title: Menduh Zavalani

texts: During the last years of the Albanian National Awakening, <mask> was an Albanian revolutionary and political leader. He was one of the leaders that liberated Prmet from the Ottoman Empire. The Albanian National Congress proclaimed the independence of Albania. <mask> was noted for his translation of a Friedrich Schiller drama into Albanian. He was killed by a local band at a young age. <mask>, also known as <mask>, was born in Kor, now southeastern Albania, in 1889. Hedije Luarasi was the mother of <mask>.Three of the main ideologues of the Albanian National Awakening, including Menduh's father, were cousins of Fatime and Emine Myteveli. A few years before his birth, his parents moved to Kora from Zavalan of Dangllia near Prmet. His family had joined the League of Prizren and the Albanian National Awakening. After graduating from elementary school in his hometown in 1905, Menduh went to secondary school in Bitola. Menduh was influenced by his trigonometry teacher and deputy principal of the school to get in touch with the patriotic circles. He had developed a personality that won their respect and often attended private meetings. The leading Albanian nationalists were trying to establish a new political organization that would fight for more cultural and political freedom, in a time when the policies of the declining Ottoman Empire towards the Albanian people were fluctuating between giving more cultural freedom and then restraining it by regarding them as Ottomans, not AlbanianThe League of Peja, the last significant political organization to express the demand for autonomy, was shut down by the Ottoman government in 1899 and its leader was executed in 1901. The Albanian nationalist movement got a new incentive after the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising of Macedonia. The Mrzsteg Agreement was signed in October between the Russian and the Austro-Hungarian Empire and was intended to restore peace and give more rights to the Christian population in Macedonia. It led to ethnic cleansing of the territory and more violence between Macedonians, Serbians and Greek armed bands. Albanians were frequently attacked by extremists with the raising of nationalism, as well as the religious and ethnic differences. The political battlefield of these nations continued to be dominated by the armed bands. In 1905, six Albanian political activists established the Secret Committee for the Liberation of Albania, a revolutionary political organization that would lead the Albanian national movement.The leader of the Committee was Gjergj Qiriazi, an Albanian writer and Protestant who was the cousin of Menduh. <mask> <mask> became a member of the secret organization and devoted his time to its cause. Spiro Bellkameni and Sadik Zharri were already leading their revolutionary bands and he would cooperate more with them in the future. There were attempts for Albanian-Greek cooperation in the 20th century. The "Greek-Albanian League" was established by the Greek professor Neoklis Kazazis and the future PM of Albania. The equal principles for both nations manifesto was published in Athens in 1907. Qemali withdrew from the alliance because of the Greek pretension over south Albania.In March 1907, the Minister of Interior Genadiev of Bulgaria met with Bajo Topulli of the Albanian armed bands to discuss a possible alliance between the two countries. Bajo and a large part of Albanian nationalists were against the proposal. In 1908, Menduh returned to Kora. The Albanian movement faced freedom after the restoration of the constitution by the Young Turks. One week after Menduh's cousin Fehim <mask> established the first Albanian cultural club inMonastir, he organized the Congress of Manastir, that standardized the Albanian alphabet. Menduh continued his activity with the "Secret Committee" in Kora and started to contribute more in the intellectual sphere. The editor-in-chief of the first Albanian language newspaper in town was his brother, Lytfi <mask>.Menduh would often help his brother in his editor's job. The drama was translated from French to English in 1909. Girls from the Albanian school of Kora performed a play. <mask> became a member of the Black Society for Salvation at this time. The journal "Kora" published articles calling for Albanian independence. The Young Turks closed Albanian schools and clubs and tried to impose the Arabic alphabet on the Latin one after the 31 March incident. There was a huge protest in Kora on February 27, 1910, in support of the Albanian language and Latin alphabet, attended by Menduh's brother and uncle.The director of "Kora", one of the organizers of the protest, along with Ymer <mask>, were imprisoned. An armed revolt broke out over the whole Vilayet of Kosovo in March 1910, starting in Prishtina with 15 000 Albanian protesters and following with fightings for three months, until it was suppressed by an army of more than 20 000 Ottomans. Menduh and other nationalist leaders went to Prmet and the surrounding highlands in the autumn to look for volunteer fighters. Initially 50 men from Kor and Prmet were part of Menduh's revolutionary band. After several hours of fighting with the Ottoman garrison of Prmet, they achieved their first success and as a result accumulated valuable military supplies and ammunition. Mihal Grameno and Themistokli Grmenji were arrested by the Ottoman government and Menduh went to Kora with the bands of Spiro Bellkameni and Qamil Panariti to try to free them. The army depot in Orman-iflig was attacked by a group of their fighters.Between 29 and 30 July, there was a violent skirmish. The Ottoman troops lost 2 military officers and 13 soldiers in the battle. The military court in Kora was set up by the Young Turks to punish Albanian nationalists. The Albanian nationalist leaders of Gjirokastra met with Menduh in Frashr. He established a partnership with Spiro Bellkameni. A part of an Ottoman battalion was defeated by the bands of Menduh, Spiro and of two of the leaders from the region of Gjirokastra. Nazif Hadri was killed.The revolt in the north of Albania began under the leadership of Ded Gjo Luli and was supported by the King of Montenegro. The Gre Memorandum was compiled by an assembly of the revolt's leaders. Menduh cooperated with the freed Themistokli Grmenji. The south's revolutionary movement reached a high point in the summer of 1912. The bands of Menduh, Spiro Bellkameni and Izet <mask> liberated Dangllia with a swift attack. After the success, they were in control of a large territory and had paved the way for the liberation of Prmet. The bands of Themistokli Grmenji, Menduh Zavalani, Spiro Bellkameni and Izet <mask> had a meeting before the last incursion.They formed a single military unit and kept their bands. <mask> <mask> was the secretary-general. The Vilayet of Kosovo was overwhelmed by the Albanian organized insurrection of 1912. A new government was formed after the Young Turks government resigned. The "Twelve Points" of Hasan Prishtina were presented to the new government by the Albanians after they liberated most of the towns in Kosovo from the Ottoman control. If the demands weren't met, they warned to march to the capital in two days. The Albanian revolutionaries captured skb without a response.<mask> <mask> was ready to attack Prmet. The revolutionary bands led by him seized the town on 13 August. The Ottoman garrison surrendered. The people of Prmet had declared independence after the garrison was disarmed, according to a letter sent to the Foreign Minister of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. <mask> <mask> and Spiro Bellkameni gave a speech at the meeting. An ultimatum with the signatures of all the town's families was sent to the Ottoman government. The Turkish government accepted the "Twelve Points" with slight changes.The Albanian revolutionary bands stopped fighting. The united armed bands of southeastern Albania started to gather at the Bektashi shrine of Turan and Melan four days later. More than 1 000 fighters entered the city of Kora. Spiro Bellkameni, <mask> <mask>, Themistokli Grmenji, and Izet <mask> led the parade. The band "Banda e Liris" followed the march with their music. Menduh spoke to the people of Kora. The Black Society for Salvation has worked secretly for the rights of Albania, according to his speech.We will work openly from now on. We will fight again to protect our motherland if the government doesn't honor its word. They didn't know about the upcoming war. The First Balkan War began after the Kingdom of Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Within the next ten days Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece began military offensives against the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. The events got out of hand fast. Spiro Bellkameni was killed on October 14.Predicting a defeat of the Ottomans and concerned about the approaching Serbian army, the Albanian leaders in Skopje delivered a communication to the representatives of the Great European Powers that the Albanian people were fighting to defend the liberty of Albania against any partition of the territory. The Montenegrin army had laid siege to Shkodr, while the Serbians had conquered Kosovo and were moving fast in north Albania. The Albanian issue was supported by the foreign minister Berchtold and the British and Italian ambassadors. The Habsburg foreign minister supports Albanian independence. After considering the situation in the Balkans, the only remaining solution was to proclaim the independence of Albania. Albania became an independent state on November 28, 1912, after the return of Ismail Qemali. The Serbian army had invaded all the north and was about to reach Durrs, while the Greek troops had reached the vicinity of Vlor.The Albanian National Congress proclaimed the independence of Albania on November 28, 1912. The Albanian nationalist leaders were prevented from receiving telegram messages from the Ottoman officials. Menduh and his friends didn't know about the independence Assembly until five days later at Vlor. Taking into account that Kora was under siege, they were replaced by Pandeli Cale, Thanas Floqi and Spiridon Ilo. They talked about the new government programme after arriving in Vlor. One day after their arrival, the first Provisional Government of Albania assumed office. The town was bombarded by the Greek fleet on the same day, while some of the shells fell between the embassies of Italy andHungary.They cut the communications cable connecting Albania with Italy and the western world after landing troops on the island of Sazan. The Albanian nationalists were imprisoned by the Greek army after they occupied Kora. Menduh and Mihal stayed in Vlor because they couldn't return to their hometown. The new state was still being recognized by the international powers. Almost 40% of the Albanians were left out of the new borders by the London Conference of the Ambassadors. Albania was granted independence on July 29, 1913, under the protection of the six Great Powers who would appoint a Prince as its ruler and an International Commission of Control. The partly Albanian-inhabited territory of southern Epirus was assigned to Greece, while the districts of Kor and Gjirokastr were assigned to Albania.Greece was unwilling to cooperate with the International Commission of Delimitation because the southern Albanian borderline wasn't demarked yet. In December, the delimitation Commission determined the frontier-line between Albania and Greece and gave Greece one month to leave the south of Albania. The deadline was extended twice. The ex-Foreign Minister of Greece, Georgios Christakis-Zografos, led an insurrection in Gjirokastr that resulted in the independence of Northern Epirus. The area was assigned to Albania by the Protocol of Florence in order to join with Greece. The Greek Colonel Kontoulis was strict to the point of threatening to shoot anyone who would raise the flag of the 'Northern Epirus'. A large number of Greek soldiers had to remain in the hospital for further treatment.After returning to Kora, Menduh went to Durrs to welcome the new monarch of Albania. The prince, his wife, their children, and his new court arrived in Durrs. The situation in Kora was still fragile. The new cabinet of ministers in Durrs consisted of men from the aristocracy of the country, many of whom were not familiar with the common people. It was unpopular and would cause animosity in a part of the people. The Greek soldiers of the hospital in Kora escaped into the streets of the city and were joined by another underground band. They were in control of several vantage points.The Albanian Gendarmerie forces led by Themistokli Grmenji and the Dutch officers were able to subdue the Greek force after furious street fights. The Greek Bishop of Kor and twenty members of the city council were deported after being arrested for conspiracy. Menduh fell ill after contracting typhus. Between the Albanian bands and the Greek infantry, there were losses on both sides. In April and May, the Greek troops burned Frashr and several other villages. More than 150 villages in south Albania were ruined by the 'Northern Epirot' raiders. The Greek government protested their innocence over the insurgencies in the south.On 17 May, the International Commission of Control and the representatives of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus signed the Protocol of Corfu, granting the Greek population of south Albania the much sought autonomy. The local self-administration of the Gjirokastr and Kor districts were protected by it. The protocol was never approved by the parties involved in the war. The beginning of the Peasant Revolt in Albania was marked on the same day Albanians from Shijak marched towards Durrs. The prince was accused of inciting the revolt. The political environment in Albania was destroyed when he was exiled to Italy after being captured. <mask> <mask> recovered from the illness in June.He continued to support the Albanian gendarmerie even though he had no official post. He had a meeting with Themistokli Grmenji. He met Telemak Grmenji, Themistokli's brother. They organized the delivery of weapons to the Albanian Gendarmerie and the local volunteers in the region of Kora. The revolt that started in central Albania was spreading quickly to the south and the government ordered the reinforcement of the defensive lines in Pogradec. 40 km northwest of Kora. Many of the men of the Battalion of Kolonja were killed in the fighting against the rebels on July 2, 1914.The Greek bands invaded Kora on the 4th of July after a probable agreement between them and the local pro-Ottoman leader Ethem bey Starova. Menduh and Telemak went to help the Albanian resistance. Menduh <mask> and Telemak Grmenji were assassinated near the village Tushemisht in Pogradec, a night of mid-July, while they were travelling to Kora to assist the Albanian gendarmerie after the Greek reoccupation of the city Menduh headed for the nearby village Peshkpi, while Telemak headed west and entered secretly to Pogradec. Menduh didn't realize that the letter he received was a forged one. Telemak was kidnapped at the house of a friend. Menduh was captured while leaving the village Peshkpi, by the same armed rebels of a band of Ethem bey Starova, who was a local leader notorious for his treachery and criminal acts.According to the report delivered after their death by the Albanian military command of Kora to the Government in Durrs, they were certain that Ethem bey Starova was paid and supplied with Serbian weapons. The corpses of Menduh and Telemak were cast into the Ohrid lake by the rebels, but they were never found. The girls of the Albanian school of Kora performed the Albanian drama "Whelm Tell of Friedrich Schiller", which was translated from French by <mask> <mask> <mask>. He gave his own contribution for overcoming religious divisions. <mask> <mask> is one of the four martyrs that gave their lives for an independent Albania. <mask> <mask> and Themistokli Grmenji were two of the martyrs who were assassinated.Their life and activism was important for Albania's freedom. There are people from Kor who are activists of the Albanian National Awakening.

masks:
Menduh Zavalani
Menduh
Menduh Zavalani
Dume Zavalani
Mehmet Zavalani
Menduh
Zavalani
Zavalani
Zavalani
Menduh
Zavalani
Zavalani
Zavalani
Menduh
Zavalani
Menduh
Zavalani
Menduh
Zavalani
Menduh
Zavalani
Zavalani
Menduh
Zavalani
Zavalani
Menduh
Zavalaniduh
Zavalani
Menduh
Zavalani
Menduh
Zavalani


title: Isaac Newton Van Nuys

type: paraphrased

texts: An area 15 miles long and 6 miles wide, the southern portion of the San Fernando Valley was owned by an American businessman, farmer and rancher named <mask>uys. With the approach of the Owens River aqueduct, and the possibility of intensive small farming, Los Angeles speculators, including Harry Chandler of the Los Angeles Times, combined to buy out Van Nuys in 1909 and develop the San Fernando Valley. The founder of Van Nuys, who died in 1912, was made the "godfather" of the hardscrabble town by the development syndicate as a promise in the land sale. There are schools, streets, libraries, and a Liberty ship with the name of Van Nuys. The son of <mask> and Harriet Kerr was born in West Sparta, New York. His father was born in New Jersey. He became 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217He was a justice of the peace and a town supervisor. He died on January 2, 1875. Auke Jans <mask> was a Dutch carpenter who came to New Netherland around 1651 from western Groningen. The mother of <mask>s was born in New York. On November 19, 1829, Peter and Harriet were married. They had seven children. Herbert K<mask> <mask> was born on April 22, 1852.He was a student at the academy for a year. Long Island, New York is where his relatives came from. <mask>s was the first family member to move to California in 1865. He owned a country store in Monticello. He moved to Los Angeles in 1871 and in 1869 bought the southern half of Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando, a total of 60,000 acres. The brother-in-law of a future brother-in-law moved to the San Fernando Valley in 1873 and assumed management of the property. They introduced dryland farming in 1874.The Los Angeles Harbor in San Pedro was filled with Valley wheat in 1876. It was the first grain shipped from L.A. to Europe. The Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company was formed from the San Fernando Homestead Association. <mask> Nuys was the president and manager. The company had a four-story building for milling to produce flour, meals, cracked wheat, hominy and livestock feed. The Van Nuys Hotel, built in 1896 in Downtown Los Angeles, was owned by <mask>uys, who also served as vice-president of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, a director in the Union Bank of Savings, and a director in the Los Angeles Pressed Brick Company. Land speculation plans for the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company property in the San Fernando Valley were developed after the City of Los Angeles authorized building the Los Angeles Aqueduct from the Owens Valley to the city and valley.The aqueduct was to be finished in 1913. The land that was useful for dryland farming could be turned into residential towns. The "biggest land transaction ever recorded in Los Angeles County" was a syndicate led by Harry Chandler, business manager of the Los Angeles Times. It was acquired from the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company. It encompassed the southern half of the former Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando land grant, except for Rancho Los Encinos and Rancho El Es. The Los Angeles Suburban Home Company has a plan to incorporate into the city of Los Angeles, as well as three new towns and a system of roads and streets. The Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company sold their remaining assets in the "Sale of the Century" in 1910.The Los Angeles Times said the auction was the beginning of a new empire. Lot sales for the new town of Van Nuys begin on February 22, 1911. The initial developer of Owensmouth was the Janss Investment Company. The San Fernando Line is an extension of the Pacific Electric railway system from North Hollywood to Owensmouth. He married the daughter of one of his business partners and the sister of another. They had three children. He was a member of the Masonic order and connected with several lodges.He was a member of the Baptist church. Hollywood Cemetery was founded by him. He died at the age of 75. He is buried in a section of the cemetery with a monument. On February 23, 1944, a Liberty ship was launched at Los Angeles Harbor in San Pedro, California. The History of the San Fernando Valley to 1915 was published by James H. Smith.

masks:
Van N
Peter Van Nuys
van Nuys
Van Nuy
. Van
Nuys
Van Nuy
Van
Van N


title: Richard Colonna-Close

texts: <mask> was a teacher, clergyman, lawyer and politician. <mask> was born in 1836 as the son of <mask>. He adopted the maiden name of his maternal grandmother in 1879 because of a condition of his inheritance. He styled himself after <mask>. In 1856, he became a member of the Northumberland Light Infantry Regiment of Militia. He resigned from his commission as a lieutenant. He came under the protection and patronage of Peter II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg, who had family connections with the Russian royal family, while he was travelling in Europe.He was appointed as a Professor of the English language in the University of St Petersburg in 1859. The 13th rank of Russian nobility was presented to him with a coat of arms. He was an English tutor to three of the younger sons of Alexander II who were to become the Grand Dukes of Russia. He was made a deacon in the Church of England in the 19th century after returning to England. He served curacies in a number of churches and chapels during the ten-year period. He married Prudence Elizabeth Gray Isaac in 1870. They had five children, four girls and one boy.St Edmund's Hall in Oxford had a close enroll in in 1872. He did not proceed to graduation despite later claims that he had a Master of Arts from Oxford University. He resigned as the head of Woodstock Grammar School in the first half of the next year. He was found guilty of indecently molesting a 14-year-old girl at the Oxford Assizes in 1876. The judge noted that it was a premeditated attempt to inveigle the victim to his own home to seduce her, but the lack of extreme violence made it a medium case. Close was sentenced to 12 months imprisonment. Close moved to Australia after his release from gaol.His family didn't join him. After Close arrived in Australia, his son <mask> was born at Ealing. The father and son became priests in the Church of England. In Australia, in February of 1878, Close became the Incumbent of Toowong. The charges against his moral character began circulating in the parish after he lost the confidence of his parishioners. A note from Close was delivered at a parish meeting in 1879. Mr. Close requested that I inform the gentlemen present that they should not say anything bad about him.Even though it is in Queen-street, Mr. Close will horsewhip that individual when he sees him. He was advertising a Church of England service in Edward Street by the end of April 1879. He became the editor of "The Federated Australian" which claimed to be a weekly summary of the pastoral, agricultural, political, social, scientific and sporting affairs of the whole of Australia. An application for admission as a student at law in New South Wales in 1880 was refused because he had not passed two exams. He had passed the first two years of the Bachelor of Laws course at the University of Melbourne, which was not yet offered by the city. The history of the New South Wales Bar describes him as a flowery orator with an eccentric taste in clothes. He was admitted to the bar in Australia in the late 19th century.He had made himself prominent in the legal and literary circles of most portions of the old world, and began a new career in the new with credentials of exceptional character. He was readmitted to the bar in 1900 despite being disbarred in 1899. He lived on the cliffs near Coogee in a house called "Point Colonna" until 1895. Close was unsuccessful in several seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. The first Australian Senate election was held in 1901. His political interests included the Women's Liberal League. He was a friend of Sir Henry Parkes.Sir Henry insisted on telling a story about Close's courtroom speech, in which he told the jury to acquit his client, because he had painted a picture of his father and mother in their English cottage. Judge Josephson told the client that he would not have to go far to find his father and mother since they were in the same prison as him. On September 27, 1905, Close died of a heart attack. He was buried in the general cemetery. There are people from the 19th-century Church of England.

masks:
Richard Colonna Close
Richard Close
Richard Backhouse Close
Richard Colonna
Richard


title: Kei Aran

texts: An actress who plays male roles, otokoyaku is a Japanese actress and former top star. Five years after her classmates became top stars, she became the top star of the revue. She left the company in April 2009, and is currently working on an acting career. She is originally from Konan, Shiga, Japan. She is the first from a Korean background to become the top star of the company. She is the first non-Japanese actress to become a Takarazuka top star, but she is not the first Chinese actress to do so. Aran was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217When she retired from the Revue in April 2009, she was the last member of her class to become a top star. She was one of the promising young stars promoted by the company in 1999. Before she was promoted to top star, she was one of the top-stars-in-waiting along with other former stars such as <mask> Takashiro and Yga Yamato. Aran is from a Korean legend called the Legend of Ariran. She developed her acting and singing skills as a result of working with Takarazuka legends such as Yu Todoroki and Yoka Wao. She was the first person to play the lead role in an understudy performance. She had prominent roles in two Bow Hall performances starring Wao.She had her first Bow Hall performance in 1998. The Wonder Three were formed in 1999. The trio performed at Bow Hall. Although similar trios of younger actresses could also be found in Flower Troupe and Moon Troupe, they were the only trio that was considered official. This trio also held the main roles in the special performance of Arch of Triumph; this is the first, and to date, only, instance of the Revue having three casts for one show. She became the second man for Ko Minoru in 2000. <mask> was cast as Aida, a role which brought a lot of applause, when Kozuki was cast as A Song for Kingdoms.She played the lead roles in two performances of Singin' in the Rain. Aran appeared in two productions for the company's 90th anniversary. She replaced Mizu in the Tokyo performance of Lightning in the daytime. She reprised her role as Count Philippe de Chandon in Phantom, as well as rejoining her former Snow Troupemates Wao and Mari Hanafusa. She appeared in the Snow Troupe production of Rose of Versailles. Since Aran's troupe transfer, this was the last performance with Asami. The play "Diana Ghosts" was directed by Henril Ibsen.One of the few roles she has played is that of Oscar, one of the three prominent male roles in the production. People from Shiga Prefecture are referred to as living people.

masks: Kei Aran


title: Katharine Hepburn

texts: <mask> was an American actress of film, stage and television. <mask> was a Hollywood leading lady for over 60 years. She was known for her headstrong independence, spirited personality and outspokenness, cultivating a screen persona that matched this public image, and regularly playing sophisticated women. She received four Academy Awards for Best Actress, a record for any performer. The American Film Institute named <mask> the greatest female star of classic Hollywood cinema in 1999. <mask> was raised in Connecticut by wealthy, progressive parents. Favorable reviews of her work on Broadway brought her to the attention of Hollywood.Her early years in film brought her international fame, including an Academy Award for Best Actress for her third picture, Morning Glory, but this was followed by a series of commercial failures and a critically acclaimed box office flop, Bringing Up Baby. <mask> bought out her contract with RKO Radio Pictures and obtained the film rights to The Philadelphia Story, which she sold on the condition that she be the star. She received a third Academy Award nomination for that comedy film. In the 1940s, she was contracted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where her career focused on an alliance with Spencer Tracy, which spanned 26 years and nine movies. <mask> tackled Shakespearean stage productions and a range of literary roles in the last half of her life. She played a middle-aged spinster in The African Queen, a persona the public embraced. <mask> won three more Oscars for her work in Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, The Lion in Winter, and On Golden Pond.She began appearing in television films in the 1970s. She made her last screen appearance at the age of 87. <mask> died in 2003 at the age of 96. <mask> refused to conform to society's expectations of women, famously wearing trousers before they were fashionable for women. She lived alone after being married as a young woman. <mask> epitomized the "modern woman" in the 20th-century United States, and is remembered as an important cultural figure. The second of six children to be born to <mask>, she was born on May 12, 1907.Her parents were a urologist and a feminist. Both parents fought for social change in the US, with <mask> helping to establish the New England Social Hygiene Association, and the elder <mask> leading the Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association. <mask> was with her mother on several "Votes For Women" demonstrations. The <mask> children were encouraged to think and debate on any topic they wanted. <mask> fought against barriers she encountered because her parents were criticized for their progressive views. <mask> said she realized from a young age that she was the product of two very remarkable parents, and credited her "enormously lucky" upbringing with providing the foundation for her success. She was close to her family.The young <mask> liked to call herself Jimmy and cut her hair short. <mask> wanted his children to use their minds and bodies to the fullest and taught them to swim, run, dive, ride, wrestle, and play golf and tennis. <mask> became very good at golf and reached the semi-finals of the Connecticut Young Women's Golf Championship. She was 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 Hepburn went to see a movie every Saturday night when she was a child. She would put on plays and perform for her neighbors with friends and siblings for 50 cents a ticket to raise money. In March 1921, Hepburn, 13, and her brother Tom were visiting New York and staying with a friend of their mother's.<mask> discovered her brother's lifeless body on March 30. He hanged himself by tying a curtain tie around a beam. Tom's death must have been an experiment that went wrong because the <mask> family denied it was suicide. The teenage <mask> was frightened and suspicious of people. She dropped out of Oxford School and was tutored privately. She used to use Tom's birthday as her own. <mask> revealed her true birth date in her 1991 memoir, Me: Stories of My Life.<mask> was admitted to a college in 1924. She initially agreed to attend the institution in order to satisfy her mother who had studied there. She was self-conscious and uncomfortable at school for the first time in a long time. She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Roles in college plays were dependent on good grades, so <mask> was drawn to acting. She began performing after her marks improved. <mask>'s plans to pursue a theatrical career were solidified after she performed in a production of The Woman in the Moon in her senior year.In June 1928, she graduated with a degree in history and philosophy. <mask> left university to become an actress. She traveled to Baltimore the day after graduating to meet Knopf, who ran a successful stock theatre company. <mask> was cast in Knopf's current production, The Czarina. Her performance was described as "arresting" by the printed word. Her second performance on the show was less well received than her first. She left Baltimore to study with a voice tutor in New York City because she was criticized for her voice.Knopf decided to make The Big Pond in New York, and appointed <mask> the understudy to the leading lady. A week before opening, the lead was fired and replaced with <mask>, which gave her a starring role only four weeks into her theatre career. She spoke too quickly to be understood on opening night, as she turned up late, mixed her lines, and tripped over her feet. The original leading lady was rehired after she was fired. <mask> accepted the role of a schoolgirl in these days and joined forces with the producer. She made her Broadway debut on November 12, 1928, but the show closed after eight nights because of poor reviews. <mask> was the lead understudy in Holiday.She quit to marry a college friend after only two weeks. She held the understudy role in Holiday for six months after she decided to leave the theatre. <mask> turned down a role with the Theatre Guild in order to play the lead in Death Takes a Holiday. She was fired for the second time because she thought the role was perfect. She took an understudy role for minimum pay in A Month in the Country after returning to the Guild. <mask> joined the theater company in the spring of 1930. She continued to study with a drama tutor after leaving halfway through the summer season.She was cast in the Broadway production of Art and Mrs. in early 1931. A bottle. <mask> was re-hired when no other actress could be found after she was released from the role due to the playwright's dislike of her. It was a small success. <mask> appeared in a number of plays with the summer stock company in Connecticut and she proved to be a hit. During the summer of 1931, Philip Barry asked her to appear in his new play, The Animal Kingdom. They began rehearsals in November and <mask> thought the role would make her a star, but Howard didn't like her and she was fired.Barry told her that she wasn't very good when she asked why she had been let go. <mask> continued to look for work despite this. She was asked to read for the lead in The Warrior's Husband after taking a small role in an upcoming play. <mask>'s performance was The Warrior's Husband. According to biographer Charles Higham, the role was ideal for the actress, requiring an aggressive energy, and she enthusiastically involved herself with its production. The play opened at the Morosco Theatre. <mask>'s first entrance called for her to leap down a narrow stairway and wear a silver tunic.The show ran for three months and received positive reviews. Richard Garland wrote, "It's been many a night since so glowing a performance has brightened the Broadway scene." A scout for the Hollywood agent Leland Hayward spotted <mask>'s appearance in The Warrior's Husband and asked her to test for a part in the upcoming RKO film A Bill of Divorcement. George Cukor was impressed by what he saw, he said, "she was unlike anyone I'd ever heard." He liked the way in which she picked up the glass. A large amount for an unknown actress was demanded by <mask> when she was offered the role. <mask> was signed to a temporary contract with a three-week guarantee after Cukor encouraged the studio to accept her demands.David O. Selznick said he took a tremendous chance in casting the unusual actress. At 25 years old, <mask> arrived in California. She showed no sign of intimidation in A Bill of Divorcement. <mask> was fascinated by the industry from the start, even though she struggled to adapt to the nature of film acting. <mask> received positive reviews for the picture. <mask>'s characterization is one of the best seen on the screen, according to Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times. In her first picture assignment, <mask> made a smashing impression, according to the Variety review.She has something that sets her apart. RKO signed her to a long-term contract on the strength of A Bill of Divorcement. George Cukor and <mask> made ten films together. Christopher Strong was <mask>'s second film and the story of an airplane pilot and her affair with a married man. The picture was not a success, but <mask>'s reviews were good. Although her mannerisms were grating, they compel attention, and they fascinate an audience. She is a positive person.The third picture confirmed that <mask> was a major actress in Hollywood. She won an Academy Award for her performance in Morning Glory. She insisted that the role be hers after seeing the script on the desk of the producer. <mask> did not attend the awards ceremony but was happy with her win. She played the role of Jo in Little Women. The picture was a hit and <mask> won the Best Actress prize at the Venice Film Festival. Little Women was one of <mask>'s favorites and she was proud of her performance, later saying, "I defy anyone to be as good as Jo as I was".<mask> was a respected film actress, but she wanted to prove herself on Broadway. One of the most successful theatre producers of the 1920s was going through a career slump. <mask> agreed to do the play for a low salary. She was asked by RKO to make a film before she left. <mask> played a uneducated mountain girl in the movie. It did well at the box office, but it was considered one of <mask>'s worst films and she received poor reviews. <mask> kept a photo of herself in her bedroom to keep her humble.There was a large advance sale for The Lake in Washington, D.C. <mask> struggled with the performance because of Harris' poor direction. Harris moved the play to New York. <mask> was panned by the critics when it opened at the Martin Beck Theatre. She runs the gamut of emotions from A to B. She had to endure the embarrassment of rapidly declining box office sales because she was already tied to a ten-week contract. Harris said to <mask>, "My dear, the only interest I have in you is the money I can make out of you."<mask> paid Harris $14,000, most of her life savings, to close the show because she didn't want to continue in it. She claimed that the experience with Harris was important in teaching her to take responsibility for her career. RKO cast <mask> in The Little Minister in an attempt to repeat the success of Little Women. The picture was a commercial failure. Break of Hearts was poorly reviewed and lost money. The story of a girl's desperation to climb the social ladder was told by <mask> in Alice Adams. <mask> was thrilled to be offered the role.The film was a hit and gave <mask> a second Oscar nomination. The second most votes went to her. In George Cukor's new project, Sylvia Scarlett, <mask> starred with Cary Grant for the first time. Her hair was cut short for the part, as her character masquerades as a boy in the film. Sylvia Scarlett was unpopular with the public. She played Mary Stuart in John Ford's Mary of Scotland, which received a poor reception. <mask>'s character in A Woman Rebels had a child out of wedlock.Quality Street had a comedy setting. She made four unsuccessful pictures in a row because neither movie was popular with the public. Problems arose from <mask> of Arrogance" because she wouldn't give interviews and wouldn't give autographs. She became an unpopular figure due to her boyish behavior and fashion choices.<mask> went back east to star in a theatrical adaptation of Jane Eyre because she felt that she needed to leave Hollywood. After the disaster of The Lake, <mask> decided against taking the show to Broadway. At the end of 1936, <mask> vied for a role in Gone with the Wind. David O. Selznick felt that she didn't have a sex appeal. He told <mask> that he wouldn't see him chasing her for twelve years. <mask> played a wealthy society girl trying to make it as an actress in Stage Door, a role that mirrored her own life. <mask>'s work at early previews earned her top billing over Rogers.The film was nominated for Best Picture at the Academy Awards, but it was not a hit at the box office. The studio's commitment to resurrecting <mask>'s popularity was blamed for the small profit. She played a flighty heiress who lost a leopard in Howard Hawks' screwball comedy Bringing Up Baby. She took tips from her co-star on comedy timing for the physical comedy of the film. It was unsuccessful at the box office despite being acclaimed by critics. With the genre and Grant popular at the time, biographer A. Scott Berg believes the blame lies with the movie theaters. <mask> was included on a list of actors considered "box office poison" by the Independent Theatre Owners of America.Mother Carey's Chickens, a B movie with poor prospects, was the next film RKO offered her. <mask> bought out her contract for $75,000 after she turned it down. <mask>'s personal wealth allowed her to be independent, even though many actors were afraid to leave the studio system. She signed on for the third time with Grant to play a stifled society girl who finds joy with her sister's fiancée in the film version of Holiday. The next script offered to <mask> came with a salary that was 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465, less than she had received at the start of her film career. <mask> has emerged with greater rapidity or with more ecstatic acclaim than any other star. No other star has been so unpopular for so long.<mask> created her own comeback vehicle following the decline in her career. She signed on to star in Philip Barry's new play, The Philadelphia Story, after leaving Hollywood to look for a stage project. The character of Tracy Lord was tailored to showcase the actress, with a mixture of humor, aggression, nervousness, and vulnerability. <mask>'s partner at the time, Howard Hughes, bought the film rights to the play before it even appeared on stage. The Philadelphia Story opened in New York at the Shubert Theatre on March 28,

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title: Katharine Hepburn

texts: 1939. It ran for 417 performances and went on a second successful tour. <mask> was approached by several film studios to produce a movie version of Barry's play.She sold the rights to MGM on the condition that she be the star. She received the director of her choice, George Cukor, and also picked James Stewart and Cary Grant as co-stars. <mask> noted before filming began, "I don't want to make a grand entrance in this picture." Moviegoers think I'm too la-di-da. A lot of people want to see me fall. Grant knocked the actress on her backside in the beginning of the film. Berg describes how the character was created to have audiences laugh at her enough that they would eventually sympathize with her, which <mask> felt was crucial in "recreating" her public image.The Philadelphia Story broke records at Radio City Music Hall. All is forgiven, according to the review in Time. It's a picture from the movie "Breakfast at Tiffany's", stated Herb Golden of Variety. The perfect conception of all flighty, but characterful Main Line ladies rolled into one, the story without her is almost impossible. The New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress was won by <mask>, who was nominated for her third Academy Award for Best Actress. <mask> was responsible for the development of the romantic comedy Woman of the Year about a political columnist and a sports reporter whose relationship is threatened by their self-centered independence. Garson Kanin recalled how <mask> contributed to the script when he proposed the idea for the film in 1941.Half of the $250,000 demanded by her was for her and the other half was for the authors. George Stevens and Spencer Tracy were given the director and co-star of <mask>'s choice. On <mask> and Tracy's first day on set, she allegedly told Tracy "I'm too tall for you" to which Tracy replied, "Don't worry Miss <mask>, I'll soon cut you down to my size." It started a relationship on screen and off that lasted until Tracy's death in 1967, with them appearing in eight films together. Woman of the Year was released in 1942. According to Higham, <mask>'s "increasing maturity and polish" was noted by critics. <mask> received a fourth Academy Award nomination.<mask> signed a star contract with MGM during the movie. In 1942, <mask> returned to Broadway to appear in another Philip Barry play, Without Love, which was also written with the actress in mind. With <mask>'s popularity at a high, it ran for 16 sold-out weeks. MGM wanted to make a new picture with Tracy and <mask> and chose Keeper of the Flame. The film was seen by <mask> as an opportunity to make a political statement. The <mask> pair was confirmed by the financial success of it. Since Woman of the Year, <mask> had committed to a romantic relationship with Tracy and dedicated herself to helping the star, who suffered from alcoholism and insomnia.Her career slowed as a result, and she worked less for the rest of the decade than she had done in the 1930s. She played herself in the 1943 film Stage Door Canteen. She played a Chinese peasant in a high-budget drama in 1944. <mask> was excited about the film, but the response waslukewarm and she was described as miscast. She turned down a role in The Razor's Edge to support Tracy when he returned to Broadway. The <mask> picture sold a record number of tickets over the Easter weekend in 1945, despite the poor reviews of Without Love. Undercurrent was <mask>'s next film and it was poorly received.The Sea of Grass was the fourth film with Tracy and was set in the American Old West. Keeper of the Flame and Without Love were both a financial success despite a slow response from critics. Song of Love was portrayed by <mask>. She trained with a pianist. By the time of its release in October, <mask>'s career had been affected by her public opposition to the anti-communist movement in Hollywood. She was not offered a job for nine months and people threw things at the screenings of Song of Love. She agreed to replace Claudette Colbert just days before the shooting of State of the Union began.<mask> was already familiar with the script and stepped up for the fifth <mask> picture because Tracy had long been signed to play the male lead. The film did well at the box-office. In the 1949 film Adam's Rib, Tracy and <mask> appeared together for the third year in a row. The comedy was written for the duo by their friends Garson Kanin and Ruth Gordon. <mask> and me. The most profitable <mask> picture to date was Adam's Rib, which was a hit despite her political views. Bosley Crowther of the New York Times was full of praise for the film.The 1950s saw <mask> take on a series of professional challenges, and stretch herself further than at any other point in her life at an age when most other actresses began to retreat. Berg describes the decade as the heart of her legacy and the period in which she truly came into her own. In January 1950, <mask> played a role in Shakespeare's As You Like It. She wanted to prove that she could play established material, and said, "It's better to try something difficult and flop than to play it safe all the time." It was sold out for almost 150 shows in New York. The production went on a tour. The only leading lady in Hollywood who was performing high- caliber material was <mask>.The African Queen was <mask>'s first movie. At the outbreak of World War I, she played Rose Sayer, a prim spinster living in German East Africa. It was a difficult experience and <mask> became ill during filming. She wrote a memoir about her experience. At the end of 1951, the movie was released to popular support and critical praise, and gave <mask> her fifth Best Actress nomination at the Academy Awards, while also earning Bogart his only Academy Award for Best actor. It was the first successful film she had made since The Philadelphia Story a decade earlier and proved that she could be a hit without Tracy. Pat and Mike was written by Kanin and Gordon and was <mask>'s second film."As I watched Kate playing tennis one day, it occurred to me that her audience was missing a treat," said Kanin. Many of <mask>'s sports did not end up in the film. Pat and Mike was one of the team's most popular and critically acclaimed films, and it was <mask>'s personal favorite of the nine films she made with Tracy. She was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. <mask> appeared in the West End in the summer of 1952 in George Bernard Shaw's The Millionairess. Shaw was a special play for the actress because her parents read it to her when she was a child. Two years of intense work had left <mask> exhausted, and her friend wrote that she was on the verge of a nervous breakdown.The Millionairess was taken to Broadway. It sold out its ten-week run at the Shubert Theatre despite alukewarm response. <mask> tried to get the play adapted into a film, but no studio picked up the project after she offered to work for nothing and pay the director herself. This was the biggest disappointment of her career. <mask> was free to choose her own projects after Spinsters and Shakespeare, the last film she completed on her MGM contract. She committed to David Lean's romantic drama Summertime after two years of resting and traveling. <mask> plays a lonely spinster who has a passionate love affair in the movie.She found it fascinating to work with Lean and described it as a very emotional part. <mask> developed a chronic eye infection after performing a fall into a canal. She was nominated for an Academy Award for her work in the role. It was Lean's favorite film and <mask>'s favorite actress. <mask> spent six months touring Australia with the Old Vic theatre company, playing in The Merchant of Venice, Kate, and Measure for Measure. <mask> earned a lot of praise for her efforts on the tour. <mask> received an Academy Award nomination for the second year in a row for her work in The Rainmaker.It became apparent that <mask> had found a niche in playing "love-starved spinsters" that critics and audiences liked. <mask> said that she was playing her in such roles as The Rainmaker, Summertime, and Rosie Sayer. I was able to play those women because I'm the maiden aunt. The Iron Petticoat, with Bob Hope, was less successful that year. Bosley Crowther called <mask>'s performance "horrible". <mask> thought it was the worst film on her resume. Five years have passed since Tracy and <mask> starred in the comedy Desk Set.It worked as a hybrid of their earlier romantic-comedy successes and <mask>'s spinster persona, but it flopped at the box-office. <mask> went back to Shakespeare. She reprised her role in The Merchant of Venice at the American Shakespeare Theatre in Connecticut. The shows were well received. After two years away from the screen, <mask> starred in a film adaptation of Tennessee Williams' controversial play Suddenly, Last Summer with Elizabeth Taylor and Montgomery Clift. The movie was shot in London and <mask> hated it. During filming, she spat at the director in disgust.<mask> received her eighth Oscar nomination for her work in the picture, which was a financial success. Williams wrote, "Kate is a playwright's dream-actress." She makes dialogue sound better than it is. He wrote The Night of the Iguana with <mask> in mind, but the actress felt the play was wrong for her and declined the part. In the summer of 1960, <mask> played Viola in Twelfth Night and Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra. The New York Post wrote about her, "<mask> offers a highly versatile performance, once or twice going in for her famous mannerisms and always being fascinating to watch." <mask> was proud of her performance.She appeared in Sidney Lumet's film version of Long Day's Journey Into Night. She appeared in the film for a tenth of her salary. She thought her performance in the play was the best of her career, and that she was the most challenging female role in American drama. <mask> was nominated for an Oscar for her performance in Long Day's Journey Into Night. It is one of her best performances. After Long Day's Journey Into Night, <mask> took a break from her career to care for Spencer Tracy. Guess Who's Coming to Dinner was her ninth film with Tracy.The movie dealt with the subject of interracial marriage, with <mask>'s niece playing her daughter. Tracy was dying from heart disease at this point, and her aunt was extremely tense during the production. His last scene was filmed 17 days before he died. <mask>'s most commercially successful picture was Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. She won her second Best Actress Award 34 years after she won her first. The award was given to honor Tracy and <mask> felt it was not just for her. <mask> returned to acting after Tracy's death, choosing to occupy herself as a remedy against grief.She chose to play Eleanor of Aquitaine in The Lion in Winter because she said it was "fascinating". In preparation for the role, she read a lot. She loved filming in Montmajour Abbey in the south of France, even though she was "enormously vulnerable" throughout. Eleanor was said to be the performance of her career by John Russell Taylor of The Times. For the second year in a row, <mask> won the Oscar for Best Actress for her performance in the movie. Her performance in Guess Who's Coming to Dinner earned her a British Academy Film Award for Best Actress. The Madwoman of Chaillot was filmed in Nice immediately after <mask> finished The Lion in Winter.Reviews targeted <mask> for giving a misguided performance because the picture was a failure. In 1969 <mask> starred in a Broadway musical about the life of Coco Chanel. She had never seen a musical before the show. Berg says that she was not a strong singer but found the offer irresistible and made up for it with her talent. The actress took vocal lessons six times a week. She was nervous about every performance and wondered what she was doing. Reviews for the production were mediocre, but <mask> herself was praised, and Coco was popular with the public.She said that Coco marked the first time she accepted that the public was not against her. Her work was nominated for a Tony Award. <mask> was active in film, television, and theatre throughout the 1970s. She traveled to Spain to film a version of The Trojan Women. She said that she wanted to try everything while she still had time, when she was asked why she had taken the role. The Kansas City Film Critics Circle named <mask>'s performance the best from an actress that year, even though the movie was poorly received. She was unhappy with the early versions of the script and took to rewrite it herself.<mask> abandoned the project because the studio disliked her changes. Her next film, an adaptation of Edward Albee's A Delicate Balance, had a small release and received generally unfavorable reviews. <mask> made her television debut in a production of The Glass Menagerie. It was one of the main television events of the year, scoring high in the ratings, despite being wary of the medium. <mask> was nominated for an award for playing a Southern mother on the small screen. Her next project was a movie with her friend, Love Among the Ruins. It received high ratings and positive reviews and earned <mask> an award.The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award was presented to Lawrence Weingarten by <mask>. She received a standing ovation, and joked with the audience, "I'm very happy I didn't hear anyone call out, 'It's about time'." She and John Wayne reprised their roles in the sequel to True Grit. <mask> reprised her role as a spinster who teams up with a man to avenge a family member's death. The movie received mediocre reviews. The casting was enough to draw some people to the box office, but it did not meet studio expectations and was only moderately successful. In 1976, <mask> returned to Broadway for a three-month run of A Matter of Gravity.The role of an eccentric woman. Despite poor reviews, Basil was popular despite being a perfect showcase for the actress. It went on a nationwide tour. <mask> fractured her hip but continued the tour in a wheelchair. She won "Favorite Motion Picture Actress" at the People's Choice Awards. <mask> starred in the film Olly Olly Oxen Free after three years away from the screen. James Prideaux, who wrote the script for the adventure comedy, later wrote that it "died at the moment of release" and was <mask>'s "lost film".The opportunity to ride in a hot-air balloon was the main reason <mask> had done it. The Corn Is Green was filmed in Wales. It was <mask>'s last film with George Cukor and she got a third nomination. <mask> had a permanent shaking head by the 1980s. She didn't work for two years, she said in a television interview. She was impressed by the depiction of an elderly married couple dealing with the difficulties of old age in the Broadway production On Golden Pond. Jane Fonda and <mask> both wanted to play opposite Henry Fonda in the film.The second highest-grossing film of 1981 was On Golden Pond. <mask> gave a lively singing performance as she dived fully into the lake. The film won four Academy Awards. After James Stewart and Humphrey Bogart, Henry Fonda was the third male screen legend to win an Academy Award for his role in the movie. The sentimental win was a tribute to <mask>'s enduring career according to Homer Dickens. In 1981 <mask> came back to the stage. She received a second Tony nomination for her portrayal of a septuagenarian widow in The West Side Waltz.The role was "an obvious and entirely acceptable version of <mask>'s own public image", according to Variety. "One mysterious thing she has learned to do is breathe unchallengeable life into lifeless lines," wrote Walter Kerr of The New York Times. She wanted to make a film out of the production, but nobody bought the rights. <mask>'s reputation as one of America's best loved actors was firmly established by this point, as she was named favorite movie actress in a survey by People magazine and again won the popularity award from People's Choice. In 1984 <mask> starred in the dark-comedy Grace Quigley, the story of

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title: Katharine Hepburn

texts: an elderly woman who enlisted a hitman to kill her. The box-office was poor even though <mask> found humor in the morbid theme. In 1985 she presented a documentary about Spencer Tracy.The majority of <mask>'s roles from this point were in television movies, which did not receive the critical praise of her earlier work in the medium, but remained popular with audiences. <mask> declared her final screen appearance with each release, but continued to take on new roles. She was nominated for an Emmy in 1986 for her work on Mrs. Delafield wants to Marry and returned two years later for a comedy with her grandniece. <mask>'s memoir, Me: Stories of My Life, topped best-seller lists for over a year. She received a Golden Globe nomination for her role in The Man Upstairs in 1992. This Can't Be Love was based on <mask>'s own life, with many references to her personality and career. Critics have remarked that <mask> was essentially playing herself in these roles, which were described as a fictional version of the typically feisty <mask> character.Love Affair was <mask>'s first film in nine years and her final film in a theatrically released film. She played a supporting role with Annette Bening and Warren Beatty. It was the only film of <mask>'s career that she did not play a leading role in. It was the first time she had looked frail, but Roger Ebert said her scenes "steal the show". "If she moved more slowly than before, in demeanor, she was as game and modern as she had ever been," said a writer for The New York Times. <mask> was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award at 87 years old for her role in One Christmas. <mask> was known for being fiercely private, and would not give interviews or talk to fans for much of her career.She distanced herself from the celebrity lifestyle and wore casual clothes that went against convention in an era of glamour. She rarely appeared in public, even avoiding restaurants, and once wrestled a camera out of a photographer's hand when he took a picture without asking. She admitted that she would not have liked the press to ignore her completely, despite her zeal for privacy. <mask> became more open with the public when she spoke on The Dick Cavett Show in 1973. <mask>'s relentless energy and enthusiasm for life are often cited in biographies, while a headstrong independence became key to her celebrity status. Her friend Garson Kanin likened her to a schoolmistress because of her self-assuredness. Her aunt could be "maddeningly self-righteous and bossy".<mask> confessed to being a person early in life. She thought she was having a happy nature because she had been so lucky. While she was demanding, <mask> retained a sense of humility and humanity, according to A. Scott Berg. The actress was 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 According to her 1993 documentary All About Me, she was still playing tennis in her eighties. Later in life, she became enamored with painting. Hepburn told an interviewer, "I always say be on the affirmative and liberal side."Don't be a no person. She joined the Committee for the First Amendment because of the anti-Communist attitude in 1940s Hollywood. <mask> denied being a Communist sympathizer, despite her name being mentioned at the hearings. She supported the legal right to abortion later in life. She said she was a "dedicated Democrat". Albert Schweitzer's theory of "Reverence for Life" was practiced by her, but she didn't believe in religion or the afterlife. <mask> told a journalist in 1991 that he was an unbeliever.I don't believe there's anything we can know except to be kind to each other and do what we can for other people. The American Humanist Association gave her the Humanist Arts Award in 1985. For her first acting role in the play "The Woman in the Moon," <mask> insisted that her character not wear shoes. She wore slacks and sandals for TV interviews. She said that the stocking situation drove her out of skirts. <mask>'s only marriage was to a Philadelphia businessman who she met while she was a student. They were married on December 12, 1928, when he was 29 and she was 21.She wanted Smith to change his name so that she wouldn't be called Kate Smith. She prioritized her career over the marriage. In 1934, she traveled to Mexico to get a quick divorce after the couple moved to Hollywood. In her autobiography, <mask> called herself a terrible pig for exploiting Smith's love, and she expressed her gratitude towards Smith for his financial and moral support in the early days of her career. They were friends until his death. Although they were both married, <mask> began a relationship with her agent after moving to California. The actress declined the proposal because she liked the idea of being her own single self.Four years was the length of the affair. <mask> began a relationship with Howard Hughes while she was on tour. Cary Grant introduced her to him a year earlier. <mask> stayed focused on resurrecting her failing career even though Hughes wished to marry her. When <mask> left Hollywood, they separated. <mask> made a conscious decision not to have children. She said that she was not willing to make a full-time commitment to being a mother.She told Berg that she would have been a terrible mother because she was so selfish. She was able to have children of her own through her younger siblings. <mask> joked about rumors that she was a lesbian or bisexual. William J. Mann argued in his biography that this was the case. "I've never found any evidence that she was a lesbian," she said. Liz Smith, who was a close friend, testified in a documentary that she was. Spencer Tracy was <mask>'s co-star in nine films.She wrote that she had a unique feeling for Tracy. I would have done anything for him. Lauren Bacall wrote about how blinded she was by <mask>'s love for the actor. One of Hollywood's legendary love affairs has been publicized. When they met in 1941, Tracy was initially wary of <mask> because she thought she was a lesbian, but <mask> said she found him irresistible. Tracy was married throughout their relationship. Although he and his wife Louise had been living separate lives since the 1930s, there was never an official split and neither party pursued a divorce.<mask> never fought for marriage. It had to remain private because Tracy wanted to hide his relationship with <mask> from his wife. They were careful not to be seen in public together. <mask> described Tracy as "tortured" and she devoted herself to making his life easier. According to reports from people who saw them together, <mask>'s demeanor changed when she was around Tracy. Tracy became dependent on her because she mothered and obeyed him. In the 1950s when <mask> was frequently abroad for career commitments, they spent a lot of time apart.In the 1960s, Tracy's health declined and <mask> took a break from her career to care for him. She was with Tracy when he died on June 10, 1967. She didn't attend Tracy's funeral out of consideration for his family. After Louise Tracy's death in 1983, <mask> began to speak about her feelings for her frequent co-star. She said she didn't know why she stayed with Tracy for so long. I can only say that I wouldn't have left him. She said she didn't know how he felt about her, and that they had been together for 27 years.<mask> stated in her eighties that she had no fear of death. It must be wonderful, like a long sleep. She was hospitalized for exhaustion in March 1993 after her final screen appearance. She was hospitalized in the winter of 1996 with pneumonia. It was feared that she would die by 1997, as she became very weak and was speaking and eating very little. She had signs of dementia in her final years. An aggressive tumor was found in <mask>'s neck.She died from a heart attack on June 29, 2003 a month after her 96th birthday at the <mask> family home in Connecticut. She was buried in a cemetery. There was no memorial service requested by <mask>. The death of <mask> received a lot of attention. Newspapers and magazines dedicated issues to the actress, and many tributes were held on television. Bush said <mask> would be remembered as one of the nation's artistic treasures. The lights of Broadway were turned off on July 1, 2003 in honor of her extensive theatre work.<mask>'s belongings were put up for auction in New York City in 2004. The event made $5.8 million. <mask> was not an instinctive actor according to reports. She liked to study the text and character thoroughly, rehearse as much as possible, and film multiple takes of a scene. She had a genuine passion for acting and wanted to learn as much as she could. She learned her own lines as well as those of her co-stars. Stanley Kramer said, "Work, work, work."She can work until everyone stops. <mask> was involved in the production of each of her films, making suggestions for the script and stating her opinion on everything from costumes to lighting to camerawork. The characters <mask> played were often strong and independent. These tough characters were revealed to have a hidden vulnerability. According to Garson Kanin, the formula for a <mask> success is a high-class, stuck-up girl who is brought down to earth. It seems to have worked many times. <mask> embodied the "contradictions" of the nature and status of women, and the strong females she depicts are eventually "restored to a safe position within the status quo".Molly Haskell commented on the importance of this to <mask>'s career: With an intimidating presence, it was necessary that her characters "do some kind of self-abasement, to stay on the good side of the audience". <mask> is one of the most celebrated American actresses, but she has also been criticized for not being versatile. <mask> admitted that her on-screen persona closely matched her real personality. She told a journalist in 1991 that she was the same. I liked the material that showed my personality. David Macaray said, "Ask yourself if she's not playing, essentially, the same part over and over again, if she's not an icon, let's not confuse a fascinating and unique woman with that." She was criticized for her demeanor being too cold.<mask> is an influential cultural figure. She was included in the book Women Who Changed The World, which honors 50 women who helped shape world history and culture. "300 Women Who Changed the World", Ladies Home Journals book 100 Most Important Women of the 20th century, and Variety magazine's " 100 Icons of the Century" are just a few of the things she's been named in. The American Film Institute named <mask> the greatest American screen legend. According to one of <mask>'s biographers, she "broke the mold" for women in Hollywood, where she brought a new breed of strong- willed females to the screen. Andrew Britton studied <mask>'s "key presence within classical Hollywood, a consistent, potentially radical disturbance", and pinpointed her "central" influence in bringing feminist issues to the screen. <mask>'s lifestyle was ahead of her time, coming to symbolize the "modern woman" and playing a part in changing gender attitudes.<mask> provided an image of an assertive woman whom females could watch and learn from, according to Horton and Simmons. Jeanine Basinger stated after <mask>'s death that she was a new kind of hero. She did not rely on that. More than a movie star, <mask> was the patron saint of the independent American female according to Mary McNamara, an entertainment journalist and reviewer for the Los Angeles Times. She was not universally revered by feminists, who were angered by her public declaration that women " cannot have it all", meaning a family and a career. When it was a radical move for a woman to wear trousers, <mask> was the first to do so. Fans began to imitate her clothing after she helped make trousers acceptable for women.She received a lifetime achievement award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 1986 for her influence on women's fashion. The African Queen, The Philadelphia Story, Bringing Up Baby, and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner are four of <mask>'s films that have become classics of American cinema. Adam's Rib and Woman of the Year were included in the list. Her voice is one of the most distinctive in film history. <mask> has been honored with several memorial. In 1997 a garden was dedicated in her name at the Turtle Bay community in New York City. The intersection of East 49th Street and 2nd Avenue was renamed after <mask>.The center was launched three years later by the alma mater of <mask>. It encourages women to address important issues affecting their gender and is dedicated to an actress and her mother. The center awards the annual Katharine Hepburn Medal, which "recognizes women whose lives, work and contributions embody the intelligence, drive and independence of the four-time-Oscar-winning actress" and whose award recipients "are chosen on the basis of their commitment and contributions to the <mask> women The location of the <mask> family beach home is where the Katharine Hepburn Cultural Arts Center is located. There is a performance space and a museum in the building. The New York Public Library and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences hold <mask>'s personal papers. The New York collection, which documents <mask>'s theatrical career, was the subject of an exhibition in 2009.There have been exhibitions to show <mask>'s career. A celebration of Kate's life was held at the National Portrait Gallery in Washington. A selection of her film and theatre costumes were on display at Kent State University. The "Legends of Hollywood" stamp series honored <mask> with her own postal stamp. The British Film Institute held a retrospective of <mask>'s work. Matthew Lombardo wrote a one-woman play about Characterizations <mask>. After being labeled "box office poison" in the first act, <mask> reflects on her life and career in the second act.It was shown at the Hartford Stage. Kate Mulgrew portrays <mask> in Tea at Five. The first act of the play was eliminated and the second act was expanded in a new version of the play. In 1977 and 1980, Mearle Ann Taylor portrayed <mask> in two different movies. <mask> won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Howard Hughes in The Aviator. This is the first instance in which the portrayal of an Academy Award-winning actress won an Academy Award. <mask> appeared in 44 feature films, 8 television movies, and 33 plays during her 66-year career.Her movie career included screwball comedies, period dramas, and the adaptation of works by top American playwrights. She appeared on the stage in every decade from the 1920s to the 1980s, performing plays by Shakespeare and Shaw, and a Broadway musical. <mask> won four Academy Awards, the record number for a performer, and received a total of 12 Oscar. <mask> has the record for the longest time between first and last Oscar nominations, at 48 years. She received two awards and five nominations from the British Academy Film Awards, one award and six nominations from the Emmy Awards, eight Golden Globe nominations, two Tony Award nominations, and awards from the Cannes Film Festival, Venice Film Festival, the New York Film Critics Circle Awards, the People's In 1979 <mask> was in the American Theater Hall of Fame. In 1979 she received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild and in 1990 she received the Kennedy Center

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title: Elmer H. Geran

texts: From 1923 to 1925, <mask> was an American Democratic Party politician. <mask> was born in Matawan, New Jersey on October 24, 1875, where he attended the public schools and the Glenwood Military Academy of Matawan, New Jersey. He graduated from New York Law School in 1901 and from Peddie Institute in 1895. He was admitted to the New Jersey bar in 1901. He was an attorney for a long time. He was known for his speeches on banking. The Annual Convention for NJ Banking Association was held in Atlantic City, NJ.He ran for the Assembly instead of the state senate after withdrawing from the race in August of 1911. He was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1912 to 1912 and a member of the New Jersey State Water Supply Commission from 1912 to 1915. <mask> was a member of the Assembly in 1916 and 1917 and served as the minority leader. He was the Sheriff of New Jersey from 1917 to 1920. The sale of liquor in 1920 was an odd event during his tenure as sheriff. He was ordered by a New Jersey court to sell off the effects of a bar. Most of the effects of the bar were alcohol-related.He was able to legally sell his holdings during prohibition. He was a candidate for Governor of New Jersey in 1918 but decided not to run. He was appointed the U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey in 1920. He was associated with the enforcement of the federal law against dissemination of motion pictures of a fight. The fight was in Jersey City in July of 1921. <mask> was asked to resign by the Attorney General on December 16, 1921. The Attorney General wanted a Republican to hold the office.In 1921, <mask> resumed the practice of law in New Jersey. <mask> was a Democrat from March 4, 1923 to March 3, 1925. He attended the 1924 Democratic National Convention. He was unsuccessful in his bid for reelection in 1924. After leaving Congress, <mask> resumed the practice of his profession. He became Vice President of the New Jersey Gravel & Sand Co. in 1927. The New Jersey Sand and Gravel Producers Association advocated the use of New Jersey materials in state highway construction.He was shown as the manager of a sand and gravel plant in the 1940 Federal Census. He died at his home, Glen Geran Farm, in the Morganville section of Marlboro Township, New Jersey on January 12, 1954. The <mask> <mask> worked for the Gov. The way elections were handled in New Jersey was changed by the election reform laws drafted by Wilson. The legislation reform was seen as an anti-corruption act for voting. Wilson had a program. The bill requires county clerks to mail sample ballots to voters before an election.Business Interests Geran was one of the 5 principals of The Western Telephone and Telegraph Company. AT&T had a holding company called WT&T from 1901 to 1911. AT&T absorbed the WT&T in a stock purchase of three shares of AT&T for four shares of WT&T. The Accidental Company was incorporated on January 23, 1901 under the laws of 1896. The company was set up to do business outside the state of New Jersey. The Vandalia Coal Company was founded in 1905. In the mid-west, Vandalia Coal Company owned and operated mines.He was part of a group that incorporated Lind & Company in 1909. The company specialized in buying land and building mines. He started the Bankers Organization in 1910. A general real estate and investment business was run by the company. He was the director of the water company. The water was mostly from New Jersey and sold on Staten Island. Prior to becoming an Assemblyman, he resigned his position in this company.He said it may have been seen as a conflict of interest. The Matawan Bank closed its doors in 1931 after exhausting its cash funds. He discovered that there was "unscrupulous trading of company stock" by the Board of Directors when he was president of the City Mortgage Company. He was president of the Central Jersey Sand and Gravel Company when it went into insolvency. The Political Graveyard has links to Sheriffs of New Jersey, New Jersey lawyers, New Jersey Democrats, and the United States House of Representatives.

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title: Kent Hovind

texts: <mask><mask> was born on January 15, 1953. He is a controversial figure in the Young Earth creationist movement, whose ministry focuses on denial of scientific theories in the fields of biology, geophysics, and cosmology in favor of a literalist interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative found in the Bible. Hovind's views, which combine elements of creation science and conspiracy theory, are dismissed by the scientific community as fringe theory and pseudo-scholarship. Answers in Genesis criticized him for his continued use of discredited arguments in the Young Earth Creationist movement. Creation Science Evangelism (CSE) and Dinosaur Adventure Land were established by Hovind. He spoke about Young Earth creationism on radio and television. Eric Hovind took over operation of the business after his father, Hovind, began serving a ten-year prison sentence for federal convictions for failing to pay taxes, obstructing federal agents, and structuring cash transactions.Hovind was found guilty of domestic violence against his wife. Hovind became a born-again Christian at the age of 16. He graduated from East Peoria Community High School in 1971. He obtained a Bachelor of Religious Education from Midwestern Baptist College in 1974 after entering Illinois Central College. Between 1977 and 1979 he and his wife had three children. Hovind was an assistant pastor and teacher at three private Baptist schools. Jo earned a bachelor's degree in music and a master's degree in sacred music at Pensacola Christian College after moving to Florida with her family in 1989.He started selling books, video tapes, and fossils on his web site in 1998. Hovind hosted a daily internet radio talk show and established Dinosaur Adventure Land while he was in prison. Eric Hovind traveled to present his arguments and seminars. <mask> and Jo divorced. Hovind received a master's degree and doctorate in Christian Education from the same university in 1988 and 1991. The school is called Patriot University. Some academics are interested in how Hovind presents his education and credentials.He has no training in paleontology and has degrees from unaccredited institutions. Barbara Forrest, a professor of philosophy, expert on the history of creationism and activist in the creation–evolution controversy, wrote that Hovind's lack of training makes academic discussion impossible and that his understanding of historical and scientific research is deficient. Karen Bartelt, an organic chemistry professor who debated Hovind, examined Hovind's thesis and found it incomplete, contains numerous spelling errors, lacks references, shows flawed reasoning, and states that it does not present any original research. Creation Science Evangelism was established by Hovind in 1989. His son Eric joined Creation Science Evangelism as a speaker and his daughter Marlissa was training to become Hovind's secretary. The relationship between Faith Baptist Fellowship of Hawthorne, Florida and CSE lasted until 2002. Hovind set up a series of entities in 2003 with the help of Glenn Stoll, a promoter of tax-avoidance schemes.The trusts had business licenses from the "Kingdom of Heaven". The Unregistered Baptist Fellowship is a group of about 100 churches that share a "theology of Christian resistance" to civil governments. The highly favorable 501(c)3 status, which makes donations tax deductible and exempts them from income tax, but not FICA taxes, is rejected by the UBF because they consider it an acknowledgement of government authority over the church. Hovind likened his ministry's status to that of the Vatican City State, because governmental authority stops at the threshold of the church. An IRS criminal investigator made a sworn statement that the organization did not have a business license and did not have tax-exempt status when the federal government obtained a search warrant in 2004. Eric Hovind took over Creation Science Evangelism after Hovind was sentenced to ten years in prison for 58 felony counts. God Quest Inc. was incorporated in July of 2007, with Eric Hovind as president.In June 2008, Eric announced that the CSE website would incorporate the CSE blog and change format allowing for "only positive comments" about Hovind, and in late 2011, Creation Science Evangelism's DrDino.com website was redirecting to CreationToday.org. Creation Today is a ministry of God Quest, Inc., with a focus on creation, apologetics and evangelism. Dinosaur Adventure Land was started in 2001 by Hovind and is a young Earth creationist theme park. The slogan is "Where Dinosaurs and the Bible meet!" The facility on roughly seven acres had an indoor "Science Center" and an outdoor space with a variety of simple dinosaur-themed rides and activities, each of which was tied to a religious message. The "Jumpasaurus" was a trampoline next to a basketball hoop, and the message was that one has to be coordinated to do more for Jesus. 38,000 people attended the annual event.Humans and dinosaurs co-existed in the last 4,000–6,000 years and there is a depiction of the Loch Ness Monster in the park. The park claims that a few small dinosaurs still roam the planet, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center. The park is "deceptive on many levels" according to a 2004 Skeptical Inquirer article. In Reports of the National Center for Science Education, George Allan Alderman described it as a playground with a few exhibits, fiberglass dinosaurs, a climbing wall, and a couple of buildings. He said it was "shabby". The owners of the venture did not get a building permit in 2002. The building in question was closed in April of 2006In July 2009, the courts ruled that the properties could be seized and sold to satisfy criminal penalties. Dinosaur Adventure Land, which was not a 501(c)(3) organization, failed to have the law expanded to include a property tax exemption for parks that used to exhibit, illustrate, and interpret biblical manuscripts. A judge allowed the government to seize the park in July of 2009. Dinosaur Adventure Land's website was closed in August of 2009, and the Creation Store re-opened in November of 2010. Plans for a new Dinosaur Adventure Land with a model dinosaur that would be the largest in the state was discussed in April 2016 by Hovind. A 140-acre parcel of land in Alabama was donated by a supporter. Volunteers started work in June 2016 and it opened in April of last year.Donations, book and DVD sales are some of the revenue streams of Dinosaur Adventure Land. It does not have an admission charge or liability insurance. The facilities include a science center, a campground, a four-wheeler park, and church services. A seven-year-old boy drowned at the park on March 15, 2020. In the book Unmasking the False Religion of Evolution, Hovind presented a version of young Earth creationism called the Hovind Theory. The plausibility of the Hovind Theory has been criticized by other young Earth creationists. Prior to the fall of man, the dinosaurs and humans coexisted and the rex was a vegetarian.The early-20th-century vapor canopy concept of a protective shield made Earth a relative paradise between the expulsion from Paradise and Noah's flood. The flood is a function of nature. Noah's family and two of every kind of animal boarded Noah's Ark before a meteorite hit the Earth. The impact craters on the moon and other solar system bodies were caused by fragments from the meteor. The mammoths were buried by snow in the North and South Poles because of the Earth's magnetic field. The "fountains of the deep" were released by the ice on the poles. According to Hovind, these events caused an ice age and made the Earth wobble around.The dead animals and plants became oil, coal, and fossils after the flood. When the plates shifted during the last months of the flood, ocean basins and mountain ranges formed. The Grand Canyon was formed in a few weeks. Answers in Genesis published a 2002 position paper titled "Arguments we think creationists should not use", which was a rare case of open dissent within the movement over the substance of creation science. After Hovind issued a point-by-point rebuttal, Carl, Ken, and Jonathan of AiG wrote that the claims made by Hovind were "fraudulent" and contained "mistakes in facts and logic which do the creationist cause no good." In particular, AiG criticized Hovind for "persistently us[ing] discredited or false arguments" as well as "fraudulent claims" from Ron Wyatt, and described one of Hovind's claims as "self- refuting". In 2005, AiG split into U.S. and Australian chapters.The U.S. branch, led by Ken Ham, removed content critical of Hovind from their website. In 2009, CMI said that they had relaxed their stance because some of Hovind's claims had been removed from the website. Greg Neyman, an old-Earth creationist who runs the Old Earth Ministries website (renamed from Answers in Creation), wrote that Hovind's articles about humans and dinosaurs coexisting are not supported by evidence and that they "embarrass the young earth creation science community as a To the Orthodox Jewish creationist, Hovind's approach relies on a strict reading of the King James translation. Hovind relies on a direct reading of English to understand the Hebrew. According to Hovind, the word dinosaur, which was introduced to English in 1841, refers to a dragon. The meaning of dragon is serpent or crocodile.According to anti-evolution claims, Darwinism produced Communism, Socialism, Nazism, abortion, and the New Age movement. Although the Trail of Tears preceded Origin of Species, he blamed the forced Cherokee resettling on a belief in evolution. biology textbooks are lying in order to brainwash youth according to Hovind. He said that evolution theory is being used to make children go to hell. Hovind claims he is not trying to eliminate evolution from schools. In order to create "missing link" transitional fossils to support human evolution, the Smithsonian has 33,000 sets of human remains in its basement, some taken alive, according to Hovind. In an interview prior to speaking at Kent State University, Hovind said "You should have another rebellion here at Kent State and do it for the right reason" and "This time, don't get shot."Hovind co-authored Claws, Jaws, and Dinosaurs with William Gibbons, a Creationist who believes that discovering a cryptid would undermine evolutionary theory and that dinosaurs were dragons. The Loch Ness Monster and Beowulf were displayed as history rather than legend at Dinosaur Adventure Land. Hovind was a prolific debater. While Hovind campaigns against evolution, the level of support for evolution is universal within the scientific community and academia; support for creationism is minimal among scientists in general, and virtually nonexistent among those in the relevant fields: biology, paleontology, geology, etc. Young Earth Creationists, like C. A. Chinn and L. A. Buckland, like to focus on winning by rhetoric rather than examining evidence. In 1993, Hovind announced that he would be debating the renowned evolutionary biologist, Stephen Jay Gould, who had a longstanding opposition to debating Creationists. Gould said he had never heard of Hovind and didn't agree to debate.In 2004, Hovind was debated in front of a mostly creationist audience. Unless there is a subject that is truly debatable with a format that is fair, in a forum that is balanced, it only serves to belittle both the magisterium. Massimo Pigliucci expressed surprise at Hovind's lack of knowledge of evolutionary theory. Hovind tried to convince the audience that evolutionists believe humans came from rocks. William Reville wrote that Hovind's ideas are not rational or scientific because they are not testable. Dave Thomas offered a debate where Hovind's claims would be scrutinized by scientists, but he declined. "I would like to know how fast the train was going that hit that Chimpanzees," Hovind said during a debate with Farrell Till.This was contrary to what was published. Hovind agreed to stop using the claim after he was told that his statement was false. He agreed he was in error when he repeated the claim in 1995. $250,000 offer In 1990, Hovind made a $10,000 offer to anyone who could meet a set of requirements he said would prove evolution, and later raised the amount to $250,000. The offer was removed from the website in 2007. Scientists and creationists reject the premises of Hovind's offer as fundamentally flawed. The theory of evolution, as well as abiogenesis, astrophysics and cosmology, are all required by Hovind's conditions.It is possible that no panel was convened when a claim was submitted because the judges would be hand-picked. Before judging, some forms of evidence would be excluded. The challenge was dismissed by Answers in Genesis. A 2005 challenge on Boing Boing offered $250,000 to anyone who could prove that the Flying Spaghetti Monster was not the father of Jesus. In 1999, a pastor asked the school board to add Creationism to the curriculum. The school board chairman's actions raised issues when, in his capacity as a citizen, he helped fund a series of seminars by Hovind, but he was within ethical guidelines. There was controversy when a school employee was sent to videotape the lectures.There was no change to the curriculum. Arkansas state Representative Jim Holt's Anti-Evolution Bill was criticized for Hovind's involvement. The bill would have required public schools to refer to evolution as a theory. When the state's balanced-treatment law was struck down, opponents of the bill worried that it would be subjected to the same kind of ridicule. Holt called upon Hovind as an expert who "testified for Holt before the State Agencies and Governmental Affairs Committee, alleging much of the information pertaining to evolution in our science textbooks is false." The Louisiana Family Forum was directed to develop a plan to promote better science education by David Vitter. A battle plan by <mask>d was included on their website.The document that blamed evolution for atrocities by Hitler, Stalin, and Pol Pot was removed from the website after a reporter inquired. There was an amendment to the bill. The most widely distributed antievolution work, Big Daddy?, was first published in 1972 and revised several times; it is one of the controversial Chick tracts, comic strips intended to convert people to fundamentalist Christianity. The 2000 revision included material from Hovind. Politics and conspiracy theories have been made controversial by Hovind. Christian Fundamentalism and conspiracy theories are included in his presentations on creationism and evolution. He claims that creationism is not taught in public schools because of a New World Order conspiracy that includes the British Royal Family, Ted Turner and the American Civil Liberties Union.The implementation of the NWO's world-domination plan was May 5, 2000. Several conspiracy theories have been promoted by Hovind. He claims that the U.S. government was behind the 9/11 attacks. Hovind recommends books by conspiracy theorists who think the U.S. Government is behind some of the unexplained phenomena. The Southern Poverty Law Center criticized Hovind for referring to books by a tax protester who has been convicted of tax evasion multiple times. Hovind's followers were pointed to Citizens Rule Book, an antigovernment magazine with strong antisemitic leanings, and to Media Bypass, an antigovernment magazine with strong antisemitic leanings, by the SPLC. According to Hovind,

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