title: Hoodie Allen

texts: Steven Adam Markowitz, better known as <mask>, is an American rapper, singer and songwriter from Plainview, New York. After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania, he decided to pursue a music career full-time and began working at Google. All American was his first official release. There are 10 on the billboard 200. In October of 2014, Hoodie released his debut studio album, People Keep Talking, which sold over 30,000 copies in the first week. There are 8 on the billboard 200. Happy Camper was Hoodie's second studio album.Steven Markowitz was raised in a Jewish household in Plainview with his brother, Daniel. He used to perform raps for his friends at house parties. Markowitz attended both the Long Island School for the Gifted in South Huntington and Plainview - Old Bethpage John F. Kennedy High School. He pledged the Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity while at the University of Pennsylvania. He was a defensive back on Penn's sprint football team. After graduating in 2010 with a degree in marketing and finance, he worked at Google as an AdWords associate. He would leave at 7 AM for a bus ride to the Googleplex in Mountain View, work a full day there, return home at 6 PM, write songs, answer fan emails, and schedule concerts until 2:30 or 3:00 AM.<mask> said that he felt like he was doing two full-time jobs when he was at Google. When he got the chance to do live shows, he decided to leave. The duo of Steve Markowitz and Obey City were originally called Beginnings and Leap Year Hoodie <mask>. The name came about because Steven's nickname growing up was "Hoodie," and he wanted a name that would stick in people's minds and be a little bit funny and representative of who he is. The first two releases were by Steve and Obey. Hoodie was nominated for MTVU's Best Music on Campus Award. The single "UPENN Girls" received a lot of attention.In 2010 Obey City ceased to produce in Hoodie for unknown reasons, and Steve continued making music with other people, giving himself the name <mask> <mask>.Djordje, Gasic. <mask> <mask> said "rio life". The magazine is complex. July 26, 2011. He released "You Are Not a Robot" in June of 2010 which was a remake of "I Am Not a Robot" by Marina and the Diamonds. Hype Machine collects the most-blogged about music in the world. He finished his project by September after seeing the response.Death Cab for Cutie, Flight Facilities, Marina and the Diamonds, and Two Door Cinema Club were all featured on the album. He said that the name "Pep Rally" captured the energy of the record and something new and exciting. The lead single "You Are Not A Robot" was self-financed and helped it get downloaded over 200,000 times. Leap Year was Hoodie's third mixtape. It reached a quarter of a million plays in its first week. In support of the album, Hoodie embarked on a 15-city tour across North America, including stops in San Francisco, New York City, and Montreal, as well as opening for Fortune Family. He had toured before with The Cataracs, Das Racist, and Mike Posner.There is music for the mass. There is a website called Diamondback Online. April 14, 2011. Hoodie announced on March 4, 2012 that he would be releasing his first album, All American. He chose this title because he thought the songs showcased his best music to date, and because his hometown restaurant had the same title. Hoodie spent five months developing the album, building tracks from scratch, rather than using sampled beats. Hoodie stated that he would describe the writing process as liberative.It was like, "Okay, I hear this idea in my head, I hear these original ideas, and I'm putting them together." "No Interruption," the first single from All American, was released on March 29, 2012 by Hoodie. "No Faith In Brooklyn" is his second single on All American. The film was released on April 9. All American was released on April 10, 2012. One album is at the top of the charts. There are 10 on the billboard 200.During the months of April and May, Hoodie made a 22-stop tour across the US in support of All American, featuring rapper Wax, and others varied from show to show. He performed for the first time overseas on the I Work Better In The UK Tour. G-Eazy was on the Excellent Adventure Tour. The music video for "Cake Boy," the first single off of Hoodie's upcoming album, was released on February 11. The single was available for purchase. The music video for "Fame Is For Assholes" was released a week later. "I wanted to write a track that mixed a classic doo-wop vibe with the more upbeat hip-hop style that my fans have come to love."The Cruisin' USA Tour began on March 5, 2013. G-Eazy was with <mask> on his Boston, Philly, and NYC shows. The audience was directed to chant that they wanted to see <mask> on Late Night with Jimmy. Hoodie started a campaign called "#GetHoodieAllenOnFallon" on social media to get his fans to Roseland Ballroom. Hoodie was asked to speak with the host. "Make It Home" was released on April 30 and was performed by Hoodie. The studio version of the single reached the top ten on the Hip-Hop/Rap charts.The music video for "No Interruption (Acoustic)" was released by Hoodie. Americoustic was released in August of 2013). 1 on the Hip-Hop/Rap album chart. There are four on the overall albums chart. The guitar work was produced by Our Last Night guitarist Matt Wentworth. "show me what you're made of" is the lead single from Hoodie's debut studio album, People Keep Talking. Along with its music video, it parodied the film Happy Gilmore and featured fellow rapper D-WHY and Tommy Lee from Mtley Cre.The single was available for purchase on the internet. There are 2 songs overall. The acoustic version of "Show Me What You're Made Of" was played by Hoodie on Good Day Philadelphia. In order to promote the album, Hoodie went on a world tour that included shows in the US, Europe, Canada, and Australia. The tour began at the Royal Oak Music Theater in Royal Oak, Michigan. It was announced that Hoodie would be a special guest on the Boys of Zummer Tour with co-headliners Fall Out Boy and Wiz Khalifa. Happy Camper was Hoodie's second studio album.The album's lead single is "Are U Having Any Fun?" and the eighth track is "Champagne and Pools". They were released. The lead single was accompanied by a music video that was similar to a video game. The albums chart has 2 on it. The Hype was his third studio album. On August 16, Hoodie released his fourth studio album Whatever USA. The ninth track "Never Going Back" was released on March 1, 2019."Come Around" was released with Christian French on June 21, 2019. "Hell of a Time" was the third track released before the album was released. <mask> has appeared in four episodes of CollegeHumor since March 3, 2011. He made his CollegeHumor debut as a rap teacher in " Jake and Amir / Rap Teacher (With <mask> <mask>)" and returned to that role three more times. <mask> cracked the Top 10 in July of 2011. He was in the top 10 for the week of August 5, 2011. His popularity is "untold" according to Billboard.Hoodie's All American was released on April 10, 2012 Within hours of its release, it was on the charts. All American's debut was also at No. The Juice featured 10 on its hip-hop and R&B column. The lead artist References External links Living people American hip hop singers East Coast hip hop musicians Google employees Jewish American musicians Jewish rappers from New York (state) Underground rappers Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni 1988 births

masks:
Hoodie Allen
Allen
Allen
Hoodie
Allen
Hoodie
Allen
Hoodie
Hoodie
Hoodie
Hoodie
Allen
Hoodie


title: David Premack

type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> was a professor at the University of Pennsylvania. When logical positivism was in full bloom, he was educated at the University of Minnesota. The departments of psychology and philosophy were very close. Group Dynamics was led by Leon Festinger and Stanley Schachter. Premack began primate research at the Yerkes Primate Biology Laboratory at Orange Park outside Jacksonville, Florida. He traveled with Sarah and Gussie from the University of Missouri to the University of California, Santa Barbara and then to the University of Pennsylvania, where he had nine chimpanzee subjects. Premack's principle is a new theory of reinforcement.It argued that reinforcement is not an absolute property and that the more probable response could reinforce the less probable response. Reinforcement is a relative property, which has been supported by this theory. There is a descending rank order of probability. Both B and C will be reinforced. reinforcement is an absolute property. B corrects the view. B will reinforce C, but not A.B is a reinforcer and not a reinforcer. Reinforcement is a relative property. Reinforcement is changeable. Running is reinforced by drinking when it is more probable than not. Running reinforces drinking when the probabilities are reversed. Consummatory responses, like any other response, are subject to reinforcement. Reinforcement and punishment are the same except for sign.If response A leads contingently to B, and B is less probable than A, A will decrease in Frequency. The major difference is between reward and punishment and between freedom and punishment. The condition in which stimuli are freely available to an individual is called freedom. Running punishes drinking when it is more probable than lever pressing. The same response can be a reinforcer and a punisher at the same time. Rats are either sensitive to both reinforcement and punishment, or they are never sensitive to one but the other, suggesting the equivalency of punishment and reinforcement. Theory of Mind was introduced in an article by <mask>.This concept has been used in psychology and neuroscience. Hundreds of articles have been published on theory of mind in fields such as comparative psychology studies of cognitive capacities of animals to human developmental psychology studies of infant cognitive to social neuroscience studies of the brain. <mask> and his associates showed that Chimpanzees can do analogies. A difference is not a relation between objects or properties, it is a relation between relations. The relation between AA andBB is the same. The relation between CD and EF is the same. The relation between AA and CD is different.Chimpanzees will learn the word "same" for AA and "different" for CD from this analysis. Chimpanzees spontaneously formed analogies between two things: physically similar relations and functionally similar relations. A method designed by Premack made it possible to show that young children and Chimpanzees are capable of causality. Chimpanzees can put the eyes, nose, and mouth in the right place. Chimpanzees are capable of symbolic behavior. After viewing themselves in a mirror wearing a hat, glasses, necklace, and given a picture of a face, the Chimpanzees applied clay to the top of the head, eyes, and throat. Premack said that young children divide the world into two types of objects, those that move only when acted upon by other objects, and those that are self-propelled and move on their own.He argued that intentionality is related to self-propelled objects. Babies attribute value to the interaction of intentional objects. Positive value to caressing another object, negative value to hitting another object. Positive value is assigned when one object helps another achieve its goal, and negative value when one object prevents another from achieving its goal. He and <mask> argued that infants equate caressing with helping despite their physical differences. There are cognitive differences between animals and humans. Human competence is capable of serving many goals, while animal competence only serves one goal.Humans teach all possible activities, whereas meerkats and cats only teach one activity: how to eat scorpions, which is very rare in animals. The domain-generality of human competence is explained. There are multiple evolutionarily-independent components and animal competence of a single evolutionary component. One of the last moments when Jacques Monod could participate in intellectual debates was when Premack debated the nature of linguistic performance in apes with Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky. He died on June 17, 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 The Society of Experimental Psychologists, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Missouri, University of Pennsylvania, and University of Minnesota alumni are Cognitive scientists.

masks:
David Premack
Premack
Premack
Ann Premack


title: Geoff Palmer (scientist)

texts: Sir <mask> is a Professor in the School of Life Sciences at Heriot-Watt University and a human rights activist. He was a researcher at the Brewing Research Foundation from 1968 to 1977. In 1998, <mask> became the fourth person, and the first European, to be honoured with the American Society of Brewing Chemists Award of Distinction, considered the "Nobel prize of brewing". He was the first black professor in Scotland in 1989. He was knighted in the New Year. <mask> was born in Jamaica. <mask> grew up in Kingston, Jamaica, in the care of his eight aunts, after his mother moved to England to work as a dressmaker in the Windrush generation.Shortly before his 15th birthday, he joined his mother in London and lived at a house on the Caledonian Road. He was sent to Shelborne Road Secondary Modern because he was too young to work. His cricketing skills earned him a place on the London Schools' cricket team. He got a job as a junior lab technician at Queen Elizabeth College, London University, after leaving school with six O-levels and two A-levels. He was studying one day a week at the local polytechnic. In 1964, <mask> earned a degree in botany from the University ofLeicester. He applied to study for an masters degree at the University ofNottingham, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture.He secured a place to study for a PhD in grain science and technology at Heriot-Watt College and the University of Edinburgh after an interview with Professor Anna Macleod. After completing his PhD in 1967, he began his research work at the Brewing Research Foundation, where he worked on the science and technology of barley. He moved back to Heriot-Watt University in 1977. After Macleod retired, he was offered a personal chair at Heriot-Watt. <mask> has written a textbook on the subject of cereals science and technology. He invented the barley abrasion process while at the Brewing Research Foundation. At Heriot-Watt, he and his students worked on a project.A new method to detect pre-germination in cereals with different degrees of pre-germination was developed by him. According to the journal International Brewer and Distiller, <mask> requested samples of pre-germinated grain as he was developing a new amylase test which will look at the distribution of the enzyme across individual grains in a sample. A small number of grains with high amylase/pre-germination activity can cause unexpected storage or processing problems. He was able to get funding to set up the International Centre for Brewing and Distilling at Heriot-Watt University. He wrote the Foreword for the Encyclopedia of Grain Science. <mask> <mask> was appointed as the Chancellor of Heriot-Watt University for an initial term of five years. Promoting Heriot-Watt's prominence and profile in research is central to the role.<mask> is a prominent human rights activist and is involved in a lot of charity work in the community. He wrote articles for the Times Educational Supplement to improve the education of children from ethnic minorities. He wrote an article for The Scotsman entitled 'Stephen Lawrence analysis: Society is more mixed but racism has not gone away - we still have a long way to go'. <mask> has written a book on the history of slavery and spoken out against the slave trade. In 2007, the Bicentenary of the passage of the Slave Trade Act was included on the " 100 Great Black Britons" list. The Edinburgh and Lothians Regional Equality Council is an Edinburgh-based organisation which works to tackle discrimination and promote human rights and equality in the community, specifically with regard to the nine protected characteristics outlined in the Equality Act 2010. At the 40th Annual General Meeting, <mask> spoke about ethnic coding.During the George Floyd protests, <mask> was in favor of revising the Melville Monument due to his support for gradual abolition of slavery. <mask> did not support the removal of controversial statues because they are part of black history. racism. <mask> presented his antique collection of silver sugar bowls and tongs on the show. "After the 200 year commemoration of the abolition of the slave trade, I decided to look at sugar, because it was one of the main reasons for slavery," he said. I thought I would be able to find evidence of this. People were consuming sugar in bowls and tongs while slaves were working.The silver bowls tell us the sort of things we do in order to make money, and to have a lifestyle that we think we deserve. In recognition of his work and achievements in the field of grain science, <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire. In 2008, <mask> became the fourth and only European individual to be honoured with the American Society of Brewing Chemists Award for distinction in scientific research and good citizenship: he received the award in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2009, the Open University in 2010, the University of the West Indies in 2015, and Heriot-Watt University in 2015, <mask> was awarded an Honorary Doctorate. He received a knighthood for his services to human rights, science, and charity. <mask> was interviewed by Jim Al-Khalili on The Life Scientific. <mask> has lived in Penicuik since 1977.<mask> is his wife. There are external links to Professor Sir Henry Oliver <mask>. The Order of the British Empire Alumni of Heriot-Watt University and the University of Edinburgh have living people.

masks:
Henry Oliver Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
SirGeoff
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Margaret Palmer
Palmer


title: Mansoor Ijaz

texts: He is a venture financier and hedge-fund manager. He is the founder and chairman of Crescent Investment Management, a New York and London-based investment firm that operates a proprietary trading system. Efforts to acquire a stake in Lotus F1, a Formula One team, were unsuccessful. The Democratic Party institutions as well as the presidential candidacy of Bill Clinton were contributors to Ijaz and his companies in the 1990s. When the U.S. severed official ties with Sudan, Ijaz opened informal communications between Washington and Khartoum in an effort to gain access to Sudanese intelligence data on Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda. Ijaz was involved in efforts to broker a ceasefire in Kashmir in 2000–2001, and in the Memogate controversy, in which former Pakistani envoy Husain Haqqani allegedly used him to deliver a memorandum to senior U.S. officials. Growing up on a farm in Montgomery County, Virginia, <mask> was born in Florida.He has four siblings, two brothers and a sister. His brother died in 2012 His father was an experimental physicist and professor of physics at Virginia Tech who was noted for his early role in the development of Pakistan's nuclear energy program. His mother was a solar physicist who worked with the UN Industrial Development Organization to develop renewable energy programs in Pakistan. <mask> received his bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Virginia in 1983 and a master's degree in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1985. <mask> earned All-American status as a powerlifter in March 1982 with a combined lift total of 960 lbs at the National collegiate Powerlifting Championships held at Marshall University. He was coached by John Gamble.He finished third at the U.S. National Powerlifting Championships in the 52 kilogram class. <mask> set more than 25 Virginia State powerlifting records over the course of three years in the sport. A Wall Street career began for <mask> <mask> in 1986 as a technology analyst. Crescent Investment Management was founded in 1990 by <mask>, who developed a trading system called Computer-Aided Regression Analysis Techniques, to manage his first hedge fund. Klaus Buescher joined Crescent as president in 1991 and together they managed the company until his death in 1997. <mask> has remained active as Crescent's owner, operating it as a quantitative investment adviser and venture investing firm. After the September 11 attacks, Crescent transitioned from a traditional hedge-fund management firm to a focus on venture investments.Changes in AIM Rules for small-cap investment companies forced Crescent Technology to de-list from London's AIM Stock Exchange. Ijaz tried to finance and build the world's first underwater hotel, Hydropolis, in the 2000s. After the financial crisis of 2008, the construction of this resort was put on hold. Private ownership continues operations of Crescent Hydropolis. Crescent and its Abu Dhabi affiliate, Al Manhal International Group, made a bid to acquire a stake in the Lotus F1 team. A partnership between Crescent and Al Manhal will acquire a portion of Lotus F1 in June. The deal did not happen after several delays.The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times in the United States and the Financial Times in the United Kingdom are just a few of the publications <mask> has written for. He has been a guest commentator on television for CNN, ABC, and Fox News. <mask> appeared as a counterterrorism and foreign affairs analyst on various network programming when he was hired as a Fox News contributor in 2001. His appearances on Fox were not exclusive to the network. He appeared for various networks in Pakistan, India and the U.S. as the Memogate inquiry began. <mask> has advocated for the integration of Muslims into the American political mainstream. When President Clinton paved the way for minority communities to become more active in U.S. politics, he encouraged fellow Pakistani and Muslim Americans to join his fundraising efforts.Clinton, Vice President Al Gore, Hillary Clinton as well as other Clinton administration national security officials with whom Ijaz would later engage on Sudan, Kashmir and Pakistan were all associated with the Clinton-Gore re-election campaign. <mask> appeared as an expert witness in front of committees in the Senate and the House of Representatives to advocate for Washington to adopt a policy of "constructive engagement" with rogue Muslim countries. There were allegations of conflicts with his business interests that were never proven. In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, <mask> had a public falling out with senior Clinton-era officials, including the former president, Sandy Berger and Susan Rice, over what he deemed were failures in their counterterrorism policies during Clinton's two terms in office. In 2007, Nevada Republicans tried to get Ijaz to run against the Majority Leader of the Senate. <mask> served on the College Foundation Board of Trustees and was a member of the board of directors of the Atlantic Council. The Mayar Elementary School, which enrolls 400 boys and girls from the Maidan Wardak Province, was built thanks to the funds raised by the RAF.<mask> supported Developments in Literacy, an initiative to build and operate elementary schools in rural Pakistan as an alternative to the religious schools in which many children were being radicalized. The goal of the group was not to create a secularized school system, but to teach the Qur'an as one of many subjects. <mask> and his wife Valérie are goodwill ambassadors for Children of Peace, a British charity that works to reconcile differences between Palestinian and Israeli youth. At the World Peace Festival in Berlin in late 2011, <mask> announced that he would donate 1% of his net worth to create a Humanitarian Relief Fund to alleviate poverty. In requesting similar pledges for the proposed fund from other philanthropists, <mask> noted his belief that governments have often failed to provide assistance to the poor in sufficient ways over the long term. In 1996 and 1997 the U.S. and Sudan had negotiations to get access to Sudan's intelligence files on Osama bin Laden and the early remnants of Al-Qaeda. In the same year, the United States Congress imposed sanctions on Sudan for its alleged support of terrorist cells.CIA and State Department officials held secret meetings with Sudan's defense minister, El Fatih Erwa, in 1996. In May 1996, bin Laden left Sudan for Afghanistan under pressure from the United States. Lee Hamilton, ranking member of the House Committee on International Relations at the time, and Sandy Berger, then Clinton's deputy national security adviser, were among the government officials who received Ijaz's findings. For access to its intelligence data on Al Qaeda's network and Osama bin Laden's activities in Sudan, Khartoum sought U.S. sanctions relief. Some policy decisions that benefited U.S. oil companies were exempt from the sanctions. In return for Sudanese counterterrorism cooperation, Washington should adopt a policy of "constructive engagement" with Khartoum, argued Ijaz. Sudan made an offer of counterterrorism assistance to the FBI and other U.S. intelligence agencies in a letter sent to Hamilton in 1997.Madeleine Albright, the Secretary of State at the time, decided to test the Sudanese government's public stance and on September 28, 1997 she announced that certain U.S. diplomats would return to Khartoum. There is a former U.S. Berger was persuaded to overrule Albright's overture to Khartoum by Ambassador to Sudan Tim Carney and Susan Rice. The State Department announced new, more comprehensive trade, economic, and financial sector sanctions against the Sudanese regime in early November of 1997. The FBI declined the final offer of counterterrorism cooperation from the Sudanese intelligence chief in the summer of 1998. The capture of bin Laden was an objective of the U.S. government until his death. The Sudanese government allegedly offered to extradite bin Laden to the United States prior to his expulsion from Sudan.Information about Hezbollah, Hamas, Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood and Iran's Revolutionary Guard were included in Khartoum's offer. Ijaz claimed that the U.S. authorities rejected each offer despite knowing of bin Laden's involvement in training terrorists. Evidence of bin Laden's involvement in criminal activity against the U.S. could have led to an indictment. The 9/11 Commission did not find any evidence to support the Sudanese claim. There is an ambassador. The U.S. government had no legal basis to ask the Sudanese to expel bin Laden. Two years after the warnings, the U.S. launched cruise missile strikes against Sudan.Ceasefire negotiations in Kashmir took place in 2000 and 2001 and were the cause of multiple wars between India and Pakistan since independence. He traveled to India on out-of-passport visas for a number of meetings with senior Indian and Pakistani government officials as well as senior Kashmiri leaders. After months of secret negotiations, militant Kashmiri commander Abdul Majid Dar declared a ceasefire in the Himalayan enclave on July 25, 2000. The initial ceasefire was aborted by a hard-line militant group. In order to get Pakistan's support for India's peace efforts in Kashmir, <mask> met the general. The ceasefire plan was opposed by hardliners in the ranks of Pakistan's armed forces and intelligence services. C. D. Sahay was India's then-deputy intelligence chief.They worked together to come up with a plan for participation of militant groups from Pakistan-held Kashmir. <mask> traveled to Muzaffarabad in the summer of 2000 to negotiate with Syed Salahuddin. The Kashmiri leader requested Clinton's support for Salahuddin's further steps in Kashmiri ceasefire negotiations after he received a letter from the President. India's prime minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, decided to announce a ceasefire in Indian-held Kashmir in November 2000. <mask> met with leaders of Kashmiri resistance groups in Srinagar and senior Indian government officials in New Delhi to broaden support for the plan. He brought the two sides together for face-to-face negotiations. After sharing his plans with Indian home minister L. K. Advani, <mask>'s efforts to build permanent peace ended.The peace summit between India and Pakistan held in Agra in June 2001 sought to forge an agreement on a permanent resolution to the Kashmir conflict, but the hardliners in Pakistan refused to allow signing of an accord. Pakistan's Memogate controversy was led by <mask> <mask>. <mask> wrote an opinion piece about the interference of Pakistan's intelligence services in the function of its democratic institutions. In the opinion's preamble, <mask> said that he had been asked to deliver a memo on behalf of a senior Pakistani diplomat to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Pakistan's civilian government was in danger of being taken over by the military in the wake of Osama bin Laden's death. It was delivered by General James L. Jones, who was the U.S. national security adviser. A petition was lodged with the Supreme Court of Pakistan by the leader of the opposition, who later became Pakistan's prime minister.He alleged that the memorandum was drafted by Haqqani at the direction of Pakistan's then-president, Asif Ali Zardari, and delivered without knowledge of the country's powerful armed forces and intelligence services. The Supreme Court formed a Judicial Commission to conduct a broad inquiry after reviewing the petition. Pakistan's intelligence chief, Ahmad Shuja Pasha, and Haqqani were among the key witnesses deposed. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Yousef Raza Gilani, submitted written testimony to the Supreme Court. The Judicial Commission reported its findings on June 12. The memorandum was authentic and Haqqani was the originator and architect. According to the report, the former ambassador "orchestrated the possibility of an imminent coup to both persuade Mr. <mask> to convey the message and also to give it traction and credibility".The justices found that Haqqani wanted to head a new national security team in Pakistan. In an unexpected turn of the investigation, a secret fund was discovered in Pakistan's Washington embassy that Haqqani allegedly had access to and used in violation of the Constitution of Pakistan. According to the Commission's report, the president had no prior knowledge of the memorandum, although Haqqani had led <mask> to believe it had the president's approval. Haqqani had tried to undermine <mask>'s credibility, but the Commission found him to be a reliable witness. The Supreme Court ordered Haqqani to appear before it after hearing the Commission's report. While maintaining his innocence, the former envoy continued to reject the Commission's findings. He was in the United States as of July.There are External links to testimony to the House Foreign Affairs Committee.

masks:
Mansoor Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Mansoor
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Mansoor
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz
Ijaz


title: David W. Johnson (scholar)

texts: <mask><mask>'s research focuses on four areas: cooperative, competitive, and individualistic efforts, constructive controversy, and conflict resolution and peer mediation. <mask> has applied psychological knowledge to improve educational practices. <mask>'s work has been applied in many countries and his books have been translated into 20 different languages. He grew up in a family of seven children and lived on a family farm. He lives in Minnesota. He graduated from Ball State University in 1962, received a master's degree in social psychology from Teachers College in 1964, and a PhD in social psychology from Columbia University in 1966. He became a full professor at the University of Minnesota in 1973.The <mask> brothers founded the Cooperative Learning Center at the University of Minnesota. <mask> began his work on social interdependence theory in the 1960's. The teaching of elementary, secondary, and university was dominated by individualism. Social Darwinism, with its premise that students must be taught to survive in a "dog-eat-dog" world dominated educational thought, although it was being challenged by individualism. In the 60's and 70's, <mask> challenged the prevailing competitive and individualistic practices by presenting the theory and research on cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning, creating operational procedures for cooperative learning and appropriate competition, and implementing cooperative learning in schools and universities. The first published review of the research on cooperation and competition appeared in 1970 in <mask>'s book, The Social Psychology of Education. His brother Roger edited a special issue of the Journal of Research and Development in Education in 1978 after his review was published in the Review of Educational Research.In 1981 and 1983 he pioneered the use of meta-analysis in publishing reviews of the impact of cooperative, competitive, and individualism on achievement/productivity. In 1989 he and his brother published a book, Cooperation and Competition: Theory and Research, which contained a series of meta-analyses on many of the dependent variables relevant to Social Interdependence Theory. Social interdependence theory was formulated in 1949 by Morton Deutsch. While Deutsch created the basic structure of theory, many of its implications were left unexplored. The conditions underlying effective cooperation and constructive competition were explicated by <mask> in his research. The breath of social interdependence theory was extended to a wider range of outcomes in the 1989 meta-analysis book. In 2003 <mask> published a review of Social Interdependence Theory in the American Psychologist, and in 2005 he and his brother published an update of the theory in the Psychological Monographs Program of research.Positive interdependence, individual accountability, promotive interaction, social skills, and group processing are some of the factors that influence the impact of cooperation. He has conducted a number of studies to identify the conditions under which competition results in constructive outcomes. In the 1960's <mask> began training teachers in the use of cooperative, competitive, and individualism learning. The procedures for structuring cooperation were largely unknown while the theory existed. There are three types of cooperative learning: formal cooperative learning, informal cooperative learning and temporary, ad-hoc groups. He has developed procedures for administrators of cooperative schools. Learning Together and Alone: Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning was first published in 1975, followed by Cooperation in the Classroom in 1984 and Leading the Cooperative School in 1989.He has written 33 books on how to use cooperative learning. There are books written for the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. The guidance provided by <mask>'s books and training materials has been used by educators all over the world. <mask> and <mask> founded the Cooperative Learning Center at the University of Minnesota in the early 1970s in order to ensure that the operational procedures were used. The long-term implementation of cooperative learning has been committed to by a network of staff development leaders. At all levels of education, cooperative learning is a valued instructional procedure. The Hong Kong Cooperative Learning Center had <mask> conduct a seven-year project to train faculty from all seven Hong Kong universities and many mainland universities in the use of cooperative learning.In China, Japan, Cyprus, Norway, Italy, and the United States and Canada, there are Cooperative Learning Centers. When conflict was seen as undesirable and destructive, <mask> began documenting the essential role of intellectual conflict in effective instruction and decision making. The program of research and operational procedures that he created have made constructive controversy a frequently used procedure in decision making in a wide variety of organizations. The importance of training all citizens in a democracy in the controversy procedure to enable them to engage in constructive political discourse is highlighted by his work. Similar to procedures he followed in his work on social interdependence, <mask> published a review of the research relevant to constructive controversy. <mask> used the reviews as a base for his theory. The operational procedures for using controversy in decision making and instructional situations were created by him.The research reviews were published several times. Over 15 research studies have been published in constructive controversy by <mask> and his colleagues. 25 articles, reviews, and book chapters have been published by <mask> in collaboration with his brother and colleagues. In the 70s, <mask> began training teachers in how to use constructive controversy. The procedures teachers use to structure constructive controversies were described in various book chapters and articles. Creative Conflict was the first book about the procedures. The fourth edition of Constructive Controversy: Intellectual Challenge in the Classroom was published in 1991.In the 1960's, <mask> began a program of teaching elementary, secondary, and university students to be peacemakers in order to ensure conflicts of interests are managed constructively. The Teaching Students To Be Peacemakers program teaches students how to manage conflicts, how to engage in negotiations, and how to mediation. Every student in a class or school takes his or her turn at being a peer mediation. While there are many conflict resolution and peer mediation training programs, this one is unique because it is based on the theory of constructive conflict and has been thoroughly researched. The reviews of the literature related to the conflict resolution and peer mediation program began in 1971 with a summary of <mask>'s research on perspective-taking in conflict situations, followed by reviews on communication in conflicts in 1973. In 1996 he published the first comprehensive review of the research on school conflict resolution and peer mediation programs in the Review of Educational Research Extension of theory. His theory of constructive conflict was first published in 1970 in his book, The Social Psychology of Education, and then refined and elaborated in three subsequent books.<mask>'s research efforts began in the 1960s. Over 25 studies have been published on conflict resolution and peer mediation. In the 1980s, <mask> began direct research studies on teaching school students how to engage in negotiation and mediation. He has published over 28 non-empirical articles and book chapters about the nature of peer mediation, the research they use, and the operational procedures needed to engage in them. The Peacemaker Program has been implemented in many parts of the world. Chapters of the program have been published in Spanish and several other languages, as well as the book, which has been translated into Korean and Arabic. The Teaching Students To Be Peacemakers Program was presented in Israel in 2000 to a group of Israeli Jewish School Principals, Israeli Bedouin school principals, and Palestinian school principals from Gaza.The program was identified as a model program by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Two classics in the field of Experiential Learning have been published by <mask>, reaching out: Interpersonal Effectiveness and Self-Actualization and joining together: Group Theory and Group Skills. Experiential learning is used to teach small group skills. There is an overall theoretical framework for defining interpersonal and small group skills, as well as systematic reviews of the research on the skills, in these books. The books have been used all over the world. The teaching of social skills is involved in the implementation of many of the research studies on cooperation and conflict resolution. <mask> trained educators how to teach students social skills at a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Conference in Lebanon in 2000.Since joining SANE in the early 1960s, <mask> has been active in peace movements. Two special issues of Journals on Peace Education were edited by him. He is a major speaker at international conferences on peace education and reconciliation. The skills needed to be a citizen in a democracy are being taught to elementary and secondary students in Armenia. As part of a democratic citizenship program, <mask> helped train teachers and administrators in Armenia. Cooperative learning was implemented by the United Nations Program in Turkey as part of a training program to reduce violence against women. Constructive controversy is being used to teach elementary and secondary students how to be citizens in some countries.<mask> had a part-time psychotherapy practice from 1973 to 1987 at the Nicollet Clinic in Minneapolis. He wrote three book chapters on psychotherapy methods and conducted a series of studies on therapist behavior. He is listed in the national register of health service providers in psychology. <mask> is a member of the National Training Laboratories Institute for Applied Behavioral Science. <mask> became involved in the civil rights movement after conducting research on reducing prejudice. The United Packinghouse, Food, and Allied Workers gave him the Russell Bull Scholarship Award for the most outstanding work done in civil rights in the United States in 1962. During the summer of 1963, he led a day camp for children in Brooklyn, New York, and a youth center for the Brooklyn Bishops, a street gang.He helped plan and conduct the training program for the Mississippi Freedom Summer in 1964. <mask> taught African American history at Freedom Schools in New York City, which was sponsored by the Harlem Parents Committee, and conducted two studies on the impact of learning Black history on African American children. He was involved in organizing rent strikes in Harlem as well as working with the Northern Student Movement. He trained group leaders in the use of guided group interaction for juvenile delinquents. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, <mask> worked with runaways and teenagers with drug problems. He ran for the Minnesota State Legislature twice in the 1990s and was the Treasurer for the 2nd Ward in Minneapolis. <mask> is a past editor of the American Educational Research Journal.He is a Past Chair of two Special Interest Groups in the American Educational Research Association: Cooperative Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice and Conflict Resolution and Violence Prevention. He received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Educational Research Association. He received an award from the National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology. The Jeffrey Rubin Theory To Practice Award was given to <mask> in 2010 by the International Association for Conflict Management and the Program on Negotiation at the Harvard Law School. The American Educational Research Association gave <mask> the award in 2008. The Brock International Prize in Education was given to <mask> and <mask>. <mask> received an award from the American Psychological Association.The Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Award, presented by the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (Division 9 of the APA), was received in 1981 by <mask>, his brother Roger, and their father, Geoffrey. The Democratic Citizenship in Education Special Interest Group of the American Educational Research Association gave theDistinguished Scholar Award for Outstanding Research on Democratic Citizenship to <mask> and <mask>. The Stress and Coping Special Interest Group of the American Educational Research Association gave them the distinguished scholar award in 2001. They received the Award for Outstanding Research Contribution to Cooperative Learning from the Special Interest Group in 1996. The Promise Award was given by the Conflict Resolution and Violence Prevention Special Interest Group of the American Educational Research Association. The Jeffrey-Rubin Theory to Practice Award was given to <mask> in 2010 by the International Association for Conflict Management. The National Register of Halth Service Providers in Psychology gave <mask> an award in 2011.<mask> received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Education Research Association. The distinguished alumni award was given to <mask>. The International Conference on Thinking gave <mask> the Award for Life Time Contributions to Thinking Education. The International Association for the Study of Cooperation gave the Lifetime Achievement Award to <mask> and Roger. The American Psychological Foundation gave <mask> the gold metal for life achievement in the application of psychology. The University of Minnesota has American psychologists.

masks:
David W
. Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
David
Roger Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
David
Roger Johnson
Johnson
David Johnson
David
Roger Johnson
David
David
David
David
David
David
David


title: T. A. Barron

texts: The American writer of fantasy literature, books for children and young adults and nature books is named <mask>. He grew up in Harvard, Massachusetts, a town full of apple orchards and lots of New England history. He spent a lot of his youth on a ranch in the Rockies. His passion for nature and the spiritual values of the natural world are reflected in his writing. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He spent a year hiking around Asia and Africa. When he returned to Colorado with his wife, Currie, and their five children in 1990, he became a full-time writer and rancher.He has written more than thirty novels, children's books, non-fiction books, and nature books. He received an award for lifetime contribution to the field of children's and young adult literature. He has won many literary awards. He is an active member of several organizations, including the Wilderness Society, Earthjustice, the World Wildlife Fund, and Colorado Open Lands. In 2000, he founded a national prize to celebrate outstanding young people, who help other people, or the environment, and it was named after his mother. He has produced a documentary film, as well as several highly acclaimed videos that honor extraordinary young people of diverse background for his website. He won a Telly Award in 2020 for excellence in video production.The Barron Family Fund for Innovations in Environmental Studies helps faculty and students involved in the environment and humanities. His other creation is the T.A. The Environmental Leadership that is given to students is called the Barron Price for Environmental Leadership. The High Meadow Environmental Institute was created by <mask>. The Thomas A. and Currie C. Barron Family Biodiversity Research Challenge Fund was created by him and his wife. He received the Robert Marshall Award from the Wilderness Society. Nature and ecology are written about in many of his novels.He says he's drawn to heroic quest stories because he believes every person can make a difference. His books have received a number of awards, including the Nautilus Award Grand Prize for literature that helps to renew the spirit and envision a better world, as well as many other awards from the American Library Association and the International Literacy Association. The Great Tree of Avalon trilogy has been a New York Times best seller. His books are "magical" according to Booklist. His work was called "august" and "compelling" by the New York Times. Both <mask> and Madeleine L'Engle have said that his writing is brilliant. <mask> Williams said he was the creator of "environmental fables for our time".Robert Cole, M.D. He said, "Here is so much grace." <mask> said his books were an intense and profoundly spiritual adventure. Disney film studios is working on a film adaptation. Philippa Boyens was hired to write a script. On January 4, it was reported that Scott was in talks to direct it. On October 15, 2021, it was announced that Michael Matthews would direct it.Gil Netter was going to be the movie's producer. The Atlantis Saga Atlantis Rising and Atlantis Lost were illustrated by <mask> Gilbert. The prequel, GIANT, is also included. The Book of Magic is an encyclopedia of the characters and places in the series. The Lost Years and The Seven Songs were originally issued as The Lost Years and the Seven Songs were originally issued as The Raging Fires. The Hero's Trail: True Stories of Young People to inspire Courage, Compassion, and Hope is a non-fiction book. A recent piece from The Hollywood Reporter links what matters most with T.A.20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American novelists American children's writers American fantasy writers American male novelists American nature writers

masks:
Thomas
Barron
Isabel Allende
Terry Tempest
Lloyd Alexander
Anne Yvonne


title: Rhea Chakraborty

texts: She is an Indian actress. She was a host on MTV India. She made her acting debut in 2012 with the film tuneega tuneega. There is a Bengali family in Bangalore, India. Her father was in the army. She attended the Army Public School in Ambala. In 2009, she was the first runner-up on MTV India's TVS Scooty Teen Diva.She was selected to be a VJ at MTV Delhi. She has hosted several MTV shows. She made her film debut in 2012 with the film tuneega tuneega where she played the character Nidhi. She made her Bollywood debut in Bollywood as Jasleen. In Sonali Cable, she played the character of Sonali. She appeared in YRF's Bank Chor. She appeared in Half Girlfriend and Dobaara: See Your Evil.She appeared in Jalebi with a debutante. She was the most desirable woman in India in 2020. In April, <mask> started dating Sushant Singh Rajput. She founded an artificial intelligence company with her brother and Rajput. The couple moved in together. Six days after she moved out, Rajput died by suicide at his home in Mumbai. Rajput's family lodged a first information report (FIR) with Patna Police, where his father lives, accusing Chakraborty and several others of abetment of suicide, wrongful restraint, wrongful confinement, theft, criminal breach of trust, and cheating.Rajput's father said in theFIR that Rajput had told his sister about Chakraborty threatening to make his medical receipts public and prove him mad, that Rajput was afraid that Chakraborty would frame him for his secretary's suicide, and that before his day of suicide, Chakraborty took away all doctor' Chakraborty and her brother were questioned by the ED. The Supreme Court of India allowed the agency to take control of the investigation. India's national drug law enforcement agency, the NCB, arrested Chakraborty on September 8, charging that she and her brother had caused marijuana to be supplied to Rajput. She was granted bail by the Bombay High Court a day after the Mumbai sessions court extended her judicial remand. The high court ruled that there are reasonable grounds for believing that she is not likely to commit an offence while on bail. The high court found that she was not part of the chain of drug dealers involved in the case.Justice Sarang Kotwal wrote that she had not forwarded the drugs procured by her to someone else to earn benefits. In the wake of Rajput's death, <mask> found herself at the center of a vicious hate campaign led by some of India's most high-profile journalists and social media troll. She was subjected to gossip, innuendo, and misogynistic abuse and was described by conservative television hosts as a "manipulative" woman who performed black magic. After a purported fan of Rajput threatened her with rape and murder and urged her to "commit suicide otherwise I will send people to kill you," she sought help from the cybercrime police. Supreme Court senior counsel Meenakshi Arora said that a lot of the press had already declared the actress guilty. She was hanged, drawn and quartered. It's a trial by the media.Three activists, arguing that trial by media poses a real and substantial risk of prejudice to the proper administration of justice, petitioned the Bombay High Court to restrict reportage that could hamper the investigation of this case due to sensationalisation. News channels that conducted such trials were Times Now, Republic TV, News 18, and India Today. The Press Council of India (PCI), the press watchdog established by parliament, said that the coverage of the Sushant Singh Rajput case by many media outlets is in violation of journalistic conduct. The person indicted was the subject of a "parallel trial" that the media should not have carried out. The September 2020 study "Anatomy of a Rumour: Social media and the suicide of Sushant Singh Rajput" found that Indian journalists and media houses were complicit in pushing an agenda. During the first month after Rajput's death, Republic TV pushed insinuations on the finances of the parents. The researchers recount that over time, Rhea was targeted by troll and mainstream media speculation online.The case and its victims are a reminder of how the patriarchy is alive and well, and always readying its blades for the next execution. The South China Morning Post noted that "India's hyperbolic television channels, which have given more airtime to this case than India's battle against Covid-19 and the recent rapes of lower-income people, have given more airtime to this case than India's battle against The Indian media has worked itself into an unprecedented feeding frenzy since Rajput's death, according to Variety. Variety said, "Haranguing television anchors appointed themselves judge and jury, with daily trials on prime time television." Variety said that the general audience appears to be enjoying the drama. Unless otherwise stated, all films are in Hindi. Television References External links Living people Bengali actresses Actresses from Bangalore Indian film actresses VJs (media personalities) Indian women television presenters Actresses in Hindi cinema Participants in Indian reality television series 21st-century Indian actresses

masks: Chakraborty Chakraborty


title: Sajjad Ali

texts: <mask> is a singer, poet, actor, film director, and a film producer from Pakistan. His father was a film actor and also a cricketer. His father appeared in a film for the first time. The F.A degree was earned by Sajjad from the National Arts College. Tassaduq Hussain started teaching music to him after that. <mask>'s grand-uncles, Ustad <mask>, Ustad <mask> and Ustad <mask>, were all classical artists. He was trained by his uncle Ustad <mask> who was the son of Ustad Bade <mask>.<mask> <mask> is a classical musician. Master Sajjad Sings Memorable Classics was the first classical hit album by Career Music Sajjad <mask>. Most of the songs were written by Hasrat Mohani, Momin and others. Before his debut program, Aap Janab by Athar Shah Khan, <mask> made his television debut in many programs. He appeared in Rung Barangi Duniya with musician Sohail Rana. He performed in Rag Rung at the age of 14. He became famous at the 25th anniversary of PTV's stage show, called Silver Jubilee, by singing the song "Banwari Chakori".During a show on November 26, 1983, Sajjad sang two songs. He produced three music albums. His brother is also a musician. Sajjad and his brother wrote the lyrics for most of the songs in his albums, as well as other writers. The song "Chal De" was released in July of 2006 by Sajjad. On September 3, 2006 he released another single with the help of Meloscience Corp. The song has an experimental, Sufi beat.The album, Chahar Balish, contained new tracks as well as some previous tracks, and was released in April of 2008. Two new compositions from the film Bol were released by Tips music in India and Fire Records in Pakistan. His song "Kir Kir" was broadcast on major television channels across Pakistan on June 5, 2011. <mask>'s single with Bohemia (rapper) was a huge hit on the internet. He collaborated for the first time. In 1989 he directed his first telefilm, Love Letter, and in 1998 he directed his first full-length motion picture, Aik Aur Love Story. He was an actor and a singer in a film directed by Zahoor Husain Gillani."Na Boloon Gi" and "Sunn Leyna" were sung by Sajjad for a PTV drama serial. His brother was also involved in the making of these songs. <mask> composed music for the film Bol. There are two versions of the songs, one of which was recorded in his own studio in Dubai. This song is different from the one in Chahar Balish which has the same title. From the realm of the classical, he transitioned into one of the bright lights of Pakistani pop. Always striking the right note, and never missing a beat, even the most hardened purist has to give Sajjad his due.Even as he puts the V back into verve, this man can still breathe. He seems to be a complete singer in Pakistan. I don't think anyone compares to <mask> <mask>. He is too good at everything he does. <mask> married his uncle's daughter in 1990. They have six children, two sons and two daughters. He has been based in the United Arab Emirates for many years with his family.Two of his brothers have made a name for themselves in the Pakistan music industry.

masks:
Sajjad Ali
Sajjad Ali
Bade Ghulam Ali Khan
Barkat Ali Khan
Mubarak Ali Khan
Munawar Ali Khan
Ghulam Ali Khan
Sajjad
Ali
Ali
Sajjad
Sajjad
Sajjad
Sajjad
Ali
Sajjad


title: Red Cloud (rapper)

texts: <mask>loud is an American rapper based in Los Angeles, California who creates hip hop tracks recognizably influenced by his spiritual and Indigenous heritage. Henry Andrade was born on November 18, 1978 in Hawthorne, California. He is of Mexican heritage. He became a believer in Jesus Christ in 1991, when he was in the eighth grade, and at that time he was a gang member. Is This Thing On?, <mask>Cloud's first studio album, was released in April 2001 after he signed with Syntax Records. The Phantom Tollbooths rated it three out of a possible five, even though it got two four and a half stars out of five reviews. Traveling Circus was released on December 16, 2003Jesus Freak Hideout's Scott Fryberger gave the album a five star review, while AllMusic gave it a four star rating. Over at Rapzilla they rated it three and a half R's, while Cross Rhythms gave it a nine out of ten. The Phantom Tollbooth was a four clock release according to Tony LaFlanza. His third studio album, Hawthorne's Most Wanted, was released on May 22, 2007. Scott Fryberger rated the album four stars, while Jo-Ann Greene rated it four and a half stars. The album Cross Rhythms was rated nine out of ten by Wayne Gough and four out of ten by The Phantom Tollbooth''s Bert Saraco. The Warriors Society was released by RedCloud in 2006 with Syntax Records.In his decade with the label, <mask>loud moved more than 50,000 units. He was on tour with KRS-One, Evidence, Tech N9ne, and Murs. His underground mix tape, 1491 Nation Presents: <mask>loud, was released in 2011. <mask> Lightning and DJ Hydroe, creating a performance crew known for its hip hop fusion featuring RedCloud's underground spit. The L.A. Weekly called the crew, "a near-earth object inventing new realm of the Electro-House-Hip-Hop revolution on the planet." L.A.'s underground Bonnie and Clyde are MC <mask>Cloud and Crystle Lightning. Their debut is an eclectic mix of straight hip hop and electronic dance music.Hip hop inflected French y-y, with a twist of a B-movie slasher flick tango, is called Gravitron. He travels North America as a performance artist and is known for his songs that travel the globe in geography, message, and experience. The work of Pigeon John, DJ Wise, and producer Greg Ei8ht Leonti can be found in his collaborative LightningCloud album. The best hip hop album award was given to the LightningCloud album. RedCloud won the "Who's Next: Battle for the Best" contest on the number one hip hop station in the United States, Power 106. He received a cash prize, a performance with Kendrick Lamar, and a representation of the west coast in a freestyle battle against a representative from the east coast in Austin, Texas. Native American hip hop is a musical genre popular in American and Canadian indigenous peoples.Like comparable MCs old and new, <mask>loud raps about Native issues, politics, and social consciousness. He gives workshops and performs in hip hop style to raise the consciousness of tribal youth. <mask>loud broke the Guinness World Record for freestyle rap that was previously set at 17 hours by going 18 hours one minute and 14 seconds. Is this a thing on discs? Traveling Circus and Hawthorne's Most Wanted are both on Syntax Records. The year 2013. "All the Eagles and Ravens in the House Say Yeah: (Ab)original Hip-Hop, Heritage, and Love" was published in the American Indian Culture and Research Journal.T. Christopher Aplin. The year 2012. "Expectation, Christianity, and Ownership in Indigenous Hip-Hop: Religion in Rhyme with Emcee One, <mask>Cloud, and Quese, Imc" was published in MUSICultures. T. Christopher Aplin. The year 2013. "Urban Beats, Religious Belief, and Interconnected Streets in Indigenous North American Hip-Hop: Native American Influences in African American Music" was published in Sounds of Resistance: The Role of Music in Multicultural Activism. Praeger.T. Christopher Aplin. Forthcoming. Music and Modernity Among First Peoples of North America is edited by Victoria Levine and Dylan Robinson. <mask> is an artist on Syntax Records.

masks:
RedC
Red
RedC
MC RedC
Redle
Red
RedC
RedC
Red
MC RedCd


title: Thomas Lubanga Dyilo

texts: The first person ever to be convicted by the International Criminal Court was <mask>. He was a key player in the Ituri conflict. He has been accused of massive human rights violations, including ethnic massacres, murder, torture, rape, and forcibly conscripting child soldiers. Lubanga was the first person to be arrested under a warrant from the International Criminal Court. His trial for the war crime of conscripting and recruiting children under the age of fifteen years and using them to participate actively in hostilities began on 26 January 2009, and he was found guilty on 14 March 2012 and faced a sentence of up to 30 years. On 10 July 2012 the Trial Chamber I of the International Criminal Court sentenced Lubanga to a total period of 14 years of imprisonment, also ordering that the time from his surrender to the court in 2006 should be deducted from the 14-year term. Lubanga was born on December 29, 1960 in Djiba in the Ituri Province of the Republic of the Congo.He is from the Hema-Gegere ethnic group. He graduated from the University of Kisangani with a degree in psychology. He has seven children. <mask> was a military commander and "minister of defence" in the RCD-ML. He founded another rebel group in 2001. <mask> split from the RCD-ML in early 2002 after he was removed from military control. The Patriotic Force for the Liberation of the Congo (FPLC) was founded in 2002 after he became President of the UPC.The Hema UPC was one of the main actors in the Ituri conflict. Bunia, the capital of the gold-rich Ituri region, was seized by it in 2002. Lubanga was released ten weeks later in exchange for a kidnapped government minister after he was arrested on a mission to Kinshasa. Human Rights Watch accused the UPC of "ethnic massacres, murder, torture, rape and mutilation, as well as the recruitment of child soldiers". Between November 2002 and June 2003 the UPC is said to have killed 800 civilians on the basis of their ethnicity. At least 350 people were killed and 60,000 were forced to flee their homes when the UPC destroyed 26 villages in one area. According to human rights groups, at one point Lubanga had thousands of child soldiers between the ages of 8 and 15.He ordered every family in the area to give money, a cow, or a child to join his militia in order to help the war effort. The UPC was forced out of Bunia by the Ugandan army. Lubanga was arrested on 19 March 2005 in connection with the killing of nine United Nations peacekeepers in Ituri, but later moved to Kinshasa and registered the UPC as a political party. After a few months in one of the most luxurious hotels in the country, he was transferred to the central prison. The International Criminal Court was given the authority to investigate and prosecute crimes within the jurisdiction of the court after the entry into force of the Rome Statute. There were reasonable grounds to believe that Lubanga bore individual criminal responsibility for the war crime of conscripting and recruiting children under the age of fifteen years and using them to participate actively in hostilities. On 17 March 2006 Lubanga became the first person ever arrested under an arrest warrant of the International Criminal Court.He was flown to the International Criminal Court in the Netherlands. Lubanga cried openly as he prepared to go on the plane. He is one of four people being held by the International Criminal Court. His trial began in January. On March 14, 2012 Lubanga was found guilty of abducting boys and girls under the age of 15 and forcing them to fight in a war in the Democratic Republic of Congo. He was sentenced in July 2012 to 30 years in prison. The first permanent international criminal court, the International Criminal Court, celebrated its 10th anniversary in July.Adrian Fulford said the time Lubanga had spent in the court's detention centre would be taken into account, meaning his sentence has only 8 more years to run. During the first review in October 2015, Lubanga pleaded with the judges to grant him early release, promising to promote reconciliation and offer "sincere apologies for all victims for the suffering they endure". In September 2015, judges decided not to reduce Lubanga's sentence after finding that there were no factors in favor of his early release. They found no evidence that Lubanga had taken any significant action for the benefit of the victims of his crimes. In the second review decision, judges ruled that there had been no changes in Lubanga's cooperation with the court or his actions to benefit victims. They were transferred from their home country to the DR to serve the rest of their sentence. There had been no significant change in circumstances to warrant his early release after the initial review of his sentence, so the judges decided not to reduce his sentence.There was no reason for the judges to schedule a further review of Lubanga's sentence. Lubanga was released from prison on March 15, 2020. Lubanga's trial was halted in June 2008 when the court ruled that the Prosecutor's refusal to disclose potentially exculpatory evidence had violated his right to a fair trial. The trial process has been ruined by the fact that the Prosecutor wrongly applied the relevant provision of the Rome Statute when he obtained the evidence from the United Nations and other sources. On 2 July 2008, the court ordered Lubanga's release, on the grounds that "a fair trial of the accused is impossible, and the entire justification for his detention has been removed", but an Appeal Chamber agreed to keep him in custody while the Prosecutor appealed. The trial could go ahead after the trial chamber reversed its decision because the prosecutor agreed to make all the confidential information available to the court. The prosecutor was criticized for his actions, but the court was praised for its determination to ensure fairness to the defence.The prosecutor should add more crimes to the indictment to address the concerns of human rights groups. The failure to include additional charges in the case against Mr. Lubanga could undermine the credibility of the International Criminal Court. The victims' participation in the first proceedings may be limited due to the narrow scope of the charges. This could have a negative impact on the rights of victims. The defence team was given a smaller budget than the prosecutors, evidence and witness statements were slow to arrive, and many documents were heavilycensored. The Prosecutor v. <mask> Dyilo is public court records relating to the International Criminal Court trial.

masks:
Thomas Lubanga Dyilo
Lubanga
Lubanga
Thomas Lubanga


title: Khem Singh Gill

texts: The Vice-Chancellor of the Punjab Agricultural University was <mask>. He was associated with the Green Revolution in India. The author of the book Research on wheat and triticale in the Punjab along with several additional articles on the subject, he was instrumental for breeding new strains of wheat, linseed, and sesame. One of the largest Sikh charities is the Kalgidhar Trust and the Kalgidhar Society. He received the Rafi Ahmad Kidwai Memorial Prize, Team Research Award of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, and the ICAR Golden Jubilee. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honor for his contributions to science. <mask> was born on 1 September 1930 in a small village in the Punjab State of India and graduated from a college in 1949 with a degree in Agricultural Science.He began his career as a Research Assistant at the Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab and later moved to the Punjab Agricultural University as an Oilseed Breeder before taking a break from work to pursue his PhD at the University of California in 1963. After obtaining his PhD in Genetics from the University in 1966, he returned to India and joined Punjab Agricultural University as a professor and head of the Department of Genetics. The head of the Department of Plant Breeding was Dr<mask>, as well as the Dean of the College of Agriculture, the Director of Research, and the Director of Extension Education. He became the Vice Chancellor of PAU in 1990. Dr. <mask> was the Vice Chancellor. He helped develop the Department of Plant Breeding into a Center of excellence during his time at the university. His contributions were reported in the introduction of research programs on the Hisar and Ludhiana campuses.The Wheat Improvement Program was headed by him. He assisted in the development of improved cultivars of linseed, sesame, and wheat and in the genetic improvement of pearl millet, barley, and triticale. His research included development of triticales for stability of yield and improved quality of grains, as well as research on wheat and triticale in the Punjab. He was involved in the research of 17 doctorate and 8 master's students. The Crop Improvement Society of India was founded by Dr. <mask> while he was the head of the Department of Plant Breeding at PAU. He was a loyal patron since 1979. He was a member of the board of trustees of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.He was the evaluator of two UNDP programs, the rice program of the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines and the sorghum and millets improvement program of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. The Senior Vice President of the International Triticale Association was Dr<mask>. He was a member of the Indian National Science Academy from 1983 to 1985. He was one of the founding board members of the Kalgidhar Trust, Baru Sahib, an international non-profit charitable organization. He was associated with Baba Iqbal <mask> since early college days and they both found their mentor in Sant Teja <mask>. The Kalgidhar Trust/Society in the rural areas of Northern India has been chaired by Dr. <mask> since 1994. Norman Borlaug and Dr. <mask> <mask> worked together to develop new wheat varieties.The Department of Plant Breeding was recognized at the international level under his leadership. His main focus was the wheat improvement program. Dr. <mask>'s work in the development and identification of improved wheat varieties made it possible for wheat to be produced in Punjab and other parts of India and Pakistan. He was one of the main contributors to the Green Revolution in India, which made India a self-reliant country with an added capacity to export grains to other countries. The author of many books in the area of his expertise, Dr. <mask> has over 300 research publications. Dr. <mask> <mask> was a founder fellow of The World Academy of Sciences, as well as an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy and the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences. He was a fellow of the Indian Society of Agricultural Sciences, Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Genetic Association of India and the Crop Improvement Society of India.In 1980, the Indian Council made him a National Professor and in 2016 the Eternal Global University gave him a Professorship in Sikhism. In 1976, Dr. <mask> received an award from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and a cash prize from the Punjab Agricultural University. He received the Team Research Award from ICAR in 1981 and the FICCI Award in 1985. He received three appreciations from the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington in 1981 and 1991, and two wheat research medals from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in 1973. He received both the Golden Jubilee Award of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and the Civilian Award of the Government of India. The Indian Society of Oilseed Research gave him the Silver Jubilee Award in 1993. The Doctor of Science was given to Dr. <mask> by the Punjab Agricultural University.Dr. <mask> <mask> was involved in a controversy in 1985 when his son was indicted in the assassination of Lalit Maken and his wife. There was controversy surrounding Maken's alleged involvement in the massacres of Sikhs during the 1984 anti-Sikh genocide in New Delhi. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 2003 despite his father's efforts. His sentence was commuted. <mask> is involved in community and social development activities after his release from prison. Scientists from Punjab, India University of the Punjab alumni, Punjab Agricultural University faculty, University of California alumni, and Indian geneticists are some of the recipients.

masks:
Khem Singh Gill
Khem Singh Gill
. Gill
Gill
Gill
. Gill
Singh
Singh
Gill
Khem
Singh Gill
Gill
Gill
Khem
Singh Gill
Gill
Gill
Khem
Singh Gill
Gill


title: Talitha Getty

texts: The style icon of the late 1960s was a Dutch actress and model named <mask>. She spent most of her adult life in Britain and was associated with the city of Marrakesh in her final years. Her husband was the heir to the oil fortune. <mask> was born in Java, then part of the Dutch East Indies, and is the daughter of the artist Arnoldine "Adine" Mees. Poppet John was the daughter of the painter Augustus John and was a key figure in the world of fashion. She was the step-granddaughter of both Augustus John and his muse and second wife, who was a fashion icon in the early years of the 20th century. Ian Fleming's mother, Evelyn Ste Croix Fleming née Rose, had a daughter and a step-aunt who became a noted cellist.Pol and her mother were in a Japanese prison camp during the Second World War. Pol and her mother moved to Britain with her parents after Pol's father was imprisoned in a separate camp. Pol attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. After coming to London in 1964, Jonathan saw Pol and her stepmother at Seal House, Holland Park, the home of Poppet John's sister. She was the most beautiful young woman I had ever seen. I was unable to describe my amazement. In 1988, a former Labour Member of the British Parliament Woodrow recalled, with reference to the "success with women" of Anthony, Lord Lambton, former Conservative Government Minister.The dancer, who first met her at a party in 1965, came under Pol's spell. Nureyev told several friends that he wanted to marry Pol, to the extent that he had never felt so erotically stirred by a woman. Nureyev was unable to attend a dinner party given by Claus von Blow, at which he and Pol were to have been seated next to each other, and so von Blow invited the son of the oil tycoon. They married in 1966 after forging a relationship. The second wife of John Paul <mask> Jr. was married to John Paul <mask> Pol on December 10, 1966. She wore a white miniskirt. As part of Swinging London's fashionable scene, the Gettys became friends with Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones and his girl-friend.Faithfull has described her apprehension about an invitation to spend five weeks with the Gettys in Morocco, but for Mick this is an essential part of his life. Jim Morrison of The Doors died of a drug overdose less than two weeks before his own death, and it was claimed that he was the supplier of the drugs that accidentally killed him. According to Richards, John Paul and <mask> <mask> had the best and finest opium. One of the people who crossed her threshold in the late 1960s was a print designer, who married Ossie Clark, and another was a couturier. The fashion designer Michael Rainey and his wife Jane Ormsby-Gore, daughter of British ambassador David Ormsby-Gore to the United States during the Kennedy era, were among other glamorous figures of the Sixties. John Paul <mask>, who has been described as a swinging playboy who drove fast cars, drank heavily, experimented with drugs and squired raunchy starlets, deviated from the family business, Getty Oil, much to the displeasure of his father. He received a British knighthood in 1986 as a U.S. citizen.His son, Tara Gabriel Gramophone GALAXY, took Irish citizenship in 1999 after dropping his third and fourth fore names. He and his wife Jessica have three children, including a daughter. By 1969 the dissolute lifestyle the Gettys were leading in Italy and Morocco had begun to wear on <mask>, who wanted to pursue treatment for heroin and alcohol addiction and return to Britain. She was unfaithful to Paul and he was unfaithful to Victoria Holdsworth, who he would marry in 1994. He bought a house for his family to live in on Cheyne Walk in London after agreeing to a separation. In the early 1970s, <mask> was living an active social life in London. Patrick Lichfield took a picture on a roof-top in Marrakesh, Morocco in January 1969 and it's probably the best known picture.This image, part of the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London, depicted her in a crouching pose, wearing a multi-coloured kaftan, white harem pants and white and cream boots. The look seemed to typify the hippie fashion of the time and became a model over the years. Pol appeared in several films as an actress, including Village of Daughters, We Shall See, and The System. <mask> asked her husband for a divorce in the spring of 1971, but Paul Jr. begged her to come to Rome to reconcile. She flew to Rome on 9 July 1971 after her lawyers told her that divorce proceedings would be easier if she could show that she tried to reconcile with Paul. She died of a heroin overdose in the apartment on Piazza d'Aracoeli. The cause of her death was listed as cardiac arrest, with high levels of alcohol and barbiturates found in her blood.There was speculation in the Italian press that Paul's heroin use had caused Talitha to relapsed. An autopsy conducted 8 months after her death found traces of heroin in her system, but it was not conclusive since heroin can linger in the body for many months. Italian authorities requested that Paul Jr. submit to an interview after they announced that an inquest would be held into <mask>'s death. He fled Italy for the UK in February because he was afraid of being arrested and prosecuted for his drug use. Jim Morrison and other cultural icons of the 1960s died within a year of each other. Her friend Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones died a little over a year ago. Number One is an Italian political drama about the death of <mask> <mask>.The film was restored and will be shown again in 2021. Major investigations into drug trafficking and art theft surround the nightclub after the death of <mask> Pol. The characters of "Deborah Garner" and "Teddy Garner Jr." are played by John Paul and Paolo Malco, respectively. The System, The Long Ships, and The Comedy Man are some of the films that have been included in the filmography.

masks:
Talitha Dina
Talitha Dina Pol
Getty
Getty
Talitha
Getty
Getty
Talitha
Talitha
Talitha
Talitha
Talitha
Getty
Talitha


title: Caroline Massin

texts: During the most creative period of his life, Auguste Comte had a tempestuous marriage to a French seamstress named <mask>. Comte had aversions to his wife's infidelities. He was confined to an asylum for several months after breaking up with his wife. Money worries continued to cause the marriage to be strained. Comte couldn't accept her independence because she supported her husband and believed in his genius. They separated after 17 years. Comte wrote an appendix to his will in the last years of his life, in which he accusedCaroline of being a prostitution.A magazine devoted to Comte's philosophy of positivism was launched after his death. The firstborn of the Massin family was born on July 2, 1802. Louis Hilare <mask> and Marie Anne Baudelot were her parents. They were separated after she was born. She was raised in a warm and upright environment by her maternal grandmother in Paris. Her grandfather died in 1813. She was returned to her mother by her grandmother.Her life will be obscure in the next few years. Since her surviving letters show she wrote well, she seems to have received some education. She could have been an actress or a laundress. Auguste Comte met her through a mutual friend, a young and liberal lawyer. The Massin's met occasionally in public. <mask> at her apartment in 1823. The reading room was sold early in 1824.In February 1824, she and Comte moved into an apartment just off the rue Saint-Honoré, where she supplied the furniture. They ate at home and retired early. Comte wrote in 1824 that he was "very spiritual, very kind, and pretty." He loved her good heart, her graces, her rare spirit, her kindness, her happy character and her good habits. Pierre Valat wrote that she was loved by Comte because of her high intelligence and charm. Comte asked his parents for their approval after they decided to marry. The marriage took place in February.The mother gave her consent. Both of them gave up their jobs as washerwomen. There were four witnesses. Comte wrote his masterpiece, the six volume Cours de Philosophie Positive, during the marriage, which was unhappy, violent, stressed by lack of money and with several separations. The couple had little money and Comte couldn't find a job, but at the end of July they were able to visit Comte's parents in Montpellier. Their parents didn't get along. Comte suspected that <mask> was having an affair.Comte had a mental breakdown after they separated. Comte took refuge in a hotel in Saint Denis, and then vanished. She thought he went to Montmorency, one of his favorite places, and tried to set his room on fire. She helped the doctor calm him down. She went back to Paris to get help and was able to find a place at the asylum run by the psychiatrist. The celebrated Biologist Henri Blainville was able to move Comte there through a ruse. Before Comte's breakdown, <mask> showed up to ask for money.He told Comte's parents that her infidelities had driven them crazy. Comte's mother came to Paris to help him. The family tried to take Comte's legal rights away and put him in the care of his father. They told the judge that they were the only people in Paris close to Comte and that he had a mistress who was the cause of his madness. The interdiction was granted. Blainville arranged for the interdiction to be canceled after she heard of it. During her stay in Paris, Comte began to feel that her daughter-in-law had been mistreated.She didn't find her name on the prostitutes' register. She showed her father's letter to him, and he was profoundly shocked. On December 2nd, he declared that he could not cure Comte. He was forced to attend a Catholic wedding. Comte 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was depressed and unstable. Comte tried to kill himself by jumping into the river, but was stopped by a royal guard.He decided he had been saved so he could complete his life's work after his second attempt at suicide. He was supported throughout this time. She was Comte's full-time secretary. The person fell ill with the disease in the late 18th century. They lived apart from the middle of March to the end of August because Comte was not helpful during her convalescence. <mask>'s mother died on August 29th. Comte did what he could to help her.In 1834, the marriage was strained by lack of money. During the time they were apart, the letters exchanged between the two showed affection, but also tension. They separated for the third time on May 3, 1838. She moved to a new apartment after getting a financial settlement. She returned later that month after taking a break. Comte was unable to get a full-time teaching appointment, so he was able to teach mathematics at a private school and be an external examiner at the cole Polytechnique. In December of 1839, she told Blainville that Comte was on the verge of another attack.She had been treated with coarse reproaches, harsh words and violence by him for the last year. She didn't know what to do if he went crazy again. After another crisis in the relationship, <mask> found an apartment for herself in the 9th arrondissement and moved there on August 5, 1842. The separation was final this time. After the completion of his Cours de philosophie positive, she left Comte. The problems with the marriage were due to her insistence on equality. On August 24, 1842, Comte wrote to John Stuart Mill to pour out his troubles.After she separated from Comte, she was offered a job as a governess. John Stuart Mill arranged for three of Comte's wealthy friends to give him a pension after he was dismissed from the cole Polytechnique. A group of 73 of his French supporters were given a stipend to live comfortably. According to some sources, the affair began with mile. Comte broke with Littré because of jealousy. Comte began to visit his benefactors in person after the break. He continued to give half of his money to her.The two of them continued to help Comte. In 1850, the government refused to authorize him to teach his course on the history of humanity, but after an interview with Jean-Martial Bineau, the Minister of Public Works, the authorization was renewed. Comte tried to destroy her reputation because he fell in love with another woman, Clotilde de Vaux. He wrote a "secret addition" to his will that implied she was a sex worker. Comte claimed that he had lost four years of productive time because of his mental breakdown. She was described as being meretricious, unworthy, and callous. The commemoration of Comte's death took place in his apartment and his disciples were horrified by it.She was angry when she heard of the secret addition. She exercised her rights as the widow of an author. The marriage contract between her and Comte said she had contributed 20,000 Swiss Francs to the household, and that she had the rights to that amount in cash or property. She was able to decide what could be published. She wanted the will and correspondence between her husband and Clotilde de Vaux to be suppressed. She wanted Littré to write a biography of Comte that promoted his scientific positivism but minimized the last years of his life. The Revue de la Philosophie Positive helped consolidate Comte's reputation.Masson died in Paris at the age of 74. Comte's biographers often repeat the insinuations about the secret addition. His disciples destroyed letters that may have given a more complete picture. Only one contemporary biographer has given a sympathetic view of her character. 1802 births and 1877 deaths of French booksellers are included.

masks:
Caroline Massin
Massin
ComCaroline
Caroline
Louis Massin
Caroline
Caroline


title: Ali Abdel Raziq

texts: He was an Egyptian scholar of Islam, a judge and a government minister. The role of religion and Islamic history in 20th-century politics and government was debated in his writings. The 1925 book Islam and the Foundations of Governance argued against a role for religion in politics or the political value of religious texts. He argued that Islamic texts should not be involved in political debate. He was a scholar at Al-Azhar, Cairo. <mask> was born to a well-off family in Minya Governorate. His father was of Arab origin.He was one of the founding members of the Umma Party. <mask> <mask>'s mother was from North Africa. His brother, a well known philosopher, studied at Al-Azhar University. He received a degree from Al-Azhar. He went to Oxford University in 1912 to study economics and political science, but returned to Cairo at the outbreak of the First World War. He became a qadi at Al-Azhar in 1915. Islam and the Foundations of Governance (Al-Islam Wa Usul Al-Hukm) was published in 1925 and Consensus and Islamic Law (Al-Ijma  Fi Ash-Shari ah Al-Islamiyyah) was published in 1947.After popular debate about his 1925 book, Al-Azhar stripped him of his office, but he got it back in the 1940s. <mask>'s father and brother were close to the Liberal Constitutional Party. He lost his position as a scholar at Al-Azhar when he became a government minister. He twice served as Minister of Endowments, one of the three highest positions in religious administration. He died in 1966. According to his 1925 book, Islam does not advocate a specific form of government. He criticized those who use religious law as political proscription and those who claim legitimacy by the caliphate.The focus of the debate was the abolition of the caliphate in 1924, and the response of some Arab Muslim scholars that it was incumbent upon them to reestablish the caliphate in Arab lands. He wrote that past rulers spread the idea of religious justification so that they could use religion as a shield against rebels. His book projected him into fame. The thesis Islam and the Foundations of Governance (Al-Islam Wa Usul Al-Hukm) was published recently by Hamed, the grandson of <mask> <mask>. His specific arguments are part of a longer tradition of jurisprudence and scripture. His work was a progenitor of secularist philosophy in Muslim societies. It was criticized for drawing on the works of Orientalist western writers.Secularism was seen as the intellectual father of Islamic secularism. The book provoked an intellectual and political battle in Egypt due to its views on the necessity of the caliphate and religious government. As long as it serves the interest and common welfare of their society, the Muslims may agree on any kind of government, religious or worldly. The Quran and the Sunnah do not demand or reject the rule of a caliph or imam. There is no consensus on the necessity of the caliphate. The caliphate was a series of disasters for the Muslim community, and there is no single rational argument for it to be re-established. One can conclude that he advocated a democratic state as he recounts the horrors of the caliphate.The word'secular' entered the Arab lexicon at the turn of the 20th century, bringing with it a host of meanings and interpretations. It was introduced into Arab discourse as a reference to the separation of religion and state. That became "la dini", irreligious. Secularism is often associated with immorality or lack of ethics in current circles. Muhammad Rida was a fierce critic of '<mask> al-<mask>. Rida likened the uproar over his work to the arrival of the Day of Judgment. Through Al-Manar, Rashid Rida said that no batini, Mu'tazili, or Jahmi have ever spoken before.Rida praised the Azhari court verdict stripping Abd al-<mask> of his scholarly titles as a great victory for the believers. A complete endorsement of disobedience of Allah and His messenger and all religious rules pertaining to the secular order, whether personal, political, civil or criminal, was condemned by Rida. All in all, it calls for taking a path other than that of the believers, one at a conflict with Islam as it is understood by Muslims from the first generations to the present. Critique and commentary by Mamdooh Haqqi. A. <mask> Razek. Loutfi, M., ed. A Islam and the Foundations of Political Power was written by Filali-Ansary.The book is called Modern Muslim Thinkers. 2. The Aga Khan University-Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations is part of the Edinburgh University Press. Adams wrote Islam and Modernism in Egypt. The 2ndd edition of Russell and Russell was published in New York in 1968. Pages: 258–68. The Political Mission of Islam was written by Meier.Wuppertal was in 1994. There is a page called 106–114. There are links to Islam and the Foundations of Political Power at Aga Khan University.

masks:
Ali Abdel Raziq
Ali Abdel
Raziq
Ali
Abdel
Raziq
Ali Abd
Raziq
Raziq
Abdel