title: David Helvarg

texts: <mask> is an American journalist and environmental activist. He is the founder and president of the Blue Frontier Campaign, a part of the Seaweed rebellion, which arose from his second book Blue Frontier. The War against the Greens was his first book. After working as a journalist, he became a war correspondent and returned to news journalism. He is a writer about politics, AIDS, and sea life. He has reported from all over the world and has been published in magazines and newspapers. He has experience in military conflict, civil conflict and marine biology.The son of refugees, he was born in New York City in 1951. He became a civil rights and anti-war activist when he was a child. He earned a bachelor's degree in history from Goddard College in Vermont in 1974. He traveled to Northern Ireland in 1973. The Liberation News Service received reports on the civil warfare known as "The Troubles". There are allegations that agents of the British government participated in sectarian murders. He moved to San Diego to work as a journalist."Ireland Diary; A Day in the Life" was published in the underground publication San Diego Door. From 1979 to 1983, he covered the U.S. role in Central American conflicts, initially as a radio reporter for The Associated Press. His exclusive reports included coverage of the first town to fall to Sandinista rebels, the first delivery of U.S. gunships to El Salvador, and the last interview with Sister Ita Ford before her murder by the Salvadoran military. He was deported from El Salvador in 1983 after reporting on a massacre of civilians. He became a private investigator after returning to California. After conducting the photographer's last interview, he wrote reports on underwater technology, and an interview with the doctor. He continued his career in television production.His television topics were dominated by AIDS education, particularly for the Hispanic community. The War against the Greens was published in 1994 after he began to research the conflict between the US free-market environmentalist group Wise Use and the green movement. According to the Wise Use movement, the US environmentalist group Sierra Club commissioned Helvarg to write the book as an anti-Wise Use rant and that his sponsors also sponsored a road show to tie Wise Use to an alleged far-right terrorist network. He was described as a private investigator in the same article. A visit to Antarctica in 1999 became material for several articles and books, and a daily log was published in Slate, the online news magazine. His professional exposure to green activism and his ocean sports activities made him focus on marine conservativism. He moved to Washington, D.C., and founded the Blue Frontier Campaign after researching his second book, Blue Frontier: Saving America's Living Seas (2001).He became a member of the board of Reef Relief, which he made a television documentary about in 1994. In early 2005 a syndicated newspaper article debunking comments by conservative Christians about the homosexual tendencies of SpongeBob SquarePants, a cartoon character, attracted nationwide US attention. In response to suggestions by Dobson and others that the We Are Family Foundation was exploiting popular animated characters, including SpongeBob, to promote the acceptance of homosexuality among young people, Helvarg used these incidents to describe the "immorality" in the oceans. The Golden Shore is California's Love Affair with the Sea. I loved this book. The quirky and head-over-heels love we have for our seas is captured in a really readable way by <mask>g. Ted Danson.I was surprised by how much I learned from The Golden Shore. It blew my mind. This book is a must-read if you love the beautiful California coast and ocean as I do. Jean-Michel Cousteau. Saved by the Sea is a love story with fish. Sylvia Earle says that the book has the power to change the way you think about the world, about yourself, and the future of humankind. He writes about the changes in his life over the last fifty years."Rescue Warriors - The U.S. Coast Guard, America's Forgotten Heroes" is a terrific new book that takes you to the cutting edge of adventure as he rides along with the men and women of the U.S. Coast Guard. This in-depth and lively look at the history and changing missions of America's 'Rescue Warriors' should be considered a must-read for anyone who loves the water or cares about the safety, security, and stewardship of our nation from sea to shining sea. "They say that 'I'm from the government and I'm here to help' is an oxymoron," writes Bill McKibben. The simple truth is made clear in the case of the Coast Guard. The chart case is next to this volume. "50 Ways To Save the Ocean" was written by Sylvia Earle and shows why the ocean matters to us all. Ted Danson said, "This book is an important guide for the public to saving our oceans."The co-chair of the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative was Leon Panetta, the current United States Secretary of Defense. Organized opposition to the environmental movement in the United States was described in The War against the Greens. He characterized the Wise Use movement as a network of anti-environmentalist groups. To privatize the National Park Service is one of the goals of Wise Use. The origins of the organization were explored in the first edition. Bush was in office. The multinational corporations and other powerful figures that it was associated with were identified.He believed that the movement against environmental activists was behind the use of violence. The early years of Bush's administration were covered in a revised edition published in 2004. The book provides a fascinating and frightening insight into the violent fringe of the anti-conservation Wise Use movement. Jesse Walker wrote that the opposing view offered environmentalists a conspiracy theory to account for the populist backlash against their movement. Walker described his book as a weapon in a propaganda war. War against the Greens was cited by activists inside the environmental movement and gave rise to rebuttals from Wise Use and its supporters, including Ron Arnold. Dispatches from America's Ocean Wilderness was named the best book of 2001 by the Los Angeles Times.The effects of human activity in general, and of commerce and policy in particular, on marine life are explored in it. He suggests that it is possible to reverse the trend of destruction. Some people and groups are working to improve or preserve the marine environment. If we hope to explore the Blue Frontier, we must travel cautiously, repairing the damage we have done, understanding before we exploit, and always preserving the natural systems that have created. The Seaweed rebellion was one of the catalysts for the establishment of the Blue Frontier Campaign. Blue Frontier Campaign's first major publication was The Ocean and Coastal Conservation Guide, a directory for those interested in the protection and restoration of United States coastal lands and waters. The guide will be published a new edition every two years.There are over 2,000 organizations involved in the preservation of the oceans and coastal areas that border the United States in this reference book. Contact information and a description of the organization's activities are included in each entry. There are four listings in the directory: a geographical listing of groups, relevant government agencies, academic marine programs and marine and coastal parks. The chapters 'Australia, Florida and Fiji: Reefs At Risk' and 'Antarctica: The Ice is Moving' are about threatened ecosystems. A suite of articles appeared in the October/November 2000 edition of E/The Environmental Magazine. The publishers wanted to document the evidence for a changing climate. The chapters are first person accounts of places that are threatened by global warming.Warming waters are killing the world's coral and threatening the extinction of Australia's Great Barrier Reef and the reefs around the Florida Keys. He concluded that the reduction in the krill population was due to increased water temperatures. More than 40 television documentaries have been produced by Broadcasting Helvarg. Sex Inc. was 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 was 888-282-0465 was 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 was 888-282-0465 was 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 was 888-282-0465 was 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 was 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 was 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 was 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 The military, politics, health and environmental topics are some of the topics covered in the documentaries. He is a commentator for the National Public Radio station. He was a war correspondent in Northern Ireland and Central America.He was commissioned to produce programs about AIDS awareness for the Hispanic community when he moved to San Francisco. The new Rainbow Warrior vessel was the subject of a Globe TV program in 1989. He found that he sympathized with the cause of the green activists. He returned to green themes in 1991 and 1992 but continued to make series about health and news. From 1992 to 1992 he was focused on environmental programming. The Blue Frontier Campaign is supported by a series of documentaries about ocean stewardship. He became the president of Blue Frontier Campaign in 2003 after founding the organization.The Campaign has established a nationwide network of grassroots lobbyists. It is campaigning for an American Oceans Act to protect what the members call "our public seas" and is working to improve local, state, federal and global policies on marine conservativism. The articles and books are written for the company. He has organized several conferences, including one in Washington, D.C. in July 2004, and another in March 2009. Activists, academics, officials, and politicians came together in a series of seminars. The Campaign is located in Washington, D.C. and the San Francisco Bay Area. In 1988 he won an award for community service for his work on AIDS Lifeline, a television AIDS awareness campaign.In 1989 and 1991 he received two National Association for Interpretation awards for Interpretive Communications. He received the Leadership Award from Coastal Living magazine. The Herman Melville Award was won by him in 2007. 1982: Where The Bombs Are, Internment Memories, and Where Are They Now? CBS is in San Diego. Reports from Central America, Soldiers & Rebels, and Amphibious assault were aired in 1983. The Coalition of Hispanic Health was formed in 1985.Sex, Inc., and Navy Town were in 1986. KQED is located in San Francisco. John Hoagland was a photographer for PBS, Zap, and Troubled Waters. Critical Condition and Sexual Roulette, Coming of Age, and John Hoagland are all from 1988. Inoculations make sense, passive smoking, couples and money, handicapped kids go high tech, and Al Giddings gear and crime lab are some of the topics covered in 1990. Traffic 2010 and Beat the Back-Up (KPIX CBS San Francisco), Nuclear Nightmare and Driftnet Pirates (Geraldo Rivera's Now It Can Be Told), and Who Bombed Judi Bari? KCET Los Angeles PBS and KQED San Francisco PBS.Las Medicinas y Usted, Green For Life, and BDF are from 1992. The Wildlife Crime Lab, Reef Relief and Clean Air Cabs were shown in 1994. In 1995 there was a movie called "Heroes of the Earth" and a group called the Coalition of Hispanic Health & Human Services. The Pact of Hispanic Health & Human Services was formed in 1996. The International Rivers Network and the Rainforest Action Network were released in 1997. The Coalition of Hispanic Health & Human Services published Demuestra tu Carino in 1998. Cold facts on Climate Change were included in 1999.The video news release was Blue Frontier. The War Against the Greens was published in San Francisco by the Sierra Club. The Ocean and Coastal Conservation Guide was published in 2005. The Golden Shore: California's Love Affair with the Sea, and "Ireland Diary; A Day in the Life" are some of the articles. The San Diego Door was opened in August 1974. On a mission with the Sandinistas. The Associated Press reported on June 19, 1979."San Diego and Central America." San Diego Newsline, June 27, 1984. John Hoagland was in life and death. The San Diego Tribune was published in March 1984. "Jonas Salk - A Conversation with the Old Master." San Diego magazine was published in November 1984. "Green War."August 1994 edition of The Berkeley Monthly. "Fiddling while the world burns." "On the Blue Frontier" and "Seaweed Rebellion" were published by The New York Times. "SpongeBob and Friends: Splendor in the Kelp" was published in the Los Angeles Times in 2005. The Surfrider Foundation has a coastal bibliography. The person is Arnold, Ron. 'Overcoming Ideology' is written by Philip D. and Cawley.Alexander Cockburn wrote A Wolf in the Garden: The Land Rights Movement and the New Environmental Debate. 'Manhunt: Anderson Pursues His Demon' was published in the Anderson Valley Advertiser. Sierra magazine published 'Inside Sierra: Politics and Penguins' in 1999. <mask>g. 'Diary: A weeklong electronic journal' was published in January 1999. <mask>g. The Multinational Monitor reported on 'Oil's Domestic Impacts'.In 2003 Public Comments on the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy's Preliminary Report. <mask>g. Alternet has stories by <mask>. <mask>g. The Blue Frontier Campaign has a biography of <mask>. <mask>g.'Come Helvarg and High Water' is in the January 3, 2005 issue of Grist magazine. <mask>. The Los Angeles Times stated that 'life in the sea is about reproduction, not family values.' Dispatches from the Culture Wars was written by Les C. Lane. Offutt is a Hebrew name. Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility has books. Jesse Walker.The July/August 1995 edition of American Enterprise contained the title 'Green Whine'. An excerpt from The War Against the Greens can be found here.

masks:
David Helvarg
David Helvar
David Helvar
David Helvar
David Helvar
David Helvarg
David Helvar
David Helvarg
David Helvar
David Helvarg


title: Eliahu Gat

type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> was an Israeli landscape painter. <mask> was born in 1919 in the small town of Dokshitz in what is now Belarus, to a Jewish family. <mask> attended a Polish gymnasium after the family relocated to Poland. He studied architecture at the Technion in Haifa after moving to Mandate Palestine in 1937. He joined Maoz Haim from 1939 to 1942. He worked in Haifa port as a dockhand and seaman. He served in Palestine and North Africa in the British Army.He studied at Avni's studio for a year when he was still a soldier. The British Army sponsored the courses he took in the Cairo Academy of Art. He painted at the studio after his discharge. He served in the Israel Defense Force. <mask> was one of the founding members of the Group of Ten, which held its first exhibition in Tel Aviv in February 1951. The group consisted of graduates from the Stematsky. The two sculptors were Shoshanah Heiman and David Polombo.The local Israeli scene was painted realistic as opposed to the abstract art and universalism of the New Horizons group. Gat traveled to France on a government grant. He studied under Souverbie at the cole nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts. Gat's letters from Paris testify to his artistic confusion and to his spiritual and physical troubles. You can understand the difficulties, after a day's work, and especially in a room with no atmosphere, in addition to the confusion I feel about painting in general. He admired Bernard Buffet, a young artist who was enjoying a social and artistic success in Paris. Buffet is head and shoulders above everyone else.His exhibition was very impressive and he already has a following. Soutine is fit to stand side by side with the great classicists...Mourjansky has promised me to see fifteen Soutines. He is one of the artists who impress me the most. By the way, Israeli art suffers from Soutinism, but not of the healthy kind. I could study here for months. The colour handling of Titian and Tintoretto is so deep that it is almost like a sketch. <mask>'s interest in Soutine and the free impressionist approach of the venetian artists also serves as an indication of his future artistic direction.Gat participated in an exhibition of drawings by young artists at the Tel Aviv Museum and in the summer of 1953 the members of the group held an exhibition at the artists House. The group's image was defined by its penchant for realism and by its self-presentation as an antithesis to "all for modernism", "abstractionism" and "universalim in art". One of the Nine published an open letter in the press to the effect that they are all committed to the idea that the way to achievement is through the adherence to reality. The article was written from a class-conscious viewpoint. It is time for labourers, farmers and people of all social levels to come to a painting exhibition and like what they see and feel that it belongs to them. The works float beyond time and place, beyond life's problems, and were enamoured of by <mask>. Though he continued to show his work in the exhibitions of the Group of Ten, his paintings became dark and monochromatic, composed of controlled light and dark contrasts.The forms were delineated by heavy lines and the composition was based on a repetition of lines. The flatness of the space was emphasized by the lines used in two planes. The artist tended towards a treatment of architectonic themes such as the facades or roofs of houses and, as strange as this may seem in light of the ideology of the group, his paintings became increasingly stylized and abstract. <mask>'s architectural background is an influence in the evidence. He studied the French painter Souverbie. The change in <mask>'s work can be seen in the background of the shift in the attitude to abstractionism in the mid-1950s. Due to the change in relationship of the "Progressive Culture" circle to the Soviet Union, the left-wing ideology lost much of its strength.More Israelis traveled to Europe to see the popularity of abstract art. This idea was reinforced by the influence of art criticism and polemics from the West, as well as the charisma of the group, which had evolved from an oppositional fighting force in the early fifties. The course artists who began as realists but went over to the abstract by the end of the 1950s are more intelligible. The last exhibition of the " Group of Ten" took place in 1960. <mask>'s work of the immediate past is an open departure from his work of the past. He began experimenting with aquarelles on paper, based on random dabbing, a liquid effect and the spraying of paint. There is no reference to up, down, right or left in the compositions.The existence of a central area is more intensive in relation to the periphery in terms of colour. The degree of abstraction is greater in these paintings. There are geometric forms reminiscent of rows of houses in the last works of this phase. The most important of which was that resulted in the "Tazpit" exhibition at the Tel Aviv Museum in 1964, was that Gat joined various organizations of abstract painters. A feeling that abstract artists lacked a central exhibition space in which to show their works led to the creation of the "Tazpit" exhibition. Some of the people who started it were artists who had recently returned to the country, as well as members of the " Group of Ten" who had gone over to abstract art. The use of external impressions and an external depiction of objects and figures were challenged by the exhibition manifest.The obscuring of values, the return to folkloristic localism, and the so-called hankering after 'Israeliness' would create a counter group of artists who, in contrast to nostalgic, touristic exotica and commercializing of Jewish consciousness, would search for pure. <mask>'s paintings were shown in "Tazpit". He exhibited "abstract landscapes" in Tel Aviv in 1963. The line of the horizon was high or absent. The arid landscapes of Ein Kerem and Safed inspired most of the paintings. Their texture is rich. The landscape becomes part of a larger form which reconstructs nature.Its details grow out of the paint. A uniform energy is projected from the different patches of the painting. The brushwork, applied in a wide smooth sweep or in short rhythmic dabs', provides the direction, kneads the material texture and creates the forms all at the same time. The paint is sprayed in a fashion similar to that in the abstract aquarelles, and colour patches are added to the hasty weave of the brush, to create a vibrating, glowing and sensual texture of paint and earth. The technical and formal lessons of abstract painting are the result of many years of drawing in nature to create a unity of feeling, painting and landscape painting. The nature depictions of the country's landscape and Israeli identity were evaluated by the critics. This phase in <mask>'s work, which continued until the late 1960s, gave expression to his deep need to combine the erotic identification with the subject, with a controlled composition created from a vocabulary comprising brushwork and colour.Zaritsky, Streichman and Stematsky use the landscape as a formal core, whereas <mask>'s abstract-like paintings are born of the inspiration of the landscape. He is tied to the landscape at the end of the painting process. <mask> tried to separate the different components of the painting, between the details of the landscape, between the figures and the landscape, between image and background, to remove them from the context of abstraction. Rather than anchor his work in a method, he chose to use the experience of reality to return to a kind of realism. <mask>'s view of painting as an adventure may explain his frequent reversals. The exhaustion of a stage in his artistic development causes him to change his approach. <mask>'s landscapes of the 1970s and 1980s are familiar to him because of Safed, Zikhron Yaakov, and the Jerusalem Hills.The landscape is extended on the canvas with a narrow strip of sky because of the high angle of vision. This type of composition was found in his work from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s. <mask>'s landscapes are not picturesque. The mode of landscape depiction he uses is that of the sublime. It shows his intoxication with nature and the emotional response to nature. <mask>'s artistic experience begins with the sense of freedom gained by the open landscape, the affinity with it, the yielding of the landscape to the artist, and the mutual relationship between nature and the experiencing agent. <mask>'s paintings show the sun lending it's light.He said that the sky is leaden because the light is in the earth. Gat applies the impressionist principle of contrasting colors placed next to each other in equal intensity to create a strong, vibrating, multi-dimensional light. The impressionist tradition does not recognize black as a color and uses the value of light and shade to make color differences. Such as red and blue or orange. His paintings show that each component of a color structure derives its meaning from the whole. In a given color environment, blue and green can become warm colors. <mask> uses his concept of color to show the Mediterranean sun, the earth, and the mountains.In his works, heat is the Israel land factor. His canvases look like shadows in a desert of fire. He says he's a painter of Israel's heat, not its light. <mask> uses a synthetic color approach. He joined an Israeli impressionist landscape tradition which developed in the thirties under the influence of French painting by intentionally admixing strong colors to create a synthesis of contrasts. <mask>'s paintings have an emotional quality to them. The painter's impression of the subject is expressed.The psychological rhythm of being moved by the landscape is not conveyed by the multiple rapid strokes. The line is the embodiment of energy and movement in the painting process. The objects blend like arabesques in the general weave of the brushstrokes, and it does not serve to separate areas. Gat is a draftsman and a colorist. The colors are spread over the canvas in equal intensity because of the translucent air of Israel. Gat creates a uniform surface reminiscent of abstract painting which, in addition to its identification as a landscape having a spatial depth and linear perspective, constitutes yet another level of interpretation. Like in the abstract mode, Gat alters the canvas surface in such a way that it is opaque, dry, translucent and turbid, rough and smooth, and all of these qualities are distributed evenly over the canvas without a particular faithfulness to the depicted landscape.Gat isn't an advocate of the intellectual structuring of a composition. The heat of the process is preserved in this painting, like in a free sketch. Despite the fact that <mask>'s brushstrokes are "wilder" than Monet's, there is a close correlation between <mask> and Monet's later painting in the garden of his home in Giverny. Cham Soutine's works depict objects in a state of turbulence and distortion and are related to <mask>'s work. <mask>'s affinity with the Jewish Ecole de Paris of the first decades of the century may provide a link between the two sources of his identity: Jewishness and Israeli particularism. <mask> was born in Eastern Europe. His family perished in the Holocaust after World War II.He saw himself as a member of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War generation after undergoing the "Israeli experience". The landscape, the common denominator of all the Gat's works, also provides the background for his nudes and still lifes. Pantheism is the principle that informs Gat's nudes and still lifes. His vase with flowers, painted in the 1960s, disappears into the ground as though it were woven into it. He painted a green nude in which one type of brushwork was used over the entire surface so that the body's contours dissolved into their surroundings. The principle was applied to the paintings. <mask>'s nudes are characterized by a foreshortened reclining position which creates a perspective illusion of depth.The classical aesthetic spread of the feminine curves is precluded by the foreshortening. The figure is always resting, never engaging in any daily activity, and generally devoid of eroticism. The conquest of the woman is achieved through painting. The features of the landscape are treated the same as the flesh of the figure, and the same color principles are applied to both. There are instances where the nude is depicted as a continuation of the landscape, for example when a path through a window leads to the body of a reclining woman. The topographical features of the landscape echo in the lines of the female groin, which reinforces the idea of the identity of woman and landscape. The rounded shape of the female figure is emphasized by the geometric shape of the window frame.The window can be seen as a mirror reflecting the figure. <mask>'s painting depicts a landscape that is the true portrait of the woman. The artist's interior is represented by the nude and still life. They are not part of a daily environment. The interior is very similar to the exterior. <mask>'s paintings don't have exteriors. The scenes in the indoors are represented close to the window-sill or even as part of the outside.The message is that nature and the artist's inner world are the same. His life is woven into nature. The landscape is an essential part of his existence. nudity is a complement and interpretation of the landscape, its sensuality and its repose, and of the artist's erotic relationship to it. The founding member of "Aclim" was Gat. The purpose of the group was to point to the necessity of raising the public's consciousness of its Israeli identity in all cultural spheres. Some of the participants in the group's exhibitions until 1983 were: <mask>, Rahel Shavit, Ori Reisman, Avram Rafael, Michael Gross, Hannah Levy, Tova Berlinski, Yechezkel Streichman, Avraham Mendel, Zvi AldoubyMost of the group's exhibitions were participated in by some. The group was led by <mask> <mask> and Rachel Shavit. The works were eclectic in style, the only feature common to all was the influence of the landscape or a component of the landscape on them. The group's rejection of a literary and mythological "Israeliness" and archaism on the one hand, and a universalistic and avant-garde approach on the other, recalls the ideology of the " Group of Ten". He won the Prize of the Fallen in the War of Independence in 1949 in memory of the sons of six artists who died in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Histadrut Prize for Art was awarded in 1959. The Ministry of Education and Culture awarded a prize.The Dizengoff Prize for Painting was awarded in 1978.

masks:
Eliahu Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Gat
Eliahu
Gat


title: Sarah Harding

texts: She was an English singer, model and actress. In 2002 she won a place in the girl group Girls Aloud after auditioning for the reality show Popstars: The Rivals. The group achieved twenty consecutive top ten singles (including four number ones) in the UK, six albums that were certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), two of which went to number one in the UK, and five BRIT Award nominations. Girls Aloud won the "best single" in 2009. Bad Day, Freefall, Run for Your Wife, and St. Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold were some of the films that <mask> appeared in during the group's break. The soundtrack of St. Trinian's 2 contained three solo songs by <mask>. She was a model for Ultimo lingerie.She was with Girls Aloud to celebrate their tenth anniversary. They announced that they had split up. In 2015, she appeared in a soap opera and released her first extended play record. She won Celebrity Big Brother 20. In August 2020, she announced that she had been diagnosed with advanced breast cancer, and in March 2021, she said that her condition was terminal. She died at the age of 39. On 17 November 1981 <mask> Hardman was born.She attended a primary school in Egham. She moved to Stockport when she was 14 after her parents separated. She changed her name to <mask> because she disowned her father and he was dating a younger woman. She studied hair and beauty at Stockport College after graduating from Hazel Grove High School. She worked as a waitress at Pizza Hut, as a van driver, as a debt collector, and as a telephone operator before joining the promotions team for two nightclubs in The Grand Central Leisure Park. She performed at pubs, social clubs and caravan parks to support herself. She decided to try out for UK talent-search shows when she was recording dance tracks.She tried out for Fame Academy and Popstars: The Rivals. After being accepted into the first round of Popstars, she left Fame Academy and found fame. FHMs High Street Honeys 2002 was the magazine's national beauty contest. She withdrew from Popstars after her pictures appeared in the top 100. In 2002 she tried out for the show Popstars: The Rivals. The second British series of the international Popstars franchise would see the creation of two rival groups, a boy band and a girl group each consisting of five members, which would compete against each other for the 2002 Christmas Number One spot on the UK Singles Chart. Thousands of people tried out for the chance to be selected.Pete Waterman, Louis Walsh and Geri Halliwell were the judges. The weekly Saturday night live performances were performed by the girls and boys. The contestant with the lowest phone votes was eliminated each week. Girls Aloud was formed after a public vote on 30 November 2002 and includes Nadine Coyle, Cheryl Tweedy,Nicola Roberts andKimberley Walsh. The group's debut single "Sound of the Underground" peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and became the Christmas number one in 2002. The record for the shortest time between formation and number one is held by Girls Aloud. In May 2003 the group's debut album Sound of the Underground entered the charts at number two and was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry."I'll Stand by You", "Walk This Way" and "The Promise" are their singles. Two of their albums have reached the top of the UK Albums Chart: their greatest hits album The Sound of Girls Aloud and 2008's Out of Control, both of which entered the chart at number one, with over one million copies of the former being sold. They have been nominated for five Brit Awards and achieved seven certified albums. The group's style was pop, but they had different styles throughout their career. Girls Aloud's innovative approach to mainstream pop music earned them critical praise. One of the few UK reality television acts to achieve continued success, the group amassed a fortune of £30 million by May 2010. They are listed as the "most successful Reality TV Group" in the Guinness World Records.They hold the record for "most Consecutive Top Ten Entries in the UK by a Female Group" in the 2008 edition and are credited again for "most Successful Reality TV Group" in the 2011. The group was named the UK's biggest-selling girl group of the 21st century, with over 4.3 million singles sales and 4 million albums sold in the UK alone. In 2006 she signed a £100,000 deal to model Ultimo lingerie. In 2007, she made a brief appearance in St. Trinian's with her Girls Aloud bandmates. She made her acting debut in the low-budget film Bad Day. She wore a wig for the role. Donna Air is in the film.She collaborated with Filthy Dukes on a cover of "Real Wild Child" for the film Wild Child. In July 2009, Girls Aloud announced they would take a year-long hiatus to pursue solo projects, but would come back in 2010 with a new studio album. She decided to focus on her acting career during Girls Aloud's hiatus. "Singing was always my main ambition, but acting was something else I wanted to achieve", she said. The film Freefall was written and directed by Dominic Savage. The film aired on the radio. Sam was the girlfriend of Dominic Cooper's character.The drama is about the financial crisis of 2007. Company magazine said that "<mask> showed she's got real acting potential in her convincing, but fleeting performance." He reprised his role in St. Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold. Her age did not deter her from portraying a new student at St. Trinian's School. A 10% 'rotten' rating was held by the film, which received overwhelmingly negative reviews. "Too Bad", "Make It Easy" and a cover of David Bowie's "Boys Keep Swinging" were recorded for the film's soundtrack. In December 2009, she appeared on MTV's 24 Hours.A new nightclub was launched by DJ Tom Crayne and her then-boyfriend. The Far East Movement track "2Gether" features guest vocals from <mask>, as well as snippets of the music video. She played one of the wives of the lead character in Run for Your Wife. The film was released in February. Girls Aloud got back together in 2012 to celebrate their tenth anniversary. The single "Something New" was released in November and proceeds will be donated to Children in Need. Their second greatest hits anthology Ten was released in November of 2012 followed by a single called "Beautiful Cause You Love Me".The group embarked on a tour. The group announced their split after the tour. In March 2010 she revealed that she was working on her debut album. She said Lady Gaga was her biggest influence. An album never materialised despite this. She said that she had been "writing and experimenting with different sounds in the studio." In an interview.A lot of it is music, she said. Her first solo release, "Threads", was released on 7 August. She was a guest on the soap opera as the wife of Robert Preston. The character made a few appearances in July and August of 2015, as her marriage to Robert crumbled when he began an affair with Tracy Barlow. She came third in the gymnastics show on the Saturday night. She participated in the 10th season of Celebrity MasterChef. She pulled out of the third series of The Jump on Channel 4 in February 2016 after tearing her knee during a training session.The UK tour of Ghost: The Musical was hosted by Andy Moss. She was replaced mid tour by Carolyn Maitland due to her injury after The Jump. The twentieth series of Celebrity Big Brother was won by <mask>. "Wear It Like a Crown" was released ten years earlier. She decided to release it with the profits going to her charity. The song went to number 1 on the chart the same day. Although the single failed to chart on the UK Official Singles Top 100, it peaked at number 33 on the UK Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100 on April 2, 2021.From 2005 to 2006 she was in an on and off relationship with Calum Best. They were friends until her death. DJ Tom Crane proposed to <mask> in 2011. She was in a relationship with DJ Mark Foster for two years. In October of last year, <mask> entered a South African rehabilitation center due to alcohol dependence and depression. She continued to drink alcohol, but "reined it in". She received a six-month driving ban and was fined after police caught her talking on her phone while she was driving.She had nine points on her licence for speeding. Hear Me Out was published in 2021. On August 26, 2020, she announced that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer that had advanced to other parts of her body. In October 2020, it was reported that she was living with her mother. She stated that the disease was terminal and that she didn't expect to see another Christmas. He died on the morning of September 5, 2021, at the age of 39. Girls Aloud bandmates Nadine Coyle andNicola Roberts said they were devastated, while Cheryl stated that she would be forever in their hearts.A number of celebrities took to their social media to pay their respects. The proceeds from "Wear It Like a Crown" were donated to the Christie Hospital's cancer treatment centre, which cared for her prior to her death. 21st-century English women singers 21st-century memoirists Deaths from breast cancer Deaths from breast cancer Deaths from breast cancer Deaths from breast cancer Deaths from breast cancer Deaths from breast cancer Deaths from breast cancer Deaths from breast cancer Deaths from breast cancer

masks:
Harding
Harding
Sarah Nicole
Harding
Sarah Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding


title: Billy Boy (wrestler)

texts: <mask> is a Mexican Luchador or professional wrestler better known by his ring name. <mask> has worked for the majority of his career in the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Asistencia Asesora y Administracin, where he most notably collaborated with Alan and Decnnis to form Los Barrio Boys and worked under the ring name <mask>. He has been involved in a feud with Faby Apache, his real-life wife, as well as his father-in-law, <mask>, and Faby Apache's son Marvin, since 2004. In 1997 he began his professional wrestling career under the ring name "Fighterman", a stripper character aimed at female fans. <mask> changed his name to just <mask> as he joined <mask> and Vangelis to form a boy band called Los Spice Boys. <mask>, <mask>, and Vangelis defeated Los Payasos in one of the undercard matches. Los Spice Boys lost to the Los Vatos Locos.<mask> was made part of a group called Los Barrio Boys along with Alan and Decnnis. The team was part of a storyline with Gran Apache that helped them improve their in-ring skills. On September 16, 2001, Los Barrio Boys made their first major show appearance as they wrestled the team of Milano Collection AT, Oyanagai Nitohei, and an unknown partner to a draw at Verano de Escndalos. Los Barrio Boys and Ice Cream defeated Los Diabolicos and Police Man in the opening match of the competition. The Mexican National Atmicos Championship was won by Los Barrio Boys and Oscar Sevilla. On April 6, 2003 the team defeated Hator, Monje Negro Jr., El Potro, and Ben Hur. The team regained the Atmicos title on August 8 after losing it on July 18.The Atmicos title was defended by Sevilla and Los Barrio Boys against Los Exoticos. Their second and final run with the Mexican National Atmicos title ended on August 20, 2004, when they were defeated by The Black Family. Los Barrio Boys defeated The Black Family, Los Kumbria Kids and Los Espantapajaros in a four-way match on December 5, 2004. <mask> was given a full-body suit and mask by Antonio Pea and turned into Alfa. <mask>'s run as Alfa was short-lived and it was not publicly acknowledged that he was <mask>. <mask> began the storyline that would define his professional wrestling career when he returned to being <mask>. During Faby Apache's matches, he began showing up ringside with flowers and signs of love.The real-life relationship of the two was written into the storyline because they had recently married. Faby Apache's father, Gran Apache, objected to the relationship and attacked <mask>, claiming he was not "worthy" of his daughter. The birth of <mask> and Faby's son Marvin was written into the storyline. <mask> and Gran Apache have met twice in Lucha de Apuesta and <mask> lost both times. <mask> was forced to not have anything to do with either Faby Apache or his son Marvin after Gran Apache defeated him. <mask> was so depressed after the loss that he caused Los Barrio Boys to lose several matches, this in turn led to Alan and Decnnis siding with Gran Apache in the storyline. <mask> was committed to a mental institution after he was betrayed by the other Barrio Boys.He wore a mask and kept his true identity a secret after Feud with Faby Apache. Apache stated that Alfa would make a good husband for Faby Apache as he gained Gran Apache's respect. <mask> came back with Faby Apache and Marvin, though the ruse did not please Gran Apache. <mask> attacked Rudo for the first time in his career after Faby Apache slapped him, because <mask> came to her aid after she lost a match. <mask> attacked his father-in-law with a steel chair and he had to be taken out of the ring on a stretcher. The storyline used this turn of events to explain why Gran Apache wasn't able to wrestle because of a knee injury. <mask> acted like he didn't care as he himself had found a new love in Sexy Star, when Aero Star was written into the storyline as a new love interest for Faby Apache.Aero Star came to the ring and asked Gran Apache's permission to ask Faby Apache out, which led to <mask> storming to the ring and attacking Aero Star. The last person in the Lucha de Apueta Steel Cage Match would either have their hair shaved off or be forced to reveal their identity. <mask> was pinned by Faby Apache in the cage. The storyline after the Apuesta loss focused more on Faby Apache and Sexy Star than <mask>. <mask> Malo spent months wrestling random undercard matches after <mask>'s storyline with Sexy Star and Faby Apache ended. <mask> joined forces with Decnnis, Alan Stone, Black Abyss, Chris Stone, Psicosis III, and Tigre Cota in July of 2010 to form La Milicia. The merger of La Legin Extranjera and Los Perros del Mal resulted in the creation of La Sociedad.<mask> revealed himself as the mole within La Sociedad, who had secretly been working for Cibernético since October 2010, and jumped to his group Los Bizarros. <mask> pinned ltimo Gladiador in a six-man tag team match in his first match as a member of Los Bizarros. Los Bizarros and La Secta merged to form La Secta Bizarra Cibernetica. In March of last year, Islas was out of action due to an injury he sustained during a carjacking. There will be a benefit show for Islas on June 8. <mask> Malo quit La Secta Bizarra Cibernetica and announced that he was bringing in a wrestler to take on Fénix. The Mexican National Atmicos Championship has been won by Oscar Sevilla, Decnnis, and Alan Luchas de Apuestas.

masks:
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy el Malo
Billy Boy
Billy
Billy
Jimmy Boy
Jimmy Boy
Billy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy el
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy Boy
Billy
Billy el


title: Henry M. Senter

texts: <mask> "<mask>" <mask> was an American football player and businessman. He played college football for the University of Michigan. He captained the 1896 team and was selected as a first-team All-Western end in 1895. He operated a coffee plantation after receiving his degree. He became involved in a diplomatic incident after some personal property was taken from him. Senter was the son of a wealthy family. <mask> was a native of New Hampshire and DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatchHis mother was from New York. The Senter family lived in Houghton at the time of the United States Census. He was in the medical school at the University of Michigan. He was a member of the Michigan football team from 1893 to 1896. He was the leader of the Michigan football team in 1895. The 1895 team won seven of their games by blanking their opponents. One of the three great football powers suffered a 4–0 loss to Harvard.Senter was one of the stars of the 1895 team which laid claim to the title of "champions of the west" and was selected as a first-team All-Western player by a Chicago newspaper. He is a man who Michigan is proud of and who approaches Yale form. He plays like a demon and runs and tackles in a way that is astonishing for a player of so little experience. The Boston Sunday Globe wrote before the Harvard game that Michigan has the best end of the west. The Harvard backs will not find it easy to get around him, even though he is crippled by a bad knee. He is a good ground-gainer. His weight is 168 pounds.In 1895, <mask> was voted the captain of the 1896 team by his teammates. The Michigan Alumni reported that every vote was cast on the first ballot for <mask> <mask>, who is considered by many to be the finest end of the West. He promised the men that the next year's team would be as good as this year's if hard work could produce it. The selection of Senter was praised by the Chicago Daily Tribune. He is a hard tackler, a fine interferer, and one of the best ground gainers on the team. He will be a good Captain because he has the confidence of his men. Senter had a serious ankle injury during the summer of 1896.Senter wasn't allowed to play in most of Michigan's games in 1896. The Chicago Daily Tribune wrote about his success as captain despite being out. Senter has been Michigan's star end for the last two years, and this season has proven him one of the most popular and most able Captains ever in authority at Ann arbor. The 1896 team, with <mask> as captain, started the season with nine wins in a row and a score of 257 to 4. The team lost a close game to the University of Chicago by a score of 7–6 in the final game of the season. The first college football game to be played indoors was the 1896 Michigan–Chicago game. Frank Villa was selected to serve as captain for the rest of the games after Senter prevailed upon the team to pick a new captain.Senter was a member of the Fraternity at the University of Michigan. In 1897, Senter applied for a United States passport and stated that he intended to be abroad for two years. The Michigan Alumni reported in January 1898 that Senter had moved to South America, where he owned and operated a great coffee plantation. He worked as a coffee planter and lumberman. In December 1901, he published an article titled "Business Opportunities in South America", in which he extolled the climate and business opportunities in South America for men of capital. In 1900, Senter was interviewed by the Detroit Free Press about the difficulties of doing business in the country. The United States Secretary of State John Hay and the Secretary of War Beaupre were involved in a diplomatic incident after the Colombian military expropriated property from Senter's home.The forcible entry of our houses and the taking of our personal property was described in a May 1902 letter to the U.S. Consul by Senter. The U.S Consul wrote a letter to the Secretary of State requesting the dispatch of a man-of-war to the port of Santa Marta after Senter urged them to send a ship for the protection of Americans. There is a very disturbed condition of affairs in Santa Marta, which is currently occupied by a large force of Government troops. American citizens Mr. Senter and Mr. Edwurn are engaged in business near the town. It is obvious that the civil authorities are unable to control the troops, and it would seem important that the United States take some appropriate measure to command respect and afford protection to the American residents there. The State Department's report to Congress on the year's significant diplomatic incidents included an exchange of letters between the Secretary of State Hay and the Secretary of War Beaupre. Senter continued to do business in the country despite the incident.<mask> was a passenger on the S.S Adirondack. His occupation was listed as a merchant. <mask> was a passenger on the S.S. Allegheny in 1909. His occupation was listed as a lumberman. He was a passenger on the S.S. Graecia in May 1914. He was identified as a U.S. citizen in Barranquilla. He was a passenger on the S.S. Pastores in February 1915.His permanent address was in Michigan. Senter owned 1,400 acres in northwestern Arkansas. He was married to Grace Bethine Hall. Senter listed his permanent home address in Arkansas and stated that he was employed as a farmer in the area. Grace H<mask> was 31 years old at the time of the 1920 United States Census. His occupation was listed as a farmer. He managed a large plantation in Mexico for several years.He died in California in 1934. He is buried in Ontario, California. The 19th-century players of American football were from Michigan.

masks:
Henry Mortimer
Mort
Senter
John Senter
Senter
Henry Mortimer
Senter
Senter
Senter
Senter
. Senter


title: Cynthia Weil

texts: <mask> and Barry Mann wrote many songs together. <mask> was raised in a Conservative Jewish family and was born in New York City. Her father was a furniture store owner and her mother was a Sephardic Jewish woman who grew up in Brooklyn. She was an actress and dancer before she met Barry Mann, who she married in August 1961. The couple has a daughter. One of the most important writers during the emergence of rock and roll was <mask>. She and her husband were nominated for an Academy Award for their compositions for film.Their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame biography said that their works went from epic ballads to rockers. They came up with a number of songs that addressed such serious subjects as racial and economic divides, and the difficult reality of making it in the big city. It was too controversial for the Drifters, who were the intended artists, because 'Only in America' tackled segregation and racism. 'We gotta get out of this place' became an anthem for the Vietnam soldier, antiwar protesters, and young people who viewed it as an anthem of greater opportunities. She and her husband, Mann, were in the Hall of Fame in 1987. They Wrote That?, a musical revue based on their songs, opened in New York in 2004. Mann told stories about the songs and their personal history.The Ahmet Ertegun Award is given by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. At the ceremony at the Waldorf-Astoria, which was broadcasted on the Fuse TV cable network, Mann and <mask> and other songwriting colleagues from the 1950s and early 1960s were in attendance. "From the bottom of my heart and with the greatest humility," Ms. Weil said in her acceptance speech. The Animals and Ronettes performed at the ceremony. The Johnny Mercer Award is the highest honor from the Songwriters Hall of Fame. I'm Glad I Did is a mystery set in 1963. The closing theme song from the 1991 film Return to the Blue Lagoon was written by Barry Mann and <mask>.Adam and James wrote "Beyond the Last Island" for the animated film Ten Apples Up on Top. The song was recorded by Celine Dion. "Love is Only Sleeping" is a song by The Everly Bros. The album "Reunion" was written with Peter Yarrow. "Uptown" is a song by The Crystals, "Walking in the Rain" is a song by The Ronettes Jay and the Americans, and "Where Have You Been (All My Life)" is a song by Arthur Alexander. The Righteous Brothers' rendition was the most played song of all time, with 14 million plays to date. There are External links at the Allmusic website.

masks:
Cynthia
Weil
Weil
Weil
Cynthia Weil


title: Stephen Decatur

texts: <mask>. was an American naval officer and commodore. He was born on the eastern shore of Maryland. The younger <mask> was brought into the world of ships by his father, a commodore in the United States Navy who served during the American Revolution. Decatur followed in his father's footsteps and joined the U.S. Navy at the age of nineteen. Decatur was in charge of the construction of several naval vessels. He is the youngest captain in the history of the United States Navy. He was involved in the early development of the U.S. Navy.Decatur's service was characterized by acts of heroism and exceptional performance. He served in the U.S. Navy during the Barbary Wars in North Africa, the Quasi-War with France, and the War of 1812 with Britain. He was known for his natural ability to lead and for his genuine concern for the seamen under his command. The United States Navy was established by his victories against Britain, France and the Barbary states. He became a member of the Board of Navy Commissioners after serving aboard and commanded many naval vessels. The Decatur House was the center of Washington society in the early 19th century. James Monroe and other Washington officials were among his personal friends.Decatur's career came to an end when he was killed in a fight. They fought after he refused to back down from his comments. Decatur was the first post-Revolutionary War hero. His name and legacy became known to the United States Navy. Decatur was the son of a merchant captain and an officer in the American navy during the American Revolution, and he was born in Maryland on January 5, 1779. <mask>'s father's family was of French descent, while his mother's family was Irish. <mask>'s parents had to flee Philadelphia during the American Revolution because of the British occupation, just three months before he was born.After graduating from the Episcopal Academy, they returned to the house they had once lived in in Philadelphia. <mask> loved the sea and sailed in a roundabout manner. <mask> had a severe case of whooping cough when he was eight years old. Exposure to the salt air of the sea was supposed to cure this condition. On his next voyage to Europe, <mask>. would accompany his father on a merchant ship. Decatur came home completely recovered after sailing across the Atlantic and back. In the days after <mask>'s return, he spoke of wanting to go sailing often and was excited about his adventure on the high sea.<mask>'s mother had hopes that <mask> would one day become an Episcopal clergyman, and tried to discourage the eight-year-old from doing so, fearing it would distract him from his studies. Decatur attended a school in New Jersey. At the direction of his father, Decatur attended the Episcopal Academy, an all-boys school that specialized in Latin, mathematics and religion, but he barely graduated. He went to the University of Pennsylvania in 1795 to focus on his studies. At the university, Decatur met and became friends with two men who went on to become naval officers. Decatur discontinued his studies at the university at the age of 17 due to the disagreeable studies and the fact that he had a heart and mind set on ships and the sea. His parents were not happy with his decision, but they were wise enough to allow him to pursue his own course.<mask> gained employment at the shipbuilding firm of Gurney and Smith, business associates of his father, as supervisor to the early construction of the frigate, thanks to his father's influence. He was a midshipman on this vessel when it was launched on May 10, 1797. In the years leading up to the Quasi-War, there were disagreements between the U.S. and France over U.S. trading and shipping with Britain. The act was used to commission six ships for the Navy. George Washington signed it on the same day. There was a lot of opposition to the bill and it was amended so that work on the proposed ships would stop if peace with the Pasha of Algiers was achieved. The peace accord with Algiers in March 1796 halted the construction of the six new American frigates.Congress passed an act on April 20, 1796 that allowed the construction and funding to continue, but only on the three ships closest to completion at the time: John Barry obtained Decatur's appointment as midshipman on the United States in 1798. Decatur's good friend and mentor was Barry, a veteran and hero of the Revolutionary War. The appointment was accepted by Decatur on May 1. James and Barry took a liking to Decatur and he learned the arts of naval war from them. Talbot Hamilton, a former officer of the Royal Navy, was hired by the senior Decatur to tutor his son in navigation and nautical sciences. While serving aboard the United States Decatur received the equivalent of formal naval training from Hamilton but also active service aboard a commissioned ship, which was something that distinguished the young midshipman from many of his peers.He had a talent for drawing ships and designing and building ship models and when time allowed would also pursue this hobby. The United States had to protect its own ships and interests after it gained independence from Britain. There weren't many American ships that could defend the American coastline or protect merchant ships at sea. The few warships available were converted into merchant ships. The French were angry that America was still involved in trading with Britain, a country with whom they were at war, and because of American refusal to pay a debt that was owed to the French crown, which had just been overthrown by the newly established French Republic. France began intercepting American ships that were involved in trading with Britain. Benjamin Stoddert was appointed the first Secretary of the Navy.Stoddert ordered his commanders to seize and take any vessels that were sailing under the authority or pretense of authority from the French Republic. America was not ranked with European naval forces. Decatur was promoted to lieutenant by President John Adams after serving for more than a year as a midshipman aboard the United States. Decatur was told to remain in Philadelphia to recruit and assemble a crew for the vessel. The chief mate of an Indiaman made derogatory remarks about Decatur and the U.S. Navy because he lost some of his crew to Decatur. Decatur was calm and left the scene without incident. Captain Decatur told his son that the honor of the family and the Navy had been insulted and that he should return and challenge the chief mate to a duel.Lieutenant Somers was sent a letter from Decatur asking if an apology could be obtained from the man. The chief mate refused to apologize and accepted Decatur's challenge and secured a location for the duel. Decatur, being an expert shot with a pistol, told his friend Lieutenant Charles Stewart that he would only shoot his opponent in the hip if he was able to. Both duelists were satisfied and the matter was resolved without a death. The United States began its mission to patrol the south Atlantic coast and West Indies in search of French ships which were preying on American merchant vessels. The ship was taken to Norfolk, Virginia, for minor repairs and then set sail for Newport, Rhode Island, arriving on September 12. Commodore Barry was given orders to prepare for a voyage to transport two U.S. envoys to Spain while the ship was in port.The two envoys were dropped off at the nearest port in England after the ship encountered gale force winds. On April 3, 1800, it was discovered that the United States had incurred damage from the storms she had weathered at sea. The vessel was taken up the Delaware for repairs. <mask> didn't want to stay with the United States during the months of repairs, so he got a transfer to the brig. The Norfolk went to the West Indies in May to look for French privateers. 25 armed enemy craft were captured or destroyed during the months that followed. With orders to rendezvous with merchantmen bound for America, Norfolk continued on to Cartagena with orders to escort the ships back to the United States, protecting them from pirates and privateers.The refurbished ship made her way down the Delaware River after Decatur was transferred back to the United States. Two of Decatur's former classmates, Lieutenant Charles Stewart and Midshipman Richard Somers, were on a ship. After the Quasi-War, the U.S. Navy reduced active ships and officers and Decatur was one of the few that remained commissioned. By the time hostilities with France ended, America had a renewed appreciation for the value of a navy. The American Navy had 42 naval vessels by the year 1802. The first war against the Barbary States was in response to the frequent piracy of American vessels in the Mediterranean Sea and the capture and enslavement of American crews for huge ransoms. President Jefferson, who was known for his dislike of standing armies and the navy, began his presidency by sending the U.S. naval forces to fight the Barbary states.Decatur was assigned to serve as the first lieutenant on the frigate at the beginning of the war. Essex was attached to Commodore Richard Dale's squadron and was commanded by William Bainbridge. The first American naval squadron to cross the Atlantic was departing for the Mediterranean on June 1. The squadron sailed into the Mediterranean on July 1 with the mission to confront the Barbary pirates. Commodore Dale found out that Libya had declared war on the United States. The captains of the two warships that were in Gibraltar's harbour claimed that they had no knowledge of the war. Dale thought they were going to go after American merchant ships in the Atlantic.Dale ordered Philadelphia to be left behind to guard the Tripolitan vessels. <mask> became 1st Lieutenant on the 36-gun frigate in September 1802. gale-force winds lasting more than a week forced the five-ship squadron to put up in Malta. <mask> returned to the United States after he and another American officer were involved in a confrontation with a British officer. After sailing to Gibraltar, he took temporary command of the newly built 18-gun brig and handed it over to Lieutenant Hull. <mask> was given command of the 12-gun ship. The ketch Mastico was sailing without a passport and armed with only two guns when she was confronted by the Enterprise on December 23, 1803.A small group of soldiers were on the plane. Decatur and his crew captured the ship after a brief engagement. The small ship was given a new name after being condemned by Commodore Preble as a legitimate prize of war. The ship Philadelphia ran aground on a reef near the harbor of Libya on October 31, 1803. She was captured and her crew imprisoned after trying to refloat the ship. After coming up with an elaborate plan, Decatur sailed for Tripoli with 80 volunteers intending to enter the harbor without suspicion and set ablaze the Philadelphia, denying its use to the corsairs. During and after the assault, supported fire was provided by Lieutenant Charles Stewart.Thomas Macdonough, who had recently served aboard Philadelphia, was one of the sailors who boarded before entering the harbor. Macdonough was Decatur's mentor during their careers. On February 16, 1804, at seven o'clock in the evening, the ship slowly sailed into the harbor. Decatur's vessel was made to look like a merchant ship from Malta with British colors. The pilot, who spoke Arabic, was one of five Sicilian volunteers on the plane. The boarding party was hidden and ready to board the captured Philadelphia. The men were divided into several groups, each assigned to secure certain areas of the ship, with instructions to refrain from using firearms unless absolutely necessary.As Decatur's ship came closer to Philadelphia, Catalano called out to the harbor personnel in Arabic that their ship had lost its anchor during a storm and was looking for a place to stay. Decatur's ship was within 200 yards of Philadelphia, whose lower yards were now resting on the deck with her foremast missing. Decatur encountered a light wind as he approached Philadelphia. While not creating any suspicion, he had to casually position his ship close enough to Philadelphia to allow his men to board. Catalano got permission for Decatur to tie to the captured Philadelphia when the two vessels were close enough. The few Tripolitans on board were surprised by Decatur's order to board. The hidden crew below should storm the captured ship.Without losing a single man, Decatur and 60 of his men, dressed as Maltese sailors or Arab seamen and armed with swords and boarding pikes, boarded and reclaimed Philadelphia in less than 10 minutes, killing at least 20 of the Tripolitan crew, capturing one wounded crewman, and forcing One of Decatur's men was wounded by a blade. There was hope that the small boarding crew could launch the captured ship, but it was not possible. Decatur realized that the larger ship couldn't be towed out of the harbor. If Philadelphia was unseaworthy, Commodore Preble ordered Decatur to destroy the ship where she docked as a last resort. Decatur's crew ordered to set Philadelphia ablaze after securing the ship. Decatur ordered his men to abandon the ship after making sure the fire was large enough to sustain itself.As the flames intensified, the guns aboard Philadelphia, all loaded and ready for battle, became heated and began discharging, some firing into the town and shore batteries, while the ropes securing the ship burned off, allowing the vessel to drift into the rocks at the western entrance of the harbor. While the Intrepid was under fire from the Tripolitans who were now gathering along the shore and in small boats, the larger Syren was nearby providing covering fire at the Tripolitan shore batteries and gunboats. Decatur and his men left the burning vessel in Tripoli's harbor and set sail for the open sea, barely escaping in the confusion. The cover of night helped to obscure the enemy gunfire, so they made their way back to Syracuse. The most bold and daring act of the Age was said to have been Decatur's capture and destruction of Philadelphia without a single death. Decatur's burning of Philadelphia made him a hero in the US. The efforts of Preble and Decatur were appreciated by everyone.Decatur was dubbed the "Terror of the Foe" by the local media. The Pope said that the United States had done more to humble and humiliate the anti-Christian barbarians on the African coast in one night than all the European states had done for a long period of time. Decatur resumed command of the enterprise after returning to Syracuse. Preble had reason to believe that bringing Tripoli to peaceful terms was in sight after the burning of Philadelphia. Preble had a squadron consisting of the Constitution, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, Preble borrowed gunboats from King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies who was at war with Tripoli. Light vessels with shallow drafts were needed to get around in the shallow waters of the harbor.They began bombarding Tripoli on August 3, 1804. <mask> was put in charge of the second division by Preble. Preble raised his flag to start the attack. It was well planned with bomb ketches coming into the attack at various stages. There were gunboats lined up and waiting for the attack at various locations within the harbor. Preble used these gunboats to launch attacks on Tripoli, forcing the residents to flee into the country-side. <mask> in command of the gunboats sank three other gunboats.Decatur's ship was hit with a 24 pound shot through her hull by the Tripolitans. Chauncey arrived on the scene before the battle ended. Decatur was promoted to the rank of captain on the vessel. After the loss of the Philadelphia, the government was sending four additional ships to Tripoli with enough force to convince the Pasha of Tripoli that peace was his only viable alternative. John Adams brought the news that Preble would have to give up command because he wasn't high enough. Preble's squadrons emerged victorious after three hours of fighting with the bombarding of Tripoli. Success and promotion were overshadowed by an unfortunate turn of events.<mask>, Decatur's younger brother, was mortally wounded by a captain during the boarding of a vessel feigning surrender. Midshipman Brown, who was next in command after James, broke

masks:
Stephen Decatur Jr
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Decatur
Stephen
Stephen Jr
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
James Decatur


title: Stephen Decatur

texts: away from the ambushing vessel and immediately approached Decatur's gunboat bringing the news of his brother's fatal injury. Lieutenant Jonathan Thorn was given command of the captured prize after Decatur captured his first vessel and immediately set out to avenge his brother's injury. After catching up with and pulling alongside the Tripolitan ship, Decatur was the first to board the enemy vessel with Midshipman Macdonough at his heels along with nine volunteer crew members. Decatur and his crew fought furiously side by side despite being outnumbered 5 to 1. Decatur immediately engaged the corsair captain, who was responsible for James' mortal wound. He was a large and formidable man with a boarding pike, and he thrust his weapon at Decatur's chest.Decatur used a cutlasse to break his weapon at the hilt. During the fight Decatur was almost killed by another crew member, but his life was spared by the wounded crewman who threw himself over Decatur just in time. The Tripolitan captain was larger and stronger than Decatur and gained the upper hand. Decatur shot and killed the Tripolitan after he tried to stab him in the heart with a dagger. 21 Tripolitans were dead when the fighting ended. <mask> and his brother <mask> stayed with him until he died. <mask>ur saw his brother's remains at the depths of the Mediterranean after a funeral and military ceremony.Preble renewed the attack on Tripoli on August 24 after a number of days without the reinforcements promised by Jefferson. Preble came up with a new plan after Tripoli showed no signs of surrender. The same ship that captured Philadelphia was loaded with barrels of gunpowder and sent sailing into a group of Tripolitan vessels defending the harbor. The plan was to place the ketch amidst the Tripolitan ships, light the fuzes, and evacuate to ships awaiting their return at the harbor entrance, but somehow the plan went awry, exploding prior to arriving at its target, killing all aboard. The capture of the fortress of Derna by the US Marines caused the Bashaw of Tripoli to consider surrender and the return of American prisoners held captive. The Bashaw of Tripoli signed a peace treaty with the United States on June 4, 1805. After his capture and destruction of Philadelphia, Decatur was given command of the frigate Constitution, a post he held from October 28 to November 9, 1804.Commodore Preble wrote to the Secretary of the Navy suggesting that <mask> be promoted to captain. Decatur was promoted to captain on February 16, 1804. He was promoted to captain at the age of 25 because of his daring capture and destruction of Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli. Commodore Preble relinquished command of his blockading squadron to Commodore Barron after he arrived at Tripoli with two ships. He sailed to Malta in September so that it could be caulked and refitted. On September 24 he ordered <mask> to sail the vessel back to Malta so he could take command of the Constitution. Decatur sailed Constitution back to Tripoli to join Congress and the blockading force there.He relinquished command of Constitution to Commodore John Rodgers in exchange for the smaller vessel Congress. In need of new sails and other repairs, Rodgers sailed Constitution to Lisbon, where it stayed for six weeks. On March 8, 1806, Decatur married Susan Wheeler, the daughter of the mayor of Norfolk, Virginia. She was well known for her intelligence and beauty. They met at a dinner and ball held by the mayor for a Tunisia ambassador who was in the United States negotiating peace terms for his country's recent defeat at Tunisia. Decatur had promised to serve in the U.S. Navy if he married Susan, but he kept that promise because he didn't want her to know he was unfaithful. Jérme Bonaparte, brother to Napoleon, tried to get Susan to marry him, but she turned him down.<mask> was sent to Newport to supervise the building of gunboats after the couple lived with Susan's parents in Norfolk. During their fourteen years of marriage, the couple never had children. In the spring of 1806, Decatur was given command of a squadron of gunboats at Norfolk, Virginia, the home of his future wife, Susan Wheeler. He requested the assignment because he wanted to be close to Wheeler, according to one of his colleagues. Decatur was stationed here and he was able to court Miss Wheeler. After their marriage in March, Decatur lived with his wife's family in Norfolk until June when Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith gave him orders to supervise the building of four gunboats at Newport, Rhode Island, and four others in Connecticut. Having drawn many illustrations of and designed and built many models of ships, along with having experience as a ship builder and designer from when he was employed at Gurney and Smith in 1797, Decatur was a natural choice for this new position.Decatur and Susan lived together all the time. After overseeing the completion of gunboats, Decatur returned to Norfolk and was given command of the Naval Yard at Gosport. While commissioned there he received a letter from the British consul to turn over three deserters from the British ship Melampus who had enlisted in the American Navy through Lieutenant Arthur Sinclair, who was recruiting crew members for the ship. He refused to intervene because the party was not under Decatur's control. Sinclair claimed that he did not have the authority to take any action. The British minister at Washington referred the matter to the Navy Department, which demanded the surrender of the three deserters. Since the existing American treaty with Britain only pertained to criminal fugitives of justice, not deserters in the military, Barron refused to turn them over.After stopping briefly at Washington for further preparations, Chesapeake set sail for the Mediterranean on June 22. She was pursued by a British squadron in Lynnhaven Bay. Vice-Admiral Humphreys demanded that Chesapeake be searched for deserters after he was hailed by the captain of Leopard. The demand was bold. Leopard opened fire when he refused to surrender his crew. Chesapeake was unable to return fire after being put to sea. Twenty minutes later, three of her crew were dead and eighteen were wounded.After striking the ship's colors, he surrendered his ship and the alleged deserters were taken into British custody. The Department of the Navy and Decatur, who were incensed by the incident, confronted President Jefferson. Decatur was one of the most outspoken critics of the questionable handling of Chesapeake and was one of the people who referred to the incident as the Chesapeake–Leopard affair. Decatur was appointed to command all gunboats at Norfolk on June 26, 1807. Repairs were made to the damage done during the Chesapeake–Leopard affair. Commodore Barron was relieved of command after his court martial. Decatur was barred from command for five years after being found guilty of unpreparedness in that court martial.Commodore <mask>, with a squadron of gunboats, was assigned to patrol the New England coast in order to enforce the Embargo Act. After being unable to command, he left the country for Copenhagen and stayed there through the War of 1812. The Navy Secretary was informed by Decatur that the British ships were lightening their ballasts to prepare for a blockade at Norfolk. Decatur's father died in November 1808 at the age of 57 and his mother died a year later. The parents were buried in Philadelphia. In May 1810 Decatur was appointed commander of United States, a heavy frigate with 44 guns. He began his naval career as a midshipman on the same ship that he supervised the building of while employed at Gurney and Smith.The navy supplied the frigate for service at sea after it was commissioned. After taking command of the United States, <mask> sailed to most of the naval ports on the eastern seaboard and was well received. He sailed United States from Norfolk on May 21, 1812, and returned to Norfolk on November 23, 1812, after being assigned to patrol the coast. After the outbreak of war with Britain, he was recalled to sail with Congress. Decatur was with Captain John Rodgers, commander of President and his squadron. Rodgers failed to intercept the fleet of English West- Indiamen on this cruise. Decatur sailed the United States to Boston.He sailed a second cruise with Rodgers' squadron. The War of 1812 was caused by the desire for expansion into the Northwest Territory, the capture and impressment of American citizens into the Royal Navy, and the recruitment of American Indian tribes against America. The Embargo Act was intended to avoid war, but INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war on Great Britain. By 1814, Britain had committed nearly 100 warships along the American coast. The war was fought mostly in the naval theater where Decatur and other naval officers played major roles in the success of the United States' efforts. Several naval vessels were dispatched to patrol the American coastline after the war began.The President, Essex and the Hornet were joined by the United States in the lower New York harbor. The unpopular plan that Secretary of State James Monroe considered was to use U.S. naval vessels as barriers to protect their entrances. Three days after the United States declared war against Britain, a squadron under the command of Commodore John Rodgers in President, along with Commodore <mask> of United States, Argus, Essex and Hornet, left from the harbor in New York City. After hearing of the declaration of war, Rodgers and his squadron left New York bay, fearing the order to confine naval ships to port would be reconsidered by Congress. The squadron patrolled the waters off the American upper east coast until the end of August, their first objective being a British fleet reported to have recently departed from the West Indies. The United States captured Macedonian Rodgers' squadron again on October 8, 1812. The United States continued to cruise eastward after Decatur separated from Rodgers and his squadron.On October 25, 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 As the ship slowly rose over the horizon, Captain Decatur made out the lines of a British frigate with 38 guns. The United States and Macedonia were next to each other in the port of Norfolk, Virginia. The British captain bet a fur hat that Macedonian would win the battle. The engagement in a heavy swell proved that the United States was in fact pounding Macedonian into a wreck. Decatur was almost knocked out when a flying splinter hit him in the chest while he was standing on a box of shot. He was on his feet again after being wounded.Decatur and his crew got off seventy broadsides, with Macedonian only getting off thirty, and thus emerged from the battle relatively unscathed. Macedonian was taken as a prize by Decatur because they had no choice but to surrender. Decatur and his crew spent two weeks repairing and refitting the captured British frigate to prepare it for its journey across the Atlantic to the United States. The United States was part of a small squadron that included the newly captured (formerly HMS Macedonian) and the sloop of war Hornet. The squadron left New York on May 24, 1813. The main mast of the United States was shattered by lightning. The British squadron under the command of Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy was encountered by Decatur's squadron.The squadron consisted of the ships of the line and the frigates. Decatur was forced to flee and take refuge at the port where they were blockaded until the end of the war because he realized his only chance for escape was to set a course for New London. Decatur tried to sneak out of the New London harbor at night. Decatur saw blue lights burning near the mouth of the river as he tried to leave the river. Decatur believed that people had set signals to betray him. He returned to New London after abandoning the project. In a letter to the Navy Secretary dated December 20, Decatur charged that traitors in the New London area were in agreement with the British to capture the United States, Hornet and Macedonian.New London residents and others debated over the matter after the allegations of treason became public. While Decatur tried to find out who was responsible, a congressional investigation was called. The signals may have been given by a British spy or an American citizen. The Democratic-Republicans blamed the Federalists who were against the war from the beginning and earned themselves the name "Blue-light Federalists". Unable to get his squadron out of the harbor, Decatur wrote a letter to Captain Thomas Hardy offering to negotiate a resolution of the situation at a prearranged meeting. He proposed that ships from both sides meet to settle their situation. The letter was sent under a flag of truce but was in violation of orders as Navy Secretary Jones forbade commanders from "giving or receiving a Challenge to or from an Enemy's vessel."Statira will engage Macedonian as they are sister ships, carrying the same number of guns, and weight of metal, after the next day's answer to Decatur's proposal. Decatur wanted assurance that Macedonian would not be captured if the ship emerged victorious. The proposal never came to fruition because neither side could trust the other. In May 1814, Decatur transferred his commodore's pennant to the President, a ship with 44 guns. By December 1, 1814, Secretary of the Navy William Jones appointed Decatur to lead a four-ship squadron comprising President, which would be the flagship of his new squadron. Decatur's squadron was assigned a mission in the East Indies in January of 1816. The squadron's port of New York was blockaded by the British, so no cruises were allowed.On January 14, a severe snowstorm forced the British squadron away from the coast, but by the next day the storm had subsided, allowing the British fleet to take up positions to the northwest in anticipation of the American fleet trying to escape. President emerged from the west, and Decatur attempted to break through the blockade alone in President, but encountered the British West Indies Squadron composed of razee bearing 56 guns, along with the frigate. Decatur had made arrangements for "pilot boats" to mark the way for clear passage out to sea, but due to a plot error the pilot boats took up the wrong positions and President was accidentally run aground. The ship broke free after an hour upon the sandbar, with Decatur's ship procuring damage to the copper and pintsles. Decatur continued his attempt to evade his pursuers and went along the coast of Long Island. The only ship that could catch up to the President was Endymion. Decatur reluctantly surrendered to Endymion as there were four remaining British ships that he would have to fight.35 men were killed and 70 were wounded in Decatur's command, including Decatur who was wounded by a large flying splinter. Endymion's captain, Hope, decided to repair the rigging before tying up the President. Decatur tried to escape while this was happening. Decatur's ship was overtaken by Pomone. Pomone fired two broadsides into the President before they realized that the battle was over. President Decatur said "I surrender my sword to the captain of the black ship" when boats from Pomone boarded. Decatur

masks:
James Decatur
Stephen
Stephen Decat
Decatur
Decatur
Stephen
Decatur
Decatur
Stephen Decatur