title: James Madison

texts: Congress abolished internal taxes, reduced the size of the army and navy, and rolled back many Federalist policies. The First Bank of the United States was retained by Jefferson. Chief Justice John Marshall made sure that the ideology of the Federalists was retained in the judiciary. The Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction over the case, as Marshall ruled that <mask> had unjustifiably refused to deliver federal commissions to individuals who had been appointed to federal positions by President Adams but who had not yet taken office. The principle of judicial review was established by Marshall's opinion. By the time Jefferson took office, Americans had settled as far west as the Mississippi River. Jefferson wanted to acquire the Spanish territory of Louisiana, which was located to the west of the Mississippi River, in order to further his vision of a republic of yeoman farmers.Fears of French encroachment on U.S. territory were raised by the administration early in Jefferson's presidency. Monroe was sent to France by Jefferson and <mask> to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans, which was important to the farmers of the American frontier. Napoleon's government offered to sell the entire Territory of Louisiana rather than just New Orleans. Monroe, along with ambassador Livingston, negotiated the Louisiana Purchase, in which France sold over land in exchange for a sum of money. Despite the time-sensitive nature of negotiations with the French, Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase, and he favored introducing a constitutional amendment explicitly authorizing Congress to acquire new territories. The administration submitted the Louisiana Purchase without a constitutional amendment after <mask> persuaded Jefferson to not propose an amendment. <mask> was not concerned with the Louisiana Purchase's constitutionality.The expansion was in the country's best interest, so there was no need for a strict interpretation of the Constitution. The treaty providing for the purchase was quickly approved by the Senate and the House. The Jefferson administration argued that the purchase included the Spanish territory of West Florida, but France and Spain disagreed. Monroe attempted to purchase clear title to West Florida and East Florida from Spain, but the Spanish refused to negotiate because of Jefferson's claims to West Florida. Jefferson was able to maintain good relations with both France and Britain, but his relationship with Britain deteriorated after 1805. The British began seizing American goods headed for French ports after ending their policy of tolerance towards American shipping. Some of the American sailors who defected from the British navy had never been British subjects.Many, but not all, British imports were restricted by the Non-importation Act. The French began attacking American shipping after the June 1807 naval confrontation between American and British naval forces. The Embargo Act of 1807 banned all exports to foreign nations after <mask> and Jefferson convinced Congress that economic pressure could force the British to end attacks on American shipping. The embargo was difficult to enforce in New England. The Non-Intercourse Act replaced the embargo and allowed trade with nations other than Britain and France. Early in Jefferson's first term, speculation about <mask>'s potential succession of Jefferson began. <mask>'s association with the embargo damaged his status in the party.The main opposition to <mask>'s candidacy came from other members of the Democratic-Republican Party. The tertium quids, a group of congressmen, launched attacks on <mask>. Monroe wanted to challenge <mask> for leadership of the party because he felt betrayed by the administration's rejection of the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty. Many Northerners hoped that Clinton could replace <mask> as Jefferson's successor. <mask> won his party's presidential nomination despite the opposition. <mask> easily defeated Pinckney of the Federalist Party. On March 4, 1809, <mask> took the oath of office and was inaugurated president.<mask> faced political opposition from both Monroe and Clinton. The opposition to the embargo led to the restoration of the Federalist Party. According to historians, the remaining members of <mask>'s Cabinet were mostly unremarkable or incompetent because they were chosen for the purpose of national interest and political harmony. The Secretary of the Treasury was to be nominated by <mask> as secretary of state. Gallatin was kept in the Treasury Department because <mask> chose not to submit the nomination. Robert Smith, the brother of Maryland Senator Samuel Smith, was chosen to be the secretary of state because of Gallatin's retention as the secretary of treasury. <mask> performed most of the job of the secretary of state for the next two years due to Smith's incompetence.<mask> replaced Smith with Monroe in April 1811. With a Cabinet full of people he didn't like, <mask> rarely called Cabinet meetings. <mask> wanted to continue Jefferson's policies of low taxes and a reduction of the national debt. After <mask> declined to take a strong stance on the issue, Congress allowed the charter of the First Bank of the United States to lapse. The embargo was repealed shortly before <mask> became president, but troubles with the British and French continued. <mask> came up with a plan to pit the British and French against each other in order to stop American shipping. The British collapsed in mid-1809 after the gambit almost succeeded.Napoleon offered to end French attacks on American shipping if the United States punished other countries that did not end restrictions on trade. The British refused to change their policy of commercial warfare even after <mask> accepted Napoleon's proposal, and the French continued to attack American shipping. War with Britain was the only remaining option after sanctions and other policies failed. Many Americans called for a "second war of independence" to restore honor and stature to the new nation, and an angry public elected a "war hawk" Congress. With Britain in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars, many Americans, including <mask>, believed that the U.S. could easily capture Canada and retain control of it. On June 1, 1812, <mask> asked Congress for a declaration of war, stating that the United States could no longer tolerate Britain's "state of war against the United States". The declaration of war was passed along party lines with opposition coming from some Democrats in the Northeast.The country had a military force consisting mostly of poorly trained militia members after Jefferson and <mask> reduced the size of the military. <mask> asked Congress to quickly put the country into an armor and an attitude demanded by the crisis, and specifically recommended expansion of the army and navy. <mask> and his advisers thought the war would be a quick victory for the Americans. In order to destroy the British supply lines from Montreal, <mask> ordered an invasion of Canada at Detroit. British concessions on the Atlantic high seas would be given leverage by these actions. The governors in the Northeast failed to cooperate and the militias either sat out the war or refused to leave their states. <mask>'s first Canadian campaign ended in failure.Major General William Hull surrendered to British and Native American forces. A force from the United States was defeated at Queenton Heights. After failing to destroy Montreal's vulnerable British supply lines, Henry Dearborn retreated to winter quarters near Albany. The <mask> administration had to rely on high-interest loans from bankers based in New York City and Philadelphia. During the early stages of the War of 1812, the poorly attended Democratic-Republican congressional caucus met in May and <mask> was re-nominated without opposition. The nephew of recently deceased Vice President George Clinton was nominated by a group of New York Democrats and Republicans to oppose <mask> in the 1812 election. This group of Democrats and Republicans wanted to oust the president by forming a coalition of Republicans who were against the war, northerners who were weary of the Virginia dynasty, and New Englanders who were unhappy with the White House.A group of top Federalists met with Clinton's supporters to discuss a unification strategy after they were dismayed about their chances of beating <mask>. Difficult as it was for them to join forces, they nominated Clinton for president and a Philadelphia lawyer for vice president. The War of 1812 was unpopular in the Northeastern part of the country, so <mask> chose Governor Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts as his running mate. <mask> was re-elected despite the maneuverings of Clinton and the Federalists. He got 128 electoral votes for Clinton. Pennsylvania's support for <mask> ensured that the incumbent won a majority of the electoral vote. <mask> won the election by sweeping the South and the West, but Clinton won most of the Northeast.After the disastrous start to the War of 1812, <mask> accepted Russia's invitation to adjudicate the war and sent a delegation led by John Quincy Adams to Europe to negotiate a peace treaty. The United States experienced some impressive naval successes while <mask> worked to end the war. British military forces in the western theater of the war were crippled by the U.S. victory at the Battle of Lake Erie. After the Battle of Lake Erie, General William Henry Harrison defeated the British at the Battle of the Thames. The end of armed Native American resistance in the Old Northwest was marked by the death of Tecumseh. In March 1814, General Andrew Jackson defeated the British at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in the Old Southwest. Despite those successes, the British continued to repel American attempts to invade Canada, and a British force captured Fort Niagara and burned the American city of Buffalo in the late 19th century.After Napoleon's defeat in the Battle of Paris, the British shifted their soldiers to North America and began peace negotiations in the town of Ghent. The U.S. launched another invasion of Canada in the 18th century. The invasion stopped once again despite an American victory. The Secretary of War failed to fortify Washington D.C. at the same time that <mask> put an inexperienced and incompetent brigadier in charge. The impending British invasion was stopped by General William Winder. Winder's army was routed at the Battle of Bladensburg by the British in August 1814. The British burned Washington and other buildings in the aftermath of the battle, but the <mask>s escaped capture.Madison and America were humiliated by the charred remains of the capital. The Battle of Baltimore was repelled by the U.S. and the British army left the region in September. The Battle of Plattsburgh was won by the U.S. forces. British leaders began to look for a quick exit from the war in North America as the British public turned against it. The British were defeated at the Battle of New Orleans. The Treaty of Ghent ended the war without major concessions by either side. The Treaty of Ghent was sent to the Senate by <mask> quickly.The burning of the capital, the Battle of New Orleans, and the Treaty of Ghent seemed to most Americans to have forced the British to surrender. This view contributed to a feeling of post-war euphoria that helped bolster <mask>'s reputation as president. The threat of attacks on American shipping by British and French forces ended after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. The postwar period of <mask>'s second term saw the transition into the "Era of Good Feelings" as the Federalists ceased to act as an effective opposition party. Several amendments to the Constitution were requested by delegates from the states of New England during the war. As Americans celebrated what they saw as a successful "second war of independence" from Britain, the Hartford Convention became a political millstone around the Federalist Party. The decline of the Federalists was caused by <mask> adopting several programs he had previously opposed.The re- establishment of a national bank was proposed by <mask> because of the difficulties of financing the war and the necessity of an institution to regulate the currency. He called for a constitutional amendment that would allow the federal government to fund the construction of internal improvements such as roads and canals, as well as increased spending on the army and navy. John Randolph stated that <mask>'s proposals "out-Hamiltons Alexander Hamilton". Up to that point in history, the 14th Congress compiled one of the most productive legislative records. The Second Bank of the United States was granted a twenty-five-year charter by Congress and set high import duties for goods produced outside the United States. In his last act before leaving office, <mask> blocked further federal spending on internal improvements by vetoing the Bonus Bill of 1817, even though he approved federal spending on the Cumberland Road, which provided a link to the country's western lands. <mask> argued that the General Welfare Clause did not authorize federal spending on internal improvements.<mask> said the federal government's duty was to convert Native Americans by the "participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state". The Treaty of Fort Wayne was signed on September 30, 1809, six months into <mask>'s first term, by Indiana Territory Governor Harrison. "<mask>, President of the United States," was the first sentence of the treaty. The American Indian tribes received $5,200 in goods and $500 in subsidies for 3 million acres of land. The treaty angered the leader of the tribe. Why don't we sell the air, the clouds and the sea? The Miami tribe could sell the land to anyone they wanted.<mask> encouraged American Indians to give up hunting and become farmers. The adoption of European-style agriculture would help the Native Americans. As pioneers and settlers moved West, <mask> ordered the U.S. Army to protect Native lands from intrusion by settlers, to the displeasure of his military commander Andrew Jackson, who wanted <mask> to ignore Indian pleas to stop. The Battle of Tippecanoe took place in the Northwest Territory on November 7, 1812, after an alliance between the United States and the British over the Treaty of Fort Wayne. The Indians were pushed off their tribal lands after they were defeated by the white settlers. Other American Indian battles took place, including the Peoria War and the Creek War. The Treaty of Fort Jackson was signed on August 9, 1814, and added 20 million acres of land to the United States.<mask> didn't think American Indians could be civilized. Native Americans may have been unwilling to make the transition from the hunter to the agriculture, according to <mask>. <mask> believed that Native Americans had too much influence on the settlers they interacted with, who were attracted by the complete liberty, freedom from bonds, obligations, duties, and anxiety of the savage state. Madison's Secretary of War William Crawford advocated for the government to encourage intermarriages between Native Americans and whites as a way of assimilating the former. Anti-Indigenous bigotry among white Americans was worsened by this, as seen in hostile letters sent to <mask>, who remained publicly silent on the issue. Commanding General <mask> was investigated by the House for his ties with Spain. He was a hold-over of the Jefferson administration.Jefferson was told that he was under a retainer from Spain. Both the Washington and Adams administrations had been rumored to have ties to Spain. The Governor of the Louisiana territory was removed from his position by Jefferson due to his ties to the Burr conspiracy. The documents that were given to <mask> were from the 1810 House investigation. <mask> denied the military's request for a court-martial. <mask> refused to acquit Wilkinson of malfeasance because he asked for 14 officers to testify on his behalf. The House charged him with a high casualty rate among soldiers after investigating his public record.The man was acquitted again. <mask> suspended him from active duty after launching a court-martial of him. The military court acquitted him. <mask> restored him to active duty after he was acquitted. <mask>

masks:
Madison
Madison
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James Madison
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James Wilkinson
Madison
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Madison


title: James Madison

type: paraphrased

texts: dismissed him from his command after he failed a command during the War of 1812. Henry Dearborn replaced Wilkinson as the Army's commander. When he was acquitted again, <mask> finally removed him from the Army.Evidence dating back to the 20th century shows that Wilkinson was paid by Spain. Historian <mask> criticized <mask> in 1974 for protecting a general in the Army. During the Jefferson Administration, he was involved in a conspiracy and had a high mortality rate among soldiers. During the War of 1812, Wilkinson failed a campaign. <mask> finally got Wilkinson out of the Army. Secretary of War William H. Crawford was defeated by Secretary of State <mask> in the party's congressional nominating caucus in the 1816 presidential election. Monroe easily defeated King in the 1816 election when the Federalist Party was collapsing as a national party.<mask> left office as a popular president, and former president Adams wrote that <mask> had "acquired more glory, and established more union, than all his three predecessors, Washington, Adams, and Jefferson, put together". <mask> retired to his tobacco plantation in Virginia after leaving office at the age of 65. <mask> left the presidency a poorer man than when he was elected. The financial collapse of his plantation was due to the continued decline in tobacco prices and mismanagement by his stepson. <mask> was involved in public affairs in his retirement. He complained privately about the North's opposition to the extension of slavery and remained out of the public debate. In the 1824 presidential election, <mask> had a good relationship with all four of the major candidates, but Jefferson stayed out of the race.<mask> argued that no state had the right to secede during Jackson's presidency. The University of Virginia was established by <mask>. <mask> was appointed the second rector of the university after Jefferson's death. He held the position of college chancellor for ten years. <mask> was chosen as a representative to the Virginia Constitutional Convention at the age of 78. His last appearance was as a leader. The central issue at the convention was proportional justice.The western districts of Virginia were underrepresented because of the state constitution. The delegates in the legislature did not represent the increased population in the western part of the state. Western reformers wanted to give all white men the right to vote. <mask> tried to compromise. The eastern planters refused to adopt citizen population apportionment, so speach rights were extended to renters as well as owners. To maintain a permanent majority in both houses of the legislature, they added slaves as property to the population count. The failure of Virginians to resolve the issue more evenly disappointed <mask>.<mask> was concerned about his historic legacy in his later years. He used a variety of methods to modify letters and other documents in his possession. <mask>'s self-editing of his own letters and older materials had become almost an obsession by the time he reached his seventies. <mask> forged Jefferson's handwriting in an example of editing a letter to Jefferson. "During the final six years of his life, amid a sea of personal financial troubles that were threatening to engulf him, he was at times mentally agitated." For the better part of a year in the 18th century, he was immobile. He was so sick with anxiety that he couldn't make himself understood by his fellow citizens.Death <mask>'s health began to decline. The day on which former presidents Jefferson, Adams, and Monroe died was the Fourth of July. <mask> was advised by his doctors to take drugs in order to prolong his life. <mask> refused. He died of heart failure on June 28, 1836, at the age of 85. He tried to eat but couldn't because he was unable to swallow. His niece sat by and asked him, "What is the matter, Uncle <mask>?"After he replied, "nothing more than a change of mind, my dear," <mask> died. He is buried in the family cemetery. He was a member of the last Revolutionary War generation to die. The American Colonization Society, as well as the University of Virginia, received significant sums from his last will and testament, as well as $30,000 to his wife, Dolley. Dolley had financial troubles until her death in 1849. During his first stint in Congress in the 1780s, <mask> was in favor of amending the Articles of Confederation to provide for a stronger central government. He led the opposition to Hamilton's policies in the 1790s.According to historian Ron Chernow, <mask>'s support of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in the 1790s "was a breathtaking evolution for a man who had pleaded at the Constitutional Convention that the federal government should possess a veto over state laws". According to Gordon S. Wood, Lance Banning is the only present-day scholar who maintains that <mask> did not change his views in the 1790s. After the War of 1812, <mask> supported several policies he had opposed in the past, including the national bank, a strong navy, and direct taxes. Wood looks at <mask> as a nationalist but one with a different conception of nationalism than the Federalists. Other approaches are used to suggest <mask>'s consistency. <mask> was an avid reader of English deist tracts. <mask> didn't pay much attention to religious matters as an adult.Some scholars think he leaned toward deism after leaving college. <mask> formed his outlook on life with a Christian world view, according to others. <mask> believed in religious liberty and advocated for the disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Virginia. He argued that the appointments of chaplains for Congress and the armed forces produced religious exclusion as well as political disharmony. <mask> said in 1819 that the number, industry, and morality of the priesthood have been increased by the separation of the Church from the state. Slavery <mask> was troubled by the instability of a society that depended on a large slave population, but he viewed slavery as a necessary part of the Southern economy. In response to a proposal of providing slaves to soldiers as a recruitment bonus, <mask> advocated for blacks to be enlisted in exchange for their freedom, writing "would it not be as well to liberate and make soldiers at once of the blacks themselves as to make them instruments for enlisted white?"It would be more compatible with the principles of liberty, which should never be lost sight of in a contest for liberty. <mask> wrote at the Philadelphia Convention that the republican Theory becomes more flawed when slavery is present. The final document barred Congress from interfering with the international slave trade until 1808, but he favored an immediate end to the importation of slaves. The 20-year ban on ending the international slave trade was opposed by <mask>. However, he eventually accepted it as a necessary compromise to get the South to ratify the constitution, later writing "It ought to be considered as a great point gained in favor of humanity, that a period of twenty years may end forever within these States, a traffic which has long and so loudly The adoption of the Three-fifths Compromise was the result of his proposal to apportion the House of Representatives by the sum of each state's free population and slave population. During the Missouri crisis, <mask> supported the extension of slavery into the West.In the late 1780s, <mask> became interested in the idea of African-Americans establishing colonies in Africa, as he believed that former slaves were unlikely to integrate into Southern society. The American Colonization Society was founded by <mask> to help former slaves. <mask> believed that slavery had caused the South to become an aristocracy. While he opposed slavery intellectually, <mask> believed that slaves were human property. <mask> believed that slavery would diffuse with western expansion. His political views were between the two. <mask> was never able to reconcile his advocacy of republican government with his exclusion of slaves from the process of government and his lifelong reliance on the slave system.The slaves were well housed and fed. One of <mask>'s younger slaves said that <mask> never lost his temper or had his slaves whipped. He tended to express open-mindedness on the question of race, even though he never said that blacks were inferior. <mask> brought slaves from Montpelier when he moved to Washington, D.C. to serve as Jefferson's secretary of state. The slaves in Washington, D.C. were paid directly by their masters, rather than by them. The White House slaves of Madison included John, Sukey, Joseph, and Jim. Historian Elizabeth Dowling Taylor referred to <mask> as a garden-variety slaveholder.<mask> wanted to avoid criticism from peers and wanted to curb slave revolts. <mask> worked his slaves from dawn to dusk six days a week. <mask>'s slave population was over 100 by the year 1802. <mask> was forced to sell land and slaves due to debts. <mask> owned 36 slaves at the time of his death. During his lifetime or in his will, <mask> did not free any of his slaves. Dolley was asked to sell her slaves only after <mask>'s death.Dolley did not follow the prescription and sold the Montpelier plantation and many slaves to pay off the <mask>s' debts. After Dolley's death, the few remaining slaves were given to her son, Payne Todd, who freed them for debts as well. One of the most important founding fathers of the United States is <mask>. According to historian J. C. A. Stagg,<mask> was the most influential of all the founding fathers because he was on the winning side of every important issue facing the young nation from 1776 to 1816. Though he helped found a major political party and served as the fourth president, his legacy has largely been defined by his contributions to the Constitution; even in his own life he was hailed as the "Father of the Constitution". The modern ideal of an expanded, federal constitution that combines local self-government with an overarching national order was invented by <mask>. <mask>'s model of liberty-protecting constitutional government is the most influential American idea in global political history.According to polls, <mask> is an above-average president. <mask> was ranked the twelfth best president by the American Political Science Association's Presidents and Executive Politics section. Historian Gordon Wood commends <mask> for his steady leadership during the war and resolve to avoid expanding the president's power, noting one contemporary's observation that the war was conducted "without one trial for treason, or even one prosecution for libel". <mask>'s presidency has been criticized by many historians. In 1968, Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris said that the conventional view of <mask> was that he was incapable of managing an unnecessary war. A 2006 poll of historians ranked <mask>'s failure to prevent the War of 1812 as the sixth-worst mistake made by a sitting president. "<mask>'s claim on our admiration does not rest on a perfect consistency, any more than it rests on his presidency," wrote a historian.He has other virtues. He was a framer and defender of the Constitution. ... <mask>'s concern for the preservation of the Constitution was one of the highlights of his presidency. Washington could not do everything for the country. <mask> did some things better than others. That was enough.Madison was criticized by a historian in 2002 for being a wartime president. The burning of the nation's capital by the British was blamed on <mask>. Although such inclinations are ordinarily virtues, in crisis they are calamitous, as evidenced by the events of the summer of 1814. <mask>'s republican virtue made him unsuited to be a wartime president. The <mask> family's plantation has been designated a national historic landmark. The United States Library of Congress is where the James Madison Memorial Building is located. The James Madison Memorial Foundation was created in 1986 to celebrate the bicentennial of the Constitution.Several counties and communities have been named for Madison. James Madison University is one of the things named for Madison. There is a list of delegates to the Continental Congress List of presidents of the United States

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James Banner
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James Monroe
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title: Lucien, 3rd Prince Murat

texts: <mask>, Prince of Naples, 2nd Prince de Pontecorvo, and 3rd Prince Murat were all French politicians. Lucien Charles Joseph Napolon was born in Milan in the early 20th century. He was the second son of four children and the grandson of the Grand Duke of Berg and King of Naples. His siblings included Princess Marie Letizia Murat, who married a man who was related to George Washington. His maternal grandparents were Carlo and Letizia Ramolino and his maternal uncles were Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon I of France, Louis Bonaparte and Jérme Bonaparte. His maternal aunts were also his aunts. Pierre and the former Jeanne Loubires were his paternal grandparents.After Ferdinand IV of Naples ordered his father's execution, Murat had to flee the Italian Peninsula. During the 19th century, he and his brother attended a school in the Austrian Empire. The Austrian authorities pursued him in Venice, forcing him to leave the United States where his older brother had already moved. His brother secured assistance from the American President James Monroe for his release after he was captured by the Spanish in Spain while on his way to America. He arrived in the United States in April of 1824. He traveled extensively in the western part of the country, as well as Texas and California, after meeting his maternal uncle Joseph, the former King of Spain. He had several children when he was in the U.S.He and his wife opened a girls' boarding school after several years of financial difficulties. During his travels to France, Murat wanted to get his family's right to the throne, which his older brother had abandoned. He was only allowed to stay for 5 weeks at a time in France. He lived in the United States until the fall of Louis-Philippe of France in 1848. He was elected a member of the French Constituent Assembly after returning to France with his wife and son. He was appointed Minister for Turin in 1849. The title of prince was given to him in 1852.The Grand Orient de France, led by Saint-Albin Berville and Marie-Auguste Desanlis, had no other choice but to give the title of Grand Master to Prince Murat who accepted it. The Grand Master was elected for seven years after the constitution of 1854 was passed. The Htel du Grand Orient de France was purchased by him after he created the Civil Society for the construction of French Masonry. The New York Times referred to him as the "fat pretender to the throne of Naples" after he tried to regain the throne. His maternal first cousin Napoleon III of France did not like this and he abandoned his hopes of regaining the crown. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, Murat was imprisoned with the marshal of France. After the fall of the Second French Empire, Murat moved back to the United States and resumed his business interests, including saw mills and grist mills.On August 18, 1831, <mask> married Fraser in New Jersey. The daughter of Thomas Fraser, a Scottish emigrant to the United States and major in the Loyalist militia during the American Revolution, was born in Charleston, South Carolina. They were the parents of a Princess who married a Baron in Paris in 1850. She married John Lewis Garden in London in 1871. The Major-General of the French Army, who married a daughter of Napolon de Wagram, was named Joachim Joseph Napolon <mask>. He married Lady Lydia Hervey in Paris in 1894. Princess Anne Murat was married to 6th <mask> de Poix in Paris in 1865.The prince married a princess in Paris in 1868. Eudoxia Mikhailovna Somova, a relative of Orest Somov, was married to Prince Louis Napolon <mask>. She was married to Prince Orbeliani. On April 10, 1878, Napolon <mask> died in Paris. His wife died in their Paris apartment on February 10, 1879. He was a grandfather of 5th <mask>, a celebrated sportsman and race horse owner who married a daughter of the <mask> la Moskowa and a great-granddaughter of the marshal. The rue de Monceau was given to President Wilson by <mask> in 1919 for use during the Paris Peace Conference.He died at the family estate. Princess Anne is a direct descendant of Archduke Carl Christian of Austria. They were both the 14th Prince of Ligne. 1951). He had three grandsons through his son. The Duke of Rohan's daughter was married to the eldest, Lucien-Charles-David-Napoléon Murat, <mask>rat. She was the older sister of Marie-Joséphine de Rohan-Chabot.The widow of Prince <mask> was a French writer and diplomat. Prince Louis Napolon Achille Charles, a major general in the Russian Army, was the last grandchild. He was a grandfather of two boys through his youngest son, <mask>, who was married to a daughter of the Duke of Elchingen. On his way to Karlsbad, Prince Eugéne was killed in an automobile accident. The prince who married the daughter of the Standard Oil fortune in 1913 was the younger prince. His great-great-grandson, actor René Auberjonois, is a descendant of Princess Laure Louise Napolone, who married Swiss-American journalist Fernand Auberjonois. There are links to External links of the First French Empire.

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Prince Franais
Murat
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Prince Duc
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Lucien Murat
Prince Murat
Prince de
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Prince Mu
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Prince Louis


title: Ginger Baker

texts: Peter Edward "<mask>" <mask> was an English drummer and co- founder of the rock band Cream. His work in the 1960s and 1970s earned him the reputation of "rock's first superstar drummer", for a style that melded jazz and African rhythms and pioneered both jazz fusion and world music. <mask> and Jack Bruce were both members of Blues Incorporated and the Graham Bond Organisation. Cream, which achieved worldwide success but lasted only until 1968, was due to <mask>'s and Bruce's volatile relationship. <mask> spent several years in the 1970s living and recording in Africa, often with Fela Kuti, in pursuit of his long-time interest in African music. <mask> has collaborated with many people, including Gary Moore, Bill Laswell, Charlie Haden, Bill Frisell and <mask>'s Energy. <mask>'s drumming is known for its style, showmanship, and use of two bass drums instead of the conventional one.One of the earliest examples in rock music was the long drum solo he performed in the Cream song "Toad". <mask> was a member of Cream and a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, as well as being a member of the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame. <mask> struggled with heroin addiction for many years and was noted for his eccentric lifestyle. He had four marriages and fathered three children. <mask> was nicknamed "<mask>" for his flaming red hair because he was born in South London. His mother worked in a tobacco shop. Frederick Louvain Formidable <mask> was a bricklayer who worked for his father, who owned a building business, and was a lance corporal in the Royal Corps of Signals in World War II, but he died in the 1943 Dodecanese campaign.After he passed the Eleven-plus at Shooter's Hill Grammar School, <mask> was considered to be one of the better players on the football team. He joined the Air Training Corps at school and stayed there for two or three years. <mask> started playing drums when he was 15 years old. He took lessons from Phil Seamen, one of the leading British jazz drummers of the post-war era. He met Jack Bruce while he was a member of Blues Incorporated. The Graham Bond Organisation is a rhythm and blues group with strong jazz leanings. Bruce was attacked with a knife by <mask> during a concert.Cream was formed in 1966 by <mask> and Bruce, despite their volatile relationship. The band released four albums in a little over two years before breaking up. A short-lived "supergroup" Blind Faith was formed with Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood, and Ric Grech on keyboards and vocals. Blind Faith was the only album they released. The fusion rock group <mask>'s Air Force formed in 1970. The short-lived "Ginger Baker Drum Choir" was released on Atco Records and Polydor in Germany in 1971. There was a three-piece drum ensemble and call and response vocals on the 45 RPM record."We are here" and "Atunde! On its A and B sides. <mask> decided in 1971 to set up a recording studio in Lagos, the capital of Nigeria. He thought it would be interesting to go overland to Nigeria. <mask> invited Tony Palmer to join him and the film <mask> Baker in Africa follows his journey as he makes his journey and finally arrives in Nigeria to set up his studio. After many setbacks and technical problems, the Batakota (ARC) studios opened at the end of January 1973, and operated successfully through the seventies for both local and western musicians. Band on the Run recorded a song called "Picasso's Last Words (Drink to Me)" with <mask> playing a tin can full of gravel.<mask> was a part of the 1971 recording sessions for Fela Kuti. Fela appeared with <mask> and Bobby Gass on the show. The re-release of Stratavarious was part of Do What You Like. The Baker Gurvitz Army was formed in 1974 by <mask> and brothers Paul and Adrian Gurvitz. The band toured through England and Europe in 1975, recording three albums. After the death of Fehilly in a plane crash, the band broke up. <mask> spent most of the early 1980s on an olive farm in Tuscany, Italy, after the failure of the recording studio in Lagos.He didn't play much music during this period. <mask> joined Hawkwind after initially playing as a session musician. He left after a tour. Live material and studio demos from that period can be found on two more Hawkwind albums. In 1985 he worked with producer Bill Laswell on Horses & Trees and then performed as a session musician on the album. He appeared in the TV series "Nasty Boys as <mask>" and the comedy film "Weird Al" in the 1990s. On the album Sunrise on the Sufferbus, <mask> was a member of the hard rock group Masters of Reality.The <mask> Moore group was formed in 1993. The album Around the Next Dream was recorded by the power trio of <mask>, Jack Bruce and Gary Moore. <mask> lived in Colorado from 1993 to 1999 due to his passion for polo. <mask> sponsored an ongoing series of jam sessions and concerts at the equestrian centre on weekends, as well as participating in polo events at the Salisbury Equestrian Park. In 1999 he sold his property and moved to South Africa because of his drug history. He formed a trio with bassist Charlie Haden and guitarist Bill Frisell. The Royal Albert Hall and Madison Square Garden hosted a series of Cream concerts in May 2005.The concerts were recorded and released as Royal Albert Hall London. In a Rolling Stone article written in 2009, Bruce is quoted as saying, "It's a knife-edge thing between me and <mask>." Although I was thinking of asking him to move, we're happily co-existing in different continents. He's too close. Lindiwe Noko, a bank clerk, was charged with defrauding <mask> of over half a million dollars. <mask> said he had hired Noko as a personal assistant, paying her £7 per day for doing various tasks, and that she used this position to uncover his private banking information and make unauthorized withdrawals. After she and <mask> became lovers, Noko claimed that the money was a gift."I have a scar that only a woman with me would know," <mask> said. She doesn't know it's there. Noko was found guilty of fraud. She was sentenced to three years of "correctional supervision" in October 2010. The sentence was called a travesty by <mask>. Hellraiser was published in 2009. He toured with the Ginger Baker Jazz Confusion, a group consisting of <mask>, Pee Wee Ellis, bassist Alec Dankworth, and percussionist Abass Dodoo.<mask> signed with Motéma Music to release an album. <mask>'s drive by Range Rover from Algeria to Nigeria was documented in the documentary <mask> in Africa. He jams with Fela Kuti at his studio in Lagos. The documentary film Beware of Mr. <mask> won the grand jury award for best documentary feature at the South by Southwest festival in Austin, Texas. On July 7, 2015, it received its UK premiere. Phil Seamen, Art Blakey, Max Roach, Elvin Jones, Philly Joe Jones and Baby Dodds are some of the main influences on <mask>'s style. <mask> stated that he only played some exercises with Seamen and that he was largely self-taught.<mask> Moon from the Who, <mask> also frequently employed a much more restrained and straightforward performance style influenced by the British jazz groups he heard during the late <mask> preferred to be seen as a jazz drummer rather than as a rock drummer. One of the early pioneers of double bass drumming in rock was <mask>. In 1966 he adopted two bass drums in his setup after watching drummer Sam Woodyard at a Duke Ellington concert. According to <mask>, every drummer that played for Duke Ellington played a double bass drum kit. I went to a Duke Ellington concert in 1966 and Sam Woodyard was playing with Duke and he played some incredible tom-tom and two bass drum things, some of which I still use today and I just knew I had to get a two bass drum kit.When I was at the concert, I had a discussion with Moon who bought two kits and stuck them together. I had to wait for Ludwig to make a kit for me, which they did. Moonie had a bass drum kit before I did. <mask> preferred light, thin, fast-rebounding drum sticks. syncopation and ride cymbals are characteristic of bebop and other advanced forms of jazz, as well as the frequent application of African rhythms. The best known example is the five-minute-long instrumental "Toad" from Cream's debut album Cream Fresh. <mask> was one of the first drummers to move his left foot between his bass drum pedal and hi-hat pedal.<mask> mounted all of the tom-toms on his drum kit in a vertical fashion, with the shells of the drums parallel to the floor, as opposed to the more common practice of angling the rack toms toward the player. The most recent kit was made by Drum Workshop. He used Ludwig drums for a while. The cymbals and hi-hats he used were the same ones he used during the last two Cream tours in 1968. Many drummers were influenced by <mask>'s style. He was described as "one of classic rock's first influential drumming superstars of the 1960s" and "one of classic rock's true drum gods". Every drummer of every heavy metal band that has followed since that time has sought to emulate some aspect of <mask>'s playing, according to AllMusic.Although he is considered a pioneer of heavy metal drumming, <mask> is not a fan of the genre. The drum! According to the magazine, <mask> is one of the most important drummers of all time and that he forever changed the face of rock music. He was voted the third greatest drummer of all time in a Rolling Stone reader poll. He was ranked 3rd on the Rolling Stones " 100 greatest drummers of all time". The pantheon of contemporary drummers from metal, fusion, and rock owe their very existence to <mask>'s work with Cream. Neil Peart said that his playing was revolutionary.The bar was set for what rock drumming could be. Even if they don't know it, every rock drummer since has been influenced by <mask>. <mask> was known for his violent temper and confrontations with fans and musicians. In 2012 a reporter for Rolling Stone wrote that "even in old age, you get close to <mask> at your peril." <mask> fathered three children and was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Their first child, Ginette Karen, was born on December 20, 1960. Leda was born on February 20, 1968.Kofi Streatfield <mask> was born in 1969 and was named after a friend of <mask>'s. Kofi is a drummer, playing with Uli Jon Roth and Glenn Hughes. <mask> struggled with heroin addiction throughout his life, having begun using the drug in the 1960s while a jazz drummer in London clubs. Each time he traveled to Africa, he relapsed. After moving to a small Italian village in 1981 where he started olive farming, he was able to stop using the drug around 29 times. In February of last year, <mask> said he had COPD and back pain from years of heavy smoking. In February of 2016 <mask> was diagnosed with serious heart issues.He wrote on his website that he had just seen a doctor and that everything was off. Depending on how strong my old lungs are, there are two options for surgery. He said, "Cardiologist is brilliant." He put a tube at my wrist and fed it all the way to my heart. He was taking pictures of my heart. He says he's going to get me playing again. Thanks for your support.In June 2016 it was reported that he was recovering from open heart surgery and had suffered a bad fall which caused swollen legs and feet. Fans were asked to keep <mask> in their prayers after he was critically ill in the hospital. At the age of 80, <mask> died at a hospital. A private funeral service was held in Kent in October. Discography sources include: <mask> at His Best, Ginger Baker & Friends, Eleven Sides of Baker, and Horses & Trees.

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title: Horst Mahler

texts: He was a lawyer and political activist. He was a founding member of the Red Army Faction and later became a Maoist before becoming a neo-Nazi. He was a member of the National Democratic Party of Germany from 2000 to 2003 He served a twelve-year prison sentence after being convicted of Holocaust denial and "incitement of popular hatred." In April of last year, he was ordered back to prison for three and a half years, and on April 18 of this year, he fled the Federal Republic of Germany. He was deported back to Germany after his attempt to get political asylum in Hungary was rejected. The son of a dentist, <mask> was born on January 23, 1936.After the end of World War II in Europe, the family fled from the Red Army to the town of Naumburg an der Saale. They moved first to Dessau and then to West Berlin after the father of a fanatical Nazi committed suicide. He studied law at the Free University of Berlin with the support of the German National Merit Foundation after taking his school-leaving exams in Berlin in 1955. He became a member of the socialist student body after joining the Thuringia Association. He started a law firm in Berlin in 1964 to advise small- and medium-sized businesses. He argued before the European Court of Human Rights in 1966. Prior to 1960, he was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the SozialistischerDeutscher Studentenbund.He was expelled from the SPD in 1960, along with other members of the SDS, who had become a radical left-wing group. He joined the call for extra-parliamentary opposition. In 1964, he joined the Auerparlamentarische opposition. He was one of the founding members of the Republican Club. The Springer Publishing House was the site of violent protests after the attempted assassination of Rudi Dutschke. As a lawyer, he defended left-wing students facing criminal prosecution. By 1970, he had defended a number of people, including Beate Klarsfeld and Peter Brandt, as well as subsequent Red Army Faction members.He became a founding member of the Red Army Faction in 1970. After Ensslin's arrest, <mask> helped plot to get Baader out of prison. In September 1970, the three, along with Ulrike, committed a series of bank robberies. The four fled to Jordan and joined the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. After his return from Jordan, he was arrested along with others. He was convicted for assisting a prison escape and for robbing a bank. His license to practice law was revoked after he was sentenced to fourteen years' imprisonment.Imprisonment is what <mask> wrote about. He was kicked out of the group by the rest of the RAF. The policies of the KPD/AO were advocated by <mask>. In 1975, the Movement 2 June took Peter Lorenz hostage and demanded that he be freed from prison. He refused to be offered liberty. He was freed from prison after ten years. This was due to the efforts of his lawyer, who later became Chancellor of Germany.With the help of Schrder, <mask> was granted permission to resume practicing law in Germany in 1988. Iring Fetscher, a political theorist, visited him in prison. While the German courts noted a change in <mask>'s political position in the mid-1980s, he first gained attention for it at Rohrmoser's 70th birthday celebration. Germany had to free itself from its "debt bondage" to reestablish its national identity according to a speech given by <mask>. The right-wing paper Junge Freiheit published an article about the conversion of <mask> to Vlkisch ideas in 1998. He attached the spiritual side of his beliefs to anti-semitism and argued that the German people were free self-confidence. The Jewish Principle and the haggler/bargainer are not the same as this.The far-right National Democratic Party of Germany (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands, NPD) was founded in 2000. In 2001, the German government began a process to attempt to ban the NPD, during which time <mask> acted as an attorney for the party. The government petitioned the court to seize <mask>'s computer assets because of accusations of "hate speech" against the party. The attempt was defeated by <mask>. The official case to ban the NPD was rejected by the German courts. On November 9, 2003 the Society for the Rehabilitation of Those persecuted for Refutation of the Holocaust was founded. He announced the formation of the society with an open letter in which he stated that its objective was to eliminate the isolation of the persecution which has dominated so far, is to guarantee the necessary public awareness of their struggle for justice, and is to provide the financial means for a successful judicial struggle.In 2003 he was charged with Volksverhetzung in connection with statements he made regarding the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States. He told the court that it was not true that al-Qaeda had anything to do with the incident. He was charged for Holocaust denial under the law in 2004. The German authorities revoked his passport in January 2006 to prevent him from attending the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust in Tehran, Iran. On April 8, 2004, the local court of Berlin-Tiergarten issued a Berufsverbot against <mask>, forbidding him from practicing law. "Billions of people would be ready" and "The destruction of the Jews is an act of reason" were cited by the Amtsgericht to justify his disbarment. A former vice president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany,Michel Friedman, was the subject of an interview with Vanity Fair.According to Friedman, he was greeted with a Hitler salute and a shout of "Heil Hitler, Herr Friedman!", when he tried to interview him. The systematic elimination of Jews in Auschwitz is a lie, and Hitler was the salvation of the German people, according to <mask>. On November 23, 2007, the Amtsgericht in Cottbus sentenced <mask> to six months' imprisonment without parole for giving a Hitler salute while reporting to prison for a nine-month term the previous year. The salute was claimed to be a "testimonial of his worldview". Sylvia Stolz defended <mask> for a while. In 2008 he was convicted and imprisoned. On February 21, 2009, <mask> was sentenced to six years' imprisonment without the possibility of reduction or bail.The judge said during the reading of the verdict that the "nationalist rattle" and "nonsense spread" by <mask> should stop. The 73-year-old was sentenced to an additional five years in prison for Holocaust denial and banalization of Nazi war crimes. The sentence was carried out immediately because of the escape risk. In August of 2015, he was released due to ill health, and the lower part of his leg was removed because of an illness. The man is believed to have fled Germany. His sentence was increased because he was in prison. He said in the video that he would appeal for asylum in another country.On May 12th, 2017, <mask> published a message stating that he was seeking asylum in Hungary. He was taken into custody by the Hungarian authorities. On May 15, the Hungarian embassy in Berlin said that his application for asylum would not be accepted, but that he would be returned to Germany to complete his sentence. After he was deported from Hungary to Germany, he was greeted by lawyers when he arrived in Berlin. In an interview with an Israeli reporter in 2005, he claimed that he is partly Jewish. He said that his mother burst into tears when she told him and his brothers that they have Jewish ancestry. He was released from prison in October 2020.In the film Germany in Autumn, he is interviewed in his prison cell for television. According to an April 1979 review in The New York Times, <mask> "speaks eloquently about the roots of postwar radicalism, though he now disavows terrorism that, he says, has become no different from the ills that prompted the left's original frustration and dissent." In the first episode of the television series The Living Dead (1995), <mask> talks about his father, the emergence of the RAF, and his departure from it. In Can't Get You Out of My Head, he is interviewed. The actor Simon Licht plays the character of <mask> in the film. The film Die Anwlte - Eine deutsche Geschichte (The Lawyers - A German History, 2009) was directed by Birgit Schulz. The life and career of two other RAF lawyers, Otto Schily and Hans-Christian Strbele, are chronicled in the film.There are links to 1936 births and 9/11 conspiracy theorists.

masks: Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler Mahler


title: Zellig Harris

texts: <mask> was an influential American linguist, mathematical syntactician, and methodologist of science. He is best known for his work in structural linguistics and for the discovery of transformational structure in language. The first 10 years of his career were published. His contributions in the next 35 years of his career include a theory of linguistic information and a principled account of the nature and origin. The Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire was where <mask> was born. His family moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, when he was four years old. At the age of 13, he was sent to Palestine, where he worked to support himself, and for the rest of his life he lived on a kibbutz in Israel.Dr. Tzvi N<mask> and his wife Shoshana played a significant role in the development of modern immunology. Anna H. Live was the Director of the English Institute at the University of Pennsylvania. Einstein's assistant Bruria Kaufman was married to him in 1941. In the 1960s, the couple established residence in kibbutz Mishmar Ha'Emek, in Israel, where they adopted their daughter. <mask> had a close relationship with the director of the Linguistic String Project at New York University. <mask> is a professor of infectious diseases at the University of California, Berkeley. On May 22, 1992, <mask> died in his sleep after a routine working day.<mask> was concerned with establishing the mathematical and empirical foundations of the science of language when he began his work in the 1930s. He realized that one couldn't explain language by appeal to a priori principles or competencies for which language itself provides the sole evidence. linguistics is the only empirical field which may allow us to derive definitions of intuitive fundamental relationships out of correlations of observable phenomena, which is the danger of using such undefined and intuitive criteria as pattern, symbol, and logical a prioris. <mask> received his bachelor's, master's, and doctorate degrees in Oriental Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. He began teaching linguistic analysis at Penn in 1931 after publishing publications on Ugaritic, Phoenician, and Canaanite, and on the origins of the alphabet. Practical application was part of the war effort in the 1940s. The first modern linguistics department in the United States was established in 1947.Edward Sapir was influenced by <mask>'s early publications and came to regard him as his heir. <mask> liked Leonard Bloomfield for his work and as a person. He didn't study with either of them. <mask> is thought to have carried the ideas of linguistic description to their extreme development: the investigation of discovery procedures for phonemes and morphemes, based on the distributional properties of these units. He had developed his Methods in Structural Linguistics up to about 1945. This book made him famous, but generativists have sometimes interpreted it as a synthesis of a "neo-Bloomfieldian school" of structuralism. <mask> believed that his work was validly derived from the data of language.This was in line with virtually all serious views of science at the time; <mask>'s methods were distinct from the context of discovery. He didn't like the idea that a linguistic analyst must progress by stepwise discovery without "mixing levels." <mask>' recognition that the fundamental data of linguistics are speakers' judgments of phonemic contrast makes it possible. The methods of controlled experiment using substitution tests were developed by him. It is probably correct to say that phonetic data is fundamental in all other approaches to linguistics. Chomsky assumes that each utterance of any language can be uniquely represented as a sequence of phones, each of which can be regarded as an abbreviation for a set of features. <mask>'s linguistic analyses were labelled "game playing" and "hocus-pocus" because of their flexibility and creativity because of the primacy of speaker perception of contrast.<mask> was seen by his colleagues as a person who explored the consequences of pushing methodological principles right to the edge. <mask> <mask>'s work in linguistics focused on methods of analysis, according to a close co-worker. His results were the result of a lot of work on the data of language and the economy of description. The minimum necessary to bring the elements of description into a system was kept by him. He said that he was the agent in bringing the data in relation to the data. ... It was not false modesty that made <mask> downplay his particular role in bringing about results, so much as a fundamental belief in the objectivity of the methods employed.The placing of words next to each other is how language is described. There was nothing else. The question was how these placings worked themselves into a vehicle for carrying the'semantic burden' of language. It would be fair to say that the methods were the leader and he was the follower. His genius was to see where the methods were leading and to do the analytic work that was necessary to bring them to a new result. This is an extension of the distributional methodology pioneered by Sapir and Bloomfield, looking at which elements of a language can co-occur and which can't. A representation in which contrasting utterances are written differently, even a conventional alphabetic orthography, is1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556Linguists use a variety of means to identify words. These are substitution tests. The general method is experimental if you substitute one element in a string of such elements, the others in their context being held constant, and then test the acceptability of the new combination by users. The subjective judgments of language users are the basis of <mask>'s experimental distributional methodology. The "departures from randomness" that enable language to carry information are identified in substitution tests using these judgments. The commonly held view is that <mask> rejected mentalism and behaviorism. <mask>'s contributions to linguistics in the 1940s include componential analysis of long components in phonology, componential analysis of morphology, and a substitution-grammar of word- andThe book was the first to include the idea of a generative grammar. A detailed specification of validation criteria for linguistic analysis is the main aim of the book and the import of the word "methods" in its original title. There are different forms of presentation that have been taken as competing. <mask> showed how they complement each other. An analogy can be drawn to intersecting parameters in optimality theory. Paragraphs exhibit all of the properties of the analyses at the same time. <mask>'s treatment of these as tools of analysis rather than theories of language, INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDealsTo avoid obscuring the essential characteristics of language behind unacknowledged presuppositions, <mask>'s central methodological concern was to start with his earliest publications. Among his most illuminating works in the 1940s are restatements of analyses by other linguists, done with the intention of displaying properties of the linguistic phenomena which are invariant across diverse representations. His work on transfer grammar is very relevant because it shows the intersection of the grammars of two languages, clarifying precisely those features in which they differ and the relation between them. The benefits for machine translation are obvious. The concern was that unacknowledged presuppositions are dependent on prior knowledge of and use of language. The object of the investigation is the language itself. "For any system in which we could identify the elements and meanings of a given language would have to have already the same essential structure of words and sentences as the language to be described."We can't impose our own categories of information upon language. We can't determine in a priori way the "logical form" of all sentences. Natural language has its own metalanguages, in which we talk about language itself. Our prior shared 'common parlance' for learning and interpreting language is what determines any other means for talking about it. "For any system in which we could identify the elements and meanings of a given language would have to have already the same essential structure of words and sentences as the language itself." There is no way to define or describe the language except in statements made in that same language or another natural language. The symbols of a language have to be defined in a natural language.<mask>'s conclusion was that a science that aims to determine the nature of language is limited to investigation of the relationships of the elements of language to one another. The phonemic contrasts are defined relative to one another by the fundamental data of linguistics. Any metalinguistic notions, representations, or notational conventions that are not stateable in metalanguage assertions of the language itself are obscuring its true character. <mask> tried to get a 'leastgrammatical'. The reason for this demand is that every entity and rule, and every complexity and restriction of domain of a rule, states a departure from randomness in the language being described. The restriction on combinations in the language should not be added to the description. There is a proposal that some metalinguistic resources for language are part of the genetic inheritance of humans.<mask> believed that the only evidence for properties of UG were in language itself, but that they may be sought once a principled theory of language is established. <mask>'s aim was to apply the tools of mathematics to the data of language and establish the foundations of a science of language. When <mask> took charge of the "homologous" enterprise of establishing linguistics on a clear basis, the problem of the foundations of mathematics was more relevant than ever. To realize the program that he established very early, <mask> <mask> searched

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title: Zellig Harris

texts: and found in mathematics some of his supports. It is advisable to consider it without shutting it into a box of possible applications of mathematics to linguistics. How could mathematics transform itself into linguistics is not the question. He contrasted this with other attempts to project the properties of language.The interest is not in investigating a mathematically definable system which has some relation to language, as being a generalization or a subset of it, but in formulating as a mathematical system all the properties and relations necessary and sufficient for the whole of natural language. <mask> began teaching his students about linguistic transformation in 1939. They could be used to improve the regularity of repetition patterns in texts. He had already done extensive transformational analysis in diverse languages such as Kota, Hidatsa, and Cherokee, and of course Hebrew (ancient and modern), as well as English, but he did not feel this was ready for publication until his "Culture and Style" and "Discourse" A more general theory of linguistics was developed by a later series of papers. <mask> argued that both form and information are two faces of the same coin. The concern about presuppositions and metalanguage is that any specification of semantics other than that which is immanent in language can only be stated in a metalanguage outside of the language.Prior to <mask>'s discovery of transformations, the only way to treat individual word combinations was through word classes. A subset of sentences that are formally alike are specified in a sequence or ntuple of word classes. <mask> looked at the mappings from one subset to another. <mask> introduced the term into linguistics when he said that a mapping that preserves a specified property is called a transformation. The transformational analysis refined the word classes found in the 1946 "From Morpheme to Utterance" grammar of expansions. By defining more and more specific subclasses according to the privileges of words, one can approximate a grammar of individual word combinations. One form in which this is exemplified is in the lexicon-grammar work of Maurice Gross and his colleagues.Chomsky was a student of <mask>. Chomsky adapted the idea of rules of transformation vs. rules of formation from mathematical logic. The terms were written by Rudolf Carnap. The symbol-rewriting rules of Post production systems were invented by Emil Post. Their capacity to generate language-like formal systems was beginning to be used in the design of computing machines, such as ENIAC, which was announced at Penn with great fanfare in 1946. Rewriting rules were used for presentation of immediate-constituent analysis. The phrase structure grammar was called by him.As operations mapped one phrase-structure tree to another, he set about to restate <mask>'s transformations. The rules of formation were enriched by his rules of transformation. This led to his redefinition of transformations as operations mapping an abstract deep structure into a surface structure. Under <mask>'s original definition of transformation, a complex hierarchy of abstract structure was not necessary or desirable. Many generalizations that seem to be important in the various theories employing abstract syntax trees, such as island phenomena, fall out naturally from <mask>'s analysis with no special explanation needed. Linguists take unnumbered short cuts and intuitive guess, and keep many problems about a particular language before them at the same time. In keeping with the methodological principles noted in the section on metalanguage issues and earlier, there is a formal criterion for transformational analysis.If two sentence-forms are transforms, then acceptable word choices for one also get for the other, according to the 1957 "Co-Occurrence and Transformation" paper. The criterion for preserving word co-occurrence was refined in 1965, so that if a difference of acceptability is found between a pair of sentences that satisfy one sentence-form, the criterion can be changed. acceptability-differences may be collapsed under "I imagined" or "I dreamt". The acceptability grades may be expressed as ranges of contexts in which the word choices are fully acceptable. <mask> factored the set of transformations into elementary sentence-differences, which could be used as operations in generative processes for decomposing or synthesizing sentences. Incremental operations add words and paraphrastic operations change the phonemic shapes of words. <mask> called them "extended morphophonemics".The set of sentences were divided into two sublanguages, an informationally complete sublanguage and a more conventional and usable paraphrase. Morphemes can be present in reduced form, even reduced to zero, in the paraphrastic set. Operator Grammar was developed in a parallel way to the generalization of linear algebra to operator theory in mathematics. The entry of individual words into the construction of a sentence is finally here. When an operator word places words in the relationship to one another that a given reduction requires, it may be carried out. The reductions are not always required. Operator entry is trivial.These are findings after the fact which did not guide its development or the research that led to it. The lexicon grammar of Maurice Gross was adapted for the complex detail of the reductions by Stephen Johnson. <mask> showed how the sublanguage for a restricted domain can have a pre-existent external metalanguage, expressed in sentences in the language but outside of the sublanguage, something that is not available to language as a whole. In the language as a whole, restrictions on operator-argument combinability can only be specified in terms of relative acceptability, and it is difficult to rule out any satisfier of an attested sentence-form as nonsense. The test and exemplification of this in The Form of Information in Science (1989) vindicates the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. <mask>'s lifelong interest in the further evolution or refinement of language is expressed in "A Language for International Cooperation" and "Scientific Sublanguages and the Prospects for a Global Language of Science". The companion books A Theory of Language and Information and A Grammar of English on Mathematical Principles were written by <mask>.For the first time, a theory of information content is included in the mathematical information theory. <mask> proposed what might be the "truth of the matter" about the nature of language, what is required to learn it, and its possible future development. His discoveries proved that language is a social artifact, the users of which collectively create and re-create it in the course of using it. The influence of <mask>'s work is often hidden. Diverse lines of research that <mask> opened continue to be developed by others. The Linguistic String Program in the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences has made the Medical Language Processor available on SourceForge. Richard Kittredge and his colleagues have developed systems for automatic generation of text from data, which are used for weather radio broadcasts and for production of reportage of stock market activity, sports results, and the like.Lexis-Nexis systems have been influenced by work on information retrieval. The influence of <mask>' work on distributional structure is acknowledged by recent work on Statistical semantics, which is based on the Distributional hypothesis. Many of <mask>'s students are in linguistics. Politics <mask> was influential with many students and colleagues in work on theelioration of social and political arrangements. He was committed to transforming society from the ground up rather than from the top down. His last book, The Transformation of Capitalist Society, was published posthumously. He shows how capitalism abandons personal and social needs which are unprofitable, how cooperative arrangements arise for meeting those needs, and how participants in these niches gain experience in forms of mutual aid which are crucial to survival in 'primitive' societies.Capitalism was developed from mercantilism in the midst of feudalism. The Van Pelt Library at the University of Pennsylvania has a collection of his writings. He was an active member of Avukah from his undergraduate days. In 1936, the year he obtained his PhD, he resigned as its national President, but continued in a leadership advisory role until it fell apart in 1943. A frame of reference for social change was a project he and a group of fellow scientists collaborated on in the early 1940s. They came up with new concepts and vocabulary due to the fact that the existing ones of economics and sociology covertly perpetuate capitalist constructs. A complete rewrite was demanded by Victor Gollancz, a notoriously interventionist editor.The Directing social change manuscript was brought to publication in 1997 by Seymour Melman, Murray Eden, and Bill Evan. The title was changed to The transformation of capitalist society. There is a complete bibliography of <mask>'s writings. A selection of <mask>'s works was published in 1936. A description of the Phoenician Language. A PhD. The American Oriental Series is 8.The year 1939. An Investigation in Linguistic History is about the development of the Canaanite Dialects. The American Oriental Series is 16. In 1946. "From Morpheme to utterance". Language 22:3.161 1951.Structural linguistics methods in 1962. The analysis of the sentence structure was done in 1968. Language mathematical structures in 1970. There were papers in structural and transformational linguistics. The notes of the Cours de Syntaxe are in French. There were papers on Syntax 1982. There is a language on mathematical principles.The French translation of Language and Information is La langue et l'information, Paris. 1989. The Form of Information in Science is an analysis of an immunology sublanguage. A mathematical approach to a theory of language and information. The transformation of capitalism. The background of metalanguage analysis. Language and Information into the 21st Century is an introduction to The Legacy of <mask> <mask>.John Benjamins Publishing Company has a philosophy of science. Konrad Koerner's comprehensive bibliography and revision of it can be found at ResearchGate. There is a profile of John Corcoran on researchgate.net. 1972. <mask> talks about the structure of language. In 1972 281–289.Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent is available at

masks: Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Zellig Harris Harris


title: Mónica Ponce de León

texts: The Dean of the school of architecture is <mask>. <mask> is a pioneer in the application of robotic technology to building fabrication and architecture education. She has offices in New York, NY, Boston, MA, and NJ. At the University of Michigan, <mask> was the Dean of the A. Alfred Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning. She was the founding partner of Office dA with <mask>i. After graduating high school, <mask> moved to Florida with her family. She earned her Bachelor of Architecture degree at the University of Miami after taking English classes and working in a millwork shop.She received a Master of Architecture in Urban Design from the Harvard Graduate School of Design in 1991. She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Prior to her appointment at Michigan, Ponce de Len was Professor of Architecture, director of the digital lab, and acting architecture program director at Harvard. The first robotic fabrication lab in the United States was developed at Harvard. During her time at Harvard, she held visiting positions at the Southern California Institute of Architecture and the Georgia Institute of Technology, as well as giving over 60 lectures and symposia on her work, which has been published in over 200 publications worldwide. She developed new educational models that emphasized experimentation. She opened the Liberty Annex, a think tank for faculty creative practices, along with two competitive grant programs.She developed the largest robotic facility fabrication in the United States at the University of Michigan. This model has become the standard for other schools of architecture in the country, as it is available to both students and faculty for learning, teaching and research. A ground breaking architecture program for high school students in Detroit was inaugurated by <mask> Leon. In collaboration with several high schools in Detroit, the program offers design studio instruction high school credit in math and the visual arts. The program had close to 200 graduates by December of last year. <mask> <mask> established her own practice after the dissolution of Office dA. In 2015, <mask> Len left the University of Michigan to become the new dean of the school of architecture.<mask> Len and Cynthia Davidson were co-curators of the United States Pavilion for the 15th International Biennale of Architecture in Venice, Italy. The exhibition, entitled "The Architectural Imagination", will engage specific sites in the city of Detroit, Michigan and feature projects from 12 teams of architects from across the United States. Her projects include: Fabricating Coincidences in New York, Helios House in Los Angeles, Macallen Building and the Interfaith Chapel in Boston, Dining Services at 200 West as well as Conrad Hilton in Lower Manhattan. The Rhode Island School of Design's Fleet Library was designed by her. An early example of the potential of digital fabrication in architecture is the 1998 installation Fabricating Coincidences in the Museum of Modern Art. Herbert Mushamp wrote a review of the exhibition for the New York Times. The fall of Humpty Dumpty is very graceful.Propped against the brick wall that surrounds the garden along its northern edge, the piece is made of a steel plate that is folded into a canopy of metal. The project is not recommended for climbing. The horizontal folds start sloping upwards about halfway up. The piece has nifty visual tricks. Depending on the light, the metal plate can be either opaque or semi- transparent. The folds collapse into a single plane as you move around, like an escalator for the eye. This isn't a masterpiece, but it is an inventive appetizer.These are architects to watch. According to Paul Goldberger of The New Yorker, the Dining Services project was a "spectacular cafeteria with a swooping white plaster ceiling and columns, a modernist take on Gaudi that plays off deftly against Cobb's geometric shell." In 1997 and 2003 Ms. <mask> Len received awards from the Architectural League of New York. In 2002 she received an Academy Award in Architecture from the American Academy of Arts and Letters and in 2008 she was named a United States Artist fellow. <mask> Len was the first Hispanic architect to receive the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Award. Her work has received numerous awards, including a dozen Progressive Architecture awards, as well as citations from the American Institute of Architects, I.D. Magazine and the Boston Society of Architects.The American Institute of Architects Committee on the Environment named the Macallen Building one of the Top Ten Green Projects in 2008. <mask> Leon was elected to the National Academy of Design. Further reading is Contemporary World Architects: Office dA, by Rodolphe el-Khoury, et al. Zago Architecture and Office dA: Two Installation, by Eric Owen Moss, et al., was published in 2005. Young Architects 7: Situating was written by the Architectural League of New York. Monsterpieces: Once Upon a Time was written by Mnica <mask> Len. The 2000s!, by Aude-Line Dulliere and Clara Wong, was published in March 2010.<mask> <mask> is the author. A Conversation with Mnica <mask> Le was edited by Greg Lynn.

masks:
Mnica Ponce de Len
Ponce de Len
Ponce de Len
Nader Tehran
Ponce de Len
Ponce de
Monica Ponce
de Len
Ponce de
Ponce de
Ponce de
Ponce de
Ponce de
Ponce de
Monica Ponce
de Leon
Ponce de


title: Agostinho Neto

texts: A politician and poet named <mask> was born in 1922. He was the leader of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Luanda in the war for independence and served as the first president of the country from 1975 to 1979. He was the leader of the civil war until his death. He is known for his literary activities. National Heroes' Day is a public holiday in the country. <mask> was born in 1922 in Bengo Province. <mask>'s parents were both school teachers and Methodists, and <mask>'s father was a Methodist pastor.He went to university after working in the colonial health services. The younger <mask> studied medicine at the universities of Coimbra and Lisbon. He was arrested by PIDE, the security police force of the Portuguese Prime Minister's regime, for three months for his political activism after combining his academic life with covert political activity. He was arrested again for joining the Portuguese movement. He was held until 1957. He married Maria Eugénia da Silva on the day he graduated. He escaped to assume leadership of the armed struggle against colonial rule after being arrested again in 1960.He held the position of President until his death in 1979. <mask> was the Secretary General and President of the PCA when it merged with the Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Luanda to form the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Luanda. <mask> was arrested in June of 1960. His patients and supporters marched for his release from Bengo, but were stopped when Portuguese soldiers shot at them, killing 30 and wounding 200 in what became known as the massacre of Icolo e Bengo. <mask> was exiled from Portugal to Cape Verde. He was sent to jail again. <mask> was put under house arrest after international protests for his release.He escaped first to Morocco and then to the Democratic Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville. <mask> asked the Kennedy administration for help in his war against Portugal. The U.S. government turned him down because it had oil interests in the country. <mask> received support from Cuba after meeting Che Guevara. He and Castro shared similar views when he visited Havana. The political groups vied for control of the country after the Carnation Revolution in Portugal. <mask> belonged to the MPLA.<mask> became the nation's ruler after the MPLA seized Luanda at the expense of the other anti-colonial movements. He established a one-party state and his government developed close links with the Soviet Union and other nations in the Eastern bloc and other Communist states. <mask> made Marxism-Leninism an official doctrine. He violently repressed a movement called Fractionism which was inspired by the Organizao dos Comunistas de Luanda. They adopted the Marxist-Leninist ideology at their first congress in 1977. Over a period of up to two years, tens of thousands of followers of Nito Alves were executed in the wake of the attempted coup. <mask> dissolved DISA for the "excesses" they had committed after talking with relatives of the disappeared.According to his sons, the president never assigned business or privileges to them, suggesting that he never forgot his humble beginnings. <mask> died of cancer just before his 57th birthday. He was succeeded by José Eduardo dos Santos. The war raged on for almost a quarter of a century. The majority of <mask>'s poetic works were written in Portugal. He published three books of poetry. Several of his poems were national anthem.Sacred Hope was published in 1974 in the Portuguese version. He was the first member to be voted into the Anglo Writers Union. He was posthumously awarded the Lotus Prize by the Conference of Afro-Asian Writers' Death. <mask> died at the age of 56. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Neto had been to the Soviet Union multiple times for treatment because of the high level of medical professionals there. He and his colleagues thought it was better to keep his failing health a secret.<mask> was awarded the peace prize by the soviet union. The university in Luanda is named after him. Chinua Achebe wrote a poem in his honor. The airport in Santo Anto, Cape Verde, is named after him because he was a doctor there. The main hospital of Cape Verde in Praia is called "Hospital Agostinho Neto". The morna is dedicated to him. There is a street named after him in New Belgrade.There is a street in the capital of the country named after him. <mask> met a woman with whom he had a daughter during a visit to Bulgaria in 1973. <mask>'s family has not seen the child. The test concluded that she is <mask>'s daughter. The Most Ancient Welwitschia Mirabilis Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland has a First Class Supreme Commander of the Order of Amlcar Cabral.

masks:
Antnio Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto
Neto


title: William Hone

texts: <mask> was an English writer, satirist and bookseller. In 1817, his court battle against government censorship marked a turning point in the fight for British press freedom. One of the fathers of modern media is Biography Hone. <mask> arguably did more to shape British popular print culture in the early decades of the 19th century than any other writer, printer or publisher. One of three children to <mask> and Francis Stalwell, Hone was born at Bath on June 3, 1780. <mask> was a Supreme Court judge in Australia. <mask> was taught to read from the Bible by his father.<mask> attended a small school run by Dame Bettridge and was very close to her. <mask>'s father worked in an Attorney's office in London. <mask> was encouraged to follow in his footsteps. After two-and-a-half years in the office of a solicitor at Chatham, <mask> Junior returned to London to become clerk to a solicitor at Gray's Inn. He disliked the law so much that he spent more time reading than working. He joined the London Corresponding Society because of his interest in socialism. The Society wanted to get the vote for working men.Some members of the Government were tried for treason and sedition because they were not in favor of parliamentary reform. Hone married Sarah Johnson. They had 12 children. His mother-in-law gave him money to start a book and print shop. Shaw's Gardener was published at St Martin's Churchyard. He and his friend, John Bone, tried to start a savings bank. They were unsuccessful despite the support of wealthy patrons.Hone joined Bone in a bookseller's business which was also unsuccessful. Hone worked as an auctioneer in London. He began to investigate the condition of patients in mental asylums during this time. Bedlam's Governor resigned due to his investigations into the treatment of inmates at Bethlem Hospital. Hone kept himself and his family in the Old Bailey by contributing to magazines and reviews. He hired a small shop in Fleet Street and it was robbed twice. He tried to save Elizabeth Fenning, a cook who was sentenced to death for poisoning her employers with arsenic.The prosecution's case was destroyed by <mask>'s book, The Important Results of an Elaborate Investigation into the Mysterious Case of Eliza Fenning. Hone used the Reformists' Register to criticize state abuses, which he later attacked in the famous political satires and parodies. Hone mentioned his office as Number 67, Old Bailey, at the time of the Register. The attorney-general, Sir <mask>, filed three ex-officio informations against him. The trials took place in the Guildhall. The first was before Mr Justice Abbot and the second was before Lord Tenterden. The prayer-book and even religion were brought into contempt by the prosecution because they believed the prints were harmful to public morals.Hone ridiculed the habits of those in power in order to expose the corruption of those in power. He wanted the jury to understand that if he had been a publisher of parodies, he wouldn't have been on the floor of the court. Hone spoke for seven hours on each of the three days. Although his judges were biased against him, he was acquitted on each count, and the result was received enthusiastically by huge crowds inside and outside the court. Hone was the most famous man in England. A public collection was made on his behalf. Ian Hislop and Nick Newman wrote a play about the trials.The run began in English theaters. The Political house that Jack built was one of Hone's most successful political satires. He gave the nickname "Dr Slop" to the publisher of The Times. The results of <mask>'s research were shown in his book, The Apocryphal New Testament: being all the Gospels, Epistles, and other pieces now extant. The book has gone through four editions and many re-enactments, including e-books and microforms. The Every-day Book, the Table-Book, and the Year-Book were all published in 1823. The Every-day Book, Table Book and Year Book are the works by which Hone is best remembered.He had the approval of Robert Southey and the assistance of Charles Lamb, as well as his son in law, Jacob Henry Burn. Hone was lodged in King's Bench Prison for a short time for outstanding debts despite the popularity of these books. He opened a coffee house with his wife and two daughters in Gracechurch Street. By this time, Hone's attitude towards religion had changed and he became a follower of Rev. Thomas Binney. Hone edited and contributed to the first edition of ThePenny Magazine, which was published in 1830. He was a sub-editor.He died of a series of strokes at Spurs on November 8, 1842, and is buried at Abney Park Cemetery in Newington. George and Charles Dickens attended his funeral. There are many books on Hone's life. In the years before his death, he and his daughter, Sarah Burn, worked together to put together a biography. <mask> spoke while Sarah transcribed. They did not achieve a published work, but the documents were given to writer Frederick Hackworth by Hone's younger daughter. The book <mask>e was published by Hackworth.His life and times in 1912. In an 1872 letter to the editor of the Australasian newspaper, Hone's eldest daughter Sarah Burn said of her father, "My father was gifted with a high sense of justice and truth, a brave energy, and force of character that knew no fear." His work was often devoted to the relief of private wrong and public oppression. His persistence may be attributed to the release of the cruelly incarcerated W. Norris, who had been for years chained to an iron frame in a cell in Bethlem, followed by a general reform of treatment and the eventual dismissal of the governor. She was found guilty of poisoning the family of Mr Turner. While waiting sentence my father conversed with her in Newgate and became so convinced of her innocence that he spared no exertions day or night on her behalf. Years after, Mrs Turner, when dying confessed herself to have been the murderess, my father was essentially a gentleman and he had an utter contempt for such people as Mr Thackeray.His society was courted for the attractiveness of his conversation, in which few excelled, and he numbered among his friends many renowned in art, sciences, and literature. A short biography of Hone's life written by his friend and sometime neighbour, Frances Rolleston, was published five years after his death, a revised edition six years later. Hone's The apocryphal New Testament was criticized by the medieval scholar M. R. James as "to speak frankly, a very bad book", as well as misleadingly presenting apocrypha. James published his own collection of New Testament apocrypha in 1924 in the hopes of replacing Hone's version, even though he admitted that Hone's book was his first exposure to such works. <mask> is the son of <mask>, a descendant of <mask>'s. Henri Auguste Fourdinois was the son of a French furniture designer and was married to the Hone's youngest daughter Alice. The three trials of Hone are covered in the play Trial by Laughter by Ian Hislop and Nick Newman.Wilson and Ben are mentioned in the notes. The Laughter of Triumph is about <mask> and the fight for the free press. The two of them, in 2005. 358 pages. The Descendants of <mask>e was written by <mask>'s descendant. <mask>. His life and times.The William Hone Biotext website contains biographical information and source documents. The article was published on 12 October 2011. The Hone Manuscript Collection contains a biography and a source of background material. The article was published on 20 July 2007. The Descendants of <mask>e is a website with information about <mask>'s descendants.

masks:
William Hone
William Hone
William Hone Senior
Joseph Hone
William
William
William
William Junior
William Hone
Hone
William Garrow
Hone
William
William Hon
Alfred Hone
Brian Hone
William
William Hone
William Hon
William
William Hone
William Hon
William