title: Alauddin Khalji

texts: The Delhi Sultanate was ruled by the Turco-Afghan emperor Alaud-Dn Khalj, who was also known as Ali Gurshasp. Administrative changes related to revenues, price controls, and society were instituted by <mask>. Jalaluddin had a nephew and a son-in-law. After Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi, he was given the position of Amir-i-Tuzuk, equivalent to master of ceremonies. After suppressing a revolt against Jalaluddin, <mask> obtained the governorships of Kara and Awadh. In 1296, Jalaluddin was defeated by a successful revolt by <mask>. He consolidated his power in Delhi after killing Jalaluddin.In the next few years, the Chagatai Khanate invaders were defeated at Jaran-Manjur, Sivistan, Kili, and Delhi. In 1306, his forces achieved a decisive victory against the Mongols, and later took control of the territories in present-day Afghanistan. The military commanders that led his army against the Mongols were Ulugh Khan, Zafar Khan, and his slave-general. The kingdoms of Gujarat were conquered in 1299 and annexed in 1304. These victories ended several Hindu dynasties, including the Paramaras, the Vaghelas, the Chahamanas, the Rawal branch of the Guhilas, and possibly the Yajvapalas. A lot of wealth was obtained from the south of the Vindhyas by the slave-general Malik Kafur. The Yadava king, Prataparudra, and the Hoysala king, Ballala III, became <mask>'s tributaries after these victories.Many elephants and horses were obtained when Kafur raided the Pandya kingdom. During the last years of his life, <mask> had an illness and relied on Kafur to handle the administration. Shihabuddin was appointed as a puppet monarch after his father's death. Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah took over the power after his father's death. Contemporary chroniclers didn't write much about <mask>'s childhood. The chronicler Haji-ud- Dabir says that <mask> was 34 years old when he started his march. If this is correct, <mask>'s birth can be dated to 1266–1266.His original name was Ali Gurshasp. The elder brother of Sultan Jalaluddin was the son of Shihabuddin Mas'ud. He had three brothers. After Shihabuddin's death, Jalaluddin brought up <mask>. The brothers married Jalaluddin's daughters. After Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi, <mask> was appointed as the Amir-i-Tuzuk, which is equivalent to the Master of ceremonies. Marriage to Jalaluddin's daughter, Jalaluddin's daughter, and Jalaluddin's daughter's daughter took place long before the Khalji revolution.The marriage was not a good one. After Jalaluddin's rise as a monarch, she was very arrogant and tried to dominate. A second woman was married to <mask>, who was the brother of Alp Khan. She was angry that her husband had taken a second wife. The main cause of the misunderstanding between <mask> and his first wife was this. Jalaluddin's daughter attacked Mahru out of jealousy when they were in the garden. In response, <mask> hit her.The Sultan did not take any action after the incident was reported. The Sultan's mother-in-law had a lot of influence over him. Firishta said that she warned Jalaluddin that he was planning to set up an independent kingdom in a remote part of the country. She encouraged her daughter's behavior towards him and kept a close watch on him. The governor of Kara, <mask>, played an important role in crushing the revolt. Jalaluddin appointed him as the new governor of Kara. Jalaluddin was thought to be a weak ruler and instigated to take over the throne of Delhi.<mask> was determined to dethrone Jalaluddin because of his unhappy domestic life. A lot of money was needed to raise a large army and stage a successful coup, and that's what the conspiracy against Jalaluddin was about. To finance his plan to dethrone Jalaluddin, he decided to raid the Hindu kingdoms. Bhilsa, a wealthy town in the Paramara kingdom of Malwa, was raided in 1293. At Bhilsa, he learned about the wealth of the southern Yadava kingdom in the Deccan region, as well as the routes leading to their capital. He surrendered the loot from Bhilsa to Jalaluddin in order to win the Sultan's confidence. Jalaluddin made him the governor of Awadh and the Minister of War.The Sultan agreed to use the revenue surplus for hiring additional troops. After many years of planning and preparation, <mask> successfully raided Devagiri. He left a lot of wealth, including precious metals, jewels, silk products, elephants, horses, and slaves. When the news of Jalaluddin's success reached the Sultan, he went to Gwalior to get the loot. All of the wealth went directly to Kara. Jalaluddin had faith in his nephew, even though his advisors recommended intercepting him. He thought that he would get the wealth from Kara to Delhi.After reaching Kara, <mask> sent a letter of apology to the Sultan, and expressed concern that his enemies may have poisoned the Sultan's mind against him during his absence. The Sultan immediately dispatched a letter of pardon after he requested it. Jalaluddin's people learned of his plans to dethrone the Sultan at Kara. They were prevented from communicating with the Sultan. The Sultan of <mask>'s loyalty was assured by his younger brother, who was married to a daughter of Jalaluddin. He told Jalaluddin that if the Sultan didn't pardon him, he would commit suicide. Jalaluddin set out for Kara with his army.He ordered Ahmad to take his main army to Kara by the land route and 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 Jalaluddin was killed after pretending to greet the Sultan and declaring himself the new king. Ahmad Chap's army retreated to Delhi while Jalaluddin's companions were also killed. Ali Gurshasp, known as Ali Gurshasp until his ascension in July 1296, was formally proclaimed as the new king with the title Alauddunya din Muhammad Shah-us Sultan at Kara. The head of Jalaluddin was paraded on a spear in his camp before being sent to Awadh. The government was formed over the next two days. He appointed his close friends as the new Amirs and promoted the existing ones to the rank of Maliks.The Ganga and the Yamuna were flooded because of the heavy rains. Before the march to Delhi, <mask> ordered his officers to recruit as many soldiers as possible, without fitness tests or background checks. He wanted to cause a change in the political opinion by portraying himself as a popular person. To portray himself as a generous king, he ordered 5 gold pieces to be shot from a manjaniq at a crowd in Kara. A section of his army, led by himself and Nusrat Khan, went to Delhi via Badaun and Baran. The other section went to Delhi via Koil. As he moved to Delhi, the news spread that he was recruiting soldiers and distributing gold.Many people from both military and non-military background joined him. He had 60,000 infantry and 56,000 cavalry by the time he reached Badaun. Jalaluddin's nobles who had previously opposed him were present at Baran. The nobles were Tajul Mulk Kuchi, Abaji Akhur-bek, Amir Ali Diwana, and others. Each of them received 30 to 50 manns of gold, and each of their soldiers received 300 silver tankas. The flooding of the Yamuna river interrupted <mask>'s march to Delhi. Malka-i-Jahan, widow of Jalaluddin, appointed her youngest son Qadr Khan as the new king without consulting the nobles.Arkali Khan is the governor of Multan. When she heard that Jalaluddin's nobles had joined <mask>, she apologized to Arkali and offered him the throne. Arkali refused to help her. The Yamuna river subsided in the second week of October 1296, allowing <mask> to resume his march to Delhi. When he got to Siri, he was attacked by an army. A section of the army defected at midnight. His mother and the loyal nobles were with him when he retreated to Multan.A number of nobles and officials accepted his authority after he entered the city. The Sultan of Delhi was proclaimed on 21 October 1296. The consolidation of power was done by making generous grants and endowments. He balanced the power between the officers appointed by the Mamluks and the ones appointed by Jalaluddin. He gave every soldier in the army a salary of a year and a half in cash. It was the happiest year that the people of Delhi had ever seen in the first year of the Sultan's rule. Jalaluddin's authority over all of his former territories was not exercised at this time.His authority was limited to the areas east of the river. The region was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The fugitives from Delhi were harboured by Arkali, Jalaluddin's son. The army led by Ulugh Khan and Zafar Khan was sent to conquer Multan. The surviving members of Jalaluddin's family were killed or blinded by Nusrat Khan. Nusrat Khan was appointed as the prime minister after the conquest of Multan. The Sultan started eliminating officers that weren't his own appointees after he strengthened his control over Delhi.In 1297, the people who deserted Jalaluddin's family to join <mask> were killed or blinded. Their property, including the money given to them, was taken away. Nusrat Khan was able to get a huge amount of cash for the royal treasury. Three maliks from Jalaluddin's time were spared. The old nobility were replaced with new nobles who were very loyal to <mask>. All the officers, elephants and wealth that <mask> had left at Kara was brought to Delhi by the governor of Kara, Ala-ul Mulk. The non-Turkic municipal employees in Delhi were placed under the control of <mask>.Nusrat Khan became unpopular in Delhi because of the confiscations, so he was given the governorship of Kara. The winter of 1297 saw the invasion of Punjab by the noyan of the Chagatai Khanate. Ulugh Khan's forces defeated the Mongols on February 6th, 1298. Many people were killed in Delhi after being brought there as prisoners. The fort of Sivistan was occupied by another army in 1298–99. General Zafar Khan regained the fort after defeating the invaders. The Vaghela king Karna offered a weak resistance when Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan were sent to invade Gujarat.The famous Hindu temple of Somnath was destroyed by the army of <mask>i ruler sent a force to conquer Delhi in 1299. In the Battle of Kili, <mask> personally led the Delhi forces, but his general attacked the Mongols without waiting for his orders.The soldiers in Zafar Khan's unit were killed in the battle. The Mongols were forced to retreat after Qutlugh Khwaja was wounded. In 1301, Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan were ordered to invade Ranthambore by <mask>. After Nusrat Khan was killed during the siege, <mask> took charge of the siege operations and conquered the fort. There were three unsuccessful rebellions during the Ranthambore campaign. He instituted a total prohibition in Delhi, established laws to prevent his nobles from networking with each other, and set up an intelligence and surveillance system to suppress any future rebellions. The capital of Warangal was ransacked in the winter of 1302–1303.He led another army to conquer Chittor, the capital of the Guhila kingdom. Chittor was captured after eight months. The massacre of 30,000 local Hindus was ordered by his courtier. Most modern historians don't agree with the authenticity of some later legends that claim that <mask> invaded Chittor to capture Ratnasimha's queen Padmini. While the imperial armies were busy in Chittor and Warangal campaigns, the Mongols launched another invasion of Delhi in August 1303. Even though he reached Delhi before the invaders, he didn't have enough time to prepare for a strong defence. The Warangal campaign was unsuccessful because of heavy rains, and the army lost several men and their baggage.The blockades set up by the Mongols prevented the reinforcements from entering the city. Under these difficult circumstances, <mask> took shelter in a heavily guarded camp. The army of the Mongols did not achieve a decisive victory in some minor conflicts. The invaders decided to retreat after they were unable to break into the house. One of the most serious invasions of India was the invasion of the Mongols in 1303. The forts were strengthened along the routes to India. To maintain a strong army, he implemented a series of economic reforms.The Vaghela kingdom was annexed to the Delhi Sultanate in 1304. He launched an invasion of Malwa in central India which resulted in the death of the Paramara king. The Yajvapala dynasty ruled the region to the north-eastern part of Malwa. The Mongols invaded India again in December of 1305. Instead of attacking Delhi, the invaders went to the Gangetic plains along the Himalayan foothills. The Mongols were defeated at the Battle of Amroha. According to the 16th-century historian Firishta, the heads of 8,000 Mongols were used to build the Siri Fort.In 1306, another army sent by Duwa advanced up to the Ravi River and ransacked the territories along the way. The Mongols were defeated by the forces of <mask>. The Mongols did not launch any further expeditions to India after Duwa's death. The governor of Dipalpur frequently raided the territories located in present-day Afghanistan. The Marwar and southern campaigns took place between 1308 and 1331. Alp Khan, the governor of Gujarat, supported Kafur and his forces captured Karna's daughter Devaladevi. At Devagiri, Kafur achieved an easy victory, and he agreed to become a vassal of <mask>.The fort of Siwana in Marwar region had been besieging for several years by a section of the army. In August and September of 1308, <mask> was in charge of the siege operations. The fort was conquered by the Delhi army and the defending ruler was killed. The other southern kingdoms had accumulated a huge amount of wealth after being shielded from the foreign armies that had wreaked havoc in northern India. He sent Kafur to runsack Warangal. Kafur ransacking towns and villages on his way to Warangal after he entered the Kakatiya territory. After a month-long siege of Warangal, the king Prataparudra surrendered a large amount of wealth to the invaders.After conquering Siwana, <mask> ordered his generals to take over other parts of Marwar. The raids of his generals in Marwar led to confrontations with the Chahamana ruler. The Jalore fort was captured in 1311. The wealth of the Hoysala and Pandya kingdoms was learned during the siege of Warangal. He took <mask>'s permission to lead an expedition there. Kafur began his march from Delhi in November 1310 and crossed Deccan in early 1311. The Hoysala king Ballala invaded the Pandyan territory in order to take advantage of the war of succession between the two brothers.Ballala hurried back to his capital after learning about Kafur's march. After a short siege, he agreed to surrender his wealth and become a descendant of <mask>. When he arrived in the Pandya kingdom, he raided several towns reaching as far as Madurai. Kafur was unable to make them <mask>'s tributaries because they fled their headquarters. Elephants and horses were taken by the Delhi army. The greatest seizure of wealth since the Muslim capture of Delhi was described by the Delhi chronicler. Abachi was ordered to be executed in Delhi after he

masks: Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddingata Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin


title: Alauddin Khalji

type: paraphrased

texts: allied with the Pandyas.There was resentment among Mongols who had settled in India after converting to Islam because of this. The conspiracy to kill <mask> was discovered by his agents. According to Barani, the death of 20,000 or 30,000 Mongols was caused by a mass massacre ordered by Alauddin. The son tried to overthrow the suzerainty after his father's death. The governor of Devagiri was defeated by Kafur in the 13th century. The most powerful ruler of his dynasty was Administrative changes. Compared to the previous rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, who relied on the pre-existing administrative set-up, <mask> undertook large-scale reforms.He implemented reforms to be able to maintain a large army and to weaken those who could organize a revolt against him after facing several rebellions. The Sultan's desire to subjugate the Hindus by "depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters rebellion" is one of the reasons for the revenue reforms. According to historian Satish Chandra, <mask>'s reforms were based on his conception of fear and control as the basis of good government as well as his military ambitions: the bulk of the measures were designed to centralise power in his hands and to support a large military. The land reforms of <mask> were continued by his successors and formed the basis of the agrarian reforms introduced by the later rulers. His son, Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah, revoked his other regulations a few months after his father's death. The traditional Hindu authorities were in charge of the countryside and agricultural production during <mask>i school of Islam. The Hindu rural chiefs were eliminated by <mask>. He did not impose any additional taxes on agriculture, and abolished the cut that the intermediaries received for collecting revenue. The rich and powerful villages with more land had to pay more taxes because of <mask>'s demand for tax proportional to land area. He banned rural chiefs from imposing illegal taxes on peasants and forced them to pay the same taxes as the others. His administration deprived the rural chiefs of their wealth to prevent rebellion. The suppressed chiefs were projected to be the protectors of the weaker section of the rural society.The high taxes imposed by the state meant a culviator had "barely enough for carrying on his cultivation and his food requirements." The revenue administration system was set up to enforce the land and agrarian reforms. His government recruited many people. The officials were subject to severe punishment if they were found to be taking bribes. Small discrepancies were punished after the account books were audited. Large landholders and small-scale growers were afraid of missing out on paying their taxes. The jizya tax was imposed on non-Muslims by the government of <mask>.He levied taxes on residences that were not approved by the Islamic law. Four-fifths of the spoils of war from his soldiers, instead of the traditional one-fifth share, was demanded by <mask>. Price control measures were implemented for a wide variety of market goods. According to the 14th century writer Hamid Qalandar, <mask> introduced these changes for public welfare. According to Barani, <mask> wanted to reduce prices so that low salaries would be accepted by his soldiers, and thus, to maintain a large army. According to Barani, the Sultan's desire to punish the Hindus led to the reforms of the market. Market supervisors and spies were appointed by Alauddin to ensure that the goods were sold at regulated prices.To prevent a black market, his administration prohibited peasants and traders from storing the grains, and established government-run granaries, where the government's share of the grain was stored. The government forced the transport workers to re-settle in villages at specific distances along the Yamuna river to enable rapid transport of grain to Delhi. Chroniclers say that the prices were not allowed to increase even when the rain was scarce. The shopkeepers who violated the price control regulations were given severe punishments. According to the 16th-century chronicler Firishta, the army included 475,000 horsemen. He was able to raise his army by paying relatively low salaries to his soldiers, and by introducing market price controls to ensure that the low salaries were acceptable to his soldiers. After successful campaigns in Deccan, he generously rewarded his generals and soldiers.A descriptive roll of every soldier was maintained by the government, as well as strict reviews of the army to examine the horses and arms of the soldiers. The system of branding the horses was established to make sure that no horse could be presented twice or replaced with a poor-quality horse. In the 13th century, drinking was common among the Muslim royals and nobles of the Delhi Sultanate, and <mask> was a heavy drinker. As part of his measures to prevent rebellions, <mask> imposed prohibition because he believed that the use of alcoholic drinks made people think of rebellion. According to Isami, a noble banned alcohol for merrymaking when his subjects were suffering from a famine. This account appears to be false. Other intoxicants were also banned.He excommunicated gamblers from Delhi along with vendors of intoxicants. Non-availability of alcohol in Delhi and its surrounding areas was ensured by the administration of <mask>. Alcohol was being illegally produced and smuggled into Delhi. After a while, <mask> relented and allowed drinking in private. Public distribution and drinking of wine were not allowed. The nobility's level of control was increased by <mask>. He took the wealth of the nobles and removed them from their bases of power.The charitable lands were taken over. There were severe punishments given for disloyalty. The wives and children of soldiers were imprisoned. The private households of nobles were reached by an efficient spy network. The king had to approve marriage alliances between noble families. All existing prostitutes of Delhi were ordered to marry. According to Firishta, prostitutes were classified into three grades and their fees were fixed.This account is dismissed as inaccurate by historian Kishori Saran Lal. The male adulterer was told to be castrated and the female adulterer was told to be stoned to death. Magicians were ordered to be stoned to death by the courtier. During the last days of his life, <mask> became very distrustful of his officers. The power was in the hands of his family and slaves. After being promoted to the rank of viceroy, he became enamored with his slave-general, who became the defacto ruler of the Sultanate. Several experienced administrators were removed, the office of the prime minister was abolished, and the minister was executed.It appears that Kafur convinced <mask> to carry out this purge because he considered these officers to be his rivals. Kafur had blind sons. He convinced <mask> to order the killing of Alp Khan, the brother-in-law of his wife. This might be Kafur's propaganda, as the victims allegedly hatched a conspiracy to overthrow <mask>. On the night of January 4, 1316, <mask> died. According to Barani, Kafur murdered him. At the end of the night, Kafur brought the body of <mask> to the mausoleum, which had already been built before his death.The mausoleum is said to be located outside of a mosque, but neither of these structures can be identified with certainty. The ruined foundations of these two structures probably lie under one of the mounds. Shihabuddin was appointed as a puppet monarch by Kafur. Mubarak Khan took over the power after Kafur was killed. At the back of Qutb complex in Delhi, there is a tomb and madrasa dedicated to the man. Jalaluddin's daughter and Alp Khan's sister were included in <mask>'s personal life. The daughter of a Hindu king was married to him after his conquest of Devagiri.The son of a ruler succeeded him as the next ruler. The chief queen of Karna, the Vaghela king of Gujarat, was originally married to a Hindu woman. She was taken into <mask>'s harem after being captured by the Khalji forces during the invasion. She eventually came to terms with her new life. According to the chronicler Firishta, sometime between 1306 and 1307, the mother of the girl asked the father of the girl to get her out of his custody. The order was sent to Raja Karan by <mask>. The royal palace was where she lived with her mother.The attractive eunuch slave captured during the Gujarat campaign caught the fancy of <mask>. He became the viceroy of the Sultanate because of his proven ability as a military commander and wise counsellor. There was a deep emotional bond between Kafur and <mask>. According to Barani, during the last four or five years of his life, <mask> fell in love with Kafur and handed over the administration to him. Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai believe that <mask> and Kafur were in a homosexual relationship. Historian Judith E. Walsh believes that <mask> and Kafur were lovers in a sexually intimate relationship. Historians believe that he may have been bisexual or even homosexual because of his relationship with Kafur.The close relationship between the two was not sexual according to the historian. The Hauz-i-Alai (later Hauz-i-Khas) water reservoir was built in 1296 and had a stone-masonry wall. It became filled with mud and was destroyed by Firuz Shah Tughlaq around 1354. The source of water for the city throughout the year was mentioned in Timur's memoirs. The Siri Fort was built in the early years of the 14th century. There are traces of ashlar masonry in the lime and lime plaster of the fort walls. The Qasr-i-Hazar Situn palace was built at the site of his camp after the Mongols left.According to Timur's memoirs, the city of Siri had seven gates. Some of the walls that were destroyed in 1545 are still standing. The Alai Darwaza is the southern gateway to the Qutb al-Din Aibak mosque. The Alai Minar was supposed to be double the size of the Qutb Minar, but the project was abandoned when he died. The architecture and design of the Lal Mahal is similar to that of the Alai Darwaza. A dome was built at the centre of the 100 acres that were repaired in 1311. Like his predecessors, <mask> was a Sunni Muslim.The orthodox Sunnis wrongly accused the Ismaili minorities of permitting incest. There was an inquiry against them before 1311. Several Ismailis were found guilty in the inquiry conducted by the orthodox Ulama. The convicts were ordered to be sawn into two. His faith in Islam was firm like the faith of the uneducated and the ignorant, according to the writings of Ziauddin Barani after his death. He says that the man once thought of establishing a new religion. Like the Islamic prophet Muhammad's four caliphs helped spread Islam, <mask> believed that he had four Khans with whom he could establish a new religion.Barani was persuaded by his uncle to drop the idea that a new religion could only be found by revelation from God. Even great conquerors like Genghis Khan were not able to subvert Islam, and people would revolt against <mask> for founding a new religion. Several chroniclers as well as later historians have repeated Barani's claim that Alauddin thought of founding a religion. The historian believes that the claim is not supported by the contemporary writers. According to Barani, the sultan separated religion from the state. At times, he exploited Muslim fanaticism against Hindu chiefs and the treatment of the zimmis. The expedition against Gujarat was not motivated by alust of conquest according to Wassaf.The second invasion of Gujarat took place seven years after the first one, and according to the masnavi, it was a plundering raid. The citizens were caught by surprise. The Muhammadan forces began to kill and slaughter on the right and left for the sake of Islam, and blood flowed in torrents. Several Hindu temples were destroyed by the generals. The temples that were included were Bhilsa, Devagiri, Vijapur, Somnath, Chidambaram, and Madurai. The Hindu chiefs were willing to accept his suzerainty. According to a 1305 document, the Hindu landlords were given more favours than they had expected.By this time, all the Hindus in the realm of Hind had died on the battlefield, and the other Hindus had bowed their heads. The ground had become saffron-colored from the tilaks of the Hindu chiefs who bowed before the court. The policy of compromise with Hindus was criticized by a small but vocal group of Muslim extremists. The orthodox Ulama advised <mask> to ignore it. When he asked about the position of Hindus under an Islamic state, the qazi Mughis replied that they should pay taxes with meekness and humility. The collector should open his mouth if he chooses to spit in the official's mouth. The extreme submissiveness incumbent upon this race is to be shown by the extreme meekness and humility on his part.The Hindus are the worst enemies of the true prophet, as much as God Himself commands their complete degradation. If they don't follow the true faith, they will either be slain or imprisoned, and their wealth and property will be taken away. The Hindu will never be submissive and obedient to the Musalman unless he is reduced to poverty. The measures he undertook to impoverish them were justified because he knew the chiefs and muqaddams didn't pay taxes. His conquests led to him being seen as a persecutor both at home and abroad. The submission and obedience of the Hindus during the last decade of Barani's reign has become an established fact. The submission on the part of the Hindus has not been seen before or seen again.It was difficult for Hindus and Indian Muslims to get a membership in the higher bureaucracy under the Mamluk dynasty. This seems to have changed under the Khaljis. A 30,000 strong army was sent by <mask> to repel the Mongols. The Sultan's life was saved by Hindu soldiers. Because of the large presence of non-Muslims in the imperial army, Alaul Mulk advised him not to leave Delhi. <mask> had a relationship with Jains Per Jain sources and once summoned Mahasena to Delhi. Mahasena was persuaded by Jains to defend the faith because there was no learned Digambracarya in North India.The man was impressed by his learning. A Digambara Jain Purancandra was very close to the Sultan. The Jain poet was also honored by him. The document details atrocities on Jains under his rule, including the destruction of a religious fair. The conditions seem to have changed over the course of a year. In 1314, the sons of a Shrimala and other Jain merchants along with their cousins with a huge congregation of pilgrims were able to visit a temple at Phaludi despite the siege of Ajmer. Alp Khan, who was transferred to Gujarat in 1310, is praised by Jain sources for allowing reconstruction of their temples.Alp Khan issued a farman for the Jain merchant to repair the Shatrunjaya temple. Alp Khan made huge donations towards repairing Jain temples. The title of the coins is Sikander Sani. Alexander's title is'sikander', which is Old Persian for 'Alexander'. Sani is Arabic for second. The coin legend refers to Alexander as 'The Second Alexander' because of his military success. He used his campaigns in Deccan and South India to accumulate wealth in his treasury.The title of his coins was "sikander-us-sani Yamin-ul-Khilafat". He added Yamin-ul-Khilafat Nsir Amri 'l-Mu'minn instead of adding Al-Musta'sim's name. In popular culture, a Sufi poet named Malik Muhammad Jayasi wrote an epic poem called Padmavat. The Bengali-Arakani poet of the medieval era Syed Alaol depicted him as a central character of the Medieval Bengali epic poem. The film Chittoor Rani Padmini was directed by Chitrapu Narayana Rao. Om Puri played a character in Doordarshan's historical drama. Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur was a Sony Entertainment Television drama.There was a fictional version of <mask> in the film. A book about <mask>'s military career was written by his court poet. The History of India appears in an English translation as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period. The third volume. The year was 1866. There is a Page:67-92. The 13th-century deaths of Indian Sunni Muslims were caused by Indian

masks: Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddinaf Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin


title: Dean H. Kenyon

texts: <mask><mask> is a young Earth creationist and one of the instigators of the intelligent design movement. He is the author of a book. He testified in favor of creation science in two court cases. The creation science supplementary textbook of pandas and people was co-authored by him. The authors altered all references to creationism to refer to intelligent design before the book was published after the case decision against teaching creation science in public schools. He continued to support young Earth creationism after becoming a Fellow of the Discovery Institute. He received a degree in physics from the University of Chicago in 1961.At the University of California, Berkeley, he was a Research Associate at the Ames Research Center. He was an Associate Professor of Biology at San Francisco State University from 1966 to 2001. Gary Steinman and <mask> co-authored Biochemical Predestination in 1969. Stephen Berry explained that the properties of the chemical elements dictate the types of monomers that can be formed in prebiotics, which then dictate the properties of the occurring polymers. The work was about virus production. He was on a fellowship at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, where he reviewed contemporary literature on the relationship of science and religion. He was a Visiting Scholar at Trinity College in 1974.In 1976, a student gave me a book by A.E., who was a young earth creationist. The Creation of Life is a Cybernetic Approach to Evolution. I couldn't come up with a counter-rebuttal to the arguments in that book. Several books and articles by neo-creationists came to my attention. The Genesis Flood is a book I read by <mask>. I don't agree with everything in that book, but what stood out to me was the scientific statement that gave a very different view of earth history. The book suggests that it is possible to have a rational alternative explanation of the past, even though it doesn't deal with the subject of the origin of life per se.In 1980, the San Francisco State University Department of Biology had a dispute over the presentation of creationism. There was a debate on the merits of evolutionary theory versus "scientific creationism" at that time. <mask> is a biology professor at SFSU. The faculty voted not to change the description of Biology 337 to include creationism. The Department did not support teaching creationism. During the 1980s, he was an expert in two notable cases about "creation science". Arkansas case that tested the constitutionality of Arkansas' Equal Time Legislation that mandated equal time for "creation science" and "evolution science"During the trial, <mask> flew to Arkansas to be deposed. The Arkansas attorney general presented six science witnesses, two more than had testified for the American Civil Liberties Union, but the man who was displeased with the defense of the creationist position by the attorney general left town just before he was to testify. There would have been more if there wasn't a serious case of witnesses disappearing in the second week. <mask>, a Biologist from San Francisco State University, fled town after watching the demolition of four of the state's witnesses on the first day of the second week. The computer scientist from California was withdrawn at the last minute when he began to talk about satanic and demonical things. There were other witnesses for the defense who did not show up. Several scientists who were listed as potential witnesses for the state backed out because of peer pressure.On the eve of his day in court, Dr. <mask>, a biophysicist at San Francisco State University, mysteriously disappeared. When one of Clark's assistants went to take his deposition, he couldn't find him. He checked out of the hotel and flew home. <mask> taught evolution theory for 16 years until three years ago when he became a creationist, but Bird encouraged him not to testify. Bird said he tried to get other defense witnesses to not testify because he thought the trial was bungled. Bird said he was not trying to hurt Clark. He told several witnesses that "I don't think you should jeopardize your reputation with the way the trial is being handled."Bird's actions were "tantamount to tampering with justice" according to Clark. Louisiana's version of the "Equal Time" legislation was put to the test after the McLean ruling, which declared the teaching of "creation science" in public schools to be an unconstitutional establishment of religion. Bird ran the state's defense of the law after being deputized by the state. <mask> was advertised as the creationists' lead expert witness, but the case was decided by summary judgment and never went to a full trial. Bird relied on an expert witness affidavit in his oral arguments. The affidavit can be found at the TalkOrigins website. In the Kitzmiller case, it was shown that <mask> advocated for equal time in public schools and textbooks for "creation science" while at the same time working on a public school textbook.In 1987, the Supreme Court heard a case about the teaching of creation science and evolution in public schools. The Establishment Clause of the US Constitution was argued to have been violated by this. Creation-science means origin through abrupt appearance in complex form, and includes biological creation, biochemical creation (or chemical creation), and cosmic creation. The concepts of catastrophism, a world-wide flood, a recent inception of the earth or life, or any concepts from Genesis or other religious texts are not included in creation-science. A creationist school textbook entitled Of Pandas and People was co-authored by <mask> and Davis. The references to "creationism" and "creationists" were replaced with references to "intelligent design" and "design proponents". The origin of the term intelligent design can be found in the history of creationism.In October 1992, the chair of the SFSU Biology Department told <mask> to stop teaching creationism. He taught creationism and intelligent design for more than ten years and received complaints from students and faculty. The faculty came out in support of the Chair's request for academic freedom and the ability to teach what he wanted. <mask> won the right to teach his view of the evolution of life after a hearing. Objections to his teaching were based on a view of legitimate science. The Discovery Institute included Stephen C. Meyer, Phillip E. Johnson, William Dembski and Michael Behe. He is a fellow of the Discovery Institute.The intelligent design movement is led by the Institute. He was on the Editorial Advisory Board of Origins and Design when he co-authored "The RNA World: A Critique" in 1996. At the 1998 International Conference on Creationism, he continued to argue in favor of creationism. He is a speaker, writer, and board member for the Kolbe Center. The Center promoted a young Earth creationist book. The works were written by Steinman G. Biochemical Predestination. The text was written by McGraw Hill.Davis and <mask> are related. The central question of biological origins is of panda and people. The second edition of the foundation for thought and ethics. Calvin M. and Steinman G discuss the mechanism and relevance of dicyanamide-medicated peptide synthesis. A biophysical journal. 1966 Aug 24;124(1): 339–50. Smith and <mask> are related.Is life beginning? Perspect Biol Med. The summer of 1972, Summer;15(4):529–42. Smith and <mask> are related. The origin of the viruses. There is Enzymologia. The article was published on Jul 31st, 1972Smith and <mask> are related. There is a unifying concept of carcinogenesis. There is cancer. The 27th edition of the journal was published in 1973. Smith and <mask> are related. There is an A.T.P. How are they related?Am J Chin Med is in Garden City. There was a Jan article in 1973. There is a man named <mask>. The origin of life studies terminology. Orig Life. In 1975, Jul;6(4):447–49. Oro J and Nissenbaum A were both present.There is a possibility that organic melanoidin can be used as matrices for prebiotic activity. J Mol Evol. is a journal. December 29, 1975, 6(4):253–70 There are implications for chemical evolution and early precambrian micropaleontology. J Mol Evol. is a journal. The 7(3) was published on April 9, 1976. <mask><mask> is from the Discovery Institute.Young Earth creationism is advocated by the University of Chicago alumni, as well as by the American Roman Catholics and the Discovery Institute.

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Dean H
. Kenyon
Kenyon
Henry Morris
John Hafernik
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Dean Kenyon
Dean Kenyon
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Dean Kenyon
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. Kenyon


title: Nan Whaley

texts: She served as the 56th mayor of Dayton, Ohio. She served on the city commission for two terms before being elected mayor. She is a candidate for governor of Ohio. The United States Conference of Mayors is headed by Whaley. Since graduating from the University of Dayton with a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1998, Whaley has lived in Ohio. The Ohio chair of the College Democrats of America was <mask>. Whaley is a four-time delegate to the Democratic National Convention, worked for John Kerry's presidential campaign, and served as a presidential elector.A Master of Public Administration was earned by Whaley. One of the youngest women ever chosen for a commission seat was <mask>, who was first elected to the Dayton City Commission in 2005. The Montgomery County Board of Elections was chaired by Whaley. The mayor of Dayton won the election with 56 percent of the vote. It was the first time in the history of the city that voters did not choose the mayor. She was a member of the Greater Ohio's Community Revitalization Committee, the Learn to Earn Executive Committee for Education, the Montgomery County Planning Commission and the Dayton Access Television Board of Trustees. Early in her time in office, Whaley founded the Dayton Region Manufacturing Task Force, which is committed to advocating for manufacturing and promoting a strong manufacturing workforce.$600,000,000 has been invested in the region because of initiatives like this and a surge of high tech and research jobs. The unemployment rate in the City of Dayton has fallen since Whaley was sworn into office. Dayton, which has strong economic ties to the nearby Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, was named the second-best mid-sized city for new business expansion projects in the nation. A needle exchange program was developed after Whaley declared a statewide state of emergency due to a surge in drug overdoses. Dayton began to make sure that first responders had access to the overdose-reversal drug. The Government of Ohio failed to adequately fund opiate treatment and recovery programs. Dayton was the fourth city in the country to file a lawsuit against the pharmaceutical companies, drug distributors and doctors.The City of Learners initiative was launched by the Mayor in early 2014, as a way to support Dayton's schools and students. Ensure all children attend a high quality school, ensure high quality preschool is offered to all children, increase business partnerships with schools, provide mentors to more children, and expand sites for afterschool and summer learning were identified by a committee of community leaders and volunteers. In 2016 the City of Dayton voters passed a 0.25% income tax increase to support critical city services and to offer one year of affordable, quality preschool to all Dayton families with a 4-year-old. The Preschool Promise in Dayton is institutionalized. In order to revive the economy and culture of the Downtown Dayton area, Whaley has placed a lot of emphasis. She has done so by drawing in over $200,000,000 in downtown investments and by refocusing the region into new ventures. New businesses have begun to move into the downtown area as a result of some new renewal efforts.As a previous board member of the Bike Walk Dayton Committee, Whaley has taken significant steps towards making Dayton a bicycle friendly community. The implementation of Dayton's first Bike Share program was overseen by her administration. She is a strong advocate for a county-wide landbank system to address the region's housing crisis with a more regional approach and serves on the Montgomery County Landbank Board. After a mass shooting occurred on August 4, she and Ohio Senator Sherrod Brown accompanied President Donald Trump on a visit with survivors. Twenty-seven people were injured and ten were killed. She joined over 200 mayors in urging Congress to act on gun control legislation. The mayor of El Paso, Texas, was in the group.Before declaring her candidacy for governor of Ohio, Whaley considered running for Congress. On May 8, Whaley announced that she was running for governor on a platform of job creation. She endorsed Richard Cordray after dropping out of the race. She announced on April 19th that she would be running again. She is a graduate of Leadership Miami Valley. She and her husband Sam live in the Five Oaks neighborhood. There are links to External links on the official site.

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Career Whaley


title: Garo Yepremian

texts: A Cyprus-Armenian American football placekicker who played in the National Football League for 15 seasons, mostly with the Miami Dolphins, died on May 15, 2015. During his nine seasons in Miami, <mask> was named to two Pro Bowls, twice received first-team All-Pro honors, and helped the Dolphins win two Super Bowl titles. The 1972 Dolphins were the only team of the Super Bowl era to not lose a game. He played for five teams before retiring in 1981. <mask> was born to parents from Cyprus. <mask> and his brother, who attended Indiana University on a soccer scholarship, moved to the United States. Yepremian was not eligible to play NCAA football because he had previously played in an organized soccer league.He decided to pursue an NFL career after watching a football game. He signed a contract with the Detroit Lions after acting as his agent. <mask> joined the Detroit Lions on October 13, 1966. He broke an American football record when he kicked six field goals in a game against the Minnesota Vikings. Yepremian was at a loss for football vocabulary and custom. Yepremian dropped to his knees after his coach told him that their team had lost the coin toss. Yepremian was a target for players who considered American football the exclusive realm of Americans.The players were going to take Yepremian's head off, so his coach told him to run to the bench as soon as he kicked. After kicking off, Yepremian ran to the wrong bench and sat on the opposing team. During the 4th week of the 1966 season, <mask> was knocked to the ground and badly injured by the Green Bay Packers and he decided not to use a face mask. He used a single-bar mask. He did not wear a facemask on his helmet. The Lions scored a touchdown in the last 10 seconds of the game when they were losing. After converting the point that Yepremian was sent in to kick, he ran off the field with his arms raised in celebration.Alex Karras asked <mask> what the hell he was celebrating. Yepremian used to say "I keek (kick) a touchdown" on The Tonight Show. <mask> enlisted in the U.S. Army after leaving football. Yepremian signed a contract with the Michigan Arrows of the Continental Football League after the Lions decided not to re-sign him. The Arrows folded at the end of the season, despite drawing barely 4,000 fans to a game in Detroit. <mask> earned a spot on the Dolphins roster after sitting out the 1969 season. He scored the only 3 Dolphin points against the Cowboys in Super Bowl VI.He was a key member of the 1972 Miami Dolphins "Perfect Season" team and was the leading scorer and converted on many clutch field goals. Yepremian played in three Super Bowls. Russell Erxleben, who was handling all kicking chores, suffered a season-ending injury prior to the Saints' week two game with the Green Bay Packers. In 14 games, he made 12 of 16 attempts. He spent his last two years with the team. He made 16 of 23 field goal attempts in 1980. He ended his career in 1981 after going 2 for 4.Over the course of his career, <mask> was successful on over 200 field goals and over 500 extra points. He was the leader in field- goal accuracy three times. <mask> and Rick Upchurch were not elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. One famous and one infamous is what Yepremian is known for. He kicked a field goal 7 minutes and 40 seconds into double overtime, ending the longest game in NFL history, and sending the Dolphins to the Super Bowl against the Baltimore Colts. Many people remember <mask> for his play in Super Bowl VII. The game would have been out of reach if Yepremian had kicked a field goal with less than two minutes left.Yepremian got to the ball before any other player after the field goal attempt was blocked by Bill Brundige. He tried to throw a pass instead of just falling on the ball. The ball went up in the air after slipping from his hands. Yepremian tried to bat the ball out of bounds but instead put it in the hands of his former Lions teammate, Mike Bass, who returned it for a touchdown. The Dolphins completed their perfect 1972 season with a 14–7 win. After the game, Yepremian joked to reporters, "This is the first time the goat of the game is in the winners' locker room." Yepremian was voted the Most Valuable Player in the 1973 Pro Bowl after kicking five field goals.He kicked 20 consecutive field goals without a miss in 1979 after being elected to another Pro Bowl. Accolades was voted "Kicker of the Decade" by the Pro Football Hall of Fame Committee. The Miami Dolphins' leading scorer in the 1970s was nominated for the Pro Football Hall of Fame. <mask> and his teammates from the 1972 Dolphins team were featured in a commercial by Reebok. He guest starred in an episode of The Odd Couple in 1974. <mask> played himself in Paper Lion. <mask> died from high grade neuroendocrine cancer at the age of 70.He is buried in West Chester, Pennsylvania. There are other sources. There was a report in 1999. The second edition of Total Football. New York:HarperCollins. <mask> Yepremian is an Official Garo Yepremian Facebook Page.

masks: Yepremian Yepremian Yepremian Yepremian Yepremian Yepremian Yepremian Yepremian Yepremian Garo Yepremian Yepremian Garo Yepremian Garo


title: Robert P. Briggs

texts: <mask>.<mask> was the chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the vice-president of finance of the University of Michigan, and the executive vice-president of Consumer Power Company. A graduate of the University of Michigan, he was an administrator in the University's School of Business Administration before becoming a member of the Board of regents. He spent 17 years as an executive vice-president at the Consumer Power Company, where he led various committees and organizations within the state of Michigan. The Michigan United Fund, the Michigan State Chamber of Commerce, the Michigan Traffic Safety Commission, and the Alumni Association of the University of Michigan are some of the organizations. His activities have covered an almost endless range of community and business affairs, according to Dividend magazine, a publication by the University of Michigan's then School of Business Administration. <mask> was born in Monroe, Michigan, on April 3, 1903. His father was in charge of the Monroe schools.<mask> worked for the Lansing State Journal as a mail carrier from 1912 to 1917. In order to pay for food, housing, and tuition at the University of Michigan, which he attended after graduating from public schools, he worked a number of jobs. He decided to attend the University of Michigan because he thought it would be a good idea for his wife to attend Michigan State. In his first semester at the University of Michigan, he was not allowed to return for the winter semester. He was allowed to return to the University later on. He described his first year at the University of Michigan's college of Literature, Science, and the Arts as a good learning experience and would eventually graduate with a Bachelor of Arts degree. After graduating from the University of Michigan,<mask> moved to Kansas to be a professor of business administration at Kansas Wesleyan University.He was an acting dean from 1926 to 1927. In 1927, he was offered a position teaching economics at the University of Michigan's College of Literature, Science, and the Arts and later graduated with a Masters of Business Administration. He taught economics at the University of Michigan's College of the Literature, Science, and the Arts from 1927 to 1935. In 1933, he became a certified public accountant. He was an assistant professor of economics and accounting at the University of Michigan until 1935, when he was promoted to associate professor of economics and accounting at the School of Business Administration. He was the financial advisor for the Fraternity from 1934 to 1938. During World War II, the assistant to the president of Standard Steel Spring Company, which made essential war material, was on leave from the University of Michigan.In 1945, he was named vice-president of business and finance at the University of Michigan, which put him in charge of purchasing, finance, collections, and investments. The university was facing a problem because of soldiers returning from World War II who were interested in higher education. The facilities of the university needed to be expanded in order to handle the increase in students. He was involved in securing married student housing at the airport. The administrators of the university didn't think the university was prepared for the amount of food that would be brought in for the dorms, so they worked to raise funds for a food service building. The building of key University of Michigan facilities such as Alice Lloyd Hall, South Quadrangle, the School of Business Administration, and the Administration Building, as well as acquiring land that would become the University of Michigan's North Campus, were all financed by <mask>gs argued that it was the best location because it would allow for the most expansion, and with this expansion came the realization that the physical and architectural face of the university was changing. Each architect wants to leave his monument. Each one has a different idea. Which one do you do? Do you let them have fun, or do you tell them to do it their way? We didn't do it that way. In 1951, the vice president of business and finance at the University of Michigan resigned in order to become the financial vice-president of the nearby Consumer Power Company.Before he left Michigan, he was thought to be a possible replacement for the retiring University of Michigan President Ruthven as he had a very successful tenure as an administrator at the University of Michigan. He leaves the University as a better place for his foresight and provision in fields once foreign to learning when he goes to his new post. In 1951, he became financial vice-president of Consumer Power Company. In 1952, he became an executive vice-president and a member of the company's board of directors. He ran the company's financing, insurance, pensions, and other corporate activities. He retired from his job on May 1, 1968, at the age of 65. He would remain on the board until 1968.The founding president of the Michigan State Chamber of Commerce was a professional. Conditions favorable to business growth are promoted by the Michigan Chamber of Commerce. In the Detroit Free Press, the president argued that reduced taxes on business would improve the state's competitive position. The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago has a board of directors. When he was nominated for election to the Michigan State Board of Education, he was a member of the board of directors. The election for the state board of education was lost byBriggs. Michigan Governor George Romney was given the chance to nominate a regent after William McInally died.The seat on the University of Michigan's Board of regents was filled by Governor Romney. Romney said, "Bob is well qualified for this important post and I am sure that by virtue of his long and faithful association with The University of Michigan, he will contribute significantly to the future growth of this fine institution." When asked if he wanted to join the board of regents, he said, "I definitely wanted to." You were setting the framework with a pattern that was going to be followed and it was a great responsibility. The issues that came to the Board of regents were fundamental. The replacement for retiring President Hatcher was selected by a committee that was chaired by <mask>. The University of Wisconsin provost was selected by the committee to be the next President of the University of Michigan, a position he held until 1979.When President Fleming was hired, he was criticized by some in the media for not announcing his salary. There was a lot of political unrest at the University of Michigan during a time when there was a member of the Board of regents. He said, "Our first reaction was we don't want that around here." It wasn't long before you realized that this was something you had to face up to, and we had to find a way to work with the students. In 1968, Governor Romney asked <mask> to leave the University of Michigan Board of regents in order to become the Commissioner of Michigan Financial Institutions, a role he honored until 1973, when he became a consultant for the Bureau of Department of Commerce for the state. In 1979 he became president of the Alumni Association of the University of Michigan. The main factors in his recruitment were his long history with the school and expansion as vice president.The alumni association was in need of a new building, and they wanted him to lead the project given his previous experience in expanding the school. Throughout his life, he received many awards. The State of Michigan gave him an award for his contributions to the advancement of Michigan. The Alumni Society Board of Governors at the University of Michigan gave the Alumni Achievement Award to <mask> in 1992. <mask> has always used his talents to guide himself and others toward the highest standards of citizenship and service in both the public and private realm of his life. The board of regents of the University of Michigan awarded a Doctor of Law to <mask>gs was December 22, 1925. They had two children. He died at his home in Michigan at the age of 95. The University of Michigan has a College of Literature, Science, and the Arts.

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Robert Peter Briggs
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title: David Marshall Williams

texts: <mask> was an American firearms designer and convicted murderer who invented the floating chamber. Both designs used the high-pressure gas generated in or near the breech of the firearm to operate the action of semi-automatic firearms. <mask> was born in Cumberland County, North Carolina, the son of <mask> and Laura Susan Kornegay. He was the oldest of seven children and the younger half brother of the five surviving children from the first marriage of <mask> to Eula Lee Breece. <mask> owned hundreds of acres in and around Godwin, North Carolina. He worked on his family's farm as a young boy. He was kicked out of school in the eighth grade.He began work in a blacksmith shop. He enlisted in the Navy at the age of 15. When the Navy became aware of his true age, his Navy enlistment was short-lived. He attended the Blackstone Military Academy in 1917. He failed to complete the first semester due to his expulsion for theft of government property. Col. E.S. found several rifles and thousands of rounds of bullets in his trunk. Ligon, the owner of the academy, found that <mask> had shipped the stocks from the rifles home and refused to return them.On August 11, 1918, in Cumberland County, he married Margaret Cooke and they had one child, <mask> Jr. A few weeks later, while working with a railway team, he pulled a handgun and shot at a bird, missing the bird, but succeeding in having his employment terminated by his supervisor, Captain McNeill, section master. An illegal distillery was started after the murder of deputy Alfred Jackson Pate <mask>. On July 22, 1921, the Cumberland County Sheriff and five deputies seized the product after the workers fled. The evidence was being moved away from the scene when gunfire came from the woods. Alfred Jackson Pate, a deputy sheriff, was killed by two bullets while riding away from the scene in a police car. On the day after the murder, <mask> was arrested.A total of five shots were fired at the deputies from a single location according to Coroner's Inquest testimony. <mask> was identified as the person who fired the rifle at Pate by a deputy present at the shooting. <mask> could have been sentenced to death for first degree murder. <mask> could not be tried for the charges because he was insane. <mask> and five black workers were charged with operating the still. The issue of <mask>'s sanity was decided by a jury on October 11, 1921. Testimony lasted for four days.The person who shot at deputy Pate was identified by the deputy sheriff as <mask>. All five workers employed by <mask> testified that they ran in a different direction after the gunshots came from the direction in which <mask> had run. The hearing ended in a hung jury. His attorneys withdrew the insanity plea and <mask> pleaded guilty to murder in the second degree. <mask> and his workers pleaded guilty to making liquor. <mask> was sentenced to thirty years at hard labor, to wear felon stripes, for the murder of deputy Pate. On the same day, one of the black workers employed by <mask> was indicted and tried in Cumberland County Superior Court on the charge of secret assault on deputy Pate.<mask> said during the trial that he did not intend to kill the deputy. The intent was to kill the deputy. On the same day, the all-white 12-man jury voted to acquit. <mask> served time at the Caledonia State Prison Farm in North Carolina. He was given access to the prison's machine shop, where he demonstrated a knack for fashioning his own tools. He was servicing the weapons used by the guards. He was able to stay ahead of his assignments because of his skills in the machine shop.He would stay up late at night drawing plans for firearms. His mother sent him a drafting set and technical data on guns and eventually provided him with patent attorney contacts, who were unable to help him as long as he was in prison. While in prison, <mask> designed and built four semi-automatic rifles. The four used high-pressure gas within the breech to operate their semi-automatic actions. To force the floating chamber backwards into the bolt, the floating chamber had to be filled with the gas at the front of the chamber. The bolt face of the floating chamber was limited to a short stroke to impact it. The rifles are on display in the North Carolina Museum of History.He surrendered to the sheriff after his family started a campaign to commute his sentence. If his work would help the country, the widow of the man he was convicted of killing agreed to commute his sentence. On November 22, 1927, the governor of North Carolina received the request for commutation. On December 16, 1927, the governor of North Carolina commuted the sentence from thirty years to a minimum of ten and a maximum of twenty years. <mask> was discharged from the State's Prison on September 29, 1929. He filed his first patents on February 2, 1931, back in Cumberland County. August 24, 1937 is when the patent application "Automatic Firearm" was published.The concept of using high-pressure gas in or near the breech to operate a semi-automatic firearm was detailed in this application. The floating chambers he manufactured on the four rifles he built while imprisoned are included in the application and subsequent patent. Colt Manufacturing Company introduced the Colt Ace pistol, a rimfire version of Colt's M1911A1 pistol, for training purposes in 1931. The pistol had a recoil equivalent to the.22 rimfire. <mask> was hired by Colt to redesign the Colt ace with a floating chamber. The Colt Service Ace, a rimfire pistol with a recoil stronger than that of the Colt Ace but less than that of its M1911A1 counterpart, was published on August 24, 1937. The Colt.22 - .45 Service Model Conversion Unit was introduced in 1938.The conversion unit was designed by <mask> and could be used to convert a pistol to a rifle. The pistol was allowed to be converted back to its original state. The earlier Colt ace pistol was converted to a Colt service ace with the floating chamber using the kit. U.S. He went to Washington, DC to show his work to the War Department after two years. He received his first contract to modify the.30 caliber Browning machine gun using the floating chamber system to fire rimfire bullets. His conversions were permanent.The "Automatic Weapon Patent" and the "Belt Feeding Means for Guns" were published in February of 1938. The M1919A1 was able to be converted back and forth between.30 caliber and.22 caliber rimfire with the help of a.22 caliber conversion unit. The kit was called the "Trainer, Machine Gun, Caliber.22 M3". The 1919A4 and AN-M2 were the first versions created. <mask> was contracted by Remington Arms to produce a semi-automatic rifle using his floating chamber for the commercial market. The rifle designed and developed by <mask> can be seen in two patents. The <mask> design was rejected.K. Lowe and C.C. were involved in redesigning the rifle. The Williams floating chamber is being used by Loomis. The rifle was introduced in 1941. The Williams floating chamber patent was credited with the invention of the rifle, "Firearm" published July 18, 1944 and "Firearm" published August 22, 1944. The first semi-automatic rimfire rifle was capable of shooting both the short and long rifle rounds. When one of its patents was challenged by <mask> as it violated one of his earlier patents for a sear, the company was already aware of the work of <mask>. The two agreed on a settlement.Winchester hired <mask> because he showed the greatest native ability of anyone General Hatcher knew, after he was impressed by <mask>'s work. <mask> was hired full time by Winchester on July 1, 1939. Jonathan Edmund Browning, half brother of John Browning and Matt Browning, was assigned the task of redesigning a semi-automatic rifle by <mask>. Jonathan Browning was hired by Winchester to improve the design. The M1 rifle was invented by John Garand. The gas system that operated the rifle's semi-automatic action was one of the problems encountered. In May 1940, <mask> fitted the rifle with a short-stroke gas piston outside the bore of the barrel to cause it to hit the operating slide and cycle the action.The Model G30M was designated by Winchester. During the U.S., this version of the short-stroke gas piston was used in a rifle. During the spring and fall of 1940, there were trials with the Marines in San Diego, California. <mask> was directed to redesign the rifle to correct additional problems, chamber it for the standard military rifle cartridge.30 M2 (.30-'06), and make it as light as possible, based on the experience gained during these trials. <mask> completed the changes by May 1941. The rifle was designated by the company as the G30R. By May 1941, the U.S. was a country.The Dept. of Ordnance. There were trials of a number of submissions for a light rifle that would be chambered for the.30 caliber Carbine. The Browning prototype being worked on by <mask> was one of the reasons why the submission was not developed. It was apparent during the trials of the Model G30M that they were not going to be able to replace the M1 by Garand. When Williams produced the Model G30R, it made them want to make a prototype for the light rifle trials. The challenge was to produce a working light rifle in time for preliminary tests and a second set of light rifle trials. Winchester assigned two other employees to head up the project because <mask> had already shown he worked at his own pace.He was angry when <mask> wasn't included. <mask> did not want his name associated with the gun and refused to have anything to do with it. The first prototype was completed 13 days after they began. The first prototype was based on

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David Marshall Williams
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James Claude Williams
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David Marshall
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title: David Marshall Williams

texts: those used by <mask> to produce the Model G30R. Three of the four parts were designed by <mask>. <mask> had sole responsibility for the short-stroke gas piston that accessed the high-pressure gas near the breech to operate the semi-automatic action. The design of the first prototype was found to have enough merit to proceed with the development and submit a light rifle by the September 15, 1941 deadline.The second prototype had a second team consisting of the two prior employees and others with <mask> as the project director. <mask> was removed from the team three days later after an assessment of a dispute between <mask> and the others that forced the project to stop. Without <mask>, the team continued to work on the second prototype. On September 12, 1941, the second prototype light rifle designed by the team was complete and ready for submission, but for two problems that had yet to be fixed. <mask> was asked to help the others sort out the problems, and collectively solutions were found that allowed the prototype to be transported and submitted to the department by the deadline. The Carbine, Caliber.30, M1 Carbine was adopted on September 30, 1941. <mask> was unable to complete his prototype in time for the trials.The prototype was smaller than the G30R design. Photographs of this gun are held by the Springfield Armory Museum and the Buffalo Bill Historical Center. <mask> had previously entered into a license agreement with Winchester on September 9, 1940 for use of his patented short-stroke gas piston in exchange for a royalty payable on the basis of the value of each gun manufactured containing the invention. The design of the M1 Carbine was negotiated by the Western Cartridge Co. In February 1942, the department proposed a one-time lump sum royalty payment in exchange for a royalty-free production license. <mask> accepted 26.411 percent of the lump sum in lieu of royalty payments on March 19, 1942. The agreement was signed on March 20, 1942.14 patents were included in the contract for the M1 Carbine. <mask> held four of these as assignors. The Model G30 was related to the Takedown Firearm and the Gas Operated Self-Loading Firearm. <mask> was assigned the patent for the M1 carbine itself, which was published in January 1943. The fourth was the carbine's short-stroke gas piston. They would have won an inevitable court battle with <mask> if the earlier <mask> patent for his floating chamber gas piston was different from the design used in the M1 carbine. The time taken by a court battle would be detrimental to the overall goal of manufacturing the carbine for timely use by American forces already at war.<mask> continued to work on the Model G30, a light machine-gun version known as the Winchester Automatic Rifle (WAR) intended to replace the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), and a.50 caliber anti-tank rifle version. The war's end in August 1945 resulted in the end of several firearms projects. The design and development of the rear flip sight for the M1 carbines was one of the smaller projects <mask> was involved in. After World War II, Jonathan Edmund Browning developed and patented a design for a semi-automatic shotgun that was sold to Winchester Repeating Arms. The project of developing the shotgun for sporting use was assigned to <mask> after the war. <mask> obtained two patents related to his design, one of which was published in 1949. The Model 50 Automatic Shotgun was introduced in 1954.<mask> designed an Inertia Operated Bolt Lock for the shotgun. The bolt block was in a large floating chamber. When the gun was fired, the gas forward of the floating chamber forced the chamber to the rear, causing the bolt block to disengage the rear of the floating chamber and operate the semi-automatic action. The first semi-automatic shotgun had a fixed nonrecoiling barrel. The Model 59 Automatic Shotgun was based on the <mask> design and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 The model featured a thin tube wrapped in glass fibre. The model could be had with the first screw-in choke tubes.James Stewart starred as <mask> in a movie released by MGM in 1952. The movie shows <mask>'s life after he was discharged from the navy. The Colony Theater in North Carolina hosted the premiere of the movie. <mask> traveled the country after the premier showing the film and offering autographs and photographs. The story presented in the movie Carbine Williams was entertainment based on the story told to MGM's producers by <mask> <mask>, verbal, in writing, and as a technical consultant during the production of the movie. The original movie script can be found in the Margaret Herrick Library of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences. The script was prepared by a member of the MGM script department on March 15, 1951.The <mask> Story is copyrighted by <mask> <mask> and Army Carbine: The Rifle that was Born in Prison is copyrighted by <mask> <mask>. The original story of the Army Carbine: The Rifle that was Born in Prison, as written by <mask> and told by Ridenour, was published prior to the creation of the movie script by The Charlotte Observer on February 25, 1951. Ridenour declared the article to be a correct accounting of events in the introduction. <mask> is quoted as saying that he invented the U.S. Army Carbine while working for Winchester in 1939. After his travels for the movie, <mask> became known as "Carbine <mask>" and adopted the name himself. During newspaper, magazine, and radio interviews stimulated by the movie, <mask> repeated his story as he was told in Army Carbine: The Rifle that was Born in Prison. The source for authors to this day is the fictional legend created by the publication of this story.The November 6, 1960 edition of The Fayetteville Observer had an article titled "Condition of <mask> Is Still Critical". The inventor of the Army carbine was in a hospital in critical condition. <mask>' doctor is Dr. L.R. According to Doffermyre's examination late Saturday night, <mask> was extremely critical. A man from Cumberland County was admitted to the hospital last week for treatment. He was unconscious for at least three days. His wife and son were at his bedside, according to the article.A follow-up report was included in the November 14, 1960 edition of the Fayetteville Observer. <mask> was at home with his family. The entire workshop and personal collection of <mask> was donated to the North Carolina Museum of History. The opening ceremony of the <mask> <mask> exhibit took place at the museum on June 22, 1971. The entire building of the <mask> workshop can be seen in the display. The location where <mask> left them remains the same. In 1972, <mask> <mask> was admitted to a hospital.His wife said that he was unable to recognize his own family. Short-term and long-term care for patients with a variety of mental disorders, both psychological and physical, can be found at Dorothea Dix Hospital. <mask> died on January 8, 1975, at the hospital. His death certificate states that cardiorespiratory arrest was the primary cause of his death. A medical disease other than a mental illness is what causes organic brain syndrome. There are many examples of stroke, Alzheimer's disease, long-term alcohol abuse, and withdrawal from alcohol. <mask> is buried in a Presbyterian church's cemetery.The design, redesign, and development of firearms that used the high-pressure gas in or near the breech to operate their semi-automatic action have remained a significant contribution used in the design and development. The Benelli Shotgun's U.S. patent references <mask>'s "Inertia Operated Bolt Lock" patent. The Weatherby Model SA-08 and SA-459 semi-automatic shotgun lines are manufactured by Armsan in Istanbul, Turkey, and use an external gas piston housing and short-stroke gas piston that impacts an operating rod to cycle the semi-automatic action. Armsan makes and markets its own line of semi-automatic shotguns in Europe. Lucian Cary's "Big Trouble and A Big Idea" was read further by Carbine Williams. "The Story of 'Carbine' Williams'" was written by John Kobler. H.T."The Most Unforgettable Character I Ever Met", Reader's Digest, March 1951. Guns Magazine published "TheImpossible Shotgun of Carbine Williams" by William B. Edwards. Beard, Jr. is the son of Ross E. Beard. The story of <mask> <mask>. The Sandlapper Store was in South Carolina in 1977. H. G. Jones wrote "<mask> (Carbine) Williams." There is a Dictionary of North Carolina Biography.p. 205-206 Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina Press in 1996. The life of <mask> was the subject of a four-part series by Pat Reese. Larry L. Ruth said, "War Baby! The U.S. is located in the United States. Caliber.30 Carbine was published in 1992. Larry L. Ruth said, "War Baby!The U.S. comes home. Caliber.30 Carbine, Volume II was published in 1993. "'Carbine' Williams: Myth & Reality' was written by Bruce N. Canfield." February 2009, The American Rifleman. Larry L. Ruth said, "War Baby! The U.S. carbine entered the 21st century. The American Rifleman was written by Bruce N. Canfield.There are external links to <mask> <mask>, Inventions of the

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title: Don Diego Poeder

texts: DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch He was perfect for 21 consecutive boxing matches after his pro debut. He won the WBU cruiserweight title with a knockout over American Terry Ray in 1997, but lost it to Robert Daniels in a bid for the IBO title. On the 3rd of April 1972 <mask> was born. He moved to Westkruiskade in the same city where he grew up. Poeder wanted to join a kickboxing school at the age of 16. The bronze medal winner at the first world kickboxing championship W.A.K.O. was a trainer at the kickboxing school "Silent Dragon Holland".The World Championships were held in 1978. He realized during his time at "Silent Dragon Holland" that kickboxing was too demanding for his weak knees. He had surgery on his knee. After seeing the potential in Poeder, Gunning agreed to train him for boxing. His training lasted until 1991. There were 3 boxing matches for Poeder. He fought in an amateur boxing competition.Leon's Boxing Gym is owned by a former Dutch professional boxer who was triple Dutch champion at welterweight. The only Dutch boxer to have won an Olympic gold medal was the brother of Bep van Klaveren, and Aad Jansen was his first official boxing trainer. During his time at the boxing school, he competed in 15 matches as an amateur. In 1992 he became the Dutch champion at amateur boxing. In 1993 he repeated his performance and won the Dutch title for the second time as an amateur. The trainer Frans van den Heerik was the one who helped <mask> train at the boxing school. In 1993 he made his international debut at the European Amateur Boxing Championships in Bursa, Turkey, and he won a silver medal for The Netherlands.He knocked out Danny Williams in the first round to win the silver medal. The 14th Copenhagen Cup was held in November 1993. The only boxer to stop him in his amateur career was Ross Puritty, who stopped him in the first round of the semifinals on November 26, 1993. The finals of the European Championships were lost to Juan Carlos Gmez and Ion Mihai. There is a boxing gym in Brooklyn that has a tradition of training boxers in the United States. Some of the fighters who trained at the gym include Jake LaMotte, Roberto Durn, Paulie Malignaggi, Muhammad Ali, and Mike Tyson. Stan Hoffman was the famous boxing manager who trained several world champions, including James Toney, Hasim Rahman and Lucia Rijker.In Dudok, in a very informal sphere, Hoffman met <mask> and on a napkin drew what would become his professional boxing career. A move to the United States was accepted by <mask>, who was looking for a career as a pro. His professional boxing debut took place in 1994. The fight was in the cruiserweight class in the professional boxing league, the weightclass where Poeder fought as a professional for the rest of his boxing career. The fight was won by Ken Woods in the third round. The first 21 boxing matches for Poeder were all victories. The World Boxing Union (Original 1995-2004) cruiserweight title was won by <mask> on the 15th of June 1997.Terry Ray was knocked out in the third round by a technical knock-out. The TKO and theKO were the main ways in which <mask> won his fights as a pro. According to official records, Poeder won 80% of his fights through knockouts. 50% of these techniques are used in the won fights. The Sportsman of the year 1997 was given to Poeder by the city of Rotterdam. The World Boxing Union cruiserweight title was defended by Poeder. While competing for the vacant International Boxing Organization World cruiserweight title, <mask>der's boxing career, the fights that followed the Dutch cruiserweight title were title-less and took place in The Netherlands or Belgium. His match in 2016 was his official retirement match. There was an open training session for boxing fans. The money from the training was donated to the cause. Frank is a fan of Poeder and trained in the Erasmus Medical Centre in 2012 for a critical lung condition.There are links to 1972 births of Living people Dutch male boxers.

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title: Reef the Lost Cauze

texts: The underground hip hop artist known as <mask> Lost Cauze is based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, Cauze became well known on the underground circuit, making his mark by winning many battle competitions within New York and interstate, and displaying rare skills of what many called true MCing. After releasing The High Life album in 2001, Cauze moved on by teaming up with his past partners and friends and releasing The Invisible Empire in 2003 to much critical acclaim and thus establishing his name amongst many circles and true hip hop heads, as well as the underground. Feast or Famine was released in 2005 again to positive critical reception, as well as his side project, The Torture Papers, being part of the rap/hip-hop supergroup Army of the Pharaohs. The Army of the Pharaohs is a hip hop underground group. <mask> Lost Cauze came up in hip-hop as a lethal battle-rap MC. <mask> fell in love with Hip Hop at the age of eight and has been rhyming ever since.He earned a reputation as a deadly battle emcee when he reached high school, jumping in any and every cipher he came across. He was accepted into Philadelphias University of the Arts on a film scholarship and began to envision a serious career on the mic. He began to improve his stage shows. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Reef dropped out of college at the age of 19 to focus on his music after realizing that he had found his true calling as a hip-hop artist. He recorded his first solo project, The High Life, in 2002 with Philadelphia producer Sleep E. The 10-track album opened doors for Reef, and he began performing at area clubs, generating praise from fans and media alike.In February 2003 <mask> released his second studio album, "Innocent Empire", an 18-track album that he distributed himself by way of a national schedule of shows. He traveled to Oakland, California to take second place in the Blaze freestyle battle after winning the mic check battle in Philadelphia. <mask> describes the first year of his career as a time of growth, both professionally and personally. He says life experience came about in his writing. I was comfortable reaching beyond being an MC and a musician. <mask> said that he lost all fear when he wanted to take chances and play with rhythm and flow. I was aware of the importance of full beats when I was writing The High Life.The second album brought out a lot of my thoughts and observations. Philadelphia's underground rap scene owes its existence to Invisible Empire. The regional and national battle-rap competitions gave him a real boost in his career. He finally got an album deal with Eastern Conference and Good Hands, the former owned by New York underground MC/DJ pair the High & Mighty. <mask> won $10,000 in cash and a performance at the Beat Society production competition in New York in 2004, for his freestyle performance. At the Rock Steady Crew 27th Anniversary in July 2004, he won the End Of The Weak Challenge and went on to win the EOW Grand Championship in 2005. Feast or Famine, JuJu Mob and Army of the Pharaohs Reef announced that he was working on a new project and that he has put a lot of life and business experience into it.Feast Or Famine is his third studio album and his range of expression will allow fans to truly identify with him. <mask> says that this album is at the top of his game. I know who I am as a person, but as an artist, I feel like a pro. Although the mood is a little darker than my first two projects, the songs have a universal appeal that everyone will be able to relate to. The lead single from Feast or Famine was "Fair One," which featured Boot Camp Clik's top MC Sean Price. In the years that followed his third album, a few local mixtapes were released, but the Philadelphia MC had success in doing several collaborations and features. He was invited into the Philadelphia crew JuJu Mob, who released their 2005 album Black Candles on Eastern Conference, as well as the underground super-collective Army of the Pharaohs.The Torture Papers and Ritual of Battle featured him. <mask> released his fifth album, The Stress White Boy; The Stress Files, in 2008. The Unholy Terror was the third studio album by Army of the Pharaoh. <mask> released Your Favorite MC on October 25, 2011. It was released by Goon MuSick. The Snowgoons produced the album. <mask> said he was working on a remake of his debut album, The High Life.He released his fifth studio album on December 17, 2013. The sequel to The High Life is also being re-released. The High Life (2001), Invisible Empire, Feast or Famine, A Vicious Cycle, and The Majestic are all solo albums.

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