title: John Palmer (composer)

texts: <mask> is a musician. <mask> began his music career as a musician. He studied piano with Eva Serman at the Lucerne School of Music in Switzerland in the 1980s, as well as composition with Edison Denisov and Vinko Globokar. He obtained a PhD in composition from City University London in 1994. Composition with Vinko Globokar at the Dartington Summer School, analysis with Jonathan Harvey at the University of Bristol, and conducting with Alan Hazeldine at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama are some of the further studies. Since 1987 <mask>'s works have focused on orchestral, instrumental, vocal, chamber music. Opera Re di Donne is a Chamber Opera in One Act, for 4 singers and ensemble with electronics.There areHypothetical Questions for string orchestra with string quartet. The double concerto for violin and cello was performed by the choir and orchestra. Omen was the first prize winner of the City of Lucerne Cultural Prize. Beyond the Bridge won the second prize in the Bourges International Competition for Electroacoustic Music. The first prize winner in the Sinfonietta Orchestral Competition Contest was Concertino. The second prize winner of the Tokyo International Competition for Chamber Music Composition was Theorem. The second prize winner in the 1996 City of Klagenfurt International Composition Prize was the second string quartet.The selection of Transient for Soprano, prepared piano and electronics was part of the Bourges International Competition for Electroacoustic Music. The medal of the President of the Italian Republic for Transference was given to the winner of the Citt di Udine International Competition for Composers. The Presque Rien International Competition Prize was won with mémoires. In the Temple - Animato Records ACD6144. I Am - Animato Records ACD6143. Animato Records has a record called Musica Reservata. There is a record called Beyond The Bridge in Edition Memnosyne. Theorem in Living Artists Recordings, Vol.3.Present Otherness is a label by living artists. Hinayana, Epitaph, between. Still, Satori. As it flies, Nowhere. Inwards, Drang, Transient, Fado. Without in Dots/Lines, Takao Hyakutome is a song by Verso L'Alto. There is a limited edition.The Presque Rien Competition Prize CD label features Mémoires in Presque Rien. I was in Paris. There is a limited edition. Looking Within: The Music of <mask> - Dialogues and Essays is an edited book. The Vision Edition was written by Jonathan Harvey. An aural score, analysis and discussion in Vision Edition. Vision Edition 002-MP is about rhythm to go.The year 2013. The fourth edition of the book. Jonathan Harvey's Bhakti for chamber ensemble and electronics was published in 2001. Formal Strategies in Composition are used. The PhD thesis was from the City University of London. The introduction to "Images of the mind" was published in 1997. The paper was given at the 1997 KlangArt International Congress in Osnabrck, Germany.The book was published in Musik und Neue Technologie 3. A paper on conceptual models of interaction was given at the 1997 Sonic Arts Network Conference. The Seamus Journal is in the USA. No. XIV. The summer of 1999. The paper was given at the 1998 Seamus Conference in New Hampshire. The Seamus Journal is in the USA.No. XIII, No. Fall 1998. Paper for the Stockholm Hey Listen! is about listening towards a new awareness of a neglected skill. The Royal Swedish Academy of Music published the International Conference on Acoustic Ecology. The paper was given at the 1999art Congress. Epos music Universittsverlag Osnabrck was published in 2003 The lesson of freedom: Remembering Luc Ferrari was published in 'Soundscape - The Journal of Acoustic Ecology'.6, No. In the spring and summer of 2005. Soundscape ReferencesBreathing Silence An interview with a man. The picture was taken in 2011. The journal is called Musica/Tecnologia. The Firenze University Press was published in 2011.The Ambiguity of Sounds was reported in 1974. <mask> is a composer and pianist. Christian Peter Meier is a writer. The Luzerner Zeitung was published in 1993. Intervista is a <mask>. Lia De Pra Cavalleri is a writer. The Swiss Journal of culture and politics in education was published in April of 2003In Italian. Interview in Composition today. By Christian Morris. The main publisher of Composers Edition is Bellmann Musik.

masks:
John Palmer
John Palmer
Palmer
John Palmer
John Palmer
John Palmer


title: Emil Kraepelin

type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> was a German psychiatrist. H. J. Eysenck's Encyclopedia of Psychology states that he is the founder of modern scientific psychiatry. <mask> believed that the main cause of psychiatric disease was biological and genetic malfunction. His theories dominated psychiatry at the start of the 20th century and, despite the later psychodynamic influence of Sigmund Freud and his disciples, enjoyed a revival at century's end. He claimed his own high clinical standards of gathering information by means of expert analysis of individual cases, but also drew on reported observations of officials not trained in psychiatry. His textbooks do not contain detailed case histories of individuals, but mosaic-like compilations of typical statements and behaviors from patients with a specific diagnosis. He developed a large-scale, clinically oriented, epidemiological research programme.<mask>, whose father was a former opera singer, music teacher, and later successful story teller, was born in 1856 in Neustrelitz, in the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in Germany. His brother Karl introduced him to biology when he was 10 years old. The University of Wrzburg was where Kraepelin completed his medical studies in 1868. He studied experimental psychology with Paul Flechsig. Kraepelin had a lifelong interest in experimental psychology based on his theories. The Influence of Acute Illness in the Causation of Mental Disorders was written by Kraepelin. His license to practice medicine was granted on August 9th, roughly equivalent to an MBBS, after he completed his Rigorosum, Staatsexamen, and Approbation at Wrzburg.He worked at the University of Munich in the late 19th century. In February 1882, he returned to the University of Leipzig and worked in the neurology clinic and the psychopharmacology laboratory. His thesis was titled "The Place of Psychology in Psychiatry". He completed his umhabilitation on December 3, 1884. The first edition of Compendium der Psychiatrie: Zum Gebrauche fr Studirende und Aerzte was published in 1884. He argued that Psychiatry was a branch of medical science and should be investigated by observation and experimentation. He started to establish the foundations of the modern classification system for mental disorders by calling for research into the physical causes of mental illness.<mask> proposed that by studying case histories and identifying specific disorders, the progression of mental illness could be predicted. He was appointed director of the Treatment and Nursing Institute in Dresden in 1884 after becoming senior physician in the town of Leubus. <mask> was named Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Dorpat at the age of 30 on 1 July 1886. I). He became department head at the University of Heidelberg on December 5, 1890. He became the director of the University Clinic at Dorpat. He began to study and record many clinical histories in detail and was led to consider the importance of the course of the illness with regard to the classification of mental disorders.<mask> became Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the University of Munich in 1903. He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The head of the German Association for Psychiatry from 1906–1920, he began plans to establish a centre for research in 1912. The German Institute for Psychiatric Research was founded in 1917 after a large donation from the Jewish German-American banker James Loeb, who had at one time been a patient. It was maintained by donations from Loeb and his relatives. The Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the advancement of science took over in 1924. The Rockefeller Foundation made a large donation enabling the development of a new building for the institute along Kraepelin's guidelines, which was officially opened in 1928.Kraepelin spoke out against the barbarous treatment that was prevalent in the psychiatric asylums of the time, and crusaded against alcohol, capital punishment and the imprisonment rather than treatment of the insane. It was recommended for the sedation of agitated patients. He did not accept theories that innate or early sexuality was the cause of mental illness. He was interested in the collection of clinical data and the study of the brain. As a champion of social Darwinism, he promoted a policy and research agenda in racial hygiene and eugenics. Kraepelin spent his remaining years establishing the institute after retiring from teaching. After his death, the ninth and final edition of his Textbook was published.It was ten times larger than the first edition. Kraepelin was planning to visit Buddhist shrines at the time of his death, according to his daughter. The traditional view of mental illness was referred to as "symptomatic" and "clinical" by Kraepelin. His synthesis of the hundreds of mental disorders classified by the 19th century, grouping diseases together based on classification of syndrome, rather than by simple similarity of major symptoms in the manner of his predecessors, turned out to be his paradigm-setting synthesis. In the 5th edition of his textbook, Kraepelin described his work as a "decisive step from a symptom to a clinical view of insanity." External clinical signs are important. The conditions of origin, the course, and the end result from individual disorders have been taken into account.All categories that were purely symptomatic have been removed from the nosology. Psychosis and mood Kraepelin is credited with the classification of what was previously considered to be a unitary concept of psychosis, into two distinct forms, known as the Kraepelinian dichotomy. Drawing on his long-term research, and using the criteria of outcome and prognosis, he developed the concept of dementia praecox, which he defined as the "sub-acute development of a peculiar simple condition of mental weakness occurring at a youthful age". In the fourth German edition of his Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie, which was published in 1893, this concept was included as a diagnostic entity, but separate from catatonia and dementia paranoides. The concept was similar to that of Ewald Hecker's hebephrenia. In the sixth edition of the Lehrbuch, all three clinical types are treated as different expressions of the same disease. One of the principles of his method was the recognition that any given symptom may appear in virtually any one of these disorders; e.g., there is almost no single symptom occurring in dementia praecox which cannot sometimes be found in manic depression.A specific pattern of symptoms is what distinguishes a disease from the underlying pathology. It is possible to distinguish a disease by its specific pattern of symptoms, but only if there is a direct test or marker for it. Kraepelin's system is a method for pattern recognition. It has been claimed that Kraepelin demonstrated specific patterns in the genetics of these disorders and patterns in their course and outcome, but no specific biomarkers have yet been identified. The relatives of manic depression are more likely to be schizophrenics than the general population. This doesn't show genetic linkage, but it might be a socio-environmental factor as well. The course and outcome of these conditions were reported by him.Kraepelin believed that manic-depressive patients experienced a course of illness which was intermittent, where they were relatively symptom-free during the intervals which separate acute episodes. Kraepelin named what we now know as schizophrenia, dementia praecox, which means the irreversible mental decline. It became clear that dementia was not the cause of mental decline and was renamed schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler. "It is becoming increasingly obvious that we cannot distinguish these two diseases," Kraepelin said in 1920. Those patients with their personality intact are on the other side. A diagnostic category of schizoaffective disorder would be brought in to cover the intermediate cases because of the overlap between the diagnoses and neurological abnormality. Kraepelin focused very little on his speculations about the causes of his two major insanities, dementia and manic-depressive insanity.He held to the idea that these insanities would one day be found to be caused by a gradual systemic or "whole body" disease process, which affected many of the organs and nerves. In the first through sixth edition of Kraepelin's influential psychiatry textbook, there was a section on moral insanity, which meant a disorder of the emotions or moral sense without apparent delusions or hallucinations. He said it was mainly due to degeneration. Kraepelin said it was not yet possible to identify the theories of the "born criminal" by their physical characteristics. The section heading "The born criminal" was changed from "Congenital feeble-mindedness" to "Psychopathic personality" in 1904. They were treated under a theory. There are four different types of people: born criminals, pathological liars, querulous persons, and Triebmenschen.The concept of "psychopathic inferiorities" was popularised in Germany by Julius Ludwig August Koch. Kraepelin's assumption was that it was simple "biologism", since there was no evidence or explanation for a congenital cause. Gustav Aschaffenburg argued for a variety of causes. Kraepelin's assumption of a moral defect rather than a positive drive towards crime has been questioned, as it implies that the moral sense is somehow inborn and unvarying, yet it was known to vary by time and place. Kurt Schneider criticized Kraepelin's nosology on topics such as Haltlose for appearing to be a list of behaviors that he considered undesirable, rather than medical conditions, though Schneider's alternative version has also been criticized on the same basis. Remarkable similarities remain between the DSM-V and ICD-10 despite the introduction of many essentials of these diagnostic systems. The issues would most likely be considered under the category of personality disorders or Kraepelin's focus on psychopathy.In his 1896 edition, Kraepelin referred to a number of psychopathic conditions. The new category of psychopathic personality was introduced from 1904. In the eighth edition from 1909, there would be a separate "dis social" type, as well as the unstable, the Triebmenschen driven persons, eccentrics, the liars and swindlers, and the quarrelsome. It has been said that it is remarkable that Kraepelin now considers mood disorders to be not part of the same category, but only the more mild phases of manic depression. According to Alzheimer's disease, there is a specific brain or other biological pathology underlying each of the major psychiatric disorders. He was a co-discoverer of Alzheimer's disease and his laboratory discovered its pathological basis. Kraepelin was confident that one day it would be possible to identify the pathological basis of each of the major psychiatric disorders.<mask> wrote on social policy issues when he became Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the University of Munich in 1903. He was a strong advocate of racial hygiene. His publications focused on crime, alcoholism and hysteria. Kraepelin believed that the education system and the welfare state undermined the Germans' biological struggle for survival because they broke the processes of natural selection. He was concerned about preserving and enhancing the German people in the sense of nation or race. He seems to have held Lamarckian concepts of evolution. He was a strong supporter of the work of Rdin to clarify the mechanisms of genetic inheritance as to make a so-called "empirical genetic prognosis".According to Martin Brune, Kraepelin and Rdin were ardent advocates of a self-domestication theory, a version of social Darwinism, which held that modern culture was not allowing people to be weeded out. Weakening of viability and resistance, decreasing fertility, proletarianisation, and moral damage due to "penning up people" were some of the symptoms Kraepelin saw. The number of idiots, epileptics, psychopaths, criminals, prostitutes, and tramps who descend from alcoholic and syphilitic parents is incalculable. The well-known example of the Jews, with their strong disposition towards nervous and mental disorders, teaches us that their advanced domestication may eventually imprint clear marks on the race. Brune states that Kraepelin's nosological system was built on the degeneration paradigm. Influence Kraepelin's work, which had neither the literary quality nor paradigmatic power of Freud's, is not read outside of scholarly circles. Kraepelin's contributions were marginalized throughout the 20th century as a result of Freudian etiological theories.His views now dominate many quarters of mental health research. The American Psychiatric Association's DSM-IV and the World Health Organization's ICD system are based on his theories. Kraepelin developed a large-scale, clinically oriented, epidemiological research programme. He used a wide range of sources and networks to get clinical information. He would draw on the reported observations of officials not trained in psychiatry despite proclaiming high clinical standards for himself to gather information by means of expert analysis of individual cases. Detailed case histories of individuals are not included in the various editions of his textbooks. He has been described as a bourgeois or reactionary citizen.The style of Kraepelin's books made them useful for physicians. The English translations of the sixth and seventh editions of his textbook did not adequately convey the literary quality of his writings. Two of Santiago Ramn y's disciples were trained by Alois Alzheimer and <mask> at the beginning of the 20th century. He edited Psychologische Arbeiten, a journal on experimental psychology, in the early years. He made a famous contribution to this journal in the form of a monograph. There is a book entitled ber Sprachstrungen im Traume. Kraepelin studied for more than 20 years language disorder in dreams in order to study indirectly schizophasia.Kraepelin's dreams are his own. They don't have much comment by the dreamer. The full range of biographical knowledge available on Kraepelin is necessary in order to study them. <mask>, E. ber Sprachstrungen. There is a person named Engelmann in Leipzig. It's online.E<mask>. There are memoirs. New York: Springer-Verlag. The works of Burgmair, Wolfgang, Eric J., and others were collected. The man is <mask>. There are 9 volumes. The city of belleville was in Germany from 2000 to 2019.There is a new edition of Vol. I: Persnliches, Selbstzeugnisse was published in 2000. The second edition of "Werke und Briefe" was published in 2001. Briefe I, 1868–86, was published in 2002. IV: Kraepelin in Dorpat was published in 2003 Kraepelin in Heidelberg was published in 2005. The first edition of Kraepelin in Mnchen I was published in 1903–1914.VII: Kraepelin in Mnchen II: 1914–1920 was published in 2009. VIII: Kraepelin in Mnchen III was published in 2013. IX: Briefe und Dokumente II: 1876-1926 is also known as the Kraepelinian dichotomy comparison of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Harvard University Press covers Cambridge and London. There are English translations of <mask>'s works, as well as those in the original German. For English translations of <mask>'s work, see: On Uprootedness (1921) and Psychiatric Observations on Contemporary Issues (1919).

masks:
Kraepelin
Kraepelin
Kraepelin
Kraepelin
Kraepelin
Kraepelin
Kraepelin
Emil Kraepelin
Kraepelin
. Kraepelin
Emil Kraepelin
Kraepelin
Kraepelin


title: Jo-Michael Scheibe

texts: The Department of Choral and Sacred Music at the Thornton School of Music at the University of Southern California was chaired by Jo-<mask>. He is the Professor of Choral and Sacred Music at USC and conducts the USC Chamber Singers. He became the National President-elect of the American Choral Directors' Association in 2008. <mask> previously served as the organization's Western Division President, as well as the National Repertoire and Standards Chairperson for Community Colleges. Singers under his leadership have sung at six national ACDA conventions, as well as two national Music Educators National Conference and various regional and state conventions. A native of Southern California, <mask> developed his love for music through his singing in church. After earning a degree in vocal and choral music education at California State University at Long Beach, he taught high school music.The University of Miami's Frost School of Music was one of the appointments. The preparation of choruses for Sir Colin Davis and the London Symphony Orchestra, as well as choral performances with Luciano Pavarotti, José Carreras, Salvatore Licitra, Maria Guleghina and Kenny Loggins, have all been done by <mask>. There are recordings on the Albany, Cane, Naxos, Arsis, and ANS labels. <mask> performs new works of choral literature and is a champion of contemporary music. He helped to launch careers of promising young composers and to promote music by international composers largely unknown in the United States. The Jo-Michael Scheibe Choral Series is distributed by Santa Barbara. After a 15-year tenure as director of Choral Studies at the University of Miami, <mask> returned to the University of Southern California in the fall of 2008.He received his D.M.A. He attended the University of Southern California. They are M.M. He received a distinguished alumni award from California State University at Long Beach. The Master Chorale of South Florida is one of the organizations that Scheibe has served as music and artistic director of. He has directed music ministries in churches as well, most recently at Coral Gables Congregational Church, where he conducted the Chancel Choir and vocal ensemble, which appeared at the ACDA Southern Division Convention in Nashville. A member of Chorus America, the International Federation of Choral Music, and other organizations.He conducted for Mozart. Mozart's first compositions were in the Salzburg Dom. In addition to being a clinician, conductor and adjudicator at the university, community college, community and secondary levels, Scheibe is in demand internationally as a conductor and adjudicator. The USC Chamber Singers have a DVD called "Sony Classical Legacy: Sixty Years of the USC Chamber Singers." The USC Chamber Singers have a DVD called "My Christmas: 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 Portrait of the Soul- Frost Chorale was recorded by USC in 2009. 2006 There is a record label called EMI Records.Maslanka Mass has a wind symphony. 2006 Naxo Records is a record label. The University of Miami Chorale has a song called What Dreams May Come. February 2004. There are records in Albany. Coral Gables Congregational Church Choirs welcome all Wonders.October 2003 The University of Miami Chorale is an opera. December 2002. There are records in Albany. The University of Miami Chorale performs Love of My Soul. June 2002. There are records in Albany.StevenEdwards wrote Ave Maria Mass for the University Chorale and London Sinfonia. StevenEdwards and Albany Records produced it. The November 2001 CD was for Walton Music Corporation. In 2001, 2002, and 2003 Blue is the first symphony by James Syler. It was produced by Albany Records. May 2001.The Choral/Orchestral Music of Robert Rodriguez. March 2001 It was produced by Albany Records. Carlos Brass Selections by Monteverdi, Gabriel, Chilcott, and others are included in Christmas with the Empire Brass. Sound Mirror produced it. November 2000 The works of Conte, Clausen, Lauridsen, Gower and Descedos are in Voices and Light.July 1996. It was produced by Albany Records. The University of Miami has a Chorale. June 1996. Cane Records is a record label. The Spanish Christmas Carols were produced and distributed by ANS Records. The University of Miami Abend Kammerchor is comprised of members of the University of Miami Chorale Sing Out with Joy.It was produced by CPP/BelWIN, Inc. The Northern Arizona University Chorale contains works by Peter Eben, Stephen Chatman, and William Grant Still. July 1993 The NACM 09 With a Whisper is a Northern Arizona University Chorale. June 1992. The Northern Arizona University Chorale features works by Giovanni Palestrina, Francis Poulenc, and John Paynter. June 1991.The works of Frank Martin, René Clausen, Toms de Victoria and Conrad Suza are included in the Northern Arizona University Chorale. June 1990. The Northern Arizona University Chorale and Chamber Singers perform. Music of Sid Robinovich, Clement Janequin, and Oliver Messiaen. June 1989. The University of Miami Chorale Students were published by Winter Night Publishing. June 1994.The Morning Star is Northern Arizona University Chorale, Men's Chorale, and Choral Union. December 1992. The NACM 08 Simple Graces are the Northern Arizona University Chorale and the Choral Union. December 1990. The Northern Arizona University Chorale and Choral Union perform Christmas music. December 1989. USC Faculty Profiles ACDA National Membership Jo-Michael Scheibe Choral Music Series 1950 births Living people American choral conductors American male conductors (music) California State University, Long Beach alumni University of Miami faculty Thornton School of Music alumni

masks:
Michael Scheibe
Scheibe
Scheibe
Scheibe
Scheibe
Scheibe


title: Ralph Klein

texts: The 12th premier ofAlberta and leader of the Progressive Conservative Association ofAlberta from 1992 until his retirement in 2006 was a Canadian politician and journalist. <mask> was the 32nd mayor ofCalgary from 1980 to 1989. He was born and grew up in Canada. After dropping out of High School in the 11th grade, <mask> joined the Royal Canadian Air Force reserves and attended the business college. <mask> later worked in public relations with non-profits. The challenges of the working class, social outcasts and First Nations were reported by <mask> after he became a prominent local journalist. The boom and bust of the oil industry in the 1980s was overseen by <mask>, who was elected Mayor of the city in 1980.<mask> served as Environment Minister in the Cabinet of Don Getty for four years after he resigned as Mayor. In 1992, <mask> was elected as leader of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta and went on to lead the party to a majority government in the 1993 election. After 14 years as premier, <mask>'s tenure ended when Ed Stelmach took office. <mask> won four consecutive majority governments as premier. Early in his term, <mask>'s informal style endeared him to the people of the province, and his political longevity and centralized management style earned him the nickname "<mask>". During <mask>'s time as premier, he oversaw a short period of drastic cuts to the public service and privatization of government services, this fiscal strategy ended in the late 1990s as rising oil and gas prices increased provincial tax revenues resulting in spending increases and paying down of the provincial government debt. <mask> was the son of Philip Andrew <mask> and Florence JeanetteHarper.His paternal grandparents came from Germany and England. Phil was a poor man who rode the rails during the Great Depression in order to find work. He married a waitress and lived in the basement of her parents' house in order to make ends meet while working in construction. When he was five or six years old, <mask>'s parents separated and he lived with his maternal grandparents in the north end of the city and with his mother in Rocky Mountain House. <mask>'s father was a professional wrestler for most of the 1950s using the name Phil "The Killer" <mask> and later became a businessman after separating from his mother. After dropping out of high school in grade 11, <mask> joined the Royal Canadian Air Force and went on to complete high school. After his 18th birthday, <mask> returned home from the Air Force.<mask> was a teacher and principal of the College after studying accounting and business administration. He studied at a university. <mask> took a position as a public relations official at the Red Cross and United Way's offices in Canada in the 1960's. On April 29, 1961, <mask> married Hepner. <mask> was training with the Air Force when they met. As two strong willed individuals, there were many difficulties in maintaining their relationship, and after several separations in the late-1960s and early-1970s, <mask> and Hilda formally divorced on March 29, 1972 with adultery cited as the grounds for divorce. They got custody of their two children.Colleen Evelyn Hamilton, a single mother with two children working as an accounting clerk with Imperial Oil and as a bartender by night, was married to <mask> for three months after his divorce. They were married in Colleen's mother's basement and had a child together. <mask> was a radio and television personality in the 70's and 80's. He was the Senior Civic Affairs reporter. <mask> was a reporter who could see through rhetoric and built a reputation for thorough reporting. <mask> was ostracized from the journalist community because of his reporting style. <mask> would still appear in the afternoon with a new story despite skipping morning assignment meetings.<mask> was a frequent patron of the St. Louis Hotel bar in the East Village of the City. Following the election of anti-establishment Mayor Rod Sykes, <mask>'s early civic affairs beat centered around him. The relationship between the Mayor and <mask> could be described as fleeting, as <mask> warned the Mayor of a cannabis bust involving the Mayor's 13-year old son, which <mask> believed would involve planting the drugs on the minor. <mask>'s reasons were somewhat selfish, as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation story on a proposed convention centre benefiting from city sources would have been released before <mask>'s story on the topic. The invasion of privacy charges were thrown out of court because of the leak of the meeting recordings. <mask> reported on stories which emphasized the lower-class, outcasts and challenges faced by those who did not benefit from urban renewal after the 1973 oil crisis. Through his work, <mask> built strong relationships with the community and helped show a more accurate and generous image of the Chinatown area.<mask> produced compelling and vivid stories about biker gangs which were both open and critical about the organizations, all the while building strong relationships by both living and partying with the gangs. <mask> was hired by Thompson MacDonald to investigate the feelings of the Blackfoot people about the 100th anniversary of Treaty Seven. The news director was worried about <mask>'s behavior because he did not contact MacDonald for a long period of time. After being arrested for a bar fight with a government official, <mask> made contact from jail. <mask> was introduced to the indigenous religion by members of the Blackfoot, who provided him with a spiritual advisor. <mask>'s reporting resulted in a moving documentary about the gap between white intentions and aboriginal realities. <mask>'s documentary focused on the poverty and difficulty of life, and interviewed grocery store owners who sold huge quantities of vanilla extract to desperate alcoholics at inflated prices.<mask> only shared the elements outside of the documentary with close friends and family because he valued his time living with the Blackfoot people. <mask> was christened "White Writer" by the Siksika and called a friend. Mayor <mask> was dissatisfied with the direction of the city and the proposed civic centre. The proposed city centre required City Council to purchase properties in a five block area. His topics included his displeasure with the city's heavy-handed "block busting" and expropriation tactics, the polluted state of the Bow River, transportation planning and the Ctrain, weakness of open government and freedom of information, but always. <mask> was able to grab the attention of voters in the city through his articles. <mask> rushed over and filmed the event after he was told that a film crew and actor were digging through garbage in a downtown alleyway.An advertising agency admitted to producing an election television advertisement for Mayor Alger. Alger had previously noted his new "civic centre" would remove undesirable populations, and the report on the advertisement showed him as cynical and manipulative. Dreams, Schemes and Sandstone Dust brought the human element to the civic centre debate, interviewing the bar regulars, hotel tenants and small business owners who were set to be bulldozed, creating a narrative that the areas historic but rundown buildings were worth preserving. The morning after the film crew incident, <mask> appeared at the news meeting and announced he would run for Mayor against Alger. <mask>'s campaign got off to a rocky start with little funds and little knowledge of how to organize volunteers. He hired two people to co-manage his campaign, but neither was very good at it. After convincing <mask> to run for Mayor, a group of 20 of his friends formed the "Klein Gang", which remained with him throughout his political career.His campaign began to take off after he opened his office in a small space donated by a local businessman. He first met Rod Love in this office. Love initially offered to work for Alger's campaign, but was not offered a position he was interested in. Despite being strained financially, the <mask> campaign continued to grow, raising a total of $22,000. In the week before the election, <mask>'s public position was thought to be neck and neck with Alger, and ahead of Petrasuk. Alger had accumulated $150,000 for the election, had strong support in the Chamber of Commerce, and a clean name. Petrasuk was a prominent lawyer with a large ethnic voter base.<mask> tried to get an endorsement from the former Mayor who still held sway amongst voters, but he declined as he had previously promised the other candidates he would not endorse any candidate, but agreed to an interview which he would say that <mask> stood a chance in the election. The final mayoral debate took place 36 hours before the polls opened, with Alger and Petrasuk battling over rising budgets while <mask> ignored the topics and spoke of accountability, open government and making Calgarians proud of the city. <mask>'s victory on October 15, 1980 came as a shock to many in the city including his own father who refused to believe the news, and shortly afterwards <mask> was installed as the 32nd Mayor of the city. <mask> was declared "The People's Mayor" by the Herald a day after the election. <mask> was re-elected twice. <mask> began his term as mayor with a significant infrastructure project. As the city prepared a bid for the 1988 Winter Olympics, the Flames were relocated to the city.A stadium was necessary for both purposes and City Council debated the merits of several locations for the city's new Olympic Coliseum and narrowed their choices to two areas in the Victoria Park neighbourhood on the east end of downtown. Two other sites, one on the west end of downtown, and a late bid by several businessmen pushing to build the arena in the northern suburb of Airdrie were also considered. If necessary, the Victoria Park Community Association will oppose the city's Olympic bid. On March 3, 1981 City Council voted to build a 20,000 seat arena on the grounds of the Stampede. The community continued to fight the city over the re-zoning of the land to allow for the new arena despite fears of traffic congestion in their neighbourhood which resulted in numerous costly delays to the start of construction. In July 1981 the provincial government was asked to take over the land designated for the arena in order to end the battle. Despite protests by community associations, the province supported the city and allowed construction to begin.Builders began construction of the arena on July 29, 1981. The XV Olympic Winter Games official report stated that the fact that this facility was already being built added credibility to the bid and proved to be a positive factor. The 1988 Winter Olympics were held in the first Canadian city to host the winter games. The Canadian Olympic Association proposed a bid that would spend three times as much as the other group. The city competed against other bids for the Olympics, including one from Sweden and another from Italy. The games were viewed as a success by <mask> and the city of calgary, but it was not without its issues. OCO'88 was forced to admit that up to 50 percent of seats to top events had gone to insiders after residents were promised that only 10 percent of tickets would go to "Olympic insiders".The organizing committee admitted that it had failed to properly communicate the obligations it had to supply IOC officials and sponsors with priority tickets. OCO'88's ticketing manager was charged with theft and fraud after he sent modified ticket request forms to Americans that asked them to pay in US funds rather than Canadian funds, and to return them to his company's post office box. <mask> mistook the King of Norway Olav V for his driver and asked him to get the car. After <mask> bummed a cigarette from him, Olav explained who he was as he pulled out his silver cigarette case. Light rail transit <mask> oversaw the development of the Ctrain, which began operation on May 25, 1981 shortly after <mask>'s first term began, and expanded as the city has increased in population. The system is part of the transportation department in the city. Political pressures led to the commission of the "Northeast Line", which runs from Whitehorn station to the downtown core, with a new downtown terminal station for both lines.The "Northwest Line", the extension of the South Line to the city's northwest, opened in time for the 1988 Winter Olympics. The National Energy Program was introduced in the October 1980 budget by the federal government in order to impose revenue-sharing burdens on oil and gas revenues in the province. The city had an economic boom while he was mayor. This was not the same as the global recession of the 1980s. Many unskilled labourers came from all over the country to work in the city. <mask> gained national attention by blaming easterners for straining the city's social services and police. <mask> was a supporter of the Liberal Party.He supported Brian Mulroney in the federal election. <mask> was approached by the premier to join the Progressive Conservative Party. As the financial position of the province deteriorated with the drop in oil and gas prices, he saw the popular Calgary Mayor as a valuable candidate. <mask> demanded a Cabinet position in the government. Prime Minister Brian Mulroney offered <mask> a cabinet appointment in exchange for joining the federal Progressive Conservatives, but <mask>'s wife was against the move. In the 1989 general election, <mask> was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the riding of Calgary-Elbow. <mask> defeated Gilbert Clark and two others with over 50 per cent of the vote.He had to wait two months to be elected to the "safe" Progressive Conservative district of Stettler after losing his home seat in the election. The consolidation of environmental statutes was one of the accomplishments of <mask> as Minister of the Environment. <mask> had a positive reputation amongst industry and environmentalists. <mask> dealt with a number of controversial issues, including the Oldman River Dam. There was a general election in 1993 in which the support of the Progressive Conservatives was dropping. An $11-billion debt was caused by the average deficits of $2.6-billion per year that the government ran. With polls showing the Liberals ahead, he decided to retire from politics in 1992.The Liberals made gains when they criticized the Progressive Conservatives' fiscal responsibility, the province's rapidly rising debt, and the government's involvement in the private sector. Prior to the 1992 convention, the leadership selection rules were changed to a one member, one vote system, which required at least one candidate to get a plurality of votes. Up to the close of the polls, party membership could be purchased. Nancy Betkowski, the Minister of Health, and seven other candidates competed against <mask>. <mask> made arguments similar to Liberal leader Decore's while campaigning for Progressive Conservative leadership. His government was declared "out of the business of business" after he favored a near-immediate balancing of the provincial budget and rapid debt repayment thereafter. Reporters, politicians and other candidates criticized <mask> for his off approach to governance and partying."We can't win this province back - we can't be the government - with a smoking, drinking, paving, glad-handing premier," said Minister of Culture Doug Main. <mask> came second in the first ballot with 16,362 votes, one behind Betkowski. <mask> received an overwhelming majority with 46,245 votes (60 per cent) compared to Betkowski's 31,722, and was elected leader of the Progressive Conservatives, and one week later was sworn in as the premier. Despite endorsements from the Progressive Conservative caucus for Betkowski, <mask>'s success at the leadership convention was a surprise to political observers. <mask>'s victory has been attributed to populist support from rural Albertans who purchased memberships between the first and second ballot. The 12th premier of the province was appointed on December 14, 1992. Seven months after <mask>'s appointment as premier, the new government began preparing for an election.Nancy Betkowski, John Oldring, Doug Main, and Rick Orman did not contest the 1993 election. During the 1993 campaign, <mask> highlighted the changes he had implemented during his short time as premier. Decore argued that the Progressive Conservative party had no moral authority on the issues that <mask> was campaigning on. The 1993 election was a success for <mask> even though his party lost eight seats. The Progressive Conservatives gained 0.2 per cent of the popular vote in 1989 and retained a majority government, with all but two seats in Calgary. Decore's Liberals formed opposition with 32 seats and 40 per cent of the popular vote, while Ray Martin's New Democrats lost 16 seats and were shut out of the Legislature. The 1993 election was <mask>'s least successful provincial election, with the 32 Liberals forming the largest opposition during <mask>'s 12 years as premier.<mask>'s 1997 election reached a plurality of voters with 51 per cent of the popular vote and 63 seats in the Legislature. In the 2001 election, <mask>'s government won 62 per cent of the popular vote and 74 of the 83 seats. Nancy MacBeth, the former leader of the Progressive Conservative, was defeated in the 2001 election. In 2004, <mask>'s final election as premier, the Progressive Conservative's support dropped and they lost 62 seats with 47 per cent of the popular vote. The world price of oil dropped from over US$35 per barrel to below $10. As a result of the crises of the 1970s and 1979 and high fuel prices, the economic activity in industrial countries slowed in the early 1980s. The world is in a surplus of oil, according to Time Magazine.By 1993, the debt of the province had reached C$23 billion. The early 1990s recession was largely mitigated by lower oil prices. The first financial challenge of <mask>'s

masks:
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King Ralph
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title: Ralph Klein

texts: premiership was the generous payments and "double-dipping" where former cabinet ministers were able to draw immediate pension payments while sitting as backbenchers. <mask> tried to diffuse the issue by amending the plan, but when that didn't satisfy the public, he eliminated the pension plan entirely and added to his credibility. <mask>'s long-term goals were balanced budgets and repayment of the debt. The basis of <mask>'s 1993 provincial election was the Financial Review Committee's 1993 report which promised to balance the provincial budget by 1997 without raising taxes. The Klein Revolution, also known as the "Alberta Advantage", was the core of the economic plan.The elimination of more than 4,000 public service positions through amalgamation or elimination of government agencies was the first priority. The privatization of liquor retailers and motor vehicle and property registration services resulted in the elimination of more than 1,700 government jobs. The 1994 budget required all departments to cut 20 per cent from their operating budgets and all public servants including Members of the Legislative Assembly, civil servants, teachers, nurses and university staff saw a 5 per cent pay cut and a two year salary freeze. The Klein government initiated the sale of the provincial Crown Corporations and investments, including the public telephone company, AGT, alcohol sales, and provincial ownership stakes in other business entities. By 1995 due to rising non-renewable resource revenue, corporate tax revenue and gambling taxes the Klein government had balanced the budget and eliminated the province's deficit two years ahead of schedule. In the years after 1995 oil and natural gas prices continued to rise, generating significant royalty revenue for the province. Klein's new challenge was to convince the public to invest in services that were recently cut.The Canadian Taxpayers Federation and other conservative thinktanks rebuked the administration for increasing government spending by 60 per cent between 1997 and 2001. <mask> wanted to create a streamlined and efficient government that relied on privatization and contracting. Ted Gaebler, co-author of Reinventing Government, was brought in by the Progressives to advise on the reforms. In 2004, <mask> announced that the province had set aside funds to repay its public debt. The inflation adjusted price of a barrel of crude oil on NYMEX was under $25 from the mid-1980s to September 2003 In the mid 1990's a rebound in the price of oil led to big provincial surpluses. The price of oil went up to $50 in 2004.A series of events led the price to exceed $60 by August 11, 2005, leading to a record-speed hike that reached $75 by the middle of 2006 David Taras argued that <mask> failed at public policy because he was popular. At the expense of hospitals, roads, light rail transit lines, and investing in better health-care services or education, he focused on paying down the fiscal debt during the oil boom. <mask> had the trust and popularity to do almost anything he wanted and survive, and his fiscal achievements early in his career were significant, but he failed at health reform and economic diversification. <mask> contemplated government oil royalty payments as the global price of oil increased. The "Prosperity Bonus" was announced in September 2005, and was given to every Albertan who filed a tax return. The program involved a one-time $400 payment from the Government of Alberta in the form of a mailed cheque to each resident of the province who were not in prison.Critics said the Prosperity Bonus program would be better spent on infrastructure, health or education. <mask> defended the payment, saying that it meant a lot to some people and that they could send it back or donate it to charity if they didn't want it. "I think we missed some great opportunities to invest in our post-secondary education systems; instead, we frittered away our money." People got a couple of dinners and put some gas in their Hummer. The <mask> government focused on health care and funding. The Regional Health Authorities Act was introduced by the <mask> government in 1994. The hospital boards were given the power to decide which hospitals would be closed.The General Hospital in calgary was demolished via implosion in 1998 and one other hospital in calgary was also closed. The number of acute care beds was halved in three years. The Health Care Protection Act was introduced by the <mask> government in 2000 and was met with protests at the Legislature. The bill allowed for-profit clinics to perform minor surgeries and keep patients overnight. <mask> was forced to back away from the reform he still supported because of the protests caused by the two sitting NDP MLAs. The Health Care Protection Act was not deemed to violate the Canada Health Act by the Federal Health Minister. The <mask> government continued to look for ways to save money in health care, and in early 2002 the Premier's Advisory Council on Health led by Don Mazankowski released its framework for reform report.More choice, more private involvement, more competition and accountability, less comprehensiveness, and increased user medicare co-payments were some of the recommendations fully accepted by the government. Observers expected the direction of the report to be more radical. The 2002 budget raised medicare premiums, tobacco and liquor taxes, eliminated dental and optical subsidies for senior citizens, and cut the corporate tax rate. The "third way" of health care would lie between the American system and the Canadian system. A series of provincial health care reforms could potentially violate the Canada Health Act. <mask>'s reforms would have allowed for-profit care, allowed patients to pay cash for some surgery, and allowed doctors to practice in both the public and private health systems. The third way was not legislated because of public outcry.<mask> threw the Liberal health care policy book at the seventeen-year-old page who had delivered the book during question period in the legislature. The booklet with the caption "Policy on the fly" was sold on eBay for a reported $1,400. He apologized for calling the Liberal leader a liar on the floor of the legislature, which is considered unparliamentary language. He apologized to the speaker. I will not use the word 'fib'. Most of the time, he doesn't tell the whole truth. <mask> stated "I'm no doctor, but I think that Mr. McG" after he commented on <mask>'s proposal to allow quicker access to surgery for those who pay for it.The city's boom peaked in 1981 with the average annual price of oil. The budget surplus was $4 billion in 2004. The surplus was used to eliminate the debt. The collapse of the oil industry was cited by industry as a result of the drops in oil prices. The recovery was hampered by low oil prices. The federal and provincial governments introduced major investment incentives for oil sands companies. The tax write-offs for oil sands firms were reformed.<mask> created a generic royalty that only required token payments in the first years of the megaprojects. This helped oil sands development. <mask> changed the royalty system in order to make oil companies pay only one per cent of their profits to the province. Once the recovery cost was reached, the royalty went up to 25 per cent. There was almost $4 billion in oil sands royalties in 2006 according to the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. <mask> and Dick Cheney met in June of 2003 to discuss the route of an Alaskan oil line. Cheney was an advocate of energy independence in the oil industry.One of the most common concerns at the end of <mask>'s term was that Albertans weren't getting enough money for their resources. The discovery of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in May 2003 was a significant challenge for the agriculture industry. The cow was removed so that it wouldn't be fed to animals or humans. The head was sent to the United Kingdom to be tested for mad cow. The slaughter of 2,700 head of cattle was the result of an investigation by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. The United States and Japan halted the export of Canadian beef immediately. In December of 2003 a case of BSE was discovered in a cow imported from Canada to a farm in Washington."I guess any self-respecting rancher would have shot, shovelled and shut up, but he didn't do that," <mask> said when he made a public statement. The U.S. border has stopped the export of Canadian beef cattle. Japan made it clear that it might rethink taking U.S. beef if it had Canadian beef mixed in with it. The United States lifted restrictions on Canadian beef imports in stages, starting with cattle under 30 months of age in late-2003, then meat products in 2004, and then greater trade reductions in July 2005. The final BSE related restrictions on Canada beef were lifted in 2019. The Minister of Environment approved the construction of the largest pulp mill in North America in December 1990. The pulp mill was the first in a new generation constructed to meet higher environmental standards.<mask> called it a "sweetheart deal" that the province gave a loan of $264 million to the company. The loan was written off by <mask> against the advice of the Auditor General and the Provincial Treasurer when prices were low. During the announcement, <mask> flipped off an environmental activist who was protesting the government's approval. <mask> said that the protester made the offensive gesture first. The common law definition of marriage was found to violate section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms by the Court of Appeal for Ontario. <mask> repeated a promise to use the Notwithstanding Clause in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to veto any requirement that the province register same-sex marriages. The Marriage Amendment Act was passed by the Legislature of the province ofalberta in 2000 to define marriage exclusively as an opposite-sex union and attempt to insulate the decision by using the Notwithstanding Clause.<mask> called for a national referendum on the issue of same-sex marriage. The plan was quickly rejected by the government of Paul Martin. <mask> announced that his government would fight the distribution of same-sex marriage licences after the Parliament of Canada approved same-sex marriage in 2005. The marriages were officially acknowledged by the government on June 20, 2005, despite the fact that there was no legal way to oppose the federal act. <mask>'s government re-organized the sheriffs branch into its current state. The <mask> government used the precursor to the Sheriffs Branch for special provincial law enforcement duties. In 2006 the Sheriffs Branch was expanded rapidly to take on assignments that used to be handled by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.The law enforcement response teams were created at this time. Environment <mask>'s social and environmental views were seen as callous by his opponents. <mask> was choosing appropriate priorities for limited government funding according to supporters. The Kyoto Accord was opposed to by <mask> because he felt it would hurt the economy of the province that was a major producer of oil and natural gas. A massive carbon-capture project was initiated by the previous government. Prior to the 2004 election, <mask> stated his intention to serve only one more term in office. Pressure mounted on <mask> to set a firm date and, following such a request from Elzinga, <mask> announced on March 14, 2006 that he would be stepping down on October 31, 2007.After a successor is chosen at the party's leadership election, he proposed that his resignation take effect in early 2008. The timetable was announced days before the review of <mask>'s leadership was to take place. His retirement schedule and his announcement that any cabinet minister who wanted to run for leader must resign by June 2006 caused a lot of controversy. When the leadership review ballot was held, only 55 per cent of the delegates supported <mask>. The 90 per cent level of support he had won at previous reviews was lower than <mask> said he needed in order to continue. It was described as a crushing blow to <mask>'s leadership. <mask> had said before the vote that he would resign if he did not win the leadership review.<mask> thanked delegates for their support and said he would take several days to make a decision. <mask> announced at a press conference on April 4, 2006 that he would submit a letter to the PC party in September asking for a leadership contest because of thelukewarm vote for his continued leadership. After a successor was named, <mask> would step down as party leader and premier and assist the new leader in their transition to premier. On September 20, 2006 <mask> officially handed in his resignation as party leader. The new PC Leader, Ed Stelmach, assumed office on December 14, 2006 and <mask> remained premier. On January 15, 2007, <mask> resigned from the legislature. On January 18, 2007, the law firm Borden Ladner Gervais announced that <mask>, who is not a lawyer, would join their firm as a senior business adviser who would bring "valuable insights to our clients as they look to do business in Canada and North America".In a July 9, 2007, interview on Business News Network, <mask> criticized Conservative PM StephenHarper and Federal Finance Minister Jim Flaherty for not keeping their word on Income Trust taxation. The change in tax rules cost investors $35 billion in market value. During the 2006 federal election, StephenHarper promised not to raid seniors' nest eggs. <mask> was made an Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour by the Government of France. The creation was approved by the Government of Canada. On March 20, 2010, <mask> appeared on his own television game show called On the Clock. <mask> awards "Ralphbucks" to the contestants whose answers he found the best in a game show.The winner of the game is determined at the end of the game. <mask>, a lifetime smoker, died of COPD on December 15, 2010. Hal Walker commented that <mask> was not well. <mask> was reported to be suffering from Pick's disease on April 8, 2011. <mask> was hospitalized in September of 2011. He died in Canada. The Order of La Pléiade was given to the premier and speaker of the American region of the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie.<mask> was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour by France in 2008. In 2002 he received the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee medal and in 2005 and 2012 he received the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee medal. In late 2012 I was a member of the Order of Canada. In 1980, <mask> was made a Blackfoot Chief under the name "Oots-squi-peeks" meaning "Blue Bird", one of only two to be honoured as such. <mask> was prepared for provincial elections in sweat lodges, had an eagle feather in his briefcase, and hung sweetgrass braids in his office. It is the first park to be named after a former mayor. Before it enters the Bow River system, the Environmental Education Centre and man-made wetlands are needed.The inability for controversy or scandal to weaken his public perception was one of the reasons why he was known for public gaffes. <mask>'s exploits while under the influence of alcohol were well known and publicized. Prior to his successful campaign for leadership of the Progressive Conservative Association, <mask> was pressed by reporters and politicians on his drinking. There is a busy reputation for <mask>'s liver. <mask> said that he likes to party. I've told my colleagues that I enjoy a drink or two. I can change.I'm not saying I'm going to quit. <mask> preferred private card rooms, video lottery terminals and horse racing at casinos. <mask> had a borderline gambling addiction and had lost up to $7,000 in a single night. <mask> was patched over to the Hells Angels after he was photographed in a bar drinking with two members of the Grim Reapers Motorcycle Club. This photo was used against him by the Hells Angels after he objected to them patching over two motorcycle clubs. The December 1990 incident where <mask> was photographed giving the finger to a protester at a news conference was one of many run-ins with protesters. A youth court judge who had suggested he would not sit in order to protest proposed reductions to provincial court justice salaries was brought before the Supreme Court of Canada for raising concerns about judicial independence.The court said the comment was unfortunate. The public's opinion of <mask>'s alcohol consumption reached a boiling point in December 2001 when he visited a homeless shelter while drunk. <mask> argued with homeless men who were denied a bed because they had been drinking. <mask> told the men to get a job, which was rebuked by some of the men who said they couldn't afford housing. <mask> was shuffled out of the centre while he threw money at a homeless man. When rumors of the event began to pop-up amongst the media, <mask> was unable to remember the event, according to biographer Don Martin. <mask> called a press conference after the event and admitted he had an alcohol problem and promised to stop drinking.He said alcohol was an "awful beast" but did not say he had alcoholism. During his 2001 general election party, <mask> admitted to being intoxicated at many moments in his life, including when he introduced former US President Bill Clinton and at the public memorial for Ed Whalen. The Western Standard magazine came under fire for printing comments about <mask>'s wife. According to an unnamed source, Colleen <mask> will return to being just another Indian once she stops being the premier's wife. During a charity roast on November 9, 2006 <mask> made a lewd joke at the expense of former Conservative Member of Parliament. Peter MacKay is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada. <mask>'s spokesman pointed out that Ms. Stronach roasted the premier two years ago and made remarks about his weight, his clothing and even his flatulence.There are links to deaths from dementia and lung disease in

masks: Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein


title: Guaire Aidne mac Colmáin

texts: <mask> mac Colmin was a king. The son of king Colmn mac Cobthaig was a member of the Ui Fiachrach Aidhne. Guaire ruled at the height of Ui Fiachrach Aidne power. <mask> is thought to have succeeded his father as king of the Ui Fiachrach Aidhne in 622. He was defeated in the Battle of Carn Feradaig by the king of the province Falbe Flann mac edo Duib. The Ui Maine's Conall mac Mele Dib was killed. The reason for this campaign was to get the Thomond region back.The true expansion of the Déisi Tuisceart is thought to have been marked by this defeat. He believes that the defeat may have paved the way for the acquisition of the overlordship of Connacht. The Battle of Carn Conaill was the next event in the history of Guaire. He was put to flight by the king of Brega. The war was fought between Diarmait and the other side. Cumméne Fota, the Abbot of Clonfert, was sent by Guaire to ask for a truce, but Diarmait refused. Caimmn put a curse on Guaire before the battle.<mask> was able to turn his defeat into a moral victory when he outdid the high-king with his generosity to the poor. He received a peace treaty and friendship. The king of the U, Cn <mask>, was killed in the battle, according to the saga. The improbability of the U Liathain being involved in a conflict far from their territory is one of the reasons why this is not probable. The saga tradition is preserved in the Annals of Tigernach. The 8th century poem The Lament of Créide is a poem written about a young man of the Ui Fidgenti. Cumméne Fota of Clonfert, Caimmn of Inis Celtra, and Colmn <mask> of Kilmacduagh are some of the saints that Guaire has relations with.He was related to two 8th century abbots of the church at Tuam Gréine. The expansion of saints up the Shannon seems to have been patronised by him. Overlordship of the Corco Mruad and Corco Baiscind tribes, as well as actual holdings in the later territory of Dl gCais, must have been part of his influence. The exiled prince of Dalriada comes to live at the court of <mask>'s daughter and she falls in love with him. Creide was married to the king of the Ui Maine. The Heavy Company of Guaire was visited by the Chief Ollam of Ireland. The legacy of Guaire is listed after his brother, loingsech mac Colmin.He may have entered a religious life after his defeat at Carn Conaill. <mask> was over-king of Connacht until his death in 663. He was buried in Ireland. The U Briin became kings of Connacht after the Ui Fiachrach lost power. In the 700's, the Déisi Tuisceart would permanently annex to Munster in what is now County Clare. The children and descendants of Guaire were known as Cellach <mask>iri, Artgal mac Guairi, and Muirchertach Nr mac Guairi. The families of  Cléirigh, O'Shaughnessy, Colton, Mac Kilkelly, and others are descended from Guaire.Major-General William O'Shaughnessy is the main compiler of the Annals of the Four Masters. Margaret Heckler, born 1931, is a US Republican politician and the President of Canadian Pacific Railway. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland, the main family of this name is descended from Guaire of Aid. A comprehensive history of King <mask>y's and The Hynes of Ireland, both of which were published by Appin Press. The History of Ireland T.M.Charles-Edwards and Francis J. Byrne wrote about the Irish Annals. In riu 25 (1974), Sen wrote "The Structure of a Literary Cycle". Medieval Irish poets 663 deaths Kings of Connacht People from County Galway Year of birth unknown 7th-century Irish poets

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mac Conaill
mac Duach
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Guaireughness


title: Lee Hsien Loong

texts: <mask> is a Singaporean politician and former brigadier-general who has served as Prime Minister of Singapore and secretary-general of the People's Action Party since 2004. He was the deputy prime minister between 1990 and 2004 and the finance minister between 2001 and 2007. <mask> is the son of Singapore's first prime minister, <mask>. He graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1974 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and a degree in computer science. He received a Master of Public Administration from the Kennedy School of Government in 1980. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general after serving in the Singapore armed forces. He was elected as the Member of Parliament for Teck Ghee in 1984 and has represented Ang Mo Kio since 1991.Before becoming prime minister in 2004, <mask> served as a minister. His government extended maternity leave days and instituted a five-day work week in his first two years. His proposal to build two Integrated Resorts in Singapore to increase tourism revenue led to the development of the Marina Bay Sands and Resorts World Sentosa. He oversaw the country's economic recovery after the Great Recession. Political reforms in 2010 legalised online activism and increased the number of non-constituency members of parliament. The Goods and Services Tax is expected to be raised from 7% to 9% by the year 2025. The Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act was introduced in 2019.<mask> promoted Heng Swee Keat to deputy prime minister. <mask>'s government has stayed neutral in an era of great power competition between China and the United States. Both the Chinese and Singaporean governments have cooperated on projects, with <mask>'s government backing China's Belt and Road Initiative as one of its largest investors. The United States and Singapore signed a strategic framework agreement in 2005 to cooperate on terrorist and cyber threats. <mask>'s government has had complex and fraught relations with Malaysia, particularly with regard to water supply and territorial claims, although the countries have agreed to work on cross-border projects. On February 10, 1952, <mask>sien loong was born at the KK Women's and Children's Hospital in Singapore, while Singapore was a British colony. His paternal grandmother was a Hakka and his mother was from China.According to <mask> Yew's biography, the younger <mask> had learned the Jawi script by age five, and has always been interested in the affairs of Singapore. <mask> went to National Junior College after graduating from Catholic High School, where he played clarinet in the school band. He received two scholarships in 1971 to study mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He graduated in 1974 with first-class honours in mathematics and a degree in computer science, which is equivalent to a master's degree in computer science. <mask> was described by his college tutor as the best mathematician he had ever studied. <mask> would have been a world-class research mathematician, but his father persuaded him to leave the field. He received a master's degree in public administration from Harvard University in 1980.From 1974 to 1984 <mask> was an officer in the military. He was the Chief of Staff of the General Staff and the Director of the Joint Operations and Plans in 1978 when he attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College. After his promotion to brigadier-general in July 1983, <mask> became the youngest brigadier-general in Singaporean history. He was in charge of the rescue operations after the cable car disaster. After leaving the Singapore Army in 1984 to pursue civilian politics, <mask> was the commanding officer of the 23rd Battalion Singapore Artillery. In the 1980s, <mask> was seen as the core member of the next group of new leaders in the People's Action Party, as <mask> Yew announced that he would step down as prime minister. After the 1984 general election, all of the old Central Executive Committee members resigned.<mask> was first elected Member of Parliament in 1984 at the age of 32. He became Minister of State in the Ministry of Trade and Industry. In 1985 <mask> chaired the government's economic committee, which recommended changes to established government policies to reduce business costs, foster longer-term growth and revive the Singapore economy, which was experiencing a recession at the time. Reductions in corporate and personal taxes were recommended by the committee. <mask> was the acting trade and industry minister. He became a full member of the Cabinet in 1987 as the minister for trade and industry. The question of encouraging younger Singaporeans to join the party was discussed by the first deputy prime minister.Material rewards should not be an incentive for the proposed committee, as it should only attract the right kinds of members. The youth wing was to encourage the improvement of the system from within and give new members a stake in the country's future. <mask> said the establishment of the youth wing reflected concerns by the leadership that the lack of an official channel to engage with the younger generation might lead them to vote for opposition parties and potentially bring the PAP government down. Dissenting opinions were allowed to be heard through the youth wing. <mask> was the first chairman of the PAP Youth Committee. On November 28, 1990, the deputy prime minister became the prime minister. One of the two deputy prime ministers was <mask>sien loong.He was the minister for trade and industry until 1992, when he was diagnosed with lymphoma. He continued to be a deputy prime minister even after giving up his position as a minister. His cancer has gone into remission after the successful treatment. In 1998 <mask> was appointed chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore and in 2001 he became the finance minister. <mask> proposed to raise the Goods and Services Tax from three per cent to five per cent in August 2003 in order to ease the growing budget deficit due to falling tax revenues from cuts in corporate and personal income taxes and other factors. For foreign-born children of Singaporean women, <mask> initiated several amendments to render requirements for Singapore citizenship less restrictive. The changes were made after repeated pleas from the Remaking Singapore Committee.Taiwan, an island claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has been ruled by the Republic of China (ROC) since 1949, was visited by <mask> on July 10, 2004. After the severing of diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on 3 October 1990 in favour of the People's Republic of China, the Singapore government maintains a policy of neutrality in the Cross-Strait relations between the two sides. It was important for <mask> to get a personal feel for the situation in Taiwan to facilitate the policy. The ministry of foreign affairs advised against any visit by the prime minister. The visit was planned a month before <mask> became the premier and in his capacity as a private citizen, not a state leader, with the PRC embassy informed on 9 July 2004. The same afternoon, the PRC government summoned the Singapore ambassador in Beijing and urged the cancellation of <mask>'s trip, citing the likelihood that Chen Bian's administration would exploit it as a diplomatic coup and use it to promote Taiwan independence. The Foreign Minister replied that Taiwan had been told to keep the visit low-profile and that it would proceed.China retaliated by cancelling several visits by high-ranking PRC officials to Singapore and delaying planned signing ceremonies, suggesting that free trade negotiations would also be pushed back. The matter was further complicated by the fact that Taiwanese media fronted the visit and portrayed it as a diplomatic breakthrough, which raised tensions with the PRC. The PRC's strong-arm tactics and failure to commit to a peaceful agenda were made public by Singapore in its local media. In his first National Day Rally speech as prime minister, <mask> criticized the Taiwanese leadership for their pro-independence stance. He said that Singapore's decision to stand firm on its vital interests had earned it international respect. The end of the dispute was marked when <mask> met Hu Jintao at the APEC Economics Leaders' Meeting in 2004. On August 12 2004, <mask> became Prime Minister and gave up his chairmanship of the Monetary Authority of Singapore to Goh.<mask> was sworn in by Chief Justice Yong Pung How. <mask> became chairman of the People's Association when he was prime minister. The policy of the "five-day work week" was one of the new initiatives announced by <mask> in his maiden National Day Rally speech. On 1 January 2005, the plan took effect. After consultation with employers and unions, maternity leave was extended from eight to twelve weeks. To encourage the growth of the birthrate in Singapore, the Baby Bonus scheme was expanded to provide financial support to women who bear a fourth child. <mask> sparked a national debate when he proposed to build two Integrated Resorts.Despite the longstanding stance against gambling in Singapore, with the exception of regulated industries such as the Singapore Turf Club and Singapore Pools, the government was concerned that its stance was hurting the economic competitiveness of the country. The proposal was approved by the government in April 2005. Marina Bay and Sentosa were where the IRs were built. <mask> suggested that safeguards be put in place to limit the negative social impact of casino gambling. The Casino Control Act was enacted in June of 2006 and regulates the operations of the casino operators. <mask> announced a S$ 2.6 billion Progress Package to distribute budget surpluses in the form of cash, top-ups to the Central Provident Fund, rental and utilities rebates, and educational funds. The cash bonuses were given out.Three months before the 2006 Singaporean general election, the announcement drew criticism that the ruling party was involved in vote buying. The PAP won all but one of the 84 seats in that election. For the first time in 15 years, there was a contest in Ang Mo Kio. The Workers' Party wanted to give Ang Mo Kio residents a chance to vote. <mask>'s team won 60.42% of the votes against WP's inexperienced team. On 1 December of 2007, <mask> announced that he would be giving up his finance portfolio. Business analysts felt that the importance of the position necessitated the dedication of a full-time minister for Singapore to promote its role as a financial hub.With the growing sophistication of the economy and the financial markets' increasing volatility, <mask> may not have the full-time attention due to his concurrent duties as prime minister. The economy grew for the first two years of <mask>'s tenure, but fell during the Great Recession. During the fourth quarter of 2008, Singapore became the first Asian country to slip into a recession, with the financial, construction and manufacturing sectors being particularly affected by the Great Recession. The government pledged a S$20.5 billion resilience package in January 2009, in order to counteract the ailing economy. The measures were supposed to keep the unemployment rate low, as it rose to 2.6% in December 2008 and 3.3% by the end of Q2 2009. In August 2009, <mask> stated that Singapore was in a better position due to better-than-forecast growth in the manufacturing and services industries. In November of 2009, the Ministry of Trade and Industry announced an end to the recession.The unemployment rate fell to 1.8% by September 2010 after a record-high economic recovery of 14.53%. <mask> gave a speech in Parliament on May 27, 2009, in which he praised the NMP scheme as having improved the quality of debate in the parliament. He wanted to make the scheme permanent. In May 2010, <mask> instituted electoral reforms to the electoral system by reducing the number of group representation constituencies and increasing the number of non-constituency members of parliament and nominated members of parliament. On the day before the election, campaigning is not allowed except for party broadcasts. The PAP's swing in the Singapore general election was its lowest since independence. The result was seen as a rebuke to the ruling party as a result of massive immigration of low-skilled workers, high-profile rail transport breakdowns and the rising cost of living in the intervening years.During the campaigning period, <mask> made a public apology. The PAP swept into power, winning 81 out of 87 seats, but it lost Aljunied to the WP, a historic win by an opposition party. The Foreign Minister and the Minister in the Prime Minister's Office were defeated. The rejuvenation process of the government and a clean slate for <mask> prompted him to resign from the cabinet. <mask> was sworn in for a third term on May 21, 2011. The Government of Singapore Investment Corporation manages more than $100 billion in assets. His father was the senior advisor to the fund until his death.In the 2015 Singapore general election, <mask> was re-elected in Ang Mo Kio, with the PAP winning 83 of 89 seats in Parliament and 69.9% of the national vote. <mask>'s fourth term as prime minister was marked by events such as the China– United States trade war, which adversely affected the nation's economy, being highly reliant on free markets and trade. Increased cyberattacks on Singapore-related services and websites led to the establishment of the Cyber Security Agency. The defeat of the Barisan Nasional government in the general election led to a chill in relations as the new Pakatan Harapan government sought to overturn agreements on the Kuala Lumpur-Singapore high-speed rail. As part of the <mask> government's effort to promote Singapore as an international center for arbitration, the city hosted the leaders of Mainland China and Taiwan for the Ma-Xi meeting on 7 November 2015 and the North Korea– United States summit on 12 June 2018). The first United Nations treaty named after the Singapore Convention on Mediation was signed in Singapore on August 7, 2019. <mask>'s health data was hacked along with that of 1.5 million other residents.<mask>'s data was intended to be accessed by the hack. <mask> promoted Heng Swee Keat to deputy prime minister on 1 May 2019. As part of the party's leadership succession, the move was widely interpreted as a way to ensure that Heng succeeds <mask> as Singapore's fourth prime minister after the next general election. The cabinet reshuffling was more extensive than usual, with younger, fourth-generation ministers being prioritised and now heading two-thirds of the ministries. <mask> said at the party convention that raising taxes was a necessity to fund investment in the social, healthcare, economic and infrastructure sectors. The growth in the elderly population is predicted to create a larger demand for affordable healthcare, which is why the annual expenses on preschools is expected to reach $1.7 billion. Tax increases were necessitated by the construction and refurbishment of new port and rail infrastructure.The goods and services tax is expected to rise from 7% to 9% by 2025. <mask>'s government said that it was necessary to plan ahead for increasing annual recurrent expenses, with Heng Swee Keat saying that the "hike cannot be put off or scrapped" to pay for critical future needs. In his Budget 2020 speech in February, he announced amendments to the GST Voucher Fund Act that would allow grants-in-aid to be given to parents or guardians for infants and children to mitigate their expenses. Lawrence Wong said the intent was to expand the range of people who qualify for the fund. The Act would allow for the funding of the $6 billion Assurance Package, which was intended to delay the impact of the hike for five years. The proposed hike met with disapproval from the opposition, with the Workers' Party and Progress Singapore Party calling for the tax to be retained at its current rate, and others calling for the tax to be suspended entirely or for the exemption of essential goods from the tax. The Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act, also known as the "fake news law", was first proposed by the Minister of Law and Home Affairs.The bill was passed by a vote of 72–9 after two days of debate, despite concerns that it would limit free speech. The bill was called "terrible", "totalitarian", and a tool for censorship by Reporters Without Borders. The act is said to "enstrap" government critics. The law would allow the Singapore executive branch to compel us to remove content they deem to be false and pro-actively push a government notification to users. In the leadup to the 2020 general election, <mask>'s brother accused him of not keeping his promises.

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