s.d. 59 p. Le rglement de la situation internationale was written by H.L. Périr, Bruxelles, s.d. In1934, 43 p. H.L.,  Faut-il? La Revue Belge, 11me année, t. II, n 1, 1er avril 1934, p. 49-54.H.L., in x., is "quelques remarques sur le Plan de Man." Une lettre de M. Henri <mask>. L'toile belge, 29 avril 1934, p.1 sq., is the location of the cause de la monopolisation graduelle ou deson danger. Comptes rendus des travaux de la Société was written by H.L. H.L., The Ethics of International Trade, was published in 1935. The sole method for the permanent and universal abolition of war is freedom of international exchange. Breinigsville, USA, 2009, is a company.There were 19th-century Belgian engineers and 20th-century Belgian

masks:
Lambert
Lambert
Lambert
Henri Lambert
Henri Lambert
Lambert


title: Siow Lee Chin

texts: <mask> is a Singaporean violinist. <mask>'s Gold medal victory at the 1994 Henryk Szeryng International Violin Competition launched her career as one of Singapore. Her performances have aired on China Central TV, America's CBS, National Public Radio, and Singapore's MediaCorp. As a soloist, <mask> has collaborated with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Ludwigsburg Festival Orchestra, Houston Symphony, Dallas Symphony, the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra, National Philharmonic of Ukraine, National Symphony Orchestra of Chile, Mexico State Symphony Orchestra, Avignon Symphony Orchestra, and as well. She performed at the opening ceremony of the Southeast Asian Games. <mask> traced her musical roots all the way back to Eugne Ysae, Henri Vieuxtemps and Henryk Wieniawski through her teachers at the Curtis Institute of Music. She works with young people in music institutions including Beijing's Central Conservatory of Music, Seoul National University, Chicago Institute of Music, Lisbon Academy of Music, the Singapore National Youth Orchestra and as violin professor at the College of Charleston.She shows the music of Asian composers to the West. At the 2015 City of London Festival, she performed the world premiere of "Air", a piece written for her by Chinese composer Yao Chen, in a recital program which showcased the evolution of violin virtuosity from J.S. To the present. Fanfare Magazine's Want List has <mask>'s CD Songs My Father Taught Me on it. <mask> <mask>'s memoirs From Clementi to Carnegie was published in 2015. Governor's School for the Arts and Humanities, South Carolina Youth Orchestra of the Lowcountry, South Carolina Fine Arts Institute, South Carolina Weathersfield Music Festival.

masks:
Siow Lee Chin
Siow
Siow
Siow Lee Chin
Siow
Siow
Lee Chin


title: Solomun

texts: Mladen Coroddo Solomun is a Bosnian-German DJ. He is a four-time DJ Awards winner. He moved to Germany with his family after being born in Yugoslavia. He worked for his father in construction as a young boy. He discovered that he enjoyed making movies. He started a small production company with a few friends. He had a passion for music after working in film for about five years.His cousin brought 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 There is more to music than just radio. He started playing at House of Youth at the age of 16 after purchasing vinyl records. He started making music at the age of 23 after taking a break from music. Similar Regional Artists: Mladen Tomic, Rub A Dub, and Zlatinchi. He learned from a friend that ran a hip-hop label that he was going to start producing on his own. In 2005, Solomun and his partner Adriano Trolio founded the record label Diynamic."Do it yourself" is the motto for Diynamic. The two met H.O.S.H. In 2006 over techno tapaa, Diynamic kicked into full force. The first piece of artwork on the Diynamic site was by Solomun. He has released many other releases since then, including the album Dance Baby. The more experimental 2DIY4 was launched in December of 2010. Noir & Haze's " Around" was reworked in 2011.Resident advisor dubbed the track "remix of the year". He was named Mixmag's "DJ of the Year" in 2012 and his rise in popularity soared to new heights. He won Producer of the Year at the DJ Awards in Ibiza, and Best International DJ at the Cool Awards in Brazil. The Burn Studios Residency bootcamp was presided over by <mask>. The club was co-run by his sister and Adriano Trolio. While playing at a Resolute after-hours party in Brooklyn, New York, he was kicked off the DJ decks because the crowd reacted so negatively to his mixing. Hip-hop, soul, funk, and R&B are some of the musical roots of Solomun.His sound is described as "house music, but with deep, ultra funky basslines, euphoric melodies and emotionally charged vocals". He held two residencies on Ibiza in 2015. There were two events at The BPM Festival, one of which was with Mano Le Tough. The Bosnian artist toured across North America. On April 9, 2016 the family celebrated ten years at Watergate in Berlin, followed by a ten-year celebration at DC-10 in Ibiza. There were two residencies in Ibiza, Spain, in 2016 that were hosted by Solomun. He's played at events like Ultra Europe and Exit Festival.Festival, Tomorrowland, and Movement Croatia were held in the same year. As part of the After Hours DLC, he played himself as an in-residence DJ for Grand Theft Auto Online. The music video for "Customer is King" was made entirely within Grand Theft Auto V's in-game engine as part of a larger collaboration between him and Rockstar Games. DJ Awards Ibiza (ES) Winner - Best DJ #24 - Resident Advisor (UK) The best track is from the magazine. The best producer is Kackvogel. The best label is Faze Mag.5 Faze Mag is the best track. 14 Kackvogel is the best DJ. There is a Resident Advisor in the UK. DJ Mag (UK) has a best compilation. The most charted artist in the UK is the resident advisor of Noir and Haze. The Resident Advisor (UK) is the best. 2 - Around (Noir & Haze) is a song by Noir and Haze.Let's Go Back is a song by Kraak and Smaak. The best DJ is from the magazine. The best DJ is in the magazine. De:Bug Magazine releases discography in 2005. The 2005 Frei CD is called Schanzen Rec. "Corporate Butcher" is a song by Tiefschwarz that was released in 2011. Foals, Audion, Roisin Murphy, and Claude VonStroke collaborated on the song "Let's Go Dancing".Everything is wrong (Solomun Remix) is a song by Interpol. Stimming is a song by Anne Lise Frokedal and she is also known as Queen of Europe. Moderat is a song by Siriusmo and he is also known as Eating Hooks. For you solomun night version by Michael and Joe! DJ Hell - Anything, Anytime (Solomun) - International Deejay Gigolo Records. The Last Dance is a remake of Eagles & Butterflies' The Last Dance. For you solomun night version by Michael and Joe! People from Travnik Electronic dance music DJs are mentioned.