title: Anselm of Canterbury

texts: The Italian Benedictine monk, Abbot, philosopher and theologian of the Catholic Church, who held the office of Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109, was named after his birthplace and monastery. His feast day is 21 April and he was canonized as a saint after his death. He defended the church's interests in England during the Investiture Controversy. He was exiled from 1097 to 1100 and from 1105 to 1100 for his resistance to William II and Henry I. The Council of Bari in southern Italy was adopted by the Greek bishops while he was in exile. Pope Paschal II reversed himself and restored York's independence after he died, despite the fact that he appeared to have been successful. Between April 1033 and April 1034, the family Anselm was born, was in or around Aosta in Upper Burgundy.The area now forms part of the Republic of Italy, but Aosta was part of the Kingdom of Burgundy until the death of the childless Rudolph III in 1032. The Count of Blois went to war with the Emperor. The Count of Maurienne was granted a new county carved out of secular holdings of the bishop of Aosta. Otto was allowed to inherit the March of Susa through his wife because her uncle's families supported the effort to establish an independent Kingdom of Italy under William V, Duke of Aquitaine. The county of Savoy was formed after Otto and Adelaide's unified lands controlled the most important passes in the western Alps. Both sides of Anselm's immediate family seem to have been dispossessed by these decisions in favour of their extended relations. His mother Ermenberga was almost certainly the granddaughter of Conrad the Peaceful and his father Gundulf was a Lombard noble.After Conrad's successful annexation of Burgundy on 1 August 1034, the marriage was probably arranged for political reasons. Bishop Burchard revolted against imperial control but was defeated. Ermenberga was the wealthier of the two. Gundulph moved to his wife's town, where she held a palace near the cathedral and a villa in the valley. Anselm's mother made up for her husband's fault with her own prudent management, despite the fact that her father was described as having a harsh and violent temper. There are records of three relations who visited Bec in later life. The first tried to impose on Anselm's success but was rejected because of his ties to another monastery.After failing to get his father's consent, Anselm was refused entry to a monastery at the age of fifteen. He gave up his studies and lived a happy life after he recovered from his illness. At the birth of his sister Richera, the boy found that his father's new faith was too much for him. After entering a convent at the age of 23, Anselm left home with a single attendant and went through Burgundy and France for three years. Lanfranc of Pavia was attracted by the fame of his fellow countryman and reached Normandy in 1059. He returned the next year after spending some time in Avranches. After his father's death, he consulted with Lanfranc as to whether to return to his estates and use their income for charity or to become a monk.Lanfranc sent him to the archbishop of Rouen, who convinced him to enter the abbey at the age of 27. He wrote his first work on philosophy in his first year. The Rule of Saint Benedict changed his thinking. In 1063, Duke William II summoned Lanfranc to serve as the Abbot of the new abbey of St Stephen at Caen and the monks of Bec, with some dissenters at first on account of his youth. The opponent was a young monk. When his affection and trust were gained, he gradually withdrew his preference until he upheld the strictest obedientness. He remonstrated with a neighboring abbot who complained that his charges were incorrigible despite being beaten.Following the death of its founder, the warrior-monk Herluin, Anselm was unanimously elected as the abbot. The Bishop of vreux consecrated him on February 22, 1079. The foremost seat of learning in Europe was attracted to students from France, Italy, and elsewhere. He wrote the Monologion and Proslogion. The nature of truth, free will, and the fall of Satan were the topics of his dialogues. The first draft of De Fide Trinitatis was written when the nominalist Roscelin tried to appeal to the authority of Lanfranc and Anselm. The fame of the monastery grew from his intellectual achievements, but also from his good example and his loving, kindly method of discipline, as well as from his spirited defence of the abbey's independence from lay and archiepiscopal control.The lands across the Channel were given to the abbey by devoted lords after the Norman Conquest of England. Lanfranc, who had been installed as archbishop of Canterbury in 1070, was sometimes visited to watch the monastery's property, as well as to visit William I of England, who had been Duke William II of Normandy. He was respected by William I and the good impression he made while in Canterbury made him the favourite of its cathedral chapter as a future successor to Lanfranc. King William II appropriated the see's lands and revenues after the archbishop's death. When he was named to the position in opposition to the king, <mask> avoided going to England. The gravely ill Hugh, Earl of Chester, finally lured him over with three pressing messages in 1092, seeking advice on how best to handle the establishment of a new monastery at St Werburgh's. Hugh was occupied for four or five months by his assistance after he was recovered.The need to get royal approval of the grants delayed him from going to his former student Gilbert Crispin. William II promised the Holy Face of Lucca that no one would sit at Canterbury while he lived, but in March he fell seriously ill. He summoned Anselm to hear his confession and administer last rites because he believed his behavior was responsible. He promised to govern according to the law after releasing his captives. On 6 March 1093, the clerics gathered at court to praise him, forcing the crozier into his hands, and bodily carrying him to a nearby church. The monks of Bec refused to allow Anselm to leave because of his age and ill-health. The recently restored Bishop William of Durham and Robert handled the negotiations.According to the agenda of the Gregorian Reform, King William would have to return the Catholic Church lands which had been seized, accept his spiritual counsel, and forswear Antipope Clement III if he accepted the position. After agreeing only to the first and a few days later changing his mind, William Rufus suspended preparations for Anselm's investiture. The public pressure forced William to return to Anselm and they settled on a partial return of Canterbury's lands as his own concession. On 25 September 1093, he was enthroned at the cathedral after being given a break from his duties in Normandy. William II returned the lands of the see. In the 8th century, it was customary for metropolitan bishops to be consecrated without a woolen pallium sent by the pope. William wouldn't allow Anselm to go to Rome for this purpose.During the Investiture Controversy, Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV deposed each other twice, and the bishop loyal to Henry elected Guibert as a second pope. Philip I recognized Gregory and his successors Victor III and Urban II in France, but Guibert held Rome after 1084. William had the right to prevent the acknowledgement of either pope by an English subject prior to his choice. On December 4th, a ceremony was held to consecrate Anselm as archbishop, without the pallium. It has been argued if Anselm's reluctance to take the see was sincere or not. Southern and Kent maintain that Anselm preferred to remain at Bec. He was drawn to contemplation and would have disliked a political office as much as he disliked his own troubled age.In the medieval church, feigned reluctance to accept important positions was a common practice, as open eagerness risked earning a reputation as an ambitious careerist. She notes that his approach improved his negotiating position and that he acted at the right time to advance the interests of his see and the reform movement within the church. Stewardship, prudence, and proper instruction were some of the ideals maintained by the archbishop. He continued to push for reform and the interests of the province. He used expedient moments to press the English monarchy for concessions and support of the reform agenda. He was exiled from England twice because of his principled opposition to royal prerogatives. The Investiture Controversy begun by Pope Gregory VII and the emperor Henry IV was seen by historians as the English theatre of the papacy against lay authority.As a third pole in the controversy, Anselm has been seen as primarily concerned with the dignity of Canterbury rather than the church as a whole. He was the primate of Great Britain and Ireland and the vicar of the High Pontiff at the time of the charter. He freed Canterbury from submission to the English king, received papal recognition of the subservience of the York and the Welsh bishops, and gained strong authority over the Irish bishops by the end of his life. Pope Honorius II finally found in favor of York, despite the fact that he died before the dispute was settled. Although the work was largely handled by Christ Church's priors, Conrad and Ernulf, the expansion of the cathedral was done by Lanfranc. The cathedral's length was doubled because the eastern end was demolished and an expanded choir was placed over a crypt. The new choir had its own transepts and opened into three chapels.William II's desire for royal control over both church and State clashed with the vision of a Catholic Church with its own internal authority. In the month that William was consecrated, there was a conflict between the two men. William II needed funds to wrest Normandy from Robert II. They were expected to pay him. William was encouraged by his courtiers to insist on 1000 as a kind of annates for Anselm's elevation to archbishop. He pressed the king to fill England's other vacant positions, allow bishops to meet freely in council, and allow him to resume enforcement of canon law against incestuous marriages until he was ordered to silence. When a group of bishops suggested that William might now settle for the original sum, Anselm replied that he had already given the money to the poor and that he disdained to purchase his master's favour as he would a horse or ass.The king was told that Anselm's blessing for his invasion would not be needed as he hated him more than before. After leaving Canterbury, he began work on the Cur Deus Homo. After William's return, Anselm insisted that he travel to the court of Urban II to get the pallium that legitimized his office. The Lord Spiritual and Temporal of England met in a council to discuss the issue. On the next day, William ordered the bishops not to treat Anselm as their primate or as the leader of the church. The Bishop of Durham presented his case in favor of the king. The matter was put off after the conference ended in a stalemate.William sent William Warelwast and Gerard to Italy and Urban sent a legate bearing Canterbury's pallium. William's representative, the Bishop of Durham, negotiated with Walter, the bishop of Albano. The king agreed to publicly support Urban's cause in exchange for acknowledgement of his rights to accept no legates without invitation and to block clerics from receiving or obeying papal letters without his approval. William wanted Anselm to be removed from office. Walter said that there was good reason to expect a successful issue in accordance with the king's wishes but, after William's open acknowledgement of Urban as pope, he refused to depose the archbishop. William tried to get a payment from Anselm for the pallium, but was refused. William tried to personally give the pallium to the church's subservience to the throne, but was refused.The pallium was laid on the altar at Canterbury. The First Crusade was declared in November. Despite his service for the king which earned him rough treatment from Eadmer, the Bishop of Durham was consoled and blessed by <mask> on his deathbed. Over the next two years, William opposed several of Anselm's efforts at reform, including his right to convene a council, but no overt dispute is known. The Welsh had begun to recover their lands from the Marcher lords in 1094, but William's invasion in 1097 didn't accomplish much. William was forced to build a series of border forts. He tried to fine him for giving him insufficient knights for the campaign.In the face of William's refusal to fulfill his promise of church reform, <mask> decided to go to Rome in order to seek the counsel of the pope.

masks: Anselm Anselm Anselm


title: Anselm of Canterbury

type: paraphrased

texts: William denied him permission again. If he left, William would seize Canterbury and never again receive Anselm as archbishop, and if he stayed, William would impose his fine and force him to swear never again to appeal to the papacy. In October 1097, the first exile, <mask>, chose to leave. William immediately seized the revenues of his bishopric and kept them until he died. Urban was requested to allow him to resign his office. He was commissioned by Urban to prepare a defence of the Western doctrine against the Greek Church.According to Eadmer's biography, he lived beside the pope during the Siege of Capua in May. The count resisted the clerics' attempts to convert them to Catholicism despite being offered food and other gifts. At the Council of Bari in October, Anselm gave his defence of the Filioque and the use of unleavened bread. Although this is sometimes portrayed as a failed ecumenical dialogue, it is more likely that the "Greeks" present were the local bishops of Southern Italy, who had been ruled by Constantinople as recently as 1041. The formal acts of the council have been lost and Eadmer's account of Anselm's speech mainly consists of descriptions of the bishop's vestments. The Italian Greeks seem to have accepted papal supremacy. William II was also condemned by the council.Others attribute Urban's politics to the fact that he restrained the pope from excommunicating him. The Easter Council was held at St Peter's in Rome. There was a renewed ban on lay investiture and on clerics doing homage. He left the next day for Schiavi, where he finished his work, and then for Lyon. On August 2, 1100, Henry I WilliamRufus was killed hunting in the New Forest. Henry moved quickly to secure the throne before his older brother Robert returned from the First Crusade. Henry promised in his letter to submit himself to the archbishop's counsel.The cleric's support of Robert would cause a lot of trouble but he returned before establishing any other terms. After arriving in England, Henry ordered Anselm to pay homage to his Canterbury estates and to receive his investiture by ring and crozier again. The bishop refused to violate canon law despite doing so under William. Henry sent an embassy to present his case and refused to give up the right his predecessors had. Urban was banned from that mission and the one that followed it. Henry was supported by Anselm who threatened to invade his brother Robert. He wooed wavering barons to the king's cause, emphasizing the religious nature of their oaths and duty of loyalty, he supported the deposition of the new bishop of Durham, and he threatened Robert with excommunication.Robert gave up his claim for an annual payment of 3000 marks because of the lack of popular support for his invasion. The council held at Lambeth Palace found that Henry's beloved Matilda was eligible to wed and become queen because she didn't technically become a nun. The Gregorian Reform within England was established by the general church council of London in 1042. Marriage, drunkenness, and sodomy were banned by the council for those in holy orders. A resolution was obtained against the British slave trade. Henry continued to assert his authority over <mask> despite his support for his reforms. After their return, the three bishops he had dispatched on his second delegation to the pope claimed that the pope had been receptive to Henry's counsel.The king's envoy William Warelwast accompanied <mask> to Rome. In response to this third mission, Paschal excommunicated the bishops who had accepted investment from Henry, sparing the king himself. After this ruling, Anselm received a letter forbidding his return and withdrew to Lyon to wait for Paschal's response. Robert de Beaumont, Henry's chief advisor, was excommunicated by Paschal on 26 March 1105 for accepting investment from Henry. In April, he sent messages to the king directly and through his sister Adela expressing his willingness to excommunicate Henry. At a critical time in Henry's reign, a meeting was arranged and a compromise was reached at L'Aigle. If Anselm was given permission to do homage for their lands, Henry wouldn't bother with investiture, he'd just have to obey the papacy.The pope's forsaking of lay investiture was more important than the matter of homage, as was the insistence on the agreement by Anselm. Both clerics intended to continue pressing for reforms, including the ending of homage to lay authorities, despite Paschal accepting the terms established at L'Aigle. After this, he refused to return to England. Henry met with him in August of 1100. Henry had to make more concessions. He promised that nothing would be taken from the churches that had been seized by William and that he would give Anselm a security payment. Henry initially taxed married clergy and then extended the tax to all Churchmen in order to make up for the lost revenue.He agreed that any prelate who had paid would be exempt from taxation for three years. The rights of the church against the king were strengthened by these compromises. He came back to England before the new year. Henry renouncing the right of English kings to invest in the church after the Concordat of London formalized the agreements between the king and archbishop. The last two years of his life were spent in his archbishopric. He was able to get Paschal to send the pallium for the archbishop of York so that future archbishops-elect would have to be obedient. Thomas II received his own pallium and insisted on York's independence.All who didn't recognize the importance of the English Church were anathematized by Anselm from his deathbed. Thomas was ordered by Henry to confess his actions to the successor. On his deathbed, he announced himself content, except that he had a treatise in mind on the origin of the soul and did not know if another would write it. He died on Holy Wednesday. He was laid to rest at the head of Lanfranc at the south of the Altar of the Holy Trinity. His remains were relocated during the church's reconstruction after the disastrous fire of the 1170s. Count Perron, the Sardinian ambassador, contacted the archbishop on December 23, 1752, asking for permission to translate the relics from England to Italy.During his minority, Charles was duke of Aosta. The dean was ordered by Herring to look into the matter, and he said that the parting with the rotten Remains of a Rebel to his King, a Slave to the Popedom, and an Enemy to the Clergy should not be a big deal. Resistance on the part of the prebendaries seems to have quieted the matter after the ambassador insisted on witnessing the excavation. They thought that the state of the cathedral's crypts would offend the catholics and that it was probable that the side chapel to the south of the high altar took Anselm. His relics would have been placed in a shrine during the time of the Reformation. When inquiries were renewed in 1841, the ambassador's own investigation was of the opinion that Anselm's body had been confused with Theobald's and likely remained entombed near the altar of the Virgin Mary. The father of scholasticism, Scotus Erigena, had employed more mysticism in his arguments.Anselm's works attempt to render Christian tenets of faith, traditionally taken as a revealed truth, as a rational system. He carefully analyzed the language used in his subjects, carefully distinguishing the meaning of the terms employed from the verbal forms, which he found at times wholly inadequate. His understanding of Aristotelian logic was gathered from the works of Boethius and he reconciled his Neoplatonic view with Christianity. One of the most brilliant periods of Western philosophy was created by the philosophers who followed him, including William of Conches and Gilbert of Poitiers. He held that faith precedes reason, but that reason can expand upon faith. Unless I first believe, I will not understand. "Do not seek to understand in order to believe but believe that you may understand" was the advice given by St. Augustine in Tractate X of his Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John.The original title of the Proslogion was "faith seeking understanding", which meant "an active love of God seeking a deeper knowledge of God", according to Thomas Williams. Once the faith is held fast, however, he argued an attempt must be made to demonstrate its truth by means of reason: "To me, it seems to be negligent if, after confirmation in the faith, we do not study to understand that which we believe". He uses biblical passages and "what we believe" at times to raise problems or to present incorrect understandings, which are then resolved by reason. Two basic forms, dialogues and sustained meditations are taken by Anselm's treatises. He tried to show his initial audience of fellow monks and correspondents the rational grounds for central aspects of Christian doctrine. The subjects of Anselm's works were sometimes dictated by contemporary events, such as his speech at the Council of Bari, but he intended for his books to form a unity, with his letters and latter works advising the reader to. It seems to have been a recurring problem that early drafts of his works were copied without his permission.Monologion The Monologion, originally entitled A Monologue on the Reason for Faith, was composed by the archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm. Both Boethius and <mask> acknowledge their debt to the work in the Monologions prologue, but neither of them state anything which was not already dealt with in greater detail by St. Augustine's De Trinitate. He uses new and bold arguments to explain his reasons for believing in God. He attributes this style and the book's existence to the requests of his fellow monks that "nothing in these matters should be made convincing by the authority of Scripture". "If he is even moderately intelligent, anyone should be able to convince themselves of the existence of God through reason alone", begins the first chapter. He says that there are many different kinds and degrees of good. These are judged relative to a single attribute of goodness.He believes that goodness is good through itself. It must be the highest good and that it is also great. In other words, there is a thing that is supreme among all existing things. Chapter 3 argues that the "best and greatest and supreme among all existing things" must be responsible for the existence of all other things. Chapter 4 states that the highest level of dignity must have a single member. There is a substance or essence who through himself is good and great and through himself is what he is; through whom exists anything truly is good or great or anything at all; and who is the supreme good, the supreme being or subsistent. The attributes necessary to such a being are considered in the remaining chapters of the book.The Euthyphro dilemma is not addressed by that name. In each case of God's attributes, "God having that attribute is precisely that attribute itself". There is a letter that responds to Lanfranc's criticism of the work. The cleric took exception to the lack of appeals to authority. Since the Monologion''s arguments are based on evidence and logic, the Proslogion records his own unhappiness with them. Over the next two years, the Proslogion was written, originally titled Faith Seeking Understanding and then An Address on God's Existence. The extended direct address to God is written in the form of a letter.He was dissatisfied with the Monologion's arguments. His single argument that needed nothing but itself alone for proof is often taken to be the second chapter of the work. Even a non-believer can imagine a greatest being with all the attributes that nothing greater could exist. A still greater being with all of the attributes of the first and existence could be imagined. It is necessary that the truly greatest possible being exists. The necessarily-existing greatest being is God. The reasoning was known to the Scholastics as "Anselm's argument", but it became known as the ontological argument for the existence of God.Most of the rest of the work is likely to be included in the single argument, since he establishes the attributes of God and their compatibility with one another. It is better to be than not to be, and that is what Anselm proposes for a being greater than nothing else. Chapter 6 enumerates the additional qualities of awareness, omnipotence, mercy, impassibility, and immateriality. The question-begging nature of "greatness" is addressed in this formula by appeal to intuition and independent consideration of the attributes being examined. In the abstract, the incompatibility of omnipotence, justness, and mercifulness are

masks: Anselm Anselm Anselm Anselm


title: Anselm of Canterbury

texts: addressed by reason. He concludes in the 15th chapter that God is not only that than which nothing greater can be thought but something greater than can be thought. God's unity is such that all of his attributes are understood as a single nature, and each of them is what God is and what the other is.This is used to argue for the triune nature of the God, Jesus, and the one love common to both of them. The last three chapters are about God's goodness. The Manual of St Austin was the name of the collection of extracts from the work. The argument presented in the Proslogion was quickly opposed by Gaunilo, a monk from the abbey of Marmoutier in Tours. His book argues that we can't pass from idea to reality. An island greater than which nothing can be conceived is the most famous of Gaunilo's objections. It must exist in reality since we can imagine such an island.It's absurd since the shore might be increased or decreased depending on the tide. Klima, Grzesik, and others have constructed replies for him and others have concluded that Gaunilo's attack is definitive. Gaunilo had misinterpreted his argument. Gaunilo takes the description of "that which is greater than everything else that can be thought" to be equivalent to "that which is greater than everything else that can be thought". The point is that anything which does not actually exist is excluded from his reasoning. "Anything else other than God can be thought not to exist" stated the Proslogion. The single greatest entity can only be considered by the Proslogions argument.Both that entity and God are required to exist. The dialogues are a lesson between a gifted and inquisitive student and a knowledgeable teacher. The student is not identified but the teacher is. The syllogisms involved to ensure the terms in the premises agree in meaning and not merely expression are examined in the book. The 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 The dialogues "On Truth", "On the Freedom of Choice", and "On the Devil's Fall" were written by Anselm. It is also concerned with correctness in will, action, and essence as well.Correctness is the act of doing what a thing was designed to do. The existence of an absolute truth is affirmed by the use of Aristotelian logic. The existence of things and the correctness of thought form the fundamental principle that he identifies with God. He affirmed that "everything that is, is right". Correctness and free will are related to Anselm's reasoning. He doesn't consider this a capacity to sin but a capacity to do good for its own sake. The non-coercive aspect of free will enabled man and the rebel angels to sin despite the fact that God and the good angels were incapable of doing so.The case of the fallen angels serves to discuss the case of rational agents in general. There are two forms of good, justice and benefit, and two forms of evil, injustice and harm, according to the teacher. Independent choice allows rational beings to abandon bounds imposed by justice. Some angels were punished by God for their injustice because they chose their own happiness over justice. There was no happiness left for the angels who upheld justice because they are now incapable of sin. Humans retain the theoretical capacity to will but are unable to do so in practice because of the Fall. The book "Why God was a Man" was written in 1098 as a response to requests to discuss the Incarnation.The dialogue is between Boso, one of his students, and Anselm. The belief that Jesus's crucifixion was necessary to atone for mankind's sin is the core of the argument. Humans have offended God because of the Fall and fallen nature. All the actions of men are obligated to the furtherance of God's glory even though human beings are incapable of providing it. God's infinite justice requires infinite compensation for the impairment of his dignity. Peter Damian's flagellation was rejected by Anselm due to the enormity of the offence. God's infinite mercy inclines him to provide full recompense, which could only be made by him.The figure of Jesus was the only way to make an apology for humanity. Taking it upon himself to offer his own life on our behalf, his crucifixion accrues infinite worth more than redeeming mankind and permitting it to enjoy a just will in accord with its intended nature. The earlier theory developed by Origen and Gregory of Nyssa that focused on Satan's power over fallen man has been replaced by this interpretation that allows divine justice and mercy to be compatible. The legalist and amoral nature of the argument, along with its neglect of the individuals actually being redeemed, has been criticized by comparison with the treatment by Abelard and for its subsequent development in Protestant theology. "On Faith in the Trinity and on the Incarnation of the Word Against the Blasphemies of Roscelin", also known as "Letters on the Incarnation of the Word", was written in two drafts. It argued in favor of Trinitarianism and universals, as well as defending Lanfranc and Anselm from being associated with the supposedly tritheist heresy. It was written in the 10th century.He claimed to have written it out of a desire to expand on an aspect of Cur Deus Homo for his student and friend Boso. The two principles that formed the groundwork for the development of the dogma were laid by Anselm. Mary should be so pure that no purer being could be imagined. His treatment of original sin was the second. It was transmitted from generation to generation by the nature of sex. The change in human nature which occurred during the Fall was held to be the cause of Adam's sin. It was not possible for parents to establish a just nature in their children.Mary's case would be addressed by the dogma surrounding her own birth. There is a recapitulation of the treatment of the subject at the Council of Bari in the book "On the Procession of the Holy Spirit Against the Greeks". He said that human beings could not know God from an analogy. The self-consciousness of man was an analogy that he used. The relation of the Father to the Son is represented by consciousness, memory, and intelligence. The Holy spirit is represented by the mutual love of these two and their relation to one another. The book "On the Harmony of Foreknowledge and Predestination and the Grace of God with Free Choice" was written in the 11th century.It takes the form of a single narrator in a dialogue, offering presumable objections from the other side. The treatment of free will relies on Anselm's earlier works, but goes into greater detail as to the ways in which there is no incompatibility or paradoxes created by the divine attributes. In the 5th chapter, he talks about eternity from the Monologion. "Although nothing is there except what is present, it is not the temporal present, like ours, but rather the eternal, within which all times are contained." If the present time contains everything that is in any place, and everything that is in any time, then every time is encompassed in the eternal present. It is an overarching present, all beheld at once by God, allowing both his "foreknowledge" and genuine free choice on the part of mankind. Fragments survive of the unfinished work that would have been a dialogue about certain pairs of opposites, including ability/inability, possibility/impossibility, and necessity/freedom.Sometimes it is cited under the name. "On Mankind's Morals, Told Through Likenesses" was an unfinished work that was revised and expanded. The monk Alexander compiled a collection of his sayings. He prayed to many saints. The earliest letters written were to the Norman monks who followed Lanfranc to England in 1070. Southern asserts that all of Anselm's letters are statements of his religious beliefs, consciously composed so as to be read by many others. The letters were written between 1106 and 1107 and are sometimes bound as separate books.Although he rarely asked others to pray for him, two of his letters to hermits do so, "evidence of his belief in their spiritual prowess". His letters of guidance to Hugh, a hermit near Caen, and two to a community of lay nuns gave them refuge from the difficulties of the political world with which Anselm had to contend. Many of the letters addressed to the beloved lover are passionate expressions of attachment and affection. Some academics have characterized the writings of Anselm as expressions of a homosexual inclination, despite the fact that he was personally committed to the monastic ideal of celibacy. The general view is that the expressions represent a "wholly spiritual" affection that is nourished by an incorporeal ideal. The biographies of Anselm were written by his secretary Eadmer and his monk Alexander. Eadmer wrote about the struggles with the English monarchs.John of Salisbury compiled another about fifty years later. William of Malmesbury, Orderic Vitalis, and Matthew Paris all wrote full accounts of their battles against the second and third Norman kings. Alexander, Gilbert Crispin, Honorius Augustodunensis, and Eadmer were students of Anselm. His works were copied and disseminated in his lifetime and had an influence on the Scholastics, including William of Ockham. The discussion on the procession of the Holy Spirit and the atonement has been guided by his thoughts. Much of the later controversy over free will and predestination is anticipated by his work. An extensive debate about "nature and possibility" of Christian philosophy took place in the early 1930s.Modern scholarship is divided over the nature of Anselm's leadership. Frhlich and Schmitt argue that Anselm's attempts to manage his reputation as a scholar and cleric minimized the worldly conflicts he found himself forced into. The "carefully nurtured image of simple holiness and profound thinking" was used as a tool by a political operator, while the traditional view of the church leader was recorded by Eadmer. According to Veneration Anselm's hagiography, when he was a child, he had a vision of God on the summit of the Becca di Nona, with God asking his name, his home, and his quest before sharing bread with him. After sleeping, he went back to Aosta and spoke to his mother. The Council of Tours requested the canonization of Pope Alexander III. There is no record of him being canonized before Becket's murder, but he was listed among the saints at the time.It is thought that his cult was approved by Pope Alexander VI at the request of the archbishop. His feast day is celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church, as well as some forms of High Church Lutheranism. His relics are not sure of their location. The spiritual independence of the church is represented by a ship. The "Magnificent Doctor" is known as the "Marian doctor" because he was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church by Pope Clement XI in 1720. A chapel south of the high altar contains a stained-glass representation of the saint, flanked by his mentor Lanfranc and his steward Baldwin, as well as William II and Henry I. The Atheneum of St. Anselm was established in Rome in the 19th century.The seat of the Abbot Primate of the Federation of Black Monks was dedicated to him in 1900. On April 21, 1909, Pope Pius X issued the encyclical "Communium Rerum" praising Anselm and his writings. A celebration was held in New Hampshire in 2009, to commemorate the 900th anniversary of the death of Anselm. The Community of Saint Anselm is a religious order that is devoted to prayer and service to the poor, and was created in 2015. The Lesser Festival is held in the Church of England. The works were republished with many errors by Jacques Paul Migne. Hopkins's translations of the Proslogion, the "Meditations", and some prayers and letters are available here.There are places named in honor of Saint <mask> in the Fides quaerens intellectum. The Latin Library, the Christian Classics Ethereal Library, and the Online Library of Liberty have works by St. Anselm. 11th-century English Roman Catholic archbishops were from the Aosta


title: James J. Jeffries

texts: <mask> "<mask>" <mask> was an American professional boxer and world champion. He was known for his strength. <mask> fought out of a crouch with his left arm extended forward, using a technique taught to him by his trainer, Tommy Ryan. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He brawled his way to the top of the rankings, because he possessed one-punch knockout power in his left hook. He is most famous for being the United States "Great White Hope", since the nation expected him to come out of his retirement to beat the African-American boxer <mask> Johnson. <mask>ries was in his prime.He could run in just over ten seconds. <mask>' family moved to Los Angeles, California when he was seven years old. He went into boxing after working as a boilermaker. He was known as "The Boilermaker" in later life. A powerfully built and athletic teenager, <mask> boxed as an amateur until he started fighting professionally. <mask> knocked out Hank Griffin in the fourteenth round in his third fight. <mask> would fight three times.<mask> fought the top contender. After being knocked down with a brutal punch at the end of the final round, Ruhlin was saved by the bell from being counted out. Many audience members felt that <mask> won the decision. <mask> knocked out <mask> in three rounds in 1898 to win the title. <mask>'s first loss in his entire career was from a four-round fight thirteen years ago. Shortly afterwards, <mask> retired. <mask> defeated Pete Everett in the third round on April 22, 1898.Tom Sharkey was his next opponent. The 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The decision was won by <mask>ries. <mask>ries had earned the right to challenge for the title after defeating Bob Armstrong. He defeated Bob Fitzsimmons in the eleventh round to win the title. He embarked on a tour of Europe in August of that year. <mask>ries was involved in several motion pictures.Some of his exhibition matches and portions of his other bouts were filmed. In his first title defense, he won a twenty-five-round decision over Tom Sharkey. In his second title defense, <mask> knocked out <mask> in 45 seconds. His next defense was against <mask>. Corbett. Had the fight gone the distance, Corbett could have won. Corbett was knocked out cold in the third round of the fight. <mask> was given the chance to avenge his draw with Ruhlin when he defended his title on November 15, 1901.It's not true that Ruhlin quit during the fifth round. All of the local next-day San Francisco sources agree that Billy Madden threw in the towel during the one-minute interval between the fifth and sixth rounds. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The second meeting with <mask>ries took place in San Francisco. <mask>ries' daily training included a run, 2 hours of skipping rope, medicine ball training, 20 minutes sparring on the heavy bag, and at least 12 rounds of sparring in the ring. He trained in wrestling. Fitzsimmons was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217<mask> had a broken nose, his cheeks were cut to the bone, and gashes were opened over his eyes. As blood flowed into <mask>' eyes, it appeared that the fight would have to be stopped. <mask> knocked Fitzsimmons unconscious with a left hook in the eighth round. The last time <mask> and Corbett met was in the ring. <mask> was in total control for the entire bout. Tommy Ryan threw a palm-leaf fan into the ring to alert the referee that he should stop the fight. <mask>e was stopped in only two rounds by <mask> in his final title defense.In title fights, <mask> broke the ribs of three opponents. <mask> retired in 1905. He was a referee for the next few years, including the bout in which Marvin Hart defeated <mask> to claim <mask>' title. In his prime, <mask> had never been knocked down. <mask> probably fought more than twenty-two bouts at this time. Many of his fights were lost. Before his original retirement, <mask> had never been defeated.<mask> returned to the ring on July 4, 1910, at Reno, Nevada, in a match against <mask>, who had defeated Tommy Burns at Rushcutters Bay in Australia in 1908. The first black champion was Burns. The media put pressure on <mask> to fight and the promoter dangled wealth in front of him. In order to get the ex-champ back into the ring, Tex Rickard signed him to a personal contract, which included a guaranteed purse of $40,000, 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465. The 35-year-old <mask> had lost most of his muscle after a six-year lay-off. Both <mask> and <mask> were in excellent physical condition. It was a Herculean task for the ex- champ to lose weight in time for the fight.<mask>. Sullivan remarked during an interview with The New York Times that <mask>' personal doctor was so amazed at <mask>'s physical condition that he felt <mask> could win only if <mask> had a lack of skill. While

masks:
James Jackson
Jim
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack
Jeff
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Peter Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jeffries
Jeff
Jeff
Jeff
Jeffries
Jack Finnegan
James J
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeff
Jeff
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack Munro
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack Root
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Johnson
John L
Jeffries
Johnson
Jeffries
Johnson


title: James J. Jeffries

texts: the media instigated racist remarks about winning the title for whites, <mask>' final words before the fight were, "It is my intention to go right after my opponent and knock him out as soon as possible." His wife also commented, "I'm not interested in prizefighting but I A man plays with his dog on the morning of the fight. The seats that had been priced at $50 were being sold for $125 each. More than 1,000 spectators who were unable to get seats in the sold-out arena climbed over the walls to enter. Before the fight, which was scheduled for 45 three-minute rounds, famous boxers who had traveled to Reno to witness the contest were introduced to the crowd, including Sam Langford, a black boxer who was unable to secure a title fight, even from <mask>. <mask> was the one who received the greatest applause.<mask> entered the ring at three minutes to one P.M. in order to satisfy a superstition of his. The heat would make the match even more brutal. <mask> and <mask> were in the ring. Rickard was a referee. <mask> and <mask> could not agree on a referee, and Rickard's publicity-minded offers to President William Howard Taft and writer Arthur Conan Doyle to serve as referee were declined. Rickard had never worked a prize fight before. The boxers sparred in the first three rounds.After reading that no one could tie <mask> up on the inside due to his power, <mask> told the press that he would twist <mask>' arms behind him. He pinned <mask>' arms in back of him at the end of the fourth round, but <mask> broke the seal. Just before the bell, <mask> landed a solid overhand on <mask>' head. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The heat got to <mask> by round 13, but he was still the stronger man in the ring. He delivered a right and a right uppercut to <mask>ries' head at the end of the round. Jeffries was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217In round 15, <mask> caught <mask> against the ropes with a right upper-cut, followed by three left uppercuts that sent <mask> to the canvas for the first time in his career. As <mask> got up, <mask> hit him with a left hook that sent him to the canvas and through the ropes, putting his torso outside the ring. Helped to his feet by one of his seconds and a fan, as soon as <mask> was back in the ring he was rushed by <mask>, who knocked him down again with a right to the head. As Rickard moved in to separate the fighters, <mask> got up, but his manager entered the ring to stop the fight and save <mask> from being knocked out. The title was retained by <mask>. <mask> remarked that he knew the fight was over in the 4th round when he landed an uppercut to <mask>' face. He said he knew what that looked like.The old ship was in trouble. In his later years, <mask> worked as a fight promoter and trained boxers. He promoted fights out of a structure called the "<mask>ries Barn", which was located on his ranch at the southwest corner of Victory Boulevard and Buena Vista, Burbank, California. The ranch house was on the southeast corner until the early 1960s. <mask>ries Barn is now part of a Southern California amusement park. Seven years after suffering a stroke, <mask> died in bed with his niece. Bull instructed <mask> to call a doctor when he was living with her.<mask> died before the doctor arrived. The doctor blamed his death on a heart attack. He was buried in the Inglewood Park Cemetery. The legacy of <mask> is often forgotten. <mask> was once considered one of the greatest boxers of all time by many fellow boxers and boxing experts, such as <mask>, Willie Ritchie and Tommy Burns. <mask>. Corbett was impressed by <mask>' speed, and he weighed two-hundred twenty-five pounds. <mask> was the greatest champion of them all.The great fighter Sam Langford advertised to fight any man in the world except <mask>. Tom Sharkey thought <mask> would have beaten <mask> and <mask> on the same night. He said <mask> was strong and quick on his feet. <mask> was called the greatest fighter of all time by Sharkey. In an interview with Ring Magazine, <mask> stated that he thought <mask> was the greatest. In an interview, <mask> said <mask> would beat <mask>. <mask> said that he could never have whipped <mask> at his best.I could not have hit him. I couldn't have reached him in a thousand years. <mask> once said that <mask> was a tough gun. Each of us at our best, if we could have gotten in the ring together. I would have had my chin knocked off. William Brady, who managed both <mask> and <mask>, said that <mask> was never fitted for the role of World's Heavyweight Champion. One of the most formidable fighting machines the prize ring ever produced was described by Nat Fleischer, founder of Ring Magazine and The Ring Record book.<mask> was rated the all-time best by Dan Morgan, the fight manager for forty years. <mask> was called a champion by Morgan. "<mask> will always live in my memory as the greatest boxer of his time," said Tex Rickard, famed sportsman and promoter. He gave all he had. He didn't know the meaning of fear. "To sum up his qualities of ringsmanship, it may be said he is fairly talented in every branch of self-defense," said W. W. Naughton, sports writer of the day. He punches, defends, and strikes a hard blow.The qualities which have made him a champion are back. Dewitt Van Court, boxing instructor and athletic director of the Los Angeles Athletic Club, wrote that he was with <mask><mask> when he first started to box. When he won the Championship, I was with him. I was with him when he lost it. He is a true friend with a heart as big as his body, a man who has been with him all his life, even though he was the greatest champion that ever lived. There is a plaque on the sidewalk at the site of <mask>' death. After being stored at Burbank City Hall, the plaque was moved to the Gordon R. Howard Museum, which is located on the southeast side of Buena Vista  150 yards south of Victory Boulevard.<mask> Avenue runs between Burbank and Victory Blvds and is named after him. In 1990 <mask><mask> was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame. Kid Speed, One Round Hogan, Beau Broadway, Rain or Shine, The Fighting Gentleman, and Midnight Patrol are all boxing

masks:
Jeffries
Jack Johnson
Jake Kilrain
Johnson
Jeffries
Johnson
Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Johnson
Jeffries
Johnson
Johnson
Jeff
Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Johnson
Jeffries
Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Johnson
Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeff
Jeff
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack Root
James J
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jim Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack
Joe
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack Johnson
Jeffries
Johnson
Jeffries
Joe Louis
Jeffries
Johnson
Jack Dempsey
Jim Jeffries
Jim Jeffries
Jim Corbett
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Big Jim
James J
. Jeffries
James Jeffries
Jeffries
James J
. Jeffries


title: Herman Trunk

texts: <mask> was an American painter who was active in the 1920s and 1930s. Some of the most famous artists of the day were exhibited by him. His contributions to abstract art are being recovered by scholars. The art competition at the Summer Olympics featured his work. Born in New York City to a family of printmakers, <mask> spent most of his life in the family's home at 135 Essex Street in Brooklyn. He was interested in art as a child at the Dominican Convent School and as a young adult at the Pratt Institute. During World War I, <mask> joined the Army and served in Europe.After returning to the states, <mask> resumed his studies of painting, working at the Art Students League in 1919. He studied with Henry Lee McFee. In the mid-1920s, <mask> decided to use watercolor as his main medium after learning about Cubism from McFee. In 1935, the Brooklyn Eagle newspaper had an interview with <mask>. While you still feel it, you can get a thing done after figuring out its content and form. The Art Students League of New York, the Society of Independent Artists, and the National Academy of Design exhibited <mask>'s work in the 1920s. In 1925, a New York gallery owner became interested in <mask>.His first one-man show at Dudensing Galleries took place in November–December 1928 and received many positive reviews. The beauty is alive because of the blood of poetry and energy. His work was often compared to Charles Demuth, but once his skill with color determination and line design emerged, he was recognized as having a style extremely individual. He has a remarkable flair for reducing natural objects to their essential shapes and primary colors, a process saved from any posterlike suggestion because of the sensitive treatment and appreciation for subtleties of color and design. As his fame grew within the art community in New York City, <mask>'s work moved towards geometric and architectural experiments. In 1931, Zoltan Hecht's School for the New Age reproduced one of <mask>'s sailboat images as a hand-hooked rug, an item which attracted the notice of architect and designer Eugene Schoen. The first and second biennial exhibitions at the Whitney Museum of American Art were held in 1932 and 1934.He was the only artist from Brooklyn to be included in the Whitney Exhibit in Venice in 1933. He was involved in group exhibitions at the Brooklyn Museum. The gallery collapsed as a result of the depression. The artist showed his work in New York. A one-man exhibition was held at Grant Studios in Brooklyn in March 1939. The New York Sun said of the Grant exhibit, "He will paint in the same composition the outside of a house and its interior as well, present within a single frame three seasons at once, and yet in either case contrive to weld the whole into a decorative entity." The way in which it flashes on the drowsing memory when it is not focused on any particular thing is similar to the way in which the bits of experience come in dreams.To be appreciated it must be seen. <mask> was a progenitor of the 1960s Pop art genre with his work after World War I. During the 1920s and 1930s, <mask> exhibited alongside some of the most prominent artists in American modernism, including Charles Demuth, John Marin, Stuart Davis, Joseph Stella, Joseph Pollet, Edward Hopper, and Arthur Dove. His work was supported by many people. Ford Madox Ford praised <mask>'s work in a January 20, 1928 letter. The spring 1989 exhibition at Herschl & Adler Galleries was the beginning of <mask>'s recovery as a major American modernist painter. His background and commitments were traditional, as he was a devoted husband and father, which is why he was overlooked by art historians.He was nicknamed "The Candlelight Painter" by the media in the 1920s because he maintained his job as a printmaker and painter at night. During the period of anti-Catholic sentiment, <mask> was a faithful Catholic. Cynthia Fowler examined the impact of <mask>'s Catholic faith on his art in the exhibition <mask>: Catholic Modernist and the accompanying exhibition catalogue. A discussion of <mask>'s still-life paintings, the work for which he is best known, is included in the catalogue. The October 2009 conference in honor of <mask> at Emanuel College focused on the role of faith in the artistic movement. As a result of a World War I injury, <mask> was nearly blind, and as a result social networking at galleries and shows was difficult for him. Interest in <mask> is growing.There were two shows in 2009. Endicott College in Beverly, Massachusetts hosted "<mask> (1894-1963) and the Modernist Still Life" in October and December. The National Museum of Catholic Art and History is interested in his work. "<mask>'s Cubist Crucifix: A Case Study" was published in December of 2011. There is a DVD videorecording relating to <mask>'s career as a modernist painter in the trunk's papers and private collections. There are letters from B.F. Morrow to Charles J. Simpson. Among others are Zoltan Hecht and Kimon Nicolaides.There is an artist statement, one notebook labeled Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, Etruscan, and Greco-Roman, and two notebooks listing information on art works by <mask>. The photographs show <mask>, his wife, and others. Many of his paintings remain in the possession of his family and with private collectors. The Herman Trunk Foundation was formed in order to preserve the artist's legacy. Endicott College, "Herman Trunk and the Modernist Still Life" and The Herman Trunk Foundation are external links.

masks:
Herman Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Herman Trunk
Trunk
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Trunk
Trunk
Herman Trunk
Herman Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk


title: Stephen Marley (musician)

texts: <mask>'s son, <mask>, is a Jamaican-American musician. Three times as a solo artist, twice as a producer of his younger brother Damian's Halfway Tree and Welcome to Jamrock albums, and a further three times as a member of his older brother Ziggy's group. The album Revelation Pt. was released in 2011. The root of life won a gramophone for best Reggae album Revelation Pt. is his follow-up. The Fruit of Life was released in July of 2016 In his solo albums Mind Control, Mind Control Acoustic, Revelation Part I: The Root of Life, and Revelation Part II: The Fruit of Life, he has composed and produced all the songs.On April 3, 2017, they played their song "Options" on The Tonight Show. He was born in Delaware and raised in Jamaica. The seven-year-old son of Bob and Rita began his musical career as a member of the child band the Ziggy <mask> and the Melody Makers. The song " Children Playing in the Streets" was written by <mask>. The United Nations Children's Fund received proceeds from the sale of the song. <mask> was the lead singer on the single "Sugar Pie". At the 1978 One Love Peace Concert in Kingston, Jamaica, and at the 1979 Reggae Sunsplash in Montego Bay, <mask> and Ziggy were mentored into music by their father.The brothers performed at their father's funeral. After <mask>'s death, the Melody Makers continued with songs such as "What a Plot" in 1982, as well as "Lying in Bed" and "I Met Her on a Rainy Day" in 1984. Their first album was called Play the Game Right. The group gained fame with hits such as "Tomorrow People," "Tumblin' Down," and "Lee and Molly." With their third album, Conscious Party, the group gained fame with hits such as "Tomorrow People," "Tumblin' Down," and "Lee and Molly." The album went to the top of the charts in the U.S., and the youngest recipients of the Best Reggae album for Conscious Party were 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 The song "Look Who's Dancing" was written by Ziggy and <mask> and was a hit on One Bright Day. At 17 years old, <mask> shared the lead vocals with his big brother and performed a song that featured energetic backing female vocals by Sharon, Cedella and Erica.The nickname "Raggamuffin" or "Ragga" was given to <mask> as he was the first <mask> to engage in rap/deejaying. Free Like We Want to B, Joy and Blues, and Fallen is Babylon were some of the albums released in the 1990s. <mask> was an instrumentalist, writer, and co-producer, but also performed the lead vocals on some songs. <mask> produced some of the songs "Works to Do" and "Water and Oil", as well as adding ragga to Ziggy's singing. The song "Tipsy Dazy" written and fronted by <mask> was featured in the soundtrack of the 1997 Hollywood film. They won three awards for Best Reggae album. Chant Down Babylon was a remake of <mask>'s music that featured hip-hop, R&B and rock stars.The song "Turn Your Lights Down Low" was a B side song on the 1977 Exodus album, but it became a huge hit thanks to the single "Turn Your Lights Down Low". In 1996, <mask> produced debut albums by two of <mask>'s sons. <mask> produced Damian's first three albums, as well as Halfway Tree (2001) and Welcome to Jamrock (2005). Damian's collaboration album with Nas, "Distant Relatives", was produced by <mask>. <mask> produced the songs "Patience," "Leaders" and "In His Own Words" on that album. The Fugees reworked <mask>'s "No Woman No Cry" in the mid 1990s, as well as producing music for popular hip-hop artists such as Krayzie Bone and Erykah Badu. He produced music for artists such as Capleton, Inner Circle, and "Sunshine Girl" from the "Reign of Fire" album.Queen Ifrica, Cedella <mask>, and Etana were featured in a tribute to Nina Simone. After many years in the background as a producer, <mask> finally became a solo artist, releasing the albums Mind Control, Mind Control Acoustic, Revelation Part I: The root of Life, and Revelation Part II: The Fruit. His first three solo albums wonGrammy awards, adding to the three awards he had already won as a member of Ziggy <mask> and the Melody Makers and the two other awards he earned for producing younger brother Damian's albums Halfway Tree and Welcome to Jamrock. Mind Control, which featured the single "Hey Baby" featuring Mos Def, peaked at number 35 on the Hot 100, while Revelation Part I: The Root of Life and Revelation Part II: The Fruit of Life both peaked at position 92. All of <mask>'s albums were number 1 on the charts. In its Mind Control album review published on April 13, 2007, the Austin Chronicle wrote that <mask>'s solo debut is everything a modern reggae album should be. <mask> has developed an ambitious ear for music.The tradition of Mind Control layers rests in strong hands, as they are aware of the music's deep roots yet awash in dancehall toasts and hip-hop beats. Jon Pareless wrote in The New York Times on July 20, 2016 that being <mask>'s son has given <mask> a voice with familiarity, some instant brand recognition and a cultural responsibility. On "Revelation Pt. A few guest rappers were added to Mr. <mask>'s album, but he kept his roots reggae sound. Revelation Pt. II strives for both innovation and radio friendly. Mr. <mask> lives up to the ambition that his last name demands of him.He lives in Miami, Florida, where he has a home and a recording studio. His oldest son, Jo Mersa, is a musician. "Beatdown", her debut single and music video, was released on June 6, 2018, by her father. The lead artist as well as the featured artist on Television appeared in the second season of the show. He performs "Chase Dem" on the stage of Harlem's Paradise as Bushmaster takes over the club. <mask> has a website, Ghetto Youths, and a concert review on E's Concert Reviews.

masks:
Bob Marley
Stephen Robert Nesta
Marley
Bob Marley
Stephen
Stephen
Bob Marley
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Marley
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Bob Marley
Stephen
Bob Marley
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Bob Marley
Marley
Marley
Marley
Marley
Stephen Marley
Stephen
Bob Marley
Stephen Marley
Marley
Marley
Stephen Marley


title: George Eustice

texts: The Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs is a British politician and former public relations executive named <mask>. He is the Member of Parliament for Camborne and Redruth, a member of the Conservative Party. <mask> was a candidate for the UK Independence Party in the 1999 European Parliament elections. He later joined the Conservative Party and was the Director of Communications, and from 2005 to 2008 he was the Press Secretary to the leader of the opposition. Eustice joined Portland Communications. Eustice was elected to the House of Commons. Eustice was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in October of last year.He was promoted to Minister of State on May 11, 2015. He resigned from this position on February 28, 2019. Prime Minister Boris Johnson reappointed Eustice to his previous role. He became Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs on February 13, 2020. <mask> was born into a farming family in Penzance. His parents were named Olds and Eustice. He grew up at a fruit farm.He was educated at the private schools of Truro Cathedral School and Cornwall College at Pool. He ran for Cornwall's cross country team and was a member of the Cornwall Athletic Club. He worked in his family business for nine years after graduating from college. Eustice was a candidate for the UK Independence Party in the 1999 European Parliament Elections. Eustice was appointed as Campaign Director for "No" in 2000 to ensure that the UK did not adopt the Euro as the national currency. Michael Howard was the leader of the Conservative Party at the time. During his time as leader of the opposition, he served as David Cameron's press secretary and was part of the Leadership campaign team.<mask> was employed by Portland Communications, a public relations company. Eustice was the official Conservative Party candidate for the Camborne & Redruth Constituency. <mask> was elected Member of Parliament for Camborne & Redruth on 6 May 2010 with a majority of 66 votes over Julia Goldsworthy. The result was confirmed after a recount. He had the second smallest majority of any Conservative elected at the 2010 election, with only Dan Byles 54 vote majority in North Warwickshire being lower. It is a special honor for me to represent my hometown in the House of Commons. My family have lived and worked in the area for more than 400 years, and I was brought up between Camborne and Hayle.One feels a special responsibility for its long-term future when one has deep roots in a constituency. He said "My No." later in the speech. Economic regeneration will be the priority for the area. <mask> was asked to take a leading role in the "No to AV Referendum" campaign because of his work for the "No" Group, which opposed the adoption of the Euro as currency in the UK. He argued in September that the heritage of Cornwall should be administered by a Cornish organization. The Fresh Start Group was set up by <mask> and two other Conservative MPs to look at the options for a new UK-EU relationship. He wrote an article in The Guardian in June 2012 that argued for the UK to remain within the EU.According to The Financial Times, on 10 July 2012 the Fresh Start Group released a research paper that called for "reducing the overall size of the EU budget, overhauling the Common Agricultural Policy to which the UK contributes about $1 billion a year and repatriating structural funds." <mask> was elected to the Executive Committee of the 1922 Committee as part of the "301 Group" of newer MPs. Statutory underpinning of independent press regulation was supported by Eustice. On 21 June 2012 he made a submission to the Leveson Inquiry and wrote an article in The Guardian urging both journalists and politicians to back a Royal Charter. Tim Montgomerie argued that greater press regulation was now more likely. <mask> was a member of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee from July 2010 until November 2013. Eustice was appointed to the "Number 10 Policy Board" to advise the Prime Minister on energy and environment issues.Jo Johnson, Jesse Norman, and Peter Lilley were all appointed to work on Conservative policies. He was criticized by The Daily Telegraph for signing a letter calling for tougher regulation of the press because he had previously been the subject of negative media coverage. According to the newspaper, he was nicknamed "Useless" by some sections of the press and had a difficult relationship with the media because of their treatment of David Cameron. Eustice said that the existing system was flawed and that it would be better to have credible and independent regulation earlier in the process. <mask> was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, with responsibility for farming and food, marine and fisheries, and animal health. He was promoted to Minister of State for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food on May 11, 2015. In May 2016 it was reported that Eustice was one of a number of Conservative MPs being investigated by police for spending more than the legal limit on constituency election campaign expenses.The Crown Prosecution Service said in May that it did not meet the test for further action because there was evidence of inaccurate spending returns. In August 2016 <mask> was accused of having a conflict of interest over receiving subsidies on his family businesses while being involved in developing the plans for the replacement system to the EU farming support. He was re-elected twice. <mask> resigned from his position as Minister of State for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in protest at Prime Minister Theresa May's promise to allow MPs a vote on delaying the UK's departure from the EU if her deal fails to get through. Eustice stated that it would be dangerous to go to the EU cap at the 11th hour and beg for an extension. <mask> was appointed the new Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs on February 13, 2020. Eustice said his dream job was the post.In an interview with Sky News in February 2020, Eustice refused to guarantee that the UK government would ban chlorinated chicken as part of a UK–US trade deal. He said the UK government was committed to high standards for food safety and animal welfare and there were no plans to change food standards laws. Eustice was accused of having close ties to the farming industry. After Eustice oversaw an expansion of licenses for it in 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson signaled an end to badger killing. In late 2020, Eustice repeatedly expressed his support for the Internal Market Bill, despite the fact that it was a violation of formal commitments made by the Conservative government of which he is a part. If there is table service, a Scotch egg is a substantial meal in law. During a Sky News interview in December 2020, Eustice was shown footage of Millwall F.C.The players are taking a knee. The English Football League and the Football Association condemned the behavior of those supporters. Eustice said that he had not seen the incident and that the issue of race and racial discrimination is something that we all take very seriously. Eustice broke his government's pledge to retain a ban on the use of neonicotinoid pesticides, which have been implicated in pollinator decline. The Kept Animals Bill, Animal Welfare (Sentience) Bill and Animals Abroad Bill were announced by Eustice in May. The bills would make the microchipping of cats compulsory and ban live animal exports for slaughter. He said the government would look at banning practices such as import of foie gras and inhumane poultry caging.In August 2010, <mask> welcomed the Government's decision to invest £5 million into the regeneration of Hayle Harbour. Eustice argued that local social enterprises and community trusts should be involved in regeneration plans, according to the West Briton. <mask> promised to reduce the burden of water charges in his election campaign. At a meeting of the Environmental, Farming and Rural Affairs Select Committee in October 2010 he raised the issue of higher water rates paid by South West England consumers and challenged the chief executive of Ofwat to implement the recommendations of the Walker Review which could lead to a decrease in water rates for South. The third annual taxpayer-funded subsidy of £50 for all South West Water customers was announced in the Comprehensive Spending Review on 26 June. He welcomed South West Water's price freeze until 2015. The Cornwall Centre, the new facility to house the county's store of historic manuscripts and Cornish materials, was called for by Eustice in March.The town of Redruth has a strong mining tradition which led to widespread migration across the world. <mask> welcomed the decision to base the facility in Redruth. Before his election, <mask> was campaigning for government funding to build a link road at Tuckingmill. Wilson Way would lead to Dolcoath Road. The new road would remove traffic from the A3047 and the East Hill junction, reduce congestion, noise and improve air quality, according to Cornwall Council. The Secretary of State for Transport cut the first turf to mark the start of work on the road after the project was approved by the Department for Transport. The road was funded by the European Regional Development Fund.<mask> was the leader of the Conservative Party's opposition to the Conservative Government's plans to impose VAT on hot food, which eventually led to a "U-turn" in Government policy. He was a fan of the reverse in policy. In May of last year, Eustice marriedKaty Taylor-Richards in the Chapel of St Mary Undercroft at the Palace of Westminster. George's Online Diary 1971 births Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Living people Politicians from Cornwall Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall People educated at Cornwall College

masks:
Charles George Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
George Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice


title: Charles Thomson (artist)

texts: <mask> is an English artist, poet and photographer. He was a member of The Medway Poets. The Stuckists art movement was founded in 1999 by him and Billy Childish. He ran an art gallery, stood for parliament and reported <mask> to the OFT. The media often quotes him as an opponent of conceptual art. He was married to an artist. <mask> attended the same school as Douglas Adams and was born in Essex.He was involved in mixed media arts at school and contributed to Broadsheet, a magazine for school arts groups. He started the Havering Arts Lab outside of school. The headline was "Sex Orgy Tale- Group Banned" in the Havering Express newspaper. 'Lubricant' was a satirical magazine that ran for 10 issues. He stood as a Dwarf in the Havering council elections in 1971 and was involved in anti-pollution protests. He distributed "underground" magazines in London. He was the only person in ten years to fail the painting degree at the college.He was a receptionist and telephonist at Kent County Ophthalmic and Aural Hospital. He was a full-time poet, with work in over 100 anthologies. <mask> was a founding member of The Medway Poets, a punk performance group who read in pubs, as well as the Kent Literature Festival and the 1981 international Cambridge Poetry Festival. There were disagreements between Billy Childish and <mask>, especially when he started heckling my poetry reading and I threatened to ban him from a forthcoming TV documentary. A TV South documentary on the group brought them to a wider audience. The two of them were at war from 1979 until 1999. He was threatening to have bouncers on the doors of the readings to keep me out.<mask> said the period was "an incredibly pressured and creative time and established the basis on which we are still working." Bill Lewis was one of the future Stuckist artists. The girlfriend of Billy Childish was on the outskirts of the group. <mask>'s first book of writing, Turkish Tales, was published in 1987 by Childish. The Stuckists art group was founded in 1999 after <mask> reconciled with Childish. <mask> came up with the name "Stuckism" after Childish recorded a 1993 poem in which he said he was stuck. The group was critical of the Turner Prize and <mask>'s promotion of Britart.<mask> gained extensive media coverage for his activities and outspoken views after Childish left the group. The worldwide movement of the Stuckists grew to over 100 groups in 30 countries. He staged yearly protests against the Turner Prize using props such as clown costumes and blow-up sex dolls. He was a Stuckist candidate in the 2001 United Kingdom general election. The then-unknown artist was exhibited by him the same year. The couple separated after two months of marriage. The Stuckism International Gallery was opened by <mask>.In 2004 he reported Saatchi to the OFT for alleged unfair trading practices in the art world. The first major exhibition in a public gallery for the Stuckists was co-curated by him. In 2005 he offered to give 175 paintings from the Walker Gallery show to the Tate Gallery, but it was rejected by the trustees. The Tate Gallery minutes about the purchase of Chris Ofili's work The Upper Room were obtained under the Freedom of Information Act. The Charity Commission censured the Tate in July 2006 for acting outside its legal powers after an ongoing press controversy about the purchase. In June 2006 he wrote to the British Prime Minister Tony Blair asking him to intervene in the case of Michael Dickinson, who was facing a possible 3-year jail sentence in Turkey for showing a satirical picture of the Turkish Prime Minister. <mask> presented an academic paper in the Triumph of Stuckism exhibition and symposium in October of 2006The events were organised by Naive John at the invitation of Professor Colin Fallows, Chair of Contextual Studies at the School of Art and Design. He writes a regular arts column for 3:AM Magazine, which carries work by a number of Stuckists, ex-Stuckists and their opponents. A man named <mask> was briefly married to an artist. She accepted <mask>'s invitation to form The Westminster Stuckists group and to exhibit some of her paintings publicly for the first time in the show after meeting him at the private view of the Vote Stuckist show. She renamed her group The Unstuckists. They were married in New York on August 8, 2001 after dating for two months. They had an intense row after she said she wanted a divorce.They didn't meet again for a week after she left him. She couldn't cope with his controlling behavior. The marriage ended in 2001. October 2003 was when they were granted a divorce. In February 2004, <mask> said that he was pleased that she had got success, but it was he and the Stuckists, not Saatchi, who had discovered her. The first blood to Saatchi as a star is born. She said that her marriage to <mask> was "an utter disaster", that the marriage and the Stuckist group were not right for her, and that it was a misogynistic cult."I couldn't face stripping any more and it was too bloody good to marry him because he had paid off my debts," she said. <mask> said that they had a business arrangement to promote themselves as an art couple, there was no condition of marriage, and that she was selling herself short by saying that was her motivation. In 2004, she said that she had only seen <mask> once in the previous two years. She told The Times that it was "impossible to explain" why she married <mask>, that he didn't care about art or the Stuckist movement, and that he saw her as a means of gaining his own publicity. He's a very exploitative man. In June 2007, he said that the marriage was done in 2001, a few weeks after the ceremony, and that he had never seen him again. On 28 March 2004, <mask> reported Saatchi to the Office of Fair Trading for alleged breeches of the Competition Act and cited as an example Saatchi's promotion of Vine, a situation which made the row more bitter.<mask> said that the OFT did not have "reasonable grounds to suspect that <mask> is in a dominant position in any relevant market". The owner of a painting withdrew it from the show after she threatened suicide if her work was included. Two of <mask>'s paintings, Stripper and Strip Club, were included in a group show at the Spectrum London gallery. She had painted images that were far more upsetting for people, that he would prefer her to enjoy them as he did her art, and that they were painted as a catharsis not as an attack. She didn't say anything. I Won't Have Sex with was held at the A Gallery in Wimbledon in July 2007, at the same time as the opening of the major solo show at Modern Art Oxford. In September, <mask> wrote in The Jackdaw that she should have been one of the Turner Prize nominees for her show at Modern Art Oxford because the Tate gallery did not have work by a number of figurative painters.The satirical painting of Sir Nicholas Serota, Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision, has become a Stuckist icon. Sarah Kent, an advocate of Britart, was less impressed with the satire: "One might forgive his puerile humour if <mask> didn't consider it a serious weapon." <mask> pointed out that it was reality. A few weeks after I did the painting, Tracey Emin was shown on TV getting very angry about an installation because someone had replaced another pair of underwear for hers. <mask>'s painting of Serota was exhibited during the Go West show at the Spectrum London gallery in London. The Tate's rejection of a Stuckist donation of 175 paintings the previous year was thought to be the reason for this. <mask> paints with black outlines and areas of flat colour.The painting, I Feel Bad When I Reject Your Love, is different. He said it was based on something a girlfriend had said to him. I thought it was a negative picture, but I realized it was a reconciliation after self-knowledge. It is unclear as to who is speaking. Most of my paintings are based on my experiences with people I know, usually on a drawing from life, but in this case I took a photo of her. The paintings are based on line drawings with a black wax crayon. The canvases are enlarged.It can take up to an hour to mix the first colour on the canvas. He says the final image is a synthesis of material, emotional and spiritual experience. Gallery references include Stuckism Remodernism and International Gallery References. Interview with <mask> on I Feel Bad When I Reject Your Love Triumph of Stuckism symposium official site.

masks:
Charles Thomson
Charles Saatchi
Charles Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Charles Saatchi
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Charles Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Charles Saatchi
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Charles Thomson