title: Franz Rosenzweig

texts: 25 December 1886 to 10 December 1929 is when the German theologian, philosopher, and translator was born. Early life and education was given to him by a wealthy family in Germany. He studied philosophy and history at several universities. He was influenced by his cousin and close friend to convert to Christianity. He decided to follow in the footsteps of the early Christians and live as a Jew before becoming a Christian. He had a mystical experience after attending a small Orthodox synagogue in Berlin. He became a baal teshuva.He never entertained converting to Christianity again. He turned to Jewish philosophy in 1913. The letters he wrote to his cousin and friend were published as Judaism Despite Christianity. The two became close when they were students. A philosophy that did not begin with an abstract notion of the human was the philosophy that was sought by Rosenzweig while he was writing his PhD. Hegel's hand was found to have a manuscript named "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism." The influence of F. W. J. Schelling and Friedrich Hlderlin can be seen in the manuscript.Despite early debate about who wrote the document, scholars now generally agree that it was written by Hegel. The Star of Redemption was published in 1921. The relationships between God, humanity, and the world are connected by creation, revelation, and redemption. A Star of David map is created if a diagram with God at the top and the World and the Self below are made. He doesn't like the idea of replacing human existence with an ideal. In Rosenzweig's scheme, revelation comes not in metaphysics but in the here and now. Redemption is when we return to the world after loving God.Professor William Wolfgang Hallo wrote a translation into English in 1971 and Dr. Barbara E. Galli wrote a translation into English in 2005. Collaboration with Buber was critical of the Jewish scholar Martin Buber's early work but became close friends with him after their meeting. Buber was a Zionist, but he felt that the Jews should not return to Israel. Buber's philosophy is based on the I-Thou relation but also on I-It, a notion that was rejected by Rosenzweig. Building the "it" around the human "I" is an idealistic mistake, as he thought that the counterpart to I-Thou should be He-It. They collaborated on a translation of the Hebrew Bible from Hebrew to German. Several other translations in other languages use the same methodology and principles as the one that was disputed.The nature and philosophy of translation are still widely read. The educational activities founded in Frankfurt in 1920 sought to engage in dialogue with human beings rather than merely accumulate knowledge, because they were unimpressed with the impersonal learning of the academy. Many prominent Jewish intellectuals were associated with the Lehrhaus, as it was known in Germany. Some of the intellectuals associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory are also associated with secular studies of the Kabbalah and Jewish mysticism. The leadership of the Lehrhaus was taken over by Hallo in October 1922. Martin Buber reopened the Lehrhaus in 1933. Motor neurone disease, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is a muscular disease that caused illness and death to Rosenzweig.At the end of his life, he had to write with the help of his wife, Edith, who would recite the letters of the alphabet until he told her to stop. He blinks his eyes and they developed a communication system out of it. "And now it comes, the point of all points, which the Lord has truly revealed to me in my sleep, the point of all points for which I am not aware." He had a short discussion with his doctor after he interrupted his writing. When the doctor left, he did not want to continue with the writing, and he died on the night of 10 December 1929. The interment took place on 12 December 1929. Buber read from a book.Further reading Anckaert, Luc & Casper, a primary and secondary bibliography, is "Towards mutual Listening: the Notion of Sermon in <mask>." "Preaching in Judaism and Christianity" was published in Berlin in 2008. Myriam Cohen face  Rosenzweig. Bienenstock, Myriam is the author of Débat sur la pensée allemande. The hieroglyphs of <mask>weig. Bowler, Maurice Gerald, "The Reconciliation of Church and Synagogue", M.A. The dual truth, studies on nineteenth-century modern religious thought and its influence on twentieth-century Jewish philosophy is a thesis from Sir George Williams University.308–332. Glatzer, Nahum Norbert Essays in Jewish Thought was written by Guttmann. Maybaum, Ignaz Trialogue between Jew, Christian and Muslim is about the history of Jewish philosophy. "Metapher und Offenbarung" Tolone, Oreste is the location of the Zur Sprache von <mask>zweigs. "La malattia eternale." "Rosenzweig's Critique of Islam and its Value Today" was written by Zohar Mihaely.11 No. 2 pp. 5–34. There are external links to Arnold Betz's essay on The Star of Redemption and the Review of The Star of Redemption by Spengler. There is a guide to the notebooks of Martin Buber. 20th-century German philosophers, 20th-century German theologians, 20th-century male writers, 20th-century translators, and 20th-century Jewish philosophers all died in 1886.

masks:
Franz Rosenz
Franz Rosenz
Franz Rosen


title: Andrea Kalin

type: paraphrased

texts: Kalin is a writer, producer, and director. She is the founder and executive director of Stone Soup, a non-profit foundation. <mask> was born in Boston. She graduated from American University with a degree in criminal justice and corrections. Kalin lives and works in Washington, D.C. Some of her productions, such as Prince Among Slaves, tell stories lost to history, while others, such as Dancing with N.E.D., address contemporary social issues. Kalin was a newsreel researcher for Ken Burns.<mask>'s films received industry awards and nominations in the 2000s, including a gold medal at the NY Festivals. The story of the partnership between a white surgeon and a black lab technician is called Partners of the Heart. At the height of segregation, Blalock and Thomas pioneered a procedure that saved the lives of thousands of children, called blue babies, and opened up the field of heart surgery. Thomas went on to train a generation of heart surgeons after graduating from high school. The documentary was funded by a number of organizations, including the National Endowment of the Humanities, the Corporation of Public Broadcasting, and the WGBH. 'Partners of the Heart' won the Best History Documentary award in 2004. In the Documentary "Classic" Category, Partners of the Heart won a Gold TIVA-DC Peer award.<mask> was the Executive Consultant for the film. Mos Def and Alan Rickman starred in "Something the Lord Made", which was directed by Joseph Sargent. "Something the Lord Made" was nominated for nine Emmy Awards, including acting nominations for both principals, and won three, for Best Made for Television Movie, Best Cinematography (Don Morgan) and Best Picture Editing (Michael Brown). The film was nominated for two Golden Globes, as well as an NAACP Image Award, a Director's Guild of America Award, and a Writer's Guild of America Award. " Something the Lord Made" was named "best television movie of the year for 2004" by the American Film Institute and is an important tool for America as it continues to search for a public vocabulary to discuss issues of race. The fall 2002 issue of Jewish Women International featured an article titled "10 Jewish Women to Watch". Her picture was on the cover.Kalin directed and produced The Pact, a feature-length documentary based on a New York Times best seller, The Pact: Three Young Men Make a Promise and Fulfill a Dream. The film chronicles the true life story of Rameck Hunt, Sampson Davis, and George Jenkins, who made a pact in their inner-city high school in Newark, New Jersey, to find a way to go to college and then medical school. The Pact was nominated for a Best Independent Documentary award at the Boston International Film Festival. The documentary "The Pact" aired on American Public Television in 2008. Kalin directed and produced No Evidence of Disease, a feature-length documentary film about N.E.D., a rock band of six gynecologic oncologists who seek to bring more attention and awareness to women's cancers. The film tells the story of the band members, their personal lives, as doctors, and as musicians, and also takes a look into the world of GYN cancers, where patients struggle to fight the disease and advocacy groups and activists seek to raise awareness and research funds for gynecological cancer research and The film was shown at the LA Femme International Film Festival.The civil war in Syria and the efforts of activists to raise international support for the revolution and to promote democracy in the Middle East are depicted in the film Red Lines. Red Lines was named in the festival's top 20 audience picks. The US premiere of Red Lines was at the Woodstock Film Festival. The UK premiere was held at the Rich Mix Cultural Foundation. Kalin directed, produced and wrote First Lady of the Revolution, a documentary about the American woman who was married to a Costa Rican man during the Costa Rican Civil War and served as the First Lady of Costa Rica. The film won many awards on the festival circuit after its premiere at the Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival. There was a limited theatrical release in Costa Rica and New York City for the documentary.<mask>'s most recent film, Scattering CJ, is the story of a seemingly happy Air Force recruit who violently ended his own life at the age of 20 and his family's grief and guilt. In a desperate attempt to fulfill her son's wish to see the world by scattering some of his ashes in a place of beauty or special meaning, his mother put out an open call on Facebook. The world premiere of Scattering was held at the Camden International Film Festival. Kalin produced, co-directed and co-wrote Prince Among Slaves. Terry Alford is a Northern Virginia Community College history professor who wrote the biography about Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori. The American Black Film Festival's Best Documentary award was one of the many awards that Prince won. PBS aired "Prince Among Slaves" on February 4, 2008.In 2009, <mask> directed, co-produced, and co-wrote a National Endowment for the Humanities funded documentary about the Federal Writers Project titled "soul of a People: Writing America's Story". The documentary is narrated by someone. The documentary includes footage from the Library of Congress and American Folklife Center, as well as photographs and excerpts from the FWP Writers. There are conflicting visions of America in the film. In December 2009, "Soul of A People: Writing America's Story" was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for outstanding achievement in television. As part of the film's outreach nationwide, the American Library Association has been screening the documentary. There was a screening of "Soul of A People: Writing America's Story" in December of 2009."Soul of a People: Writing America's Story" won the TIVA-DC's Peer Award for "best of DC" in November 2009. The film received a gold for screen writing and a silver for documentary. Kalin produced and co-directed a documentary on the Folkways record label called Worlds of Sound: The Ballad of Folkways, which aired on the Smithsonian Networks on October 25, 2009. "Worlds of Sound: The Ballad of Folkways" won a Bronze award in the long form Documentary category. "Worlds of Sound: The Ballad of Folkways" won a Special Jury Award at the Houston International Film Festival, a Cine Golden Eagle award, and a Directors Jury Award at the Black Maria Film and Video Festival. Talking Through Walls was co-produced and directed by Kalin. There is a film about the struggle to build a mosque in New Jersey.It's a story about a retired engineer and Muslim American who was going to go before the Zoning Board in his hometown to get permission to build a mosque in his community. Rahman didn't expect the backlash he received from his neighbors. Talking Through Walls is the story of how religious leaders in South Jersey found a way to keep the peace through compromise and tolerance. Kalin co-directed and produced a film about the Syrian conflict. Through the lens of young Syrian activists, the documentary film tells the story of the Syrian conflict. The Accolade Competition, Global Film Awards and Tiburion Film Festival were some of the awards Red Lines won. Kalin had two films in production in 2017: the first is Scattering, the story of a seemingly happy Air Force recruit who violently ended his own life at the age of 20.In a desperate attempt to fulfill her son's wish to see the world by scattering some of his ashes in a place of beauty or special meaning, his mother put out an open call on Facebook. The second is called "Sonata Mulattica" and is inspired by Rita Dove's poetry book. Kalin produced and directed Too Brief a Child, a film about how millions of girls around the globe will be married annually before they reach puberty. The costs of illiteracy, poverty, high infant and mother mortality, HIV/AIDs, and loss of personal freedoms are explored in "Too Brief A Child". The film was made for the UNFPA. "Too Brief A Child" and "A Voice of Her Own" were both shown at the United Nations Association Film Festival in 2005. The film was funded by the Asian Development Bank and was shot in Cambodia, Bangladesh and the Philippines."A Voice of Her Own" won the Chris Award, Kalin produced and directed a film called "Battered Lives, Broken Trust", and The InterAmerican Bank commissioned "breaking the poverty cycle: investing in early" The region's supply, management and distribution of water is in dire straits. The film "Asia's Water Crisis" was shown at the 1998 U.S. Environmental Film Festival. At the International Film & Video Festival in 1998, he won a Silver Screen award under the "Environmental Issues and Concerns" category. In addition to winning a TIVA-DC Peer bronze, silver, gold (classic) award and "best of DC" award for three of her documentaries in the documentary category, Spark Media also won five other TIVA-DC Peer film awards in 2010, including a gold for script writing. There is a non profit foundation dedicated to creating social change for women and girls. A comedy concert film featuring three Muslim-American comedians was produced and directed by Kalin and was theatrically released in seventeen markets across the US as well as in markets overseas.The Allah Made Me Funny film has the potential to be culturally bridged in its way, and that makes looking for Muslim comedy in the Western world worthwhile. The Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Refugees International, PCRMCSPI, the World Bank, and the Urban Institute are just a few of the non-profits and development banks that Kalin provided media, interactive and broadcast reporting services to the IADB for a number of years. In order to provide live coverage of the annual meeting of the bank, Kalin established and operated a news bureau in the member country. There are links to selected filmography on the External links page.

masks: Kalin Kalin Kalin Kalin Kalin


title: Amalia of Solms-Braunfels

texts: The Princess of Orange was <mask> of Solms-Braunfels. During her husband's infirmity she acted as his defacto deputy and regent. During the minority of her grandson William III, Prince of Orange, she served as chair of the council. She was the daughter of the two countess of Sayn-Wittgenstein. <mask> was born in Braunfels, a member of the House of Solms, a ruling family with Imperial immediacy, and spent her childhood at her parents castle. She became part of the court of Elizabeth, Frederick V's wife. After the defeat of Frederick V, she fled with the pregnant queen to the west.Frederick had been placed under an Imperial ban and the emperor forbade shelter along the way. During their flight, <mask> helped Elizabeth deliver Prince Maurice at Kstrin castle. Maurice of Nassau, uncle of the elector, granted them asylum in 1621 at the end of their journey. Frederick Henry became enamored with <mask> in 1622 and often appeared at Maurice's court. She refused to marry him because she didn't want to become his lover. They were the first cousins. Frederick Henry married <mask> on April 4, 1625.Frederick Henry's influence grew after he became stadtholder, as did <mask>'s. Frederick Henry and <mask> were able to expand court life. They had several palaces built. <mask> had a large collection of jewels, which were passed down to her four surviving daughters. She was described as intelligent, arrogant and ambitious, not beautiful, but with a fresh and appealing appearance. William II to Mary, Princess Royal of England and Scotland, and their daughters with several German princes were among the royal marriages that <mask> was involved in. <mask> acted as his political adviser and the relationship between them was described as happy.<mask> effectively functioned as regent and stadtholder from 1640 until his death in 1647 due to the health issues of the regent, who suffered from gout and a form of Alzheimer's. The diplomats tried to influence her decisions by giving her expensive gifts. According to reports, <mask> was behind the negotiations that led to the Peace of Mnster of 1648. King Philip IV of Spain granted her a castle in 1649. William II, Prince of Orange, succeeded her spouse as stadtholder and Prince of Orange in 1647. After the death of her son William II in 1650, Regency's grandson William III became prince of Orange. <mask> and her former daughter-in-law Mary Stuart fought over the control of the council and eventually the High Court of Holland and Zeeland granted both of them full control of the council.The Act of Exclusion of 1654 did not affect the relationship between <mask> and the Grand Pensionary, as she was supported against Mary by her son-in-law. <mask> took sole control of her grandson when Mary died. The office ofstadholder was abolished by the 1667 Eternal Edict, but she maintained good relations with De Witt. She lived in the Oude Hof on the Noordeinde and maintained her court and diplomatic contacts with royalty. In 1672, her grandson was declared an adult and his council was dismissed. He became stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel after <mask> retired. She died at her home.Amalia of Solms-Braunfels is the name of a wine from wine estate Solms-Delta. She played a role in Dutch politics. William III, King of England, provided refuge and support to thousands of French Huguenots after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. 180 refugees fleeing religious persecution were relocated to the Cape and granted farms. The foundation of the modern South African wine industry was laid here. William II married Mary of England Luise Henriette of Nassau and Frederick William married Henriette <mask> of Nassau.

masks: Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia


title: Anselm Haverkamp

texts: <mask> is a professor of literature and philosophy. He received his education in several places. Since 1989 he has been the professor of English at New York University, where he founded the Poetics and Theory Program. He has been a founding member of the European University Viadrina since 1994. He was made a professor of philosophy at the university in 2009. The research group Poetik und Hermeneutik was edited by <mask>. He developed the Konstanz School's Rezeptionssthetik from a theory of literary response under the influence of the Yale School of deconstruction.The relationship of philosophy and literature and the history of rhetoric are related to the theory of metaphor or metaphorology. The work of Alexander Baumgarten is one of the main references of his work. Shakespeare, Hlderlin, Joyce and Beckett are literary authors. <mask>'s theory of latency has been extended into the fields of historical epistemology, art theory and legal studies. He is a regular contributor and editor. There is a Bibliography of Monographs Typik und Politik. Konflikt der Interpretationen ist in the Mittelalter.Diss. Themedieval allegory of Klopstock/Milton is called Teleskopie der Moderne. The europischen literatur is transversale. Habil. Konstanz was born in 1982 in Stuttgart. Hlderlins spte Allegorie. An essay on Keats and Melancholy was written in Leaves of Mourning: Hlderlin's Late Work.Vernon Chadwick translated it. The Albany (SUNY Press) was published in 1996. Hamlet, Hypothek der Macht was written in Paris. Berlin, 2nd ed., was published in 2001. The figura cryptica is about Shakespeare and philosophy. The literarischen Latenz has anorie. Theory of Latency was written in 2002 by Suhrkamp.Wissen im Nachkrieg. The post-war theory of Berlin. In der Rhetorik, die sthetik. The Oder is Diesseits der Rhetoric and Aesthetics. Einheller Vorlesung is located in the city of Frankfurter. Berlin in 2008 was the location of the Frankfurt Lectures. The method is an Aktualitt der Kunst.Shakespearean Genealogies of Power is a historical Epistemology. Hamlet, Richard II,Julius Caesar, MacBeth, The Merchant of Venice, and The Winter's Tale are some of the works. There is a political theology in New York. Zur historischen Epistemologie. There is a commentary on "Ambiguity of Art" in Berlin. The Baumgarten-Studien is located in Frankfurt am Main. Genealogie der sthetik.With Rdiger Campe. The Marginales zum Metapher took place in Berlin in August. The poetik is named Aristoteles. There was a Productive Digression in Berlin in 2015. Theorizing practice. Boston MA is home to the De Gruyter. With Jean- Claude Monod.Paris (Herman) is home to the Metapher, Mythos, and Halbzeug. It is referred to as Metaphorologie. Berlin (De Gruyter) is located in Latenz. Genese des sthetischen. Theorie der Metapher was edited in Berlin. The new edition of Individualitt was published in 1996. Ed.A man with a man. Poetik und Hermeneutik, vol. Mnchen was published in 1988. There is a Gedchtniskunst. The name of the book is Raum, it is called Bild and it is referred to as Schrift. There is a study on the Mnemotechnik. Ed. With Renate Lachmann.The Memoria: Vergessen und Erinnern was written in 1991. Ed. With Renate Lachmann. Mnchen (Fink) was published in 1993. There is a Gewalt und Gerechtigkeit. Benjamin and Derrida are related. The 1994 Stimme is from Frankfurt am Main.There is a Festschrift for Geoffrey Hartman. Ed. They were with Aleida Assmann. The issue of Deconstruction Is/In America was published in 1994. There is a new sense of politics. The Return of Repressed Architectural Memory was published in 1995. The New York (Anycorp) 1996 issue was called Architecture New York.The Anderen is the subject of Die Sprache der Anderen. bersetzungspolitik is a political party. 1997 was the year of the Frankfurt am Main. Hans Blumenberg, sthetische und metaphorologische Schriften, was born in 1998. The 2001 form is called Frankfurt am Main. There is a Festschrift fr Wolfgang Preisendanz. Ed.There is a person with a person. The issue of Walter Benjamin after the 20th Century was published in 2002. There is a future of a past. The Cardozo Law Review was published in New York in 2004. Europe is the present state of America. Ed. They had Peter Goodrich with them.The Cardozo Law Review was published in New York in 2005. Reprsentation is performed by Louis Marin. Ed. Jutta Voorhoeve and Vera Beyer were with them. Hans Blumenberg wrote Theorie der Unbegrifflichkeit. The Metaphorologie of Frankfurt am Main. There is Zur Praxis von Theorie.Ed. They were with Dirk Mende. There is a Festschriften for Anselm Haverkamp Literatur. Ed. Bettine Menke and Eva Horn are related. Mnchen was late in 2006 A Begriff is 40 Annherungen.Ed. Both Thomas and Dieckmann are from the same area. Berlin was Denkfiguren in 2007. Figures of Thought was written by Fr <mask> <mask>. For <mask> <mask>. Ed. Eva Horn and Michle Lowrie.There are External links to Haverkamp's homepage at NYU.

masks:
Haverkamp
Works Haverkamp
Haverkamp
Anselm
Haverkamp
Anselm
Haverkamp


title: Daniel Okrent

texts: <mask> is an American writer and editor. He is best known for having served as the first public editor of The New York Times newspaper, inventing Rotisserie League Baseball, and for writing several books. Last Call won the Albert J. Beveridge prize in November of 2011. The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics, and the Law That Kept Two Generations of Jews, Italians, and Other European Immigrants Out of America was published in May 2019. Born to a Jewish family in Detroit, Michigan, <mask> graduated from the University of Michigan in 1965, where he worked on the student newspaper The Michigan Daily. He has spent most of his career as an editor. <mask> was named public editor of The New York Times in October of 2003 after the Blair scandal.He was in this position until May 2005. The theatrical rights to the site and name of the web series Old Jews Telling Jokes were acquired by <mask> and Peter Gethers. On May 20, 2012 it opened at the Westside Theatre in Manhattan. He was the chairman of the National Portrait Gallery from 2003 to 2008. He received degrees from the University of Michigan and the Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts. <mask> is on the Advisory Board of the Secular Coalition for America. "<mask>'s law" was formulated after he made a comment about his new job.The press providing legitimacy to fringe viewpoints in an effort to appear even-handed is referred to as the phenomenon of the pursuit of balance. Rotisserie League Baseball was invented by <mask> in 1979. He proposed the idea to his friends while dining at La Rtisserie Franaise in New York City. <mask> Fenokees". He was one of the first people in the Fantasy Sports Hall of Fame. Dan Druffs was the team name for <mask> as of 2009. He has never been able to win a Rotisserie League despite being credited with inventing fantasy baseball.In 2010, his exploits of inventing Rotisserie League Baseball were chronicled in Silly Little Game. The baseball stat, WHIP, was invented by <mask>. He referred to it as "Innings Pitched Ratio" at the time. <mask> wrote "He Does It by the Numbers" in 1981. James's career as baseball's foremost analyst was launched by this profile. In 1994, <mask> was filmed for a Ken Burns documentary on baseball. A detailed analysis of the cultural aspects of the national pastime was delivered by <mask> during the nine-part series.<mask> was editor of new media at Time Inc. and wrote about the future of magazine publishing. The advancement of digital technologies would make it easier for people to read newspapers online. <mask> made a prediction about the future of print media in a lecture at Columbia University in 1999. <mask> has participated in LearnedLeague under the name "OkrentD". The Ultimate Baseball Book was co-edited by Harris Lewine and Steve Wulf. Pickman is a comedy drama directed by Woody Allen.

masks:
Daniel Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Baseball Okrent
Okrentrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent


title: Brian Kelly (historian)

texts: <mask> is a lecturer in US history at Queen's University in Northern Ireland. His most recent scholarship focuses on the struggles of slaves during the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era, although his work is mostly about labor and race in the American South. During the 1980s and 1990s, <mask> was involved in labor and anti-racist activism in Boston, where he worked in the construction and shipbuilding industries. After working construction in Seattle and New York, he was awarded a crown fellowship to study US history at a university. An award-winning study of working-class interracialism in the Alabama coal mines is one of the many works written by <mask>. <mask>'s Race, Class, and Power in the Alabama Coalfields was the winner of five major book awards. Three main historiographical contributions were made by <mask>'s Alabama study.The re-subordination of black labor that followed the defeat of Reconstruction was a key component of the New South modernization project. The study aimed to show that the region's most powerful employers were the main beneficiaries of Jim Crow, and that the most significant challenge to racism in the early twentieth-century came from white workers. <mask> discovered that an emerging black middle class was influenced by Booker T. Washington's 'industrial accommodationism' and that it influenced anti-union employers. In a series of articles published after the Alabama study, <mask> attempted to follow up on the emergence of racial tensions in the Jim Crow South, including in his "Sentinels for New South Industry," published in Time Longer than Rope. After Slavery: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Emancipation Carolinas was directed by <mask> between 2010 and 2015. In March 2010, the After Slavery Project hosted a Conference on Race, Labor, and Citizenship in the Post-Emancipation South at the College of Charleston, the largest-ever academic conference on the Reconstruction era. The co-edited volume, After Slavery: Race, Labor and Citizenship in the Reconstruction South, with essays by leading historians in the field, is a must-read for scholars working in the field.He received a fellowship at the National Humanities Center, the Institute for Southern Studies of the University of South Carolina, and the W. E. B. The Du Bois Institute is at Harvard University. He is a faculty member at the College of Charleston in South Carolina and has been involved in teaching in Brazil and South Africa. <mask>'s work in US history has straddled three main areas: labor and abolition, black working-class political movement and the history of the American Left. He is particularly interested in the intellectual legacy of WEB Du Bois's magisterial Black Reconstruction in America. Under contract with Verso, he is working on an extended monograph on African American labor and political activity in Reconstruction South Carolina. <mask> is active in the local branch of the University and College Union, in anti-racist and anti-sectarian organizing, and in socialist politics in Belfast, where he is a prominent supporter of People Before Profit.He wrote the introduction to Sen Mitchell's study of the 1932 Outdoor Relief Riots, Struggle or Starve: Working-Class Unity in Belfast. He has published a number of articles about the Irish involvement in the slave trade, including a two-part series in Rebel and a piece in History Ireland. The University of Illinois Press published Books Race, Class, and Power in the Alabama Coalfields. Labor, Free and Slave: Race, Labor and Citizenship in the Reconstruction South was published by the University of Illinois Press. Time Longer than Rope: A Century of African-American Activism was written by Adam Green and Charles Payne. The lecture 'Materialism and the Persistence of Race in the Jim Crow South' was given in 2004. There is a crisis of Reconstruction in lowcountry South Carolina.The International Review of Social History was published in 2006 Booker T. Washington, Industrial Accommodation, and the Labor Question in the Jim Crow South were discussed. Eric Arnesen is the author. The Black Worker is about race and labor activism. The Contribution to "Up for Debate" in Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 5:4 was published in the winter of 2008. Mancipations and Reversals: Labor, Race, and the Boundaries of American Freedom in the Age of Capital is a book. The history of international labor and working class.The history of labor and place in South Carolina is called 'Labor and Place: The Contours of Freedpeoples' Mobilization'. The Journal of Peasant Studies has a special issue on rethinking Agrarian History. The unfinished business of the American Civil Rights movement was covered in Martin Luther King, the Memphis Sanitation Strike. The International Socialism Journal was published in the spring of 2008. Historians of the Reconstruction Era Labor historians Harvard fellows University of South Carolina faculty year of birth missing

masks:
Brian Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly


title: Dickie Goodman

texts: The American music and record producer known as "<mask>" was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1934. He is best known for inventing and using the technique of the "break-in", an early precursor to sampling, that used brief clips of popular records and songs to answer questions posed by voice actors on his novelty records. The B-sides of his break-in records often have original material written and produced by him. The Flying Saucer Parts 1 & II, which he co-wrote with Bill Buchanan, was a four-minute rewrite of the War of the Worlds radio show. The recording was the subject of a lawsuit. The sample mix was ruled a parody by the court. The song "The Flying Saucer" was released under the artist name "Buchanan and <mask>" and peaked at No. on the charts.3. "Buchanan and Goodman on Trial" and "Banana Boat Story" were both break-in spoofs of broadcast commercials. The break-in approach was attempted by both Buchanan and <mask> after their break-up. Howard Greenfield's collaboration with Buchanan wasn't as successful. The use of unlicensed materials was the subject of some lawsuits. The couple ran their business from a telephone booth. The courts ate up the profits while the couple got richer.The two singles under the name 'Spencer and Spencer' were recorded with Mickey Shorr and relied on sketch comedy more than sampling. American Bandstand was a popular TV show that was set in the Soviet Union. Lloyd Price's recording of "Stagger Lee" was used to make a spoof of The Lawrence Welk Show. The recordings made with Buchanan were very popular. He released his pieces as a solo artist. He scored three Hot 100 hits based on The Untouchables: "The Touchables", "The Touchables in Brooklyn" and "Santa and the Touchables" "Ben Crazy" was spoofed by <mask> in 1962."Batman & His Grandmother" was a spoof of Batman. He recorded an entire album of parodies called My Son the Joke, instead of his usual break-in records. The title was a take-off of the popular Allan Sherman records; unlike Sherman's material was much more risque, featuring his wife Susan, to the tune of "Frre Jacques". An album featuring his wife was recorded in the late 1960s. The song "Never Play Poker with a Man named Doc (or Eat at a Place Called Mom's)" was written by Mr. <mask> and sung by Susan. In 1969 he parodied the political unrest on college campuses with "On Campus" and the first moon landing. "Moonflight" reached an even higher No.One week after "On Campus" peaked, 38 on 9 August 1969. Bob DeCarlo, the morning disc jockey at KQV, cut his own sample-spliced top 10 hit "Convention '72" as a tribute to <mask>'s records. The Watergate scandal, the energy crisis, and Richard Nixon's "Mr. President" were spoofed by <mask>. After Ronald Reagan became president, a different version of "Mr. President" was not chart with. He produced for other acts as well as working under his own name. John & Ernest's "Superfly Meets Shaft" was more geared towards a black audience, but retained the "break-in" format. The band was created as an advertising ploy to promote glass bottles, which were going out of fashion due to the use of plastic bottles.Two singles were recorded by The Glass Bottle. Both were pop songs. 1 on the charts with "I Ain't Got Time Anymore." In 1971 there were 36. Screwy T.V., an album of risque parodies of popular TV series, was released in 1974. The cover of this album featured nude models, which made it less popular than My Son the Joke. In 1975, he parodied the film Jaws.By achieving R.I.A.A., Jaws became <mask>'s biggest-selling record. September 1975, gold disc status. The record made it to the top. On October 11, 1975, Chicago'sWLS played a customized version of "This is Dickie Goodman atWLS" at the beginning. After spoofing the 1976 King Kong film remake, the final chart record was "Kong" in 1977. There were seventeen hits, with five of them reaching the top 40. Los Angeles and New York City are usually the only places where the other break-in records come from.The Del-Vikings were one of the artists featured on Luniverse. The comedy bit "Party from Outer Space" spoofed <mask>'s break-in records. There was a suicide in North Carolina. He has two sons and a daughter. Jon released a biography of <mask>'s life and work in 2000. The book is still available and in print. The Ride of Paul Revere was written and produced by Buchanan and <mask>.In 1974 there was a special report on the popularity of TV shows Mr. President and A Special Report on Inflation in the Nation. Jaws, Irv's Theme, and Ed's tune are just released. Jaws, Chomp Chomp, Shark 1002, Pain, Hot Line 1017, Mr. President, and so on. The fall of 1982 saw Extran 601/Montage P-B-1220 get a job. There is no label for Attack of the Z- Monster, Mystery, Z-100, or The Return of the Jedi. The Saxophone Circus! is a song by Sarah Jane and St. Marks and Third. Avco Embassy AVE 33012 was produced by The Glass Bottle and Ode to a Hijacker.

masks: Dickie Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Dickie Goodman


title: R. T. Claridge

texts: In the 1840s, Captain <mask> was best known for his promotion of hydropathy, now known as hydrotherapy. The Cold Water cure was also known as the Cold Water system. The populist movement of the time was started by <mask>'s introduction of the methods of Priessnitz to England. Much of the information about Priessnitz in the English-speaking world comes from two publications. <mask>'s Hydropathy is also known as The Cold Water Cure. <mask>fe wrote a historical overview and added more about <mask> and his role in the promotion of hydropathy in his Life ofVincent Priessnitz. <mask> was born in a village in the county of Warwickshire and was administered by the district council.<mask> was the elder and only surviving son of James and <mask> and a descendant of a church minister. Rev. <mask> was a reverend in the Episcopal Church. The Rev. The death of <mask> left an orphan at eight years old. <mask> had two marriages. He married Elizabeth Ann Green, who was the only child of the late William Green, on June 28, 1822, at St George's, Hanover Square.In April 1824 they had a daughter named Emma Green, who later married a person named Marie Etienne Charles Henri. <mask> attended Priessnitz's establishment at Graefenberg with his wife and daughter. He claimed that his promotion of hydropathy was philanthropic. He wanted to promote this system because he gained his own health and saved my daughter's life at Graefenberg. On August 24, 1842, Elizabeth died. <mask> spent some time in Italy around 1847, where he continued to promote hydropathy by petition and writing a letter to Bagni de Lucco. On January 7, 1854, <mask>, now residing at a villa on the left bank of Paillon in Nice, married his second wife, Eliza Ann Morgan.George Gould Morgan was the husband of Eliza. <mask> died before 1866. <mask> tried his hand in other fields before he became a hydropathy promoter. The partnership as a boot and shoe-maker dissolved on February 7, 1824. He was a potential creditor of a bankrupt when he was a wine merchant. <mask> lived at 37 Wigmore Street. <mask> was declared bankrupt.<mask> pioneered the use of asphalt paving in the United Kingdom after returning from a tour of Europe in 1836. He was a captain in the Militia and resigned in 1854. A copy of <mask>'s will is held at The National Archives, and he died in Italy on August 5, 1858. James John Hill created at least one portrait of <mask>. Portrait of Captain <mask>, Author of Hydropathy, or the Cold-water Cure was exhibited at the Royal Society of British Artists. <mask>'s first book, A Guide Along the Danube..., was published in May of 1836, after he traveled through Europe, making notes along the way. The tour guide was made possible by recent socio-political developments and the establishment of steam navigation throughout the entire length of the Danube.The upcoming release of the book by "<mask><mask>, Esq. was announced in a brief advertisement carried by the Monthly Literary Advertiser. There wereObservations on the recent political and social changes in Turkey and Greece. <mask> states that the reception of the first edition prompted the publication of a second edition. One review said that it appeared to convey the necessary directions for a traveller to make a very interesting and instructive tour at the least possible expenditure of both time and money. In addition to the voyage down the Danube, the second edition included a tour of Constantinople, Asia Minor, Greece, Italy, and the route from Paris to the Mediterranean. <mask> began using the title of captain from the publication of Hydropathy in 1842. <mask> was promoted to captain in 1842 and then resigned on June 24, 1854.Between his tour of the European Continent in 1836 and his hydropathic adventures in the 1840s, <mask> embarked on some innovative business ventures in asphalt pavement, obtaining some patents, and setting up a company. <mask>'s Patent Asphalte Company had the first asphalt patent in Britain in 1834, and there was an unsuccessful attempt to use mastic pavement at Vauxhall. <mask>'s efforts were to give the industry a boost. In France, Seyssel asphalt was being used for paving. On November 25, 1836, <mask> <mask>, then a "Salisbury Street, gentleman", patented Seyssel asphalt, which was used in France and Belgium. <mask> obtained patents in Scotland and Ireland in the 19th century. <mask> sold his interest in the patents to the trustees of his company in 1847, who tried to extend the duration of all three patents.On April 26, 1842, a six-month patent was granted for a composition called "oropholithe" to <mask> and two others. This was a composition used in preparing fabrics for covering floors, roofs, and other surfaces, which involved coating the fabric on one side for dry applications, or both sides for roofs and other surfaces exposed to wet and damp. <mask> was described as living at Weymouth Street at the time of the patent. Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company was formed in order to introduce Britain to the natural state of asphalt from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France. The space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park was used for trials in the early 19th century. The development of a British asphalt industry was stimulated by the formation of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company with a distinguished list of patrons. Claridge's offices were at Stangate in the 19th century, according to a response to a query on the company.Although asphalt use took off in the 1830s, Mechanic's Magazine noted the existence of a pamphlet from 1621, by a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, stating he had discovered large quantities of asphaltum in the vicinity of Neufchtel. "We wonder, by-the-bye, no 'Dead Sea Asphalt Company' has yet made its appearance in the market, and whether the lack of such a market take-off in two centuries hints at limitations of the product", said Mechanics Magazine. Robinson's and the Bastenne company were in production by the end of the year. There was a lot of entrepreneurial activity over asphalt in the 18th century. In the 1800s, it was possible to use asphalt for flooring, damp proof in buildings, and for waterproofing pools and baths. There were claims that the asphalt quality from France, Germany and England was exclusive. Many patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other."Claridge's" was the type most used in England in the 1840s and 50s. In 1847, Claridge's company promoted itself as "the only impervious and permanent covering for arches and roofs, and lining of reservoirs, gutter, and c." In the 1870s, Claridge's company took over asphalt production at Pyrimont wharf, in Cubitt Town. The manufacturing process used at Cubitt Town involved the heating of bituminous limestone in six large uncovered cauldrons, which were considered offensive by many local residents. The material was used to protect the foundations of buildings. It was employed at the Tobacco Stores. By 1914, Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company had many contracts in hand, including 70,000 feet of asphalte roofing at the British American Tobacco Company's warehouse. New printing done by Smith & Sons.Their business grew so much that they had to move to bigger premises. The buildings are 3 Central Buildings. They entered another business under the title of Clarmac Roads, with offices at the same address. Claridge's Asphalte Co promoted Clarmac Roads to manufacture the materials and it was registered on September 14, 1914. With increasing motor traffic, the directors of Claridge's Asphalte Co thought there was a future for the construction of roads using the tar-bound macadam method, and invested a substantial amount of funds in the new company, borrowing money to do so. Clarmac and Clarphalte were both manufactured by Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co., although Clarmac was more widely used. "Clarmac" was photographed as "some amongst many laid with Scott's Lane, Beckenham."The directors of the Claridge Company deposited a large amount of debentures with the Clarmac Company's bankers in July 1915 because they believed the financial difficulties would be short-lived. The Clarmac Company never recovered. A creditor's meeting was called after a decision was made to wind up Clarmac Roads. R.T. Wilkinson retired from his position as a director of Claridge's Company in January 1916. The petition to wind up Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company was lodged with the High Court on 2 November 1917 by company director William Allback. The Patent Asphalte Company became insolvent after the failure of the joint venture entered into in 1914. The second legal action was taken to recover lost funds from Allback, who was involved in the promotion of Clarmac Roads.This case is an example of an exemption from legal liability where the directors of a company sought and obtained legal advice in good faith. The Cold Water Cure, also known as Hydropathy, was the best known and most widely cited publication by Hydropathy and beyond <mask>. The work shows the impact and popularity of hydropathy at the time. The first edition was published in January 1842. <mask> stated in his introduction to the third edition that the book had excited considerable attention. Several imperfect extracts in the form of Pamphlets appeared, and the Hydropathic Society was formed, on 17 March 1842, at the rooms of the Society of Arts, Adelphi. The fifth edition contains an advertisement, which remained in subsequent editions, stating "it is little more than nine months since the first announcement of the work appeared; and during that brief period of time, five editions, of one thousand copies each, and eight editions of an abstract, have passed through<mask> declared that the year 1842 may be considered a new era in the mode of curing disease in this country because of the growing popularity of some publications. <mask>'s attention was first drawn to the subject of hydropathy by an officer of marines at Venice, who "Seeing me attacked by rheumatism and head-ache, to both of which complaints I have been subject for the greater part of my life, my friend strongly advised me." He was confined to his bed for nearly two months after arriving at Florence in Rome. He stayed at Graefenberg for three months, during which time the health of that part of my family who were subjected to the treatment was perfectly established, and we acquired the habit of living more moderately, of taking more exercise, of drinking more water, and of using it more freely in During his time at Graefenberg, <mask> made notes, which would form the foundation of his 1842 Hydropathy book, from his own experiences, his observations of other patients' experiences, and of the methods employed, from his discussions with Priessnitz and other patients. Up to the beginning of September 1841, he collected statistics on patient numbers and break-down by nationality. The cook at the house was accused of stealing a quantity of continental lace from <mask>'s house on January 6, 1842.The cook was indicted again for stealing. The cook was found not guilty in both of the cases. He went to Ireland for 10

masks:
Richard Tappin Claridge
Claridge
Claridge
Richard Metcal
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Richard Tappin Claridge
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Hannah Claridge
James Claridge
James Claridge
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Richard T
. Claridge
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Richard Tappin
Claridge
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Claridge


title: R. T. Claridge

texts: weeks in June, July and August of 1843. The leading papers reviewed my work favorably, my lectures in England, Ireland, and Scotland met with serious attention, and baths and wash-houses resulted from a lecture I gave in Edinburgh. Not many Englishmen preceded <mask> to Graefenberg. Dr James Wilson and Dr James Manby Gully operated a water cure establishment. Wilson states in an 1843 publication that <mask> came to Graefenberg after he had been there, and that he had been a considerable time there.Wilson wrote in an earlier publication that he had read <mask>'s work and that he should notice it. He has collected a lot of evidence from the works of professional as well as non- professional men, and it will always be read with interest by the advocates of this system. Mr <mask> has no pocket motive in his production, so he should not be abused, and a little enthusiasm does a great deal of good, when the motives are such as Mr <mask>. Every hydropathist owes a deep debt of gratitude to <mask> for his strenuous exertions in the cause. Everyone wrote negatively about <mask> and his promotion of hydropathy. One review of <mask>'s Hydropathy was written in both German and English. It has been our good fortune, since reading Claridge on Hydropathy, to see a sick d.First in waddling in, he took a Fuss-Bad; then he took a Sitz-bad, and then, turning his curly tail up into the air, he took a Kopf-Bad. We were expecting him to shout "Priessnitz for ever!" when he rose almost upright on his last end. There is no such thing. He cried, "Quack!" It's a good thing! It's a good thing! <mask> was accused of being ignorant and plagiarizing in The Lancet medical journal of March 1842, which was one of the most critical reviews.In 1843, doctor <mask>. Graham wrote that a gentleman who spoke most contemptuously of everything but cold water as a remedy for disease was one of the most zealous Hydropathists in this country. Dr Graham prescribed a vegetable alternative that would cure him in six weeks. Graham states that this was no less of a Hydropathist than Captain <mask>. <mask> and others continued their efforts and the hydropathic movement gained interest. There were two prominent water-cure establishments when Hydropathy was first published. There were 24 establishments in Britain and Ireland ten years later, with many famous enough to be known by the owner's name. There were 69 authors of English works, and two Water-cure journals, one in London and one in America.He listed 136 authors of German works, 48 of French works, 43 of Latin works, and nine in other languages. There were also hydropathic establishments. At the time of <mask>'s first visit, hydropathy was well established in Europe. In Germany, France, Switzerland, the Tyrol, Hungary, Russia, Ireland, Scotland, all have institutions, and England has at least twenty, besides private individuals who are introducing it into their practice. At the peak of the hydropathic movement in the late 19th century, there were over fifty hydropathic hotels in Britain, of which the best-known were Smedley's at Matlock and Ben Rhydding. Ireland had one, but Scotland had over twenty. The hydropathy movement is credited with contributing to sanitary reform in the 19th century.The introduction of Hydropathy into this country and the dissemination of the curative virtues of water appliances and sanitary reformers saw the necessity of personal cleanliness in order to ensure perfect health. The passing of the Baths and Washhouses Act of Sir George Grey was stimulated by the attention drawn by the publication of <mask>'s work followed by others. The Baths and Wash-houses Acts of 1846 to 1896 were a series of statutes. This was an important milestone in the improvement of sanitary conditions and public health in those times, with early support for the promotion of public baths and washhouses from prominent advocates of sanitary reform. <mask> gave a lecture in Edinburgh in 1843. The temperance and hydropathy movements feed off each other, as highlighted by <mask>'s Scottish lecture tours. In July 1845, <mask> wrote a letter to the New York Tribune, which was published in New York's Water Cure Journal.<mask> extolled the virtues of Priessnitz and his methods in an address to Arch-Duke Franz Carl in October 1845. On March 4, 1847, he sent a letter from Graefenberg to an American. He commends the progress of the Water-Cure in America and describes the progress in Great Britain in this wide-ranging letter. He discusses a book by Dr. Wilson and comments on some of the criticism against him. He acknowledges the work of his predecessors, such as "Dr Sir John Floyer" and Dr James Currie. <mask> addresses some of his critics and praises Priessnitz for bringing it to the fore again. The first hydropathic facility in the United States of America was attributed to <mask> <mask> in the 19th century.Trall'. In 1845. The first facility is credited to Dr Charles Munde, although this is not supported by him or by historical evidence. During the winter of 1845–46, Priessnitz's methods became familiar to him as he migrated from Germany. After his father had struggled for nearly a year in New York in search of a practice, the family went to the area now called Florence, Massachusetts in the early fifties. A blind colored man named <mask> had previously set up a water cure practice, and after his death in 1849, Charles Munde learned "of the opportunity to take up his favorite method", which led him to pick up where he left off. The Battle Creek Sanitarium, which opened in 1866, employed hydrotherapy after it was introduced to the U.S.The crude, but thoroughgoing methods of the original system of Priessnitz, which prospered among the hardy mountaineers of Austrian Silesia, were too strenuous for more delicately organized and pampered American invalids. In the first half of the last century, when water-cures were almost a fad, brought water into general disrepute, and greatly hindered the scientific development of this valuable agent. Earlier medical commentators took issue with the way in which hydropathy was promoted, and not with the underlying principles, but with the way in which it was marketed. The British Medical Journal noted that hydropathy was a specific instance of general principles of thermodynamics. That is the application of heat and cold in general. The issue was that the application of such rules had received so special a form had led to forms of treatment called by certain special and almost sectarian names, and too often associated with certain places. While the underlying principles of hydropathy do belong to the general practice of medicine, through the advertising of public companies and other even more objectionable practices, come to be associated in the public mind with so much as almost to justify the accusation of quackery and delusion.As the education of the public increases, it will tend to disappear altogether, especially if broad principles be kept steadily before the public rather than narrow and isolated details. One writer noted that a great remedial power lies unutilized in a genuine hydropathy, and it calls for urgent study and research, but not that hydropathy is a water treatment after all. The utility in that application was not in dispute. There was a lack of data from reliable scientific investigation into physiological mechanisms and the means by which the effects of hydropathy can be measured and controlled. Nothing has done more to repel research than the suspicion of quackery which taints the practice that normally goes by this name. Huge establishments can only be made to pay by full houses well kept up, and this is found as a rule to require that their calling be magnified in ways which are at once too special and popular to be scientific and genuine. The British Medical Journal agreed with this writer that there were simple generalisations that could be deduced regarding the effects of heat and cold on the human body.Circulation, thermoregulation, and their application to hydrotherapy are some of the underlying mechanisms that have been studied since then. There are known publications by <mask>. The first page of Browne's article contains a brief mention of <mask>'s works, as well as a list of all of <mask>'s publications. Hard copy edition of the full text at Internet Archive. The full text can be found at the Internet Archive. The full text can be found at the Internet Archive. The pagination is close but not the same as the American edition.The full text can be found at the Internet Archive. The pagination is close but not the same as the English edition. The English book is translated into Spanish. Further reading at the Internet Archive. It is difficult to resolve the birth year discrepancies without access to a copy of original documents, although the biographical sketch clearly includes indirect sources for some of its information. There is no doubt that they refer to the same person. Cold Water cure, Hydropathy, and Cold Water system were all synonymous in that era, with publications under those titles all referring to the same legacy.All three variations are needed to capture relevant works from that period. The 11th ed. of the Encyclopdia Britannica. In 1840, <mask> introduced hydropathy to England. <mask> describes himself as the first to pay attention to hydropathy in the winter of 1840, after which he was confined to bed for nearly two months. He stated on page 81 that he was at Graefenberg sometime in September 1841. A new era began in 1842, according to <mask>. "Mr <mask> will probably find that he made a mistake in turning his talents to physic, and crying water about the streets; he had better have continued crying 'there is nothing like leather' or 'there is nothing like as'."We don't feel like we have to pay attention to his aspersions on the character of the medical profession. The artist James John Hill was listed in Johnson's book as residing at 58 Newman Street at the time of <mask>'s portrait, but he was still there in 1848. A search for material for the section on Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co. brings up increasing reference to the case as the range of search terms is both expanded and refined. The text of the fifth and eighth editions are the same as the first edition's. The fifth edition includes two additions at either end of the book, not affecting the pagination. There is a hand-written letter at the front and at the back. The joke was quoted in the humor section of the 1849 Water-Cure Journal.There was a light-hearted satire about the water cure. The Florence Water-Cure was operated by Munde. He migrated from Germany. He mentions a case he dealt with in the winter of 1845–46 in his text. His familiarity with Priessnitz's methods dates back to 1836, when he was "almost a novice in Priessnitz's practice". There was an epidemic of scarlatina in the city of Freiberg and two of his children contracted the disease. Two Internet Archive texts have missing pages at the front.There are two online texts between the pages. The full text can be found on the Project Gutenberg site. The Society of Antiquaries of London has links to births and

masks:
Claridge
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Thomas J
Claridge
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Russell Thacher
Tl
David Ruggles
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title: Ted Sorensen

texts: <mask> was an American lawyer, writer, and presidential adviser. He was one of John F. Kennedy's closest advisers. He was once called his "intellectual blood bank" by President Kennedy. He addresses the claim in his 2008 memoir that he was the author of Profiles in Courage. Kennedy won the Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1957. Kennedy's inaugural address and "We choose to go to the Moon" speech were written by <mask>. The son of a Nebraska attorney general, Christian A<mask>, was born in Lincoln, Nebraska.His parents were American and Russian Jewish. Philip C<mask> was the lieutenant governor of Nebraska. He graduated from a high school. He graduated from the University of Nebraska College of Law first in his class. John F. Kennedy's chief legislative aide was 24 years old at the time. He wrote many of Kennedy's speeches. In his 2008 memoir Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History, he said he wrote a first draft of most of the chapters of John F. Kennedy's book Profiles in Courage.The role for which he is remembered best is that of primary speechwriter in the Kennedy administration. Kennedy said "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" in his inaugural address. The speech and its famous turn of phrase that everyone remembers was written by Kennedy himself, despite the fact that <mask> played an important part in the composition of the inaugural address. In his 2008 memoir, Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History, <mask> claimed, "The truth is that I simply don't remember where the line came from." The domestic agenda was the focus of <mask>'s responsibilities during the early months of the administration. Kennedy asked <mask> to participate in foreign policy discussions after the Bay of Pigs debacle. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Robert S. McNamara was named one of the "true inner circle" members who advised the president.Kennedy's first address to the nation about the crisis on October 22 was worked on by <mask>, who drafted Kennedy's correspondence with Nikita Khrushchev. The most traumatic experience of my life was Kennedy's assassination. ... I never considered a future without him. He quoted a poem that said, "How could you leave us, how could you die?" We are sheep without a shepherd. The day after the assassination, he submitted a letter of resignation but was persuaded to stay through the transition.Johnson's first address to Congress was drafted by <mask>. He was the first member of the Kennedy Administration to resign. As Johnson was about to recount in his memoirs, <mask> helped in the transition to the new administration with those speeches. Kennedy's biography was supposed to be written with my help after his second term, according to the book that President Kennedy had intended to write with my help. Kennedy's Secretary of the Navy and a close friend of Kennedy's from his Navy service wrote The Pleasure of His Company, as did David Powers and Kenneth O'Donnell. Kennedy's biography, published in 1965, became an international bestseller. After joining the U.S. law firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, he was still involved in politics.He was an adviser to Robert F. Kennedy in his 1968 presidential campaign. He wrote The Kennedy Legacy: A Peaceful Revolution For The Seventies' about the political ideals of the Kennedy brothers that could be applied to the Democratic party in particular and to America and American society in general going forward. During the next four decades, <mask> had a career as an international lawyer, advising governments around the world, as well as major international corporations. The Democratic party had a nominee for the United States senator from New York. He was third in the primary election after being challenged by Richard Ottinger, Paul O'Dwyer, and Max McCarthy. The nomination of <mask> as Director of Central Intelligence was withdrawn by the Senate before a vote. Senate opposition to his nomination as CIA director was due to his help with explaining <mask>'s Chappaquiddick incident.The loss of Senate approval for his nomination for CIA director was attributed to his conscientious objector status as a youth, his two failed marriages, and his writing an affidavit in defense of releasing the Pentagon Papers. The national co-chairman for Gary Hart for the presidential election of 1984 was <mask>. In addition to his successful career as a lawyer, <mask> was also a frequent spokesman for liberal ideals and ideas, writing opinion-editorials and delivering speeches concerning domestic and international subjects. He was an editor of the Saturday Review for several years. The Institute of Politics at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government was one of the institutions he was affiliated with. The International Center for Transitional Justice was an advisory board member of the Partnership for a Secure America, which was dedicated to recreating bipartisan consensus for American national security and foreign policy. The International Center for Ethics, Justice and Public Life was chaired by him.The Judson Welliver Society is a bipartisan social club composed of former presidential speechwriters. The acceptance speech for the Democratic presidential nomination was published in the Washington Monthly. He was asked by the magazine to write a speech that he would most want the 2008 Democratic nominee to give at the convention. On March 9, 2007, he spoke at an event with then-senator Barack Obama at New York City's Grand Hyatt Hotel and officially endorsed him for the presidential election in 2008. <mask> spoke about the similarities between Barack Obama's and John F. Kennedy's campaigns early on in his campaign. He helped with President Obama's Inaugural Address. The National Security Network had an advisory board.The importance of historical insights in Kennedy's thoughts and actions can be found in more than 100 speeches and writings in the book Let The Word Go Forth. He was married three times. He had his first marriage in 1949. Eric, Steven, and Phillip were the sons of the couple. They divorced. He married Sara Elbery in 1964. The marriage ended in divorce.The United Nations Foundation's Gillian Martin was married to <mask> in 1969. They were married until Juliet's death. He received the National Humanities Medal in the East Room of the White House. The medal was awarded for Advancing our understanding of modern American politics. He helped craft messages and policies for President Kennedy, and later gave us a glimpse into the people and events that made history. He died at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital in New York City after a stroke the previous week. The 1974 TV film The Missiles of October is one of the films in which <mask> has been portrayed.There are also references to the film Chappaquiddick and the TV series Profiles in Courage. Kennedy's touch on Obama's words is called passing the torch. 2005. Ask not about the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech that Changed America. 304 pp. The book was originally published by Henry Holt and Co. Marcus and Jacob were related.1981. The American Jewish woman. The publishing house is called KTAV. The New York Times was published in 1983. Gary Hart opened his campaign headquarters in New York on New York Day by Day. Theodore C., <mask>, is known as The New Vision. July/August 2007, Washington Monthly.Ted. 2008-07-23 Is Barack Obama the next JFK? <mask> was named Theodore in The New Republic. The year was 2007-07-25. The new JFK is Barack Obama. The Guardian is located in London, UK.The Wall Street Journal has a review of <mask>'s Counselor. The John F. Kennedy Library and Museum has an inventory of personal papers. The 20th century saw the deaths of American non-fiction writers and the 21st century saw the deaths of American political writers.

masks:
Theodore Chaikin Sorensen
Sorensen
. Sorensen
. Sorensen
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Ted Kennedy
Sorensen
Sorensen
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Sorensen
Ted
Ted
Ted Sorensen


title: Galileo Galilei

texts: <mask> di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de<mask> was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer from the city of Pisa. <mask> was the "Father" of observational astronomy, modern physics, the scientific method, and modern science. <mask> studied speed and velocity, gravity and free fall, the principle of relativity, inertia, projectile motion and also worked in applied science and technology. The thermoscope and various military compasses were invented by him. His contributions to observational astronomy include telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, observation of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, and analysis of lunar craters and sunspots. The Catholic Church objected to <mask>'s idea of Earth rotating daily and revolving around the sun. Heliocentrism was found to be foolish, absurd, and heretical by the Roman Inquisition in 1615.<mask> defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII, alienating both the Pope and the Jesuits, who had supported <mask> up until this point. He was accused of heresy and forced to recant. He was under house arrest for the rest of his life. During this time, he wrote Two New Sciences, a summary of work he had done forty years earlier. <mask> was the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia Ammannati and was born in Pisa, Italy, on February 15, 1564. <mask> would have learned from his father a scepticism for authority. Three of <mask>'s siblings were stillborn.Michelangelo contributed to <mask>'s financial burdens for the rest of his life. Michelangelo couldn't contribute to their father's promised dowries to their brothers-in-law, who would later attempt to seek legal remedies for payments due. Michelangelo would sometimes have to borrow funds from <mask>. The financial burdens may have made <mask> want to develop inventions that would bring him more income. <mask> was left under the care of Muzio Tedaldi for two years after his family moved to Florence. When <mask> was ten, he left Pisa to join his family in Florence, under the guidance of Jacopo Borghini. He was educated in logic from 1575 to 1578 in the Vallombrosa Abbey.<mask> referred to himself by his given name. When surnames were optional in Italy, his given name had the same origin as his sometimes- family name, Galilei. <mask> was an important physician, professor, and politician in Florence in the 15th century. The Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence holds the remains of <mask> and <mask>. He sometimes referred to himself as <mask> Linceo, a reference to his membership in the Accademia dei Lincei, an elite pro-science organization in Italy. It was common for families in Tuscany to name their sons after their parents. <mask>i wasn't necessarily named after his descendant <mask>.The name "<mask>" comes from the Latin "Galilaeus", meaning "of Galilee", a region in Northern Israel. The word galilaios, which means "Galilean", was used in antiquity to refer to Christ and his followers. The biblical roots of <mask>'s name were to be the subject of a famous pun. During the <mask> affair, one of <mask>'s opponents delivered a controversial and influential sermon. He made a point of quoting Acts, "Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven?" quid statis aspicientes in caelum was found in the Latin version of the Vulgate. <mask> fathered three children out of wedlock with Marina Gamba, despite being a genuine Roman Catholic.They had a son, Vincenzo, and two daughters, Virginia and Livia. Due to their illegitimate birth, <mask> considered the girls unmarriageable, if not posing problems of prohibitively expensive support or dowries, which would have been similar to <mask>'s previous extensive financial problems with two of his sisters. The religious life was their only other option. The convent of San Matteo in Arcetri accepted both girls and they stayed there for the rest of their lives. Virginia took the name Maria Celeste when she entered the convent. She is buried with <mask> at the Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence. Livia was ill for most of her life and took the name Sister Arcangela.Vincenzo married Sestilia Bocchineri, who was recognised as the legal heir of <mask>. At the urging of his father, <mask> went to the University of Pisa in 1580 to get a medical degree. He was influenced by the work of Girolamo Borro. He noticed a swinging chandelier when he was studying medicine. The chandelier took the same amount of time to swing back and forth, no matter how far it was from him. He set up two pendulums of equal length and swung one with a large sweep and the other with a small sweep and found that they kept time together. It wasn't until the work of Christiaan Huygens that the tautochrone nature of a swinging pendulum was used to create a timepiece.<mask> was kept away from mathematics because a physician earned more than a mathematician. After accidentally attending a lecture on geometry, he talked his father into allowing him to study mathematics and natural philosophy. In 1586, he published a small book on the design of a hydrostatic balance he had invented, which brought him to the attention of the scholarly world. <mask> obtained the position of instructor in the Accademia dell Arti del Disegno in Florence in 1588 after studying fine art and teaching perspective and chiaroscuro. He presented two lectures in an attempt to propose a rigorous model of Dante's hell. <mask> was inspired by the artistic tradition of the city and the works of the Renaissance artists. He befriended the Florentine painter Cigoli while he was a teacher at the Accademia.He was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa in 1589. He was given the care of his younger brother after his father died. He taught geometry, mechanics, and astronomy at the University of Padua until 1610. <mask> made significant discoveries in both pure fundamental science and practical applied science, such as the strength of materials and the telescope. At the time, astrology was a discipline tied to the studies of mathematics and astronomy. The supernova of 1572 was observed by Tycho Brahe and others. The 1572 supernova and the less bright nova of 1601 were brought to <mask>'s attention by Ottavio Brenzoni's letter.In 1604 <mask> observed and discussed the stars. <mask> concluded that the new stars were distant stars and that the Aristotelian belief in the immutability of the heavens was disproved. Refracting telescope based on uncertain descriptions of the first practical telescope which Hans Lippershey tried to patent in the Netherlands in 1608. He made better versions with up to 30x magnification. The observer could see magnified, upright images on the Earth with a Galilean telescope. He was one of the few who could build telescopes that were good enough to observe the sky. He showed one of his telescopes to Venetian lawmakers with a magnification of 8 or 9.<mask> sold his telescopes to merchants who found them useful both at sea and as items of trade. In March 1610 he published his first telescopic observations. <mask> aimed his telescope at the moon. While not being the first person to observe the Moon through a telescope, <mask> was the first to deduce the cause of the waning as light from lunar mountains and craters. He made topographical charts to estimate the heights of the mountains. The first "planet", an "eternal pearl to magnificently ascend into the heavenly empyrian", as was put forth by Dante, was not what was thought to have been a translucent and perfect sphere. Thomas Harriot or William Gilbert might have done it before, but <mask> is sometimes credited with the discovery of the lunar libration in latitude in 1632.A friend of <mask>'s, the painter Cigoli, included a realistic depiction of the Moon in one of his paintings, though probably used his own telescope to make the observation. <mask> observed Jupiter's moons on January 7, 1610 with his telescope, which he described as "three fixed stars, totally invisible by their smallness, all close to Jupiter, and lying on a straight line through it". If they had been fixed stars, the positions of these "stars" relative to Jupiter would have been inexplicable. <mask> said that one of them had vanished, and that it was hidden behind Jupiter. He discovered three of Jupiter's four largest moons after a few days. On 13 January, he discovered the fourth. The Medicean stars were named in honor of <mask>'s future patron, Cosimo II de' Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his three brothers.Astronomers renamed the satellites after their discoverer. The satellites were discovered independently by Simon Marius on January 8th, 1610 and are now known as Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. <mask>'s observations of the satellites of Jupiter caused a revolution in astronomy: a planet with smaller planets did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian cosmology, which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth. He received a hero's welcome when he visited Rome in 1611. Johannes Kepler had believed that it was impossible for <mask> to get accurate estimates for the satellites' periods. <mask> observed that Venus has a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon. The heliocentric model of the Solar System predicted that all phases would be visible since Venus would face away from the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun.Ptolemy's model made it impossible for any of the planets to intersect the spherical shell carrying the Sun. Venus was placed on the side of the Sun where it could only show crescent and new phases. It was possible to place it on the far side of the Sun, where it could only exhibit gibbous and full phases. The Ptolemaic model became obsolete after <mask>'s telescopic observations of Venus. In the early 17th century, as a result of his discovery, the majority of astronomer converted to one of the various planetary models with or without a daily rotating Earth. The phases of Venus were explained without the refutation of full heliocentrism's prediction. <mask>'s discovery of the phases of Venus was the most influential contribution to the two-stage transition from full heliocentrism to full heliocentrism.In 1610, <mask> saw the planet Neptune and mistook its rings for planets. He thought that two of the bodies had disappeared when he saw the planet later. He was confused by the reappearance of the rings when he observed the planet in 1616. The planet Neptune was observed by <mask>. It is one of many dim stars in his notebooks. He didn't know it was a planet, but he noted its motion relative to the stars before he lost track of it. <mask> made naked-eye and telescopic studies of sunspots.Their existence made it difficult to maintain the unchanging perfection of the heavens. An annual variation in their trajectory provided a powerful argument against the Ptolemaic system and the Tycho Brahe system. A dispute over priority in the discovery of sunspots led to a bitter feud between <mask> and the Jesuit. Mark Welser was in the middle and asked <mask> for his opinion. They weren't aware of Johannes Fabricius' earlier observations and publication of sunspots. The stars <mask> observed were so dense that they appeared to be clouds. The stars he found were too far away to be seen with the naked eye.In 1617, he observed the double star Mizar. In the Starry Messenger, <mask> reported that stars appeared as fires of light, essentially unchanged in appearance by the telescope, and contrasted them to planets, which the telescope revealed to be discs. He reported in his Letters on Sunspots that the telescope revealed the shapes of both stars and planets to be quite round. He continued to report that telescopes showed the roundness of stars, and that stars seen through the telescope measured a few seconds of arcs in diameter. The method for measuring the apparent size of a star without a telescope was devised by him. His method was to hang a thin rope in his line of sight to the star and measure the maximum distance from which it would obscure the star. He could calculate the angle at his viewing point from his measurement of the distance and the width of the rope.He reported in his Dialogue that he had found the apparent diameter of a star of first magnitude to be no more than 5 arcs per second, and that of a star of sixth magnitude to be about 6 arcs per second. <mask> didn't know that the apparent sizes of stars that he measured were spurious, caused by atmospheric distortion, and didn't represent the true sizes of stars. <mask> was able to counter anti-Copernican arguments that the stars would have to be large for their annual size because of his values. Smaller stars were not small enough to answer Tycho's argument, as was found by astronomer Simon Marius, Giovanni Battista Riccioli, and Martinus Hortensius. The sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles it, according to the theory of tides written in 1615. The theory of the tides was considered by <mask>. He wanted to call his theory Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems the Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea.The title had a reference to tides removed. Because of the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun, the tides were caused by the back and forth of water in the seas as a point on the Earth's surface sped up and slowed down. In 1616, he sent his first account of the tides to Cardinal Orsini. The first insight into the importance of the shapes of ocean basins in the size and timing of tides was given by his theory. His theory was a failure as a general account of the cause of tides. There would be only one high tide per day if the theory is correct. There are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one, which <mask> and his peers were aware of.The shape of the sea, its depth, and other factors were dismissed by <mask> as the cause of the anomalies. Albert Einstein believed that <mask> accepted his "fascinating arguments" out of a desire for physical proof of the Earth's motion. The idea that the Moon caused the tides was dismissed by <mask>. The ultimate proof of Earth's motion was <mask>'s theory of tides. Father Orazio Grassi, professor of mathematics at the Jesuit Collegio Romano, was involved in a controversy with <mask> over comets. It began as a dispute over the nature of comets, but by the time <mask> published The Assayer in 1623, it had become a much wider controversy over the nature of science. The Grand Duke of Tuscany is described as a philosopher on the title page of the

masks:
Galileo
' Galilei
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Galileo Bonaiuti
Galileo Bonaiuti
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galile
Galileo Bonaiuti
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Galileo


title: Galileo Galilei

texts: book.<mask>'s ideas on how science should be practiced have been referred to as his scientific manifesto. Father Grassi published a pamphlet in 1619 about the nature of a comet that appeared late in the year. Grassi concluded that the comet was a fiery body that had moved along a segment of a great circle at a constant distance from the earth. One of <mask>'s disciples, a Florentine lawyer named Mario Guiducci, published an article under Grassi's name that was largely written by <mask>. The nature of comets was not given a definitive theory by <mask> and Guiducci. Tycho Brahe had proposed the correct approach to the study of comets. <mask> and Guiducci's Discourse insulted the Jesuit, and various uncomplimentary remarks about the professors of the Collegio Romano were scattered throughout the work.Grassi, under the name of the lothario sarsio Sigensano, replied to the Jesuits with a piece of his own called The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance. <mask>'s reply was the Assayer. It has been widely recognized as a masterpiece of polemical literature, in which "Sarsi's" arguments are subjected to withering ridicule. The new pope, Urban VIII, was particularly pleased by the reception it received. The future Urban VIII came down on the side of <mask> and the Lincean Academy in Rome. <mask> and his friends believed that they were responsible for bringing about his condemnation, although evidence is not conclusive. At the time of <mask>'s conflict with the Church, the majority of educated people subscribed to the view that the Earth is the center of the Universe.There were both religious and scientific objections to <mask>'s writings. The biblical passages implied the fixed nature of the Earth. Brahe argued that if heliocentrism were true, an annual stellar parallax should be observed. The stars were so far away that the stars were not negligible. Tycho said that if the stars were that far away and their apparent size was due to their physical size, they would be much larger than the Sun. It is not possible to see the size of distant stars with modern telescopes. Heliocentrism was defended by <mask> based on his observations.In December 1613, the Grand Duchess Christina of Florence confronted one of <mask>'s friends and followers with biblical objections to the motion of the Earth. Prompted by this incident, <mask> wrote a letter to Castelli in which he argued that heliocentrism was not contrary to biblical texts and that the Bible was an authority on faith and morals. The letter was not published. In two years, <mask> wrote a letter to Christina that expanded his arguments from eight to forty pages. By 1615, <mask>'s writings on heliocentrism had been submitted to the Roman Inquisition by Father NiccolLorini, who claimed that <mask> and his followers were attempting to misinterpret the Bible, which was seen as a violation of the Council of Trent and looked dangerously like Protestantism <mask> wrote a letter to Castelli. <mask> went to Rome to defend himself.Monsignor Francesco Ingoli began a debate with <mask> at the beginning of 1616. According to <mask>, this essay was instrumental in the action against Copernicanism. Ingoli may have been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy, with the essay providing the basis for the Inquisition's actions. There were eighteen physical and mathematical arguments in the essay. Tycho Brahe argued that heliocentrism would require the stars as they appeared to be larger than the Sun. The four theological arguments were included in the essay, but Ingoli suggested <mask> focus on the physical and mathematical arguments. In February 1616, an Inquisitorial commission declared heliocentrism to be "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture".The idea of the Earth's movement received the same judgement in philosophy and theology as it did in faith. Pope Paul V ordered the Cardinal to order <mask> to abandon heliocentrism. On February 26th, <mask> was told to abandon his opinion that the sun is still at the center of the world and the Earth is moving. De Revolutionibus and other heliocentric works were banned by the Congregation of the Index. <mask> was away from the controversy for the next decade. The election of Cardinal Maffeo Barberini as Pope Urban VIII encouraged him to restart his project of writing a book on the subject. The admonition of <mask> in 1616 was opposed by Barberini.Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems was published in 1632 with formal authorization from the Inquisition and papal permission. Pope Urban VIII personally asked <mask> to give arguments against heliocentrism in the book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism. Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian view in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool. Although <mask> states in his book that the character is named after a famous philosopher,Simplicio in Italian also has the meaning of "simpleton". The portrayal of Simplicio made Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems appear to be an advocacy book. Most historians agree <mask> didn't act out of malice, but was surprised by the reaction to his book. The Pope did not take the public ridicule lightly.The Pope was one of <mask>'s biggest and most powerful supporters and he was called to Rome to defend his writings. He was brought before the inquisitor Vincenzo Maculani to be charged. <mask> maintained throughout his trial that since 1616 he had kept his promise not to hold any of the condemned opinions. He was persuaded to admit that his Dialogue was not intended to be a defence of Copernicanism. In view of <mask>'s implausible denial that he held the ideas after 1616 or ever intended to defend them in the Dialogue, his final interrogation in July 1633 concluded with his being threatened with torture if he did not tell the truth. The sentence of the Inquisition was delivered in June. <mask> was found to be "vehemently suspect of heresy", though he was never formally charged with heresy, and he had held the opinion that the Earth is not at the center of the universe.He had to curse and detest those opinions. He was sentenced to formal imprisonment. He remained for the rest of his life after this was commuted to house arrest. His offending Dialogue was banned, and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future. <mask> is said to have muttered "And yet it moves" after changing his mind about the Earth moving around the Sun. There is a claim that a 1640s painting by the Spanish painter Bartolomé Esteban Murillo depicts an imprisoned <mask> looking at the words "E pursi muove" written on a piece of paper. The legend's earliest written account is a century after his death.According to the painting, the famous words were already attributed to <mask> before his death. Mario Livio, an astronomer, found that the painting is most likely a copy of a painting by the Flemish painter Roman-Eugene Van Maldeghem. After a period with the Ascanio Piccolomini, <mask> was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence in 1634, where he spent part of his life under house arrest. For the next three years, <mask> was ordered to read the Seven Penitential Psalms once a week. His daughter Maria Celeste was given permission to take it on her own. <mask> dedicated his time to Two New Sciences while he was under house arrest. He published his work on the strength of materials in Holland in order to avoid the censor.Albert Einstein loved this book. <mask> is often called the "Father of modern physics" because of this work. He went blind in 1638 and was suffering from a hernia and insomnia, so he was allowed to travel to Florence for medical advice. Dava Sobel believes that prior to <mask>'s 1633 trial and judgement for heresy, Pope Urban VIII had become preoccupied with court intrigue and problems of state and began to fear persecution or threats to his own life. According to Sobel, the problem of <mask> was presented to the pope by court insiders and <mask>'s enemies. Urban reacted against <mask> out of anger and fear after being accused of weakness in defending the church. <mask>'s discoveries are in modern scientific and social contexts.He believes that the <mask> affair has something in common with science denial. <mask> died of a heart problem on January 8, 1642, at the age of 77. Ferdinando II wanted to build a marble mausoleum in his honor and bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce, next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors. The plans were dropped after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew protested that <mask> had been condemned by the Catholic Church for suspicion of heresy. He was buried in a small room next to the novices' chapel at the end of a corridor from the southern transept of the basilica to the sacristy. When he was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737, three fingers and a tooth were removed from his body. The Museo Galileo in Florence, Italy has an exhibition of these fingers.<mask> made original contributions to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics. The qualitative studies of William Gilbert were more typical of science at the time. For a stretched string, the pitch varies as the square root of the tension, which was established by <mask>, <mask>'s father. The Pythagorean tradition of music includes the fact that subdividing a string by a whole number produces a harmonious scale. <mask> could see his own father's observations expand on that tradition because a limited amount of mathematics had long related music and physical science. <mask> was the first modern thinker to state that the laws of nature are mathematical. He wrote "Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe."It is written in the language of mathematics and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures. The separation of science from philosophy and religion was marked by his work. He was willing to change his views. <mask> had to set up standards of length and time in order for his experiments to be carried out. This gave a reliable foundation to confirm mathematical laws. <mask> appreciated the proper relationship between mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics. He understood the parabola in two ways: in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate of the square of the abscissa.<mask> said that the parabola was the ideal trajectory for a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of air resistance. He conceded that there are limits to the validity of this theory, noting on theoretical grounds that a projectile trajectory of a size comparable to that of the Earth could not possibly be a parabola. <mask> observed that the surface of the Moon was not smooth. The four largest moons of Jupiter were observed by him early in the next year. He thought the planet's rings were two other planets, but later observed the phases of Venus as a proof of heliocentrism. He observed Neptune but did not identify it as a planet. <mask> made various observations about stars, including how to measure their apparent size without a telescope.Engineering <mask> made contributions to what is now known as engineering. <mask> created and improved a military and geometric compass between 1595 and 1598. The instruments were designed by Niccol Tartaglia and Guidobaldo del Monte. It offered a new and safer way of elevating cannons, as well as a way of quickly computing the charge of gunpowder for cannonballs of different sizes and materials. As a geometric instrument, it enabled the construction of any regular polygon, as well as the computation of the area of any circular sector. <mask> sold more than 100 of these compasses, along with an instruction manual he wrote, for 50 lire, and offered a course of instruction in the use of the compasses for 120 lire. <mask> used the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in a tube.In 1609, <mask>, along with Englishman Thomas Harriot and others, were among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name "telescope" was given to <mask>'s instrument by a Greek mathematician at a banquet in 1611. He used a telescope to look at insects. <mask> used a compound microscope. In May of that year, he gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern, and in September he sent another to Prince Cesi. <mask>'s invention was named the "microscope" a year after the Linceans played a role in naming it. "telescope" was meant to be the same as the word.The first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope appears to have been illustrations of insects made using one of <mask>'s microscopes. <mask> proposed in 1612 that the positions of Jupiter's satellites could be used as a universal clock to determine longitude. The practical problems were severe, but he worked on this problem from time to time. The method was used to survey France and the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries. The development of a portable marinemeter, such as that of John Harrison, was needed for sea navigation where telescopic observations were more difficult. When <mask> was blind, he designed an escapement mechanism for a pendulum clock, but no clock was built until after the first fully operational pendulum clock was made by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s. <mask> was invited to advise on engineering schemes to alleviate flooding.In 1630 Mario Guiducci was probably consulted on a scheme by Bartolotti to cut a new channel for the Bisenzio River near Florence. <mask>'s theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies, along with the largely independent work of Kepler and René Descartes, was a progenitor of classical mechanics. <mask> used pendulums for several experiments. It is believed that these began when he watched the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa, using his pulse as a timer. Experiments are described in his Two New Sciences. A simple pendulum is isochronous according to <mask>. 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Galileo
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Vincenzo Galilei
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