title: William Heirens

texts: the public allocution was held. He talked and answered questions, even reenacting parts of the murders that he had confessed to.When he heard that <mask> was familiar with the victim's apartment, he thought he was to blame. He confessed to save his life. In his confession, he stated that he cut up Suzanne Degnan on the elevated subway tracks near the scene of the murder. Reporters inquired with the track crew if they had found a knife after learning that the police never searched the El tracks. They kept it in the storage room at the station. The reporters were able to determine that the knife was owned by Guy Rodrick, the man who had his gun stolen and found in <mask>'s possession. He positively identified the knife on July 31.He said he threw the knife from the train because he didn't want his mother to see it. The three murders were committed on August 7, 1946. In front of the press, the prosecution had him reenact the crime in the Degnan home. On September 4, with his parents and the victims' families present, <mask> admitted his guilt on the murder charges. During a shift change of the prison guards, Heirens tried to hang himself in his cell. He was found before he died. He said that he tried to kill himself because he wanted to avoid being found guilty by the law.I wasn't successful at that. Before I entered the courtroom, my counsel told me to keep my mouth shut. On September 5, after further evidence was written into the record and the prosecution and defense had made their closing statements, Ward formally sentenced Heirens to three life terms. The Cook County Sheriff asked <mask> if Suzanne Degnan suffered when she was killed. I can't tell you if she suffered, Sheriff. I did not kill her. Tell Mr. Degnan that whoever killed Suzanne is still out there.He denied responsibility for the murders within days of his confession. The daughter of murder victim Josephine Ross was quoted in 1946 as saying "I cannot believe that young Heirens murdered my mother." He doesn't fit in with the picture of my mother's death. My mother's things were not among the things the Heirens stole. Heirens was subjected to an interrogation under the influence of sodium pentothal. The drug was administered by psychiatrists. He claimed that George Murman actually committed the killings.This form of interrogation, which was done without a warrant and without his parents' consent, is believed to be of dubious value in eliciting the truth due to high suggestibility of subjects under the influence of such substances. The idea of truth serums was declared invalid by most scientists by the 1950s. Growing scientific opinion against the "truth serum" had not yet trickled down to the courts and police departments. Tuohy admitted in his post-conviction petition that he had authorized the procedure and paid the doctor $1,000. The same year, it was revealed that Heirens never implicated himself in any of the killings. Tuohy declared that the results of the polygraph test were not conclusive. The test findings were published in the textbook Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation by John E. Reid and Fred E. Inbau.On the basis of the conventional testing theory his response on the card test clearly establishes that he was the murderer of six-year old Suzanne Degnan. During the Degnan murder investigation, the Chicago Police Department contacted the Chicago Daily News to look at a photograph of the ransom note. Three days after the murder, he told the police and the public that he had found something that was hidden. Storms broke the chain of custody and gave the original note for him to look at. The note was useless in court since the chain of custody was broken. He was implicated by the Degnan killing after he was arrested. The FBI had previously issued a report on March 22, 1946 that it examined the note and declared that there was no writing at all, and that it was either a lack of knowledge on his part or a deliberate attempt to deceive.The actual handwriting on the note has been discredited. At the time of the original investigation, most handwriting experts believed that Heirens had no connection to either the note or the wall. According to Charles Wilson, who was the head of the Chicago Crime Detection Laboratory, there was no connection between the note and the wall message. George W. Schwartz is an independent handwriting expert. The individual characteristics in the two writings do not match up. Herbert J. Walter, who worked on the Lindbergh baby kidnapping, was brought in. Walter said that Heirens tried to disguise his handwriting by writing a ransom note and lipstick scrawl on the wall.He had previously said he doubted that the two writings were written by the same person. He said there were a few superficial similarities and a lot of different things. In 1996, FBI handwriting analyst David Grimes declared that <mask>'s known handwriting did not match either the Degnan ransom note or the "Lipstick Message", supporting the two earlier results of the original 1946 investigation and Herbert J. Walter's original January 1946 opinion. The two notes have different handwritings. There is evidence suggesting that <mask>'s guilt is shown by the fingerprints on the door and the Degnan note. There are suspicions that the doorjamb fingerprints found at the Brown crime scene may have been planted by the police since it looks like a rolled fingerprint. Both sets of prints have come under serious question as to their validity, good faith collection and even the possibility of their being planted.State's Attorney Tuohy announced that there can be no doubt as to <mask>'s guilt after the authorities linked his prints to the two prints on the note. The defense counsel's assertion helped prompt him to confess to the murders he was charged with. His lawyers questioned the validity of the prints on the note due to the timing of the discoveries of fingerprints on the card and the broken chain of evidence. The Degnan note was examined by the Chicago Crime Detection Laboratory, but they couldn't find any prints on the note. The FBI crime laboratory in Washington, D.C. was the place Captain Timothy O'Connor took the note to in January of 1946. The FBI used an advanced method to raise prints from the note. The process was the same as today's polycyanoacrylate "super glue" which is heated to a vapor.The vapor sticks to the skin oils on the ridges. The older method of detecting prints on paper uses a liquid that is sprayed on paper. The FBI were able to raise two prints because they photographed them quickly, unlike modern polycyanoacrylate which takes a long time to fade. Captain O'Connor testified at the sentencing hearing that he only saw two prints on the front of the note and did not mention the existence of any on the back. He turned over the photographs of the prints on the note to the Chicago Police Department's fingerprints expert, Sergeant Thomas Laffey. He told the press that it was impossible to classify them because they were incomplete. He was unable to find a match even though <mask> was previously arrested and fingerprints were taken on May 1, 1946, on a weapons charge.On June 26, 1946, Sergeant Laffey announced a nine-point comparison match to Heirens, who left little finger with one of the prints. There was a match between Heirens and the second print. State's Attorney Tuohy stated in a news conference that there could be no doubt about the suspect's guilt but they didn't have enough evidence to indict him. After the FBI returned the note and the photograph of the note to the Chicago police, Laffey discovered a palm print on the reverse side of the note that matched the one on the front. Police Chief Walter Storm said that the only person to handle the note was Heirens. The Chicago Police had to send a note to the FBI for further processing because they couldn't find any prints in the first place. There were two prints on the side of the note, but no prints on the reverse.A third print on the reverse side of the note would have been obvious at the time of the development of the photograph of the note. Even though Laffey worked on the Degnan case for six months, this third print wasn't discovered until July, six months after <mask> was arrested. After the FBI processed the original note, it was given to a Chicago Daily News reporter to look for any hidden writing. This broke the chain of custody and made the note useless in court. The integrity of the prints on the note was compromised by any number of people, including Hamel, who deposited additional prints and obscured the prints of the culprit. The chief of the Chicago Crime Detection Laboratory stated that the Degnan note came late after other people had photographed it and handled it. The March 22, 1946 FBI report noted that the note had been handled considerably.Chief Walter Storm claimed that no one else but Heirens handled the note. Laffey testified during the September 5, 1946 sentencing hearing that one more fingerprint on the reverse side of the note was linked to 10 points of comparison. He increased the points of comparison of the palm print to Heirens from 10 to 12. When he testified at the sentencing hearing, Laffey only identified one of the fingerprints on the front of the note, and he didn't say it belonged to Heirens. The two front prints that were supposed to be proof of Heirens's guilt were not mentioned at the sentencing hearing. In a court hearing in which the witnesses had to testify under oath, they were not mentioned. None of these issues were brought up at the sentencing hearings, nor did they bring up chain-of-custody issues.The door between the bathroom and dressing room was found to have a bloody, smudged print of a finger on it. A photograph of the print was taken, but no match was made. The prints were compared to the Degnan note after he was arrested. An attempt was made to match him with the doorjamb print that was on the Degnan note. He was cleared of the Brown murder because the print at the crime scene was not his. It was declared to match <mask>'s prints to 22 points of comparison, well above the FBI standard. Laffey testified at <mask>'s sentencing that the end joint of the bloody print had an eight point comparison to the middle joint.The middle joint did not live up to Laffey's personal standard of seven or eight points. The Brown crime scene fingerprints have the appearance of having been rolled, which is the practice of taking a person's inked finger and rolling it on an index card, and not the smudged, bloody and unreadable print as originally reported. After the suspect's hand is covered in ink from either an ink roller or an ink pad, the finger is placed on the card on one edge. A large, clear print is produced when it is rolled from one edge to the other. Attorneys for Heirens did not question the authenticity of the prints. There are 29 inconsistencies between his confession and the facts of the crime. The nature of these inconsistencies is a clear indicator of false confessions.The police theory that Suzanne Degnan was dismembered by a hunting knife and that Heirens confessed to throwing a hunting knife onto a section of the Chicago Subway "El" were some of the details that seemed to match. It was never determined if it was the dismemberment tool or an alternate explanation. It was recovered from the transit track gang by members of the press. At the time of Degnan's murder, Chicago police questioned Richard Russell Thomas, a drifter who was found in the Arizona county jail. Charles B. Arnold, head of the forgery detail of the Phoenix police in Thomas's hometown of Phoenix, noted similarities between the handwritten Degnan ransom note and Thomas' handwriting when Thomas wrote with his left hand. After being questioned, Thomas confessed to the crime, but he was released from custody after he became the prime suspect. Others contend that Thomas was a strong suspect because he had previously been convicted of trying to extort money from a little girl.The Thomas's ransom note from his previous conviction of extortion bears similarity in both style and structure to the Degnan note, according to handwriting experts at the time. At the time of the Degnan murder, Thomas was in Chicago. He was awaiting sentencing for molesting his daughter when he confessed to the Degnan crime. Thomas had a history of violence. Thomas was a nurse who masqueraded as a surgeon. He bragged to his friends that he was a doctor and that he stole surgical supplies. The profile of the Degnan killer was previously developed by the Chicago Police.He used to frequent a car agency near the Degnan residence. Parts of Suzanne Degnan's body were found in a sewer across the street from the car agency. He was a known thief. He admitted to the Degnan murder, but later recanted. Thomas' claims were dismissed by the Chicago detectives. Thomas died in an Arizona prison. Most of the evidence of his interrogation regarding the Chicago murders have been lost or destroyed.Steve Hodel, George Hodel's son, tried to link him to the Black Dahlia murder and the Zodiac Killer murders. His parents and younger brother changed their names after he was arrested. His parents separated after his conviction. Stateville Prison in Illinois housed Heirens. He had his own repair shop after learning several trades. On February 6, 1972, <mask> became the first prisoner in Illinois to earn a four-year college degree, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree, later earning 250 course credits by funding the cost of correspondence courses with 20 different universities. He passed courses in languages, analytical geometry, data processing and tailoring, but was not allowed to take courses in physics, chemistry or celestial navigation.After managing a garment factory for five years, he set up an educational program for 350 inmates at the Vienna Correctional Center. He helped other prisoners earn their GED diplomas and became a "jailhouse lawyer" to help them with their appeals. In 1965, he was given an institutional parole for the Degnan murder, and in 1966 he was discharged from that case and began serving his second life sentence. Although not freed, parole policies of the day meant that he was considered rehabilitated by prison authorities and that the Degnan case could no longer legally be put forward as a reason to deny parole. The Brown murder should have been thrown out in 1975, and the remaining charges should have been dropped in 1983. The focus moved from rehabilitation to punishment and deterrence in 1973. In 1983, the Seventh District U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that it was unconstitutional to refuse parole to inmates convicted before 1973.The Illinois was ordered to release Heirens immediately. The brother and sister of Suzanne Degnan went public, pleading with authorities to fight the ruling. Neil Hartigan stated that only God and heirs know how many other women he murdered. A do-gooder decided that Heirens should go free. The media supports the sentiment that I'm going to make sure that kill-crazed animal stays where he is. It is the opinion of the chamber that the release of <mask> at this time would be detrimental to the best interests of the people. The 1983 court ruling was reversed after the support of prominent politicians.He was transferred to the minimum security Vienna Correctional Center in Vienna, Illinois, in 1975, and then to the minimum security Dixon Correctional Center in Illinois in 1998. He lived in the hospital ward. He had to use a wheelchair because of his diabetes, which had swollen his legs and limited his eyesight. He continued to fight for clemency. The petition for clemency was filed in 2002. The appeal was denied. Steve Hodel, a former Los Angeles police officer who had spent 25 years on the force, met <mask> in 2003 when he was investigating the murders.He believed that Heirens was innocent. I wrote an appeal to the Illinois Prisoner Review Board stating my professional belief that Heirens is innocent. On July 26, 2007, a parole hearing was held. The Illinois Prisoner Review Board decision in a 14–0 vote against parole was reflected by Board member Thomas Johnson, who stated that "God will forgive you, but the state won't". The parole board decided to revisit the issue once per year. <mask> died on March 5, 2012 at the age of 83, after he was taken to the University of Illinois Medical Center due to diabetes. There is a list of serial killers in the United States.New York: Pocket Books. <mask> had his day in court. Chicago: Bonus Books. There are links to "The Monster That Terrorized Chicago" and the deaths of 20th-century American

masks:
Heirens
Heirens
Heirens
Heirens
Heirens
Heirens
Heirens
William Heirens
Heirens
Heirens
Heirens
Heirens
William Heirens
Heirens
Heirens
William Heirens


title: Carl Menger

type: paraphrased

texts: The founder of the Austrian School of economics was <mask>. The theories of marginalism and marginal utility were developed by <mask>, who rejected the cost-of-production theory of value. He would call his perspective the subjective theory of value. <mask>rn was born in the city of Neu-Sandez in Galicia, Austrian Empire, which is now Nowy Scz in Poland. His father, a lawyer, was the son of a wealthy family of minor nobility. His mother was the daughter of a wealthy merchant. He had two brothers who were lawyers.<mask> was a mathematician at the Illinois Institute of Technology. He received a PhD in jurisprudence from the Jagiellonian University in Krakw after graduating from Gymnasium. After leaving school in the 1860s, <mask> went to work as a journalist, first at the Lemberger Zeitung in Lemberg, Austria, and later at the Wiener Zeitung in Vienna. He noticed a discrepancy between what the classical economics he was taught in school said about price determination and what real world market participants believed. The father of the Austrian School of economic thought was <mask>, who began a study of political economy in 1867 and published his Principles of Economics in 1871. The classical cost-based theories of value were challenged by his theory of marginality in this work. In 1872 <mask> joined the law faculty at the University of Vienna and spent the next several years teaching finance and political economy to a growing number of students.He received the university's chair of economic theory at the age of 33. The Crown Prince of Austria was tutoring Menger in political economy and statistics. The prince traveled through continental Europe and the British Isles with <mask>. He is thought to have assisted the crown prince in the creation of a pamphlet which was critical of the Austrian aristocracy. His association with the prince ended in 1889. <mask> was appointed to the chair of political economy in Vienna in the 19th century. He was appointed to the Austrian Herrenhaus in 1900, after he was given the title of Hofrat.He set about refining and defending the positions he took and methods he utilized in Principles, the result of which was the 1884 publication of Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences with Special Reference to Economics. <mask> and his students were called the "Austrian School" by members of the Historical school of economics in order to emphasize their departure from mainstream German economic thought. The Methodenstreit, or methodological debate, between the Historical School and the Austrian School began in 1884 after <mask> responded with the pamphlet The Errors of Historicism in German Economics. Menger began to attract like-minded disciples who would go on to make their own mark on the field of economics, most notably Eugen von Bhm-Bawerk and Friedrich von Wieser. <mask> was appointed to head a commission to reform the Austrian monetary system. "The Theory of Capital" and "Money" are just two of the articles he wrote over the course of the next decade. <mask> resigned his professorship in 1903 due to his pessimism about the state of German scholarship.There are differing opinions on <mask>'s philosophy. There is a dispute of <mask> with Plato and a very detailed one with Aristotle, especially with his ethics. Plato says money is an agreed sign for change, and that money came into being as an agreement, not by nature, but by law. The influence of Kant is provable. Christian Wolff is one of the authors who emphasize Rationalism and Idealism. Menger is an essential position in the literature. This position is contrary to his theories of subjective value and individualism.The use of deduction is an entry. <mask>'s price theory can be shown to be anti-essentialistic. That is to say that his approach is inscrutable. One of the most powerful insights in economics is that both sides gain from exchange. Menger did not believe in the existence of units of utility. Goods are valuable because they serve different uses. Menger came up with an explanation of how money develops, which is still accepted by some schools of thought today.The Method of Economics was written in 1871 and includes investigations into the method of the social sciences with special reference to economics. The online version of the principles of economics on the origin of money is from the Carl Menger Papers.

masks:
Carl Menger von Wolfensgrn
Menger
Carl Menger von Wolfensg
Karl Menger
Menger
Menger
Menger
Menger
Menger
Menger
Menger
Menger
Menger
Menger
Menger
Menger


title: Peter Herdic

texts: In the United States, <mask> was a lumber baron, inventor, politician, and philanthropist. He was the youngest of seven children who were born to Henry and <mask>. Herdic's father and mother died in the same year. She was widowed again before 1836 when she moved her family to New York. Herdic worked on his mother's farm while he was in school. After leaving his mother's farm in 1845, Herdic settled in Cogan House Township. One of the wealthiest men in Pennsylvania, Herdic was a major figure in the development of the lumber industry in North Central Pennsylvania.Herdic gave a lot of land and money to the churches. The Herdic cab was a two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage with side seats and a rear entrance that was invented by <mask>. <mask>dic died as a result of a concussion he sustained when he slipped and fell on ice while inspecting his waterworks. Herdic worked at a sawmill near his home in upstate New York in the early 1840s. He saved a lot of money while working there. <mask> moved to Cogan House Township, Pennsylvania, after leaving his mother's farm. Herdic and his business partner William Andress opened a sawmill here, using Herdic's savings for the purchase and initial operation.<mask>'s rise as one of the richest of millionaires was the result of his first business venture. In 1854, <mask> moved to Williamsport, a small village of 1,700 people surrounded by virgin hemlock, white pine and various hardwoods. The lumber industry in Lycoming County had existed since the first Europeans arrived, but it did not become the land-changing and eco-system altering industry until <mask> and men like him arrived in the 19th century. The lumber era began in 1846 when the Susquehanna Boom, a series of cribs for holding and storing floating logs on the West Branch Susquehanna River was built under the leadership of James Perkins. Herdic was able to use his business sense, leadership abilities, and questionable business tactics to quickly acquire wealth by buying and selling several tracts of timber. He used his gains to purchase land in the area. The Susquehanna Boom was expanded by <mask> and two business partners to hold up to 300 million board feet of lumber.The most efficient sawmill in Williamsport could only process 100,000 board feet of lumber in a week. The West Branch has a lot of lumber floating in it. Between Loyalsock Creeks and the river, 60 sawmills operated day and night on a year-round basis. <mask> and his partners became fabulously wealthy. The city of Williamsport has the highest number of millionaires per capita in the United States. <mask> used his wealth to gain political power and led the drive to have the city of Williamsport become a city in the 19th century. In 1869, he spent $20,000 to become the mayor of Williamsport.Local saloon keepers said Herdic would leave $10 and $20 bills in the bottles of the taverns for people to vote for him in the election. Prior to <mask>'s arrival, the Newberry section of Williamsport was known as Jaysburg and had vied with Williamsport to be the county seat. Herdic knew that the community on the west bank of Lycoming Creek would no longer be able to compete with the city of Williamsport. The passenger station of the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad was moved to Herdic Hotel on West Fourth Street because of Herdic's influence. The trains would deposit their passengers at the door of Herdic's hotel. <mask> founded the passenger railway company. This was a form of public transit that preceded the trolley system.It was one of <mask>'s few unprofitable ventures. Herdic lost most of his wealth when he sold himself of the passenger railway company in 1879. The high levies on the lumbermen who floated their logs down the West Branch Susquehanna River were maintained by <mask>. The Pennsylvania General Assembly has high levies. <mask> was able to buy the votes of many of the members of the assembly because of his wealth and political connections. The legislators needed money for their votes and he had to borrow against his holding. <mask>'s eventual bankruptcy was caused by heavy borrowing combined with the Financial Panic of 1873.<mask> was not knocked out. He would regain his wealth by leading the construction of waterworks in several U.S. cities. He was a leading citizen of the city. <mask> built churches, homes, hotels and other real estate developments. The <mask> House is a fine dining restaurant. In 1978 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. When <mask> lived there, the house and mansion were renovated to a similar condition.It is an example of Italian Villa architecture with ornate plaster moldings and arches. The Peter Herdic Hotel is located on West Fourth Street. It has two businesses and several apartments. It used to be a nursing home and hotel. The Weightman Block is on the entire city block. <mask> built this block in 1870. He was going to use it as a center of business.The opera house was on the fifth floor. William Weightman was forced to sell it after <mask> declared bankruptcy. The Weightman Block was renovated in the late 1990s and houses several small businesses on the ground floors. The land and building materials were donated by <mask>. <mask> funded Trinity Episcopal Church. He paid for the construction of the land. The structure was built from mountain stone quarried from Bald Eagle Mountain.Herdic gave the land to several churches, including Annunciation Roman Catholic Church, First Baptist Church, First Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Congregational Church and Temple Beth Ha Sholom. <mask>'s name will always be in the dictionary. The herdic was a two wheeled carriage that was towed by a horse. There were side seats and a rear entrance in the cab. The herdic is thought to be a progenitor of the taxicab. Up to eight passengers were carried in the first herdic cabs. The earliest herdics were painted bright yellow.As other modes of public transportation were forced to use the middle of the street, each cab was small enough to leave its passengers at the curb. <mask> was able to sell his cab to the cities of Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. In Washington, the herdic cab was in use as late as 1918. Herdic's death was noted in the Sunday Grit as a leader and philanthropist. <mask> was the father of Williamsport. If it wasn't for <mask>, Williamsport might be nothing more than a village of a few thousand inhabitants. On the 100th anniversary of Herdic's death, an editorial stated, "Historians have been unable to settle on Herdic as a hero or a villain for his financial dealings so he remains somewhere in between a century and a half later."He made a mark on the city of Williamsport. 19th-century American inventors, 19th-century American business people, 19th-century American politicians, 19th-century American philanthropists.

masks:
Peter Herdic
Elizabeth Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Her
Peter Herdic
Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Herdic
Peter Herdic
Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Herdic
Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic
Peter Herdic


title: Prince Rupert of the Rhine

texts: The Duke of Cumberland was <mask> of the Rhine. 27 December (N.S.) He was a German-English army officer, admiral, scientist and colonial governor. During the English Civil War, he was a Royalist cavalry commander. The oldest daughter of King James VI and I of Scotland and England was the third son of the German Prince Frederick V of the Palatinate. He had a varied career. He was a child when he fought in the Eighty Years' War against Habsburg Spain and the Thirty Years' War against the Holy Roman Emperor.He was appointed commander of the Royalist cavalry at the age of 23 and went on to become the senior Royalist general. He was kicked out of England after surrendering. He was a Royalist privateer in the Caribbean Sea after serving under King Louis XIV of France. During the Second Anglo-Dutch War and the Third Anglo-Dutch War, he became a senior English naval commander and served as the first governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. He died in England in 1682. Although he was a quick thinker and energetic cavalry general, he was undermined by his impatience in dealing with his peers during the Civil War. The conflict against Parliament by sea from the Mediterranean to the Caribbean was continuing in the Interregnum.He made long- lasting contributions to the Royal Navy's doctrine and development as the head of the Royal Navy in his later years. He was a founder of the Hudson's Bay Company, and his land was named after him. He is accused of being involved in the early Atlantic slave trade. One of the more colourful public figures in England of the Restoration period was <mask>, who had a varied and numerous scientific and administrative interests. The Palatinate-Simmern branch of the House of Wittelsbach had a father named Frederick V. Frederick was one of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. The Protestant Union was a coalition of Protestant German states.Frederick lived in a state that was wealthy. <mask> Silent and Maurice, Prince of Orange, Frederick's half-brothers, were stadtholders of Holland and other provinces. Elizabeth Stuart was the daughter of King James VI of Scotland and I of England. He was the nephew of King Charles I of England and Scotland and the first cousin of King Charles II of England and Scotland. Sophia was the mother of George I. The King of Germany is a famous Wittelsbach descendant. He was declared a prince by the principality of Lusatia after he was born.His father had just been elected king. The Thirty Years' War was initiated by the Catholic House of Habsburg, who had been kings of Bohemia since 1526, and had been perceived as an act of rebellion. Ferdinand II defeated Frederick in the Battle of White Mountain in 1620 because the Protestant Union did not support him. The "Winter King and Queen" was what his parents called him. The prince was thrown into a carriage by the courtier at the last moment to escape Ferdinand's advance. The Wassenaer Court is where he spent his early years. The standards of the day didn't allow for much attention to be paid to the children by their mother.Frederick employed a French couple as governors to his children. They were raised with a positive attitude towards the English. A strict school routine included logic, mathematics, writing, drawing, singing, and playing instruments. Robert le Diable, or "<mask> Devil" as he was called as a child, was at times badly behaved, "fiery, mischievous, and passionate". Nevertheless, he was able to be a student. He was able to speak English, Czech, and French by the age of three, but had little interest in Latin and Greek. He excelled in art and found mathematics and science easy.He was about 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) tall when he was 18. During their time in The Hague, the family continued their attempts to regain the Palatinate. Money was short, with the family relying on a relatively small pension from The Hague, the proceeds from family investments in Dutch raids on Spanish shipping, and revenue from pawned family jewellery. England, France and Sweden were persuaded to support Frederick's attempts to regain the Palatinate. Frederick had a close relationship with the Swedish King Gustavus. In 1632, the two men disagreed over Gustavus' insistence that Frederick give equal rights to his Lutheran and Calvinist subjects after regaining his lands. He died of a disease along the way and was buried in a grave.The loss of his father at the age of 13 and the death of Gustavus at the battle of Ltzen deprived the family of a critical Protestant ally. With Frederick gone, King Charles proposed that the family move to England, but the mother declined, so he extended his protection to her remaining children. During his teenage years in England, he was between the courts of The Hague and his uncle King Charles I, who was captured and imprisoned in Linz during the middle stages of the Thirty Years' War. At the age of 14, he attended the Dutch pas d'armes with the Protestant Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange. He was a military lifeguard to Prince Frederick by 1635 after he fought at the Anglo-German siege of Rheinberg. During the Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands, <mask> fought against Spain in the campaign around Breda. By the end of this period, he had a reputation for being fearless in battle and high spirits.He had visited his uncle's court in England. The Palatinate cause was a popular Protestant issue in England, and in 1637 a general public subscription helped fund an expedition under Charles Louis to try to regain the electorate. He was placed in command of the Palatinate cavalry regiment and helped raise funds and accompanied the army on the campaign. The campaign ended badly at the Battle of Vlotho, where the Imperial General Melchior von Hatzfeldt captured the leader of the campaign. After a failed attempt to bribe his way out of his guards, he was imprisoned. Lord Craven tried to persuade his abductors to allow him to stay with him, but was refused. There was a religious vibe to his imprisonment.His mother was worried that he might be converted from Calvinism to Catholicism, and Jesuit priests were deployed to help him. The emperor offered the option of freedom, a position as an Imperial general and a small principality if he would convert. The man refused. The Archduke Leopold, Ferdinand's younger brother, who met and grew to like <mask>, advised him to be more relaxed in his imprisonment. He practised etching, played tennis, read military textbooks and was taken on hunting trips. Susan Kuffstein is the daughter of Count von Kuffstein. He received a rare white poodle that he called Boy, or sometimes Pudel, and it stayed with him during the English Civil War.In exchange for a commitment never again to take up arms against the emperor, he would be released, despite attempts by a Franco-Swedish army to seize Linz and free him. At the end of 1641, the emperor kissed the prince's hand and he left Germany for England. During the First English Civil War, he was a Royalist commander and is still remembered today. His drive, determination and experience of European techniques brought him early victories during the initial years of the war. As the war progressed, the lack of maturity in managing his relationships with other Royalist commanders resulted in his removal from his post and ultimate retirement from the war. He was an icon of the Royalist movement and was the subject of both Parliamentarian and Royalist propaganda over the years. After a period of imprisonment and final release from captivity in Germany, <mask> arrived in England in 1642.After failing to cross the sea from the United Provinces, Prince Maurice, along with a number of professional soldiers, evaded the pro-Parliamentary navy and landed inNewcastle. He found the King with a small army and was appointed General of Horse, a coveted appointment at the time in European warfare. By the end of September, he had put together a partially trained mounted force of 3,000 cavalry. The first military engagement of the war took place at Powick Bridge, when a Parliamentarian force was routed by <mask>. Although a small engagement, this had a propaganda value far exceeding the importance of the battle, and it became an heroic figure for many young men in the Royalist camp. The Battle of Edgehill took place after the King joined the advance on London. The night before, he had taken the summit of Edgehill, giving the Royalists a better position.Some of the weaknesses of <mask>'s character began to show themselves when he quarrelled with Lindsey. Lindsey should deploy his men in the modern Swedish style that <mask> was used to in Europe, which would have maximized their available firepower. Lindsey's resignation and replacement by Sir Jacob Astley was the result of an argument in front of the troops. Despite his best efforts, a subsequent scattering and loss of discipline turned a potential victory into a stalemate. The Earl of Essex's army could return after a cavalry attack on London. The King's senior counsellors urged him to move slowly on the capital. The city organised defences against them by the time they arrived.The Royalists might have lost their best chance of winning the war if they had not delayed. Instead, early in 1643, <mask> began to clear the South-West, taking Cirencester in February before moving further against Bristol, a key port. Bristol was taken by his brother Maurice in July and he was appointed governor. The Parliament was seeking to see him punished as part of any negotiated solution, and the presence of <mask> at the court, close to the King during the negotiations, was perceived as a bellicose. During the second half of the war, political opposition within the Royalist senior leadership against Prince <mask> continued to grow. He was both friends and enemies during the war. He showed a quickness of thought, was prepared to face grave dangers, and was thorough and patient when necessary.He lacked the social gifts of a courtier, and his humor could turn into a "sardonic wit and a contemptuous manner", because he was too quick to say whom he respected and whom he disliked. He made many enemies at the Royal court, even though he could inspire great loyalty in some. The Royalist leader of the South-West was slighted by Prince <mask> when he took Bristol. He fell out with George Digby, a friend of both the King and the Queen. A classic courtier was Digby and he was argued with a lot. The result was that his position at court was undermined by his enemies at the end of the war. The man continued to impress.The Duke of Cumberland and Earl of Holderness led the relief of Newark and York. In the first outwitting the enemy forces at Newark with speed, and in the second, striking across the country and approaching York from the north, <mask> was able to intervene in Yorkshire. Much of the blame for the royalist army's defeat at Marston Moor was placed on the poor working relationship between the two men, as well as orders from the King that wrongly conveyed a desperate need for a quick success in the north. Tensions between him and a number of the King's councillors increased after he was appointed general of the Royalist army. The battle of Naseby took place a month after the battle of Leicester, and was a reversal of the battle of May 1645. The opinion of Digby had won the day in council, even though he had counselled the King against accepting battle at Naseby. The Royalist cause was lost after Naseby, and Charles should conclude a peace with Parliament.Charles believed he could win the war. The prince was trapped in Bristol by Parliamentary forces. Faced with an impossible military situation on the ground, Bristol surrendered in September 1645, and Charles dismissed him from his service and command. Prince Maurice and around a hundred men fought their way across Parliamentary held territory to the King at Newark, evading larger enemy units. Even though King Charles tried to order him to stop, he arrived at the royal court anyway. The King held a court-martial over his conduct at Bristol, exonerating him and Maurice. After a final argument over the fate of his friend Richard, the governor of Newark, who had let him into the royal court, he resigned and left the service of King Charles, along with most of his best cavalry officers.There were earlier interpretations of this event that focused on the importance of the courts martial to the future of <mask>'s career as a mercenary in Europe, given that he knew about the war by this point. In the winter of 1645, <mask> and Maurice went to Woodstock to look for employment in the Venetian Republic, before returning to Oxford and the King in 1646. When the King left for the north, the Prince remained to defend Oxford. After the siege and surrender of Oxford in 1646, Parliament banished both of the brothers from England. Some of the bloodier events of the war were believed to have been committed by Reputation <mask>, but later histories have largely cleared him. The customs of the Thirty Years' War in Europe were something that <mask> had grown up with. One of the first things he did in England was to demand two thousand pounds from the people ofLeicester for the King to not sack them.In keeping with European practices, this was reprimanded by the King and not considered appropriate in England. In subsequent sieges and attacks, he was often accused of acting without restraint. The battle of Camp Hill was fought after the town of Birmingham was taken in April 16 43. The garrison of the town of Lichfield had executed Royalist prisoners. The urgent call for assistance from the King prevented him from doing so, forcing him to agree to more lenient terms in exchange for a prompt surrender. After the war ended, practices were changing for the worse across 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 There was a prominent figure in

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William the
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title: Prince Rupert of the Rhine

texts: Parliamentary propaganda.He was accused of witchcraft by proxy through his pet dog. From 1642 until the dog's death at Marston Moor, the boy was known as Pudel and was thought to be a witch's familiar. Some people thought that Boy was the Devil in disguise and that he would come to help. Pro-Royalist publications produced parodies of these, including one which stated that Boy was able to find hidden treasure, possessed invulnerability to attack, and could catch bullets fired at <mask>. The stories relate to the pet monkey. Like his dog, the monkey was featured in the paper and was said to have shape shifting powers, being able to disguise itself behind enemy lines. The Second English Civil War was fought after the end of the First English Civil War.It was complicated by his promises to the Holy Roman Emperor that led to his release from captivity in 1642 and his commitment to the English Royalist group in exile. He became a Knight of the Garter in 1642. His lack of secure income and his ongoing feuds with other members of the Royalist circle made it difficult for him. The Royal court in exile at St Germain was dominated by the Queen and her favourite enemy, the French army. Instead, he accepted a commission from Anne of Austria to serve Louis XIV as a mareschal de camp, subject to the fact that he would have to leave French service to fight for King Charles. The Spanish were defeated by the marshal de Gassion in 1647. An impressive accomplishment, and one that won him favour in French court circles, was the quiet negotiations that took the fortress of La Bassée from the enemy.Gassion was shot in the head and seriously injured when he was attacked by a Spanish party. Afterwards, Gassion said he was annoyed that Monsieur was wounded. "And me as well," he is recorded as saying. After Gassion was killed, he returned to St Germain to recuperate. After the Second English Civil War broke out, the French King was told that he would be returning to King Charles's service. The Royalists got a major fleet for the first time since the start of the civil conflict when the Parliamentary navy sailed for Holland in favor of the King. Some advised sailing in support of the fighting in the north while others argued that the fleet should be used to rescue the King.Many vessels' crews focused on seizing local ships and cargo as the fleet lost discipline. The cost of maintaining the new fleet was too much for the Royalists. A group of mutinous sailors were defusing one by defusing the ringleader over the side of his vessel and threatening to drop him into the sea. Most of the fleet returned to England in the late 18th century. After a degree of reconciliation with Charles, <mask> was given the command of the Royalist fleet. The plan was to use the remaining vessels of the fleet to stage a campaign of piracy against English shipping in the region. One of the obstacles that this plan faced was the growing strength of the Parliamentary fleet and the presence of Robert Blake, one of the finest admirals of the period, as <mask>'s opponent during the campaign.The naval campaign was formed in two phases. The Royalist fleet sailed from Kinsale in Ireland to Lisbon in Portugal. The Convertine and the Swallow were accompanied by four smaller vessels. He received a warm welcome from King John IV, the ruler of recently independent Portugal, who was a supporter of Charles II. An armed stand-off ensued after a Parliamentary fleet arrived. King John began to want his Royalist guests to leave as tensions rose. In October 1650, the fleet of six vessels broke out and headed into the Mediterranean.The Royalist fleet lost vessels to their pursuers as they maneuvered up the Spanish coast. The second phase of the campaign began. After crossing back into the Atlantic, he cut west to the Azores and captured vessels. There would be many rich targets in the West Indies. He encountered a late summer storm that led to the sinking of the Constant Reformation with the loss of 333 lives and a great deal of captured treasure. Re-equip and repair were done at Cape Blanc in the early 16th century. A Moorish servant boy remained in his service for many years after being acquired by <mask>.The explorer took two Spanish vessels as prizes and contracted Malaria in the process. After crossing into the Caribbean, he continued up the chain of the Antilles to the Virgin Islands. There was a storm that scattered the ships and datememe datememe datememe datememe datememe datememe, this time with <mask> on board. It was a terrible blow to <mask> when Maurice's death became certain. He arrived in France in March 1653 with a fleet of five ships. As the profits and losses of the piracy campaign were calculated, it became clear that the venture had not been as profitable as hoped. This complicated tensions in the Royalist court caused Charles II and <mask> to split the spoils, which resulted in <mask> returning to France to recuperate from the long campaign.A coup, the landing of a small army, and the restoration of Charles II are all thought to have taken place in 1654. Three conspirators who were implicated in the plan were arrested and confessed in London. Edward Hyde was a bellicose figure and an obstacle to peace negotiations when he was at the royal court. After his quarrel with the Royalist court in exile, <mask> traveled to Germany to visit his brother Charles Louis, who is now partially restored as Elector Palatine. During the Civil War, Charles Louis and <mask> almost ended up on opposite sides. To make matters worse, Charles Louis had been deprived of half the old Palatinate under the Peace of Westphalia, leaving him badly short of money, although he still remained responsible under the Imperial laws of apanage for providing for his younger brother. He tried to claim the compensation he was allocated by the Emperor under the Peace of Westphalia.Emperor Ferdinand III was able to warmly welcome him, but was unable to immediately pay the full amount, because he would have to pay in installments. After raising an army against the Papal States in northern Italy, the Duke of Modena asked him to invade Spanish held Milan, but the enterprise collapsed when the army was stationed in the Palatinate. Charles Louis was placed in diplomatic difficulties with Spain by his brother. Ferdinand was trying to convince him to back Charles II's efforts to regain his throne. Relations between Charles Louis and <mask> deteriorated in 1656 Louise von Degenfeld was one of his sister-in-law's maids of honour. Charlotte believed that one of her husband's notes was written to her.Charlotte was unhappy when she was turned down for an affair because she was keen to have an affair with him. Unfortunately, Degenfeld had an affair with Charles Louis, which led to the cancellation of the marriage. In 1657, the two parted on bad terms, after Charles Louis could not give him a suitable estate, and after he refused to return to the Palatinate again. The development of mezzotint, a "negative" or intaglio printmaking process which replaced the older woodcut process, was closely involved in the interest in art during this period. According to a range of associates, <mask> told them that he had conceived of the mezzotint process after watching a soldier remove the rust from his musket during a military campaign. In 1662, John Evelyn credited <mask> as the inventor of the technique, and during the 18th century, his story was popularised. The modern consensus is that Ludwig von Siegen, a German lieutenant-colonel who was also an amateur artist, invented mezzotint in 1642.Siegen may or may not have been part of the team that worked with William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, who discussed the technique in letters from 1654. He became a noted artist in his own right. He produced a few stylish prints in the technique, mostly interpretations of existing paintings, and introduced the form to England after the Restoration, though it was his artistic assistant or tutor who first popularised the process and exploited it commercially. The Great Executioner, which was produced in 1658, is still considered to be one of the greatest works of art. Following the Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II in 1660, <mask> returned to England, where Charles had already largely completed the process of balancing the different factions across the country in a new administration. Since most of the better government posts were already taken, <mask>'s employment was limited, although Charles rewarded him with the second highest pension he had granted. After the deaths of the Duke of Gloucester and Princess Mary, the King's closest adult relation in England was the Duke of York, who was a key member of the new regime.The Duke of Cumberland resumed his seat in the House of Lords. His financial position was secure for the first time in his life, and he had matured. His judgement sounder and temper were described by near-contemporaries. He rose to the rank of "General at Sea and Land" after serving as an admiral in the Royal Navy. The Foreign Affairs Committee, the Admiralty Committee, and the Tangier Committee were some of the roles taken by restoration 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 There are different accounts of his role in the committees of government. The Foreign Affairs Committee records show that Samuel Pepys took a full and active role in proceedings, and that he sat on the Tangier Committee with him.In 1668, the King appointed <mask> to be the Constable of Windsor Castle. One of the Knights of the Garter, who had their headquarters at the castle, and was a close companion of the King, would like to be entertained at the castle. The castle's defences were reordered, the garrison's accommodations were sorted out, the Devil's Tower was repaired, and the tennis court was reconstructed. The apartments in the castle were decorated with an "extraordinary" number of "pikes, muskets, pistols, bandoliers, holsters, drums, back, breast, and head pieces", as well as his inner chambers. King Charles II and his close friend, James, the Duke of York, spent a lot of time together over the years hunting and playing tennis at Windsor. He was considered to be the fourth best tennis player in England. The daughter of the English explorer and Civil War veteran Henry Bard was engaged to <mask>.No firm proof exists to support the claim of a secret marriage between Frances and <mask> in 1664, although this was denied by him. He acknowledged the son he had with his wife, Dudley Bard, who was a student at the college. As it appeared likely that Charles Louis's own son would not survive childhood, he urged <mask> to return home and marry and father an heir to the Palatinate. He remained in England. England was involved in conflict with Holland through the Anglo-Dutch Wars for much of the 17th century. As a senior admiral to King Charles II, he rose to command the Royal Navy by the end of his career. Although several famous admirals of the day had previously been army commanders, including Monck, they had 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 was 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465At the start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Duke of York appointed him as one of the three squadron commanders of the English fleet. At the Battle of Lowestoft in 1665, as the commander of the White Squadron, he broke through the enemy defences at a critical moment, but an injury to his leg caused him ongoing pain. Recalled to accompany the King during the plague that was sweeping London, he continued to argue in favor of the fleet's request for a set-piece engagement with the Dutch that would force the Dutch back to the negotiating table. After being made joint commander of the fleet with Monck, <mask> was given the opportunity to put the plan into practice. In June 1666, they fought the Dutch at the Four days' Battle, one of the longest naval battles in history; the battle saw the new aggressive tactics of <mask> and Monck applied, resulting in "a sight unique till then in sailing-ship warfare, the English beating upwind The Four days' Battle was considered a victory for the Dutch, but the St. James's Day Battle the following month gave the English victory. The Dutch would see an end to the war with the Raid on the Medway.The Third Anglo-Dutch War was fought by <mask>. Louis XIV of France was a key ally of the English against Holland, and it was decided that the French would form a squadron in a combined fleet. The English fleet had been expanded and there were three ships that were equipped with a high-specification gun of his own design. The cost of the weapon prevented it from being used in the fleet. The appointment of an admiral was problematic because of the French role in the conflict. The King appointed the Duke of York to the role because of his objection to the French alliance. He was told to take over the Duke's work at the Admiralty.The Allied naval plans were put on hold after the Duke's battle with the Dutch. After achieving naval dominance, the English plan called for landing an army in Zeeland. The rank of general and vice admiral of England were combined with the rank of the Duke as supreme commander by the King. During the winter of 1672, Charles decided that the risk to the Duke was too great and made him supreme Allied commander. The logistical support for his fleet was uncertain and many ships were undermanned. The Battle of Schooneveld in June and the Battle of Texel in August were controversial engagements in which poor communications between the French and

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title: Prince Rupert of the Rhine

texts: English commanders aided the Dutch victory. Many English commentators were harsher, blaming the French for failing to fully engage in the battles and being hailed as a hero for warning against the alliance in the first place.Later that year, he retired from active seagoing command. It could be difficult for his staff to change his mind since he had decided how to proceed in a naval campaign. The progress the prince made in formulating the way that orders were given to the British fleet has been highlighted by recent work on his role as a commander. Fleet communications were limited during the period, and the traditional orders from admirals before a battle were quite rigid, limiting a captain's independence in the battle. The Duke of York held conferences in 1665 to review tactics and operational methods from the first Dutch war, and put these into practice before the St James Day battle. The idea that an aggressive fighting spirit should be at the core of British naval doctrine was shaped by these instructions and supplementary instructions to ships' captains, which attempted to balance an adherence to standing orders with the need to exploit emerging opportunities in a battle. He was a senior member of the Royal Navy and Charles's administration.He was passionate about protecting the Royal Prerogative and allied himself with Lord Shaftesbury on matters of foreign policy. He opposed Parliament's plan to appoint him to Lord High Admiral on the basis that only the King could make such appointments. The Admiralty Commission was established by the King as a solution to his problem. Ensuring a closer regulation of manning, gunning and the selection of officers was one of the things that <mask> was able to focus on. He was involved in setting priorities between the different theatres of operations that the Royal Navy was now involved in around the world. The supreme position of "General at Sea and Land" was created for the purpose of assuming the wartime powers of the Lord High Admiral. After his naval career ended, he continued to be involved in both government and science, but he was no longer involved in politics.The prince appeared distant to the younger members of the court. He was polite, even to excess, but haughty, and even brutal, when he should have been gentle and courteous. During this time, his health was less robust, as his head wound from his employment in France required a painful trepanning treatment, his leg wound continued to hurt, and he still suffered from the Malaria he caught while in the Gambia. The colonial administration had an interest in colonial issues. After arriving in England in 1660, he encouraged the government to continue their exploration of the Gambia in order to find gold. The Company of Royal Adventurers Trading into Africa was established in 1662. The company continued operations for the next eight years, with backers including the King, the Duke of York and the Royal Society, with operations including engaging in the West Africa slave trade until it folded in 1670.The Royal African Company was formed after the merger of the company's operations with those of the Merchants' Company, with a royal charter to set up forts, factories, troops and to exercise martial law in West Africa, in pursuit of trade in gold, silver and slaves. By that time, the attention had turned to North America. After conducting a joint exploration of the Hudson's Bay region in 1659, the French Radisson explorers and des Groseilliers came to England, where their account attracted the attention of the King and <mask>. Despite setbacks, including the Great Fire of London, he formed a private syndicate and leased the Eaglet from the King for the expedition. The Eaglet failed, but her sister vessel, the Nonsuch, made a successful expedition and returned with furs. The Hudson's Bay Company was granted a trading monopoly in the entire Hudson Bay area after the King approved the charter for "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay". Radisson named a river in present-day Manitoba after its first company secretary, Sir James Hayes.Much of the commercial activity of Canada was formed by the company. His role in colonial commerce was marked by his being asked to lay the cornerstone of the new Royal Exchange in 1670, and being made one of its first councillors. After his retirement from active seafaring in 1674, he was able to spend more time engaged in scientific research and was credited with many inventions and discoveries. Some of the apartments at Windsor Castle were converted to a laboratory, complete with forges, instruments and raw materials, where he conducted a range of experiments. The third founding member of the scientific Royal Society was referred to as a "philosophic warrior" and guided the Society as aCouncillor during its early years. Although credited with their invention at the time, later interpretations suggest that he was actually responsible for the introduction of an existing. He demonstrated a new device for lifting water at the Royal Society, and received attention for his process for painting colors on marble, which, when polished, became permanent.There is a mathematical question about how large a cube has to be in order to fit in a small cube. The question of Prince <mask>'s cube was solved by a Dutch mathematician. He was known for breaking codes. Many of his inventions were military. The water-mill was built for a revolutionary method of boring guns, however his secret died with him, and the enterprise failed. He invented a gun that fired multiple rounds at high speed, and a "handgun with rotating barrels". The Royal Society in 1663 was credited with the invention of a form of gunpowder, which had a force of over ten times that of regular powder, a better method for using gunpowder in mining, and a torpedo.He developed a form of grapeshot. He created a diving engine for retrieving objects on the ocean floor, as well as a balancing mechanism to allow improved quadrant measurement at sea. While recovering from his trepanning treatment, he set about inventing new surgical equipment. The field of metallurgy was one of the areas of scientific work done by <mask>. "<mask>'s metal" is a new brass alloy consisting of three parts of copper to one part of zinc, combined with charcoal, which became known as "Bristol Brass". The alloy was used as a replacement for gold in decorations after it was invented. The method for casting objects into an appearance of perspective was devised by <mask>.In 1663, he invented an improved method for manufacturing shot of different sizes, which was refined by Robert Hooke, a Royal Society friend. At the end of his life, <mask> fell in love with a woman named Peg Hughes. During the late 1660s, Hughes seems to have held out from agreeing to a settlement with her because he didn't want to ruin his relationship with her. She became a member of the King's Company by 1669 and was painted four times by Sir Peter Lely, the foremost court artist of the day. Despite being encouraged to marry Hughes, <mask> did not, but acknowledged their daughter, who later became Mrs Emanuel Howe. During their relationship, Hughes was given at least £20,000 worth of jewellery, including items from the Palatinate royal collection. Margaret returned to the stage in 1676 with the prestigious Duke's Company at the Dorset Garden Theatre.Hughes was established with a grand building worth £25,000 that was bought from Sir Nicholas Crispe. He commented that his young daughter already rules the whole house and sometimes argues with her mother, which makes us all laugh. He died at his house at Spring Gardens, Westminster, on November 29, 1682, and was buried in the crypt of the abbey on December 6, 1682. Most of his estate was left to Hughes and <mask>. It was not helped by her gambling that Hughes had an "uncomfortable widowhood". The pearl necklace given by Frederick to Elizabeth was sold to another actress. The Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach purchased the house after Hughes sold it to two London merchants.After marrying Emanuel Scrope Howe, a future English general, she had five children. Mary is a descendant of the baronets. While in his teens, Dudley Bard became a military officer and died fighting at the Siege of Buda. Ian Gentles says that Charles I's nephew. The <mask> of the Rhine was a renowned warrior who did not win a single battle on land or sea. Beloved by his men for his death-defying courage and high sense of military honour, he was still a bad tempered and arrogant leader. His character deteriorated with age.He remains one of the most romantic figures in English history, admired for his reckless cavalry charges, and his equally reckless naval charges against the much stronger Parliamentary, and later Dutch, fleets. In Canada, the cities of Prince Rupert, British Columbia, the community of Prince Rupert in the city of Edmonton, and the river in Quebec are all named after the Prince. It may be named after him. In Bristol, there is a street named after a prince, and a public house named after him. There are three streets named after <mask> in the Anglican Diocese of Rupert's Land, which is based in Manitoba. In the alternative history/fantasy book A Midsummer Tempest, the Prince is the main character and is defeated by Cromwell and wins the English Civil War, with the help of various Shakespearean characters. The key character in the song is <mask>.The Battle of Glass Tears is an artistic reference to the battle of Naseby and is one of the sections in the suite. Cynthia Harrod-Eagles wrote The Oak Apple and The Black Pearl, volumes 4 and 5 of The Morland Dynasty. He has a complicated relationship with Annunciata Morland, his illegitimate daughter, who is assisted during the Civil War by the Morland family. In Eric Flint's Grantville Gazette IV and Grantville Gazette VI, there are two minor characters, <mask> and his sister Elisabeth. The Civil War period is the subject of both novels. The White Plume was published in 1961, a semi-fictional account of his life from his late teens until his marriage to Margaret Hughes. There is a Georgian lock-up in the area of the city.He stayed in the area during the siege. The film and television character was portrayed by Timothy Dalton. The Devil's Whore starred Harry Lloyd. The film Michiel de Ruyter was filmed in the Netherlands. The locations in Canada are named after William Francis and John Williams Griffiths. A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origin is the first volume. Henry G. Bohn was born in London.Brannt, Theodore, Krupp, and Wildberger. The Metallic Alloys: A Practical Guide was published in 2009. BiblioBazaar is a company. Coxe, John Redman. Volume 3 of The Emporium of Arts and Sciences. J. Delaplaine is in Philadelphia. Hallard T, Richard K. Guy, and K. J. Falconer are related.Unsolved problems in geometry. New York: Springer. Anthony, the man. River Rough, River Smooth is a book about the historic Hayes River. Toronto: Dundurn. Henry, dircks. Inventions and inventors.Richard is the endsor. Restoration Warship: The Design, Construction and Career of a Third Rate of Charles II's Navy was published in 2009. Anova Books is in London. Bernard was born in1952. The person is from the Rhine. Collins is in London. James Granger.From Egbert the Great to the Revolution is a biographical history of England. William Baynes was in London. Antony. The History and Techniques of Prints and Printmaking was published in 1996. The University of California Press is in Berkeley. Highfill, Burnim, and Langhans. A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London was published in 1982.The Southern Illinois University Press. A History of Engraving and Etching: From the 15th Century to the Year 1914 was written by Arthur M. Hind. There is a city in New York. Hone, William. The Year Book of Daily Recreation and Information: Concerning Remarkable Men and Manners, Times and Seasons, Solemnities and Merry-makings, Antiquities and Novelties on the plan of the Every-day Book and Table was published in the year 1884. Tegg. Frank Kitson.Admiral and General-at-Sea was written by <mask>. There is a person in London who is called a "constable." Lewis, Michael. The History of the British Navy. London has a book store called Pelican Books. The Atlas of the English Civil War was written by P.R. Newman. London: Routledge.Palmer, Michael A. Command at Sea: Naval Command and Control was published in 2007. Harvard is in Cambridge, MA. Diane Purkiss. The English Civil War was the subject of a 2001 book. New Perspectives on Witchcraft, Magic, and Demonology: Witchcraft in the British Isles and New England was written by Brian P. London: Routledge.Diane Purkiss. The English Civil War: A People's History was published in 2007. London:Harper. Malcolm Salaman. The Old Engravers of England are related to contemporary life and art. Kessinger Publishing. Charles, Spencer.<mask>: The Last Cavalier was published in 2007. Phoenix is located in London. Gary Urbanowicz. Badges of the Bravest is a history of the New York City Fire Departments. Turner Publishing Company is a publishing company. The name of the person was Warburton, Eliot. The memoirs of the prince and his family.R. Bentley is in London. The King's War was written by C. V. Fontana is in London. Further reading Maurice. The person is from the Rhine. Hart Davis and MacGibbon were in London. The person is De Viet, Rens.Vlootinstructies en de eerste met Engeland. There is a thesis. The university is in the city of Rotterdam. The story of <mask> of the Rhine was told by Margaret Irwin. New York: Brace. Frank Kitson. '.There is a portrait of a soldier. Patrick Morrah is from London. The prince is from the Rhine. There is a person in London who is called a "constable." Charles Petrie was born in 1974. The Civil War was from original letters. Kegan Paul is from London.George Malcolm Thomson. The prince of the Rhine is a warrior prince. Secker and Warburg are in London. Clennell Wilkinson was born in 1935. There is a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince and a prince J.B. Lippincott is in

masks:
Rupert
Rupert
Rupert
Rupert
Prince
Rupert
Rupert
Rupert
Ruperta
Prince
Prince Rupert
Prince Rupert
Prince Rupert
Prince Rupert
Prince Rupert
Rupert


title: Julio Cervera Baviera

texts: He was a Spanish engineer, explorer, and colonial military commander. He was a pioneer in the development of radio. He abandoned his studies at the University of Valencia to join the Army. He graduated from the Academy of Military Engineers at Guadalajara in 1884. The Army commissioned him in 1884 to explore this area once more, after he published a book called "geografa militar de Marruecos" in 1884. Expedicion geografico-militar al interior y costas de Marruecos was published in1885. The photoengraving industry in Barcelona began at the beginning of 1886.In the summer of 1886, under the sponsorship of the Spanish Society of Commercial Geography, there was also an Arabic interpreter and a scientist. They traveled from Cape Blanc to Adrar after a journey of 900 km. It is believed to be the first scientific expedition in that part of the Sahara. The treaties of Idjil were signed by the emir of Adrar. The construction of blockhouses around Melilla was supervised by Cervera. He was Military Attache in the Embassy of Spain in Tangiers from 1889 to 1890. He was promoted to commander because of his work in Spanish Africa.In December 1890 he published a criticism of the Spanish colonial government in Morocco in El Imparcial, and he was arrested after being tried, and imprisoned in the Santa Brbara at Alicante in 1891. He was released two years later. He was aide-de-camp to General Macas y Casado when he was the Commander General of Melilla, the Captain General of the Canary Islands, and the Commander-in-Chief of the Seventh Army Corps. During the Spanish–American War, he was in charge of defense of Guaman, a peak that commanded the road between Guayama and Cayey. The Battle of Guaman took place on August 9, 1898, and he was responsible for repulsing an attack by American troops there. After the war, he gained attention as the author of a pamphlet called La defensa de Puerto Rico, which supported the head of the government of Puerto Rico. The purpose was to support the actions of General Macias before the Spanish public, but it ended up criticizing the Puerto Rican volunteers in the Spanish Army.Spaniards were looking for reasons to explain their defeat against the United States. I have never seen a country like Puerto Rico. ... The people of Puerto Rico went from being Spanish to enthusiastically American in 24 hours. ... They humiliated themselves by giving in to the invader. A group of angry young people agreed to challenge the commander to a duel if he didn't withdraw his pamphlet.The young men drew lots for this honor, but it fell to José Janer y Soler. The seconds were taken by Colonel Pedro del Pino and Captain Emilio Barrera. As Cervera explained his intentions in writing the pamphlet, all parties were satisfied. The Spanish Army sent Cervera to visit Marconi's radiotelegraphic installations on the English Channel to study the system in order to adapt it for the Spanish Military. He began working with Guglielmo Marconi to solve the engineering problems of long range wireless communication by the end of 1899. The Spanish Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Corporation was founded in 1901. He brought the Spanish Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Corporation the patents he had obtained in Spain, Belgium, Germany and England.He established the second and third regular radiotelegraph service in the history of the world in 1901 and 1902 by maintaining regular transmissions between Tarifa and Ceuta for three consecutive months. The radiotelegraphic service between the Isle of Wight and Bournemouth was established in 1898. The reasons for the sudden cessation of his radiotelegraphic activities are unclear to this day. He worked as a technical instructor after being appointed as royal commissary at the Escuela Superior de Artes e Industrias de Madrid. After 8 months, he became frustrated with his inability to reform the curriculum, and traveled to Europe and the United States, where he became interested in instruction via correspondence. One of the first distance education programs in the world was set up by him after abandoning his military career. The degrees were given to the careers of mechanical engineer, electrician, and mechanic-electrician.The Enciclopedia cientfico-practica del ingeniero mecnico electricista was published in 2 editions. Electricidad y Mecnica was published by the institution. There are two new degrees offered by the Institucin de Enseaza Técnica. A long-distance language learning program was also offered. The original Tenerife Tram system was designed by Cervera. He helped build a tramway system in his native area. Cervera was a liberal republican.He founded a masonic lodge. The order of Masons in Morocco was founded in 1890 by Felipe de Borbn y Braganza, with 12 lodges and 200 masons. It was integrated with the Spanish G.O. a year later. (Gran Oriente). The two men were friends with the republican politician. Some of his failures may have been due to his political views. The military coup prevented him from becoming the Republican candidate for the Cortes.When electoral rigging prevented him from being deputy in 1893, he tried again. He was the candidate of the Partido Republicano Radical for Valencia in the partial elections of 1908, but did not win a seat. He married Mara de los Desamparados Giménez in 1884. There were two girls and a boy who died as a child. He died in Madrid in 1927. There are references to the telegrafa of <mask>. Ministerio de defensa y Ministerio de Economa.Madrid 2015. There are external links to <mask>. "Que inventen ellos" is a reportage on Spanish television. Spanish inventors, Spanish military personnel, Radio pioneers, and Spanish Freemasons are some of the people who died in 1854.

masks:
Julio Cervera
Julio Cervera


title: Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne

texts: The Governor General of Canada, Viceroy of India, Secretary of State for War, and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs were all served by the 5th Marquess of Lansdowne. The "Lansdowne Letter" was written during the First World War and advocated for a compromise peace. He has held senior positions in both the Liberal and Conservative Party governments. The great-grandson of the British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne was a descendant of the 4th Marquess of Lansdowne and his wife, Emily. He had the courtesy title Earl of Kerry until he became the Earl of Kerry in 1866. He became the 9th Lord Nairne in the Peerage of Scotland after his mother's death. He succeeded his father as 5th Marquess of Lansdowne and 6th Earl of Kerry at the age of 21 on June 5, 1866.He had a huge estate, including Bowood House, a Wiltshire estate of over 121,000 acres. A great garden was developed at one of Lord Lansdowne's properties, the present-day Republic of Ireland. He spent most of the rest of his life there. Lord <mask> was a member of the Liberal Party. He was a Lord of the Treasury from 1869 to 1872 and an Under-Secretary of State for War from 1872 to 1874. He gained experience in overseas administration when he was appointed Governor General of Canada. The town of Lansdowne in India was named after him.During turbulent times in Canada, Lord <mask> was the Governor General. He was unpopular with the Catholic Irish element. The economy was sliding into recession and Sir John A. Macdonald's government was facing allegations of scandal over the building of the railway. The controversy caused by Louis Riel, leader of the North-West Rebellion, posed a serious threat to the equilibrium of Canadian politics. He traveled throughout western Canada in 1885 in order to calm the situation. Lansdowne had a great love for the Canadian outdoors and the beauty of the country. He was a big fan of winter sports.His love of the wilderness and Canadian countryside led him to purchase a second residence on the same river in Quebec. In 1886–87, Lansdowne helped to negotiate a settlement of a dispute between Canada and the United States over fishing rights. The inaugural session of the British Association for the advancement of science was presided over by him. "With its clear skies, its exhilarating sports, and within the bright fire of Gatineau logs, with our children and friends gathered round us, Lord Lansdowne departed Canada," he said. He gave his wife a lot of the credit for his success in Canada. While at Rideau Hall, she threw a party for 400 Sunday school children. The Order of Victoria and Albert and the Imperial Order of the Crown of India were decorated with Lady Lansdowne.Lord Minto was the Governor General between 1898 and 1904. The Viceroy of India was appointed just a year after he left Canada. The office he held from 1888 to 1894 was offered to him by the Conservative prime minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil. He reform the army, police, local government and the mint. In the face of considerable opposition from Britain, Lansdowne secured the death penalty for the instigator of the Anglo-Manipur War in 1890. Home government overruled his attempt to reduce trial by jury in 1893. He came back to England in 1894.Tensions between Hindus and Muslims were worsened by his policies. He aligned with the Conservative Party after returning as a Liberal Unionist. The Secretary of State for War was appointed by the Prime Minister. The British Army's unpreparedness during the Second Boer War led to calls for his impeachment in 1899. His biographer believes that he was unfairly criticized for British military failures, even though he took full responsibility. After the Unionist victory in the general election of October 1900, Salisbury reorganised his cabinet and appointed <mask> to replace him as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Salisbury's successor Arthur Balfour kept Lansdowne at the Foreign Office.He was the British Foreign Secretary and signed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance at his London home. Chamberlain advocated ending Britain's isolation by concluding an alliance with Germany, while Salisbury resisted change. The new crisis in China was caused by the Boxer rising and Landsdowne's appointment to the Foreign Office in 1900. Landsdowne tried to reach an agreement with Germany but failed. Britain concluded an alliance with Japan. The decision of 1901 was momentous and British policy had been guided by events. The change of policy was a confession of Britain's weakness.On 15 June 1903, he made a speech in the House of Lords defending fiscal retaliation against countries with high tariffs and their governments who subsidized products for sale in Britain. The country's goods were to be retaliated against with tariffs. The Liberal Unionists had split from the Liberals, who promoted Free Trade, and the speech was a landmark in the group's slide towards Protectionism. Landsdowne said that threatening retaliatory tariffs was similar to getting respect in a room of armed men by showing a big revolver. The "Big Revolver" became a slogan of the day, used in speeches and cartoons. In 1903, Lord <mask> became the leader of Unionists in the House of Lords. The January 1906 general elections were won by the Liberal party.He was instrumental in the Unionist plan to block Liberal policies in the upper house. The People's Budget of 1909 was rejected by the House of Commons. After the Liberals won two elections in 1910, they promised to reform the House of Lords and remove its veto power, and after a series of failed negotiations, they recommended to the King that he create hundreds. <mask> and the other Conservative leaders were anxious to prevent such an action by allowing the bill, distasteful as they found it, to pass, but soon found that he could not count on many of the more reactionary peers, who planned on a last-ditch resistance. Unionist peers abstained from the vote "hedgers" or voted for the bill "rats" to ensure its passage into the Parliament Act 1911. Bonar Law, who had never held cabinet office, became the new leader of the party when the previous leader resigned. In 1914, the suffragettes besieged the home of Lansdowne, arguing that the suffragettes had been charged and imprisoned for their support of militancy.After joining the coalition cabinet of H. H. Asquith, Lansdowne was not given a post in the Lloyd George government. The "Lansdowne Letter" was published in 1917 after he had discussed the idea with his colleagues. He was accused of acting contrary to policy. The death of Death Lord Lansdowne took place on June 3, 1927. He had an assets of more than $240,000 in land and other assets. The churchyard at Derry Hill is where the Marchioness' tombs are located. Lady Louisa Jane Russell, V.A., daughter of John, 6th Duke of Bedford, and Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton, a daughter of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn, were married in 1869.The couple went to Canada in October of 1884 with their niece Lady Florence Anson and their children. The 6th Marquess of Lansdowne was <mask> Edmund Fitzmaurice. Lady Beatrix Francis Petty-Fitzmaurice was married to both <mask> and the 12th Duke of St Albans. The town of Lansdowne in India is an honorific location. There are schools in Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Ontario, and Toronto. The Cooch Behar District Magistrate's Office Market is in India. References Further reading Cohen, Avner.The British Foreign Policy from Collaboration to Confrontation was written by Joseph Chamberlain. The Australian Journal of Politics and History was published in 1997. Gooch wrote Before the war: studies in diplomacy. 1–86. Online biography of a foreign policy expert. J. Grenville. The Abortive Project of 12 March 1901 was for a secret agreement with Germany.The Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research was published in November of 1954. The person is John Soames. The Isthmian Canal and Great Britain. The American Historical Review was published in 1955. "Lord <mask> and the 'Anti-German Clique' at the Foreign Office: Their Role in the Making of the Anglo-Siamese Agreement of 1901." The Journal of Southeast Asian Studies is online. The name of the person is Keohane.There is a book about the Conservative Party and the First World War. Kerry and Simon. The Last Great Whig is a scholarly biography. The Wall Street Journal has an online review. Harold. The Lansdowne Letter was published in November 1917. 18, No."Diplomatic Equipoise: The Lansdowne Foreign Office, the Japanese War of 1904-1905, and The Global Balance of Power" was published in February 1968. The Canadian Journal of History was published in 1989. The excerpt from Robert K. Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the coming of the Great War can be found in the book. "The End of Isolation: Britain, Germany and Japan, 1900–1902" was written by George W. The End of Isolation is the British Foreign Policy. William Mulligan. "From Case to Narrative: The Threat from Germany, 1900–1906."The International History Review 30.2 was published in 2008. Douglas,Newton. The Lansdowne 'Peace Letter' of 1917 and theProspect of Peace by Negotiation with Germany were written. The Australian Journal of Politics & History was published in 2002. 16–39 Lord, thank you. There is a biography of Lord <mask> online.Frank Winfield Winters. Gentleman's diplomacy: the foreign policy of Lord Lansdowne. PhD Diss. Texas A & M University is online. The photo of the Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India was featured in 1903 World's Work.

masks:
Lansdowne
Lansdowne
Lansdowne
Lansdowne
Lansdowne
Henry William
Henry Beresford
Lansdowne
Lansdowne


title: Martin Johansson (orienteer, born 1984)

texts: A 2004 Junior World Champion in relay and a medallist at the world championships are just some of the things that <mask> has accomplished. He received bronze medals in the sprint at the World Orienteering Championships. He was born on September 26, 1984 in Avesta, a locality of 15,000 people in Dalarna province of Sweden. He has a small defect which he still carries. Hockey, track and field athletics, skiing, and table tennis were some of the sports that <mask> played as a child. Hockey was his favorite sport, but as he was small and skinny, he had to abandon it at the age of 13-14. He switched to skiing in the winter and running in the summer.His build up of muscles and success in local competition were the result of extensive training. He was out of competition for 6 months before the 2004 season. He won silver in ski relay in the Junior World Orienteering Championship, as well as gold in relay and silver in long distance at the Gdask 2004 Junior World foot Orienteering Championship. In 2005, <mask> competed in adult contests. He wasn't included in the Swedish team for the 2005 World Orienteering Championship because he was competing in other events. He won a bronze medal in the sprint at the WOC after collapsing on the long distance run. He won a bronze medal in sprint at the 2008 WOC despite having a serious toe injury.The most serious of his injuries came during the WOC in Miskolc, Hungary. His next discipline was a relay on August 21. The Swedish team was fighting for the victory with France and Norway, and each team put the strongest runner on the last leg. A favorite and the leader of the race, a French man, made an orienting mistake and fell behind the leader. At the end of the race, <mask> got injured in an event witnessed by nobody. He described it as he was running downhill and something hit him in the thigh. A big tree branch was sticking out of his leg as he made a few steps.He fell and panicked, but saw Gueorgiou coming and yelled for help. After stopping, he was joined by Norwegian and Czech people. They refused to stop and started working as a team. The branch that pierced the leg was removed by the two men and harnessed using the straps of their gps device. They took <mask> to the road where an ambulance car was waiting. The course continued after <mask> left for the hospital. They finished at 25th, 26th, and 27th places.Spectators around the world watched the men's relay race live on the Internet. The preferred route for foot races is through forests. Spectators have limited access to the course. The tracks stopped as spectators watched a map of the race in progress. The track went to the road and then to the finish area after it started moving again. RouteGadget has viewer-controlled replays of the race available for analysis. Interpretation of International Orienteering Federation (IOF) competition rules was at issue: rule 26.13 states "The organiser must void a competition if at any point it becomes clear that circumstances have arisen which make the competition unfair or dangerous for the competitors".The organizers decided that the relay stood. "What you did today is a great example of extreme sportsmanship and fair play," said ke Jacobson, president of the IOF. You are an inspiration to us all. "Team Fairplay" is the name of the team that has 3 runners. He had an operation to clean his wound. He praised the Hungarian doctors after returning home from the operation on August 26, 2009. At the Junior World Ski Orienteering Championships in 2004, he finished 5th in the long distance and 6th in the short distance disciplines, apart from the silver in relay.The oldest and largest cross-country ski marathon in the world is held annually in northwestern Dalarna, Sweden. He finished around 50th in the group. The cross-country skiing World Championship was held in Sweden three times. As of August 28, 2009, he was 7th at the World foot-orienteering ranking qualification. At the World Cups, he won two bronze medals in the sprint and long run and a gold medal in the long run. His best WOC results are two bronze medals in sprint, and 9th in the long run and 8th in the relay, both in Olomouc 2008. He did not run in the middle run.He was 5th in the long distance, 12th in sprint and 6th in relay in the European Orienteering Championship. He is studying construction engineering when he isn't playing sport. He has three siblings. The results are from the International Ski Federation. References External links Personal website of <mask> 1984 births Living people Swedish orienteers Male orienteers Foot orienteers Ski-orienteers Swedish male cross-country skiers Tour de Ski skiers

masks:
Martin Johansson
Johansson
Johansson
Johansson
Johansson
Johansson
Martin Johansson


title: Arantxa Sánchez Vicario

texts: Arnzazu Isabel Mara "<mask>" <mask> was born in 1971 and is a former world No. A tennis player. She won 14 Grand Slam titles, four in singles, six in women's doubles, and four in mixed doubles. She won five Fed Cup titles for Spain. She was crowned the world champion in 1994. When she was four years old, <mask> began playing tennis with her first racquet, following in the footsteps of her older brothers. She was 17 years old when she won the women's singles title at the 1989 French Open.Steffi was in the final. Monica Seles broke the record when she won the title at 16. Snchez <mask> was known for her stubbornness and refusal to concede a point. Commentator Bud Collins dubbed her the " Barcelona Bumblebee" because she was "unceasing in determined pursuit of tennis balls, none seeming too distant to be retrieved in some manner and returned again and again to demoralize opponents". She won six women's doubles Grand Slam titles, including the US Open in 1993 and Wimbledon in 1995. She won four Grand Slam mixed doubles titles. In 1991, she helped Spain win its first-ever Fed Cup title.There are records for the most matches won by a player in Fed Cup competition and the most ties played. She was a world champion in 1994. The Spanish teams that won the Hopman Cup in 1990 and 2002 were led by Snchez <mask>. Snchez <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 She came out of retirement in 2004 to play doubles in a few select tournaments as well as the 2004 Summer Olympics, where she became the only tennis player to play in five Olympics in the Games history. David Cal and Saul Craviotto have five medals each, making them the most decorated Olympian in Spanish history. In 2005, she was ranked 27th in the list of 40 greatest players of the tennis era by Tennis Magazine and in 2007, she was in the International Tennis Hall of Fame.She was the first Spanish woman to be in the hall of fame. The opening ceremony of Madrid's Caja Mgica was attended by Snchez <mask>. The second show court is named after <mask> Snchez <mask>. In 2015, he went into coaching. She was involved in training Wozniacki. Her first marriage to the sports writer Juan Vehils ended in 2001. She married Josep Santacana in September 2008 and they have a daughter and son.Snchez <mask> and Santacana divorced. Snchez <mask> claimed in her book that her parents lost all of their money despite her earning $60 million over the course of her career. Snchez <mask> sued her father and brother for the alleged mismanagement of her career earnings. The case went on for three years before a private settlement was reached in 2015. She has been accused of tax evasion and fraud. Snchez <mask> was ordered to repay  3.5 million after being found guilty of tax evasion. Banque de Luxembourg successfully filed a complaint against her for credit and property fraud amounting to $5.2 million, however they were unable to recover it.Snchez <mask> was once again charged with fraud, this time for deliberately misleading the courts on her financial set-up during the previous case. Barcelona prosecutors are seeking a four-year jail term for Snchez <mask>, due to further allegations of fraud relating to the transfer of assets to avoid paying her debts from a previous lawsuit. As well as tennis-playing siblings,nchez <mask> also has an older sister who briefly played professional tennis, peaking at world no. 368 in 1990. Women's doubles: 11 (6 titles, 5 runner–ups) Mixed doubles: 8 (4 titles, 4 runner–ups). There are 1 tennis players who have won Grand Slams in women's singles and women's doubles.

masks:
Arantxa
Snchez Vicario
Arantxa Snchez Vicario
Vicario
Vicario
Vicario
Vicario
Arantxa
Vicario
Vicario
Vicario
Vicario
Vicario
Vicario
Vicario
Vicario