title: Kekuni Blaisdell

texts: <mask> was a professor of medicine at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu. In 1984 <mask> co-founded an organization of Hawaiian health professionals. He was the founding chair of the Department of Medicine at the University of Hawaii. He was the convener for the 1993 Kanaka Maoli People's Tribunal, which documented U.S. abuses throughout all major islands in great detail before an international panel of judges. On March 11, 1925, <mask> was born to Marguerite Nameleonalani Piltz. William and his mother married in 1940. A Kamehameha School for Boys graduate and a former U.S. student.During World War II, Senator Daniel K. Akaka was awarded a BA cum laude from the University of Redlands, as was Warren Christopher, Secretary of State for President Clinton, and an MD from the University of Chicago School of Medicine. He served as a medical resident on the Tulane Medical Service of Charity Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana, after an Osler medical internship in Baltimore, Maryland in 1949. He was an investigator at the Climatic Research Laboratory in Lawrence, Massachusetts, in the US Army Medical Corps. He was a battalion surgeon in Korea and a medical officer in Japan and Taiwan. He was an instructor in pathology at Duke University Hospital. He was appointed to the faculty at the University of Chicago as an instructor in 1957 and as an assistant professor of medicine in 1958. In 1959 he was appointed Chief of Hematology and Research Associate at the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, where he did research on leukemia in atomic bomb survivors, and adopted a Japanese orphan.He was an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Chicago. His research was on blood disorders. In 1962, <mask> married Saito in Chicago, Illinois. As a ring boy, with adopted Mitsunori. The only child of the couple was born in Chicago. The family settled in Nuuanu, Oahu after moving back to Hawaii. In 1965, while in Chicago, <mask> received the national Lederle Medical Faculty Teaching Award, and thus became known to Dean Windsor Cutting, the first dean of the University of Hawaii School of Medicine.In 1966 he became the first Professor and Chair of the Department of Medicine at the University of Hawai'i School of Medicine. He continued his research. In 1969 and 1979 he was a visiting professor of medicine at Rutgers Medical School and Harvard Medical School. He was a medical consultant in the Trust Territory of the Pacific and a teaching consultant in the University of Hawai'i. Death Blaidell died from respiratory failure at the age of 90. <mask> was named Outstanding Professor at the University of Hawaii School of Medicine in 1973, and Blaidell was named Kamehameha Schools Alumni of the year in 1974. He served on the University of Hawai'i System Ka'u Task Force from 1986 to 1988 and as interim director of the University of Hawai'i Center for Hawaiian Studies from 1987 to 1989.He was a member of the Queen's Songbook Committee and the Nana I ke Kumu (Look to the Source) Book Committee. The Living Treasures of Hawaii program was created to honor residents of Hawaii. "First, the designee must demonstrate continuous growth in his or her field; second, the potential Living Treasure must have made significant contributions toward a more humane and fraternal society (and this perhaps is the most important criteria); and finally, he or she must have shown an." Members of the general public can submit nominations for honorees by August 1 of each year. 1997. The Lifetime Achievement Award for Asian and Pacific Island American Health Forum was presented in 1998. Ahahui O na Kauka is a board member.In 2000. The University of Chicago has a community service award. 2001. The Dept of Native Hawaiian Health at the University of Hawaii JABSOM has a consultant. In 2003 Professor of Medicine, JABSOM. The Pacific Basin Medical Association Recognition and Appreciation Award was given to the recipient of the Republic of Palau Joint House and Senate.2007. Osama Fukuyama, M.D. formed the Kekuni Blaisdell Endowment Lectureship at the University of Hawaii. The year 2008. The Paa Moolelo Award is given by the Hawaiian Historical Society for "fast leadership and dedication to promoting and preserving the proud history of our islands." 2009. The Honolulu Hawaiian Civic Club received an award. The David Malo Award was given in 2010.The club is from West Honolulu. The idea of high achievement in such fields as art, music, dance, education, science, community service, government, religion, business or sport has been portrayed by an individual of Hawaiian ancestry. David Malo exemplified the ideal of high achievement and community service for the benefit of the world around us. The O'o Award was given on April 7, 2011. The award is given to outstanding Native Hawaiians who have made significant contributions to improve our communities and the well being of Native Hawaiians. It is made from precious hardwoods that are firmly entrenched in the 'ina. The Native Hawaiian Chamber of Commerce uses the tool as a symbol to represent each honoree's keen sense of firmly roots values, business prowess, skill, and dedication to service, key ingredients for sustaining success in modern Hawai'i, while maintaining ancient traditions and values.SPONSORED BY: 'Aha Hipu'u: The Royal Order of Kamehameha I, The 'Ahahui Ka'ahumanu, The Hale O Na Ali'i O Hawai'i & The Descendants and Sons of Hawaiian Warriors' The term Kanaka Maoli was discovered in the 1980s. He was the first to ask the questions, if one compares original historic descriptions of Hawaiians with current statistics, what is it about western contact other than the obvious that explains near extinction of a race? What can be done? He started to study Kanaka Maoli Health Research as a medical field. Na 'Oiwi O Hawaii. The goal of Na 'Oiwi O Hawai'i was to promote Kanaka Maoli Independence.The first Native Hawaiian Sovereignty Conference was sponsored by Na 'Oiwi O Hawai'i. The health of Kanaka Maoli is connected to the 'ina, and to preservation of cultural traditions and knowledge of one's own history and way of life, as a major speaker stated. The basis for an M. Oneha thesis was nurtured and supported by <mask>. 3,5 N Pu'uwai. In 1986, <mask> joined the board of Na Pu'uwai, a Native Hawaiian Health Care organization on the island of Moloka'i. The traditional Kanaka Maoli diet lowered blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, thereby reducing risk for heart disease, according to a study conducted by Na Pu'uwai. The basis for the Waianae diet was developed by T Shintani.The organization of health fairs in Kanaka Maoli communities was rejuvenated by this study because of the increased interest in growing and eating traditional foods throughout the islands. One of the first studies on Kanaka Maoli health was conducted by the Center for Hawaiian Studies at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. From 1987-1988, <mask> was the Interim Director. Several Native Hawaiian PhD candidates, including Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa and Kamana'opono Crabbe, were on the Dissertation committees. He has helped many people write PhD papers. <mask> advocated for accessible and culturally appropriate healthcare for Native Hawaiians. Dramatic documentation of worsening Kanaka Maoli health conditions was provided by him.After authoring the critical health report for the United States Congress Native Hawaiians Study Commission in 1983, he researched and wrote a report about the health needs of Native Hawaiians. The report was funded by the US Public Health Services and presented at the East-West Center. A group of Native Hawaiian Health professionals formed to implement the recommendations of the report. The Native Hawaiian Health Bill was heard by the US Congress three times. The Native Hawaiian Health Care Systems bill was passed in October 1988 with final language provided by members of EOM. The bill stated that traditional practices should be integrated with western health practices. Papa Ola Lokahi was formed to provide oversight and coordination.The movement of sovereignty. Puhipau Ahmad and Soli Niheu invited him to help start the movement. Ahmad was the "eyes" of the movement, documenting evictions of Native Hawaiians from their homes at Sand Island and elsewhere. Niheu was the "heart" of the movement, participating in demonstrations, while <mask> was the "brain" of the movement. The Native Hawaiian Tribunal was created by <mask> with his own computer, copying machine, and checkbook, and asked Native Hawaiians on each island to testify as to how they had been affected by the overthrow. There is a dispute over the position of the tribunal documents. He has told his attorney where he would like them to live.The Wai'anae Coast Comprehensive Health Center Board of Directors had other positions and awards. The years 1988-2006. Ke Ola Mamo is a board member. 1989. The physician of the year is from theHMSA. 1989. The co-founding convener of the Pro Kanaka Maoli Independence Working Group.Ka pakaukau is a co-founder. 1990 Honpa Honwanji Living Treasure. Komike Covenor is the Convenor of the Kanaka Maoli Tribunal. 1994. The award is named after Papa Ola Lokahi Ka'onohi. 1996. The Petra Foundation is located in Washington, DC.The kekuni-blaisdell index was published in 1997. The Lifetime Achievement Award for Asian and Pacific Island American Health Forum was presented in 1998. Ahahui O na Kauka is a board member. In 2000. The University of Chicago has a community service award. 2001. The Dept of Native Hawaiian Health at the University of Hawaii JABSOM has a consultant.In 2003 Professor of Medicine, JABSOM. The Pacific Basin Medical Association Recognition and Appreciation Award was given to the recipient of the Republic of Palau Joint House and Senate. 2007. Osamu Fukuyama, M.D. formed the Kekuni Blaisdell Endowment Lectureship at the University of Hawaii. The year 2008. The Paa Moolelo Award is given by the Hawaiian Historical Society for "fast leadership and dedication to promoting and preserving the proud history of our islands."2009. The Honolulu Hawaiian Civic Club received an award. The year 2010. The David Malo Award was presented by the West HonoluluRotary Club. The Native Hawaiian Chamber of Commerce has an O'O Award.

masks:
Richard Kekuni Akana Blaisdell
Blaisdell
Richard Kekuni Akana
Blaisdell
Blaisdell
Blaisdell
Blaisdell
Blaisdell
Blaisdell
Blaisdell
Blaisdell
Blaisdell


title: John Constable

type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> was an English landscape painter in the Romantic tradition. He is known for revolutionising the genre of landscape painting with his pictures of Dedham Vale, the area surrounding his home, which he invested with an intensity of affection. In 1821, he wrote to his friend <mask>, "painting is but another word for feeling". The Hay Wain is one of <mask>'s most famous paintings. His paintings are now among the most popular and valuable in British art, but he was never financially successful. He became a member of the establishment after being elected to the Royal Academy of Arts. His work inspired the Barbizon school in France, where he sold more than in England.<mask> was born in East Bergholt, a village on the River Stour in Suffolk, to Golding and Ann Watts. His father owned the Flatford Mill in East Bergholt and the Dedham Mill in Essex. The Telegraph, which was moored at Mistley on the Stour estuary, was once used to transport corn to London. He was related to the London tea merchant. <mask> was expected to succeed his father in the business, even though his older brother was intellectually disabled. After a short time at a boarding school in Lavenham, he moved to a day school. After leaving school, <mask> worked in the corn business, but his brother took over the running of the mills.In his youth, he embarked on amateur sketching trips in the Suffolk and Essex countryside, which became the subject of a large portion of his art. These scenes made me a painter, and I am grateful, as well as the sound of water escaping from mill dams, willows, old rotten plank, slimy posts, and brickwork, I love such things. Claude Lorrain showed him his prized Hagar and the Angel, which inspired him. He was introduced to the professional artist <mask> Smith, who advised him to stay in his father's business rather than take up art professionally. Golding granted him a small allowance after he persuaded his father to let him pursue a career in art. He was a student at the Royal Academy Schools and studied and copied old masters. The paintings by Thomas Gainsborough, Claude Lorrain, Peter Paul Rubens, Annibale Carracci and Jacob van Ruisdael inspired him the most.He was an articulate artist after reading widely among poetry and sermons. In 1802 he refused the position of drawing master at Great Marlow Military College, which Benjamin West advised would mean the end of his career. His early style has many qualities associated with his mature work, including a freshness of light, colour and touch, and reveals the compositional influence of the old masters he had. In an age that looked for more romantic visions of wild landscapes and ruins, scenes of ordinary daily life were unfashionable. He made occasional trips further away. He exhibited his paintings at the Royal Academy. He spent almost a month aboard the East Indiaman as it traveled from London to Deal before leaving for China.The Lake District was visited by <mask> in the 18th century. He told his biographer that the solitude of the mountains hampered his spirits, and that he spent winters in London and summers painting at East Bergholt. Salisbury, a city whose cathedral and surrounding landscape were to inspire some of his greatest paintings, was first visited by him in 1812. He took up portraiture because he wanted to make ends meet. According to <mask>, "<mask>'s incapacity as a religious painter cannot be overstated." Country house painting was a source of income. He was commissioned to paint his country home in 1816.The National Gallery of Victoria has a painting of the fishing lodge that was commissioned by the Major-General. The money was used for his wedding to Maria Bicknell. His childhood friendship with Maria Elizabeth Bicknell developed into a deep, mutual love. Maria's grandfather, Dr Rhudde, was against their marriage in 1816. Maria was threatened with disinheritance because he considered the Constables his social inferiors. Charles Bicknell, Maria's father, was against her throwing away her inheritance. Maria told <mask> that a penniless marriage would prevent him from making a career in painting.While approving the match, Golding and <mask> held out no hope of supporting the marriage until they were financially secure. A fifth share in the family business was given to <mask> after they died. After <mask> and Maria's marriage in October 1816 at St Martin-in-the-Fields, they took a honeymoon tour of the south coast. New techniques of brilliant colour and vibrant brushwork were developed because of the sea. He began to express an emotional range in his art. In a letter to Maria Bicknell from East Bergholt, he wrote that he had started work on his most ambitious project to date. In order to attract more attention at the Royal Academy exhibitions and to project his ideas about landscape on a scale more in keeping with the achievements of the classical landscape painters he so admired, <mask> was determined to paint on a larger scale.Flatford Mill didn't find a buyer when it was displayed at the Royal Academy. <mask> was encouraged to move on to the larger canvases that were to follow because of its fine and intricate execution. Although he was able to make a living from painting, he did not sell his first important painting, The White Horse, until 1819. The painting was sold for 100 guineas to <mask>, giving <mask> a level of financial freedom he had never before known. The success of The White Horse led to a series of monumental landscapes depicting narratives on the River Stour known as the six footers. For many, they are the defining works of the artist's career, viewed as the knottiest and most forceful landscapes produced in 19th-century Europe. The series includes the National Gallery of London, The Hay Wain, The Lock, and The Leaping Horse.His second six-footer was exhibited the following year. It was described as having a more exact look of nature by the Examiner. <mask>, a loyal purchaser of the painting, purchased it for 100 guineas, a price he himself thought was too low. <mask> Tinney is a friend of Fisher's. The artist didn't take up Tinney's offer to paint a companion picture after he loved the painting so much. The Hay Wain, his most famous painting, was shown in the Royal Academy's exhibition in 1821. It was viewed by two important people of the time, the artist and writer Charles Nodier.According to the painter Eugne Delacroix, Gricault returned to France "quite stunned" by <mask>'s painting, while Nodier suggested French artists should also look to nature rather than relying on trips to Rome for inspiration. <mask> bought it along with View on the Stour in 1824. A small painting of Yarmouth Jetty was added to the bargain by <mask>. The Hay Wain was awarded a gold medal by Charles X after his paintings were exhibited at the Paris Salon. The Hay Wain was donated to the National Gallery in 1886. Delacroix wrote in his journal that "what he says here about the green of his meadow can be applied to every tone". The 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846Salisbury Cathedral was chosen as the artist's main entry because The Lock wasn't finished in time for the 1823 exhibition. The money for the painting may have been forwarded by Fisher. He was helped out of a financial problem by this and was forced to get the painting done. The Lock was sold for 150 guineas on the first day of the exhibition, making it the only one of its kind. The only upright landscape in the Stour series is The Lock, and the only six-footer is painted by the same artist more than one time. The Foster version was painted in 1824 and kept by the artist to send to exhibitions. The Royal Academy of Arts has a third version of A Boat passing a Lock in its collection.The Leaping Horse was the only six-footer from the Stour series that didn't sell. After his wife started showing symptoms of Tuberculosis, the pleasure at his own success was diminished. The sea air was supposed to help her health, but as her illness grew she took lodgings for her family in BRIGHTON from 1824 to 1828. Charlotte Street in London was where he spent most of his time. <mask> moved away from large scale Stour scenes in favor of coastal scenes. He continued to paint six-foot canvases, even though he was unsure of the appropriate subject for painting. In 1824 he wrote to Fisher that he sold more than 20 paintings in France in a few years, but only 20 in England.He refused to travel internationally to promote his work because he wanted to be a poor man in England. He quarreled with Arrowsmith and lost his French outlet because of the worry of his wife's ill-health. For five years, the Constables tried to help Maria's health, but couldn't. After the birth of their seventh child in January 1828, they returned to Hampstead where Maria died at the age of 41. God only knows how my children will be brought up, the face of the world is totally changed to me, and that is how I feel about the loss of my departed angel. He was a prey to melancholy and anxious thoughts after he dressed in black. For the rest of his life, he cared for his seven children alone.The children were <mask>, Maria Louisa, Charles Golding, Isobel, Emma, Alfred, and Lionel. Charles Golding <mask> had a son. Maria's father died too, leaving her $20,000. He paid for the engraving of several mezzotints of his landscapes in preparation for a publication. When the folios were published, he was hesitant and indecisive and nearly fell out with his engraver. One of David Lucas' landscapes went through 13 proof stages before being corrected by <mask> in pencil and paint. The venture was not a financial success, but Lucas showed me to the public without my faults.His art moved from its earlier phase to a more broken style. The turmoil and distress of his mind can be seen in his masterpieces Hadleigh Castle and Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows. He was elected to the Royal Academy at the age of 52. He was popular with the students when he was Visitor at the Royal Academy. He began to give public lectures on the history of landscape painting. Landscape painting is scientific as well as poetic, the imagination cannot alone produce art to bear comparison with reality, and no great painter was ever self-taught. The new Gothic Revival movement was considered "imitation" by him.In 1835, his last lecture to students of the Royal Academy, in which he praised Raphael, was "cheered most heartily". He died from heart failure and was buried with Maria in the churchyard of St John-at-Hampstead Church in London. Two of his children are also buried in this family tomb. Bridge Cottage is open to the public. The Field Studies Council uses Flatford Mill and Willy Lott's Cottage for courses. There is a large collection of original Constable paintings on display. The portrait is in possession of the college.The artistic culture that taught artists to use their imagination to compose their pictures rather than nature itself was quietly rebelled against by <mask>. When making a sketch from nature, he tries to forget that he has ever seen a picture. Constant refreshment in the form of on-the-spot studies was essential to his working method. He didn't like following a formula. He wrote that "no two days are alike, nor even two hours; neither were there ever two leaves of a tree alike since the creation of all the world; and the genuine productions of art, like those of nature, are all distinct from each other." To test the composition of his landscapes, <mask> painted many full-scale preliminary sketches. The large sketches, with their free and vigorous brushwork, were revolutionary at the time, and they continue to interest artists, scholars and the general public.The oil sketches of The Leaping Horse and The Hay Wain are very different from the finished paintings of the same subjects. The oil sketches reveal that he was an avant-garde painter, one who demonstrated that landscape painting could be taken in a totally new direction. The almost mystical Stonehenge, 1835, with its double rainbow, is often considered to be one of the greatest watercolors ever painted. When he exhibited it in 1836, he appended a text to the title "The mysterious monument of Stonehenge, standing remote on a bare and boundless heath, as much unconnected with the events of past ages as it is with the uses of the present, carries you back beyond all historical records into the In addition to the full-scale oil sketches, <mask> completed numerous observational studies of landscapes and clouds, determined to become more scientific in his recording of atmospheric conditions. The power of his physical effects was sometimes apparent even in the full-scale paintings which he exhibited in London; The Chain Pier, 1827, for example, prompted a critic to write: "the atmosphere possesses a characteristic humidity about it, that almost imparts the wish for an umbrella". The first oil sketches made from the subject in the open air were done by Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes in Rome around 1780.To convey the effects of light and movement, <mask> used broken brushstrokes, often in small touches, which he scumbled over lighter passages, creating an impression of sparkling light. Seascape Study with Rain Cloud is one of the most powerful and expressionistic studies he has ever done. For example, in Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows, 1831, and in Cottage at East Bergholt, 1833, <mask>e Howard on the classification of clouds, as well as the annotations of his own copy of Researches About Atmospheric Phaenomena by Thomas Forster, which show him to have been fully aware of meteorological terminology. "I have done a lot of skying, and I am determined to conquer all difficulties, and that is the most difficult one among the rest", <mask> wrote to Fisher on October 23, 1821. "My limited and abstract art is to be found under every hedge, and in every lane, and therefore nobody thinks it worth picking up", was the letter written by the artist.He didn't know how influential his honest techniques would be. The Barbizon School and the French impressionists of the late nineteenth century were inspired by <mask>'s art. The drawings were found in a cardboard box filled with drawings and sold at an auction for more than half a million dollars. The Stour (1810) is one of the paintings in the gallery.

masks:
John Constable
John Fisher
Constable
John Constable
John
Constable
John Thomas
Constable
John Walker
Constable
John
Ann Constable
Constable
John
Constable
Constable
John Fisher
Constable
John Fisher
John Pern
Constable
John Arrowsmith
Constable
Constable
John Charles
Constable
Constable
Art Constable
Constable
Constable
Constable
Constableluk
Constable
Constable


title: Raj Patel

texts: A British Indian academic, journalist, activist and writer, who has lived and worked in Zimbabwe, South Africa, and the United States for extended periods, is named <mask>. He is referred to as the rock star of social justice writing. He was raised in Golders Green in north-west London, where his family ran a corner shop. A graduate of Oxford, a master's degree from the London School of Economics, and a PhD in Development Sociology from Cornell University, he is now a professor. At the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, and the United Nations, he worked. He has become an outspoken critic of all of these organizations, and has been tear-gassed on four continents protesting against his former employers. <mask> is a teacher.He has written books. He wrote Stuffed and Starved: The Hidden Battle for the World Food System in 2008. The Value of Nothing was on The New York Times best-seller list in February 2010. He and his co-author published A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet. He was a visiting scholar at several universities, including the University of Texas at Austin. At the University of Texas at Austin, <mask> is listed as a research professor. The 1999 protests in Seattle, Washington, were organised in support of food sovereignty.He has lived and worked in Zimbabwe and South Africa. He was refused a visa extension because of his involvement with the pro-democracy movement. He is associated with both the Via Campesina movement and the Landless Peoples movement. A number of criticisms of the policies and research methods of the World Bank have been written by <mask>. In 2012 he appeared in the National Film Board of Canada documentary Payback, based on Margaret Atwood's Payback: Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth. A Place at the Table opened in the US on 1 March 2013). In 2007, he was invited to give the keynote address at the University of Abahlali baseMjondolo graduation ceremony.He is in charge of the organisation's website. He was asked to testify about the global food crisis in 2008. He joined the advisory board of Corporate Accountability International's Value the Meal campaign. The Maitreya was thought to be a possibility in January 2010 by some Share International followers. He denied being the Maitreya. He describes himself as a libertarian socialist who has very strong anarchist sympathies. In his book The Value of Nothing he praised the Zapatista Councils of Good Government in southern Mexico and advocated decentralist models of economic democracy and confederal administration as templates to go by for social justice movements in the global north.He said in 2010 that he was not a communist or socialist. An analysis of A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet was published seven years later. Capitalism can only count dollars according to the authors. Every capitalist wants to make as much money as possible. For capitalism, this means that the whole system thrives when powerful states can reorganize global nature, invest as little as they can, and receive as much food, work, energy, and raw materials with as little disruption as possible. The battle of competition is fought by the cheapening of commodities according to Marx. He considers himself a Hindu in an interview with The New Yorker.The Hidden Battle for the World Food System is a book. Crisis and the Hunger for Justice was written by Eric Holt Giménez. The Value of Nothing: How to Reshape Market Society and Redefine Democracy was published in 2010. No house! No vote! A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet was written by the Symphony Way Pavement Dwellers.

masks:
Raj
Career Patel
Patel
Patel


title: Alfred the Great

texts: The King of the West Saxons and the King of the Anglo-Saxons was <mask> the <mask>. He was the youngest son of King <mask>wulf and his first wife Osburh, who both died when <mask> was young. <mask>berht and thelred. Administrative and military reforms were introduced by <mask>'s rule. <mask> fought Viking invaders after ascending the throne. He made an agreement with the Vikings after he won the Battle of Edington and divided England into two parts. <mask> oversaw the conversion of Guthrum to Christianity.The dominant ruler in England was the man who defended his kingdom against the Vikings. His life is described in a work by a Welsh scholar. <mask> had a reputation for being a wise and level-headed man who encouraged education and advocated for it to be done in Old English rather than Latin. The epithet "the Great" was given to him in the 16th century. <mask> was the son of the king of Wessex and his wife Osburh. <mask>, King of the Anglo-Saxons, was born at Wantage, in the district of Ber, according to his biographer, Asser. The editors of Asser's biography, Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge, and other historians accepted this date.According to West Saxon genealogy, <mask> was 23 when he became king in April 871. This dating is adopted in the biography of <mask> by <mask>, who regards Asser's biography as fraudulent, an allegation which is rejected by other historians. According to Patrick Wormald's Oxford Dictionary of National Biography article, <mask>'s birth is 848/849, but Richard Abels doesn't decide between the two sources and doesn't mention it in his biography. <mask>'s birth in the county is believed to be evidence that control of Mercia had passed to Wessex by the late 800s. He was the youngest of six siblings. <mask> was born 10 years before his older brother, <mask>tan, was appointed sub-king of Kent. He passed away in the early 850s.Three of <mask>bald, thelberht, and thelred were all older than <mask>. Burgred, king of the midland kingdom of Mercia, married <mask>with, <mask>'s sister. Some historians think that Osburh was the mother of the older children, while others think that they were born to an un recorded first wife. Osburh's family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch <mask>'s biographer Asser described her as a "most religious woman, noble by temperament and noble by birth". She died before thelwulf married Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald.<mask> married Ealhswith, daughter of the Mercian nobleman thelred Mucel, and his wife Eadburh, who was of royal Mercian descent. They had children who married Lord of the Mercians, Edward the Elder, thelgifu, and lfthryth. It must have seemed very unlikely that <mask>'s grandfather would establish a dynasty after he became king of Wessex. Three families fought for the throne of the West Saxon, and no son followed in his father's footsteps. He was believed to be a descendant of the founder of the West Saxon dynasty, and had been a king of Wessex since Ceawlin in the late sixth century. This made a prince eligible for the throne. The descent from Cerdic was not enough to make a man an theling.All of the subsequent West Saxon kings were descendants of Ecgberht and thelwulf, and were also sons of kings. England was almost completely under the control of the Anglo-Saxons at the beginning of the ninth century. In 825, Mercia's supremacy came to an end when it was defeated by Ecgberht at the Battle of Ellendun. In the resistance to Viking attacks, the two kingdoms became allies. King Burgred of Mercia requested West Saxon help to suppress a Welsh rebellion, and <mask>wulf led a West Saxon contingent in a successful joint campaign. <mask>with was married to Burgred in the same year. The Mercian sub-kingdom of Kent was driven out by thelwulf in 825.By 830, the south-eastern territories had been submitted to Ecgberht, and the king of Kent had been appointed. The Isle of Sheppey was ravaged by the Vikings in 833, and the following year they defeated Ecgberht at Carhampton in Somerset, but they lost to the Cornishmen at the Battle of Hingston Down. <mask> was appointed as sub-king of Kent when his father succeeded. The West Saxon magnates witnessed the Kentish charters while they were being witnessed by the Kentish elite. The Vikings increased their raids on both sides of the English Channel in the early 800s. The first recorded naval battle in English history took place in 850. The greatest slaughter of a raiding-army that we have heard of took place at the Battle of Aclea, when the Vikings were defeated by <mask>bald and his father.His oldest surviving son, <mask>bald's father. <mask> was offered a prize by his mother when he was a child, which was a decorated book of English poetry. He didn't learn to read until he was 12 because his mother died when he was six. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, <mask> was confirmed as king by Pope Leo IV after he was sent to Rome. His eventual succession to the throne of Wessex was seen as an anticipatory coronation by Victorian writers. His succession could not have been foreseen because he had three brothers.A misinterpretation of <mask>'s investiture, deliberate or accidental, could explain the confusion. <mask> accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Rome where he spent time at the court of <mask> Bald, king of the Franks. <mask>bald deposed his father on their return from Rome in 856. With civil war looming, the magnates of the realm met in council to form a compromise. The western shires were retained by Thelbald. In the east, <mask>wulf ruled. <mask>'s brothers <mask>berht and thelred ruled Wessex after King <mask>wulf died.During the short reigns of his older brothers <mask>berht, the reigns of <mask>'s brothers were not mentioned. The Great Heathen Army of Danes landed in East Anglia in order to conquer the four kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England. The accession of his third brother, 18-year-old thelred, began <mask>'s public life at the age of 16. <mask> was given a title similar to the Celtic tanist, which may indicate a position similar to that of the reigning monarch. This arrangement may have been approved by <mask>'s father to make sure that he didn't fall in battle. The Swedes and Franks were related to the Anglo-Saxons and had a tradition of crowning a successor as royal prince and military commander. <mask> was recorded as fighting beside thelred in a failed attempt to keep the Great Heathen Army out of the Kingdom of Mercia.Nine engagements were fought in the year after the Danes arrived in his homeland, but the places and dates of two of them have not been recorded. Ivar's brother Halfdan was defeated at the siege and the Battle of Reading on January 5th after a successful skirmish at the Battle of Englefield on December 31st. The Battle of Ashdown was won by the Anglo-Saxons four days later. At the Battle of Basing, the Saxons were defeated. They were defeated again at the Battle of Merton on 22 March. Thelred died in April. Even though King thelred died and <mask> took over the throne of Wessex, he left behind two sons, <mask>wold.<mask> and thelred had made an agreement earlier that year in an assembly at Swinbeorg. King <mask>wulf had left his personal property to his sons in his will, and the brothers agreed that whichever of them outlived the other would inherit it. The dead man's sons would only receive their father's property and wealth, and any additional lands their uncle had acquired. The supposition was that the brother who died would be the king. <mask>'s accession probably went without a fight because of the Danes. While he was busy with his brother's funeral, the Danes defeated the Saxon army at an unnamed spot and then again in his presence at Wilton. There was still hope that <mask> could drive the invaders out of his kingdom.<mask> was forced to make peace with them. Bishop Asser wrote that the pagans made good on their promise and left the realm. The Viking army took up winter quarters in Mercian London after they withdrew from Reading. Although not mentioned by Asser or the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, <mask> paid the Vikings cash to leave, much as the Mercians were to do in the following year. There are artifacts dating to the Viking occupation of London. There is a cost involved in making peace with the Vikings. The Danes occupied other parts of England for five years.Wareham was occupied by the Danes under the leadership of Guthrum, Oscetel and Anwend. <mask> was unable to take Wareham by assault. The Danes swore on a "holy ring" associated with the worship of Thor after he negotiated a peace that involved an exchange of hostages and oaths. After killing all the hostages, the Danes went away under cover of night. With a relief fleet scattered by a storm, the Danes were forced to submit after <mask> blockaded the Viking ships. The Danes left to Mercia. The Danes made a sudden attack on Chippenham, a royal stronghold in which <mask> had been staying over Christmas, and most of the people they killed, except the King <mask>, and he with a little band made his way by wood and swamp after Easter.<mask> was able to mount a resistance campaign from his fort at Athelney, an island in the marsh near North Petherton. It was the lowest point in the history of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. The other kingdoms had fallen to the Vikings. <mask> was given shelter by a peasant woman who left him to watch some wheaten cakes she had left cooking on the fire. <mask> accidentally let the cakes burn and was reprimanded by a woman when he came back. It is possible that there was an early oral tradition for the legend. The first written account of the incident was written 100 years after <mask>'s death.In the seventh week after Easter, <mask> rode to Egbert's Stone east of Selwood, where he was met by "all the people of the people of the people of the people of the people of the people of the people of the people of the people of the people of the <mask>'s emergence from his stronghold was part of a carefully planned offensive that involved raising the fyrds of three shires. The king had retained the loyalty of ealdormen, royal reeves and king's thegns, who were charged with leading these forces, but that they had maintained their positions of authority in these localities well enough to answer his summons. A system of scouts and messengers is suggested by <mask>'s actions. The Battle of Edington may have been fought near Westbury. The Danes were starved into submission after he pursued them to their stronghold at Chippenham. Guthrum was required to convert to Christianity as part of the surrender.<mask> received Guthrum as his spiritual son after the king and his chief men were christened at Aller, near Athelney, three weeks later. <mask> and Guthrum signed a treaty after the cessation of hostilities, but it was some years after that before a formal treaty was signed. The Treaty of Wedmore required the Guthrum to leave Wessex and return to East Anglia. The Viking army left Chippenham and made its way to Cirencester. The Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum was written in Old English and Latin and was signed by King Ceolwulf II of Mercia. The kingdom of Mercia was divided by that treaty. The boundary between <mask>'s and Guthrum's kingdoms was to follow the River Ouse to Wat and up the River Thames to the River Lea.<mask> succeeded to Ceolwulf's kingdom consisting of western Mercia, and Guthrum incorporated the eastern part of Mercia into an enlarged Kingdom of East Anglia. <mask> was to have control over the Mercian city of London and its mints, at least for the time being. Egbert, <mask>'s grandfather, was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as having surrendered to the people of Essex. Essex had formed part of Wessex before the arrival of the Great Heathen Army. Some of Essex would have been ceded to the Danes, but how much is not known. Guthrum was neutralised as a threat when the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum was signed. During the winter of 878–879, the Viking army stayed at Fulham, but they left in the winter of                                   There were local raids on the coast. <mask> fought a small sea battle against four Danes. Two of the ships were destroyed. <mask> was involved in three of the four sea battles recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. For the majority of the period, skirmishes with independent Viking raiders would have occurred. The Saxon quarter in Rome was exempt from taxation in 884 in exchange for <mask>'s promise to send money to Rome. <mask> received gifts from the pope, including a piece of the True Cross.<mask> was spared from large-scale conflicts after the signing of the treaty with Guthrum. The king was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The largest raid since the battles with Guthrum took place in Kent, an allied kingdom in South East England. The Saxon city of Rochester was where the Danes built a temporary fortress in order to besiege the city. The Danes fled to their beached ships and sailed to another part of Britain after Alfred led an Anglo-Saxon force against them. The Danes supposedly left Britain the following summer. Alfred dispatched his fleet to East Anglia after the failed Danes raid.The purpose of the expedition is debated, but Asser claims that it was for the sake of plunder. After travelling up the River Stour, the fleet was met by vessels that numbered 13 or 16. The Anglo-Saxon fleet won and was "laden with spoils". When the victorious fleet tried to leave the River Stour, they were attacked by a force from the Danes. The Danes defeated <mask>'s fleet, which may have been weakened in the previous engagement. <mask> reoccupied the city of London in 886 and set out to make it better. <mask> gave the city to his son-in-law.The restoration of London is thought to have started with a new street plan, fortifications and matching fortifications on the south bank of the River Thames. Almost all chroniclers agree that the Saxon people of pre-unification England submitted to <mask>. The archbishop of Canterbury also died. Guthrum, or <mask>, <mask>'s former enemy and king of East Anglia, died one year later and was buried in Hadleigh, Suffolk. <mask>'s political

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title: Alfred the Great

texts: landscape changed after Guthrum's death. The power vacuum made other power-hungry warlords want to take his place. <mask>'s life was coming to an end.The Danes attacked again in the autumn of 891 or 891. They crossed to England in 330 ships in two divisions. The larger body at Appledore, Kent, and the lesser under Hastein, at Milton, are in Kent. The invaders brought their wives and children with them. <mask> was able to observe both forces after taking up a position. The Danes at Appledore struck north-westwards while he was in talks with Hastein. They were defeated at the Battle of Farnham by Edward.They took refuge on an island on the River Colne, where they were blockaded and forced to leave. They joined with Hastein's force at Shoebury after suffering another defeat. <mask> was on his way to relieve his son at Thorney when he heard that the Danes were besieging the city. The Siege of Exeter was raised by <mask>. The fate of the other place is not recorded. The force under Hastein may have wanted to assist their friends in the west. They were overtaken and blockaded at Buttington after being met by a large force under the three great ealdormen.Some people identify this with Buttington Tump at the mouth of the River Wye, others with Buttington near Welshpool. An attempt was made to break through the English lines. They retreated to Shoebury. They made a sudden dash across England and took over the ruined Roman walls of Chester. The English destroyed all the supplies in the district. Danes were forced to retire once more to Essex because of a lack of food. The Danes fortified themselves north of London at the end of the year.<mask> saw a way to prevent the Danes from leaving the river after a frontal attack on the lines failed. The Danes were outmanoeuvred and struck off north-westwards. They gave up on the struggle in the next year. Some retired to East Anglia. Those who did not have any connections in England returned to the continent. The military power of several kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England depended on the unarmoured infantry supplied by the Germanic tribes who invaded Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries. The fyrd was a local militia in the Anglo-Saxon shire in which all freemen had to serve; those who refused military service were subject to fines or loss of their land.The law code of King Ine of Wessex states that the traditional system of battle he had inherited played to the Danes' advantage. The Anglo-Saxons and Danes used different tactics to attack settlements. In their raids, the Anglo-Saxons usually preferred to attack head-on by assembling their forces in a shield wall and then moving against their target and the oncoming wall marshalled against them in defence. The Danes preferred to avoid high-stake attacks and instead chose easy targets. <mask> decided to launch small attacks from a secure base to which they could retreat should their raiders face strong resistance. The bases were prepared in advance by capturing an estate and augmenting its defences with ditches, ramparts and palisades. The Danes were able to crush their opponents with a counter- attack because of the diminished strength of the besieging forces.The way in which the Anglo-Saxons marshalled forces to defend against marauders left them vulnerable to the Vikings. The fyrd was responsible for dealing with local raids. Problems with communication and raising supplies made it difficult for the national militia to be formed quickly in the case of the Viking raids. After the raids began, a call went out to the land owners to gather their men for battle. The large regions could be devastated before the fyrd arrives. Many of the landowners abandoned their king and collaborated with Guthrum during the attacks in 878. <mask> used these lessons to restructure Saxon defences after his victory at Edington.It is possible that <mask> studied how the Carolingian kings dealt with Viking raiders after staying with <mask> Bald. He was able to establish a system of taxation and defence. There was a system of fortifications in pre-Viking Mercia. <mask> was prepared to confront the Vikings with a standing, mobile field army, a network of garrisons and a small fleet of ships. The "common burdens" of military service, fortress work, and bridge repair are what tenants in Anglo-Saxon England had to contend with. It has been called trinoda necessitas or trimoda necessitas. The fine for neglecting military service was called.<mask> wanted to keep the burhs and to reorganize the fyrd as a standing army. The hide is the basic unit of the system on which the tenant's public obligations are assessed. A hide is a representation of the amount of land required to support a family. The hide size was determined by the value of the land and the number of hides the owner had. The foundation of <mask>'s new military defence system was a network of burhs. Thirty-three burhs allowed the military to confront attacks anywhere in the kingdom within a day. <mask>'s burhs ranged from former Roman towns, such as Winchester, where the stone walls were repaired and ditches added, to massive earthen walls surrounded by wide ditches, reinforced with wooden revetments and palisades.The burhs ranged from small outposts to large fortifications in established towns. The document known as the Burghal Hidage gives an insight into how the system worked. The document contains hidage for each of the fortified towns. The owners of the land in Wallingford were responsible for feeding and supplying 2,400 men, which was enough to maintain the wall. Approximately one in four of the free men in the area needed soldiers. Many of the burhs were twin towns that were connected by a bridge like the ones built by <mask> Bald a generation before. The double-burh blocked passage on the river, forcing Viking ships to navigate under a garrisoned bridge lined with men armed with stones, spears or arrows.The fortified royal villas allowed the king to better control his strongholds. The burhs were connected by a road system used by the army. The roads allowed an army to be assembled quickly, sometimes from more than one burh. The road network made it difficult for Viking invaders to get to their destinations. The system made it much more dangerous for Viking routes. The Vikings lacked the equipment for a siege against a burh and a developed doctrine of siegecraft, having tailored their methods of fighting to rapid strikes and unimpeded retreats to well-defended fortifications. starve the burh into submission gave the king time to send his field army or garrisons from nearby burhs along the army roads.The Vikings were vulnerable to being pursued by the king's military forces. The Anglo-Saxons were able to limit the Vikings' penetration to the outer frontiers of Wessex because of <mask>'s burh system. The strategic conception of <mask>'s burghal system was revolutionary. Even though they were for the common needs of the kingdom, many nobles refused to comply with the demands. <mask> tried his hand at naval design. He ordered the construction of a small fleet that was twice the size of Viking warships. The Victorians said that this was not the birth of the English Navy.Prior to this, Wessex had a royal fleet. <mask>'s older brother, sub-king <mask>tan of Kent and Ealdorman Ealhhere, had defeated a Viking fleet and conducted naval actions. There was an important development in the naval power of Wessex in the year 897. <mask>'s ships were larger, swifter, steadier and rode higher in the water than either of the Frisian ships according to the author of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. It is possible that <mask> used the design of Greek and Roman warships to fight rather than for navigation. <mask> wanted to spare his kingdom from being ravaged if he could intercept raiding fleets before they landed. <mask>'s ships were too large to maneuver well in the close waters of estuaries and rivers, the only places in which a naval battle could be fought.The warships of the time were troop carriers. The battles may have involved a ship coming alongside an opposing vessel, lashing the two ships together and then boarding the craft. The battle took place on the two lashed vessels. <mask>'s new fleet of nine ships intercept six Viking ships at the mouth of a river in the south of England. The Danes went inland after beaching half their ships. The ships moved to block the escape. The ships tried to break through the English lines.<mask>'s ships stopped the other two. The English crew boarded and proceeded to kill the Vikings. <mask>'s heavy ships became grounded when the tide went out. The crews fought a land battle. The Danes returned to their boats after the tide rose because they were outnumbered. The English watched as the Vikings rowed past them, but they suffered so many casualties that they had difficulty putting out to sea. All were damaged to the point that they couldn't row around the state.The crew was brought before <mask> and hanged. <mask> issued a long domboc or law code consisting of his own laws, followed by a code issued by his predecessor King Ine of Wessex. There are 120 chapters to these laws. <mask> stated in his introduction that he gathered together the laws he found and ordered to be written many of the ones that our forefathers observed, and that he rejected many of the ones that did not please him. The laws that <mask> found in the days of Ine, my kinsman, or Offa, king of the Mercians, or King thelberht of Kent, who first among the English people receivedbaptism. He appended the laws of Ine into his code and although he included a scale of payments in compensation for injuries to various body parts, the two injury tariffs are not aligned. Patrick Wormald theorizes that <mask> had in mind the legatine capitulary of 762 that was presented to Offa by two papal legates.<mask>'s introduction includes translations into English of the Ten Commandments, a few chapters from the Book of Exodus, and the Apostolic Letter from the Acts of the Apostles. <mask> meditates upon the meaning of Christian law in the introduction. It shows the continuity between <mask>'s issuance of law to the West Saxon people and the gift of law by God. <mask>'s law-giving was represented as a type of divine legislation by linking the holy past to the historical present. <mask> divided his code into 120 chapters due to the fact that 120 was the age at which Moses died. The link between Mosaic law and <mask>'s code can be found in the Apostolic Letter. The mercy that Christ infused into Mosaic law underlies the injury tariffs that figure so prominently in barbarian law codes since Christian synods "established, through that mercy which Christ taught, that for almost every misdeed at the first offence secular lords might with their permission receive without sin the monetary compensationTreachery to a lord was the only crime that could not be compensated with a payment of money, since Almighty God did not allow those who hated Him or those who betrayed Him to be punished. "Love your neighbour as yourself" is <mask>'s transformation of Christ's commandments. <mask> believed that lordship was a sacred bond instituted by God for the governance of man. It is difficult to find a logical arrangement when you turn from the domboc's introduction to the laws themselves. The impression is that there are a lot of laws. The law code is unsuitable for use in lawsuits. The laws of Ine are an important part of the code.According to Patrick Wormald, <mask>'s law code should be understood not as a legal manual but as an ideological manifesto of kingship. The most important law in the code may have been the first one, "We enjoin, what is most necessary, that each man keep carefully his oath and his pledge" which expresses a fundamental tenet of Anglo-Saxon law. <mask> thought a lot about judicial matters. Asser is concerned about judicial fairness. According to Asser, <mask> insisted upon reviewing the judgements made by his ealdormen and reeves and "would carefully look into nearly all the judgements which were passed in his absence to see whether they were just or unjust". <mask> was depicted in a charter as hearing an appeal in his chamber while washing his hands. Asser represents <mask> as a Solomonic judge who is careful in his judicial investigations and critical of royal officials who rendered unjust or unwise judgments.According to Asser, <mask> wanted his judges to be literate so that they could apply themselves to the pursuit of wisdom. The loss of office was punishment for the failure to comply. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was written to promote unification of England, whereas Asser's The Life of King <mask> promoted <mask>'s achievements and personal qualities. It was possible that the document was designed in such a way that it could be disseminated in Wales. <mask>'s relations with foreign powers are talked about a lot by Asser, but little information is available. In his translation of Orosius, he showed his interest in foreign countries. The embassies to Rome and Jerusalem sent English money to the pope.The journey from Hedeby on Jutland to Truso took place around 890. The details of this trip were collected by <mask>. <mask> has better relations with the Celtic princes in the western half of Great Britain. The pressure from North Wales and Mercia resulted in the southern Welsh princes thanking <mask>. The North Welsh cooperated with the English in the campaign of 893. <mask> sent money to Irish and Continental monasteries. The visit of three pilgrims to <mask> in 891 is authentic.<mask> may be interested in the story that he was sent to Ireland to be healed by Saint Modwenna. <mask> undertook an equally ambitious effort to revive learning at the same time that he was "cajoling and threatening" his nobles to build and man the burhs. <mask> may have wanted to appease God's wrath by reviving religious awe, since the Viking raids were seen as a divine punishment. The revival involved the recruitment of clerical scholars from Mercia, Wales and abroad, as well as the establishment of a court school to educate his own children, the sons of his nobles, and intellectually promising boys of lesser birth. The church is not well known. The monasteries were damaged by the Danes. The first new monastic houses in Wessex since the beginning of the eighth century were founded by <mask> at Athelney and Shaftesbury.The foreign monks werelured to England by <mask> because there wasn't much interest in the monastic life in the locals. <mask> did not do a systematic reform of religious practices. The key to the kingdom's spiritual revival was to appoint competent and trustworthy bishops and abbots. He saw himself as responsible for the temporal and spiritual welfare of his subjects. <mask> had secular and spiritual authority. He was comfortable giving his translation of Gregory the <mask>'s pastoral care to his bishops so that they could better train and supervise priests and use those same bishops as royal officials and judges. His piety did not stop him from expropriating strategically sited church lands and transferring them to officials who could better defend them against Viking attacks.There was a devastating effect on learning in England. <mask> lamented in the introduction to his

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title: Alfred the Great

texts: translation of Gregory's Pastoral Care that "learning had declined so thoroughly in England that there were very few men on this side of the Humber who could understand their divine services in English or even translate a single letter from Latin into English." <mask> exaggerated the state of learning in England during his youth. His court of learned Mercian and West Saxon clerics such as Plegmund, Wferth, and Wulfsige show that Latin learning has not been destroyed. When the Viking invasions began in earnest, manuscript production in England plummeted, not to be revived until the end of the century. The churches that housed the Anglo-Saxon manuscripts were burned. A poorly constructed and written diploma from Christ Church, Canterbury, dated 873, was the subject of a study by historian NicholasBrooks.The metropolitan church of Canterbury must have been unable to provide effective training in the scriptures or Christian worship. <mask> established a court school for the education of his own children, those of the nobility, and a good many of lesser birth. They were seen to be devoted and intelligent students of the liberal arts, as they studied books in both English and Latin. He recruited scholars from Europe and Britain to help with the revival of Christian learning in the area. The Saxons came from Francia, as did Plegmund, Bishop Wrferth, and Asser. <mask>'s educational ambitions go beyond the establishment of a court school. <mask> wanted to set to learning all the free-born young men in England who have the means to apply themselves to it, as long as they are not useful for some other employment.<mask> was concerned about the decline of Latin literacy in his realm so he proposed that primary education be taught in English. There weren't many books of wisdom written in English. <mask> wanted to translate the books he considered "most necessary for all men to know" into English. It is not known when <mask> launched this programme, but it may have been during the 880s, when Wessex was enjoying a respite from Viking attacks. <mask> was often thought to be the author of many of the translations but this is no longer the case. Scholars often refer to translations as "Alfredian" to indicate that they probably had something to do with his patronage but are unlikely to be his own work. The Dialogues of Gregory the Great, a book popular in the Middle Ages, was the first work to be translated.The translation was done at <mask>'s direction by Wrferth, the Bishop of Worcester. <mask> translated four works himself, including <mask> <mask>'s Pastoral Care, Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy, and the first fifty psalms of the Psalter. <mask>'s law code has a translation of excerpts from the Vulgate Book of Exodus. The Old English versions of Orosius's Histories against the Pagans and Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People are no longer accepted by scholars as <mask>'s own translations. They were part of the Alfredian programme of translation. This is also suggested for Bald's Leechbook and the anonymous Old English Martyrology. <mask> thought it was necessary to translate Pope Gregory the <mask>'s pastoral care from Latin to English.Although he described his method as translation "often word for word, sometimes sense for sense", the translation keeps very close to the original although, through his choice of language, he blurred the distinction between spiritual and secular authority. <mask> wanted the translation to be used by all of his priests. In the 11th century, copies of <mask>'s translation of Pastoral Care were still being made. The most popular handbook in the Middle Ages was Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy. The Alfredian text deals with the original in a way that is very different from the translation. "To speak briefly: I desired to live worthily as long as I lived, and after my life to leave to them that should come after, my memory in good works." The book is in two manuscripts.A combination of prose and alliterating verse is what is written in one of these. The manuscript was damaged in the 18th and 19th centuries. The last of the Alfredian works is called Blostman. The first half is based on the writings of St Augustine of Hippo. The material has been thought to contain a lot of <mask>'s characteristics. It is a fitting epitaph for the noblest of English kings if the last words are quoted. "He seems to me to be a very foolish man, and truly wretched, who will not increase his understanding while he is in the world, and ever wish and long to reach that endless life where all shall be made clear."In The Owl and the Nightingale, <mask> is praised for his wisdom and skill with proverbs. The proverbs of <mask> are not likely to have originated with <mask>, but they attest to his reputation for wisdom. The Old English inscription '<mask> ordered me to be made' has long been associated with the Alfred jewel. The jewel is about long, made of filigreed gold, enclosing a highly polished piece of quartz crystal beneath which is set in a plaque with an image of a man holding floriate sceptres, perhaps personifying Sight or the Wisdom of God. It used to be attached to a thin rod or stick based on the hollow sockets at its base. The jewel is from <mask>'s reign. It is thought that <mask> ordered every bishopric to send a copy of his translation of the pastoral care with the jewel.The quality workmanship and expensive materials of the <mask> jewel made each stel worth the princely sum of 50 mancuses. <mask>'s educational and military reforms are related. <mask>'s defence of his realm was dependent on the restoration of religion and learning in Wessex. As <mask> wrote in his English translation of Gregory the <mask>'s Pastoral Care, kings who fail to obey their divine duty to promote learning can expect earthly punishments to befall their people. He told his readers of the Boethius that the pursuit of wisdom was the surest path to power. The portrayal of the West-Saxon resistance to the Vikings by Asser and the chronicler was more than just rhetoric. <mask> believed in a doctrine of divine rewards and punishments based on a vision of a Christian world order in which God is the Lord to whom kings owe their authority over their followers.<mask> and his court scholars built upon the legacy of earlier kings including Offa, Bede, and Alcuin in order to strengthen and deepen the conception of Christian kingship. <mask>'s use of religion to manipulate his subjects into obeying was not a cynical one. He believed that God had placed him with the spiritual and physical welfare of his people. If the Christian faith fell into ruin in his kingdom, if the clergy were too ignorant to understand the Latin words they butchered in their offices and liturgies, if the ancient monasteries and collegiate churches lay deserted out of indifference, he was answerable before God. The pastoral care of his people was <mask>'s ultimate responsibility. In his Life of King Alfred, Asser wrote that <mask> did not learn to read until he was 12 years old, which is described as "shameful negligent" by the author. <mask> had an incredible memory and he retained poetry and psalms very well.A story is told by Asser about how his mother held up a book of Saxon poetry to him and his brothers and said, "I shall give this book to whichever one of you can learn it the fastest." Will you give this book to the one of us who can understand it soonest and recite it to us? <mask> took it to his teacher and memorised it. A medieval version of a small pocket notebook is what <mask> is said to have used to carry around a small book. Asser writes, "he collected in a single book, as I have seen for myself; amid all the affairs of the present life he took it around with him everywhere for the sake of prayer, and was inseparable from it." <mask> is remembered as an enthusiastic huntsman against whom nobody's skills could compare. He was the most open-minded of his brothers.He was an early supporter of education. His early love of English poetry could have made him want to learn more. <mask> was not able to satisfy his craving for the liberal arts because there were no good scholars in the entire kingdom of the West Saxons. <mask> married Ealhswith, daughter of a Mercian nobleman. The Gaini were part of the Mercians. Eadburh was a member of the Mercian royal family. They had five or six children together, including Edward the Elder who succeeded his father as king.Osburga was the daughter of Oslac, the Chief of England. In his book, Asser claims that he is descended from the Jutes of the Isle of Wight. Osferth was described as a relative in King <mask>'s will and he attested charters in a high position until 934. A charter of King Edward's reign said he was the king's brother, but Janet Nelson thought he was an illegitimate son of King <mask>. <mask> died at the age of 50 or 51. He had a painful and unpleasant illness throughout his life, but it is not known how he died. Modern doctors have been able to provide a possible diagnosis because of the detailed description of <mask>'s symptoms given by Asser.He is thought to have had either haemorrhoids or Crohn's disease. King Eadred is thought to have suffered from the same illness. <mask>, his wife Ealhswith and his son Edward the Elder were temporarily buried at the Old Minster. The New Minster was supposed to be a mausoleum for him and his family before he died. The bodies of <mask> and his family were exhumed four years after his death and placed in a new resting place in the New Minster. After the Norman conquest in 1066, many Anglo-Saxon abbeys were demolished and replaced with Norman cathedrals. The New Minster abbey was one of the unfortunate abbeys.The bodies of <mask> and his family were exhumed before the New Minster was demolished. <mask>'s body and those of his wife and children were laid to rest before the high altar after the New Minster monks moved to Hyde in 1110 a little north of the city. During the Dissolution of theMonasteries, the people of England vandalized many Roman Catholic churches. Hyde Abbey was the site of <mask>'s burial. For the third time, <mask>'s place of rest was disturbed. During the reign of Henry VIII, the church site was demolished and treated like a quarry, as the stones that made up the abbey were re-used in local architecture. <mask> and his family were buried underground and the land returned to farming.The site for the construction of a town jail was acquired by the county. Before construction began, convicts were sent to the site to prepare the ground for the project. The coffins of <mask> and his family were found while the convicts were digging the foundation trenches. The local Catholic priest, Dr. Milner recounts this event, where the chanting of devotion, now alone resound the clank of the captives chains, was once only interrupted by the bell of regular observance. The venerable contents of which were treated with marked indignity when digging for the foundation of that mournful edifice were violated at almost every stroke of the mattock or spade. A number of stone coffins were dug up, with a variety of other curiosities, such as chalices, patens, rings, buckles, the leather of shoes and boots, velvet and gold lace belonging to chasubles and other vestments, as well as the crook. Between 1846 and 1850, the prison was demolished.In the 19th century, there were no further excavations. A number of bones were claimed to have been recovered from the site by an amateur antiquarian. They were reburied in the graveyard of the church that they came into possession of. In 1999, the Hyde Abbey site was excavated and a second pit was found in front of the high altar, which is believed to have been excavated in the 19th century. The foundations of the abbey buildings were excavated in 1999 and found to be of an elderly woman. The bones were placed in secure storage after they were exhumed from the grave. The bones were intended to be secured for later analysis and the attention of people who may have been spurred by the recent identification of the remains of King Richard III.The results showed that the bones were not from <mask>, but from the 1300s. A fragment of the pelvis that had been unearthed in the Hyde site in 1999 was radiocarbon-dated to the correct period in January of this year. It has been suggested that the bone may belong to either <mask> or Edward. <mask> was venerated in the Catholic Church even though Henry VI tried to have him canonized. <mask> is not mentioned in the current "Roman Martyrology". He is depicted in stained glass in Church of England parish churches as a Christian hero because of the Lesser Festival on 26 October. Bishop Asser was commissioned by <mask> to write a biography.<mask>'s image was reinforced by medieval historians. The translations that <mask> commissioned were untainted by the Roman Catholic influences of the Normans because he was seen as a Christian who promoted the use of English. <mask> was given the epithet of "the Great" by the writers of the 16th century. The epithet was retained by succeeding generations who admired <mask>'s patriotism, success against barbarism, promotion of education, and establishment of the rule of law. The local telephone exchange for Alfred University is in commemoration of the year, while the University of Winchester was created from the former King Alfred's College. The birthplace of Alfred King's Lodge School is in Chippenham, and the mascot of Alfred University is modeled after the king. After a UK-wide vote, <mask> was ranked number 14 in the list of the 100 greatest Britons.There is a statue of <mask> Great in Trinity Church Square, which is believed to be the oldest outdoor statue in London. The sculpture was thought to be medieval. The lower half of the sculpture was found to be Bath Stone. It is typical of the 2nd Century. The older half is believed to have been carved by a continental craftsman. There is a statue of <mask> <mask> at the eastern end of The Broadway. The statue was cast in bronze and erected in 1899 to mark one thousand years since <mask>'s death.There are two huge blocks of grey Cornish granite on top of the statue. There is a statue of King <mask> the <mask> in the middle of the town. The statue of <mask> the <mask> was unveiled by the Prince and Princess of Wales on July 14, 1877. On New Year's Eve 2007, part of the statue was destroyed. The statue was vandalised again on Christmas Eve 2008 after the arm and axe were replaced. The centerpiece of Alfred University's quad is a bronze statue of the king. The king is a young man with a shield in his left hand and a book in his right.There is a marble statue of <mask> <mask> on the North side of the Cuyahoga County Courthouse. Isidore Konti sculpted it in 1910. The electronic edition of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains material from nine different versions of the Chronicle. It contains the translation of Rev. James was published in the Everyman edition. It was originally compiled on the orders of King <mask> <mask>, and was maintained and added to by generations of anonymous scribes until the middle of the 12th Century. English monarchs 9th-century rulers in Europe 9th-century translators Boat and ship designers English Christians House of Wessex Medieval

masks:
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Gregory the
Great
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Great
Alfred
Alfred
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Great
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Alfred
Alfred
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Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred the
Alfred the
Great
Alfred
Alfred
Great
Alfred
Great
Alfred the
Great
Alfred the
Great


title: Mike Temwanjera

texts: <mask> is a Zimbabwean former professional footballer who played as a centre forward but also as a second forward. He was one of the longest serving players on FC Vaslui and was second in scoring with 39 goals. He was a member of the Zimbabwe national team. Temwanjera was born in Zimbabwe. One of the strongest teams in Zimbabwe's premier soccer league was once played by Temwanjera. In 2003 he went to Serbia for trials with a club that had imported two of his colleagues. During his first two seasons, he played in the Serbian Second League because Javor had just been demoted from the top league.Javor returned to the First League of Serbia and Montenegro at the end of the 2004–05 season. In the 2005–06 season, she played 26 matches and scored 3 goals. The club was demoted again after finishing 12th. In the summer of 2006 the league in Serbia was renamed the SuperLiga. The Serbian First League was formerly known as the Second League. His performances in the previous season caught the attention of some top league clubs, and in July he signed with a new team. By the end of the first half of the 2006–07 Serbian SuperLiga, the club had played 16 matches and scored 3 goals.During one march, discontented supporters shouted racially abusive remarks at Temwanjera, who decided to leave the club immediately afterwards. In the winter transfer window of 2006–07, he was brought in by the club SC Vaslui. In February 2007, he signed a four-and-a-half-year contract with Vaslui. On 27 January, while still on trial, he scored three times for Vaslui against FCM Brlad. He made his competitive debut for Vaslui in a 1–1 away draw with Farul Constana. He scored his first goal in the 1–1 draw against FC Arge two weeks later. He scored twice in the home league match against Gloria Bistria, once for his own team and once in his own net.The game was eventually won by Vaslui. In the 2006–07 campaign, he played every single match for Vaslui, scoring three times and helping his team to finish 8th in the competition. In Vaslui's opening match against UTA Arad, Temwanjera scored his team's second goal. Adrian Gheorghiu scored for 2–0 against Dinamo Bucureti, thanks to his first assist from the new season. The Vaslui won against the Politehnica Iai thanks to a goal by Temwanjera. After a 1–0 loss against Steaua Bucureti, he was put on the transfer list. He was not for sale again after scoring two goals against Rapid Bucureti.He qualified for the European Competitions for the first time after finishing 7th with his team. It was rumored in July 2008 that Metalurh was interested in Temwanjera, but he stayed in Vaslui. He scored his first European goal in the third round of the European competition, helping his team to advance. He scored the equalizing goal in theMoldavian Derby against Politehnica Iai one week later. In August, he provided six points for his team, scoring two goals. He scored his first cup goal against Politehnica Iai. He scored his sixth goal of the season against Universitatea Craiova on November 28th.He scored Vaslui's third in a 4–3 home win against Politehnica Timioara. He scored his 11th goal of the season on 6 May against Pandurii Trgu Jiu. For the second year in a row, Vaslui's team secured its spot in the Europa League despite his up and down season. In Vaslui's opening game of the season, Temwanjera scored a double. He scored his first league goal on August 23, giving his team a 2–1 lead. Vaslui won with 3–1. He scored his second double of the season in the cup match.In Vaslui's 3–1 home win over Astraie Ploti on 3 October, Temwanjera scored his team's second goal. He scored the winning goal on 7 November. The Vaslui team won their eighth match in a row after Temwanjera scored their first goal in a 2–0 home league win against CFR Cluj. He was out of the field for almost nine months after he suffered a meniscal laceration in the 2–1 home league win against Pandurii Trgu Jiu. <mask> was awarded the "Sportsman of the Year in Vaslui" on November 4, 2010. He came in as a late substitute for Yero Bello in Vaslui's 3–1 league win over Pandurii Trgu Jiu on 26 November. He scored Vaslui's only goal in the startup team's game against Gloria Bistria on April 12, 2011.He stated in April that his future was tied to this town. When the time will come, I want to end my career in a yellow-green shirt. He was sent off in a league game for a bad foul on Mel. With two rounds to spare, he was punished with a two match ban and his season was over. In Vaslui's opening game against Rapid Bucureti, he played his 100th Liga I match. He is the second Vaslui player to achieve this. After scoring his first goal of the season in Vaslui's 2–0 home win over Sparta Prague on August 18th, he helped his team qualify for the first time in the European competition.He scored his first league goal of the season in a 2–1 home defeat against Ceahlul Piatra Neam. He scored the winning goal for Vaslui against FC Braov. He scored his third league goal in a row on 11 September against Dinamo Bucureti. Vaslui won with 3–1. Four days later, he won a penalty that gave Vaslui a 2–1 lead in the first match from the group stages of the European competition against Lazio. The game ended in a draw. He scored his second goal in the game.He scored a hat trick against Gaz Metan Media on May 7, 2012 to finish the season with 7 goals. In 2005 he made his debut for the Zimbabwe national team, playing in a game against Zambia. It was his only international appearance. His brothers David and Jealous Wilson are also football players. Club honours Vaslui Liga I runner-up and Cupa Romniei runner-up.

masks: Mike Mike


title: Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau

texts: Count <mask> was a leader of the early stages of the French Revolution. His reputation was ruined when he was involved in many scandals before the start of the Revolution. He gained the reputation of a voice of the people when he rose to the top of the French political hierarchy. He was the leader of the moderate position among revolutionaries and favored a constitutional monarchy built on the model of Great Britain. Even though support for his moderate position was slipping away, he was a great national hero when he died. His posthumous disgrace was caused by the discovery that he was in the pay of King Louis XVI and the Austrian enemies of France. He was either a great leader who almost saved the nation from the Terror, a venal demagogue lacking political or moral values, or a traitor in the pay of the enemy.The family of Riqueti, with possible distant origins in Italy, became wealthy through merchant trading. In 1570, Jean Riqueti bought the chteau and seigniory of Mirabeau, which had belonged to the great Provenal family of Barras. The title "marquis de Mirabeau" was obtained by <mask> Riqueti. JeanAntoine was the grandson of <mask> <mask> and served in the later campaigns of Louis XIV. He had to wear a silver stock for the rest of his life after he suffered a neck wound at the Battle of Cassano. He didn't rise above the rank of colonel because he was blunt and tactless. He married Franoise <mask>, with whom he had three sons: Victor, Jean and Louis.<mask> was the son of Victor. The oldest surviving son of <mask> Riqueti and his wife Marie-Genevive <mask> was born at Le Bignon. He was the second son of the couple. His face was destroyed when he was three years old. Mirabeau's resemblance to his maternal ancestors and his admiration for his mother contributed to his father's dislike of him. The false name "Pierre-Buffire" was used by his father to send him to a boarding school in Paris at the age of five. At the age of eighteen, he entered the military school in Paris and joined the army.There is an amusing account in the life of Gilbert Elliot, who met Mirabeau at this school. He received a commission in the cavalry when he left school. The letters to Marie Thérse <mask>, Mirabeau's "Sophie", are well-known. His father obtained a lettre de cachet, and Mirabeau was imprisoned, because he won the heart of the lady to whom his colonel was attached. The young nobleman obtained leave to accompany the French expedition to Corsica as a volunteer after being released. Mirabeau was involved in another scandalous love affair while on the Corsican expedition. He proved his military genius in the Corsican expedition, as well as conducting a thorough study of the island during his stay.Mirabeau's desire to learn of a country that had been previously unexplored emphasizes his endless curiosity and inquisitiveness, particularly into the traditions and customs of society. The value of hard work was learned by Mirabeau. Mirabeau's popularity during the Revolution was due to this aspect of his personality. He married the daughter of the marquis de Marignane, Marie-Marquerite–Emilie <mask>, in 1772. The Comte <mask> was engaged to a young woman. Mirabeau was expecting their marriage to benefit from the money they would receive from their parents. Mirabeau bribed one of the young lady's maids to let him into her residence, where he pretended to have had a sexual encounter with her.Her father saw that they got married a couple of days later. Mirabeau never received the expected amount of money from the marquis. Mirabeau's father sent him to semi-exile in the country, where he wrote his earliest work, because he couldn't keep up with the expensive lifestyle his wife was accustomed to. Poor living conditions were to blame for the death of the son of the couple. Judicial separation was requested by his wife in 1782. One of the editors of the Civil Code was Jean-tienne-Marie Portalis. Mirabeau held resentment against Portalis for the rest of his life after losing this trial.Mirabeau's violent disposition led to a fight with a country gentleman who had insulted his sister, and his exile was changed by lettre de cachet into imprisonment in the Chteau d'If in 1774. He was allowed to enter the town of Pontarlier after being transferred to the castle of Joux. He met Marie Thérse <mask> in a house of a friend and they fell in love. Mirabeau had been condemned to death at Pontarlier for sedition and abduction, and in May 1777 he was seized by the Dutch. The obscene Erotica biblion and Ma conversion are in the early part of his confinement. He met the author of erotic works in Vincennes, but they disliked each other very much. Mirabeau developed experience as an orator from these writings.He became firm, commanding and moving after learning how to curb his natural eloquence. The first place he heard his voice was in the prison. After his liberation, he wrote Des Lettres de Cachet et des prisons d'état. The system of lettres de cachet was constitutionally illegal and it shows an accurate knowledge of French constitutional history. It shows, though in a rather diffuse and declamatory form, wide historical knowledge, keen philosophical perception, and genuine eloquence, applied to a practical purpose, which was the great characteristic of Mirabeau, both as a political thinker and as a statesman. The second period of Mirabeau's life began after his release from Vincennes in August 1782. Mirabeau succeeded in reversing the death sentence against him, but also got an order for the husband to pay the costs of the legal proceedings.Mirabeau's past convictions in prison, scandalous relationships with women, and the bad relationship with his father gave him a terrible reputation among judges and adversaries, and it was thought he would come out of the lawsuit ruined. His reputation was greatly improved despite being condemned by the judge. The death sentence was in his favor because he had withered his opponents, crushed the opposing lawyer and turned the cards in his favor. Mirabeau became a man of the people after this day. He found out that his daughter had consoled herself with the young officer who had committed suicide. He traveled from Pontarlier to Aix-en-Provence, where he claimed the court ordered his wife to come back to him. He lost the third appeal of the case when the court was shown compromising letters from Mirabeau addressed to the marquess.<mask> had to leave France and return to the Dutch Republic after he attacked the ruling powers so violently that he had to leave France. He was employed by the publisher. <mask> Nehra is the daughter of a Dutch political writer. She was able to appreciate <mask>'s good points. His life was strengthened by the love of Mme <mask>, his adopted son, <mask> Montigny, and his little dog. After a time in the Dutch Republic, he went to England where his work on lettres de cachet was translated into English. He was admitted into the best Whig literary and political society of London through his old school friend Gilbert.None of his English friends have been as close to him as Lord Shelburne and Sir Samuel Romilly. Mirabeau's Considérations sur l'ordre de Cincinnatus was translated into English by Sir Francis D'Ivernois. Mirabeau wrote The Considérations in the year 1785, and it is a good example of his method. The order was founded in 1783 as a bond of association between officers who had fought in the American Revolutionary War against Britain. He rearranged the arguments in his own way after they struck him as valuable. Benjamin Franklin provided materials for the work that 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 Mirabeau wrote a number of pamphlets attacking financial speculation.De La Caisse d'Escompte correctly predicted the demise of the French "Discount Bank". The book that condemned the fiscal politics of the state as going against the interest of the public was critical of the French government in the years leading up to the French Revolution. He sought employment from the French foreign office, either as a writer or a diplomat, because work like that did not pay enough to keep his retinue. He first sent Mme <mask> to Paris to make peace with the authorities, and then returned with hopes of getting a job through an old literary collaborateur of his, Durival, who was at this time director of finance at the department of foreign affairs. Mirabeau hoped to be employed because one of the official's functions was to subsidize political pamphleteers. His chances were ruined by a series of writings on financial questions. The Genevese exile, tienne Clavire, was one of the people he became acquainted with on his return to Paris.He learned about the abuse of stock-jobbing, and began to regard it as the source of all evil, and to attack in his usual vehement style. He lost his chance of employment with the government because of this pamphlet, which brought him into controversy with Pierre Beaumarchais, who did not get the best of it. His abilities were too great for the foreign minister to overlook. He was sent to Prussia in July of 1786 after a trip to Berlin. Mirabeau published a full account in his Secret History of the Court of Berlin in January. The dying King <mask> the Great, brother of <mask> the Great and a guest of the French court, was described as weak and overly emotional by this account. Prussia's principal ministers were contemptuously written about by him.The French government was embarrassed by the uproar and had to censor the book. <mask>'s episode inspired many more radical publishers to regard him as a leader of the coming revolution. Mirabeau used the expertise of an expert on Prussia in his De la monarchie prussienne sous Frédéric le Grand. King Louis XIV convened the Assembly of Notables in order to circumvent the opposition of the parlements to reform France's tax structure, and <mask> was asked to offer himself as a candidate for secretary. His chance to be a leading voice in France as it faced political ferment seemed to be fading as he turned down the crown offer, explaining his reasoning in a letter to the minister Montmorin. He wanted to bring his name to the attention of the public by publishing another financial work, the Dénonciation de l'agiotage, however, it contained rants that hurt his chance to serve as secretary, and led him to retire. He hurt his chances by publishing the reports he had sent back to France.The French Revolution broke out after 1789, when the Estates-General was summoned. <mask> was able to exploit a completely new set of political circumstances to expand his political influence. Mirabeau went to Provence and offered to assist at the preliminary conference of the nobility of his district, but was rejected. He was elected to the Estates-General in Aix and Marseilles after appealing to the Third Estate. He was present at the opening of the Estates-General when he accepted the seat for the former city. Mirabeau was very involved in the deliberations of the National Constituent Assembly. Mirabeau stood out among a crowd of new politicians in the Estates General.He was well known to the French public and they were afraid of him. The scandals of his private life with women, time in prison, and extensive debt could not be overlooked, despite his great capacity for work and extensive knowledge. His advice was not always followed, but his voice was heard at important crises. He had both logical acuity and passion. For a government to be successful, it must be strong, as he recognized from the beginning that government should exist to allow the population to pursue its daily work in peace. He understood that for a government to be strong, it must be in harmony with the wishes of the majority of the people. He studied the British system of government and wanted to establish a similar system in France.Mirabeau was recognized as a leader in the first stages of the meetings because he was prompt in emergencies and always knew his own mind. The consolidation of the National Assembly out of the membership of the Estates-General is attributed to him. Mirabeau told the king's envoy that the Assembly would be dissolved by the will of the people. Mirabeau warned the Assembly of the futility of passing fine-sounding decrees after the storming of the Bastille. Mirabeau was of the opinion that the intervention of armed mobs would drive the path of Revolution

masks:
Gabriel Riqueti
Honoré
Honoré
Gabriel Riqueti
de Castellane
Gabriel Riqueti
Victor de
de Vassan
de Monnier
de Covet
de Valbelle
de Monnier
Mirabeau
Madame de
Mirabeau
de Nehra
Lucas de
de Nehra
Frederick
Frederick
Mirabeau
Mirabeau
Mirabeau