title: Paul Bairoch

texts: <mask> was a Swiss economic historian of Belgian descent who specialized in urban history and historical demography. More than two dozen books and 120 scholarly articles were co-authored by him. His most important works emphasize the agricultural preconditions necessary for industrialization and controversially claim that colonization was not beneficial to colonial empires. Growth and tariffs were correlated in the 19th century. <mask> obtained a bachelor's degree by correspondence, intending to become an engineer, but instead studied economic history at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes in Paris. He worked at the Free University of Brussels from 1965 to 1995 and obtained his doctorate in 1963. He was a professor at the Sir George Williams University in Montréal from 1969 to 1971 and the director of studies at the Ecole Pratique des Haute.He was made professor of history in 1972 at the University of Geneva. He retired in 1995. Doctor honoris causa was a visiting professor at Harvard and at the Collge de France. <mask> directed a number of research projects on the world economy at the Centre for International Economic History. The idea that free trade historically led to periods of economic growth is one of the many beliefs that <mask> sought through quantitative, empirical research of historical trends. Bairoch argued that the beliefs are based on incorrect interpretations of the economic history of the United States, Europe and the Third World. He researched the reasons why colonised countries of the Third World prevented an industrial takeoff.His book is called Révolution industrielle et sous-développement. He is known for his research on the economic problems of Third World countries and the aftermath of the industrial revolution. Some of his estimates of Gross Product measures are challenged by other economic historians, but they are still being referred to in the literature. <mask> believes that free trade contributed to deindustrialization in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire had a trade policy that was open to foreign imports. The capitulations of the Ottoman Empire began with the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and continued until 1740, when they lowered duties to 3% for imports and exports. The Ottoman Empire was praised by British economists, but later criticized by British politicians, such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli.He said that this exploitation was not necessary for industrialisation. This is good news for the third world because it means that development can occur without exploitation of other regions. There are books and monographs about the mythe de la croissance. 1962 Le processus et l'amorce de la croissance. The formation of the prix des fruits, légumes, and laitiers. The Université libre de Bruxelles is anInstitut de sociologie. The 1960s saw the birth of the Niveaux de développement.L'économie belge et internationale was written in 1965, by T. Deldycke and others. The Université libre de Bruxelles has anInstitut de sociologie. 1966Le rle de l'agriculture. 1966Evolution de la population active. The population was active et sa structure. Sous la direction de P<mask>. Diagnostic de l'évolution, 1900–1968.The 4th edition. The Gauthier-Villars sector is studie over de ontwikkeling op de vermindering. Short term prospects of the Third World economy were shown in 1971 by Presses universitaires de France. The African Institute for Economic Development and Planning was founded in 1971. Aconomique du XVIIIe. Gallimard, 1971 is a chmage urbAIN. Bureau International du Travail was established in 1972.The economic development of the Third World since 1900 is in the fourth edition. The second edition of "Urban Unemployment in Developing Countries: The Nature of the Problem and Proposals for Its Solutions International Labour Office" was published in June 1976. The conditions of the villes areconomique. Paris is : d. Disparities in Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution was published in 1977. In 1981 there was a Palgrave: Macmillan. The structure of the exportations du Tiers-monde 1830– 1937 was published by St. Martin's Press.They were written by <mask> and Anne-Marie Piuz. Thetoire de Jéricho  Mexico was written by Droz. Villes sur l'histoire. : banque de données et analyse sommaire des résultats was written by Gallimard in 1985. Christopher Braider translated. Chicago: University of Chicago Press in 1988. "Production mondiale d'énergie" is a term used for World energy production from 1800 to 1985.The VUBPress was published in 1991. There are myths and paradoxes in economics and world history. The University of Chicago Press published an autour de l'histoire sociale du temps. The Chronos Verlag was published in 1997. Histoire économique et sociale du monde du XVIe Sicle : nos jours. Gallimard, 1997. 1800  nos jours : production, productivité, rendements.The International Labour Review published "Changes in the Industrial Distribution of the World Labour Force, by Region, 1880–1960" in 1968. "Population urbaine et taille des villes en Europe de 1600  1970" 54, pp. "Structure de la population active mondiale de 1700  1970" was written by Annales E.S.C. 960–970. There was free trade and European economic development in the 19th century. The European Economic Review was published in 1972.Carlo Cipolla wrote "Agriculture and the industrial revolution 1700–1914". The Industrial Revolution is part of the Fontana Economic History of Europe. 3. "Commerce international et genese de la revolution industrielle anglaise." Annales, 28, pp. "European Foreign Trade in the XIX Century: The Development of the Value and Volume of Exports (Preliminary Results)" was published in 1973. 2, no.The Journal of European Economic History published "Geographical Structure and Trade Balance of European Foreign Trade from 1800 to 1970". 3, no. The "European Gross National Product 1800–1975" was published in the Journal of European Economic History. The Journal of European Economic History has a reply to Mr. Gunder Frank's commentary. The volume des productions et du produit national was published in 1976. In: Tiers-monde, 20(80) Oct./dec. "Nature de la technologie et problematique du demarrage economique" was published in 1979."International industrialization levels from 1750 to 1980" was written in the Journal of European Economic History. No's 1 and 2 were Fall 1982. Employment and large cities have problems. The International Labour Review published "libre-e change et protectionnisme, idées reues et réalités : Les enseignements de l'histoire". In: Economie et humanisme, no 277, was published in 1984. Histoire & Mesure, Vol. Historique des unités et présentation des coefficients. I was born in 1986Gary Goertz wrote "Factors of urbanisation in the nineteenth century developed countries : a descriptive and econometric analysis". 23, no. August 4, 1986 "Historical Roots of Economic Underdevelopment: Myths and Realities". W.J. was in. Mommsen and J. The book is called Osterhammel(ed.).Imperialism and after. There are two types ofcontinuities and discontinuities. In 1986 there was a novel called Allen & Unwin. "Urbanization and the Economy in Preindustrial Societies: the Findings of Two Decades of Research" was published in the Journal of European Economic History. No. 18, no. "La Literature Periodique d'histoire economique contemporaine" was published in 1989. In: A M van der woude, Akira Hayami, and Jan De Vries.Urbanization in history is a process of dynamic interactions. Oxford University Press was in New York. "L'industrie manufacturire suisse : a perspective internationale et historique" Passé pluriel was written by the professeur of the same name. Fribourg : Ed. universitaires, 1991. Technology, Growth, and Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution are favorites of Fortune.The book was edited by David S. Landes. The city of Cambridge, Mass. "La Belgique dans le commerce international, 1830–1990" was published in 1991. The transformation of the economy was done in the 10th century. Essays in honour of Herman van der Wee were written in 1994. "Globalisation myths: some historical reflections on integration, industrialisation and growth in the world economy" The UNCTAD discussion paper "Globalization, myths and realities: One century of external trade and foreign investment" was published in 1996.London: Routledge in 1996. "Les exportations d'articles manufacturés de la Suisse" In: Martin Krner and Franois Walter. There is a Histoire. There is a Festschrift fr J.-F. Bergier. Verlag Paul Haupt: Bern, 1996, pp. There are new estimates of agricultural productivity and yields of developed countries.45–64 "Trade and jobs in Europe: much ado about nothing?" is an edited version of "The impact of globalization on employment in Europe". Oxford University Press was published in 1999. The economic principles of globalization are in historical perspective. International Sociology is an anthology of sociology. 15, No. 2, pp.Towards an international economic and social history was written in honor of <mask>. Ed. is Genve. Passé Présent took place in 1995. "<mask> (1930–1999)" was written by Bouda Etemad and Jean Batou. pp. 49, n 3, 1999. 39–94 "In Memoriam: <mask> (1930–1999)" was written by Patrick Verley.51, No. 2. A. M. Piuz wrote "<mask>" in the Journal of European Economic History. External links include the <mask>ch Library and the Harvard University staff.

masks:
Paul Bairoch
Bairoch
Bairoch
Paul Bairoch
Bairoch
. Bairoch
Paul Bairoch
Paul Bairoch
Paul Bairoch
Paul Bairoch
Paul Baich
Paul Bairo


title: Emperor Higashiyama

type: paraphrased

texts: The traditional order of succession says that the emperor was the 113th. <mask>'s reign lasted from 1687 through to his abdication in 1709, which was related to the Genroku era. The previous hundred years of peace in Japan had created economic stability. The arts and theater flourished. Before <mask>'s ascension to the throne, his personal name was Tomohito. Tomohito was the fifth son of Emperor Reigen and was born on October 21, 1675. Prince Tomohito was adopted by the chief consort.Tomohito's family lived in the Dairi of the Heian Palace. There were a number of events that took place before Tomohito became Crown Prince. One of the few places in Tokyo that survived World War II is the Shingon Buddhist temple Gokoku-ji. Tomohito-shinn was given the title of Crown prince in 1682. A ceremonial investiture was held for the first time in over 300 years. The Kyoto Imperial Palace was destroyed in a fire in 1684 and reconstruction took a year. The effects of this fire on the Imperial family are unknown.A comet was observed crossing the night sky after Go-Sai died. The era's name was changed to Genroku after Prince Tomohito became Emperor when his father abdicated. The title of Emperor was only given to the shoguns of the Tokugawa family. In the Heian period, Emperor Reigen ruled in Higashiyama's name as a Cloistered Emperor. The move caused trouble for the shogunate, but Higashiyama's gentle character helped improve relations with the Shgun. Repairs were carried out on Imperial mausoleums because of the warm relationship. Reigen was the last cloistered Emperor of Japan and lived out his retirement in the Sent-gosho.The Daij-sai ceremony was revived because of the shogunate's insistence. The Shinto ritual was only performed once by the emperor during the enthronement ceremonies, after being in abeyance for over a century. The code of conduct for funerals was revised by the Tokugawa shogunate. A German physician arrives at Dejima for the first time. The policy of Bakufu was to marginalize the influence of foreigners, and the Dutch had to present themselves as "Dutch" in dealings with the Japanese. The consequence of sakoku was to enhance the value and significance of a very small number of thoughtful observers like Kaempfer, whose writings document what he learned or discovered first-hand. In the 19th century, Kaempfer's published accounts and unpublished writings provided a unique and useful perspective for Orientalists and Japanologists.The minting of Genroku coinage began in 1695. The same character used in China for the yuan was put on the copper coins by the shogunate. There is no connection between those uses. The first kennel for stray dogs was established in Edo. Tokugawa Tsunayoshi comes to be called the. The fourth official map of Japan was made this year, but it was not as good as the previous one, which was completed in 1639 The Genroku map was corrected in 1719 (Kyh 4) using high mountain peaks as points of reference, and was drawn to a scale of 1:21,600.Great fire in Edo. There was a great fire in Edo. The Edo temple of Kan'ei-ji is also known as Teizan Kan'ei-ji or "Hiei-san of the east" after the main temple of the Tendai Buddhist sect. The Ak incident took place in 1703 when a band of Forty-seven rnin avenged the death of their master Asanori. The Love Suicides at Sonezaki was the first performance of Chikamatsu Monzaemon's play. The Great Genroku earthquake shook Edo and parts of the shguns castle collapsed. The city was engulfed in a fire the next day.200,000 people were killed or injured in Honsh's coast when it was ravaged by a wave. October 28, 1707 was the day of the Hei earthquake. The city of Osaka was hit by a very violent earthquake. The eruption of Mount Fuji caused cinders and ash to fall in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi. The shogunate introduces new copper coins and they are marked with the Hei neng name. There was a fire on the 8th day of the 3rd month. Giovanni Sidotti was arrested after landing in Yakushima.Shgun Tsunayoshi appointed a commission to repair and restore Imperial mausoleums. The 6th shgun of the Edo bakufu is Tokugawa Ienobu. Emperor Nakamikado ascended to the throne. The throne was passed to his son after Emperor <mask> abdicated. <mask> died on the 17th day of the 12th month. The Imperial mausoleum, Tsuki no wa no misasagi, is located in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. The emperor's predecessors since Go-Mizunoo are Meish, Go-Kmy, Go-Sai and Reigen.The Imperial successors of <mask>, including Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi and Go-Momozono, are here as well. The years of <mask>'s reign are identified by more than one era name. <mask>'s family included at least 11 children. Tomohito is a fictional portrayal of Higashiyama in Laura Joh Rowland's novel The Samurai's Wife. In the novel, a detective is sent to investigate the murder of an official in the Imperial Court. Tomohito is portrayed as a child at the beginning of the novel. He was the instigator of a revolution against the Tokugawa regime so he could take control of Japan.He was once again placed in the Imperial Palace after his plan failed, and he seems to have accepted his fate to never leave the palace. See the Emperor of Japan List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cult References. They did it in (2006). The path to World War II was helped by the 1923 earthquake and fire in Yokohama. New York: Simon & Schuster. Eva-Maria Meyer. There was a report in 1999.The Kaiserhof in Japan was in the Edo-Zeit from 1846 to 1867. The LIT Verlag is in Mnster. Richard Arthur Brabazon, Ponsonby-Fane. (1956). The Old Capital of Japan is Kyoto. The Ponsonby Memorial Society is in Kyoto. There are no comments at this time.The year 1959 The Imperial House is in Japan. The Ponsonby Memorial Society is in Kyoto. Screech, Timon. They did it in (2006). There are secret memoirs of the Shoguns. London:Curzon.Smith, Robert and Beardsley. They did it in 2004. Japanese culture has development and characteristics. Aldine Publishing is in Chicago. Titsingh, I. The book was published in 1836. Annales des empereurs du Japon, Nihon dai Ichiran.The Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland is located in Paris. Traganeou is the name of the person. They did it in 2004. Traveling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan can be found in The Tokaido Road. New York:Curzon. H. Paul Varley. The year 1980.Jinn Shtki is a book about Gods and rulers. Columbia University Press is in New York. Japanese emperors died from infectious disease in the 17th century.

masks: Higashiyama Higashiyama Higashiyama Higashiyama Higashiyama Higashiyama Higashiyama


title: Elliot Grandin

texts: A French professional footballer, who last played for a League Two club, is named <mask>. <mask> can play in the middle of the field. He spent time in France for Stade Malherbe Caen, Olympique de Marseille, and a loan spell at Grenoble Foot 38. At under-21 level, <mask> played for France. Caen <mask> signed his professional contract at the club where he began his career. He made his debut for the first team in the 2004–05 season in a 3–2 defeat to Istres as Caen were demoted to Ligue 2. This is his only appearance of the season.In the opening game of the 2005–06 season, <mask> scored his first goal for Caen in a 3–2 loss to Créteil-Lusitanos. <mask> scored his second goal of the season in a 5–0 win against Valenciennes in the first round of the Coupe de la Ligue. He scored against them for the second time this season, losing 2–1. <mask> scored his third goal of the season in a 1–0 win against FC Ste 34. The club missed out on promotion to Ligue 1 on goal difference. With his playing time at SM Caen increased, he made a total of nineteen league appearances and scored three goals. <mask> scored his first goal of the season in a 1–0 win against Créteil-Lusitanos.He scored his second goal of the season in a 3–2 win against Dijon. <mask> scored his third goal of the season two weeks later in a 2–1 loss against Valenciennes in the first round of the Coupe de France. <mask> was part of the Caen squad that won promotion to Ligue 1 after beating FC Libourne 2–1 in the last game of the season. Despite finding his playing time coming from the substitute bench, <mask> continued to be in the first team for the side. He scored his first goal of the season in a 5–0 win against Bordeaux on November 24, 2007. In the matches against Toulouse and Lyon, <mask> scored two more goals. His performance caught the attention of the city of Marseille.By the time he left Caen, <mask> had 55 league appearances and six goals. <mask> joined Marseille on January 28, 2008 for 400,000. He was criticized by the manager after leaving Caen. In his first match for the club against AS Monaco in the last 16 of the Coupe de France, he made an assist for the second goal scored by Mathieu Valbuena. In February 2008, <mask> made his debut for Marseille, playing 89 minutes in a 2–0 win over Nice. On the last day of the season against Strasbourg, he came on as a substitute after an injury to Mamadou Niang and sent his pass to Nasri to score the winning goal in a 4–3 victory. <mask> made eight league appearances, most of them as a substitute.In the first game of the 2008–09 season, <mask> was in the starting line-up and scored a goal in the final seconds of the game. On 13 August 2008, he made his European debut in a single goal victory at Brann. On 17 August 2008, <mask> scored his second goal for the club in a 4–0 win against Auxerre. The return leg against Brann ended in a 2–1 win for Marseille. <mask> fell out of favor with Eric Gerets due to lack of playing time. He was linked with a move away from the club in the January transfer window, with a number of clubs interested in signing him. By the time <mask> left, he had made eight appearances and scored twice.<mask> joined Grenoble Foot 38 on loan for five months. He made his debut on February 7, 2009, in a goalless home draw with Valenciennes. <mask> was a regular on the first team, playing in both the midfield and the strikers positions. He returned to Marseille at the end of the season after making a total of eight appearances. In the summer transfer window, <mask> was linked with a move away from Marseille, with Standard Lige and Wednesday interested in signing him, after he was told by the new manager that he was in a new plan. It was reported by L'quipe that he would go on trial in England with the first option of a million dollars. <mask> was released from his contract after returning to France.He was called one of the worst signings by the club. On January 5, 2010, it was reported that <mask> was about to sign for the club, however, on January 20, he signed a contract with the club. <mask> was out for a month after sustaining an injury during the winter break. He made his competitive debut for the club on 13 March 2010 against Sportist Svoge, scoring the opening goal and providing an assist in a 4–1 win. In a 4–2 win against OFC Sliven, <mask> scored his second goal. He scored two goals in two matches. <mask> was a first team regular and helped the club finish second.He made ten league appearances and scored four goals despite missing three matches. His performances attracted interest from clubs around Europe. <mask> had a change of heart and wanted to stay at CSKA. He played in the opening match of the 2010–11 season, a 1–0 home defeat to Levski Sofia in the first Eternal derby of the season. On August 5, 2010, <mask> played in a 2–1 win for the Reds over Northern Irish side Cliftonville at Windsor Park, in the Third qualifying round of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League, in what turned out to be his last appearance for the Reds. <mask> signed a two-year deal with the option for a third year with the newly promoted club. Three days after signing for the club, he made his debut for the club and set up a goal for Marlon Harewood, who scored twice in a 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium.Since joining the club, <mask> was involved in the first team and spoke positively of manager Ian Holloway's personality and tactics. He played a role in two matches, one against West Bromwich on 1 November 2010 and the other againstBolton on 27 November 2010, both of which saw Blackpool earn a draw and win. The club lost 2–0 on December 28, 2010 when <mask> was replaced in the 19th minute due to a injury. He played 64 minutes in the 2–1 win against the Reds on January 12th, 2011. <mask> scored his first goal for the club on February 12th, 2011. <mask> missed two matches due to a injury. He made his return to the starting line–up against Blackburn on 19 March 2011 and played 66 minutes before being substituted in a 2–2 draw.In the last game of the season, they lost 4–2 to Manchester United. At the end of the 2010–11 season, <mask> made twenty-four appearances and scored once. The club earned six points in the first two league matches of the season, as <mask> made three starts. He was out for four weeks because of an injury to his toe. After missing 17 games through injury, <mask> came on as a 63rd-minute substitute in a 3–1 win over Barnsley. He scored his first goal of the season two weeks later and then set up the second goal of the game in a 2–2 draw against Ipswich Town. In a 2–1 win against Crystal Palace, <mask> scored his second goal of the season.By the time he was sent to OGC Nice, <mask> had made seven appearances and scored two times. Nice failed to sign <mask> on a permanent basis in the 2012–13 season. He changed his number shirt to ten after returning to the club. <mask> made his first appearance of the season against Morecambe in the first round of the League Cup, coming on as a second half substitute in a 2–1 loss. He won a penalty and converted it himself in a 5–1 win over Middlesbrough. After scoring his first goal and training with the development squad, <mask> was left out of the squad for the next five matches. He expressed his love for the city and said he wanted to leave.After returning to the squad, <mask> scored his first goal of the season and set up the second goal of the game five minutes later, in a 2–2 draw againstNottingham Forest. He scored his third goal of the game in a 1–1 draw against the Seagulls. The player's first team opportunities were reduced and he was an unused substitute for the rest of the matches. At the end of the 2012–13 season, he made thirteen appearances and scored three times. <mask> was released by the club. <mask> returned to his native country after signing a loan deal with OGC Nice. He said after joining the club that he wanted to come back to France.I felt like I didn't finish the job. I did everything I could to make it happen. I really want to help the club. <mask> returned to his native country to resolve his problem because of a family factor. <mask> made his debut for OGC Nice in a 2–1 loss against his former club, Marseille. He made his first league appearance in three years on February 4, 2012 when he started a match and played 63 minutes before being taken out of the game. He was involved in the first team for the rest of the season and made thirteen appearances.The option to make his move permanent was not taken up by the club. Crystal Palace signed <mask> on a free transfer. He made his debut against Bristol City in the second round of the League Cup. <mask>'s contract was canceled by mutual consent in January of last year, without having made a league appearance. After leaving Crystal Palace at the end of January, <mask> returned to Blackpool on a deal until the end of the season. He said that Barry Ferguson gave him a chance and that moving back to the club felt like home. In the 67th minute, <mask> came on for ngel Martnez, and the two teams drew 1–1.<mask> scored his first goal for the club in the loss to Yeovil Town. He found his playing time coming from the substitute bench after finding his first team opportunities limited. At the end of the 2013–14 season, <mask> made seven appearances and scored one goal for his second spell at the club. He was not offered a new contract by Blackpool. He was linked with a move to the Championship after leaving Blackpool. <mask> moved to Romania in August of 2014. <mask> scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win over Rapid Bucharest after coming on as a 74th-minute substitute.His playing time came from the substitute bench and he was able to get some playing time in the first team. His struggles in finding a place to live was the reason for this. <mask> left the club because he had a dispute with the club over his salary. <mask> returned to England and signed for Shrewsbury Town in League One on a short-term deal until the end of the season in February. He didn't make a first team appearance. <mask> made his debut for the club in a 2–0 win against Karmiotissa after spending six months as a free agent. After coming on as an 83rd-minute substitute, he scored his first goal for Ermis Aradippou in a 4–0 win.In the next match, <mask> set up two goals for the club as they lost 3–2. He scored two more goals for Ermis Aradippou. At the end of the 2016–17 season, <mask> made thirteen appearances and scored three times. Fréjus Saint-Raphal of the Championnat National 2 returned to France with <mask> after leaving Cyprus. He made his debut for the club in a 1–0 win against Paulhan-Pézenas. toile Fréjus Saint-Raphal had nine appearances from <mask> at the end of the season. He was part of the team that won 2–1 away to Niort on January 4, 2020 to reach the last 32 of the Coupe de France for the first time.On January 31, 2020, the last day of the winter transfer period, <mask> returned to England and joined League Two side Grimsby Town until the end of the season. He made his debut for the club in February 2020, coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute in a 1–1 draw against Bradford City. <mask> played in the middle of the field for four more starts. The club finished in fifteenth place due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. He was released by the club at the end of the season after making five appearances. <mask> was part of the French team that won the Meridian Cup in Turkey. He was called to the France U21 squad for the first time.<mask> was called up to the France U20 squad but they were eliminated in the group stage. He was called up to the France U21 squad for the first time. <mask> scored on his U21 debut for the national side in a 2–2 draw against Slovakia. He scored one goal for France under-21s in 2008. The U21 national side did not call <mask> up for the rest of the year. Caen was runner-up in the 2006–07 France U18 UEFA–CAF Meridian Cup. OGC Nice players Crystal Palace F.C.Football players from FC Astra Giurgiu and F.C. Ermis Aradippou FC players are FC Fréjus Saint-Raphal. Football players who play in the First Professional Football League and the English Football League are expatriates.

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Elliot Grandin
Grandin
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title: Przemysł II

texts: The Duke of Przemys II, also known as Premyslas or Premislaus, was from 1257–1279, of Greater Poland. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was brought up at the court of his uncle Bolesaw the Pious because he was the only son of Duke Przemys I and the Silesian princess Elisabeth. After the death of his uncle, he obtained the Duchy of Kalisz. The Duke of Wrocaw, Henryk IV Probus, was a competitor in the first period of Przemys II's government. The rebellion of the Zaremba family was caused by this policy. The unification of the principalities of the Piast dynasty was sought by him.In 1290, under the will of Henryk IV Probus, he was given the title of High Duke of Poland, but he did not have enough support from the local nobility. He joined the alliance with the Kuyavian princes Wadysaw the Elbow-high and <mask> of czyca thanks to the mediation of Archbishop winka. He wanted to recover Krakw in the hands of King Wenceslaus II. According to the Treaty of Kpno signed in 1282, Przemys II was the inheritor of Pomerelia after the death of Duke Mestwin II. His position was strengthened and he was crowned King of Poland. The ceremony was held in Gniezno in June of 1295. Przemys II was murdered nine months later after a failed kidnapping attempt by men of the Margraves of Brandenburg, with some help from the Polish families of Nacz and Zaremba.The fifth child and only son of Duke Przemys I of Greater Poland and his wife, and daughter of Duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, was born on October 14, 1257 in Pozna. The Chronicle of Greater Poland states that he was born in the morning and that the canons of the city were singing morning prayers. The local clergy chanted the Te Deum laudamus at the news of the birth. The prince was christened by the Bishop of Pozna. Przemys II was named after his father, who died four months before his birth, according to the Chronicle of Greater Poland. The form of his name sounded similar to Przemys or Przemyl. Due to the fact that the word "Przemys" means production of a good or service within an economy today, it is reasonable to think that his name could be a valid form from Przemysaw.The Duke of Greater Poland may have been known as Peter, but Oswald Balzer thought it was a mistake. K. Grski recognised the name Peter as authentic. Information about a nickname was not provided by sources about contemporary rulers. The nickname Kynast was given to him by sources related to the Teutonic Order. He is sometimes called Posthumous, but this has not been universally accepted. Przemys II was the nominal ruler of the Duchy of Pozna at the time of his birth. The kingdom was taken by his uncle Duke Bolesaw the Pious and his wife, a Hungarian princess.The prince was raised by his mother at the court in Pozna. The orphan Przemys and his sisters were cared for by their uncle and aunt after their aunt died. There is very little information about the education given to Przemys II. Diplomatic sources have kept the names of two of his teachers. It is assumed that the prince had some knowledge of Latin in speech and writing. The next mention of Przemys II came in 1272, when his uncle Duke Bolesaw appointed him the nominal commander of an armed expedition against Brandenburg. The true commanders of the expedition were the Governor of Pozna,Przedpek and the Castellan of Kalisz, Janko.The purpose of the expedition was to acquire and destroy the newly built fortress in Strzelce Krajeskie, and in case it proved to be impossible, at least the desolation of Neumark. The prince was going to learn about war. The project was a success according to the Chronicle of Greater Poland. Strzelce Krajeskie was defeated and captured by the Greater Poland army. According to the Chronicle, while gaining control of the fortress, Przemys II ordered the slaughter of the defenders, and only a few managed to save the prince from the angered citizens. The fortress of Drezdenko was protected by only a few German knights after Przemys II received a confidential message. Despite the fact that he only had a small part of his forces, the young prince decided to attack.The defenders decided to surrender the fortress in exchange for a full pardon because they were worried about the fate of soldiers from Strzelce Krajeskie. Przemys II triumphantly returned home after taking the fortress in the name of his uncle. Przemys II formed his first alliance with Duke Mestwin II of Pomerelia. After being defeated and imprisoned by the Margraves of Brandenburg, Mestwin II was forced to cede the province of Gdask to them. The main castles and fortresses of the city were still occupied by the Brandenburg Margraviate even after the restoration of Mestwin II in the ducal throne. The Greater Poland rulers, Bolesaw the Pious and Przemys II, were the first cousins of the Pomeranian Duke. The fortresses in Gdask were regained by the Greater Poland-Pomerania alliance.After Mestwin II decided to conclude a peace with the Margraviate, the alliance with Greater Poland remained in force. Bolesaw the Pious began to seek new allies in case of war because of the constant threat of Brandenburg and the uncertainty of the alliance with Mestwin II. Bolesaw decided to seek an agreement with Duke Barnim I of Pomerania. The first marriage of Przemys II and Barnim I's granddaughter was a part of the new alliance with Pomerania. According to the Chronicle of Greater Poland, after the wedding the prince and his bride were briefly separated. The ceremonial arrival of his wife to Pozna was prepared by Przemys II and his uncle. The prince went to the frontier in Drezdenko with his uncle, aunt and other Greater Poland officials to bring Ludgarda to her new home.After the alliance between Greater Poland and Pomerania resulted in more than one expedition against Greater Poland, the princes were taken by surprise and the main fortress of the city was burned. The Greater Poland knighthood was hastily organized and was able to expel the invaders. The Duke of Przemys II became an independent Duke of Pozna. There are unclear circumstances around this event. The title "dux Poloniae" appears to have begun to be used by Przemys II after only one known source. The Greater Poland ruler gave the villages of Wgielnice and agiewnice to the major of Gniezno in gratitude for helping him escape from the fortress. The events preceding the issue of this document could be as follows: Przemys II, unhappy with his uncle's long-term control over him, and with the support of some powerful Greater Poland magnates decided, regardless of the consequences, to assert his rights.It is not clear if there has been any armed incidents or if the demands of Przemys II ended in his imprisonment in the Gniezno castle. Since Przemys II was able to escape from the castle without any help, it can be assumed that there wasn't a prison in the proper sense of the word. The writer used the phrase "qui de nocte consurgens", which supports the idea that the clerk was asleep when the prince arrived. The real cause of the grant of lands to Winiarczyk was not sure, and probably only gave him enough means to escape. The Duke of Wrocaw, Henryk IV Probus, helped Przemys <mask> escape from Gniezno. The conclusion of an alliance directed against "any man and Polish prince" with the exception of Duke Wadysaw of Opole was proof of this help. The alliance between Przemys <mask> and Henry IV placed Bolesaw the Pious in a very uncomfortable situation because he was a member of the Pro-Hungarian coalition of Polish princes.Bolesaw the Pious might have reconsidered his treatment of his nephew after this alliance. Przemys II interrupted his cooperation with the Duke of Wrocaw and decided to support his uncle in the expedition against Wadysaw of Opole. It can be concluded that the conflict between Przemys II and his uncle for power has been solved by this time. There is very little information about the rule of Przemys II. There were only four documents issued by the prince, two of which were with his uncle Bolesaw the Pious. There is a conflict with Bolesaw the Horned Przemys II's foreign politics. Even after a brief interruption, his friendly relations with Henry IV Probus continued.The Duke of Pozna was forced to stand at the side of the Wrocaw ruler because of the events that took place in the town of Jelcz near Wrocaw. Duke Bolesaw <mask> the Horned kidnapped Henryk IV and imprisoned him in the Legnica castle. The Duke of Legnica used the demands of the Duke of Wrocaw over one-third of his domain as a pretext to do this. The political weakness of the guardian of Henryk IV was used by Bolesaw to his advantage. Przemys II was faithful to his previous agreements with Henry IV Probus and decided to stand at the head of the knights of Wrocaw and Gogw. Bolesaw and his son Henry V the Fat commanded the Legnica army. According to historiography, the battle took place in the village of Stolec near Zbkowice lskie and lasted almost the entire day.It was thought that the

masks:
Casimir II
II
II
II


title: Przemysł II

texts: coalition would have a complete victory. When Bolesaw escaped from the battlefield, the situation became even more favorable for them. However, his son Henry V decided to stay until the end, and in this desperate situation encouraged his knights to fight, and finally obtain the victory; to complete the success, even Przemys <mask> and <mask> were taken prisoners. The Dukes of Legnica died in the battle so many people that the knights of Legnica could mock them, according to Jan Dugosz. The imprisonment of the Duke of Pozna was brief. There is no record of Przemys II having to pay for his release. Przemys II was in Lubin by July of 1277.The release of Henryk IV Probus took place after Bolesaw II surrendered to the town of roda lska. Bolesaw the Pious was against his nephew's participation in the conflict and invaded the borders of Wrocaw, trying to assert financial claims. He gave his daughter Elizabeth to Henry V the Fat. An additional reason for a quick end to this conflict was the personal intervention of King Ottokar <mask> of Bohemia, who in preparation for his final confrontation with King Rudolph I of Habsburg German needed to calm the situation in Poland. A meeting of Polish princes was held in the city of Opava in September of 1277. The exact date or participants are not specified by sources. Historians think they could be: Henryk IV Probus, Bolesaw V the Chaste, Leszek <mask> the Black, Wadysaw of Opole with his sons, <mask> of Gogw and Przemys II.Military actions against Germany were made during the meeting. The Battle on the Marchfeld took place in August of 1278 and was the decisive battle between Ottokar II and Rudolph I. The Czech army was supposed to be allied with the Polish troops. Przemys II was in Ld. Historians theorize that he didn't send troops to the king as planned. The good relations between Przemys II and Bolesaw the Pious were unaffected by the differences of interests between them. The issuance of documents such as 6 January 1278 was evidence of this.The fight between Bolesaw the Pious and the Margraviate of Brandenburg took place in August of 1278 and is a proof of the close cooperation between uncle and nephew in the last years of Bolesaw the Pious' life. According to a document dated 24 August 1278, Przemys II was in Ld at the time of the expedition. The dispute between Dukes Leszek II the Black and Ziemomys of Inowrocaw and his subjects was solved by Przemys II. Przemys II was able to end the dispute with their local nobility. The Duke of Inowrocaw had to agree to two conditions, the first being that all the noble families would be respected and the second being that he had distanced himself from his German advisors. The Pious and Wyszogrd have to be surrendered to Duke Mestwin II of Pomerelia. The friendly relations between Przemys II and the Kuyavia Dukes survived the end of his reign.The last important event in Bolesaw the Pious' life was the expedition against Brandenburg in 1278. "Maximus trumphator de Teutonicis", the highest winner on the Germans, died in Kalisz. Without male heirs, he declared his nephew his only and legitimate heir and urged him to take care of his wife and two daughters. The Duke of Greater Poland was acquired by Przemys II. The union wasdurable, and with the exception of its borders with Wrocaw, survived throughout his reign. The division between Kalisz and Gniezno persisted until the end of the 18th century. There was a division between the old voivodeships of Kalisz and Pozna.In the first period of his rule over all Greater Poland, Przemys II relied on the following nobles: Jan Gerbicz, Bishop of Pozna; members of the powerful noble family of Zaremba. Tomisaw Nacz was chamberlain of Pozna. Przemys II had a friendly relationship with all of his neighbors. The Duke of Greater Poland was invited to a meeting by Henry IV Probus. The Duke of Wrocaw imprisoned the princes who were invited because he broke all the rules of hospitableness at the meeting. Four years earlier, Przemys <mask> and <mask> risked their lives and armies to save Henry IV Probus in the Battle of Stolec, which ended with victory of Henry V the Fat, the third guest of this meeting. The Duke of Wrocaw is thought to have wanted to increase his influence over the neighboring principalities as part of his plan for a royal coronation.After brief resistance, Przemys <mask> was forced to give the Lesser Polish land of Ruda in order to obtain his release, because Henry IV wanted a direct connection between Wrocaw and Lesser Poland. The imprisonment of Przemys II did not last long because he was in Pozna on 3 March. Both <mask> and Henry V the Fat were forced to give larger territorial concessions. The Duke of Wrocaw was given military aid in the amount of thirty lancers by the three Dukes. This was an act of homage. The rapid release of Przemys II could have been aided by the intervention of the Black and Mestwin II of Pomerelia. The arrival of Mestwin II to Greater Poland, in addition to helping his imprisoned ally, was to settle the claims of the Teutonic Order over parts of Pomerelia and to resolve the issue of succession after his own death.The situation was further complicated by the fact that Mestwin II gained the rule over all the Duchy of Pomerelia after a war against his uncles, Racibor and Sambor II, who in revenge for this willed his possessions. The Duke of Pomerelia arrived in Greater Poland in 1281, which is when the first talks between Przemys II and Mestwin II probably took place. There is no direct evidence that Przemys II was in the Abbey in person, but the presence of Jan I of Wysokowce and other Greater Poland officials suggest that a compromise was suggested. Mestwin <mask> went to southern Greater Poland at the beginning of the next year in order to talk with the Papal legate Filippo di Fermo about his dispute with the Teutonic Order. The Diocese of Wrocaw had a legate in Milicz. The Duke of Pomerania decided to stop at the frontier village of Kpno due to the friendly relations of Przemys II and Henry IV Probus. The Duke of Greater Poland was expected to arrive in Kpno.The future unification of Gdask Pomerania and Greater Poland was secured after a treaty was concluded between Przemys II and Mestwin II. The witnesses in the signed document were Pomeranian Voivode Waysil, Pozna voivode Beniamin, Gniezno voivode Arkembold, and the Dominican friar. Some important people might have been in Kpno at the time, but they are not mentioned. Historians disagree about the nature of the Treaty of Kpno. According to some historians, the treaty was a classic pact of mutual inheritance, in which the one who survives the other gets his territory. It was a one-sided arrangement from Mestwin II to Przemys II. Another theory was posed by a person.He believed that Mestwin II paid homage to the de jure ruler of Greater Poland. The second theory is the most accepted because it agrees with the contemporary sources. During Mestwin II's life, he gave up his claim to the rights over Gdask Pomerania. The treaty had to be approved by the nobles and knights of both lands. The rights of Przemys II over Gdask Pomerania were confirmed during a meeting between the nobility of Pomerelia and Greater Poland. The unification of Pomerelia and Greater Poland was not the only decision made by Przemys II and Mestwin II. The Duke of Pomerelia gave favors to witnesses of the agreement from Greater Poland and they were also interested in the close integration of the two lands.In December 1283 in Gniezno, Ludgarda, wife of Przemys II, died suddenly. Maybe there was a separation between the spouses before she died. After ten years of marriage, it was apparent that Ludgarda was infertile. The period of intercourse between the spouses could be shorter because both are young at the time of their wedding. In those times, the childlessness in marriage was considered to be the woman's fault because of the birth of a daughter from Przemys II. The Duke of Greater Poland was accused of the murder of his wife. The fact that Przemys II had enemies who would use this crime against him is surprising.Any reactions from the church or public would be noticed. The chronicler of the Rocznik Traski didn't suggest an unnatural death, but he left some doubts about it. The Rocznik maopolski spoke about the murder of Ludgarda in the Szamotuy code. The author was against the rulers of the Samborid dynasty until the end of the 13th century. It is not known why the Margraves of Brandenburg would avenge the murder of Ludgarda, since they have an alliance with Pomerelia-Greater Poland. The reports of the oliwska were repeated in Mecklenburg by a wandering bard from Thuringia who appeared at the court of Duke <mask> of Mecklenburg. After von Kirchberg wanted to show his thanks for the Duke's kindness, he wrote a long poem in which he also mentioned Ludgarda.At the instigation of his mother Elizabeth of Wrocaw, Przemys II asked his wife for a divorce. Przemys II decided to put her in the tower because of her refusal to accept a divorce. Przemys II killed her with a dagger because of her obstinacy. He was helped by one of his ministers who smothered a dying Ludgarda with a towel. Annals of Jan Dugosz is the last important source for the history of Ludgarda. Dugosz was the first chronicler to locate the location of Ludgarda's death. She died on 14 December, which is confirmed by contemporary sources as a date of her burial.Przemys II was completely innocent in the sudden death of his wife. The 10-year marriage of Przemys II and Ludgarda wasn't successful, and over time it became obvious to everyone that the ducal couple was unable to have children. It is assumed

masks:
II
Henry III
II
II
Henry III
II
Henry III
II
Henry III
II
Albert II


title: Przemysł II

texts: that Przemys II's growing dislike for his wife because of her infertility was well known. There was suspicion that the death of the duchess was unnatural when she died in December of 1283 in Gniezno, away from Przemys II's court in Pozna. There was no evidence of this. Due to the lack of medical knowledge in the 13th century, sudden death of a young person was seen as unnatural. The suspicions against Przemys II were increased by the duke's rejection of a proper mourning to his wife, who was universally liked.The consecration of Jakub winka as Archbishop of Gniezno was an important event in the history of Poland. After twelve years, Poland wasn't a full-recognized prelate and the event took place in the Franciscan church in Kalisz. It was necessary to ordain him because he was only a deacon when he received the papal nomination. The consecration took place a day after the ceremony. Sources say that Przemys II gave the new Archbishop an expensive ring as a gift at the ceremony. In a document issued by Bolesaw the Pious, there is a mention of the origin and early years of Jakub winka. The cooperation between him and Przemys II was excellent.He appeared as a witness in 14 diplomats issued by the Duke of Greater Poland, including confirmation of all his existing privileges and the permission to mint his own coins in nin and the castellany of Ld. In the first half of 1284 Przemys II was involved in an armed conflict against Western Pomerania and Rgen. The peace that was concluded on 13 August did not bring any real benefits to Greater Poland. The Duke of Krakw and Przemys II had a meeting in Sieradz in February of 1284. Since Przemys II decided to give the Krakw voivode egota three villages, details about the reason and talks of this relationship would be productive. The Duke of Greater Poland was involved in a dispute between Leszek II the Black and his brother <mask> of czyca with the Teutonic Order. On 13 September, Przemys II had a new meeting with Mestwin II in the city of Nako.The Betrayal of Sdziwj Zaremba is said to have taken place on September 28, 1284. The power of Przemys II was threatened by this. Sdziwj Zaremba, governor of Kalisz and in the city at the time of the fire, decided to give the castle to Henry IV Probus. Przemys II immediately reacted to the news of Kalisz. Przemys II was at the head of the Greater Poland knights under the city walls, as evidenced by a document issued in that time. The duke ordered the siege because of the refusal of submission. After the capture of the castle, the duke agreed to negotiate with the rebels, but it is not known how long this siege was.The newly built castle in Oobok was given to Henryk IV Probus by Przemys II. There is no certainty that the betrayal of Sdziwj Zaremba was part of a larger conspiracy. Most of Sdziwj's relatives remained in their posts even after 1284. There is a document issued on 6 October where the voivode of Pozna Beniamin Zaremba appears as a witness, and therefore had to remain in the inner circle of Przemys II. Przemys II changed his attitude against Beniamin in 1285. The cause is not known due to little information. The Duke of Greater Poland imprisoned both Sdziwj and Beniamin.Mestwin <mask> of Pomerelia restored them their previous post and also part of the property that was taken from them. Beniamin reappeared in the circle of Przemys II around 1286. Przemys II decided to remarry after a second marriage. Richeza is the daughter of the deposed King Valdemar of Sweden and granddaughter of King Eric IV ofDenmark. The negotiations were concluded through the mediation of the House of Ascania due to the lack of contacts between Greater Poland and Sweden. The marriage of the Duke of Greater Poland to Przemys II the village of Giecz took place in the Swedish city of Nykping on 11 October 1285, with the help of a proxy. It is not known when and where the formal wedding between Przemys II and Rikissa took place or who administered the sacrament of marriage.The town of czyca was the site of the excommunication of the main opponent of Przemys II. After the death of the Bishop of Pozna Jan Wyszkowic, his successor Jan Gerbicz was consecrated. The cooperation between the new Bishop and Przemys II was good, although some historians wonder why Bishop Gerbicz later was surnamed "traditor" The alliance between Greater Poland, Pomerelia and Western Pomerania was formed on June 14, 1287, according to Jan Dugosz. Henryk IV Probus did not respond to any armed conflict and accepted the loss. The Duke of Wrocaw wanted to ensure that benevolent neutrality of the Duke of Greater Poland, so he made concessions to get the throne of Krakw. The meeting between Przemys <mask>, Mestwin <mask> IV of Pomerania took place in the city of Supsk.They entered into an agreement of cooperation and help against the rulers of Brandenburg and Rgen. In the case of the deaths of Mestwin II and Przemys II, the agreement guaranteed the inheritance of Gdask to the descendants of Bogislaw IV. The relations between Greater Poland and the House of Ascania deteriorated due to this treaty. The treaty was confirmed at a meeting in August. According to the theory of historian Oswald Balzer, a treaty of mutual inheritance was agreed on between Leszek <mask> the Black, Henryk IV Probus, Przemys II and Henry III of G. Balzer's theory was popular among historians. Wadysaw Karasiewicz and Jan Baszkiewicz disagree with this view.There is a chance that an agreement could have been reached between Przemys <mask> and Henryk IV Probus. The alliance between Przemys II and Mestwin II was further strengthened on 14 May 1288. The seriously ill Leszek II the Black was visited by the Duke of Greater Poland. The matters discussed in this visit are not known. The first child of Przemys II was born in Pozna on 1 September 1288 and later became queen of Bohemia and Poland as the wife of Wenceslaus II. The news of the birth of her daughter was the most recent information. She died before Przemys II entered into his third and last marriage.Przemys II had strong feelings for his second wife. He gave their daughter the name of the mother, as well as a document issued on 19 April 1293 where he ceded to the Bishopric of Pozna the village of Kobylniki as payment for a lamp lit eternally at his second. The Duke of Krakw, Sandomierz, and Sieradz died childless on September 30, 1288. The war began in Lesser Poland after his death. The middle-class citizens favored Henryk IV Probus, Duke of Wroc, while the Krakw knighthood favored Bolesaw II of Pock. Bolko I of Opole and Przemko of cinawa were allies of the Duke of Wrocaw. The cast of Krakw had control over Wawel castle.Bolesaw <mask> of Pock, <mask> of czyca, and Wadysaw I the Elbow-high formed a coalition against them. Przemys <mask> ended his previous arrangements with the Duke of Wrocaw when he joined them. The Wrocaw-Opole-cinawa army decided to retreat because they didn't have enough troops to fight the coalition of Greater Poland-Kuyavia-Masovia. A bloody battle took place in the town of Siewierz in Bytom on February 26, 1289, after the retreating troops were quickly followed. Przemko of cinawa was killed and Bolko I of Opole was captured. After the battle Wadysaw I the Elbow-high took Krakw, and Przemys <mask> withdrew with his troops, making a separate truce with Henryk IV Probus. In 1289, Henryk IV Probus took up arms against Krakw, removing Wadysaw I the Elbow-high to the government.The title of Duke of Krakw and Sandomierz was used by both Henryk IV Probus and Wadysaw I the Elbow-high. Krakw Henry IV Probus, Duke of Wrocaw and Krakw, died on June 23, 1290, probably poisoned. He left the Duchy of Wrocaw to <mask> of Gogw and Krakw to Przemys <mask> because he was childless. Kodzko was returned to King Wenceslaus <mask> of Bohemia and the Duchy of Otmuchw was given full sovereignty by the Bishopric of Wrocaw. The dispositions were compatible with the most recent political stance of Henryk IV. Historians were surprised by the inheritance of Krakw and Sandomierz by Przemys II, one of his closest male relatives. There are many theories about the decision of the Duke of Wrocaw.A few days before the death of Henryk IV, it was thought that the Archbishop of Gniezno was behind this testament. Przemys II had to pay some religious dispositions from Henryk IV: the transfer to Krakw Cathedral of 100 pieces of fine gold and devotion to the implementation of ornaments and liturgical books to the Tyniec monastery. The Duke of Wrocaw died suddenly. His first appearance with the title of Duke of Krakw was due to the lack of documents. Even though he had full rights over this land under the will of Henryk IV Probus, Przemys <mask> never used the title of Duke of Sandomierz in his documents. Shortly before Henryk IV's death, Wadysaw I the Elbow-high had conquered the land. Henryk IV Probus used the crowned eagle as his emblem in Lesser Poland, but his previous emblem was a climbing lion.Przemys II was still in Gniezno when he assumed control of Krakw. He issued a document in Krakw where he initially supported and confirmed the power of the local elite. There is no certainty about the political relations between Przemys II and Wadysaw I the Elbow-high. The thesis that both competitors accepted the Elbow-high's authority and formal possession over that land, without precluding the possibility of minor clashes, is supported by the fact that Przemys II did not use the title "Duke of Sandomierz". Przemys II only appointed officials in Krakw and the surrounding areas. The Duke of Greater Poland's real power was limited to the city and nearby towns. Wadysaw I the Elbow-high probably held the other

masks:
Casimir II
II
II
IIBogislaw
II
II
II
Casimir II
II
II
Henry III
II
II
II


title: Przemysł II

texts: territories.Between 12 September and 23 October 1290, Lesser Poland Przemys II left Krakw, the capital of Lesser Poland. He never came back. He took with him the crown and regalia that had been in the cathedral since Bolesaw II the Generous. He was already planning his own coronation. Wenceslaus II of Bohemia had pretensions over Lesser Poland. His claims were supported by a donation made for his maternal aunt and an investiture given to him by the King of Germany. Wenceslaus II's military power, wealth and cultural proximity with the Kingdom of Bohemia made him a popular candidate in Lesser Poland.Przemys II was able to choose between a military confrontation or political discussions. Jan Gerbicz, Bishop of Pozna, Tomasz Tomka, Bishop of Pock, and Wisaw, Bishop of Kujawy were involved in the inauguration of a provincial synod in Gniezno. Both Przemys <mask> and Mestwin <mask> of Pomerelia assisted at the Synod. The Duke of Greater Poland decided to give up his rights over Lesser Poland to Wenceslaus II in exchange for monetary compensation. The negotiations between Przemys II and Wenceslaus II are not known. The last time the title of Duke of Krakw was used in a document was on January 6 of this year. The troops led by Bishop Arnold of Bamberg were already at Wawel castle by mid-April.Przemys II was involved in national politics despite the loss of Lesser Poland. After the death of Henryk IV Probus, he entered an alliance with <mask> of Gogw. The only historic knowledge of this matter comes from a document issued by Wadysaw I the Elbow-high in Krzywi in which he emphasizes that Henry III had good rights over Greater Poland. It seems justified that in the early 1290s, when Przemys II became involved with the Elbow-high, the idea of kinship was rejected. In January 1293, political talks took place in Kalisz between Przemys II, Wadysaw I the Elbow-high, and his brother Casimir II of czyca. The Duchy was in the hands of Wenceslaus II and so the succession of the throne of Krakw would be in the following order: first Przemys II, then the Elbow. In addition, they promised to help each other in the recovery of this land by any one of them and annually pay 300 pieces of fine silver to the Archbishop of Gniezno, with the obligation to duplicate the amount during the first two years.The conversations in Kalisz were sensitive and the person who initiated them was the Archbishop. The allies undertook to help each other in order to reinforce the anti-Bohemian coalition. In the case of his death without male heirs, Przemys II named the Elbow-high as his successor in Greater Poland, although it is possible that they signed a treaty of mutual inheritance. There are no known actions by the coalition. The Battle of Trojanow was fought between czyca and Lithuania. Wadysaw I the Elbow-high and Hedwig of Kalisz, Przemys II's cousin and daughter of Bolesaw the Pious, were married at the Congress of Kalisz. At the time of the Congress of Kalisz, Przemys II decided to remarry, as his beloved wife Richeza was dead by that time.Margaret was the daughter of Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel and the daughter of King Christopher I. The marriage was concluded for political reasons so that Przemys II could inherit the throne in Pomerelia. Due to the close relationship between the Duke and his bride, a papal dispensation was needed for the marriage. According to some historians, the betrothal between Przemys II's daughter Ryksa and Otto of Brandenburg-Salzwedel, Margaret's brother, took place before the wedding ceremony on 13 April 1293. Mestwin <mask> of Pomerelia paid a visit to Przemys II. The Duke of Greater Poland approved documents with Mestwin II in Supsk on June 15. Przemys II was in Greater Poland by 30 June.Przemys II made another visit to Pomerelia due to the health of Mestwin II. It is not known if he was present when Mestwin II died in Gdask, but there is no doubt that he took part in his funeral. The Duke of Pomerelia was buried in the Cistercian monastery. The new title was "dux Polonie et Pomoranie". He stayed in Gdask Pomerelia until the beginning of April but then moved to Pozna. The unification of Greater Poland and Gdask Pomerania made Przemys II the strongest ruler. After Henryk IV Probus unsuccessfully pursued him for the unification of Poland, the duke began to prepare his coronation.The Duke of Greater Poland had to delay his plans because of Wenceslaus II's occupation of Lesser Poland. The death of Mestwin II increased Przemys II's power among the rulers. The day of Saints John and Paul, Przemys II and his wife Margaret were crowned at Gniezno Cathedral. Despite it being the first Polish coronation in 219 years, it was a simple ceremony. The other main representants of church hierarchy who participated in the ceremony were: Konrad of Lubusz, <mask> of Pozna, Wisaw of Wocawek and Gedko <mask> of Pock. The Bishops of Wrocaw and Krakw may have been present in person or sent their consents. Historians agree with the list of Bishops who participated in the coronation.Bishop Konrad of Lubusz was in the Czech Republic on June 18. He could make the trip to Gniezno for the coronation, as was noted by Kazimierz Tymieniecki. There is no information about the secular witnesses of the event. No sources point to the presence of other rulers in the ceremony. Poland was already a Kingdom before the consent of Pope Boniface VIII. The approval of the Holy See for the coronation of Przemys II was not confirmed by contemporary sources. The oliwska and the Zbrasawska stated that the coronation took place with their consent.The later effort of Wadysaw the Elbow-high to obtain the Pope's permission for his own coronation could be influenced if there was an explicit approval. The Papacy was an independent entity in 1295 and the Polish Episcopal Church was prepared for the expected protests from Wenceslaus II. The legality of Przemys II's coronation was not questioned by his peers. The Duke of Greater Poland was not denied the title of King of Kalisz. Wenceslaus II restricted his actions only to diplomatic protests to Przemys II and the Papal Curia. The extent of Przemys II's kingdom was the subject of a dispute between historians. Stanisaw Kutrzeba said that Przemys II was the King of Greater Poland.This theory caused a lively discussion, which doesn't give a clear answer about the monarchical status of Przemys II. It was expected that Przemys II wanted to revive the old Kingdom of Poland, which also agrees with the inscription on the post-coronation seal. Przemys II came to Supsk on July 30th to confirm the privileges of the Cistercian monasteries. He went to Gdask, Tczew and wiecie. He was in Gdask again in October after returning to Greater Poland. This shows how important the Duchy of Pomerelia was. The sources that stated that Przemys II's death took place in the 13th century are questionable.There are two theories about who killed the Polish King: the margraves of Brandenburg or the Naczs or the two families at the same time. The almost contemporary Rocznik kapituy poznaskiej is one of the first sources that must be taken into account. The records show that the margraves of Brandenburg, Otto V, another Otto, and John IV, nephew of Przemys II, sent an army who arrived in the early hours of February 8, 1296 to the town. He was killed by the men because they couldn't take him to the hospital after he was wounded. The hatred of the margraves toward the Polish King was the reason for the crime. The murder of King Przemys II by men of the margraves of Brandenburg was supported by the Kronika oliwska. The main indication that Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg was guilty of the crime was established by this passage.Waldemar gained attention after his failed attempt to seize Pomerania. The Rocznik kobacki of the Cistercian monastery in Kobacz wrote about the death of Przemys II. The only one who named the culprit was a man named Jakub Kaszuba. The name Przemys II in the chronicle raises a big surprise, as nothing certain about him was found in other sources. The author is most likely to have made a mistake. The Chronicle of Henry of Hertford, which was written in the 14th century and was from Germany, was the source who accused the margraves of Brandenburg. He said that Przemys II died during a war.The House of Ascania was accused by a German chronicler who pointed out that Przemys II's wife Margaret was involved in the conspiracy that killed him. It is not known if the chronicler found this information from earlier sources or if it was deduced from a simple relationship. Some Polish noble families were accused of being involved in the crime by a number of sources. The Rocznik maopolski is one of the sources that established this fact. The priority should be given to the closest one. The testimony of the Bishop of Pozna during the Polish-Teutonic War of 1339 is extremely important because it came from a person who was involved in the political life of Greater Poland. The culprits were pointed out by the foreign sources who described the crime and the first half of the 14th century.Greater Poland noble families were the main perpetrators of the King's death. According to the Rocznik maopolski, these families are either the Zarembas or the Naczs. The margraves of Brandenburg and the Polish noble families of the murder were accused by a third group of sources. There is an addition which indicates that Wenceslaus II and a group of unnamed Polish princes are involved in the crime. It is not known if the author mentioned the involvement of Wenceslaus II as a simple deduction, because he had the greatest benefit for this crime. The perpetrators of the

masks:
II
II
Henry III
II
Jan II
II


title: Przemysł II

texts: crime are the Zaremba and Nacz families, according to Jan Dugosz. The crime was committed on 8 February 1296.It can be found in the Rocznik Traski, Rocznik maopolski and Kalendarz wocawski. The reports of Jan Dugosz and the dates given by the Rocznik kapituy poznaskiej are incorrect. Historians consider the Rocznik maopolski or the Rocznik Sdziwoja to be accurate versions of the place of death. According to the Rocznik kapituy poznaskiej, Przemys II was buried in the Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul. Bishop Jan presided over the funeral. Crowds of people took part in the procession. Historians were interested in reconstructing the murder of Przemys II as a result of a failed kidnapping attempt.The circumstances of the death of the last of the Piast Greater Poland line were studied by several people. The Nacz and Zaremba families played a role in the Polish history of the death of Przemys II. The King met with Wadysaw I the Elbow-high at Christmas in Gniezno. There is no reason for this meeting. The possibility of the recovery of Lesser Poland was discussed. The conversations could be seen as a threat by the Margraves, who are still watching the inheritance of Pomerelia by Przemys II after Mestwin II's death. The main concern of the House of Ascania was the union of the Kingdom of Poland, and that sooner or later Przemys II would claim the lands seized by the Margraves in Greater Poland.The King left his capital on January 25th and was in Pyzdry by February 3rd. The last days of the Carnival were spent in the town of Rogono. The King didn't think about the two brothers Margraves Otto IV with the Arrow and Conrad, and the sons of the latter: Otto VII, John IV, when he left Pyzdry. The traitors from Przemys II's inner circle told them about the King's itinerary. Przemys II took part in the traditional tournaments and religious services of the Carnival. The security guard of the King was weakened. The entourage wanted to rest before heading out again after forty days of Lent.The plan to abduct the King was detailed by the Roczniki maopolski. They probably wanted to get Przemys II's plans for the unification of the Polish Kingdom and the resignation of Pomerelia. The kidnapping in hostile territory requires adequate preparation, so the contingent probably consisted of dozens of people. According to the Rocznik kobacki, the direct command of the army was given to a man named Jakub. The personal participation of the Margraves in the kidnapping was stated in the Rocznik kapituy poznaskie and the chronicle of Jan Dugosz, but they would not risk their lives with no certainty of success. By the shortest route through Note, an army of a few dozen men set off in the evening on 7 February to the place where Przemys II stayed. The sunrise and sunset of 7 February gave the army fourteen hours to reach their target, if we take into account the calendar reform.The bodyguards of the King were asleep on Ash Wednesday when the attack took place. They were able to organize a defense under the personal guidance of the King, but the attackers were too many to overcome. The capture of Przemys II was the primary goal of the people of Jakub Kaszuba. The army wounded his horse in order to confuse the Polish army. The prisoner only delayed their escape when they realized they weren't able to bring alive the King. The murder of the King was decided by Kaszuba. A tradition says that the murder took place in the village of Sierniki.The King's body was found by the knights who were involved in the persecution. The place where the crime was committed and the victim's body was found was called Porblic. The assassins were never caught. There is strong evidence that the Margraves of Brandenburg were involved in the murder. Kazimierz Jasiski said that efficient action wasn't possible without people who were close to Przemys II. Some historians think that the Nacz or Zaremba families participated in the event. The rebellion of 1284 caused a bad relationship between the Zarembas and the King.There is no accusation against the Nacz family in the chronicle of Dugosz or in the Rocznik witokrzyskiego nowy. The death of Przemys II, the last male member of the Piast Greater Poland line, shocked his neighbors and caused the rapid intervention of all the forces who wanted to seize power. In February and March, Greater Poland was in the middle of a confrontation between Wadysaw I the Elbow-high and <mask> of Gogw. The war didn't last long because an armistice was signed in Krzywi. Following the terms of his previous treaty with Przemys II, the Elbow-high accepted the rights of the Duke of Gogw over Greater Poland. The Duke of Kujawy adopted <mask>'s oldest son as his heir and ensured that at the moment of his majority, the Elbow-high would provide him with the Duchy of Pozna. It's not known why Wadysaw I the Elbow-high thought that <mask> of Gogw had better rights to Greater Poland than him.Historians believe that the castles in Ujcie, Santok and Drezdenko were seized by Brandenburg because of their constant threat. The second reason for Wadysaw I the Elbow-high's quick agreement with <mask> of Gogw was the intervention in Gdask of his nephew Leszek of Inowrocaw, which made claims to this part of the lands of After receiving compensation for the town of Wyszogrd, Leszek retreated to his paternal domain in Inowrocaw. Thanks to the instant reaction of Wadysaw I the Elbow-high, the losses against of Brandenburg, Gogw and Kujawy were relatively small. Przemys II had only five seals, the first of which was his father's seal and had a shield in his left hand. A lion is on the dial. There are standing towers on both sides of the form.The prince's hand is blessed by God. There is an inscription around it. Premislonis Dei Gra(cia) Ducis Polonie. Between the years 1267–1284, this seal was used. There is a climbing lion in the second seal and coat of arms. This form of seal was used by Przemys II. The third seal, depicting the same elements as the first, bears the inscription: "Sig Premislonis Secundi Dei Gra(cia) Ducis Polonie".It is only known from a single document. The fourth seal is larger than the previous ones and shows the prince with a pointed cap on his head. He has a shield with a crowned eagle in his left hand and a crowned eagle in the right. The ruler trampled on the bears at the bottom of the seal. The inscription is the same as on the third seal. The fifth seal was used by Przemys II. The new stamp shows the king sitting on a throne in a robe and holding an apple in his left hand while wearing a crown on his head.The throne has a helmet with feathers on the right hand of the king. The seal has an inscription around it. There is a person named Regis. Polonie and the others are called Pomoranie. According to K. Grski, it also includes the inscription. The inscription on the seal raises some doubt due to the damage to the preserved copy of the seal. Polonis.Historians don't know why Przemys II replaced the seal used by his father and uncle for a lion and eagle. The eagle in the coat of arms was also used by Wadysaw III Spindleshanks and Wadysaw Odonic, so it is believed that he wanted to emphasize his rights from the Piast dynasty. There is no known coin that can be attributed to Przemys II. Due to the existence of mints, it is possible that coin portrayals were misinterpreted. There are two types of coins attributed to the Greater Poland ruler, the Bracteate, which was preserved in seven copies, and the coin which was preserved in a single copy. The coins are similar to the Denarius from the time of Bolesaw II the Generous. It is difficult to say what the major plans of action of the King were in the economic sphere.The Roman Catholic Church was the most important ally for Przemys II, and most of the documents detailing their collaboration have been preserved. The most important political ally of Przemys II was the Archbishop of Gniezno. The village of Polanw was obtained on 8 January 1284. The King received a lot of grace when he obtained the right to mint his own coins in nin and the castellany of Ld. The Greater Poland ruler was to be treated the same as the Archbishop. There was a failed attempt to get the same privilege of the Archbishop to Duke Bolesaw II of Masovia in owicz two years later. In 1288, in the city of rdka, in 1289, and in 1290, the Bishop of Pozna received grants from Przemys II.Przemys II released Bishop Konrad of Lubusz from the current Polish law and authorized the implementation of the German law in his diocese for political reasons. The ruler of Greater Poland tried to support monastic orders. The Cistercians and his monasteries in Ld were favored by the surviving sources. The monastery of Lubin, which received privileges in the year 1277, received the right to fishing on the Warta. The Canons of the Holy Sepulchre were granted small privileges by Przemys II. The middle class was favored by Przemys II, and many documents relating to this have survived. The capital of Pozna received income from stalls and shambles in the 12th century.Merchants in Greater Poland were freed from paying taxes after three years. The second main city in Greater Poland, Kalisz, received some rights previously granted by Bolesaw the Pious in 1282. The Duke extended the town privileges in Greater Poland in 1283. The Jewish community established a local cemetery in the village of Czaszki after another city granted them privileges. The authorization of a sixth pharmacy was obtained by the city in 1289. The Duke gave the revenue from customs duties to cloth sellers and the city gave 12 pieces of land for grazing. An exemption from customs duties was granted

masks:
Henry III
Henry III
Henry III
Henry III


title: Przemysł II

texts: in 12 92.The city of Kalisz was granted noble privileges based on German laws. In addition to the privileges granted to Pozna and Kalisz, other individual privileges given to Pyzdry in 1283 were exempt from paying customs duties merchants in Greater Poland. Geneza ora biaego jako herbu Krlestwa Polskiego w roku 1295. XIII, 1968, pp. 1–26. Oswald Balzer was born in Krakw 1895. Oswald Balzer wrote about Krlestwo Polskie.I-III, Lww 1919–1920. Antoni Barciak is a ziemie poudniowej Polski. Polityczno-ideologiczne problemy ekspansji, poudniowej Polski. Antoni Barciak, Czeskie echa koronacji Przemysa II. Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed. Jadwiga Krzyaniakowej was published in 1997. 222–222.Jan Baszkiewicz is from Warsaw. Jan Baszkiewicz, Rola Piastw w procesie zjednoczenia pastwowego Polski. Zbir artykuw, trzechsetnej rocznicy, wyganicia, ed. Wrocaw 1975, pp. 49–68. Zofia Biaowicz-Krygierowa, Posgi memoratywne Przemysa II. Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed.In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej. 307– 327. Kancelarie i dokumenty wielkopolskie XIII, Wrocaw 1967. Urzdnicy wielkopolscy XII–XV wieku has Maria Bieliska, Antoni Gsiorowski, and Jerzy ojko. Spisy, Wrocaw 1985. "Przegld Historyczny", vol., was written by Janusz Bieniak. LXXX II, 1991, pp.The score was 209–224. Janusz Bieniak, Zjednoczenie pastwa polskiego. Pastwo. It was spoeczestwo. Kultura, ed. A. Gieysztora, Warsaw 1972, pp. 202–279.Znaczenie polityczne koronacji Przemysa II is written by Janusz Bieniak. The ed. is "Herb pastwa polskiego". S. Kuczyskiego wrote about Warsaw in 1996. 35–52. Zbigniew Dalewski wrote about Przemysa II. Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed. In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej.199–212. Edmund Dugopolski was born in Wrocaw in 1951. Wodzimierz was born in Genealogia, Warsaw 1959. Przemysa II is a mechanizmy spoecznych. Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed. In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej. 65–80."Roczniki Historyczne" was written by mier Przemysa <mask>. 170–200. Roman Grodecki was in Warsaw in 1969. "Wiadomoci numizmatyczne", II, was written by Roman Gumowski. 11–15. Marian Haisig, Herby dynastyczne Piastw i pocztki goda pastwowego Polski. Zbir artykuw, trzechsetnej rocznicy, wyganicia, ed.Wrocaw 1975, pp. 149–168. "Kronika Miasta Poznania", 1995, nr 2, pp., was written by Wojciech Iwaczak. 153–164. In: Historia Gdaska, vol. Kazimierz Jasiski, Gdask w okresie samodzielnoci politycznej Pomorza Gdaskiego. I. ed. E. Cielaka wrote about Gdask in 1978.272–197 Genealogia Piastw wielkopolskich is owned by Kazimierz Jasiski. "Kronika Miasta Poznania", 1995, nr 2, pp., was written by Potomstwo Wadysawa Odonica. 34–66. Kazimierz Jasiski, Ludgarda, pierwsza ona Przemysa II, ksicia wielkopolskiego, od r. 1295 Krla polskiego, Polski S Wrocaw 1973, pp. 87–88.Kazimierz Jasiski is the author of Przemys II. pp. XXVIII, Wrocaw 1984–1985. 731–731. Rola polityczna monowadztwa wielkopolskiego was written by Kazimierz Jasiski. In 1963, pp. 215–250. Kazimierz Jasiski, Ryksa Elbieta, Boemie et Polonie, [in]: Przemys II.Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed. In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej. Kazimierz Jasiski, Przemysa <mask>, Czas, wystrze, and dawnych miastach. The szedziesit rocznic Urodzin was published in 1991. 322–322. Kazimierz Jasiski, Szwedzkie maestwo ksicia wielkopolskiego Przemysa II. Warsztat badawczy historyka is a ed.Wrocaw 1994, pp., was written by K. Bobowskiego. 69–80. Kazimierz Jasiski, Tragedia Rogoziska 1296 r. In 1961, t. 4, pp. 65–104. Kazimierz Jasiski, Z problematyki, Z problematyki, Z problematyki, Z problematyki, Z problematyki, Z problematyki, Z problematyki, Z problematyki, Z problem Toru 1955, pp.199–243. Kazimi Jasiski, Zapis Pomorza Gdaskiego w 1282 r., was published in 1952. 176–9. Tomasz Jurek, Dziedzic Krlestwa Polskiego, ksi gogowski Henryk. Tomasz Jurek, Przygotowania do koronacji Przemysa II. Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed. In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej.167–180. The Testament Henryka Probusa was written by Tomasz Jurek. "Studia rdoznawcze" is a vol. pp. XXXV, 1994. 81–99. Przyjaci Nauk nr 49 first and second was written by Wadysaw Karasiewicz. 62–64Wadysaw Karasiewicz, Dziaalno polityczna Andrzeja Zaremby w okresie jednoczenia pastwa polskiego. Jakb II winka arcsybiskup gnienieski was written by Wadysaw Karasiewicz. "Miesicznik heraldyczny", II, 1932, was written by Stanisaw Ktrzyski. 21 to 30. "Przegld Historyczny" is a book by Stanisaw Ktrzyski. In 1909, pp. VIII. 129–153.Rola kulturalna Piastw w Polski. Zbir artykuw, trzechsetnej rocznicy, wyganicia, ed. Wrocaw 1975, pp. 167–5. Stanisaw Krzyanowski, Dyplomy i kancelaryja Przemysawa II. "Pamitnik Akademii Umiejtnoci, Wydzia Filologiczny i Historyczno-Filozoficzny", vol. In 1890, pp. VIII.122–2. Stanisaw Krzyanowski is an author. "Sprawozdania Akademii Umiejtnoci, Wydzia Historyczno-Filozoficzny" was published in 1905. pp. 14–16, 1913. 20– 24. The pierwszej onie Przemysa II was written by Brygida Krbis. Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed.In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej. 25–67. In 1959 Warsaw 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 Mciwoj II, Polski Sownik Biograficzny, vol. was written by Gerard Labuda. Wrocaw 1977, pp. 229–23 Instytucji krlestwa, O godnoci, i instytucji, i instytucji, i instytucji, i instytucji, i instytucji,Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed. In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej. 27–56 In: Nasi Paistowie, "Kroniki Miasta Poznania", 1995, t. 2, pp 10–33 Pocztki Polski, vol. was written by Henryk owmiaski. VI, Warsaw 1985.Imi Przemys wielkopolskiej linii. Wielkopolskich do poowy XIII wieku is aspekty stosunkw. Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed. In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej. 257–265. Sawomir Musia, Bitwa, was in Przemys II. Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed.In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej. 161–166. Czeskie roszczenia do korony w Polsce w latach 1290–1335, Pozna 1987. Przemys II, ksi wielkopolski, was written in 1995. Przemys II was written by Bronisaw Nowacki. Odnowiciel polskiej was held in 1997. W latach 1284 i 1285 na tle rywalizacji Przemysa II.Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed. In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej. 153–160. W drugiej poowie XIII wieku na tle. Rola polityczna margrabiw brandenburskich. There is a historyczne powicone Zbigniewowi wielgoszow. K. Kaczmarka and J.161–171. Przemylidw w Maopolsce was written by Tomasz Nowakowski. LXXX II, 1991, t. 1, pp. It was 1–20. Tomasz Nowakowski, Maopolska elita wadzy wobec rywalizacji. Krakw po mierci Leszka Czarnego was written by Tomasz Nowakowski. In 1988, pp.142–161. Przemys II was written by Krzysztof Og. Krakw 1999, pp. Leksykon biograficzny. 154–161 "Studia rdoznawcze" is a vol. of Itinerarium ksico-krlewskie Przemysa II. In 2001, pp. XXXIX. 69–94Jan pakulski is from Nacze. Warsaw 1982, Genealogia, uposaenie i rola polityczna w XII–XIV. Rola polityczna Beniamina Zaremby w drugiej poowie XIII wieku. There is a vol. Nauki Humanistyczno-Spoeczne. Historia V, 1969 pp. 21–32. Rd Zarembw w XIII is by Jan pakulski.serie C, nr 16, 1975, pp. Prace Komisji Historii XI. 103–137. Przemys II is written by Jan pakulski. Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed. In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej. 81– 100. Zenon Piech, O pieczciach, herbach i monetach Przemysa II.Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed. In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej. 181–8. Zenon Piech, Studia nad symbolik, w drugiej poowie XIII wieku. Prace historyczne is a vol. LXXXIV was published in 1987. 37–60Tomasz Pietras is a pastor. Muskat, Warsaw 2001. Poczet polskich, ed. The year 1996, Warsaw. Barbara Popielas-Szultka is the author of Przemys II. Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed. In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej.146–152. Krzyacka polityka Przemysa II w pierwszym okresie. Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed. In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej. 101–122. Edward Rymar, identyfikacji Jakuba Kaszuby, zabjcy krla Przemysa II. Instytut Historii UAM w dniach 14–16 XI 1983 r., ed.In 1986 there was a pp. J. Strzelczyka. 20–24. Edward Rymar, Przynaleno polityczna wielkopolskich ziem. pp. 39–4. Edward Rymar, Przemysa II, brandenburskimi ze starszej linii askaskiej. Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed.In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej. 123–144. Tadeusz Silnicki, Kazimi Gob, and Arcybiskup winka are from the year 1956. Szczsny Skibiski is a Przemys II. O krlewskich pomnikach w katedrze poznaskiej. Odnowienie Krlestwa Polskiego is a ed. In 1997 there was a pp. J. Krzyaniakowej.299–6. I na pocztku XIV wieku, wielkopolskich w II poowie XIII,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, In 1958, nr 34 pp. 335–335. Miejsce notariatu publicznego wrd wiadkw realizacji programu. In 1989, nr 3, pp. 63–4.Swieawski, Dux regni Poloniae. "Przegld Historyczny", vol., is studiw wadcw polskich. LXXX, 1989, t. 3, pp. 437–437. Plany Koronacyjne Henryka Probusa is owned by Aleksander Swieawski. "Studia Z Dziejw Pastwa i Prawa Polskiego" is a vol. In 1999, pp.135–146. Krl Polski, Wydawnictwo "DiG", Warsaw 2006.

masks: II II


title: Vasily Blokhin

texts: The chief executioner of the NKVD under the administrations of Genrikh Yagoda, Nikolay Yezhov, and Lavrentiy Beria was <mask>. During the Great Purge and World War II, the company of executioners led by Blokhin performed and supervised many mass killings. The most prolific official executioner and mass killer in recorded world history is said to have executed tens of thousands of prisoners by his own hand. Following the death of Stalin, <mask> was forced into retirement and died as a suicide. After serving in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I, <mask> joined the Russian Communist Party and the Soviet state security agency Cheka. He was noted for both his pugnaciousness and his mastery of what Joseph Stalin referred to as "black work": assassinations, torture, intimidation, and executions. After gaining Stalin's attention, he was promoted and became the head of the purposefully created branch of the Administrative Executive Department of the NKVD.Stalin created a company-sized element for wetwork. Despite three bloody purges of the NKVD, its members were all approved by Stalin and took their orders directly from him, which ensured the unit's longevity. The title of commandant of the internal prison at the Lubyanka allowed Blokhin to carry out his duties without any official paperwork. Most of the estimated 828,000 executions conducted in Stalin's lifetime were performed by local Chekists in concert with the NKVD troikas, but mass executions were overseen by specialist executioners from the Kommandantura. In addition to overseeing the mass executions, <mask> personally pulled the trigger in all of the individual high-profile executions conducted in the Soviet Union during his tenure, including those of the Old Bolsheviks convicted at the Moscow Trials. The Badge of Honour was awarded to him in 1937. The April 1940 execution of about 7,000 Polish prisoners in a prisoner of war camp in the Katyn forest was one of the most notorious acts of the war.The military and police officers were captured after the Soviet invasion of Poland. The Allied propaganda campaign which blamed Nazi Germany for the massacres, aided by the Western Allies, resulted in the event's infamy. The files on the massacres at Starobilsk and Kalinin were given to the Polish government by Mikhail Gorbachev. Based on the 4 April secret order from Stalin to Lavrentiy Beria. The executions were carried out over 28 nights at the specially constructed basement execution chamber at the NKVD headquarters in Kalinin, and were assigned to <mask>, the official executioner. An efficient system in which the prisoners were individually led to a small antechamber, which had been painted red and was known as the "Leninist room", was created after Blokhin decided on an ambitious quota of 300 executions per night. The room had padded walls, a sloping concrete floor with a drain and hose, and a log wall for the prisoners to stand against.A leather butcher's apron, leather hat, and shoulder-length leather gloves were all that Blokhin would wear while waiting behind the door. Then, without a hearing, the reading of a sentence or any other formality, each prisoner was brought in and restrained by guards while Blokhin shot him once in the base of the skull with a German Walther Model 2.25 ACP pistol. He brought a briefcase full of his own pistols because he didn't trust the reliability of the Soviet version. The use of a German pocket pistol, which was commonly carried by German police and intelligence agents, provided plausible deniability of the executions if the bodies were discovered later. An estimated 30 local agents, guards and drivers were pressed into service to escort prisoners to the basement, confirm identification, then remove the bodies and dispose of the blood. Although some of the executions were carried out by Senior Lieutenant of State Security Andrei Rubanov, <mask> was the primary executioner and liked to work continuously and rapidly without interruption. The executions were conducted at night, starting at dark and continuing until just before dawn, in keeping with the overall "wet" nature of the operation.The bodies were loaded onto covered trucks through a back door in the execution chamber and trucked twice a night to Mednoye, where Blokhin had arranged for a bulldozer and two NKVD drivers to dispose of bodies at an unfenced site. Each night, 24–25 trenches were dug, measuring in length, to hold that night's corpses, and each trench was covered before dawn. <mask> and his team worked without a break for 10 hours each night, executing an average of one prisoner every three minutes. At the end of the night, Blokhin provided his men with alcohol. On 27 April 1940, Joseph Stalin gave the Order of the Red Banner and a modest monthly pay premium to Blokhin for his "skill and organization in the effective carrying out of special tasks". He was named the Guinness World Record holder for'most Prolific Executioner' in 2010 after he shot 7,000 people in 28 days. <mask> had a son, Nikolai Vasilievich Baranov, who was born in 1916.Retirement and death <mask> was forcibly retired after Stalin's death. At the time of his departure, Beria noted his "irreproachable service". In the de-Stalinization campaigns of Nikita Khrushchev, Beria's rank was stripped from him. He was reported to have sunk into alcoholism and mental illness. On February 3, 1955, Blokhin died at the age of 60. The cause of death was listed as suicide. The Order of the Red Star and the Badge of Honour were given to the workers of the Cheka-GPU.

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Vasily Mikhailovich Blokhin
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