title: Farouk of Egypt

texts: Frq al-Awwal was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the last King of Egypt and the Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 1936. His full title was " His Majesty <mask> I, by the grace of God, King of Egypt and the Sudan". He abdicated in favor of his son, who became Fuad II, after he was overthrown in the 1952 Coup d'etat. In 1965, <mask> died in exile. Princess Fuad was the first wife of the Shah of Iran. He was the oldest child of Sultan Fu and was born on February 11, 1920. He was a descendant of many cultures, including Turkish, French, Albanian and Greek.As king, <mask> was protected by 30 Albanian bodyguards, as he regarded Albanians as the only people he could trust with his life. Mohammed Ali the Great and his successors were fond of their Circassian slave girls, which were one of the most prized possessions of an Ottoman official, despite the Albanian origin of his house. The woman with one arm was the grandmother of <mask>. Egyptian Arabic, Turkish and French were the languages of the Egyptian elite, and as a way of increasing Egypt's power in the Middle East, <mask> thought of himself as an Egyptian rather than an Arab. Until the 1952 revolution, Egypt was dominated by an elite made up of interrelated families of Turkish, Circassian and Albanian origin known to historians as the Turco-Circassian elite who owned most of the land. The Turco-Circassian aristocracy owned 1/3 of the farmland in Egypt, but made up less than 1% of the population. Egypt under the rule of the Mohammad Ali dynasty was characterized by some of the starkest income disparity in the world as the rich in Egypt tended to be extremely rich while the poor tended to be extremely poor.His father's previous marriage to Princess Shivakiar Khanum Effendi resulted in one half- sister for him. An Indian fortune-teller told Fuad that names starting with F would bring him good luck. King Fuad kept a close eye on his only son and only allowed him to see his mother once a day. Despite the fact that only 12 miles separated the Abdeen Palace from the Pyramids, the prince never visited them until he became king. When meeting the Sudanese servants, Farouk would always get down on their knees to kiss the ground and then his hand. Fuad would not allow outsiders to meet him as he had no friends. Fuad wanted the crown prince to learn Arabic so he could speak to his subjects.He used to give his speeches in classical Arabic, the language of the Koran. Arabic, English, French and Italian were the only subjects that Farouk excelled in as a child. "It is regrettable that you don't know the history of your ancestors" and "Improve your bad handwriting and pay attention to the cleanliness of your notebook" were some of the comments written by Farouk's tutor. The more sycophantic of his teachers wrote nice things. An essay began with the sentence "My father had a lot of ministers and I have a cat". Farouk was known for his love of practical jokes, a trait that continued as an adult, for instance he liked to free the quail that the game keepers had captured on the grounds of the Montaza Palace and he once used an air gun to shoot out the windows. When Queen Marie of Romania went to see Queen Nazli, she was asked if she wanted to see his two horses, and when she said yes, Farouk had the horses brought into the royal harem, which displeased the two queens as the animals.Gerda Sjberg wrote in her diary that the truth doesn't exist in Egypt. It is normal to break promises. <mask> is perfect at this. He likes to lie. King Fuad warned Farouk that the male descendants of Mohammad Ali the Great tended to get obese very easily, so he kept him on a strict diet. Antonio Pulli, the Italian electrician at the Abdeen Palace, became one of Egypt's most powerful men during his reign. When he failed the entrance exams, an attempt was made to get him to Eton.He attended the Royal Military Academy before his father's death. Growing Italian claims for the Mediterranean to be "Our Sea" made it unacceptable for the Crown Prince to be educated in Italy and the British High Commissioner vetoed this choice. <mask> left Egypt in October 1935 to attend the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich as an extramural student. To prepare for the entrance exam, Farouk attended classes at the academy. Even though he stayed at Kenry House and was driven in a Rolls-Royce to the Royal Military Academy twice a week, he failed the entrance exam. The principal problem with Farouk as a student was that he never studied and expected the answers to be given to him when he wrote his exam, according to General Aziz Ali al-Misri. Farouk spent his time in London shopping, attending football matches with the Prince of Wales, and visiting restaurants and brothels.The inability of the crown prince to pass entrance exams supports General al-Misri's reports. Egypt was represented at King George V's funeral by Farouk. King Fuad died of a heart attack on April 28, 1936, and Farouk left England to return to Egypt. In his first act as king, Farouk went to Buckingham Palace to pay his respects to King Edward VIII, one of the few Englishmen that he liked, and then he went to Victoria Station to catch a train to Dover, where he was seen off by the Foreign Secretary, Sir Anthony The Cte d'Azur, a French ship, took Farouk to Calais. After a stop in Paris to shop and visit the Elysee Palace, Farouk boarded an ocean liner, the Viceroy of India, to take him to Alexandria, where he landed on 6 May 1936. Huge crowds shouted "long live the king of the Nile!" when Farouk arrived in Alexandria."Long live the king of Egypt and the Sudan!" In 1936, <mask> was known by his subjects as al malik al mahbub. The land that his father had acquired was one seventh of the arable land in Egypt. The Nile river valley has some of the most fertile and productive farmland in the world. Fuad left a fortune worth about $100 million, plus 75,000 acres of land in the Nile river valley, five palaces, 200 cars and 2 yachts. No pharaoh, no Mameluke, no khedive ever began a reign with such enthusiastic goodwill as King <mask>. None of them was prepared to rule.The sixteen-year old was expected to fill the spats of his wily, politically astute father in a loaded tug-of-war between nationalism, imperialism, constitutionalism, and monarchy. It was decided by the Prime Minister that the 16-year-old King <mask> would make a public radio address to the nation, as he was very popular with the Egyptian people. Prince Mohammad Ali was next in line to the throne because women couldn't inherit the throne. Prince Mohammad Ali was going to spend the next 16 years scheming to take over the throne. In exchange for keeping Egypt in the British sphere of influence, Egypt was in the process of negotiating a treaty that would reduce some of the British privileges in Egypt. The anti-British Wafd party wanted to keep the British presence in Egypt because of Mussolini's ambitions to dominate the Mediterranean. It was convenient for both the Wafd and the British to keep <mask> in Egypt so that when he signed the new Anglo-Egyptian treaty, it would not be seen as being coerced.The king's tutor, Edward Ford, was thought to be able to mold Farouk into an Anglophile. When it was discovered that the king was more interested in duck-hunting than Ford's lectures, Lampson's plans were derailed. Fuad's Italophilia was suggested by the fact that Farouk had dismissed all of the British servants employed by his father. Lampson tried to set himself up as a surrogate father, but Farouk found him patronising and rude, complaining that at one moment Lampson would address him as a king and the next he would call him a "naughty boy". Lampson didn't know how to treat the teenage Farouk as an equal when he was 55. The official was enamored with Egypt but his Arabic was not very good and his contacts with ordinary Egyptians were only on a superficial level. Lampson had a lot of social contracts with the Egyptian elite.Lampson wrote in his diary that the slippery customer was an "immense factor in the situation here and we could always in the last resort get him to act in any particular line that we wished". Lampson didn't expect to have a young immature King on our hands. I don't know how that problem will be dealt with. The royal lifestyle was something that <mask> was enamored of. Although he already had thousands of acres of land, dozens of palaces and hundreds of cars, the youthful king often traveled to Europe for grand shopping sprees, earning the ire of many of his subjects. He ate 600 oysters a week. His personal vehicle was a red 1947 Bentley Mark VI, with coachwork by Figoni et Falaschi; he dictated that, other than the military jeeps which made up the rest of his entourage, no other cars were to be painted red.He bought the Star of the East Diamond and a fancy-colored diamond from Harry Winston in 1951. In his early years, he was popular with the nobility. The Abaza family asked the palace authorities to allow the royal train to stop briefly in their village so that the king could partake of refreshments offered in a large, magnificently ornamented tent the family had erected in the train station. The Chief Accountant to <mask> was Yadidya Israel, who was secretly working with the Free Officers movement that removed the King in 1952, as was the Abaza family's own. The populace and nobility were encouraged by <mask>'s accession due to his youth and Egyptian roots. In his teenage years, Farouk was seen as a sex symbol and made the cover of Time magazine as a leader to watch, while Life magazine called the Abdeen Palace "possibly the most magnificent royal place in the world". Despite their loyalty to the throne, some Egyptian politicians and elected government officials quarreled frequently.The British influence in the Egyptian government was viewed with disdain by <mask>. The dynamic of Egyptian politics had changed as a result of <mask>'s accession. The Wafd Party, led by Nahas Pasha, had been the most popular party in Egypt since it was founded in 1919, and the Wafd leaders felt threatened by <mask>'s popularity with ordinary Egyptians. The Wafd, who claimed to speak alone for Egypt's people, saw <mask> as a threat from the beginning and Nahas Pasha worked to clip the king's power. When Nahas and the other Wafd leaders traveled to London to sign the Anglo-Egyptian treaty in August 1936, they stopped over in Switzerland to discuss how to put Abbas back on the throne. The most intelligent Egyptian politician of the interwar era was Makram Ebeid, the leader of the Wafd. Nahas was the official leader of the party and he was the one who exercised power because the prime minister of Egypt was a Coptic Christian.The leaders of the Wafd looked to <mask> as a rival source of power and patronage. When Maher became <mask>'s favorite political adviser, both Nahas and Ebeid disliked him even more because he was an opportunist and an intriguer. The Wafd Party was the most powerful political machine in Egypt, and when it was in power it was corrupt and nepotistic. The baleful influence of Nahas Pasha's wife, who insisted on giving high government jobs to members of her family no matter how unqualified they were, made much of the corruption. Lampson favored Nahas and the Wafd because of the fact that Nahas championed the 1936 treaty as the best way of keeping Mussolini from conquering Egypt as he had done Ethiopia. The king aligned himself with the anti-Wafd group and those who saw the treaty as a "sell out" because he could not stand the Lampson. Lampson feared that a coup would destroy the popular legitimacy of Nahas, so he favored deposing <mask> and putting his cousin Prince Mohammad Ali on the throne.Farouk was determined to use his royal prerogatives. The council refused to build a new railroad station outside of the Montazah palace because it was only used twice a year by the royal family. After refusing to take no for an answer, Farouk called out his servants and ordered them to destroy the station, forcing the council to approve building a new station. In order to counterbalance the Wafd, Farouk started to use Islam as a political weapon, always attending the Friday prayers at the local mosques, donating to Islamic charities, and courting the Muslim Brotherhood. <mask> was known as the "pious king" in his early years as he went out of his way to be seen as a Muslim. According to the Egyptian historian Laila Morsy, Nahas treated Farouk as a threat to the Wafd from the beginning and never tried to reach an understanding with the Palace. The Wafd ran a powerful patronage machine in rural Egypt and the enthusiastic response of the fellaheen to the king as he threw gold coins at them during his tours of the countryside was viewed by Nahas as a major threat.Nahas claimed that the king's royal tours cost the government too much money and that the Wafd was a secularist party. However, the attacks by the secularist Wafd on <mask> for being too pious a Muslim estranged conservative Muslim opinion who rallied in defense of the "pious king". The Wafd was seen as the "Coptic party" by the Coptic Christian minority as they tended to vote as a bloc for the Wafd. Nahas of secularism was accused of being a device for allowing the Coptic Christian minority to dominate Egypt at the expense of the Muslim Arab majority, due to his aggressive defense of secularism as a core principle of Egyptian life. After meeting the king in Alexandria, Sir Edward Ford took him swimming in the Mediterranean and described him as a relaxed, easy-going teenager. Ford described <mask> as incapable of learning and incapable of concentration. Whenever Ford began a lesson, Farouk would immediately demand that he take Ford out for a drive to see the Egyptian countryside.Ford said in an interview in 1990 that <mask> was half a private schoolboy of nine or ten and half a sophisticated young man of twenty-three, able to sit next to a great man like Lord Rutherford and impress him a great deal. He had a good eye. He was able to find the most valuable book in the Trinity College library in Cambridge. It might have been luck. Everyone was impressed by it. He spoke English and Arabic. Ford learned that a bey was equivalent to a title when he was told by Farouk why upper-class Egyptian men were still using the titles left over from the Ottoman Empire.Ford wrote in his notebook that a pasha may be defined as a person who looks important, a bey thinks himself important, and an effendi hopes to be important. Ford complained that Farouk never asked for a lesson when he went on his tour of Upper Egypt in 1937, as he was more interested in watching movies. Despite the fact that Upper Egypt was a poor region, the mudirs and sheikhs held a lot of events to honor the king. In the Islamic world, a baby is considered to be one year old at the time of birth if it is 17 years old on June 29, 1937. The Regency Council was dissolved because he attained his majority as a teenager. The coronation of George VI was held in London in May of 1937, but <mask>'s was held in Cairo in July of 1937. At least two million Egyptians took advantage of

masks: Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk


title: Farouk of Egypt

type: paraphrased

texts: the price cut on the Nile steamers to attend Farouk's coronation in Cairo."The poor are not responsible for their poverty but rather the wealthy," said Farouk in his speech. The poor should be given what they deserve. The poor of the land have the right to live, the sick have the right to be healed, the timid have the right to be tranquil, and the ignorant have the right to learn. Farouk's speech was written by his tutor, the poet, who felt that the king should present himself as the friend of the fellaheen to undermine the Wafd Party. On August 24, 1937, the daughter of an Alexandria judge was announced as the fiancée of <mask>. Farouk's decision to marry a commoner instead of a member of the Turco-Circassian aristocracy increased his popularity with the Egyptian people. The marriage of the king and a commoner was presented to the world as a matter of love, but it was actually arranged by the queen who did not want her son to marry a princess from the Turco-Circassian elite.Queen Nazli chose to have her daughter-in-law be her daughter-in-law because she was 15 years old, and came from an upper-middle-class family. Zulficar's father refused to give permission for the marriage because his daughter was too young to be married, so he took a vacation in Lebanon. The judge was taken to the Montaza Palace after the police chief of Alexandria arrested him as he was boarding the ship for Lebanon. The judge at the Montaza palace was bribed by <mask> to grant permission for the marriage. At his friend's 16th birthday party, Farouk arrived in his car to propose to her, and at the same time renamed her Farida because he believed names that started with F were lucky. Safinaz is Persian for "pure rose" and Farida is Arabic for "the only one", both of which are related to Farouk's decision to give his bride an Arabic name. A diamond ring and a cheque for Egyptian pounds equivalent to $50,000 US dollars were given to Farida by Farouk.When the wedding was announced, 22 people were crushed to death and 140 were injured when the crowd rushed to hear the news. In the fall of 1937, Mostafa El-Nahas was replaced as Prime Minister by Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha. The immediate issue was Nahas's attempts to dismiss the chef de cabinet of <mask>, but the bigger issue was who would rule Egypt: the Crown or Parliament? As a number of ministers in the new government were pro-Italian at the same time that Mussolini was increasing the number of Italian troops in Libya, <mask>'s move was seen as pro-Italian and anti-British. "It will be fatal if the boy comes to think he is invincible and can play any trick he likes," Lampson said in his report to London. One begins to fear almost too much of the latter because he has a most remarkable intelligence and courage. Lampson reported that he found him rather baffling to deal with at the meeting at the Abdeen Palace, where he declared that London was opposed to the Mahmoud government.Lampson was told by <mask> that he didn't care if the Wafd had a majority in Parliament, as he was the king and he wanted a prime minister who would obey him. Lampson said " Quos deus vult perdere prius demntat" at the end of the meeting. On January 20, 1938, <mask> married Farida in a sumptuous public event with Cairo lit up by floodlights and colored lights on the public buildings while boats on the Nile had colored lights, making the river seem a ribbon of light at night. The dress that Farida wore was handmade in Paris and cost $30,000 US dollars. The royal wedding made <mask> even more popular with the Egyptian people, and he dissolved parliament for elections in April 1938 with the full prestige and wealth of the Crown being used to support parties opposed to the Wafd. The Wafd's slogan was "The king reigns; he does not rule", but it was defeated in the election. The Shah of Iran sent a message to Farouk asking that his sister be married to the Crown Prince of Iran.When a group of Iranian emissaries arrived in Cairo with gifts from Reza Khan, <mask> was not impressed, taking the Iranian delegation on a tour of his five palaces to show them proper royal splendor. Princess Fawzia would marry Crown Prince Mohammad Reza when he read the press release, despite the fact that <mask> agreed in the joint press statement. Queen Farida was let go unveiled by <mask>, who broke with Muslim tradition by taking her with him. When Princess Farial was born on 17 November 1938, Farouk was disappointed as he knew his cousin, Prince Mohammad Ali, was scheming to take the throne. The crown prince was picked up on the royal yacht in March of 1939. <mask> took his brother-in-law on a tour of Egypt after he married Fawzia, showing him his five palaces, the Pyramids, Al-Azhar University and other sites. The German propaganda minister visited Cairo in 1939 and received a warm welcome from the king.The Danzig crisis which led to World War II began when <mask> met Goebbels, and Lampson suspected the king was an axis sympathizer. The prime minister was appointed in August 1939 by <mask>. In World War II, Egypt remained neutral, but under pressure from Lampson, broke diplomatic relations with Germany in 1939. On 7 April 1940, Queen Farida gave birth to a second daughter, Princess Fawzia, which upset <mask> as he wanted a son. According to Egyptian law at the time a daughter couldn't inherit nor ascend to the throne, a son was more valued than daughters for the kingdom's legacy. Farouk consulted various doctors who told him to eat foods that would increase his sex drive and he became bulimic. The marriage was strained by the rumors that Queen Farida was having an affair with an older man.When Italy invaded Egypt on June 10, 1940, the Western Desert of Egypt became a battlefield because Britain had the right to defend it. Under the 1936 treaty, the Egyptians were obligated to assist the British with logistical services, but Maher frustrated this by appointing corrupt bureaucrats to positions such as presidency of the Egyptian state railroad who demanded baksheesh in exchange for co-operating. The strategic importance of Egypt led to the arrival of 2 million soldiers from Britain, Australia, India and New Zealand. Lampson was against Egypt declaring war on the Axis powers despite the Italian invasion of Egypt being seen as a sign that Egypt would have the right to attend the peace conference once the Allies had won the war. In 1940, when he learned that his mother was having an affair with his former tutor, Prince Ahmed Hassanein, who was a desert explorer, poet and athlete, he was very upset. If I end it by killing one of you, then God will forgive me, because you are disgracing the memory of my father. Lampson demanded that Farouk dismiss General al-Misri as chief of staff of the Egyptian Army, saying he was pro-Axis, in a meeting on 17 June 1940.Lampson wrote to London that he hoped he realized that they were serious. He said that he was aware of it. On June 28, 1940, Lampson wanted Nahas Pasha to be the prime minister, but <mask> refused to appoint him, saying that Nahas was full of "Bolshevik schemes". Lampson felt that the new prime minister was acceptable, and despite his previous threats to kill him, Prince Hassanein was made chef de cabinet. Prince Hassanein was an Anglophile and had fond memories of his time in England when he was a student at Oxford University. "The only thing to do is kick the boy out" was Lampson's favorite advice. The Prime Minister was replaced by Hussein Serry Pasha after he died of a heart attack.The public feud between Queen Farida and Queen Nazli made <mask> feel lonely as he didn't have any real friends. Pulli was more of a man Friday. A group of anti-British officers in the Egyptian Army and the Supreme Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood had been in contact with the king on his "sick leave" since June 1940. One of the few places in the world where cotton can be grown is in Egypt and the American South, which is known as "white gold" due to the high prices it fetches. After the United States entered the war in late 1941, so many American men were called up for service that Egypt became the only source of cotton for the Allies. The Second World War was a time of prosperity for those who owned farmland in Egypt where cotton was grown, as the high prices of cotton counteracted the effects of wartime inflation. On December 9, 1940 the British launched an offensive that drove the Italians back into Libya after they had advanced within 50 miles of Egypt.In January 1941, German forces were dispatched to the Mediterranean to assist the Italians and in February 1941, the Afrika Korps arrived in Libya. The British were driven out of Libya and into Egypt by the Wehrmacht. The fighting in the Western Desert only affected the Bedouins who lived in the desert. When the Wehrmacht entered the Nile river valley in 1941, <mask> promised Hitler that he would bring Egypt into the war. The fact that Farouk wanted to see his country occupied by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany was not a sign of great wisdom, according to the American historian. During the Second World War, criticism was leveled at Farouk for his extravagant lifestyle. The Egyptian people were offended by his decision not to put out the lights at his palace in Alexandria when the city was blacked out.The British royal family in England were known to have an opposite reaction to bombings near their home. Despite the presence of British troops, Egypt remained neutral until the final year of the war, and many Egyptians, including <mask>, were positive towards Germany and Italy. There is an unconfirmed story that Farouk told the British Ambassador, "I'll get rid of my Italians when you get rid of yours". Many Italians, mostly men, were held in British concentration camps in Egypt. The treatment of these prisoners in those camps was excessively harsh, many of them contracting typhus. Serry Pasha was pressured by Lampson to break diplomatic relations with France when Farouk was away. As the king was not consulted about the severing of ties with Vichy France, Farouk used this as an excuse to dismiss Serry and appoint a new prime minister.When Parliament opened on February 3, 1942, Serry knew his government was likely to be defeated on a motion of no confidence, and in the meantime demonstrations by students at Cairo University and Al-Azhar University called for a German victory. The British government, through its ambassador in Egypt, Sir Miles Lampson, pressed <mask> to have a Wafd or Wafd-coalition government replace Hussein Sirri Pasha's government. The abdication decree for Edward VIII was drafted by Sir Walter Monckton and it was agreed that Prince Mohammad Ali would become the new king. General Robert Stone argued that if Farouk agreed to appoint Nahas Pasha prime minister, the public reaction would be to throw the boy out for giving us at 9 p.m. Lampson agreed to let Farouk stay if he agreed to become Nahas prime minister. After asking his military how long the Egyptian Army could hold Cairo against the British, they were told they could only hold it for two hours. On the night of 4 February 1942, soldiers surrounded Abdeen Palace in Cairo and Lampson presented Farouk with an ultimatum.Lampson arrived at the Abdeen Palace in his Rolls-Royce with General Stone after a battalion of infantry took up their positions around the palace. As the doors to Abdeen Palace were locked, one of the officers present used his revolver to shoot open the door, and Lampson demanded to see the king at once. Prince Hassanein, who was present as a sort of mediation, spoke to Farouk in Turkish, a language that Lampson did not speak, as he was about to sign the abdication degree that Lampson had placed on his desk. Three of <mask>'s Albanian bodyguards hid behind the curtains of Lampson's study and were told to shoot the ambassador if he tried to touch him. Farouk turned to Lampson and said he was giving in. Nahhas formed a government after Farouk capitulated. The humiliation meted out to Farouk, and the actions of the Wafd in co-operating with the British and taking power, lost support for both the British and the Wafd among both civilians and the Egyptian military.The king's birthday was celebrated by the Egyptian people on February 11, 1942, with loud cheers from the crowd on Abdeen Square. General Stone apologized for the incident. William Sholto Douglas wrote that Lampson had made a huge error in treating King Farouk as if he were nothing but a naughty and silly boy. After the humiliation of the Abdeen Palace incident, Farouk abandoned himself to a lifestyle of hedonism as he became obsessed with "collecting" women by sleeping with them. Despite his wealth, Farouk was a kleptomaniac who always took something valuable from the Egyptian elite he stayed with, as no one could say no to the king and if he indicated he wanted something, his subjects had to give it. Pulli told the Adeses that the king had come to hunt after one of the daughters of the family rejected his advances. The Adeses agreed that their daughter would go to the Abdeen palace to be courted by the king instead of staying at their estate.In April 1942, at a luncheon with Lampson and King George II of Greece, <mask> refused to speak to Lampson and told George that he would be wasting his time meeting the Wafd ministers. Lampson told the king to flee to Khartoum if the Afrika Corps took Cairo after he visited the Abdeen Palace. Farouk walked out of the room because he didn't want to go to Khartoum. After the Battle of El Alamein, the Axis forces were driven out of Egypt and back into Libya, which caused Farouk to change his views over to a pro-British direction. The king's favorite uniform was given to him by Air Marshall Douglas, one of the few British people that Farouk was friends with. There was a mania for collecting things like Coca-Cola bottles and European art. After ordering his French chefs at the Abdeen palace to cook enormous meals of the finest French food, which he devoured and which caused him to become obese, Farouk became addicted to eating and drinking soft-drinks.He was known as the king of the night because of the amount of time he spent in the exclusive Auberge des Pyramides nightclub in Cairo. Farouk threw bread balls at the other patrons at the Auberge des Pyramides. Cairo, which was rebuilt in the style of Paris, was considered to be the most Westernized and wealthy city in the Middle East. Several celebrities from the West were invited to socialize with the king in Cairo. Various Allied leaders were also met by Farouk. The Prime Minister of South Africa called Farouk "surprisingly intelligent". Richard Russell stated that he was an attractive, clear-eyed young man who was very much on the job and above the ordinary run of rulers.According to Aldrich, the king had a sharp eye for business and was very informed about the workings of the international gold market. Douglas wrote that he began to like Farouk. At times his flippancy became annoying, but there was no indication that he was vicious. He revealed that one of his main interests in life was to increase that fortune, and that he was almost fanatically

masks: Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk


title: Farouk of Egypt

texts: keen on acquiring great wealth. He curryed favor with the rich people in Egypt at the expense of the common people. Douglas said that the king was an intelligent young man and that he appeared to be through the stupid way in which he behaved in public. A meeting with the British prime minister in August 1942 when Farouk stole his watch did not make the best impression; though he later returned the watch and said he knew the English had a great sense.In exchange for teaching a thief how to be a pickpocket, <mask> had pardoned a thief, much to the displeasure of the latter. The Wafd government headed by Nahas is considered to be one of the most corrupt Egyptian prime ministers of all time. Nahas was kicked out of the Wafd at the instigation of his wife. The Black Book, a detailed expose published in the spring of 1943, listed over 100 cases of major corruption involving Nahas and his wife. On March 29, 1943, Ebeid went to the Abdeen Palace and presented <mask> with a copy of The Black Book and asked him to dismiss Nahas for corruption. Lampson warned <mask> that he would be deposed if he dismissed Nahas, who had become Egypt's most hated man, because of the furor caused by The Black Book. Lampson argued that Egypt needed political calm and that allowing <mask> to dismiss Nahas would cause chaos as the latter would start "ranting" against the British.Stone recommended that Lampson not be allowed to depose <mask> because it was likely to cause anti-British rioting in Egypt, which would require putting down, and he was opposed to on public relations grounds. The British painter Simon Elwes, who had to flee Egypt to escape, was having an affair with Queen Farida. Lampson said he hoped Queen Fardia was carrying a son and that the boy was <mask>'s. One of Farouk's mistresses, who was his "official mistress" in the years 1941–43, described him as something of an immature "man-child" having no interest in politics and given to childish behavior like making bread balls at restaurants. He roared with a laugh. "Farouk never wrote a letter, never read a paper, and never listened to music," stated Guinle in an interview. His idea of culture was movies.I made the mistake of buying him a shoe and teaching him how to play cards. He became enamored with that. He was an insomniac. He used to call his friends at three in the morning and invite them to come over to his palace to play cards, because he had three telephones by his bed. No one could refuse the king. The official mistress was replaced by a British novelist. He said that Farouk was a complete philistine.He was too childish to be a great king. He was sweet and had a good sense of humor. In November 1943, Pulli and <mask> went to see a yacht in Ismalia after Pulli was involved in an automobile incident when he tried to avoid a British Army truck by speeding. The stretcher broke under the weight of the king when it failed to place him on a stretcher. As a result of the car accident, Farouk had two broken ribs, but he liked being in a British Army hospital so much that he pretended to be injured much longer than he really was. As a result, Farouk missed the Cairo Conference when the U.S president, the British Prime Minister, and the Chinese Generalissimo all arrived in Cairo to discuss war plans against Japan for 1944, through he appeared to have no regrets. On December 15, 1943, <mask> was forced to end his convalescence after his disappointment at the birth of Princess Fadia caused him to rage against her.King George II of Greece, King Peter II of Yugoslavia, and King Zog of Albania were all hosted by <mask>, who wanted Egypt to play a role in the Balkans after the war. In late 1943, Farouk started a policy giving support to student and working men's associations and in early 1944 he donated money to victims of the malaria epidemic in Upper Egypt. Nahas was the prime minister at the time of the April 1944 attempt to sack him. Reflecting the importance of controlling patronage in Egypt, Nahas Pasha had gone on a separate relief tour of Upper Egypt apart from the king and founded a relief organization, the Nahas Institute, in his own name instead of the king. Lampson was insulted by the "semi-royal" nature of Nahas's tour of Upper Egypt. The new prime minister was announced by <mask> but Lampson refused to accept him. Lampson sent a telegram to Churchill telling him to take control of Egypt.Lampson once again made a threat to <mask>. The ambassador was unmoved when Prince Hassanein tried to convince him to accept the dismissal of the corrupt Wafd government as an improvement. The British Foreign Office felt that Lampson's constant plans to replace the king would do more harm than good because of the withdrawal of the British garrison in Egypt. Lord Moyne, the junior British foreign minister in charge of Middle Eastern affairs, told Lampson that his plans to depose <mask> in 1944 would damage Britain's moral position in the world and force the British to send more troops to Egypt to put down the expected riots. As the Egyptian Army was loyal to the king, Lampson's plan to depose him was rejected by General Bernard Paget. Prince Hassanein arrived at the British Embassy with a letter for Lampson saying that he had decided to leave the government for the time being. Having Egypt join the Arab League in October 1944 was one of the things Nahas sought to embrace as he became unpopular.When Lampson went away for a vacation in South Africa in October 1944, <mask> replaced Nahas as prime minister with the brother of Ali Maher. Lampson had complained in his diary that he would never have a politician like him again, and the dismissal of Nahas was seen by Lampson as a personal defeat. Lampson admitted that Nahas had become a liability and that Britain could not continue to support a corrupt government in the long run, as the British people would not tolerate going to war with Egypt to keep someone like Nahas in office. Lord Moyne was killed in Cairo in 1944 by two members of the extreme right-wing Zionist group, Lehi. Lord Moyne and his chauffeur were killed by the two assassins, but they were captured by the Cairo police. Bet-Zuri and Hakim were sentenced to death by an Egyptian court. Lampson pressured <mask> not to pardon the assassins while American Zionist groups pressured him to do so.For a time, <mask> was able to escape the issue by sailing on a royal yacht to Saudi Arabia, where he would meet the King of Saudi Arabia. In 1945, the assassins of Lord Moyne were hanged, and for the first time, <mask> was accused of being anti-Semitic. After the fighting in Egypt's Western Desert had ended, Farouk declared war. The President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, met with Farouk on 13 February 1945, while the ship was moored in the Great Bitter Lake. After the war, he hoped more American tourists would visit Egypt and Egyptian-American trade would increase. Roosevelt gave a C-47 plane to Farouk in order to add to his airplane collection. According to Lampson, after meeting Roosevelt, the king was told that he should take a definite line in regards to the improvement of the social conditions in Egypt.He said that the conditions of extreme wealth and extreme poverty were not found in the world. There is an opportunity for a young Sovereign to champion the interests and living conditions of his people. The living conditions of the fellaheen could be improved by taking some of the rich Pasha's wealth. He was interested in learning if Egypt would be allowed to join the new United Nations and if the League of Nations would be replaced by the United Nations after the war. The revolution of 1919 was caused by the exclusion of Egypt from the Paris peace conference that led to the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. Egypt would become a founding member of the United Nations in order to show the world that the country was ending British influence in Egyptian affairs. The Prime Minister was assassinated by a member of the Young Egypt Society as he left the Chamber after issuing the declaration of war against Germany and Japan.Isawi shot the prime minister three times while screaming that he had betrayed Egypt by declaring war on Germany and Japan. Lampson was shocked when he arrived at the Palace to see Aly Farouk instead of the person he was supposed to see. The United Nations was founded after a peace conference in San Francisco in 1945. The new prime minister demanded that the British pull out of the Nile river valley in order to keep the terms of the 1936 treaty. Lampson was an ambassador in Cairo despite being seen as a man with an unrealistic view of Anglo-Egyptian relations. The new Labour government that came into office in July 1945 wanted a new relationship with Egypt, and <mask> let it be known he wanted a new British ambassador. The new Labour Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, a man of working-class origins, was isolated by Lampson's disapproval of the Labour government's policy towards India.Bevin was willing to replace Lampson for a number of reasons. As the wartime inflation had led to increases in support for the Egyptian Communist Party on the left and the Muslim Brotherhood on the right, <mask> was willing to negotiate a new relationship with Britain. After the war ended, the Wafd returned to its traditional anti-British position, which led to the conclusion that Farouk was London's best hope of keeping Egypt in the British sphere of influence. The Egyptian ambassador in London passed on messages from <mask> blaming Lampson for all the problems in Anglo-Egyptian relations, and stated that he would be willing to return to his father's policies of opposing the Wafd after the war. Decline Egypt ended the Second World War as the richest country in the Middle East because of the high prices of cotton. The British government owed Egypt 400 million dollars in 1945 in a reversal of roles. The wealth of Egypt was very evenly distributed with the kingdom having 500 millionaires and the fellaheen living in extreme poverty.In 1945, a medical study showed that 80% of Egyptians suffered from bilharzia and ophthalmia. The prevalence of both bilharzia and ophthalmia could easily be eliminated in Egypt by providing people with safe sources of drinking water according to the authors of the study. If only ordinary Egyptians had access to clean drinking water, the entire epidemic could have been avoided, as it was caused by drinking water contaminated with feces. By 1945 such gestures as throwing gold coins at the fellaheen or dropping Ping-Pong balls from his plane that could be redeemed for candy were no longer enough for the king to be seen as a friend of the poor. As the popularity of the king began to decline, demands were being made that the king should engage in social reforms instead of theatrical gestures like handing out gold coins during royal visits, and as he was unwilling to consider land reform or improving the water Sanitation, his popularity began to decline. His image was damaged by his social life. Farouk was frequently womanizing at the hottest night spots in Cairo and Alexandria.Pictures of a fat balding king surrounded by Europe's social elite were splashed across the world's tabloids. <mask>'s only self-restraint was that he didn't drink alcohol because he couldn't bring himself to break the Muslim prohibition on alcohol. Antonio Pulli, the king's right-hand man, along with the king's press secretary, Karim Thabet, and an ethnic Greek from Alexandria, were the "kitchen cabinet" of Farouk. Prince Hassanein warned Farouk against his "kitchen cabinet" of greedy men who abused the king's trust to enrich themselves. In February 1946, Prince Hassanein was killed in an automobile accident, and a secret marriage contract between him and Queen Nazli was found, which angered Farouk. The new Labour government in London decided to replace Lampson with Sir Ronald Campbell as the British ambassador in Cairo, and on 9 March 1946, Lampson left Cairo, much to the king's glee. The former king of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, was granted asylum by Farouk in May 1946, after he abdicated.As Victor Emmanuel had supported the Fascist regime, his arrival in Egypt did much damage to <mask>'s image as he was repaying a family debt. In June 1946, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, who was being held in France on charges of being a war criminal, escaped and arrived in Egypt on a forged passport. <mask> didn't care that al-Husseini was wanted in Yugoslavia on charges of being a Nazi war criminal for his role in organizing the massacres of Bosnian Serbs and Jews. The British should pull their troops out of Cairo and Alexandria and threaten the Grand Mufti of Egypt in order to keep the 1936 agreement. The way in which he referred to al-Hussenini as the "king of Jerusalem" suggested that he thought of the Grand Mufti as the leader of a Palestinian state. The only place the British Army were stationed in Egypt was at the huge base around the canal. The British withdrew from the Citadel in Cairo.In September 1946, the British pulled out of the Nile valley. The collapse of the talks in December 1946 was due to the question of who would control the Sudan. The British were unwilling to allow the Anglo-Egyptian condominium over the Sudan to end at the same time as they pulled out of Egypt. Having the charismatic al-Husseini in Egypt had the effect of focusing attention on the Palestine issue, a matter which most Egyptians had previously ignored, all the more so when al-Husseini made an alliance with the Supreme Guide of the fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood. The "Palestine Question" was put on the public agenda by the speeches of the Grand Mufti, who called for jihad against Zionism. It was not anti-Semitic for <mask> to have a Jewish mistress, but he felt taking a militantly anti-Zionist line was the best way to protest the income inequalities in Egypt. At the Royal Automobile Club in Cairo, Farouk was known to engage in all night gambling sessions with rich Egyptian Jews despite his anti-Zionism.100, 000 people attended a demonstration in Cairo in December 1947 called for Egyptian intervention in Palestine. When Britain ended the Palestine Mandate in May 1948, a civil war broke out between the Jewish and Arab populations of Palestine, which was extensively covered by the Egyptian media. The Egyptian people were greatly affected by the stories about atrocities against the Palestinians. There was a widespread belief in Egypt that after the British left Palestine and the Zionisms proclaimed a new state to be called Israel, it would take only a few days for the war to start. When the Mandate of Palestine came to an end in May 1948, the leaders of the Arab League held a summit in Cairo. King Abdullah I of Jordan wanted all of Palestine for himself and dismissed Farouk as a pseudo-Arab who should not be attending the summit. Reflecting the influence of the King of Saudi Arabia who spoke in the same way, Farouk often described Zionism as a ploy by the Soviet Union to take over the Middle East.Both of them preferred that a Palestinian state headed by the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem be created instead of

masks: Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk


title: Farouk of Egypt

texts: Palestine being annexed to Jordan or becoming a Jewish state. The Defense Minister and Chief of the General Staff only learned of the decision by the prime minister a few days before the war was due to start. Before the war started, <mask> was already planning the victory parade in Cairo because he was so sure that the war would be a triumph. As a result of his involvement in the military planning, he personally decided where his army would march when it invaded Palestine. As late as 13 May 1948, Norakshy Pasha assured foreign diplomats that Egypt would not attack Israel, and Egypt's intervention in the war took most observers by surprise. In the run-up to the war, Egypt was seen as a moderate state with Egyptian diplomats saying that they were opposed to a military solution to the "Palestine Question". When the British left in 1947, Nokrashy asked if it was possible for the United States to take over the Palestine Mandate.The Egyptian Army was not ready for war and the prime minister advised against going to war with Israel. King Farouk overruled him because he was worried about the Muslim Brotherhood's desire for war with Israel. He feared that the Muslim Brotherhood would overthrow him if Egypt fought Israel. The war with Israel ended badly with the Egyptian Army fighting poorly and the king's "kitchen cabinet" making a lot of money by selling Italian Army rifles left over from World War II. Many Egyptians believed that if it weren't for Galhan, Egypt would have been victorious because of the faulty rifles. After being defeated by Israel in 1942, the Abdeen Palace incident was viewed in Egypt as an act of cowardice and lack of leadership. The Muslim Brotherhood killed the Cairo police chief and the governor of the Cairo province in October 1948, after the government was defeated by Israel.The Egyptian people were shocked by the divorce of Queen Farida which took place in the middle of the war with Israel. The Shah of Iran divorced Princess Fawzia on the same day. The media gave too much attention to the stories of the two men, so they planned to divorce their wives on the same day. The Prime Minister was assassinated on December 28, 1948, by a Brother. In January 1949, Egypt and Israel signed an armistice and the only gain was the Gaza Strip. In February 1949, the Supreme Guide of the Brotherhood, al-Banna, was shot by a Cairo policeman, and was taken to the hospital, where the police prevented him from receiving blood transfusions. After leaving Egypt, al-Hussenini went to Lebanon.Cohen or his latest mistress, the French singer Annie Berrier, were both at the Auberge des Pyramides nightclub. He was engaged in a relationship with an American model who stated in an interview that he was the one who had the best sense of humor and made her laugh the most. In 1949, when Jefferson Caffery arrived in Cairo as the new U.S. ambassador, he was told by the king that Egypt also had blacks that were good for picking cotton. Farouk was convinced that the best way of renewing his popularity was to marry a commoner again, because the Egyptian people loved royal weddings and to marry a commoner again would show his populist side. The king wanted his bride to be 16 years old, be an only child, and be of Egyptian descent, according to the report. Narriman Sadek was selected by Thabet to be the new bride of the king, even though she was already engaged to Zaki Hachem, a PhD candidate in economics at Harvard. After Hackhem complained to the American press that the king had stolen his fiancée and broken his heart, he broke off his engagement to Sadek.After announcing his engagement to Sadek, <mask> sent her to Rome to be taught how to be a queen. In January 1950, Thabet arranged an alliance between the king and Nahas. Nahas gave his word of honor if the King were not satisfied with his conversation with Nahas, and if the King were not satisfied with his conversation with Nahas, Nahas would retire from the leadership of the Wa. Thabet said that the King helped Nahas to his feet after he went on his knees. In his cable to Washington, Caffery reported that he was appalled that Nahas, who he called the stupidest and most corrupt politician in Egypt, was now prime minister. Most observers are willing to concede that Nahas knows of the existence of Korea, but I have found no evidence of that. At the time of my interview with Nahas, he was completely unaware of the subject which I was discussing.It was the fact that I wanted something from him that penetrated the light. The street politician's response was "aidez-nous et vous aiderons". The only positive aspect of Nahas as prime minister was that we can get anything we want from him. Nahas as prime minister was just as corrupt and venal as he was during his previous times in office, going on a rampage of rapacious looting of the public coffers to enrich himself and his even more greedy wife. The cotton boom in Egypt was caused by the Korean War as young men were called up for national service. As the international prices for cotton rose, Egyptian landlords forced their tenant farmers to grow more cotton at the expense of food, leading to major food shortages and inflation in Egypt. In the face of the corrupt Nahas government, the Egyptian people looked to their king for leadership who left for France for a two-month-long bachelor party.William Stadiem wrote about how the king went on the most extravagant bachelor party in the history of sybaritism. In 1950, <mask>'s fortune was estimated to be about £50 million pounds sterling or about US$140 million, making him one of the world's richest men and a billionaire many times over. The center of media attention was on <mask>'s wealth and lifestyle. In August 1950, <mask> went to France to stay at the casino at Deauville for his bachelor party and left Alexandria on his yacht Fakr el Bihar with an Egyptian destroyer as an escort. In the middle of the French countryside, in a column of 7 Cadillacs surrounded by motorcycle-riding bodyguards and an airplane flying overhead, a group of people, including 30 Albanian bodyguards and assorted Egyptian secretaries and doctors, traveled together. Hundreds of journalists from Europe and North America descended on Deuville to report on the activities of the king as he stayed at the Hotel du Golf. Journalists watched as the corpulent king gorged himself on food, eating in one single meal dishes of sole  crme, cte de veau  la crme, and champignons.On his first night at the casino in Deuville, Farouk won 20 million Swiss Francs (about $57,000 U.S dollars) and on his second night he won 15 million Swiss Francs. During his visit to Deuville, he spent a lot of money and stayed at the casino until 5 am, earning him a reputation for flamboyant high living. After leaving Deauville, he went to Biarritz, where he stayed at the Hotel du Palais and continued his friendship with the Duke of Windsor. The British ambassador to Spain called four of Farouk's ladies of the moment as he crossed over to San Sebastian to attend a film festival. The Nawab of Palanpur, the Italian industrialist, the Hollywood mogul Jack L. Warner, and the British were all present at the Palm Beach Casino on the night of 22 September. The newspaper headlines were "Lucky Mickie beats Farouk-and dies!" after Hyman died of a heart- attack after winning the game. After his bachelor party in San Remo in Italy, where he purchased a number of Roman antiques at an auction to add to his collection, he arrived in Alexandria in October 1950.The letter from the "opposition" warned that a revolt would destroy those who are unjust and leave the country in a state of financial, moral and political bankruptcy. There are officials in the palace who do not deserve that honor. These matters are ill-advised and mishandled. Some of them have come under suspicion of being involved in the arms scandal. The belief is that justice will not be able to touch these officials. According to the world press, we are a public that bears injustice, but we don't know that we are being mistreated and driven like animals. The country remembers the happy days when Your Majesty was the honest good shepherd, and God knows that our breasts are boiling with anger, and that only a little hope restrains us.The hopes of the country were focused on Your Majesty. It was not an occasion when the country did not show its loyalty. <mask> decided to go on the political offensive and demand that the British leave Egypt in order to distract the Egyptian people from their anger over the expenses of the bachelor party. On the opening day of the Parliament on 6 November 1950, Prime Minister Nahas announced that the government's top priority would be the removal of British forces from Egypt and the end of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium of the Sudan. "Don't think I know nothing of business matters," joked Farouk about the original profession of Mohammad Ali the Great. The founder of my dynasty was a tobacco merchant. On 11 February 1951, <mask> announced the date of his wedding to Narriman Sadek, whom he married in his usual lavish style on 6 May 1951.The Sudanese singer sang at the wedding. During his three-month-long honeymoon in Europe, the king and his new queen spent a lot of money and ate a lot of food during the holiest month of the year. During a trial run, he took the press on a $2 million US private train, complete with a TV, air-conditioning, 14 phones, and alligator-trimmed furniture, which he purchased in Turin. A record sum of $150, 000 was lost by <mask> when he played a 7-hour game of baccarat against the Hollywood mogul. In Paris, Queen Narriman brought a dress designer from Hollywood to create a custom wardrobe. The royal couple's honeymoon in France, Italy, and Switzerland was followed by a lot of photographers. He was worried that the "Zionist papers" would wrongly assume that he was drinking alcohol when he was sunbathing by a pool with a bottle of Vichy in a champagne bucket.It was reported to Washington that a popular rumor had it that if <mask> didn't return to Egypt, it would lead to a communist revolution, but that all sources agree. Nahas had passed a law forbidding farmers from growing wheat in order to maximize cotton production, which had lessened food shortages and inflation, as he wanted to maximize cotton production. In Paris, <mask> told the Aga Khan that he was depressed over his alliance with Nahas and that he would appoint a new prime minister when he returned. The hero of the hour was Nahas, who abrogated the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian treaty in October 1951. The 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was canceled by the Egyptian government on 17 October 1951. Nahas told Parliament that he signed the 1936 treaty for Egypt. King <mask> was declared "King of Egypt and Sudan" because the British forces in the canal were considered enemy forces.Egypt entered diplomatic debates as well as internal political unrest because this title was not recognised by many countries. As the British refused to leave their base around the Suez Canal, the Egyptians cut off all food and water to the base, ordered a boycott of British goods, and began guerrilla attacks, turning the area around the canal into a war zone. General Sirri Amer was defeated in the election for president of the Cairo Officers' Club by General Mohammad Naguib, which was the first sign of military discontent with the king. The election results were invalidated and an investigation was ordered. On January 16, 1952, Queen Narriman gave birth to Crown Prince Fuad. Farouk made Dr. Magdi deliver Fuad a pasha. The British base at the Suez Canal was attacked by Egyptian guerrillas on January 24, 1952.British tanks and infantry surrounded the auxiliary police station in Ismailia and gave the police an hour to surrender their arms. The police commander called the Interior Minister, who was smoking cigars in his bath, to ask what to do. Serageddin told the police to fight to the last man and the last bullet. 43 policemen and 3 soldiers were killed in the battle for the police station. "Black Saturday", as the riot was known, saw much of downtown Cairo burn down, as a result of the Ismailia incident. Shepheard's Hotel was burned down along with Groppi's, the most famous restaurant in Cairo, and Cicurel's, the most famous shopping center. Serageddin ordered the police not to intervene during the Black Saturday riot, which saw 26 people killed and over 400 cinemas, cabarets, nightclubs, bars, restaurants and shops burned down in downtown Cairo.During the Black Saturday riot, <mask> was at the Abdeen Palace holding a luncheon attended by 600 guests to celebrate the birth of Fuad, and first became aware of the riot when he noticed the black cloud of smoke rising up from downtown Cairo. It was too late for the Egyptian Army to put down the riot and the fashionable and glamorous downtown Cairo was destroyed that day. Nahas was dismissed as prime minister the next day after being blamed for the Black Saturday riot. Nahas and the rest of the Wafd leaders meekly accepted <mask>'s dismissal without protest because they were so shocked by the fury of the "Black Saturday" riot. The "Black Saturday" riot was the beginning of a crisis of legitimacy in Egypt's institutions, including the monarchy, as the riot had shown that most Egyptians did not feel their political system represented them. According to the American historian, "Black Saturday" forced Egypt's political leaders to confront the severity of the crisis. For the next six months, Farouk shuffled prime ministers in an attempt to quell demands for reform.The sense of crisis was captured by the widespread call for "salvation ministries" and a "just tyrant" that would end corruption. The prime ministers in the period January–July 1952 were judged by this criterion. The slogan was "purification before liberation", meaning a leader who would make Egypt strong enough to force the British to leave. The Ismailia incident showed that Egypt was too weak to expel the British from the Canal zone, and the main criticism of Farouk and Nahas was that they recklessly launched the "popular struggle" that Egypt could not hope to win. The policial classes felt that Egypt had to end the popular struggle and negotiate a British withdrawal in order to strengthen its weakness. Gordon called <mask> an unscrupulous leader with a "shrewd ability for statecraft" who could have posed as the "just tyrant" if it wasn't for his addiction to partying. The king is fighting a losing battle against the man because of his own amusement and distraction.Pulli, Galhan and Thabet sabotaged Hussein Serry Pasha and Andraous of the "kitchen cabinet" as they tried to convince the king to pose as a just tyrant. Ali Maher replaced Nahas because he wanted to negotiate an exit agreement with the British in order to get the necessary votes in parliament. An anti-inflation bill and an anti-corruption bill were both popular, but his refusal to prosecute the Wafd leaders for "Black Saturday" ensured his dismissal. On March 2, 1952, the prime minister was replaced by Naguib el-Hilaly. Serageddin was arrested for his alleged involvement in the

masks: Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk Farouk


title: Farouk of Egypt

texts: "Black Saturday" riot while Hilaly was cracking down on corruption. Hilaly said he would prosecute the Wafd leaders for corruption and "Black Saturday" before tackling the question of the British departure. Hilaly was the last hope for <mask>, as he didn't have an alternative prime minister if he had to sack him.Thabet said that the prime minister's Fortunes Bill, which would require all past, present and future cabinet ministers to reveal the origins of their wealth, would destroy the monarchy. Hilaly was replaced as prime minister by Hussein Serry Pasha on July 1, 1952. There was a rumor in Cairo that the Wafdist industrialist had bribed the king to sack Hilaly before he lost his monopoly on sugar production. Serry's reputation as the "king's man" made him unsuitable for the role of a "just tyrant" and nobody took him seriously. Between January–July 1952, Serry noticed rising discontent in the ranks of the Army officer corps. Thabet issued a press release claiming that Farouk was a descendant of the Prophet Mohammad, a claim that caused a lot of mockery. "If there was any Arabic blood in Farouk's veins, it couldn't possibly have been traced back to Mohammad and it was a sacrilege for anyone to have tried to do so", wrote General Mohammad Naguib.By 1952, American decision-makers realized that a communist revolution was inevitable unless the government started social reforms at once. The Egyptian Communists were behind the "Black Saturday" riot because they were growing in popularity. The officers of the Central Intelligence Agency were in contact with Free Officers. The extent and importance of American assistance to the Free Officers has been debated by historians. The whole world is in revolt. The five remaining Kings are the King of England, the King of Spades, the King of Clubs, and the King of Diamonds. The Egyptian army's failure in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War to stop the expulsion of Palestinians was one of the reasons why Overthrow <mask> was condemned by his people.The 1951 film Quo Vadis was banned in Egypt because the audiences would identify the fat Emperor Nero played by Peter Ustinov with <mask>. On the night of July 20, Farouk was gambling at the Royal Automobile Club when he received a phone call from Prime Minister Serry saying that the Free Officers were planning to launch a coup. Serry warned that General Sirri Amer was too unpopular with the officer corps to be effective and that the War Minister would turn the officer corps against him. When Serry was asked to read out a list of people involved in the conspiracy, he laughed and said they were too young to pose a threat. After Chirine was appointed War Minister, the Free Officers decided to stage a coup the next day. After learning from one of his spies that a coup was imminent at 7 pm, Farouk ordered the arrest of all the Free Officers. Two Free Officers living in Alexandria were so convinced the coup would fail that they went to the Montaza palace to seek a royal pardon.The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 was launched on the night of July 23, 1952, when the Free Officers staged a military coup. The Free Officers, knowing that warrants had been issued for their arrest, launched a coup that night, storming the staff headquarters in Cairo, killing two and wounding two, before taking control of the city. In Alexandria, <mask> accused the Free Officers of being Communists. Despite the strained relations with Britain, Farouk appealed to them to intervene in Egypt, as the "Black Saturday" riot convinced the government that they would have to use guerrilla warfare in the Nile river valley. The Free Officers wanted Naguib to be War Minister and the "kitchen cabinet" to be dismissed, according to Ali Maher, who was appointed prime minister by them. On July 25, Farouk drove his red Mercedes-Benz down the streets of Alexandria at high speed with a machine gun by his side. The Egyptian Navy's warships were stationed at Alexandria harbor, which was under the control of the Egyptian Navy.The Sudanese Guard was 800 strong and built barricades around the palace. The palace was surrounded by troops loyal to the Free Officers who attempted to storm it, but were repelled by the Sudanese Guard. Four of the attackers were killed by <mask>, who was an expert marksman, as they tried to run across the palace grounds. After several hours of fighting, Caffery was able to arrange a truce. On the morning of July 26, 1952, Naguib drafted an ultimatum for the king to abdicate or the Free Officers would storm the palace and execute him. Tanks and cannons arrived outside the palace, and Farouk agreed to abdicate. As he signed the instrument of abdication, Farouk cried in the presence of a Supreme Court justice.After leaving the palace, he was saluted by the Sudanese Guard and farewelled by Pulli, who was not allowed to leave Egypt. The same yacht that took Ismail the Magnificent to Italy when he was deposed in 1879 was the one that <mask> kept brooding about during his voyage to Naples. After being forced to abdicate, <mask> went into exile in Monaco and Italy, where he lived for the rest of his life. After his abdication, King Fuad II was proclaimed, but for all intents and purposes Egypt was ruled by Naguib, Nasser, and the Free Officers. Egypt was declared a republic on 18 June 1953, after 150 years of rule by the Muhammad Ali dynasty. The King's seven-piece bedroom suite, which was inspired by Napoleon and Josephine's suite at the Chteau de Malmaison, was quickly auctioned off by the Egyptian government. The 1933 double eagle coin was one of the most famous of his possessions, but it disappeared before it could be returned to the United States.It reappeared in New York in 1996 and was sold at an auction for more than seven million dollars. The revelation that <mask> owned one of the largest collections of pornography in the world attracted a lot of interest in Egypt and abroad. Medieval suits of armor, aspirin bottles, razor blades and paper clips were just some of the things that Farouk collected. At the Koubbeh Palace, it was found that Farouk had collected over 2000 silk shirts, 10,000 silk ties, 50 golden walking sticks, and a portrait of Hitler. The Star of the East diamond was not paid for by the time of the King's overthrow in 1952, but three years later an Egyptian government legal board ruled in Harry's favor. It took several years of litigation to get the Star of the East back from the safe-deposit box. <mask>'s abandoned possessions, including a huge collection of pornography, became objects of curiosity and ridicule after he fled Egypt.After leaving Egypt, Farouk settled in Naples and Rome. At his first press conference on the island of Capri on 30 July 1952, Farouk took questions in English, French and Italian, but reporters noted he hired Carlo d'Emilio, a Rome lawyer known in Italy as the "king of lawyers". D'Emilo rented the Villa Dusmet, a huge estate outside of Rome, which became his home. The Italian government did not file a request to extradite Farouk after he was indicted for treason in Egypt. In his exile, Farouk became known as the "king of the night", as he spent his nights at Roman nightclubs in the company of celebrities who had come to Rome to work in the Italian film industry and/or the Hollywood productions which were filmed in 1950s Italy. One of the most exclusive and expensive private schools in the world was where all of Farouk's children were educated. On 13 March 1953, the former Queen Narriman left Farouk to return to Egypt, where she filed for divorce due to his unfaithfulness.The Miss Naples of 1953 was <mask>i Charles "Lucky" Luciano, who had been deported to Italy, was one of <mask>'s best friends. Farouk's relationship with Stenberg ended due to his refusal to promote her up to "official mistress" status as she wanted. Capece Minutolo objected to living in the Villa Dusmet, which she considered a gloomy and depressing estate, and Farouk moved into a luxury apartment in Rome. After discovering that Princess Ferial was working as a spy for Egypt, Farouk fired one of his aides, who tried to seduce her. The United Arab Republic revoked his citizenship on April 29, 1958.In 1959 he was granted Monegasque citizenship. Princess Ferial said that her father was a loving father who only allowed her to wear dresses that didn't expose her breasts as a teenager because he hated rock n' roll music. In his last years, <mask> lived with Capece Minutolo, continued to visit nightclubs to gamble and socialise, and spent his days at the Café de Paris on Rome's Via Veneto, drinking coffee, smoking cigars and talking to anyone who approached him. He disliked the social changes of the 1960s and wanted to relive his youth in the 1930s. He died after collapsing at the Ile de France restaurant in Rome. There was no official autopsy on his body. He stipulated in his will that he be buried in the Al Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo, but the request was denied by the Egyptian government.His mother attended the funeral service in Rome. King Faisal of Saudi Arabia stated that he would be willing to have King <mask> buried in Saudi Arabia, but not in Rifai' mosque. On March 31, 1965, King <mask> returned to Egypt and was buried in Hosh al-Basha, the Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt burial site. The remains of King <mask> were moved to Al-Rifa'i Mosque, where Muhammad Ali Pasha, the founder of the Egyptian dynasty, and the rest of his descendants are buried. His first wife was the daughter of a man. After her marriage, Safinaz was renamed Farida. They were married in January of 1938.The marriage was under a lot of stress due to Queen Farida's inability to produce a male heir, which <mask> found essential to maintain his throne. The couple had three daughters. After courting a commoner named Narriman Sadek, <mask> married him in 1951. Many believed that Sadek was attracted to the king due to his belief that she would give him the male heir he wanted. The future King Fuad II was born on January 16, 1952. The king and his queen were kicked out of Egypt after the prince's birth. He had many affairs, among them, a British writer.His eye fell on Pat Rainey in 1955. While in exile in Italy, Farouk met an opera singer who became his companion. She claimed that she married the former King in 1957. One of the most famous coin collections in history included an extremely rare 1933 double eagle coin and two 1913 Liberty Head nickels. The furniture known as "Louis-Farouk" is an imitation of Louis XV-style furniture. Egyptian artisans mass-produced the imperial French style furniture after it became fashionable among Egypt's upper classes. The style is covered in elaborate cloth and uses ornate carving.The style is widespread in Egypt. The originals such as Aubusson and Gobelin are not copied in Egypt. Later accounts exaggerated <mask>'s eccentricities. According to an apocryphal story, Farouk was chased by a lion in the middle of the night. He was told by el Maraghi that he would not rest until he shot a lion. At the Cairo zoo, whereupon Farouk shot two. King Yoyo was the author of A Young Girl's Touch.Thieves Fall Out is a novel about Gore Vidal being overthrown. The story of a fat and fabulously rich Middle Eastern king who lusts after a British model was partially filmed in Egypt in 1954. The film was released in 1955. The film's producer, <mask>, stated during the filming, "If you ask me officially if it is about <mask>, I must tell you no!" No! The film was about a playboy monarch, a gambler, a money-crazed king with an enthusiasm for life and women, and if the world sees the character of the star, then we can't do anything about it. If the character of "Abdulla the Great" was too similar to <mask>, Carlo d'Emilio threatened to bring a libel suit.Agatha Christie's short story The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding involves the theft of a jewel from a fictional Eastern prince who is somewhat irresponsible and fond of a luxurious lifestyle. His name and origin are not given in the original story, but in the 1991 television adaptation in the series Agatha Christie's Poirot (where the story appears under its American title, The Theft of the Royal Ruby), the story is altered and the prince identified as <mask>. After recovering a jewel to maintain his standing in his home country, <mask> eventually succeeds his father Fuad I of Egypt to the throne and curb the influence of the nationalist Wafd Party. The Book of Farouk, a fantasy-tinged fictional autobiography by Farouk, depicts him as a towering global statesman bestriding 20th century history, and an incomparable erotic artiste besides. And Everything is Permissible - The Second Book of Farouk, covering the deposed King's European exile, was published in 2019. The latter's title completes the former's citing of valedictory words attributed to the founder of the Order of assassins. In 2007, the MBC aired an Egyptian television series about the life of King <mask> and he was portrayed by a Syrian actor.Warren Adler is the author of The War of the Roses and Mother Nile. A "Woman of Cairo" written by Noel Barber gives an inside look at the palace intrigues and scandals. King <mask>, who do you think you are? A common verbal admonishment was used by parents in English speaking countries to their children. When a request from a child was viewed as too expensive, unreasonable or out of place, the putdown was used. "I got more good luck honey than old King <mask>" is a line from Bruce Springsteen's 1987 album Tunnel of Love. Faces in a mirror, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1980 Buhite, Russell Decisions at Yalta an appraisal of summit diplomacy, was published in 1986."The Myth of the Savior: Egypt's "Just Tyrants" on the Eve of Revolution, January–July 1952" was written by Gordon. The Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt was published in 1989. The Last Pharaoh was written in New York. Co., 1969 New King was in Old Trouble Time Magazine. Thomas "Egypt's 1948 Invasion of Palestine" pp. Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 22, No. 20–38, is about 20–38 from Middle Eastern Studies.Laila "Farouk in British Policy" was written by Morsy. Middle Eastern Studies Volume 20 was published in 2011. October 4, 1984. "Indicative Cases of Britain's Wartime Policy in Egypt, 1942–44" was written by Laila Morsy. January 1, 1994. Steve Morewood. Conflict and Crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean was written by the British Defence of Egypt.Christopher D. FDR and the End of Empire was written by Christopher D. O' Sullivan. Sadat, Jehan. A Woman of Egypt, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987 Smith, Charles "4 February 1942: Its Causes and Its Influence on Egyptian Politics and on the Future of Anglo-Egyptian Relations, 1937–1945" The International Journal of Middle East Studies has 10 volumes. William Stadiem was born on November 4, 1979. Too Rich: The High Life and Tragic Death of King <mask> was published in 1991. The English Historical Review was published in September 2004."Informal Empire, Independent Egypt and the Accession of King <mask>." The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History was published in 2010. There are external links to Egypt's Last Royal

masks:
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Faroukos
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Gregory Ratoff
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk
Farouk


title: Siya Kolisi

texts: <mask> is a South African professional rugby union player who currently captains the South Africa national team and also plays club rugby. He plays as a flanker. The first black man to lead the South African Rugby team to victory in the Rugby World Cup Final was Kolisi. New African magazine has a list of 100 Most Influential Africans. The township of Zwide is outside of Port Elizabeth. When <mask> was born, his mother was 17 and his father was in his final year of school. When he was 15, his mother died, leaving his grandmother to raise him.At the age of 12 he impressed scouts at a youth tournament in Mossel Bay and was offered a scholarship at Grey Junior in Port Elizabeth. He was offered a rugby scholarship to the prestigious Grey High School, which South African cricketer Graeme Pollock and England International Mike Catt had attended. He was a member of the rugby team. He was a part of the youth set-up between 2007 and 2009, playing in the Under-16 Grant Khomo week and the Under-18 Craven Week before moving west to join Western Province. He was a member of the South Africa national under-18 rugby union team for two years. After making his senior debut for Western Province against the Vodacom Cup, Career was able to make regular starts in the Currie Cup due to injuries and international call-ups. He made 13 appearances and scored 4 tries.After graduating from the Stormers squad in 2012 he made an immediate impact with 16 appearances and one try. He had to watch on from the sidelines as Province lifted their 33rd Currie Cup title because of a thumb injury he sustained in the second half of the year. Despite fierce competition among the loose forwards, Kolisi held his place in the Stormers side. He earned his first international recognition with 13 appearances and 2 tries. He only played in the final 3 matches of the Currie Cup for Western Province because he was part of the South African set-up for the Rugby Championship. The new captain of the Stormers was selected on February 20. He became the team's first black captain in 126 years on May 28, 2018, when he was selected as the new captain."It's a monumental moment for South African rugby, and a moment in South African history," said Bryan Habana. MyPlayers Rugby is the players' Organisation of all the professional rugby players in South Africa. The majority share purchase of the Sharks led to the signing of Kolisi. The South Africa under 20 team competed in the IRB Junior World Championships in 2010 and 2011. The Mbombela Stadium in Nelspruit was where <mask> made his national team debut. He replaced the injured Arno Botha in the 5th minute and was named the Man of the Match as South Africa won 30–17. He established himself as a regular member of the national squad after nine substitute appearances.In the Rugby World Cup, he played for South Africa against Japan and Samoa. The first ever black player to lead the South Africans in a Test match was <mask> in the game against England at Ellis Park. He was the captain of the South African team that won the Rugby World Cup in Yokohama, Japan. South Africa won the World Cup for the third time. The World Cup winning 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 They have two children together, Nicholas Siyamthanda and Keziah, who were born in 2017). After five years in orphanages and foster care in Port Elizabeth, Siya's half-siblings, Liyema and Liphelo, have been part of the Kolisi household.Rachel is one year older than <mask> and worked as a marketing executive before becoming a full-time mother. <mask> is a Christian. Kolisi is a fan of the English club. The Kolisi Foundation was launched in response to the COVID-19 epidemic in South Africa. The foundation provides personal protective equipment to healthcare workers and delivers food parcels throughout South Africa, with special attention paid to the Zwide township where Kolisi grew up, and other disadvantaged areas of South Africa. Statistics Test match record P, W, D, L, and Tries Scored, Pts, and Test tries.

masks:
Siyamthanda Kolisi
Siya
Kolisi
Kolisi
Siya
Kolisi


title: Earl Dawson

texts: He was a Canadian ice hockey administrator, politician and civil servant. He rose to prominence in Canadian hockey when he was the president of the Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association. He established a council to reverse the decline of hockey in rural Manitoba and saw the association continually increase its registrations by spending more per player to develop minor ice hockey than other provinces in Canada. The first nationwide clinic for referee instructors to standardize the interpretation of hockey rules was organized by the chairman of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association's rules committee. In 1966 he became vice-president of the CAHA and served as its president from 1969 to 1971. The International Olympic Committee objected to the International Ice Hockey Federation's decision to allow limited use of professionals at the 1970 Ice Hockey World Championships. The Canada men's national ice hockey team was pulled from international competition until it was allowed to use its best players because the Europeans were thought to be state-sponsored professionals.There were internal issues from junior ice hockey teams in Western Canada who were upset with the imposed age limit and demanded greater financial compensation for players chosen in the National Hockey League Amateur Draft. The Western Canada Hockey League played outside of the CAHA's jurisdiction for two seasons in exchange for increased financial compensation. The CAHA reorganizes its executive to include vice-presidents for minor hockey, junior hockey and senior ice hockey to give each level of hockey a greater voice. Junior hockey will split into two tiers in the 70s. The Memorial Cup remained the championship for the top tier and junior hockey, and the CAHA established the Manitoba Centennial Cup for the second tier's championship. The Memorial Cup and Allan Cup's formats were changed from an east- versus-west final to a round-robin. He led the CAHA into the product endorsement business, released a logo for the CAHA, and used the money generated to invest in hockey in Canada.During World War II, he served with the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Canadian Army, and then ran a dry cleaning business for 19 years. He was a town councilor from 1957 to 1965, and a member of the Liberal Party from 1966 to 1969. The Pan American Games and the Canadian Centennial events could be used to improve local infrastructure. He wanted to stop human capital flight and increase subsidies for rural students. He argued that medicare laws discriminated against rural citizens and wanted to reduce medical costs. He supported the development of local resources to help rural industries and businesses. From 1970 to 1987 he was the secretary of the Canada Games council.He supported the Junior Olympics program. He was the chairman of the 1975 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships which took place in Winnipeg. He wanted to increase the level of competition in women's sport across the country, and implemented testing for drug use in sport at the Canada Games in 1984. He summarized his career by stating, "I just seem to be the kind of person who gets involved in controversy, be it in hockey or politics", and the Free Press concurred that he "had controversy as his constant companion". He was posthumously inducted into the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame in 1995. <mask> <mask> was born on December 17, 1925. He was the son of two people.He was prevented from playing ice hockey because of a disease. During World War II, he served with both the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force. He had four sons and one daughter with the woman he married on June 29, 1949. He operated a dry cleaning business in Rivers for 19 years. He was a town councilor for Rivers from 1957 to 1965, and president of the local chamber of commerce. He was the commanding officer of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets squadron in Rivers. He served as president of several organizations.He was a member of the board of governors for the local hockey arena and chairman of the financial committee for the church. During the 1952–53 playoffs, an intermediate level ice hockey team from Rivers was disqualified by the MAHA for the use of illegal players. He served three terms as president of the Rivers Hockey Association. He was invited to join the MAHA executive committee after expressing his grievances, and also served as a convenor for the intermediate level. He was elected second vice-president of the MAHA in 1955 and first vice-president in 1957. The MAHA had a new president in October of 1958. The MAHA wanted to reimburse teams in rural Manitoba for the cost of developing players lost to the MJHL who in turn profited by selling players to professional teams.Minor Hockey Week in January 1959 was planned to promote and raise funds. The president was re-elected in 1959. He wanted to recuperate the MAHA's costs of developing minor hockey players if the Flin Flon Bombers were to affiliate with the SAHA instead of the MJHL. Without a suitable agreement in place to receive a portion of playoffs profits, the MAHA made a proposal at the 1960 Canadian Amateur Hockey Association's general meeting for Flin Flon to be transferred to the SAHA. He was against the teams in the MAHA and SAHA being given an advantage over the replacement players in the interprovincial playoffs. The president was re-elected in 1960. The MAHA and SAHA had an agreement that the Flin Flon Bombers would have to pay a flat rate of C$300 if they wanted to play in the SJHL.He felt that the Warriors team had a negative impact on junior ice hockey in Winnipeg and spoke up against professional teams encroaching upon MAHA territory. The comments to disagree that professional teams should have an exclusive zone to dictate operation of teams under CAHA jurisdiction were made after backlash from the media. Since the MAHA wanted a provincial representative in the national playoffs, lower-level senior teams were allowed to compete. He changed the MAHA's financial arrangement with the Brandon Wheat Kings to prevent them from leaving the MJHL. He wanted to see updates to the MAHA constitution to deal with modern problems, and set up a committee to oversee issues specific to hockey in rural Manitoba. The president was re-elected in 1961. The MJHL hired a new promotional director and requested to use international ice hockey rules without body checking to begin the 1961–62 season as an effort to attract more spectators.The request was approved, but the president of the CAHA ordered the MJHL to go back to Canadian rules. The MAHA allowed the Prince Albert Mintos to move to Dauphin after a fire destroyed the team's arena in December 1961, and levied a fee of 10 per cent of ticket sales to cover lost revenue for the existing senior team. <mask> justified the higher fee for temporarily displacing an existing MAHA team in Dauphin, despite the Flin Flon Bombers also playing in the SJHL and paying a flat fee. In October 1962, <mask> was re-elected to a fifth term as president. The MAHA grew to be the country's third largest provincial association by registration and spent more per capita to develop minor ice hockey than other provinces. Laurie Artiss stated that the Rural Minor Hockey Council had succeeded in reversing the decline of hockey in rural Manitoba by putting geographical limits on where the bigger cities could claim players. More children were given a chance to play in smaller towns as a result of the decision.In October 1963, he completed his final term as president. He was the past-president of the MAHA. When the CAHA ruled that the Flin Flon Bombers and Brandon Wheat Kings would turn over the majority of profits for their home games to the MAHA, his stance on teams playing out-of-province was confirmed. During his time as president of the MAHA, he became involved in national hockey and served on several committees of the CAHA. He sat on the CAHA leadership committee and was secretary of the Western Canada intermediate senior hockey committee. He organized the first nationwide clinic for referee instructors in 1964 to standardize the interpretation of hockey rules. The second vice-president of the CAHA was elected on May 28, 1966, under the leadership of Fred Page.The Canadian Major Junior Hockey League was launched despite reservations that it was too expensive and premature. He wanted the Brandon Wheat Kings to stay in the MJHL because of the negotiations for top-level junior teams to leave their provincial associations and join the new league. In 1967, he was named chairman of the minor hockey committee that oversaw promotions and organized a Minor Hockey Week. He was the vice-president of the Memorial Cup playoffs. The Canada men's national ice hockey team was overseen by the CAHA committee in 1967. The CAHA approved the establishment of a second national team based in the capital city. The teams were expected to play international tours and exhibition games in order to increase the number of players with international experience.The 1970 Ice Hockey World Championships were hosted by Canada and they had a planning committee. Despite operating a deficit, the two national teams were planned to continue. The first vice-president of the CAHA was elected in 1968. Lloyd Pollock resigned as president in October of 1968 due to business reasons. Hockey Canada was approved by the CAHA in 1966 as a tax-free corporation to operate the Canadian national team. In December 1968, the Minister of Health and Welfare stated that a federal task force was looking into establishing such a corporation, and that the government was taking credit for something the CAHA had proposed. The national team program would not be financially viable without an annual $100,000 grant from the government.In 1969 a $200,000 contribution was made for the national team. He arranged for the Soviet Union national ice hockey team to tour Canada in January 1969 but his relationship became strained with what he called "childish problems" by the Soviets. Frustrations grew when they arrived late for the first game of the tour, which hurt profits for the CAHA, and they were reported as wanting to see discipline handed out by the International Ice Hockey Federation against the Soviets. The CAHA executive meeting had a new president on January 27, 1969. The transfer of control of the Canada men's national ice hockey team from the CAHA to Hockey Canada was imminent and the CAHA did not want to compromise its authority over amateur hockey in Canada. He wanted to make sure that all Canadians had the chance to play on the national team. The Hockey Canada board of governors was formed on February 24, 1969 with the CAHA represented.Due to disagreements with the NHL and increasing dissent from branches of the CAHA, the number of annual executive meetings was increased from two to three. The NHL and the CAHA signed a professional-amateur agreement in 1968 that was in effect until 1972. Before junior hockey players became the property of professional teams, the age limit was set at 20 years old. The age limit was not changed despite continued requests by the CAHA. The CAHA asked the NHL president to look into the reports of possible farm teams in Montreal, Ottawa and Kingston because they were opposed to expansion into Canada by the American Hockey League. Junior teams in Western Canada claim that the lower age limit has a negative effect on ticket sales. The teams wanted more compensation for players who were lost to professional teams because of their travel costs.The teams in the Canadian Major Junior Hockey League broke away from CAHA jurisdiction and formed the Western Canada Hockey League. The CAHA's structure of elected officials who were not connected to any team but were determining hockey policies was opposed by the WCHL and Butlin. The CAHA proposed committees to operate senior hockey, junior hockey and minor hockey. The president was re-elected in 1969. The CAHA decided against changing the junior age limits imposed by the professional-amateur agreement with the NHL and reorganized its executive to include vice-presidents for minor hockey, junior hockey and senior hockey. Hockey Canada took over control of the national team from the CAHA in June 1969. The CAHA approved requests by the Northwest Territories to become branch members and began discussions to separate the territories from British Columbia and Alberta.The open use of professionals at the Ice Hockey World Championships was one of the things that international hockey <mask> advocated for. He wanted Europeans to believe that an open competition would be representative of the best hockey in the world. The CAHA proposal to extend the deadline for professionals to be eligible for the World Championships had the potential to allow Canada to access more talented players. Hockey Canada wanted to pursue open competition with unlimited use of professionals. Canada has not won the World Championships since 1961. The best chance to return Canada to hockey supremacy was the unlimited use of professionals. The IIHF voted against the second CAHA proposal and open competition at the 1970 World Championships the next day.The Canadian Press blamed Bunny Ahearne for the decision since he was perceived to have influenced the vote when he stated that any team which played against professionals at the World Championships would be ineligible for the 1972 Winter Olympics. The cancellation of the Canadian tours to Sweden and Finland was due to the two countries not supporting the Canadian proposal for open competition. Plans to host the 1970 World Championships were given the go-ahead despite the fact that it would require co-operation from all levels of professional hockey. The schedule for the 1970 World Championships was protested by the Soviet Union. The schedule was not changed despite the threat of a boycott by the Soviet Union. The IOC president objected to the use of professionals at the World Championships and stated that any national team that played against them would be ineligible for the 1972 Winter Olympics. An emergency meeting was held in January 1970 to discuss the situation.National teams that play in the Izvestia Trophy tournaments should still be eligible for the Olympics and the same should apply to the World Championships. He wanted the 1970 event to be an invitational tournament instead of a World Championships in order to avoid the ire of the IOC. Five of the eight nations in the top division of the World Championships voted against the use of professionals. Since players on European national teams were thought to be state-sponsored professionals, Canada thought the situation was a double standard. The CAHA executive unanimously decided to take a stand against the European members of the IIHF. The Canadian national team was not allowed to play against European teams until they were allowed to use their best players.

masks:
Earl Phillip
Dawson
Dawson
Dawson
Dawson