title: Hillary Clinton

texts: FBI's conclusion of its investigation into <mask>'s emails, Trump and <mask> were tied in major polls. <mask> was found to have been careless in her handling of classified government material. After a three to four percentage point convention bounce at the Republican National Convention, Donald Trump gained his first lead over <mask> in major polls. It was in line with the average bounce since 2004, but it was low by historical standards. After <mask>'s seven percentage point bounce at the Democratic National Convention, she regained a significant lead in national polls.Stronger Together was published in the fall of 2016 by <mask> and Kaine. <mask> lost the presidential election to Donald Trump. By the early morning hours of November 9, Trump had 270 electoral college votes and was declared the winner by media sources. Trump gave his victory speech after <mask> phoned him to concede. <mask> made a public concession speech in which she acknowledged the pain of her loss, but called on her supporters to accept Trump as their next president. <mask> won the popular vote by more than two million votes, or 2% of the voter base, despite losing the election. She is the fifth presidential candidate in U.S. history to win the popular vote but lose the election.She won the most votes of any candidate who did not take office and the third-most votes of any candidate in history, though she did not have the greatest percentage win of a losing candidate. Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but lost to John Quincy Adams. <mask> lost five of her initial 232 votes due to faithless electors, three of which were cast for Colin Powell and one for Faith Spotted Eagle. In their roles as a former president and a former first lady, Bill and <mask> attended the inauguration of Donald Trump with their daughter. <mask> wrote on her account, "I'm here today to honor our democracy and its enduring values, I will never stop believing in our country and its future." The Hillary Rodham Clinton School of Law was renamed in honor of <mask> in October of last year. In October of last year, <mask> and <mask> announced plans for a speaking tour in 13 cities in the United States and Canada.After giving a speech on Northern Ireland and the impacts of Britain's decision to leave the European Union, <mask> was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Laws (LLD) by Queen's University Belfast. In June of last year, she was awarded a doctorate from Trinity College Dublin. The University of Oxford awarded her an "honorary doctorate of civil law" in September of 2021. On October 24, a package containing a pipe bomb was sent to <mask>'s home. The Secret Service caught on to it. Several other Democratic leaders and CNN received similar packages. <mask> gave a speech in Pennsylvania on St. Patrick's Day.<mask> indicated her readiness to emerge from "the woods" and become politically active again in it, alluding to reports that she had been seen taking walks in the woods around Chappaqua following her loss in the presidential election. She said that she wouldn't seek public office again. She stated in March that she wouldn't run for president in 2020. In May of last year, <mask> announced the formation of Onward Together, a new political action committee that she wrote is "dedicated to advance the progressive vision that earned nearly 66 million votes in the last election". She spoke out against Republican plans to repeal theAffordable Care Act and replace it with the American Health Care Act, which she called a "shameful failure of policy and morality" by the GOP. <mask> said the U.S. should take out Assad's airfields to prevent him from using them to bomb innocent people. On April 28, 2020, <mask> endorsed the presumptive Democratic nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden, for president in the 2020 election, and she addressed the 2020 Democratic National Convention in August.On October 28, 2020, <mask> announced that she was on the 2020 Democratic slate of electors. <mask> and her husband cast the first of the state's electoral votes for Biden and Harris after they won New York State. <mask> said Trump's use of social media doesn't work when pursuing important negotiations. Kim Jong Un always wants Americans to come to negotiate to elevate their status and their position. Negotiations with North Korea should not take place without a broader strategic framework to try to get China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, to put the kind of pressure on the regime that will finally bring them to the negotiating table with some kind of realistic prospect for change. <mask> said that President Trump's budget proposal was a con for under funding domestic programs. <mask> said on June 1 that the withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement was a mistake.<mask> described Trump as a threat to the country's standing in the world, an illegitimate president, and a corrupt human tornado in an interview with CBS News Sunday Morning. In March 2021, <mask> voiced her support for the United States Senate to abolish the Senate filibuster if it proves necessary to do so in order to pass voting rights legislation. <mask> referred to the Senate as a Jim Crow relic. <mask>'s third memoir, What Happened, is an account of her loss in the 2016 election. A book tour, interviews and personal appearances were arranged for the launch. What Happened sold 300,000 copies in its first week, less than her 2003 memoir, Living History, but more than her previous memoir, Hard Choices. What Happened sold more e-books in its first week than any nonfiction book since 2010.The book had sold more than 400,000 hardcover copies by December 10. Efforts to make her 1996 book It Takes a Village a picture book were announced in February of last year. The illustrator was announced as a two-time winner of the Caldecott Medal. <mask> worked on it with Frazee. What Happened was published on the same day as the result. Some of the messages in the book may be better understood by adults. The Book of Gutsy Women: Favorite Stories of Courage and Resilience was published in October of 2019.In February of 2021, <mask> announced that she was co-writing a book. The book was released in October of 2021. In the years since her election defeat, <mask> has written occasional op-eds. <mask> wrote an article for The Atlantic titled "American Democracy Is In Crisis". <mask> wrote an op-ed for The Washington Post in which he called for congress to be "deliberate, fair, and fearless" in responding to the report. <mask>'s piece was published in the November/December 2020 issue of Foreign Affairs. Following the January 6 storming of the United States Capitol, an op-ed by <mask> titled "Trump should be impeached" was published.That alone won't remove white supremacy from America. It was published in The Washington Post. <mask> wrote an op-ed about Republican efforts to restrict voting after the 2020 presidential election. <mask> and Burstein collaborated on the film <mask>, which was released in March 2020. On September 29, 2020, <mask> launched an interview show called You and Me Both. <mask> is going to be an executive producer of a drama series about the fight for women's speach in the United States. The series is based on Elaine Weiss' book.On January 2, 2020, it was announced that <mask> would take up the position of Chancellor at Queen's University Belfast. After the death of her predecessor, Thomas J. Moran, <mask> became the 11th and first female chancellor of the university. She said that she was proud to be an ambassador and help grow the university's reputation for excellence. <mask>'s appointment will be an incredible advocate for Queen's and she can act as an "inspirational role model". Some students protested her inauguration. Several organizations have tried to measure <mask>'s place on the political spectrum using her Senate votes. <mask> was given a rating of 30 on the political spectrum, compared to the Senate at the time, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.She was the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and the 16th-most liberal senator in 2007. She is likely to be the sixth- to eighth-most liberal senator according to a 2004 analysis by political scientists. The Almanac of American Politics rated her votes from 2003 to 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 being the highest rating, in three areas: Economic, Social and Foreign. For the four years, the ratings are: Economic 75 liberal, 23 conservative; Social 83 liberal, 6 conservative; Foreign 66 liberal, 30 conservative. The average is 75 liberal and 20 conservative. <mask> was one of the most liberal members of the Senate. After <mask> reentered politics in 2015, organizations tried to provide more recent assessments of her.Based on her stated positions from the 1990s to the present, On the Issues places her in the "Left Liberal" region on their two-dimensional grid of social and economic ideologies, with a social score of 80 on a scale of zero more restrictive to 100 less-government stance. Crowdpac gives her a 6.5L rating on a one-dimensional left-right scale from 10L (most liberal) to 10C (most conservative). The New York Times called <mask>'s plan "optimistic" and "wide-ranging". <mask> proposed aclawback that would remove tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas and provide incentives for companies that share profits with employees, communities and the environment, rather than focusing on short-term profits to increase stock value. <mask> previously described the Trans-Pacific Partnership as the "gold standard" of trade deals. She believes that any trade deal has to produce jobs and raise wages and increase prosperity and protect our security. She voted in favor of some trade agreements but not others as a senator.<mask> called for a constitutional amendment to limit "unaccountable money" in politics after the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision. She was committed to introducing a U.S. constitutional amendment that would overturn the 2010 Citizens United decision. <mask> presented her plans for regulating Wall Street in the New York Times. Accepting the scientific consensus on climate change, <mask> supports cap-and-trade. Equal pay for equal work was supported by her to address current shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do. <mask> supports universal preschool. The programs would be funded by raising taxes on the wealthy.<mask> would have added a "public option" that would have competed with private insurers and allowed people over the age of 55 to buy into Medicare. She supports the right to same-sex marriage, a position that has changed throughout her political career. She was against such marriages in 2000. She was against amending the Constitution to allow same-sex marriage, but she supported a state's decision to allow it. She supported civil unions while running for president in 2007, despite her opposition to same-sex marriage. It was the first time that <mask> supported a national right to same-sex marriage. She was the first spouse of a US president to march in a pride parade.She was the first major-party presidential candidate to write an op-ed for an LGBT newspaper. <mask> supports Obama's Deferred Action for Parental Accountability (DAPA) program, which would allow up to five million undocumented immigrants to gain deferral of deportation and authorization to legally work. <mask> stated that children who cross the border should be sent back. She was against Trump's call to temporarily ban Muslims from entering the United States. She said that the Common Core started off as a bipartisan effort. It was nonpartisan. Iowa has a testing system based on a core curriculum for a long time.You understand why it helps you organize your education system. A lot of states don't understand the value of a core because they haven't had that. <mask> regretted voting in favor of the authorization for use of military force against Iraq. She called for the removal of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad and favored giving Syria's rebel fighters 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 She supported the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 and the military intervention in Libya in 2011. <mask> supports maintaining American influence in the Middle East. She told the American Israel Public Affairs Committee that America can't be neutral when it comes to Israel's security.<mask> supported Israel's right to defend itself during the 2006 Lebanon War. In an interview after a poison gas attack in Syria, <mask> said that we should have been more willing to confront Assad. I think we should take out his air fields so that he can't use them to bomb innocent people and use sarin gas on them. <mask> advocated for the elimination of the electoral college. She promised to co-sponsor legislation that would lead to the direct election of the president. She cast her vote for Joe Biden in the electoral college despite her opposition to the Electoral College. <mask> has been a member of the United Methodist Church for many years.She has talked about her faith on several occasions, but rarely while campaigning. Professor Paul Kengor is the author of God and <mask>: A Spiritual Life. "Do all the good you can, by all the means you can, in all the ways you can," she says. There are over a hundred books written about <mask>. A 2006 survey by the New York Observer found that there was a virtual cottage industry of anti-<mask> literature. Madame <mask>: The Dark Road to the White House and <mask>'s Scheme: Inside the Next <mask>'s Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House are some titles. <mask>'s books did not sell nearly as well as her memoirs and those of her husband.Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham <mask> sprang up to oppose her when she ran for Senate in 2000. On a par with Ted Kennedy and Newt Gingrich, Don Van Natta found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a fake. <mask> has appeared in the media and popular culture in many different ways. In 1995, writer Todd S. Purdum of The New York Times characterized <mask> as a Rorschach test, an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist Betty Friedan. She was the subject of many sketches on Saturday Night Live, beginning with her time as the first lady. In 2008 and 2015, she appeared on the show to face off with her doppelgngers. Jonathan Mann wrote a song about her.She has been described as a polarizing figure in the popular media. In the early stages of her 2008 presidential campaign, a Time magazine cover showed a large picture of her with the words "Love Her" and "Hate Her" written on it. Mother Jones had a profile of her called "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: <mask>". Following <mask>'s "choked up moment" and related incidents in the run-up to the New Hampshire primary, both The New York Times and Newsweek found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse. Newsweek editor Jon Meacham summed up the relationship between <mask> and the American public by saying the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though <mask> <mask> has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades, she is one of the most <mask> became one of the most respected world figures after she became secretary of state. Her favorability ratings dropped after she left office and began to be viewed in the context of partisan politics again.By September 2015, with her 2016 presidential campaign underway and beset by continued reports regarding her private email usage at the State Department, her ratings had slumped to some of her lowest levels ever. She acknowledged in March 2016 that she was not a natural politician. It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us was nominated for aGrammy in 1997 for Best Spoken Word Album. Kids' Letters to the First Pets, An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History, and Living History are some of the books that have been published. The book sold more than one million copies in the first month after it was published, and was translated into twelve foreign languages. Hard choices. About 280,000 copies of the book have been sold.The Book of Gutsy Women: Favorite Stories of Courage and Resilience (Simon &

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Hillary Clinton
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title: Sergei B. Chernyshev

type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> is a Russian philosopher and expert in the field of organization and management science. Biography Chernyshev was born into a military family and attended school. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was an aide to the Chairman of the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR. Between 1983 and 1987, Chernyshev co-authored a series of classified papers for the Soviet leadership in an attempt to develop a reformist ideology and a strategy of change to address the challenges facing the country. Over 100 meetings were held with leading figures in the Party and the Government. They were published under the name S.Platonov in 1989 after being declassified.Between 1985 and 1991, <mask> was a founding member of "Project Space Shield", which aimed to draw up a political and economic framework for a space-based anti-ballistic missile system to be developed, built and deployed by the US and USSR. The project was started from meetings with executives of the Heritage Foundation, a think tank associated with the Ronald Reagan administration. The Cultural Initiative Foundation was founded in 1987 by the Soviet Cultural Foundation, the Peace Foundation, and the Soros Foundation. The organization had an Executive Secretary for the first three years. The foundation supported socially beneficial projects selected by competition. The Scientific Research Institute for External Economic Relations was established by the Council of Ministers of the USSR to advance the ideas put forward in After Communism. A major international program known as "The Open Sector in the Soviet Economy" was initiated and coordinated by this center in 1988 and 1989.An international committee consisting of experts from 16 countries was set up by the Council of Ministers. Over 60 top officials from government ministries and agencies, as well as leading economists, lawyers and sociologists, were brought together by six different task forces. The goal was to create and establish a system of inter-currency exchanges, locked into special economic zones built around economic growth poles, to facilitate modernization of the Soviet economic system and its evolutionary integration into the global economy. The President of Humanus from 1989 to 1993 was <mask>. New Milestones was published under his own name for the first time in issue #1 of the journal "Znamya" in 1990. He has been on the Board of the Foreign Policy Association since 1991. He was on the Academic Board of Intercenter from 1993 to 1994.The bookMeaning: A Periodic System of its Elements was published in 1993. Between 1992 and 1995 Chernyshev compiled and edited a four-volume collection of essays. There are readings on the new Russian public identity. Professor and Head of the Institute for Corporate Entrepreneurship at State University. The Russian Institute was founded in 1996 by a group of people. He is the CEO of the Institute. The first of its kind in Russia, the Russian Journal was launched in 1997 by the Russian Institute.The Institute delivered a number of online and offline projects. lenta.ru, gazeta.ru and strana.ru are some of the popular online resources launched by the Russian Journal team. The advisor to the first deputy chairman of MDM Bank was involved in the financial institutions development project. The founding member of the non-governmental Millennium Committee was the Russian National Millennium Committee. The Center for Corporate Entrepreneurship was founded in 1999 and serves as its CEO. The Civic Forum of Russia was founded in the summer of 2001 by Chernyshev. The Advisory Board of Management consulting Company No. was co-founded and chaired by Chernyshev from 2005 to 2011.1. Chernyshev was a partner in the ROEL Group. He directed a research project to analyze the efficiency of government property management in the industrial and energy sectors. He was an independent director of the company from 2008 to 2010. The Russian Association for International Co-operation (RAMS) had a member named Chernyshev. He was a member of the Public Council of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russian Federation. He was the Director of the Center for Corporate Entrepreneurship at theMIPT from 2012 to 2015.He is the Head of Research at the Laboratory of Institutional Project Engineering. He has been in charge of the Working Group on Impact Investing. He is a member of the Government Expert Council. He is a member of the international team of the platform. He is the author of eight books and co-authored three of them.

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Sergei Chernyshev
Chernyshev
Chernyshev


title: Pete Smith (film producer)

texts: <mask> was an American producer and narrator of short subject films. <mask> began working as a publicist at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in the 1920s. He was involved with movie making. The Pete Smith Specialties were a series of short movies produced from the 1930s to the 1950s. The two Best Live Action Short Film Academy Awards were earned by <mask>. He received an Academy award for his short subjects. <mask> spent his later years in a convalescent home due to ill health.<mask> jumped to his death from the roof of the home. <mask> was born in New York City and was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He began his career as an aide. <mask> became a press agent after working as an editor and critic. The Oliver Morosco Photoplay Co., Artcraft Pictures Corporation, and Famous Players-Lasky were all involved in movie publicity by 1915. He was a founding member of the Associated Motion Picture Advertisers. Smith was hired as the manager of publicity for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925.The studio's Dogville Comedies recruited him to overdub the actions of trained dogs. <mask> would narrate the studio's sports newsreels and embellish the action by running certain scenes in reverse or adding his own commentary. Both MGM and the movie-going public learned of <mask>'s flair for comedy, and he was given his own series, <mask> Specialties; he produced and narrated 150 short movie subjects for MGM from the 1930s to 1955. His voice and tone were a trademark of the series. A comedy documentary is typically 9 to 11 minutes long. In this era, short-movie subjects were part of the studios' exhibition packages. Emily Post-style household hints, insect life seen through a microscope, military training and hardware, and dancing lessons were some of the topics <mask> featured in his short movies.There were several "series-within-the-series", such as general-knowledge quizzes, professional-football news, quirky features concerning different kinds of animals, and "Goofy Movies". <mask> narrated a patriotic short movie for the U.S. Government, The Tree In a Test Tube, which featured a demonstration of household wood products, with <mask> explaining the various exhibits for the viewer. Dave O'Brien was the primary actor of <mask> Specialties. The hapless O'Brien would personify everyday nuisances: dealing with pests at the movies, demonstrating pet peeves, tackling hazardous home-improvement projects, and other problems with which the audience could identify. O'Brien's scenes were silent, compelling O'Brien to express his satisfaction or frustration entirely in visual terms as <mask> offered commentary. O'Brien used the name "David Barclay" to direct many of the short movies he directed. He staged many of the sight gags himself.Fourteen Academy Award nominations and two Best Live Action Short Film Academy Awards were earned by <mask>, who produced and narrated more than 150 short movies. <mask> was awarded an Academy Honorary Award at the 26th Academy Awards for his witty and pungent observations on the American scene in his series of Pete Smith Specialties. <mask> retired in 1954. The MGM unit that produced Pete Smith Specialties was terminated due to the decreasing popularity of short movies. <mask> married Marjorie Ganss on February 6, 1919, in Manhattan. They had a son who became a technician for RKO. <mask> and Ganss were married until her death.<mask> married Anne Dunston in Las Vegas in 1962. <mask> spent his later years in poor health at a convalescent home. <mask> jumped off the building's roof in 1979. <mask> had two children, Anne and Douglas. <mask> received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contribution to the movie industry. <mask>'s short films are included as extras on many classic Warner Home Video films of the era. The menu includes: Morning Glory (1933) Goofy Movies, #1 - Midnight Mary (1933) Goofy Movies, #2 - Manhattan Melodrama (1934) Goofy Movies, #3 - Evelyn Prentice (1934) Goofy Movies, and fourth -Penny Wisdom - The Prisoner of Zenda (1937)Without Reservations, Now You See It, This Time for Keeps, Fala at Hyde Park, Hills of Home, and You Can't Win! Let's Cogitate! is a song by The Pirate. The Battleground, Madame Bovary, Water Trix, Sports Oddities, That Midnight Kiss, and Pest Control are some of the movies. Summer Stock, Nancy Goes to Rio, and Musiquiz are some of the films that were released in the 50s. Things we can do without are dangerous when we wet. The Long, Long Trailer, Executive Suite, and The Fall Guy - Hit the Deck are references.

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title: Ivan Ozerov

texts: <mask> is a Russian professor, financier, economist, and urban planning specialist. Biography was born in 1869 in a peasant family. He studied at a two-year folk school and showed such abilities that teachers strongly advised and helped his mother arrange <mask> at the Chukhloma city school, and then he studied at the Kostroma gymnasium for a Susanin scholarship. He entered the law faculty at Moscow University after graduating from high school with a gold medal. The leader of the economic sciences was professor I. I.Yanzhula. He was appointed as a junior candidate for judicial positions in the Moscow Court of Justice in November 1893 and left the Department of Financial Law in January 1894 to prepare for a professorship. In March 1895, Moscow University was privat-docent.He was sent on a scientific mission to Europe in January 1896. He collected materials about the features of the development of tax systems and the basic principles of financial law, customs policy, the relationship of entrepreneurs and wage workers, the evolution of cooperation and so on. He received a master's degree in 1898 for his thesis "Income tax in England and the economic and social conditions of its existence". In February 1900 he defended his thesis "The main trends in the development of direct taxation in Germany in connection with economic and social conditions" and was appointed the first extraordinary professor of the department of financial law of Moscow University. I. Kh. was in the 1900s. One of the most respected Russian scholars is Ozerov. Ozerov was respected and sympathy by the students of Moscow University because of his lectures.Ozerov had the idea of creating a Student Bank in Moscow to issue loans for education with the condition of repaying them after the end of the course, growing to its cliff: economic life waves are currently rising high, and it is necessary that a person know how to break away from cliffs Ozerov was not a desk scientist, but a practical scientist. "As the son of the working people, I wanted to be useful, and being raised at the expense of the people, climbing up through his shoulders, I wanted to be useful in spreading knowledge among him and awakening in him energy and creativity in economic life", he wrote. He took part in the activities of the Moscow Society of Mutual Assistance of Mechanical Production Workers in 1901. He drafted a charter for the society after organizing popular lectures for workers. When it became known that the security department was involved in the creation of society, Ozerov convened a court of public figures who found the lecturers useful. In the book "Policy on the Work Issue in Russia over the past years", he told about his involvement in the activities of the Company.<mask> was a private assistant professor at the faculty of law at Moscow University when he was transferred to St. Petersburg University in the summer of 1907. He taught at the Bestuzhev women's courses, the highest women's courses of N. P. Raev, as well as at the Pedagogical Academy. He was an ordinary professor at Moscow University and head of the department of financial law until April 1917. He taught finance and a history of economic life and economics at the A. L. Shanyavsky Moscow city National University. The legal test committee at Moscow University has existed since 1914. The State Council of the Academy of Sciences and universities was formed in 1909. I. Kh.Ozerov lectured in many cities of Russia. He was involved in the work of the Ministry of Finance, trade and industry. With research and development goals going around Russia, getting acquainted with real production and banking activities, Ozerov gave entrepreneurs, engineers and accountants a wide variety of vital advice: "I saw that there was something to attach to the head torso or tail." He was awarded the Order of St. Anne of the 2nd degree and the Order of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree. He resigned from Moscow University in 1917. After the revolutionary year of 1917, the Ozerov, unlike many Russian bankers and entrepreneurs, stayed in Russia, where he continued his scientific activities, and developed the idea of creating an agricultural bank. In 1918, I. Kh.<mask> was the economic adviser. He returned to Moscow in 1919. There is a lecture at the Industrial Institute. He collaborated with the Financial and Economic Institute of the People's Commissariat of Finance at the Institute for Environmental Research. He taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow State University. In his proposal, he proposed ways to get the country out of the chaos. The course "Fundamentals of Financial Science" was taught by him.In 1922, the possibility of expelling <mask> on a "philosophical ships" was considered, but in the end the scientist was not dangerous. He retired in 1927. He was sentenced to death in 1930 after being arrested on January 28, 1930. He spent the whole of 1930 in the Butyrka prison and then on the White Sea-Baltic Canal. His wife was exiled after he was amnestied in 1933. He and his wife were settled in the Nursing House of Scientists in Leningrad after his conviction was lifted by a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. During the blockade of Leningrad, Ozerov died and was buried at Piskaryovsky cemetery.Unreleased memories of <mask> can be found in the Department of Manuscripts of the Public Library. It was fully rehabilitated according to the conclusion of the USSR Prosecutor's office. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were economic views. The modernization of the socio-economic and state system of Russia was one of <mask>'s works. There were more than 50 books left by Ozerov. The revolution textbook "Fundamentals of Financial Science" was written by Ozerov. He is the author of a book.What does America teach us? The society of consumers. Financial reform in Russia is depicted in a historical sketch. Where do the state spend money from us? ", The struggle of society and the state with bad working conditions, and the development of universal solidarity, to fight against the people's darkness!" And others. He wants to reform the structure of the university social sciences teaching, the creation in classical universities of the faculties of economics, and the introduction of courses of national and world history.There are main topics in the works of I. Kh. The development of the domestic economy and the recovery of the financial system of the country were questions of Ozerov. He paid attention to the problems of institutionalizing group interests in the context of changes in the economic life of Europe and the United States. The findings of T. Veblen were echoed in his research, as well as the theoretical developments of representatives of the German historical school. Ozerov believed that "we need to create a new type of entrepreneur, with a broad outlook, on a large scale, with other methods." He spoke about the need to establish in Russia an elastic social system that would give. Ozerov considered co-operation counter-monopoly when he was looking for more fair socially-organized forms of production. He believed that cooperation could make changes to the legal system, improve the budget, and reveal its potential.Ozerov was the most consistent of the so-called consumer societies, capable of unifying different classes, reducing or completely blocking social tensions that inevitably grow under capitalism. In the consumer society, people of different classes come together for a common cause, and they learn to appreciate each other and respect each other. The upper classes will not be indifferent to the demands of the working class, and the workers will become familiar with the production mechanism, marketing conditions, market influence on him, and will make practical demands. The ideas of Ozerov were used in the successful entrepreneurial activity of the Old Believers. Ozerov believed that the well-being of the Russian peasant was more important than the state's intervention in the economy. All this economic development is ephemeral. Nicholas II reminded Ozerov that the life of a player depends on the harvest and crop failure.There can't be much confusion without a reversal of the general economic policy of the Stolypin agrarian reforms. Ozerov was angry that huge sums were sent to the current accounts of foreign banks, instead of being used for the development of the national economy. Ozerov was against setting up a wine-vodka foundation for the budget of agricultural Russia. Even for certain segments of the population, the country has been practicing tax-paying taxation for decades. The peasants were different in terms of property and the trading brethren were different in terms of wealth. For a long time, Ozerov advocated the introduction of a differentiated income tax, arguing in favor of this innovation for the development of classes and economic life. Ozerov had a non-partisan program for the recovery of the Russian budget.It provided for a redistribution of the tax burden in favor of the poor and a wider taxation of inheritances, review of official salary rates for senior officials, strengthening the state control system and turning it into an effective force, nurturing conscientiousness with Russian taxpayers. Ozerov wrote about urban planning in the book "How People's Money Is Spent in Russia" in 1906. European cities were criticized for their backwardness of transport communications. The works "Confession of a Man", "Notes of a Suicide", and "Songs of a Homeless Man" were published under the name Z. Ikhorov. Ozerov was invited to the board of the Russian-Asian Bank. Ozerov was forced to leave the bank after all the members of the board took up arms against him for publishing an article about the speculation of Russian banks. <mask> was a shareholder and board member of a number of companies.In order to gain influence on the formation of public opinion in our country, I. D. Sytin was offered cooperation for publishing his own newspaper, however, he did not want to argue with the government, which gave orders for printing textbooks. Ozerov bought the shares of the cement plant for 105 rubles and then sold them for 300, earning more than 1 million rubles. I.Kh. is a lifestyle. Ozerov traveled in second grade and walked in the same clothes for years. He drank and took a walk with ballerinas, despite the fact that he wrote screenplays for A. A. Khanzhonkov. All of his capital was given to the economic education of the population, free distribution of millions of copies of his books and articles, and a call for creativity.He followed in the footsteps of a well-known philanthropist. S. Ledentsov fulfilled his testamentary will. In 1915, Ozerov sharply criticized the current situation, seeing what misfortunes threatened Russia with the unresolved political, economic and social problems. He considered the tsarist regime to be obsolete and barren. In 1917, a scientist unflatteringly responded to the Provisional Government, whose ministers did not argue about land reform, but about whether it was possible to allow meetings in the territory along which the trams pass and their rails run. Ozerov wrote an article titled "Coming builders - cold and hunger" in January 1918. He wrote Income tax in England and the economic and social conditions of its existence, as well as the main trends in the development of direct taxation in Germany.The gold medal at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 and the prize of the law faculty of Moscow University are examples of how to establish and lead it. They developed in Western Europe, America and Russia. The first edition of the guide was published in 1894 and the second edition was published in 1899. In 1909 it was re-released in a different form. "On the methods of studying financial science", "America goes to Europe", and "Sketches of the economic and financial life of Russia and the West" are included in the second collection of articles. Ihor was on the new path. To the economic liberation of Russia.Issue I. The doctrine of ordinary income. "Insurance of workers in Germany" and "The needs of the working class in Russia" are examples of credit. According to unpublished documents, there was a policy on the working question in Russia. "Financial Policy" was written by Iserow. The finanzpolitik. In: Melnik.Russen ber Russland was published in 1906. M., Rtten & Loening, S. "What does America teach us?" The 4th edition of "Fundamentals of Financial Science" was published in 1913. Ozerov I. Kh. Large cities have a lot of management tools. There are 15 diagrams in the public lecture.M. was born in 1906. 52 p. Ozerov I. Kh. There are basics of financial science. There is a budget. There are forms of charging. Local finance. The credit was issued in 1906.YurInfor-Press was published in 2008. Ozerov I. Kh. has an accessible link. People's money is spent in Russia. The Russian expenditure budget and state control have been criticized. M is type. T.-v. I. D. Sytin was born in 1908.The book is called Ozerov I. Kh. Economic Russia and its financial policy at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. M is type. I. N. Kushnerev and Co. was founded in 1905. I. Kh. The life of work. There is a Digest of articles.Issue 1. There are articles on the working question. There is a publication by D. S. Gorshkov. B.I. was born in 1904. Our higher school and life for youth. There were notes of suicide in 1914. The songs of the homeless are under the pseudo.Modern edition Ozerov I. Kh. is called Ihor. How are people spending their money in Russia? The Society of Merchants and Industrialists of Russia was founded in 2005. The economic history of Russia. Literature Imperial Moscow University: 1755–1917. Tsygankov D. A., Yu. The Russian Political Encyclopedia was published in 2010.p. 528 2 000 copies. The Moscow professors of the XVIII were Volkov V. A., Kulikova M. V., and Loginov V. S. Social sciences and humanities. Janus-K, 2006 There is a p. 180. 2000 copies.The root of Russian institutionalism can be found in external sources. Ozerov is a M.N. Baryshnikov I. Kh. The life of <mask>v was a sad one, with the deaths of 20th-century Russian scientists.

masks:
Ivan Ozerov
Ivan
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ivan Ozero


title: Chris Doig

texts: <mask> is a former professional footballer and assistant manager. After four appearances with Queen of the South, he was signed byNottingham Forest. He was released from Forest in 2005. He had previously played for Northampton Town. In his first season with Northampton, <mask> won promotion to League One before being released. He spent time in Australia and Indonesia before returning to England in 2011. He won promotion to League Two with York City after playing in the 2012 Conference Premier play-off Final.He became an assistant to Paul Hurst after being released from prison. He continued to work as an assistant to Hurst. <mask> started his career with Queen of the South as an Associated Schoolboy. He played four games for the side after graduating from Queen's youth programme. <mask> signed a professional contract with the club on March 7, 1998. <mask> played 92 games at Forest and scored one goal. He was on loan at Northampton Town.In his first season with Northampton, Doig played in 45 games and scored three goals as the side earned promotion to League One as League Two runners-up. When Stuart Gray took charge of the club on January 2, 2007, he retained the club captain, Scott McGleish. Doig was third in the club's Player of the Year awards after the match against Huddersfield Town. <mask>'s contract would end in 2009. He made 32 appearances and scored one goal in the 2008–09 season, but was released by Northampton after they were demoted to League Two. On 9 June 2009, he signed a two-year contract with the Central Coast Mariners. Pelita <mask> didn't play a single game in the 2010–11 season.He joined Pelita Jaya in February 2011. <mask> played two pre-season games for Wycombe Wanderers after returning from Indonesia. He joined League Two side Aldershot Town on a month-by-month deal after not being offered a deal by Wycombe. After his deal with Aldershot ended, <mask> began a trial with Northampton. He signed for York City on a contract until the end of the 2012 season. He made his debut for York in the third round of the FA Trophy. After an eight-year absence with promotion to League Two, he played in the 2–1 victory over Town in the 2012 Conference premier play-off final at Wembley Stadium.He signed a new one-year contract with the club in July of 2012 after finishing the season with 15 appearances. The opening game of York's 2012–13 season was against Doncaster in the League Cup first round on 11 August 2012 and the side lost 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out. He played in York's first Football League fixture since promotion, a 3–1 defeat at home to Wycombe. <mask> was released by York on April 30th. A trial with the club led to the signing of <mask> for a one-year contract as a player-coach. <mask> became the club's reserve team manager. He scored the winning goal in the 2–1 win at Gateshead when he headed home a Paddy McLaughlin cross on his debut.The new contract was signed by <mask> on May 27th. <mask> captained the under-18 team for the first time in a 3–0 defeat to France on October 25, 1999. Scotland beat Armenia 2–1 two days later to earn his second and last under-18 cap. <mask> made his under-21 debut less than a year later, coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute for Andrew Jordan in a 2–0 defeat to the Netherlands. His first start at under-21 level was a 1–1 draw with Northern Ireland on May 29, 2000. In a 3–1 defeat to Norway in August of 2003 <mask> finished his under-21 career with 14 caps. <mask> was appointed as player/assistant manager at Grimsby Town.After announcing his retirement in the summer of 2015, he combined this role with managing the Reserve Team. In October of 2016 <mask> was once again named as his assistant. <mask> claimed he didn't have any say on Hurst's departure to join The Shrews. <mask> said, "We got to the play-off places in League Two early in the season, then an offer came in for Paul to go to Shrewsbury, he went and I was included as part of the deal." You would need to ask Paul, but I think he appreciates that I am honest and loyal. It wasn't a decision for me to make when we moved, it was made for me. Paul phoned me and said a deal had been done and we were both leaving.Paul phoned me again, saying that the deal was done and we were both going. I was included in things without having a say in them. <mask> joined Paul Hurst as an assistant manager. The pair achieved one win in the first 14 games of the season. The pair were dismissed from the club on January 30, 2020 with the club struggling in League Two. Ian Holloway resigned seven days before the signing of the contracts by Hurst and <mask>. Northampton Town Football League Two runner-up: 2005–06 York City Conference premier play-offsThe players are from the Forest F.C. The players are from Northampton Town F.C. Pelita Bandung Raya is a player for the Central Coast Mariners FC. The players are from York City F.C. The players are from Grimsby Town F.C. Scottish expatriate sports people in Australia are playing soccer in Indonesia. The staff at Shrewsbury Town F.C. are not playing.The staff at Ipswich Town F.C. are not playing. There are no playing staff at Scunthorpe United F.C. The staff is not playing.

masks:
Christopher Ross Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig


title: Samuel Kristian Lerik

texts: From 1986 until 2007, <mask> was the Mayor of Kupang. On 25 December 1945, <mask> was born in the capital of East Java. He was the youngest child. M<mask> and P<mask> are related. He graduated from junior high in 1960 and senior high in 1964. <mask> dropped out of the Udayana University's Animal Husbandry Faculty due to his interest in joining the Indonesian Army. He became a non-commissioned officer in 1965, after dropping out of the Officer Candidate School.<mask>'s first deployment in the military was in Kupang, where he became a section officer. <mask> held the same position at the Belu Military District after being shuffled from his post two years later. After three years in the city, <mask> was put in charge of a platoon. As with other members of the armed forces at that time, <mask> joined the Golkar political organization after attending an indoctrination course. <mask> was in command of a platoon in Kupang until 1980. He was an officer at the Udayana Military Regional Command. He was an assistant officer for American and European affairs in the army headquarters for three years.<mask> served in the army for two decades and was appointed to the council by the military. He was installed as the council's speaker in August 1984. <mask> was promoted to lieutenant colonel on April 1, 1986, several years before the end of his speakership. He resigned from the speaker's office. Messakh Amalo had served as the mayor of the city since 1978, but on May 26, 1986 the Administrative Mayor of Kupang <mask> took over. The Ministry of Home Affairs held a course on national alert in 1988 and <mask> did a course on city management in 1996. As an administrative mayor, <mask> focused on resolving the city's hygiene problem.He built monuments and statues to improve the city's layout. He set up more street lamps around the area. In order to improve the city's climate, he ordered a mass plantation of trees. The city's spatial planning legislation was reviewed by <mask>. He stated that most of the land which was initially intended as an open space in the city had hundreds of houses, markets, and public facilities built over it. <mask> stated that he would observe the situation before demolishing the buildings. S. Therik is the Chairman of the Provincial Development Planning Agency.Lerik's plan to demolish the buildings was approved by the team. The demolition was reduced to 58 buildings that had no permits. The demolition of the partially finished Timor Beach Hotel was led by <mask> and Paul Lawarihi. Despite the development during his term as administrative mayor, Lerik still failed to resolve water shortage, a problem that has plagued the city since its formation. During the dry season, the city's water supply declined sharply. One of the worst clean water crises the city experienced was during Lerik's term from September to November 1990. The mayor of the city is responsible to its parent region's government instead of the provincial government because of the city's status as an administrative city.During his time in office, <mask> pushed to elevate the city's status into an autonomously-governed city after the Regional Autonomy Advisory Council listed the city as one of them. A group of parliamentarians from the armed forces and Golkar inspected the preparation process for the status upgrade in February 1996. The law regarding the status of the city was enacted in 1996. <mask> was sworn into office as the city's first acting mayor on April 25, 1996. After having an acting mayor for about a year, the city council decided to hold an internal election to choose a definitive mayor who would serve for five years. <mask> won the election with 15 out of 19 city council members voting in his favor. <mask> was installed by the Minister of Home Affairs.The city council began to prepare for a new mayor as <mask>'s first term was about to end. The armed forces nominated <mask> for a second term as mayor, with Daniel Adoe as his running mate. The election took place in three separate rounds. In the final round, 16 out of 30 city council members voted in favor of <mask> and Adoe. Ferdinand "Ferry" A. T. Nonna resigned from the city council after <mask>'s second-term victory. Ferry admitted that he had been bribed ten million rupiahs by an associate of <mask> and Adoe and that he resigned as part of his moral responsibility. The chairman of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, the nominator of <mask>'s opponent, stated that he had formed a team to investigate fraud allegations in the elections.Due to the dispute, <mask>'s inauguration was delayed and he continued to serve as mayor in an acting capacity. <mask> was sworn in for a second term on July 6, 2002, after the results were confirmed several months later. Governor Piet Alexander Tallo became the acting mayor for a month after <mask>'s 21-year rule ended. A religious riot occurred a few months after he was sworn into office. The riot started after a group of people stood in front of the mosque. Muslims in Jakarta and Ketapang were urged by provocateurs to burn churches. Bugis neighborhoods, markets, and kiosks were set ablaze by the mob.The Religious Bureau office and several mosques were also burned down. In order to prevent rioters from coming in, the main airport in El Tari was closed and several ferry routes were canceled. Food supply in the city began to decrease due to the closing of markets and neighborhoods began organizing community patrols to prevent further riots. The riots were the worst incident the city had ever seen, and <mask> urged the authorities to prosecute the rioters. <mask>'s control of the civil service was credited for his longevity in office. According to Sylvia Tidey, an anthropologist from the University of Virginia, Lerik was the result of a governance system that combined strict authoritarianism with the clientelist dispersion of formal and informal favors to loyal subordinates. Lerik's civilian appointment was mostly based on relations and favoritism.<mask>'s choice for the city secretary post was the third highest office in the city. Salean was appointed for the office despite placing lowest in a competency test for the office. Salean was one of <mask>'s cronies and eventually his corrupt friend. <mask> was often seen to have bypassed Adoe in favor of Salean in decision making processes, according to civil servants in the city. Maria Louisa <mask> Adu was married to <mask>'s family on August 3, 1969 in Belu. The couple has four children. His son Viktor was the Speaker of the Kupang city council from 2009 until 2011.Viktor tried to follow in his father's footsteps and become the Mayor of Kupang, but his candidacy was rejected by the local electoral commission. Death <mask> died at the hospital in Malang. Six days before his death, an implant was installed in <mask>'s bone, after he had been treated for kidney failure in the hospital. His body was laid to rest at the mayor's office a day after he died and was buried in August 2010. The street was named after Lerik. S. K. Lerik Regional Public Hospital was renamed in 2015. The awards include the Star of Service, 2nd Category, the Military Long Service Medal, and the Social Welfare Medal.

masks:
Samuel Lerik
Lerik
. Lerik
. Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Works Lerik
Lerik
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Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
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Lerik
Lerik
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Lerik
Lerik
Lerik


title: Fred Schwarz

texts: The Christian Anti-Communism Crusade was founded by an Australian physician and political activist. He moved his base of operations to California in 1960 after making a number of speaking tours in the United States. He was the author of a book. At their Australian home in Camden, New South Wales, Schwarz worked with his wife from abroad and in his later years. The fourth of twelve children was born in Australia. His father migrated to Australia after converting to Christianity. After completing a degree in medicine, he obtained a degree in Arts and Science.He kept a private practice in the suburb of Strathfield while he was a general doctor. Following a debate with an Australian communist, Schwarz felt compelled to study communist ideology. He became an expert on Marxist-Leninist philosophy. He founded the Christian Anti-Communism Crusade in Australia and later in Long Beach, California. He held that position until the late 1990s. The role of education in understanding Marxism-Leninism from that movement's source documents was put emphasis on by Schwarz during his time with the CACC. The orphanage in India was financed by the CACC.In the early 1960s, Schwarz gained a national following through his television network and powerful allies among southern California anticommunists: Walter Knott, founder of Knott's Berry Farm and member of the John Birch Society, and Patrick Frawley, a magnate. Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign received financial support from Knott and Frawley. The Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena was filled with a "Southern California School of Anti-Communism" from August to September 1961. Ronald Reagan was the most popular speaker. The evening sessions, featuring nationally known speakers, were televised, and those who should know tell me that three million people listened in nightly. I have lived in Los Angeles for 25 years and have never seen an event like that before. The three-hour "Hollywood's Answer to Communism" held at the Hollywood Bowl on 16 October 1961, featured such celebrities as Roy Rogers, John Wayne, James Stewart and U.S.Dodd is a senator. The three-hour concentration of pure venom on television was described by John Crosby as a monster. He wrote a newsletter for nearly 40 years. He sold over one million copies of his first book, You Can Trust the Communists. The Three Faces of Revolution was his second book. Beating the Unbeatable Foe: One Man's Victory over Communism, Leviathan, and the Last Enemy was his third book. "<mask>, you're to be commended for your dedication in trying to ensure the protection of freedom and human rights," wrote Ronald Reagan in a letter on January 4, 1990.The book was praised by William F. Buckley Jr., Reed Irvine, and others. A copy of Reagan's speech was sent to Schwarz to acknowledge his influence on Reagan's policies. He insisted that the purpose of his work was bipartisan opposition to Communism based on a knowledge of its fundamental doctrines. The University of Queensland Medical Society (UQMS) was established in 1936 by a student at the University. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 "Although this industrial action seemed scandalous to older doctors at the time, it is clear that every graduate of an Australian medical school since then owes a debt of gratitude to Fred." Schwarz sympathizes with the appeal of Communism.He said that the "Communist critique and analysis of capitalism" was persuasive to those who believed in capitalism. Professor Murray Esler is a leading Australian clinical cardiologist and medical scientist. William F. Buckley Jr. conducted an interview on Firing Line. 50 minutes. You Can Trust the Communists (To Be Communists) was written by Dr. <mask> and was published in The University ofQueensland Student Newspaper. The FBI files on the Dallas Freedom Forum were hosted at the Internet Archive.

masks:
Fred
Fred Schwarz


title: Richard Helms

texts: The Director of Central Intelligence from 1966 to 1973, <mask>, was an American government official and diplomat. The Office of Strategic Services was started by <mask>. He rose through the ranks of the CIA during the presidencies of Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy. In early 1973, Helms gave up his position as DCI to James R. Schlesinger. Helms is a professional who gathers highly valued information, including the technical, obtained by espionage or from published media, and its analysis while prizing counterintelligence. Helms was not a fan of covert and paramilitary operations. Helms understood the bounds of the agency role as being able to express strong opinions over a decision under review, but working as a team player once a course was set by the administration.The duty of the DCI was to keep official secrets from the press. Helms was in charge of the agency after John McCone. As a result of earlier covert operations in Chile, Helms became the only DCI convicted of misleading Congress. From 1973 to 1977 <mask> was Ambassador to Iran. Helms was a key witness in the investigation of the CIA by the Church Committee in 1975, which was called the "Year of Intelligence". Helms ordered the destruction of all files related to the CIA's mind control program in 1973. The Office of Strategic Services was where Helms began his intelligence career.Helms was stationed in Germany after the allied victory. The OSS was terminated by President Truman. Helms was part of the Strategic Services Unit in Washington and later the Office of Special Operations. Helms focused on espionage in central Europe at the start of the Cold War and was involved in vetting the German Gehlen spy organization. The CIA incorporated the OSO when it was founded in 1947. The fourth director of Central Intelligence was appointed in 1950 by Truman. The CIA was established within the intelligence community.The OSO was merged with the Office of Policy Coordination to form a new unit to be managed by the deputy director for plans. <mask> was Wisner's Chief of Operations from 1952 to 1958. Dulles became the fifth DCI in 1953. John Foster Dulles was Eisenhower's Secretary of State. The DDP tasked Helms with the defense of the agency against the threat of an attack by Senator Joseph McCarthy, as well as the development of "truth serum" and other "mind control" drugs. The Berlin Tunnel, an espionage operation which made newspaper headlines, was overseen from Washington by Helms. Information obtained by espionage is more beneficial in the long run than the more strategically risky work involved in covert operations, which could backfire politically, according to Helms.The CIA's covert operations resulted in regime change in Iran in 1953 and in Guatemala in 1954. The DDP Wisner was upset by the disloyalty of allies and the loss of a cold-war opportunity during the crises in Hungary. Wisner left in 1958. The new DDP was <mask>, who had managed the U-2 spy plane. <mask> was selected by Dulles to testify before Congress about Soviet-made forgeries. Helms became the DDP after President Kennedy appointed John McCone as the new DCI. The CIA's role in Kennedy's effort to oust Castro was managed by Helms.Helms supported McCone's significant contributions to the strategic discussions while he sat with the president and his cabinet at the White House during the Cuban Missile Crisis. <mask> was aware of Kennedy's anguish over the killing of President Diem after the coup in South Vietnam. Kennedy was killed a month later. The CIA's complicated response to the Warren Commission investigation was managed by <mask>. <mask> was appointed director of Central Intelligence in 1966. President Lyndon Baines Johnson arranged for Helm to be sworn in at the White House later that month. In April of the previous year, John McCone resigned.The new DCI was appointed by Johnson and was known for his work on the submarine-launched Polaris missile. <mask> was chosen by Johnson to be the deputy director of Central Intelligence. They traveled to the LBJ Ranch in Texas. Raborn did not fit in with the culture of the CIA. He resigned in 1966. During the second half of Johnson's administration, <mask> served in this post until 1973, when Nixon took office. CIA Helms was the first Director to rise through the ranks.The key issue during the Johnson years was the Vietnam War. The CIA was involved in both political and military affairs in Southeast Asia. The CIA organized an armed force of minorities in Laos, Vietnam, and the highlands. The CIA became involved in South Vietnamese politics after Diem. The CIA was tasked with getting a genuine South Vietnamese government into being. President Johnson and Helms traveled to Guam. The CIA was fully engaged in the policy debates surrounding Vietnam.The CIA had formed a view on policy but was expected to contribute impartially to the debate. During World War II, American intelligence agents had contacts with the communist-led resistance in Vietnam. According to the first annual National Intelligence Estimate on Vietnam, French prospects may "deteriorate very rapidly". The new President of the Republic of Vietnam was assisted by the CIA officers after the French withdrawal. CIA reports did not give an optimistic appraisal of Diem's future. Many of its analysts reluctantly understood that the new communist regime in the north would be more likely to succeed under its long-term party leader Ho Chi Minh. The CIA stated in a report that if nationwide elections were held in 1956, Ho's party would win.In the cold war context, the 1959 CIA reports saw Diem as the best anticommunist bet if he undertook reforms, but also that he avoided reform. As the political situation progressed during the 1960s and American involvement grew, subsequent CIA reports crafted by its analysts continued to trend pessimistic about the prospects for South Vietnam. Vietnam may have been a policy failure. It wasn't an intelligence failure. The agency became very divided over the issue. Those who were involved in CIA operations in Vietnam, such as William Colby and Lucien Conein, were optimistic about the outcome of their projects. The operatives in the field worked to reinforce and intensify their positive views.The institutional dichotomy between the operational and analytic components was more stark. The situation at the CIA was described by Helms later. The Office of National Estimates held a pessimistic view of the military developments. In South Vietnam, the operations personnel were still convinced the war could be won. Without this conviction, the operators wouldn't have been able to continue their face-to-face work with the South Vietnamese. I felt like a circus rider standing astride two horses, each for the best of reasons, in Washington. The Johnson White House wouldn't like negative news.The author says that the CIA would gain little by saying "I told you so" or by emphasizing the futility of the war. The exclusion from the President Johnson's inner circle was due to the reports and views of DCI McCone, who resigned in 1965. Helms remembered that McCone left the CIA because he wasn't happy with his relationship with Johnson. He didn't get to see him as much as he would have liked. When he was the DCI, Helms' institutional memory may have had an effect on his decisions. Up to about 1966 estimates were not biased in any way. The pressure to give the right answer came along as American political commitment to Vietnam surged under Johnson.I felt pressure to say the war was winnable. The neutrality of the Kingdom of Laos was assured by both the Soviets and the Americans after the second Geneva Convention in 1962. The neutral status quo in Laos was threatened by armed support for the communist Pathet Lao. In 1963, the CIA was tasked with defending the neutrality of the Kingdom. <mask> directed the effort after he served as DDP. It was a secret war because the CIA and the NVN were in violation of the 1962 terms. The CIA trained and helped the native tribal forces of the Lao People's Democratic Republic.The war was called "the war we won" by Helms. At a small fraction of the cost of the Vietnam war, hundreds of CIA personnel were involved. The CIA for years successfully managed a large-scale paramilitary operation despite prior criticism of their abilities due to the Bay of Pigs disaster in Cuba. Over its southeast border, the Ho Chi Minh trail ran, but most of the royal Laotians remained neutral at the height of the Vietnam war. The CIA supported as many as 300,000 mostly Hmong people in the hills with 30,000 of them being under the leadership of Vang Pao. More than 80,000 NVN troops were "tied down" in Laos. The CIA was concerned about sustaining the covert nature of the secret war during Nixon's Vietnamization policy.In 1970 Helms decided to transfer the budgetary allocations for operations in Laos from the CIA to the Defense Department. A large-scale paramilitary operation does not fit the secret budget and policy procedures of the CIA according to William Colby, a key American figure in Southeast Asia. Helms wrote that "I will always call it the war we won." It was termed an exemplary success story by the CIA in 1966. Colby agreed. The CIA chief of station in Vientiane, the Laotian capital, was visited by Senator Stuart Symington in 1967. The'secret war' drew frequent political attack even though others disagreed.The abandonment of America's Hmong allies in 1975 was criticized by the author. There were problems because of the Hmong's practice of harvesting. The war ended badly due to political developments. After President Nixon negotiated in Paris to end the Vietnam war in 1973, America abdicated its role in Southeast Asia. The Hmong were left in a desperate situation after Lao was given up. There were 450,000 Laotians who eventually migrated to America. The'secret war' created a lot of controversy in Washington.While the Laotian struggle continued on the borderlands of the Vietnam War, several senators began to complain that they had been kept in the dark about the CIA's secret war. According to Helms, three presidents approved the covert operation, the "secret war", and that 50 senators had been briefed on its progress. In 1970, Senator Stuart Symington publicly expressed his "surprise, shock and anger" at what he and the others claimed was their "recent discovery" of the CIA's secret war. I didn't understand the reason for the about-face. In 1973, Symington's "shock" was viewed with undisguised disdain in the agency. There is a note in the book. The "congressional huffing and puffing was for public consumption only" with the CIA being "privately applauded" for its efforts in Laos.The note is 610. Israel: Six Day War Liaison with Israeli intelligence was managed by James Jesus Angleton of CIA counterintelligence. The Israelis gave the CIA the Russian text of Khrushchev's Secret Speech of 1956 which was critical of Joseph Stalin. Mossad arranged for the acquisition of a Soviet MiG-21 fighter from an Iraqi pilot. Israel would loan America the plane, with its up-until-now secret technology, to find out how it flew. At a May 1967, NSC meeting, Helms praised Israel's military readiness, and argued that the Israelis had learned their lessons from the captured MiG-21. The possibility of an armed conflict between Israel and neighboring Arab states was predicted by the CIA in 1967.Israel could defeat any combination of Arab forces in relatively short order. The American ambassador to the United Nations challenged the CIA's pro-Israel prediction. Helms believes that Israel wanted to control international expectations prior to the start of war. President Johnson asked Helms about Israel's chances and Helms stuck to his predictions. At a meeting of his top advisors, Johnson asked who agreed with the CIA estimate. Helms was tempted to hedge his bet. Soviet intelligence thought the Arabs would win, but they were "stunned" by the Israeli victory.Helms claimed that the high point of his career was the Agency's accurate prediction in 1967. America was kept out of the conflict by Helms. The regular Tuesday lunch with the President led to his entry into the inner circle of the Johnson administration. In the Six Day war of June 1967, Israel defeated its enemies and prevailed. A senior Israeli official privately visited <mask> in his office four days before the war started, indicating that a decision was imminent. President Johnson received the information from Helms. America's emotional sympathy for Israel was renewed by the conflict.After the war, America moved to a position of support for Israel and replaced France as Israel's chief military supplier. Israeli warplanes and torpedo boats attacked the American spy ship in international waters north of Sinai in the afternoon of the third day of the war. The U.S. Navy ship had a loss of life. The Israelis told the Americans that they had mistaken the Liberty for the El Quseir. The US government accepted the apology. Some people still accept this position. According to author Thomas Powers, "scholars and military experts state that the hard question is not whether the attack was deliberate but why the Israelis thought it necessary."The conclusion of a board of inquiry is mentioned in the memoirs of about the Liberty Helms. Helms doesn't know why it was necessary to attack the ship or who ordered it. President Johnson summoned <mask> to the White House Situation Room on the morning of the sixth day of the war. If the war continued, Kosygin called to threaten military intervention. The Sixth Fleet should be sent east from the mid Mediterranean to the Levant. Johnson agreed. Helms remembered that the physical reaction to the strategic tension was similar to the feelings of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.The world's good fortune was that hostilities on the Golan Heights ended before the day was over, wrote Helms later. Helms' practical value to the President, Lyndon Baines Johnson, became evident as a result of the CIA's accurate prediction concerning the duration, logistics, and outcome of the Six-Day War of June, 1967. It wasn't long before he was recognized of his new status. The president's top advisors discuss foreign policy issues at the regular Tuesday luncheons. Helms called it the hottest ticket in town. In a 1984 interview with a CIA historian, Helms recalled that he and Johnson had engaged in intense private conversations about foreign policy, including the Soviet Union. Helms said that he thought it would be a good idea to tie intelligence into the decision-making process.From that time, he began to invite me to the Tuesday lunches, and I remained a member of that group until the end of his administration. About three-and-a-half years into Johnson's five-year presidency, Helms invited him to lunch. In the Johnson administration, Helms was in close proximity to high-level policymaking and had access to America's top political leadership. It was the highest point of Helms' influence and standing in Washington. In his memoirs, Helms describes the Tuesday lunch. There was a sherry gathering in the family living room on the second floor of the White House. If the President was a few minutes late, he would rush us into the family dining room, overlooking Pennsylvania Avenue, and pause long enough to acknowledge our presence.The secretary of state was at the President's right and the secretary of defense was at the left. General Bus Wheeler sat next to the secretary of defense. I sat next to Dean. George Christian, the White House Press Secretary, and Tom Johnson, the deputy press secretary, made up the rest of the table. The role played in policy discussions was recalled by Helms in CIA interviews after the war ended. Helms could come up with facts related to the issue at hand. The decisiveness in keeping the game honest was the benefit of the role.Many advocates of particular policy positions will cherry pick facts to support their positions, whether consciously or not, according to Helms. The voice of a neutral could help steer the conversation on routes that are realistic. The dominating presence at lunch was the political personality of Johnson. Helms marveled at how President Johnson used his personality contradictions to direct those around him, and forcefully manage the atmosphere of discourse. Helms was an important player in the political mix of Washington when it came to the perennial issues of Vietnam. The CIA people were divided on the conflict. Updating CIA intelligence and reporting on CIA operations to the American executive leadership was one of Helms' daily duties as the DCI.Vietnam dominated the news. The American political consensus eventually broke. The issues were vociferouslycontested as the public became sharply divided. There was confusion about the so-called Vietnamese 'quagmire'. Helms was struggling to best serve his view of America and the President. Differences and divisions might emerge within the ranks of analysts. The Bureau of Intelligence and Research at the United States State Department had a statutory mandate to reconcile the conflicting views promoted by the various American intelligence services.Inter-agency concord can be problematic if other department reports disagree with the CIA's Estimates. The process of reaching the final consensus could become contentious. In 1965, Johnson ordered warplanes to bomb the North after sending large numbers of American combat troops to fight in South Vietnam. The military put a lot of pressure on him. In the "paper wars" that followed, <mask> at CIA was frequently asked for intelligence reports on military action. The military did not like the review of its conduct. The American strategy had become a war of attrition.The goal was to make the enemy suffer more losses than it could replace. The number of communist fighters at any one time was a key factor in determining the course of the war. The military's figures of enemy casualties became the subject of intense political pressure on the CIA. CIA reports on the order of battle numbers were usually moderate, but they questioned whether the strategy used by the U.S. Army would ever compel Hanoi to negotiate. Johnson never asked Helms for his opinion. The dispute between the Army and CIA over the number of Viet Cong fighters became common knowledge in the administration. According to one source, CIA Director <mask> used his influence with Lyndon Johnson to warn about the dangers of the U.S. involvement in Vietnam.Stansfield Turner describes Helms' relationship with Lyndon Johnson as being overly loyal to the office of president. Before reaching President Johnson, the CIA staff's frank opinions on Vietnam were sometimes changed. The CIA analysts estimated the enemy

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texts: strength at 500,000, while the military said it was only 270,000. There was no way to resolve the difference. The CIA and Helms went along with the military's lower number for the combat strength of the Communist forces. This led a CIA analyst to file a formal complaint against Helms, which was accorded due process within the Agency. The president introduced the establishment of strategic hamlets in order to contest the operations of the Viet Cong in the countryside.The Phoenix program was launched in 1967. Various Vietnamese forces were deployed in the field against the Viet Cong. The design and leadership of the CIA was built on practices developed by the provincial chief of Vietnam. Colonel Chau caustically writes that the CIA was not in control of Phoenix. William Colby was allowed to take a temporary leave of absence from the CIA in order to lead CORDS, a position with ambassadorial rank, in order to go to Vietnam. Helms thought Robert Komer had put a fast one over on him. In South Vietnam, Komer was in charge of the CORDS program.Colby had been running the CIA's Far East Division before Helms promoted him to head of the Soviet Division. Colby left the CIA to run Phoenix. A seemingly ever-increasing number of CIA personnel, as well as many other Americans, worked to monitor and manage the Phoenix program. After receiving special Phoenix training, Vietnamese forces in rural areas went head to head against the Viet Cong Infrastructure, trying to penetrate communist organizations to arrest and kill their operatives. The Vietnam War was similar to a civil war in that the Viet Cong had already killed thousands of village leaders. In its strategy of fighting fire with fire, forces in the Phoenix program used torture and became entangled in actions involving local and official corruption, resulting in many questionable killings. Colby thought that the program worked well enough to stop the gains of the Viet Cong.The CIA's success in its secret war in Laos was compared favorably by Colby. The early efforts of Phoenix were successful and of serious concern to the leadership of the North Vietnamese. Helms goes on to recount the Phoenix program's decline into corruption and counter productive violence, which nullified its early success. Phoenix became useless in the field and a notorious political liability by the time it was discontinued. The situation is presented in Helms' memoirs, in which the American advisors and liaison officers did not have command or direct supervision. Abuse of authority, such as the settlement of personal scores, rewarding of friends, summary executions, prisoner mistreatment, false denunciation, and illegal property seizure, was eliminated by the American staff. The idea that regulations and directives imposed by foreign liaison officers could be expected to curb revenge and profit-making was not realistic.Interviews were done with Vietnamese communist leaders and military commanders who were familiar with the Viet Cong organization. Stanley Karnow reports that they said the Phoenix operations were very effective against them. The value of the counterinsurgency tactics of the Marine Corps and the Phoenix program was confirmed by reference to "Hanoi's official history of the war". The regular units of the ARVN and the U.S. Army were better able to confront the elusive Viet Cong support networks than the Phoenix partisans were. The military lessons of the war were being understood by the Army. There is a controversy surrounding the Phoenix legacy. "As successful a program as Phoenix was when guided by energetic local leaders, as a national program it succumbed to political corruption and failed," Helms summarized.Colby admitted serious flaws, yet in the end found a positive conclusion. Although the agency clearly condoned what was happening, it was not the CIA that was responsible for the excesses of Phoenix. The author compares the violent excesses of Phoenix to the early years of the Second Iraq War. The Vietnam quagmire lost domestic political support and hurt the popularity of the Johnson administration. The war issue reached a crisis in the spring of 1968 after the January Tet offensive in Vietnam. In March Helms prepared another special CIA report for Johnson and arranged for a CIA officer to present it to him. Carver was the CIA's Special Assistant for Vietnam Affairs.Helms writes, "In his typically unvarnished manner, George had presented a bleak but accurate view of the situation and again demonstrated that the NVN strength in South Vietnam was far stronger than had been previously reported." Carver said that the President could not tell the American voters that the United States would leave Vietnam on the same day as Ho Chi Minh told them. The LBJ rose like a roasted pheasant and bolted from the room. But Johnson came back. What happened next was described by Helms. The President, who was a foot and a half taller and a hundred pounds heavier than George, hit him with a resounding clap on the back and caught his hand in an immense fist. Johnson applauded George for his services to the country and its voters, and for his pumping motion that might have drawn oil from a dry Texas well.He told anyone who wanted to talk to him to pick up the phone and come over. It was a great performance. A group of foreign policy elders, known as The Wise Men, confronted Johnson about the difficulty of winning in Vietnam after hearing from the CIA. The president wasn't prepared to accept their findings. Helms later wrote that March 1968 was the most difficult month of Johnson's political career. The advice contributed to Johnson's decision to withdraw from the 1968 presidential election. The 1968 Presidential election was won by the Republican nominee, <mask>. Nixon.President Johnson invited Nixon to his ranch in Texas for a discussion of current events after the election. Nixon was introduced to a few members of his inner circle by Johnson. Johnson told Helms that he had represented him to Nixon as a merit appointment, a career federal official who was good at his job. Nixon invited Helms to his New York City headquarters where he told Helms that he and Hoover would not be involved in politics. The DCI was a non-partisan position according to Helms. Nixon had already made his plans when he decided to sharply reduce the importance of the CIA in his administration. The ease of access to the president that Helms enjoyed in the Johnson Administration changed dramatically with the arrival of President <mask> and Henry Kissinger.Nixon wanted to dominate policy by isolating himself from the Washington bureaucracy. H.R. was his primary conduits. Nixon's face-to-face confrontations were screened by Haldeman and John Ehrlichman. Nixon started to build policy-making functions inside the White House after pushing away top officials. He would direct the government and deal with the outside world from a safe distance. Nixon appointed Kissinger and his team to convey his instructions to the CIA. Nixon and Kissinger understood that they alone would conceive, command, and control covert operations.They could use covert action and espionage for their own benefit. They were used by Nixon to build a political fortress. <mask> wrote about his meeting with Kissinger in his memoirs. Henry told me that all intelligence briefings, oral or otherwise, were to come through Kissinger. Is there any intelligence reports? I asked. Yes.It was Kissinger who served as Nixon's senior intelligence advisor, according to a Senate historian. The NSC became an intelligence and policy staff under Kissinger's direction. Helms was to be excluded from NSC meetings under Nixon's initial plan. The President wanted Henry Kissinger to run intelligence for him and the National Security Council staff in the White House, under Kissinger, would control the intelligence community. This was the beginning of a shift of power from the CIA to the National Security Council staff. According to Stansfield Turner, Nixon was hostile to the CIA because of his low evaluation of the quality of its information. According to Turner, Nixon considered the CIA to be full of liberals and contrary to his policy direction.<mask> said in a 1988 interview that Nixon never trusted anyone. Helms later wrote that he thought Nixon was the best prepared to be President of those under whom he served. Nixon had a good grasp of domestic politics and foreign affairs. He had served well as Vice President. When Nixon attended NSC meetings, he would often direct his personal animosity and ire directly at <mask>, who led an agency Nixon considered overrated, and which INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals It was difficult to establish a working relationship with the new President. Nixon and his principal assistant, Dr. Kissinger, ignored analytical intelligence except for what was convenient for use by Kissinger's own small personal staff in support of Nixon-Kiss.Incoming intelligence was closely monitored and its distribution controlled by Kissinger's staff to keep it from embarrassing the White House. ... I don't think anyone could have done better than Helms. Henry Kissinger became the President's chief intelligence officer because of the changed policies of the Nixon administration. Nixon felt ill at ease with Helms, according to Kissinger. The Nixon and Johnson administrations tasked the CIA with domestic monitoring of protest movements and anti-war activities. According to the theory, various Americans and their organizations were funded and/or influenced by foreign actors, especially the Soviet Union and other communist states.The CIA built thousands of secret files on American citizens after gathering information on many groups. The CIA activities were at the margin of legality as the CIA was forbidden from domestic espionage. The Chaos operation created a storm of media attention. During the mid-1960s, President Johnson became suspicious that foreign communists were giving money and organization skills to protest groups in America because of the sudden rise in opposition to the Vietnam War. Johnson thought an investigation would bring this to light, a project in which the CIA would work with the FBI. Helms remarked that such activity would involve some risk as his agency was not allowed to conduct such activity within the national borders. "I'm aware of that," Johnson said in reply to Helms.The President said the main focus was to remain foreign. The reasons for the president's orders were understood by Helms. The initial investigation was found to be within the CIA's legislative charter by both the Rockefeller Commission and the Church Committee. The CIA was the first to develop leads and contacts within the domestic anti-war movement. Its infiltrating agents would acquire anti-war credentials that would give them some amount of cover when overseas. The CIA activity continued for seven years on that rationale. Helms hid the operation in the counterintelligence office.The CIA officers went to the United States and Europe to work with peace groups after they learned the jargon of the New Left. A computer index of 300,000 names of American people and organizations was compiled by the agency. It was secretly working with police departments. It was not possible to distinguish between the far left and the mainstream opposition to the war. The president's order gave the National Security Agency the power to eavesdrop on American citizens. The CIA did not find any foreign sources of money or influence. The President was hostile when Helms reported the findings.LBJ did not believe that American youth would riot in protest against the U.S. foreign policy. Helms was instructed by Johnson to continue the search. The scope and reach of Chaos would be extended by the Nixon presidency. In 1969 there was an opposition to Chaos. Helms tried to make his critics feel better. Helms wrote an office memo justifying the Chaos operation to CIA officers and agents after Lawrence Houston became involved. The FBI refused to provide any context or analysis after reporting a steady stream of data on domestic anti-war and other'subversive' activity.The CIA's work with the FBI was considered a clear violation of its charter. Nixon believed that the domestic dissidence was started and nurtured from abroad. A young lawyer, Tom Charles Huston, was selected by Nixon in 1970 to manage a marked increase in the surveillance of domestic dissenters and protesters: a multi-agency investigative effort, more thorough and wider in scope. The FBI, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency, and the CIA were included in the Interagency Committee on Intelligence. According to intelligence writer Thomas Powers, it would be a wholesale assault on the peace and radical movements. The new scheme was delayed because of the Watergate scandal. The news media discovered a terminated operation in 1974.The Soviet Union developed a new series of missiles. There was a question about whether the missile was a Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle or not. The missiles were considered to be the more potent kind by Defense intelligence, despite the fact that they were not 'MIRVed' by the CIA. The Soviet Union could have been aiming for a first strike nuclear capacity. The Nixon administration wanted to use the Soviet threat to justify a new American antiballistic missile system. Helms initially stood by his analysts at the CIA after Henry Kissinger asked him to review the CIA's finding. Helms compromised eventually.Helms was told by the Secretary of Defense that the CIA had deviated from the administration's policy. The MIRV conflict was seen by Helms as part of bureaucratic maneuvering over extremely difficult-to-determine issues, in which the CIA had to find its strategic location within the new Nixon administration. Helms realized that there was no evidence to support either position. Both positions were based on the same data. The Agency's estimate that the USSR was not attempting to create a first-strike capability was the reason why the paragraph was removed. One CIA analyst, Abbott Smith, viewed this flip-flops as a cave-in on a matter of high principle, but also as a public slap in the face from his director, a vote of no confidence in his work. The "contested paragraph" was reinserted into the intelligence report by another analyst at the United States Department of State.The analysts at the CIA and State were vindicated when the nature of the Soviet missiles became better understood. <mask> did not cover himself with glory this time. Nixon pursued what he called "peace with honor", or perhaps an elusive victory by another name, yet critics called his aim a "decent interval". The policy was called Vietnamization. He focused on the peace negotiations in Paris to end the war favorably. The major role in bargaining was played by Henry Kissinger. It was difficult to achieve peace; casualties mounted.Nixon initiated the air war even though he withdrew a lot of American troops. He expanded the scope of the conflict by invading Cambodia. While these actions sought to gain bargaining power at the Paris conference table, they also drew a "firestorm" of college protests in America. Helms at the CIA was criticized by Kissinger for his opposition to the mining of Haiphong harbor. In Kissinger's telling, <mask>' opposition reflected the bias of CIA analysts, the most liberal school of thought in the government. Nixon understood the struggle in the context of the cold war when he contemplated his administration's inheritance of the Vietnam War. Vietnam was viewed as important by him.<mask> said that he said, "There's only one problem hereabouts and that's Vietnam, get on with it." The Sino-Soviet split gave America an opportunity to triangulate Soviet Russia by opening relations with the People's Republic of China. It could cause a wedge between the two major supporters of North Vietnam. Nixon kept his diplomatic travel preparations under wraps, even though the CIA reported Helms supplied him on China. Kissinger ordered the CIA to stop covert operations in Tibet to prepare for Nixon's trip to China. The withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam was signified by Vietnamization. The political-military landscape was affected by this.Many CIA activities, such as civic projects and paramilitary operations in Vietnam, were wound down by DCI Helms. Colby's Phoenix program was turned over to Vietnamese control. The Paris Peace Accords came after <mask> left the CIA. Nixon increased American military aid to support the South Vietnam regime. Regular army units of the Communist forces attacked the regime's army in 1975, collapsing it. "Moral disintegration alone can explain why an army three times the size and five times the equipment of the enemy could be as quickly defeated as the ARVN was between March 10 and April 30, 1975," said Joseph Buttinger. There were over 47,000 American military deaths from the war.South Vietnam's military losses were around 100,000 killed and 500,000 wounded. More than one million people were killed and 600,000 were wounded in communist Vietnam's military losses. There were 2,000,000 civilian deaths from the war. The lowest estimate for the number of civilians killed in the war is 415,000, according to Spencer C. Tucker. The most controversial undertaking as CIA chief was the effort to block the socialist programs of Salvador Allende of Chile, actions done at President Nixon's direction. The operation was called Project Fubelt. After Allende's victory in the 1970 election, the CIA jumped into action with a series of divisive maneuvers.The president of Chile was inaugurated. The CIA's efforts waned in intensity after that. The military coup led by Augusto Pinochet ended the elected regime of President Allende. The USG sent financial and other assistance to the two candidates who were against Allende. Helms states that on Sept. 15, 1970, he met with President Nixon who ordered the CIA to support an army coup to prevent an already elected Allende from being confirmed as president. Helms characterized the order as "He wanted something done and he didn't care how." The CIA's covert funding of "democrats" in Chile was called "track I" and the secret, illegal activity ordered by Nixon was called "track II".The CIA badgered a law-abiding army to seize power. After the assassination of the Army Commander-in-Chief, rogue elements of the country's military broke off contact with the CIA. The Congress confirmed Allende as president of Chile

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