title: Oscar Wilde

texts: <mask>'<mask> was an Irish poet and playwright. He was one of the most popular playwrights in London in the early 1890s. He is best known for his plays, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, and his criminal conviction for gross indecency for consensual homosexual acts in one of the first celebrity trials. <mask>'s parents lived in Dublin. <mask> learned to speak French and German. <mask> showed himself to be an exceptional classicist after reading Greats at Trinity College Dublin. The philosophy of aestheticism was led by two of his tutors, Walter Pater and John Ruskin.<mask> moved to London after university. As a spokesman for aestheticism, he published a book of poems, lectured in the United States and Canada on the new "English Renaissance in Art", and then returned to London where he worked as a journalist. <mask> was one of the best-known people of his day and he was known for his biting wit. He incorporated themes of decadence, duplicity, and beauty into his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, at the turn of the 1890s, after refining his ideas about the supremacy of art in a series of dialogues and essays. <mask> was drawn to write drama because of the chance to create aesthetic details precisely and combine them with larger social themes. While in Paris, he wrote a novel that was refused a licence for England due to a prohibition on the portrayal of biblical subjects on the English stage. <mask> produced four society comedies in the early 1890s, which made him one of the most successful playwrights of late-Victorian London.<mask> prosecuted the Marquess of Queensberry for criminal libel at the height of his fame and success. Lord Alfred Douglas was <mask>'s lover. <mask> dropped his charges after the libel trial unearthed evidence that led to his trial for gross indecency with men. He was sentenced to two years' hard labour, the maximum penalty, and was jailed from 1895 to 1897 after two more trials. In his last year in prison, he wrote De Profundis, a letter about his spiritual journey through his trials, forming a dark counterpoint to his earlier philosophy of pleasure. He left immediately for France and never returned to Ireland or Britain. There was a place where he wrote his last work, The Ballad of Reading Gaol.<mask> was the second of three children born to an Anglo-Irish couple, Jane and Sir <mask>. <mask> was two years younger than <mask>. <mask> was a niece of the novelist, playwright and clergyman Charles Maturin, who may have influenced her own literary career. She wrote poetry for the Young Irelanders under the name "Speranza" and was a lifelong Irish nationalist. The Young Irelanders' poetry was read to <mask> and Willie by <mask>. The paintings and busts of ancient Greece and Rome were in her home. <mask>, Ireland's leading oto-ophthalmologic surgeon, was knighted in 1864 for his services as medical adviser and assistant commissioner to the censuses of Ireland.He wrote books about peasant folklore. The Dublin Eye and Ear Hospital was founded by a renowned philanthropist at the rear of Trinity College Dublin. <mask> was descended from Colonel <mask>, who went to Ireland with King William of Orange's army in 1690, as well as many Anglo-Irish ancestors. <mask>'s mother's bricklayer from County Durham migrated to Ireland in the 17th century. <mask> was christened in the local Church of Ireland in Dublin. The records were moved to the St. Ann's Church when the church was closed. Father Prideaux Fox befriended <mask>'s mother in the 19th century.<mask> would take her sons with her to Mass at Fox's chapel in Glencree, Wicklow, according to Fox's testimony. Father Fox was asked to baptise her sons. I am not sure if she ever became a Catholic herself but it was not long before she asked me to instruct two of her children, one of them being the future erratic genius, <mask>. Lady <mask> was present on the occasion of thebaptism of the two children. In addition to his two full siblings, <mask> had three half siblings who were born out of wedlock before the marriage of his father: Henry Wilson, born in 1838 to one woman, and Emily and <mask>, born in 1847 and 1849, respectively. Sir William provided for the education of his illegitimate or "natural" children and arranged for them to be reared by his relatives rather than with his legitimate children in his family household. The family moved to No. in the 19th century.<mask>'s sister was born in Merrion Square. She was named after Iseult of Ireland, wife of Mark of Cornwall and lover of the Cornish knight. She shared her mother's name with her aunt's name. <mask> was very close to her and she died at the age of nine. Isola lit up their lives like a golden ray of sunshine. The <mask>s' new home was bigger. The house became a site of a "unique medical and cultural milieu" with both his parents' success and delight in social life.They had guests at their salon that included Samuel Ferguson. <mask> was educated at home by a French nursemaid and a German governess. He attended Portora Royal School with his brother Willie. <mask> impressed his peers with his funny and inventive school stories, even though he was not as popular as his older brother. He claimed that his fellow students thought he was a "prodigy" for his ability to read two facing pages at the same time and consume a three-volume book in half an hour. He ranked fourth in the school in the subject of Classics and excelled academically. The Carpenter Prize for Greek Testament was one of the prizes he won.He won a Royal School scholarship to Trinity in 1871. <mask> summers at the villa, Moytura House, which was built by his father. <mask> and Willie played with George Moore. Isola died at a young age. <mask> left Portora with a royal scholarship to read classics at Trinity College. He was placed with scholars such as R. Y. Tyrell and Professor J. P. Mahaffy, who inspired his interest in Greek literature. <mask> worked with Mahaffy on a book.<mask> said Mahaffy was his first and best teacher and the scholar who showed him how to love Greek things. <mask> was the only blot on Mahaffy's tutorship. The University Philosophical Society provided an education, as members discussed intellectual and artistic subjects such as Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Algernon Charles Swinburne weekly. The members' suggestion book for 1874 contains two pages of banter mocking <mask>'s aestheticism. The paper he presented was called "Aesthetic Morality". <mask> won the Berkeley Gold medal in Greek, the University's highest academic award, after coming first in his class in his first year at Trinity. He was encouraged to apply for a scholarship to Magdalen College, Oxford, which he won easily.He applied to join the Oxford Union but failed to be elected after reading Greats from 1874 to 1878. <mask> was raised to the "Sublime Degree of Master Mason" after he petitioned the Apollo Masonic Lodge at Oxford. He said he would be very sorry to give up Freemasonry if he left the Protestant Heresy. <mask> allowed his membership in the Apollo University Lodge to lapse because he failed to pay his subscriptions. He discussed converting to Catholicism with the clergy several times. After an audience with Pope Pius IX in Rome, <mask> was left speechless. He eagerly read the books of Cardinal Newman, a noted Anglican priest who had converted to Catholicism and risen in the church hierarchy.He became more serious when he met the Reverend Sebastian Bowden, a priest who had received some high-profile converts. Neither his father, who threatened to cut off his funds, nor Mahaffy thought much of the plan; but <mask>, the supreme individualist, objected at the last minute from pledging himself to any formal creed, and on the appointed day of his baptism into Catholicism, sent Father Bowden a bunch <mask> had an interest in Catholic theology and liturgy. <mask> was well known for his role in the decadent movements. He decorated his rooms with peacock feathers, lilies, sunflowers, blue china and other items and wore his hair long. He once said to friends, "I find it harder and harder every day to live up to my blue china." The line quickly became famous, accepted as a slogan by aesthetes, but used against them by critics who felt it was a terrible vacuousness.The aesthetes' attitudes and showy costumes became a recognised pose after some elements disdained them. <mask> was attacked by a group of fellow students and dealt with them single-handedly, surprising critics. By his third year <mask> had begun to develop himself and his myth, and considered his learning to be more expansive than what was in the prescribed texts. He was rusticated for one term after returning late from a trip to Greece with Mahaffy. <mask> was enthralled by Walter Pater's Studies in the History of the Renaissance, which was published during <mask>'s final year in Trinity. Pater argued that man's sense of beauty should be refined above all else, and that each moment should be felt to its fullest extent. Pater's Studies... was described by <mask> in De Profundis as "that book that has had such a strange influence over my life".He carried the book with him when he traveled in later years. <mask>'s sense of almost flippant devotion to art was given to him by Pater. The importance of art lies in its potential for the betterment of society, as argued by the man who despaired at the self-validating aestheticism of Pater. He believed that beauty must be applied to moral good. <mask> learned about the non-mathematical elements of painting when he attended the lecture series The Aesthetic and Mathematic Schools of Art in Florence. <mask> volunteered for the project to convert a swampy country lane into a smart road. <mask> won the Newdigate Prize for his poem "Ravenna", which reflected on his visit there the year before, and he read it at Encaenia.He graduated with a double first in his B.A. Classical Moderations and Humaniores are part of the greats. <mask> wrote to a friend that the dons were beyond words. <mask> met Florence Balcombe, a childhood sweetheart, when he returned to Dublin after graduating from Oxford. They married in the 19th century. <mask> wrote to her to say that he was disappointed but that he remembered the two sweetest years of his life. He stated that he intended to return to England.He only visited Ireland twice after he did this in 1878. <mask> wrote to his acquaintances inquiring about Classics positions at Oxford or Cambridge. He was still eligible to enter the Chancellor's Essay prize even though he no longer was a student. The subject of "Historical Criticism among the Ancients" seemed ready-made for <mask>, with both his skill in composition and ancient learning, but he struggled to find his voice with the long, flat, scholarly style. There was no prize that year. After the sale of his father's houses, he set himself up as a bachelor in London. <mask> was listed in the British Census as a boarder at 1 Tite Street, where Frank Miles was the head of the household.He was publishing lyrics and poems in magazines when he was at Trinity College. Poems, which collected, revised and expanded his poems, was published at 27 years old. Though the book sold out its first print run of 750 copies, it was not well received by the critics, for example saying "The poet is <mask>, but his poetry's tame". The Oxford Union condemned the book for plagiarizing. The presentation copy was returned to <mask> by the librarians who requested the book for the library. Richard Ellmann is a biographer. One line reads: "To drift with every passion till my soul / Is a stringed lute on which all winds can play".The book had more printings in the late 19th century. <mask> gave many copies of the book to the people who received him during his lecture tours, and it was printed on hand-made Dutch paper. Gilbert and Sullivan caricatured aestheticism in Patience. <mask> was invited by Richard D'Oyly Carte, an English impresario, to make a lecture tour of North America in order to drum up interest in the US tour of Patience. <mask> arrived on the Arizona on January 2nd and disembarked the next day. The tour continued for almost a year because of its commercial success. <mask> wanted the beauty he saw in art into his daily life.In Oxford, he had surrounded himself with blue china and lilies, and now one of his lectures was on interior design. "<mask> teased his readers with the claim that life imitates art rather than the other way round," Carolyn Burdett wrote in a British Library article. He argued that art and literature have taught us to notice London fogs. <mask> performed these maxims. His life was a work of art and he presented himself as such. <mask> replied, "It's not whether I did it or not that's important, but whether people believed I did it." <mask> believed that the artist should hold higher ideals and that pleasure and beauty would replace utilitarian ethics.The Springfield Republican commented on <mask>'s behavior during his visit to Boston to lecture on aestheticism, suggesting that <mask>'s conduct was more a bid for notoriety than devotion to beauty. In his book "Unmanly Manhood", T. W. Higginson wrote that <mask> had written a "thin volume of very mediocre verse" and that it would influence the behavior of men and women. <mask> was the subject of anti-Irish caricature and was portrayed as a monkey, blackface performer and a Minstrel throughout his career. The January 1882 issue ofHarper's Weekly featured a monkey dressed as <mask>. The magazine's reputation for quality didn't affect its expression of odious ethnic and racial ideologies. The drawing stimulated other American maligners and in England there was a full-page reprint in the Lady's Pictorial. ...The National Republican talked about a few items as to the animal's background. The Wild Man of Borneo was illustrated by the Washington Post along with <mask> of England. <mask> drank with whiskey miners in Leadville, Colorado, and was fted at the most fashionable salons in many cities he visited, even though his press reception was hostile. Between February and May 1884, he moved to Paris because of his earnings and expected income from The Duchess of Padua. He entertained Robert Sherard a lot. <mask> would say before taking him to an expensive restaurant that they were dining on the duchess. He returned to New York for the production of Vera after it was turned down in London.He told the other passengers about the rise and fall of empires. This "lyric to England" is described as a poetic and eloquent invocation by E. C. Stedman in Victorian Poets. He was introduced to the daughter of a wealthy Queen's Counsel in London. <mask> lectured at the Gaiety Theatre when she was in Dublin in 1884. They married at the Anglican St James's Church in Paddington, London, on May 29, 1884. The <mask>s had relatively luxurious tastes and had an annual allowance of £250, which was generous for a young woman. People expected their home to set new standards because they had preached about design for so long.No. In seven months, 16, Tite Street was renovated. Cyril and Vyvyan were the sons of the couple. George Bernard Shaw's petition for a pardon of the anarchists arrested after the Haymarket massacre in Chicago in 1886 was signed by <mask>. <mask> met Robert Ross at Oxford. Ross, who had read <mask>'s poems before they met, seemed to be unaware of the Victorian prohibition against homosexuality. He was a young seventeen-year-old who was determined to seduce <mask>, according to Richard Ellmann's account.After his wife's second pregnancy left him physically repelled, <mask> was initiated into homosexual sex by Ross. <mask> was a contributor to that and other journals during 1885–87, when he wrote a letter in self-defence after being criticized for artistic matters. The form suited his style. He could share his views on art, literature and life in a way that was less tedious than lecturing. His reviews were mostly positive. <mask>'s parents supported the cause of Irish nationalism. <mask> wrote a series of columns defending Charles Stewart Parnell after he was accused of inciting murder.His flair is suited to journalism and quickly attracted notice. <mask> became the editor of The Lady's World magazine in the late 19th century, with his youth nearly over, and a

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title: Oscar Wilde

type: paraphrased

texts: family to support. He added serious articles on parenting, culture, and politics, while keeping discussions of fashion and arts, and renamed it The Woman's World. Two pieces of fiction were included, one to be read to children and the other to the ladies. <mask> solicited good contributions from his artistic acquaintances, including <mask> and his wife, while his own "Literary and Other Notes" were popular and amusing. As administration, commute and office life became tedious, the initial enthusiasm and excitement which he brought to the job began to fade. At the same time as <mask>'s interest flagged, the publishers became concerned about the low sales of their products.<mask> began a new period of creative work after sending instructions to the magazine by letter. <mask> left The Woman's World at the end of the second volume after finally finding his voice in prose. He lost to the magazine by one issue. <mask>'s time at the helm of the magazine was a mixed success and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals <mask> the editor was forced to learn to manipulate the literary marketplace on his own terms after the journalist supplied articles under the guidance of his editors. <mask> was a close friend of James McNeill Whistler and they dined together many times. <mask> exclaimed that he wished that he had said it, and Whistler retorted "You will, <mask>, you will".The Reminiscences of a Short Life was published in The Sun in 1889 and was written by a mutual friend of <mask> and Whistler. The article claimed that <mask> passed off other people's witticisms as his own. <mask> considered the article to be a scurrilous betrayal, and it caused the break up of the friendship between <mask> and Whistler. <mask> accused Vivian of being an eavesdropper with the method of a blackmailer and banished him from his circle after the Reminiscences. <mask> wrote fairy stories for magazines and published The Happy Prince and Other Tales in 1888. He published two more collections in 1891, "Crime and Other Stories" and "A House of Pomegranates". "The Portrait of Mr. W. H." was published in Edinburgh Magazine in July 1889.The short story is about a conversation in which the theory that Shakespeare's sonnets were written out of his love for Willie Hughes is advanced, retracted, and then propounded again. There are two supposed puns within the sonnets. The anonymous narrator is flirtatious with the reader after he concludes that there is really a great deal to be said of the Willie Hughes theory of Shakespeare's sonnets. Fact and fiction have come together. Arthur Ransome wrote that <mask> was fascinated with the "Willie Hughes theory" despite the lack of biographical evidence for the historical William Hughes' existence. <mask> tossed the theory amongst the three characters of the story, allowing it to unfold as background to the plot. The story is an early masterpiece of <mask>, combining many elements that interested him: conversation, literature and the idea that to shed oneself of an idea one must first convince another of its truth.Ransome believes that <mask> succeeds because of the literary criticism. He says it would not be possible to build an airier castle in Spain than the one imagined by William Hughes. "You must believe in Willie Hughes, I almost do," <mask>1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556 <mask> had been busy setting out his aesthetic ideas more fully in a series of longer prose pieces which were published in the major literary-intellectual journals of the day. The Fortnightly Review, edited by <mask>'s friend Frank Harris, published The Decay of Lying: A Dialogue and Pen, Pencil and Poison in January 1889. <mask> retained an oral tradition of sorts, though he had evolved from lecturer to writer. He has always excelled as a wit, and often composed his work by assembling phrases, quotes and witticisms into a cohesive work.<mask> was concerned about the effect of moralising on art, and he believed in the power of art. It has an immense value. The reduction of man to the level of a machine is what it seeks to disturb. In his only political text, The Soul of Man Under Socialism, he argued that private property should be abolished and that cooperation should be replaced with competition. He said that the government was not a government at all. <mask> imagined a society where mechanisation freed human effort from the burden of necessity, effort which could be spent on artistic creation. George Orwell said, "In effect, the world will be populated by artists, each trying to perfect their craft in the way that seems best to him."This point of view did not align him with the intellectual socialists who advocated using state apparatus to change social conditions, nor did it endeared him to the monied classes whom he had entertained. Hesketh Pearson, introducing a collection of <mask>'s essays in 1950, remarked that The Soul of Man Under Socialism was an inspiration for revolutionaries in Russia but that it was doubtful whether there were any uninspected places in which it was written. <mask> considered including this pamphlet and "The Portrait of Mr. W. H.", his essay-story on Shakespeare's sonnets, in a new anthology in 1891, but eventually decided to limit it to purely aesthetic subjects. There are four essays: The Decay of Lying, Pen, Pencil and Poison, The Truth of Masks, and The Critic as Artist. The essays and dialogues show <mask>'s genius and character, and Pearson concludes that "no other productions of his have as varied an appeal". <mask>'s annus mirabilis was his only novel, apart from his three collections. The first version of The Picture of Dorian Gray was published in the July 1890 edition of Lippincott's Monthly Magazine.A man paints a picture of Gray. Gray, who has a face like ivory and rose leaves, breaks down when he sees his portrait. He inadvertently made a Faustian bargain in which only the painted image grows old while he stays beautiful and young, because he was distraught that his beauty will fade while the portrait stays beautiful. The purpose of art is to guide life as if it were an object. <mask> wanted to combine the beauty he saw in art with daily life, as Gray's portrait allowed him to escape the corporeal ravages of his hedonism. The Daily Chronicle called the novel "unclean", "poisonous", and "heavy with the mephitic odours of moral and spiritual putrefaction". <mask> wrote to the editor of the Scots Observer clarifying his stance on ethics and aesthetic in art.He revised it extensively for book publication in 1891, adding six new chapters, some decadent passages, and removing some of the eroticism. That is all. <mask> has tapped a root of Western folklore so deep and ubiquitous that the story has escaped its origins and returned to the oral tradition according to Jershua McCormack. <mask> said the plot was as old as the history of literature but had a new form. The novel was considered mediocre by a modern critic, who said that the conceit of the plot had guaranteed its fame, but the device is never pushed to its full potential. Robert McCrum of The Guardian named it one of the 100 best gothic novels ever written in English, calling it "an arresting, and slightly camp, exercise in late-Victorian gothic". The <mask>s lived at 16 Tite Street in the 1891 census, where he lived with his wife and two sons.<mask> returned to Paris in October 1891 as a respected writer, not content with being better known than ever in London. The famous mardis of Stphane Mallarmé, a renowned symbolist poet of the time, was received at the salon littéraires. <mask>'s plays Vera and The Nihilists didn't meet with much success. After finding his voice in prose, his thoughts turned to the dramatic form as the biblical iconography of Salome filled his mind. When he returned to his hotel one evening, he noticed a blank copybook on the desk and decided to write what he had said in it. The play was written quickly and in French. It tells the story of the stepdaughter of Herod Antipas who, to her mother's delight, requests the head of Jokanaan (John the Baptist) on a silver platter as a reward for dancing.<mask> was referred to as "le great event of the season" when he returned to London just before Christmas. The play was refused a licence because it depicted biblical characters. During <mask>'s later incarceration, the play was not performed in Paris until 1896. <mask>, who had first set out to irritate Victorian society with his dress and talking points, then outrage it with his novel of vice hidden beneath art, finally found a way to critique society on its own terms. The first performance of Lady Windermere's Fan took place at the St James's Theatre. There is a subtle subversion in the comedy that concludes with collusive concealment rather than collective disclosure. Lady Windermere was forced to change harsh social codes in favor of a more nuanced view.The play toured the country for months but was trashed by conservatives. <mask> made 7,000 in the first year of the play. A Woman of No Importance, a Victorian comedy revolving around the spectre of illegitimate births, mistaken identities and late revelations, was his first hit play. <mask> wrote An Ideal Husband in January 1895 after being commissioned to write two more plays. "<mask>, with one eye on the dramatic genius of Ibsen, and the other on the commercial competition in London's West End, targeted his audience with his adroit precision", said Peter Raby. <mask> was introduced to Lord Alfred Douglas by Lionel Johnson, <mask>'s cousin and an undergraduate at Oxford. He was known to his family and friends as "Bosie".<mask> and Douglas had a tempestuous affair after <mask> fell in love with Douglas. Douglas was reckless in public if <mask> was indiscreet, even flamboyant. <mask>, who was earning up to £100 a week from his plays, would indulge Douglas's every whim: material, artistic, or sexual. <mask> was introduced to a series of young working-class male prostitutes by Alfred Taylor in the Victorian underground of gay prostitution. <mask> would meet the boy, offer him gifts, dine him privately, and then take him to a hotel room. <mask>'s idealised relations with Ross, John Gray, and Douglas, all of whom remained part of his aesthetic circle, were uneducated and knew nothing of literature. In De Profundis, he wrote to Douglas that his public and private lives were divided.I didn't know that when they were going to hit at me it was going to be at another's pay. <mask> sent a page of paradoxes originally destined for the Saturday Review to the journal founded by Douglas and some Oxford friends. Six months after <mask>'s trial, he was forced to defend the magazine to which he had sent his work. The Chameleon was not published again. The father of Lord Alfred was known for his outspoken atheism, brutish manner and creation of the modern rules of boxing. <mask> was able to mollify Queensberry after he confronted <mask> and Lord Alfred about their relationship. In June 1894, he called <mask> at 16 Tite Street without an appointment to clarify his stance: "I do not say that you are it, but you look it and pose at it, which is just as bad."<mask> replied "I don't know what the Queensberry rules are, but the <mask> rule is to shoot on sight". In De Profundis, his account was less triumphant, as he said, "It was when, in my library at Tite Street, waving his small hands in the air in epileptic fury, your father... stood uttering every foul word his foul mind could think of, and Queensberry said <mask> had acted in a "cowardly way" by showing him the white feather. <mask> tried to remain calm, but he saw that he was in the middle of a family fight. He knew that confronting Queensberry could lead to disaster if his liaisons were made public. The play's two protagonists engage in "bunburying" (the maintenance of alternative personas in the town and country) which allows them to escape Victorian social mores. <mask>'s earlier comedies were lighter in tone.There is no "woman with a past", the principals are neither villainous nor cunning, and the idealistic young women are not that innocent. Earnest is mostly set in drawing rooms and almost completely lacking in action or violence. <mask>'s masterpiece was written in late 1894 and is now considered a masterpiece. <mask>'s second collaboration with George Alexander, the actor-manager, was performed at St James's Theatre in London on February 14, 1895. A carefully constructed representation of late-Victorian society was created by both the author and producer in the months before the premiere. Alexander requested that <mask> shorten the play from four to three acts. St James's seemed to have "brilliant parties", and the opening of The Importance of Being Earnest was no exception.Allan Aynesworth said to Hesketh Pearson, "In my fifty-three years of acting, I never remember a greater triumph than that first night." <mask>'s best work to date finally crystallised his fame into a solid artistic reputation. H. G. Wells wrote that it would be difficult to imagine more humorous dealing with theatrical conventions. Mr <mask> has decorated a humour that is Gilbertian with innumerable spangles of that wit that is all his own. His most popular play is The Importance of Being Earnest. <mask>'s professional success was mirrored by his feud with Queensberry. <mask> was tipped off that Queensberry was planning to insult him by throwing a bouquet of rotting vegetables onto the stage.<mask> was in prison for fifteen weeks. On February 18, 1895, the Marquess of Queensberry left his calling card at <mask>'s club, the Albemarle, inscribed: "For <mask>, posing somdomite". <mask>, encouraged by Douglas and against the advice of his friends, initiated a private prosecution against Queensberry for libel, since the note amounted to a public accusation that <mask> had committed the crime of sodomy. Queensberry was charged with criminal libel and could face up to two years in prison. Queensberry could avoid conviction for libel if he could prove that his accusation was true and that there was a public benefit to having made the accusation public. Private detectives were hired by Queensberry's lawyers to find evidence of <mask>'s homosexual liaisons. <mask>'s friends advised him against the prosecution at a Saturday Review meeting at the Café Royal on 24 March 1895, and Frank Harris advised him to flee to France.<mask> and Douglas walked out in a huff, <mask> saying "it is at such moments that one sees who are one's true friends". George Bernard Shaw recalled the scene to Arthur Ransome a day or so before his trial for libelling Douglas. <mask> wrote in De Profundis that Douglas's rivalry for <mask> Ross and his arguments with his father had resulted in <mask>'s public disaster. Douglas lost his case. Shaw included an account of the argument between Harris, Douglas and <mask> in his play The Dark Lady of the Sonnets. As salacious details of <mask>'s private life with Taylor and Douglas began to appear in the press, the libel trial became a cause célbre. Queensberry's lawyers were directed to the world of the Victorian underground by a team of private detectives.<mask>'s association with blackmailers and male prostitutes, cross-dressers and homosexual brothels was recorded, and various persons involved were interviewed, some being coerced to appear as witnesses since they too were accomplices to the crimes of which <mask> was accused. There were scenes of near hysteria in the press and the public galleries when the trial opened at the Old Bailey in 1895. He declared meekly, "I am the prosecutor in this case" because of the amount of evidence against <mask>. <mask>'s lawyer asked <mask> about two suggestive letters <mask>

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title: Oscar Wilde

texts: had written to Douglas, which the defence had in its possession. He described the first as a "prose sonnet" and admitted that the "poetical language" might seem strange to the court. <mask> stated that the letters had been obtained by blackmailers who had attempted to extort money from him, but he had refused, suggesting they should take the £60 offered, "unusual for a prose piece of that length". He thought the letters were works of art and not something to be ashamed of.<mask> was cross-examined on how he perceived the moral content of his works by a fellow Dubliner. <mask> replied with characteristic wit and flippancy, claiming that works of art are not capable of being moral or immoral but only well or poorly made, and that only uneducated people would make such judgements. The normal practice of asking closed questions was deviated from by a leading barrister. <mask>'s answers were removed from their aesthetic context and portrayed <mask> as evasive and decadent. <mask> won the most laughs and legal points. To undermine <mask>'s credibility, and to justify Queensberry's description of <mask> as a "posing somdomite", Carson drew from the witness an admission of his capacity for "posing", by demonstrating that he had lied about his age under oath. He returned to the topic during his cross-examination.The second chapter of <mask>'s novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, contains a scene in which Lord Henry wotton explains his decadent philosophy to the "innocent young man". <mask> was questioned about his friendship with younger, lower-class men. <mask> admitted to being on a first-name basis and giving gifts to the men, but insisted that they were just good friends of his. Carson implied that the men were prostitutes when he pointed out the unusual nature of the relationships. <mask> liked the society of young men and didn't believe in social barriers. <mask> said "Oh, dear no" when asked if he had ever kissed a servant boy. I pitied him because he was a plain boy.He was repeatedly asked why the boy's ugliness was relevant. <mask> hesitated, then for the first time became flustered, "You sting me and insult me and try to unnerve me; and at times one says things flippantly when one ought to speak more seriously." Several male prostitutes who were to testify that they had had sex with <mask> were located by Carson in his opening speech. <mask> dropped the prosecution on the advice of his lawyers. The accusation that <mask> was "posing as a Somdomite" was justified by the court as Queensberry was found not guilty. <mask> was bankrupt because of the considerable expenses Queensberry had incurred in his defence. <mask> was charged with sodomy and gross indecency after he left the court.<mask> Ross at the Cadogan Hotel. <mask>'s mother advised him to stay and fight, while the men advised him to go and try to get a boat to France. <mask> could only say that the train had left. It's too late. <mask> was arrested for gross indecency under Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 for homosexual acts not amounting to buggery. At <mask>'s instruction, Ross and <mask>'s butler forced their way into the bedroom and library of 16 Tite Street, packing some personal effects, manuscripts, and letters. <mask> received daily visits from Douglas while he was imprisoned.His prosecution opened on April 26, 1895, before Mr Justice Charles. <mask> denied the charges. He begged Douglas to leave London for Paris, but he was pressed to leave and fled to the Hotel du Monde. Fearing persecution, Ross and many others left the United Kingdom. <mask>'s response was counter-productive as it only served to reinforce the charges of homosexual behavior. The jury couldn't reach a decision. <mask> and his friends were able to post bail thanks to the help of Sir Edward Clarke.The Reverend Stewart Headlam put up most of the surety because he disagreed with <mask>'s treatment by the press and the courts. <mask> went into hiding at the house of two of his friends after being freed from Holloway. "Can we not let up on the fellow now?" asked Edward Carson. The case had become too politicized to be dropped, so he would like to do so. Mr Justice Wills presided over the final trial. <mask> and Alfred Taylor were sentenced to two years' hard labour after being convicted of gross indecency. The judge said that the case was the worst he had ever tried and that the maximum allowed was inadequate.<mask>'s response was "And I?" May I not say anything, my Lord? The cries of "shame" were heard in the courtroom. The trials of <mask> suggest that he took advantage of teenagers, even though it is widely believed that the charges were related to <mask>'s consensual activities. He was not an odious predator according to one of the authors. There appeared to be a relationship going on between him and the boys. <mask> paid for sex with youths under the age of 18 which is a criminal offence.He would have been pilloried in the media even if his activities had only led to exposure. <mask> was 39 when he had sex with Alphonse Conway. <mask> was imprisoned from 25 May 1895 to 18 May 1897. After entering Newgate Prison in London for processing, he was moved to Pentonville Prison, where he had to walk a treadmill and pick oakum in order to fulfill his sentence. He was moved to a London prison a few months later. <mask>'s health was badly affected by the regimen of "hard labour, hard fare and a hard bed". He collapsed in the chapel due to illness and hunger.His death was caused by an injury to his ear drum. He was in the infirmary for two months. <mask> was transferred to Reading Gaol, west of London, in November 1895, after being visited by Richard B. Haldane, the Liberal MP and reformer. The crowd jeered and spat at him at the railway platform when he was transferred. He spent the rest of his sentence in the third cell on the third floor of the C ward. After <mask> arrived at Reading Gaol, Charles Thomas Wooldridge, a trooper in the Royal Horse Guards, was brought to Reading to await his trial for murdering his wife and was sentenced to death on 17 June 1896. <mask> wrote The Ballad of Reading Gaol after Wooldridge's hanging.Haldane eventually succeeded in allowing access to books and writing materials despite <mask> not allowing paper and pen at first. <mask> wanted the Bible in French, Italian and German, Dante's Divine Comedy, a new French novel about Christian redemption, and essays by Cardinal Newman and Walter Pater. <mask> wrote a letter to Douglas in 1897. He was allowed to take it with him when he was released from prison. <mask> coldly examines his career to date, how he had been a colourful agent provocateur in Victorian society, his art, like his paradoxes, seeking to subvert as well as sparkle. He said that he stood in symbolic relations to the art and culture of his age. It was from these heights that his life with Douglas began, and <mask> examines that particularly closely, repudiating him for what <mask> finally sees as his arrogance and Vanity: he had not forgotten Douglas' remark, when he was ill.<mask> blamed himself for the ethical degradation of character that he allowed Douglas to bring about in him and took responsibility for his own fall. <mask> forgives Douglas for his own sake as much as Douglas's. <mask>'s spiritual journey of redemption and fulfillment can be found in the second half of the letter. He realized that he had filled his soul with the fruit of experience, even though it was bitter at the time. ... I went out and lived because I wanted to eat the fruit of the trees. My mistake was that I only looked at the trees on the sun-lit side of the garden, ignoring the gloom and shadows on the other side.<mask> was released from prison on May 19 1897. He did not return to the UK. He gave the manuscript to Ross, who may or may not have received <mask>'s instructions to send a copy to Douglas. The complete and correct publication of the letter first occurred in 1962 in The Letters of Oscar <mask>. <mask>'s health had suffered greatly from the harsh environment of prison, but he had a feeling of spiritual renewal. <mask> cried when the Society of Jesus denied his request for a six-month Catholic retreat. <mask> told a journalist that he would be accepted into the Catholic Church before long.He was impoverished and in exile for three years. The name "Sebastian Melmoth" was taken after Saint Sebastian and the character of Melmoth the Wanderer. <mask> wrote two long letters to the editor of the Daily Chronicle, describing the brutal conditions of English prisons. His discussion of the dismissal of Warder Martin for giving biscuits to an anemic child prisoner repeated the themes of the corruption and degradation of punishment that he had outlined in The Soul of Man under Socialism. <mask> and Robert Ross lived in the seaside village of Berneval-le-Grand in northern France in the mid-1897's, where <mask> wrote The Ballad of Reading Gaol, about the execution of Charles Thomas Wooldridge, who murdered his wife in a rage at her infidelity. It goes from an objective story-telling to symbolic identification with the prisoners. The poem highlights the brutality of the punishment that all convicts share and no attempt is made to assess the justice of the laws which convicted them.<mask> uses the line "yet each man kills the thing he loves" to compare the executed man and himself. The author was credited with "C33", <mask>'s cell number in Reading Gaol, because he adopted the proletarian ballad form. For once I will be read by my peers, he suggested that it be published in Reynolds' Magazine. It was an immediate roaring commercial success, going through seven editions in less than two years, only after <mask> was added to the title page. He got a small amount of money. <mask> and Douglas were together again in August 1897. The friends and families of both men did not approve of the meeting.<mask> wasn't allowed to see their sons, but he was given three pounds a week by <mask>. <mask> and Douglas were separated from their families during the last few months of 1897 because of the threat of cutting off all funds. The Htel d'Alsace was located on rue des Beaux-Arts in Paris. This poverty really breaks one's heart, it is so sale and depressing. He told his publisher to "pray do what you can". He didn't write anything else after he corrected and published An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, but Ellmann said he showed a man "very much in command of himself and of the play." He spent what little money he had on alcohol.His spirit was drowned by a series of embarrassing chance encounters with English and Frenchmen. <mask> was confined to his hotel and joked on one of his final trips outside, "My wallpaper and I are fighting a duel to the death." One of us has to leave. "Terribly weak" was the telegram he sent to Ross. Please come. <mask>'s moods fluctuated as Max Beerbohm relates how his friend Reggie Turner found <mask> depressed after a nightmare. I was supping with the dead in a dream.Turner said that you must have been the life and soul of the party. Turner was at <mask>'s bedside when he died, he remained with <mask> to the end. <mask>'s death was called "cerebral meningitis" by the time it happened. <mask> was conditionally baptised into the Catholic Church by Fr Cuthbert Dunne, a Passionist priest from Dublin, after being sent for a priest byRobbie Ross. As the voiture rolled through the dark streets that wintry night, the sad story of <mask> was in part repeated to me by Robert Ross. I did not administer the Holy Viaticum as the man was in a semi-comatose state, but he was roused from this state in my presence. He gave signs of being conscious when he was roused.He understood me when I told him that I was going to receive him into the Catholic Church and give him the Last Sacraments. <mask> died of a disease on November 30, 1900. <mask>'s grandson thought the disease was caused by a mastoidectomy, while Richard Ellmann thought it was syphilitic. <mask>'s remains were removed from the Cimetire de Bagneux outside Paris and placed in the Pre Lachaise Cemetery inside the city. Sir Jacob Epstein designed his tomb. It was commissioned by Robert Ross, who asked for a small compartment to be made for his own ashes. The angel depicted as a relief on the tomb was originally made up of male genitalia, which was removed by the French authorities.The whereabouts of the genitals are unknown. Leon Johnson replaced them with a silver prosthesis. A glass barrier was installed to protect the tomb from further damage after it was cleaned of lipstick marks left by admirers. Alien tears will fill for him Pity's long-broken urn, for his mourners will be outcast men, and they always mourn. <mask> was one of an estimated 50,000 men who were pardoned for homosexual acts that were no longer considered a crime. The Alan Turing law is what the Act implements. <mask> was honoured with a stained-glass window at Poets' Corner.Sir John Gielgud read from the final part of De Profundis and Dame Judi Dench read from The Importance of Being Earnest as the memorial was unveiled. <mask> was one of the first people to be honored on the Rainbow Honor Walk, a walk of fame in San Francisco's Castro neighbourhood. In cooperation with the Church of the Village in New York City, the <mask> Wilde Temple was opened in New York City and then moved to London the next year. <mask>'s life has been the subject of many biographies. The earliest memoirs were written by people who knew him, which can be good character sketches, but are sometimes unreliable. Frank Harris wrote a biography of <mask>, though prone to exaggeration and sometimes inaccurate, and it offers a good literary portrait of <mask>. Lord Alfred Douglas had a relationship with <mask>.<mask> and Myself reacted to Douglas's discovery that De Profundis was addressed to him and tried to distance him from <mask>'s scandalous reputation. Both authors regretted their work. He was more sympathetic to <mask> in <mask>: A Summing Up. Robert Ross, <mask>'s literary executor, and Charles Ricketts, his biographer, were among <mask>'s other close friends. <mask>: His Life and Wit was the first more or less objective biography of <mask>. The memoir Son of <mask> was published by <mask>'s son Vyvyan Holland in 1954. It was updated in 1989.Arthur Ransome published <mask> in 1912. Ransome and The Times Book Club were sued for libel after the book only mentioned <mask>'s life. Douglas lost the libel action at the High Court in London in April 1913. <mask>'s biography was written by Richard Ellmann, who won a National (US) Book Critics Circle Award in 1988 and a Pulitzer Prize in 1989. <mask>, directed by Brian Gilbert and starring Stephen Fry as the title character, was based on the book. The Secret Life of <mask> explores <mask>'s sexuality. It was often speculative in nature and was often criticized for its lack of scholarly rigor.Oscar's Books explores <mask>'s reading from his childhood in Dublin to his death in Paris. Wright was the first to examine <mask>'s marginalia after tracking down many books that once belonged to <mask>'s Tite Street library. Oscar: A Life was published in London. The most extensively researched biography of <mask> has appeared since 1988. Several biographies and monographs were produced by the Parisian literati. In Memoriam, <mask> and <mask> also feature in his journals. The L'esprit d'Oscar Wilde was created by Thomas Louis, who had translated books on <mask> into French.Philippe Jullian's Oscar Wilde and L'affaire Oscar Wilde are modern books. The Happy Prince and Other Stories is one of the works that was selected. The soul of man under socialism is a political essay. Further reading Ellmann. <mask>. The Complete Letters of <mask>, US edition: Henry Holt and Company, New York. Interviews and Recollections of <mask>.There is a book in London called Palgrave Macmillan. The first volume. The second volume. Matthew Sturgis was born. <mask> is a life. The head of Zeus is in London. The Oscar Wilde Society (UK) Historical notes Record of <mask>'s indictment and conviction is on the official Old Bailey website.References to <mask> in historic European newspapers and the Julia Rosenthal Oscar Wilde Collection can be found in the Morgan Library &

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title: Ravi J. Matthai

texts: The first full-time Director of the Indian Institute of Management was <mask>. He is one of the co-founders of the Institute of Rural Management. <mask>, who served as India's first Railway Minister and later as India's Finance Minister, was the son of a Syrian Anglican family. His cousin is Verghese Kurien. He graduated from the University of Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts degree. In economics. Professor of Marketing at the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, he began his career at a Calcutta based firm.<mask> joined IIMA as its first full-time Director after leaving IIM Calcutta. He did not have an advanced degree when he was 38 years old. Over the next six years, he set the foundations for an institution that was to grow into a top-ranking management school in India. A clear sense of purpose is one of the reasons for <mask>'s influence on IIMA. IIMA's concern was with the application of knowledge. The Institute would be involved in teaching, research and consulting. Faculty must engage in all three activities if the impact is to be greatest.It was clear to Matthai that focusing only on business would limit IIMA. It would expose it to charges of being snobbish. IIMA needs to be more than just a business school, it needs to be an institute of management. Expertise in agriculture would be developed. <mask> believes that academic activities can only flourish if faculty are given full freedom. It is not possible to order excellence in an academic institution. It begins when people are given the freedom to express themselves.The idea of a faculty-governed institute where decision-making rests with the faculty is third. The admissions committee is independent of the director. The mechanism has been important in shielding admissions from influence. The principle of a single term for the director is perhaps <mask>'s greatest bequest to IIMA. After six years as director, <mask> decided to step down and stay on as a professor. It was important to establish the principle that the director's position is not a hierarchy and that he is only first among equals because leaders of academic institutions tend to use their positions for career advancement at an adverse cost to the institutions. In 1975, a few years after stepping down from IIMA's directorship, <mask> decided to test whether corporate management disciplines could be related to Indian poverty.The Jawaja block has about 200 villages with a population of about 80,000 people. The area had no scope for development according to the government authorities. Believing that people were the greatest resource for development, <mask> began to work with village communities on issues of livelihood and empowerment in an environment that was among India's most degraded and oppressive. In the face of social, environmental and political challenges, volunteers from IIMA and the National Institute of Design joined with local citizens to search for livelihood options that could be sustained. Raaj Sah was a professor at the University of Chicago and worked on the project while he was at IIMA. He was one of the first people on the ground to begin structuring and implementing the work of poverty reduction. Languishing skills in weaving and leather work were selected in an effort to develop new opportunities for earning that could be outside the control of local vested interests.The Jawaja experiment began with Prof. <mask> leading a small group of volunteers to a barren patch of land. Forty years later, the Jawaja Leather Association and the Jawaja Weaver's Association are still fighting for self-reliance and dignity. They have come a long way. The leather workers and weavers are independent. Their products are popular in India and other parts of the world. The Institute of Rural Management was established due to the learning of running a gross root development project. The need for an independent Institute of Rural Management was conceptualised by two of his former IIMA colleagues, Dr.Kamala Chowdhary and Dr. Michael Halse.The institute was established at the request of Dr. Verghese Kurien, the Chairman of the National Dairy Development Board. In the initial years, he was a member of the Board, directly in teaching students, and informally mentoring the faculty. There is a design innovation for enriching school education, craft sectors and design research chair at the Honors National Institute of Design. There is a focus on developing a range of design research related projects. The institute library at the Institute of Rural Management is named after him. The centre for educational innovation was established by IIMA in 1986 to conduct research and training to influence the management of education systems in India. The Voice of Ravi Matthai can be found at the IIMA Website.

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title: Lawrence Kohlberg

texts: <mask> was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development. He was a professor at the University of Chicago and the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. He decided to study the topic of moral judgment, even though it was considered unusual in his era. It took five years for him to publish an article based on his views. The theories of philosophers George Herbert Mead and James Mark Baldwin were extended by <mask>'s work. He was creating a new field of psychology called moral development. <mask> was found to be the 30th most prominent psychologist of the 20th century using six criteria.<mask> was born in New York. He was the youngest of four children of a Jewish German businessman and a Christian German chemist. His parents separated when he was four years old and divorced when he was fourteen. For six months at a time, <mask> and his siblings lived with their parents. The children were able to choose the parent they wanted to live with after the rotating custody was ended. He attended an elite prep school in Massachusetts. At the end of World War II, he served in the Merchant Marine.He worked on a ship that brought Jewish refugees from Romania to Palestine. A group of crew members escaped from an internment camp after being captured by the British. During the fighting in Palestine in 1948 to establish the state of Israel, <mask> refused to participate and focused on non-violent forms of activism. He was able to return to America in 1948 after living in an Israeli kibbutz. He attended the University of Chicago in the same year. At this time at Chicago, it was possible to get a bachelor's degree in one year. He completed his PhD in psychology at Chicago in 1958.The couple had two sons, David and Steven, and they were married in 1955. He read Piaget's work in those early years. A scholarly approach gave a central place to the individual's reasoning in moral decision making. This contrasted with the current psychological approaches of behaviorism and psychoanalysis that explained morality as simple internalization of external cultural or parental rules, through teaching using reinforcement and punishment or identification with a parental authority. He was an assistant professor of psychology at Yale University. After spending a year at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in Palo Alto, California, in 1962, he joined the Psychology Department of the University of Chicago. He was appointed Professor of Education and Social Psychology at the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1968 and remained there until his death.The stages of moral development that <mask> wrote about are now known as <mask>'s stages of moral development. The development of moral reasoning is explained by these stages. The theory was created while studying psychology at the University of Chicago and was inspired by the work of Jean Piaget. John Dewey had an idea that development should be the aim of education. He showed how public school can be involved in moral education that is consistent with the United States Constitution. The assumption is that humans are motivated to explore and become competent at functioning in their environments. This leads us to imitate role models we think are competent and to look to them for validation.Our earliest childhood references on the rightness of our actions are adult role models with whom we are in regular contact. There are common patterns of social life, observed in universally occurring social institutions, such as families, peer groups, structures and procedures for clan or society decision-making, and cooperative work for mutual defense and sustenance. Humans in all cultures have similar patterns of action and thought when it comes to the relations of self, others, and social world. The more one imagines how others experience things and imaginatively takes their roles, the quicker one learns to function well in cooperative human interactions. A sequence of more inclusive social circles correspond to the sequence of stages of moral development. Humans seek to operate well. Growing humans adapt to larger circles of justice, care, and respect when those groups function well.The realization in conscious thought of the relations of justice, care, and respect exhibited in a wider circle of social relations is one of the stages of moral cognitive development. According to <mask>'s theory, moral reasoning has six constructive stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than the last. The higher stages of moral development allow people to handle more complex decisions and give them greater capacities in terms of decision making. The development of moral judgment beyond the ages was studied by <mask>, who claimed that logic and morality develop through constructive stages. It was determined that the process of moral development was primarily concerned with justice and that its development continued throughout the life span. His model is based on justice and fairness. The study of moral reasoning was done by Kohlberg.The reasoning used in the responses would be categorized into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional. There are two stages in each level. James Rest used these stages to make the Defining Issues Test in 1979. He is well known for his research in moral psychology, but he is also known for his work in moral education in schools. The use of Moral Exemplars, Dilemma discussions, and Just Community Schools were three of the major contributions made to moral education. The first method of moral education was to look at the lives of moral exemplars such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Socrates, and Abraham Lincoln. He believed that the moral reasoning of those who watched and listened to moral exemplars increased.It was never tested to see if examining the lives of moral exemplars increased moral reasoning. The value of witnessing moral exemplars in action or learning about their stories has been brought back by recent research in moral psychology. Watching moral acts can not increase moral reasoning, but it can increase an individual's desire to be a better person and even increase prosocial and moral behavior. There is growing support for the idea that moral exemplars have an important place in moral education. Another method to increase moral reasoning was dilemma discussions in schools. The method was tested by integrating moral dilemma discussion into school classes in humanities and social studies. The results of this and other studies show that moral discussion increases moral reasoning if the individual in question is in discussion with a person who is using reasoning that is just one stage above their own.The final method for moral education was called "just communities". In 1974, <mask> worked with schools to set up democracy-based programs, where both students and teachers were given one vote to decide on school policies. In order to promote democratic values and increase moral reasoning, the purpose of these programs was to build a sense of community in schools. When he was a young adult in 1948, he lived in an Israeli kibbutz and did cross-cultural research on moral development there. In his Essays on Moral Development, Vols., <mask> wrote some of his most important publications. The Psychology of Moral Development was published in 1984. Consensus and Controversy, The Meaning and Measurement of Moral Development, <mask>'s Approach to Moral Education and Child Psychology and Childhood Education: A Cognitive Developmental View are some of the works published by Kohlgainz.Carol Gilligan was a researcher of the studies of moral reasoning that led to the development of the developmental stage theory. Gilligan wrote In a Different Voice, a book that founded a new movement of care-based ethics that initially found strong resonance among feminists and later achieved wider recognition. He agreed with Carol Gilligan that there is a care moral orientation that is distinct from a justice moral orientation, but he disagreed with her claim that women scored lower than men on measures of moral development stages because they are more inclined to use. On two grounds, <mask> disagreed with Gilligan's position. Many studies measuring moral development of males and females found no difference and when differences were found it was attributable to differences in education, work experiences, and role-taking opportunities, but not gender. Longitudinal studies of females found the same invariant sequence of moral development as previous studies of males. Differences between males and females that did not exist were the focus of Gilligan's criticism of the moral development theory.The book Essays on Moral Development: Vol. II contains detailed responses to many critics. The nature and validity of moral stages are explored in The Psychology of Moral Development. The theory was criticized for focusing too much on reason at the expense of other factors. There wasn't much empirical evidence to show a relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavior. There was no relationship between his moral stages and his moral behavior. He proposed two sub-stages to explain individual differences within each stage. The model of the relationship between moral judgments and moral action was proposed by him.An individual first interprets the situation using their moral reasoning, which is influenced by their moral stage and sub-stage. The stage and sub-stage of the individual influence the deontic choice and judgement of responsibility made by individuals after interpretation. The person needs non-moral skills to carry out a moral behavior if they decide to do it. Research was having a hard time finding a direct relationship between moral reason and moral behavior if this model is true. There is growing empirical support that people are more likely to use intuitive "gut reactions" to make moral decisions than use reason-based thought. The place of reason in moral experience is challenged by the high use of intuition. This expanding of the moral domain from reason has raised questions about morality research entering areas of inquiry that are not considered real morality, which was a concern of Kohlberg when he first started his research.James Rest and Elliot Turiel have made significant contributions to the work. There was a death while doing cross-cultural research in 1971. He had extreme abdominal pain due to this. The long-term effects of the infection and the medications took their toll, as he also engaged in increasingly demanding professional work, including "Just Community" prison and school moral education programs. Sometimes he experienced depression as well. On January 19, 1987, a car was parked at the end of a dead end street in Massachusetts. He walked into the Boston Harbor after leaving his wallet with his identification on the front seat of his unlocked car.His car and wallet were found within a couple of weeks, and his body was recovered some time later, with the late winter thaw, in a tidal marsh across the harbor near the end of a Logan Airport runway. Special issues of scholarly journals were published to commemorate his contribution to developmental psychology after his death was confirmed. There are references to American social psychologists, educational psychologists, moral philosophers, and 20th-century psychologists.

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Kohlberg


title: Sam Russell (footballer, born 1982)

texts: <mask> is an English football coach and former footballer who works as a goalkeeping coach. He was a goalkeeper from 2000 to 2021. Although he failed to make a first team appearance, he went on to play for three different teams over the course of a decade. He played for a number of teams before joining the club as James McKeown's number two. <mask> was signed as a professional for his hometown team on July 7, 2000 after progressing through their youth system. He had a successful loan spell at Gateshead during the tail end of the 2001–02 season, after Mick Tait brought him in during a keeping crisis. He played in a 1–1 draw against Torquay United.He was sent to Scunthorpe United on a three-month loan in August of 2003 and made 10 appearances. He moved to Darlington permanently in the summer of 2004. He didn't play in the first team. He was brought to the town by David Hodgson. With the retirement of goalkeeping legend Andy Collett, the club only had two goalkeepers on their books in Michael Price and JackNorton. <mask> was a target for Hodgson after he heard about the release of the youngster. <mask> was thought to be number two to Price, but his pre-season performances meant he got the nod.The assistant manager said that <mask>'s distribution was slightly better than Price's. <mask> was the man of the match in the opening game of the 2004–05 season. The opening day victory was due to his superb saves. He signed a new two-year contract in July 2005. He seemed to have established himself as the number one until just before the start of the 2008 season, when he failed to agree terms with the manager and left for Rochdale. In October 2007, he made his first start for Rochdale in the second round of the Football League Trophy. Following an injury to James Spencer, <mask> was called upon to play in the FA Cup.He signed a contract until the end of the season having been on non-contract terms. He broke a finger in the 2–1 defeat at Lincoln City in February 2008 and was expected to be out of action until April. <mask> was given the number one shirt. He made some important saves for Rochdale that season, however he made the occasional mistake, such as scoring an own goal in the Rochdale–Bury derby, and slipping in a late equaliser by Jamie Ward against Chesterfield. He was replaced by Frank Fielding after Spencer was sent to Chester City. <mask> was released by Rochdale at the end of the season after impressing on a trial. He returned to Darlington on a one-year contract in May 2010.He played at Wembley as they won the FA Trophy. He left the club at the end of December after they failed to pay the players and signed a one-year contract extension with Forest Green. <mask> made his Forest Green debut on January 21, 2012 in a 0–0 draw against Newport County. He saved four penalty kicks in his first eight performances. He made his 100th appearance for the club in a 2–1 win over Grimsby Town. He signed a contract extension in March of last year. Steve Arnold replaced him for Forest Green's 3–0 win over AFC Telford United on February 21, 2015, ending his streak of league appearances.On May 4, 2015, it was announced that he was leaving Forest Green. <mask> had spent time on loan at the club before he joined the National League side. <mask> returned to Forest Green Rovers on a two-year deal. He made his 150th appearance for the club in a 4–1 away win over Maidstone United. Between 17 September 2016 and 29 October 2016 he kept a run of seven National League clean sheets, but he narrowly missed out on the league record of eight consecutive clean sheets set by Alan Julian for Stevenage. Forest Green secured promotion to the Football League for the first time in their history with a 3-1 National League play-off final win against Tranmere at Wembley Stadium, thanks to <mask>, who appeared in every single minute of the season. He got a new one-year contract in June of last year for Forest Green's first season in League Two.He was released by Forest Green at the end of the season. He joined the club as a player and goalkeeper coach. Paul Hurst's first team goalkeeping coach, <mask>, retired from playing at the end of the 2020–21 season. There are external links to career statistics. The players of F.C. are from Gateshead. The players are from Darlington F.C. The players are from Scunthorpe United F.C.The players are from Rochdale A.F.C. The players are from A.F.C. The players are from Forest Green. The players are from Grimsby Town F.C. The players are from Grimsby Town F.C. The staff is not playing.

masks:
Samuel Ian Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
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Russell
Russell
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Russell
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Russell


title: Ernst Busch (field marshal)

texts: During World War II, <mask> commanded the 16th Army and later the Army Group Centre. <mask> was an officer in the army of the Weimar Republic during World War I. By 1936, he was a general and commander of the 23rd Infantry Division. He commanded VIII Army Corps during the invasion of Poland. He commanded the 16th Army during the 1940 Battle of France and the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. <mask> was the commander of the Army Group Centre by October 1943. After the collapse of his command during the Red Army's Bagration, he was dismissed.He was a prisoner of war in England and died in the last months of the war. On July 6, 1885, <mask> was born at Essen in the Ruhr district of Germany. He joined the Imperial Army in 1904 after graduating from the Gross Lichterfelde Cadet Academy. He was commissioned a Leutnant after he was assigned to the 57th Infantry Regiment. He received further training at the War Academy after being promoted to Oberleutnant in 1913. <mask> initially served as a company commander on the Western Front. He was awarded the first and second classes of the Iron Cross within months of the beginning of the war.He was promoted to captain in 1915 and then appointed a battalion commander. He fought in several battles in the Artois, Flanders, and Champagne sectors. The Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords was awarded to him in 1917. <mask> was retained in the postwar Reichsheer after the war. He served in a number of staff positions for the next several years, including as an inspector of transport troops and a battalion commander. He was promoted quickly in 1933 after being an ardent supporter of Hitler. He was promoted to generalmajor and given command of the 23rd Infantry Division in 1935, after he held the rank of oberst.<mask> sided with Hitler when the two senior officers in the Wehrmacht were at odds with him. <mask> was the commander of the Wehrkreis VIII at this point in his career. <mask> was the commander of the VIII Army Corps which participated in the invasion of Poland as part of the 14th Army. The Vistula River and the city of Krakow were captured. He was awarded the Iron Cross twice during the campaign. During the Battle of France, <mask> led the 16th Army, which consisted of 13 infantry divisions, and covered the left flank of the XIX Panzer Corps. He was promoted to Generaloberst on July 19th, 1940, after he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during the later stages of the fighting in France.<mask>'s 16th Army remained in the country until early 1941, when it was transferred to Poland. The 16th Army controlled seven infantry divisions during the invasion of the Soviet Union. During the advance into the Baltic States and Russia, it captured Staraya Russa. The 16th Army was vastly expanded by December, with nine infantry divisions, two motorised divisions, and one more in reserve, under <mask>'s command. Staraya Russa was almost lost when the Red Army began its winter offensive in January 1942. <mask>rst Georg von Kchler, became dissatisfied with <mask>'s performance and wanted to relieve him of command.Permission to do so was denied. The pressure on the 16th Army was relieved by the Red Army offensive. It took several months but <mask> was able to relieve his troops. The 16th Army's sector was relatively quiet for the rest of 1942 and into 1943, with the Red Army directing its offensive operations against the 18th Army. <mask> was promoted to Field Marshall on February 1, 1943, but it was because of Hitler's patronage. He received the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross six months later. <mask> was named as von Kluge's replacement after von Kluge was injured in a vehicle accident.The four field armies were controlled by the Army Group Centre. Sixty-four of these divisions were infantry, which included six from Hungary. <mask> amalgamated several of the divisions over the course of the next few months. The Hungarian divisions, which were part of two of his armies, were low quality. His command had 38 infantry divisions by June 1944. The Red Army began its winter operations in late 1943. He deferred to Hitler's orders without protest and showed little independence in exercising his command.He had to ask Hitler's permission to allow the 3rd Panzer Army to withdraw after he threatened to cut off one of the divisions. The division was saved when Reinhardt ordered it to retreat. <mask> conceded to Hitler's instructions to transfer the LVI Panzer Corps to the Army Group North Ukraine despite leaving his own command with minimal tanks. The build-up of Soviet forces opposite the Army Group Centre was largely ignored by <mask>. Despite some of his subordinates' attempts to reduce their frontage, he refused to let them do so and stuck to Hitler's orders that there be no retreat. The towns of Orsha, Mogilev, and Bobruisk were to be held in force. <mask> tried to ask Hitler about this, but was rejected and ridiculed.<mask>'s resolve to follow Hitler's directives was strengthened by this. The armies of the Army Group Centre were outnumbered by the armies of the Soviets. The Army Group Centre's 34 divisions were overwhelmed by nearly 120 Red Army divisions when the Soviet summer offensive of 1944 began. His army commanders were denied permission to withdraw to the Dnieper River by <mask>, who insisted that their positions be held. Most of his divisions were destroyed within two days. The biggest defeat for Germany on the Eastern Front was overseen by <mask>, who was relieved of his command by Hitler. He was replaced by Walter Model who stopped the advance of the Red Army until it reached the Vistula.<mask> became depressed after he was sacked because of his adherence to Hitler's orders. <mask> became head of Army Group Northwest on March 20, 1945 after gradually returning to favour with Hitler. He lacked the respect of many men under his command as he was tasked with defending the portion of German coastline along the North Sea. <mask> turned himself in to the field marshal on May 4, 1945. His remains were re-buried at Cannock Chase German Military Cemetery after he died in a prisoner of war camp in England. Military personnel from the Rhine Province Field marshals of Nazi Germany were recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.

masks: Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Buschobe Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch


title: Henry Lau

texts: <mask> is a Canadian singer, musician, record producer, and actor based in South Korea and China. He was a member of Super Junior-M and started his solo career with Trap. His original soundtrack "It's You" became the most streamed Korean soundtrack for two years in a row. <mask> joined Monster Entertainment Group after leaving SM Entertainment. <mask> made his Hollywood debut in the film A Dog's Journey. He starred in Double World in 2020. The first movie produced in mainland China to have a simultaneous global release was released on the Chinese streaming service iQIYI.<mask> received the Best Newcomer Award and the Best Male Award at the MBC Entertainment Awards for his work in Real Man and I Live Alone. <mask> was born on October 11, 1989. His father is from Hong Kong and his mother is from Taiwan. He was raised in the district of North York. His mother was a stay-at- home mom while his father worked in real estate. He has two siblings, one of which is the CEO of his current label, Monster Entertainment Group. Zion Heights Junior High School was where he attended grade 9 and A.Y.Jackson Secondary School for the rest of his high school years. In his last year of high school, <mask> was one of only two people who were recruited to attend the SM Entertainment Global Audition in Toronto. After accepting SM's offer, he chose not to attend the University of Toronto for music education and violin performance programs. <mask> began taking violin lessons at the age of five and began learning how to play the piano from his mother at the age of four. His teacher was a violinist with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. He learned to play the violin in 2005. He achieved Level 10 in piano and violin and received a gold medal from the Canadian Royal Conservatory of Music.He learned a hip hop dance style called boogaloo popping in high school. After the two clubs had conflicting meeting times, he came up with the idea of doing both at the same time. He didn't know anything about K-pop before his friends suggested he try out for SM. <mask> received an offer from the company the following week after he performed a Vivaldi piece on the violin while incorporating popping during the piece's fast passages, as well as singing. At the time, he applied for colleges for classical music, but decided to go down the K-pop road, as he explains, "I'll be dancing and singing, but that doesn't mean I won't be able to play the violin anymore or piano." I had to go down this road because I couldn't do everything else. His father wanted him to go to university, so he declined the offer.After visiting the company in South Korea, his mother convinced his father to accept the offer. <mask> can speak four languages. He can speak Cantonese, Mandarin, and Korean, as well as speak native English. In the South Korean group Super Junior's music video for "Don't Don", Super Junior-<mask> appeared as a violinist. <mask> performs a violin part in the song. In October 2007, SM Entertainment announced that he would debut as a member of a Super Junior China sub-group, Super Junior-M. The announcement caused controversy among Super Junior fans due to rumors that SM wanted to add <mask> as the fourteenth member of Super Junior.The backlash led to <mask> being on the sidelines for years. The promotional single "U", a Mandarin remake of Super Junior's 2006 best-selling Korean single, was released on April 8, 2008. They made their debut in China at the 8th Annual Music Chart Awards. On April 23, 2008, their debut album was released. <mask> appeared in the Stage of Youth with the Super Junior-M members. The mini-album, Super Girl, was released by Super Junior-M on September 23, 2009. The group earned a nomination for 'best vocal group' at the 21st Golden Melody Awards, the Chinese equivalent of theGrammy Awards.The track "Love Me" is from the album Moving On, which was released on October 29, 2009. He performed on Super Junior's second Asian tour, Super Show 2, as part of Super Junior-M, and also performed a self-composed English solo song, "Sick of Love". He studied music composition at the Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, where he learned to sing and produce music. He convinced Gen Neo to go to Korea to work with him after befriending him at Berklee. He composed a song with Super Junior's leader Leeteuk called "All My Heart" for their fourth repackaged album. He was a part of the duet "Don't Lie" from SM the Ballad's first album Miss You. <mask> was on the Super Show 3 Tour.<mask>'s song "Off My Mind" was included in Super Junior-M's second EP, "Perfection", which was released on February 25, 2011. The lyrics to the song were written by a student. He worked with Leeteuk again on a song called "Andante" for Super Junior's fifth repackaged album. He toured with Super Junior as a member of Super Junior-M. SM Town's eighth winter album, SMTown Winter - The Warmest Gift, was released on December 13, 2011. He featured on BoA's single "One Dream" with Key which was the opening song for K-pop Star. BoA's seventh studio album, Only One, was released on July 22, 2012.He joined the project group Younique Unit with Eunhyuk, Taemin, Kai, Luhan, and Hyoyeon. October 31, 2012 is when their single "Maxstep" was released. <mask> was cast as the lead in his film debut, Final Recipe, alongside a Malaysian actress. The film tells the story of young aspiring chef Mark, played by <mask>, who participates in an international cooking contest to save his grandfather's restaurant from going out of business. <mask> prepared for the role by studying under a chef for several months. Break Down, Super Junior-M's second studio album, was released on January 7, 2013. <mask>'s production team, NoizeBank, produced two songs on the album, "Go" and "It's You".<mask>, Gen Neo, Neil Nallas, and Isaac Han are members of NoizeBank. He was confirmed to be a contestant in the celebrity version of MasterChef Korea on February 6. <mask> would make his solo debut on May 30. SM Entertainment had not had a male solo artist in 13 years. On June 7, 2013, he released his first solo extended play, Trap. Super Junior's Kyuhyun and Shinee's Taemin were on the title track. The Chinese version of Trap was released on August 14.The second single, "I Love You", which featured label-mate Amber of f(x), began follow-up promotions on August 23. <mask> was a member of the cast of the Korean military-variety show Real Man. Despite being Canadian-born and completely unfamiliar with the Korean military, he quickly became the break-out star and variety favourite because of his natural optimism and eagerness to learn Korean culture. His appearance in Star King along with his appearance in Real Man propelled his popularity. This led to more variety show work and endorsements, such as being chosen as the first guest in the Crime Scene. Fantastic was released on July 14, 2014, after almost seven months of production. <mask> made his Japanese debut with the single album Fantastic on October 8, which included Japanese versions of the songs "Trap" and "Fantastic".He appeared on tvN's classical music variety show in December. In January 2015, <mask> made his Korean acting debut in Mnet's music drama. He released two songs, "The Way#Lies" and "Love +", for the drama's original soundtrack. The album was delayed for an unknown reason after <mask> teased it in February 2015. In March 2015, it was confirmed that <mask> had joined We Got Married. He appeared in the second season of Always Cantare. He played a supporting role in the drama Oh My Venus.<mask> appeared in a number of reality shows in China in 2016 and hosted one of them. The lead single of Se7en's I Am Seven was co-composed by <mask>. He collaborated with Sistar's Soyou on the song "Runnin'" which was released on October 14. "I Want To Enter Your Heart" was written and composed by <mask> and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 <mask> was one of the three fixed cast members on the Chinese reality show Back to Field. He was a guest on the South-Korean reality show I Live Alone, which shows the lifestyles of celebrities. His appearance led to an increase in the show's ratings and he attracted attention for using live loops.<mask> became a cast member. The song he composed during his appearance on the show was informally titled "What should I do?" Through his appearance on You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook, the song continued to garner attention for its beautiful melody and eccentric lyrics. The finished track, titled "Girlfriend" (; Revised Romanization: Geuriwoyo), peaked at number one on multiple South Korean daily digital charts and number three on the Gaon Download Chart. The track has a sound of strings and piano. The Korean title of the song "" refers to the sadness and longing of a past lover. I'm missing you.The acoustic version of "Real Love" was released on May 10. The single "I'm Good" was released on June 23. <mask> joined the Naver TV variety show in July of last year. The song "Lemonade Love" was co-produced and released by 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 He rearranged the song "Rebirth" for Red Velvet and released the single "U&I" with Sunny on the show. "That One" was released on August 30. In October, he released "It's You", which he co-composed for the original soundtrack of the drama While You Were Sleeping.The song became the most streamed Korean song for two years in a row. He appeared on a Chinese reality show in December. In January 2018, it was announced that <mask> will arrange and perform a new version of the 1986 song "Daughter's Love" for the soundtrack of the film The Monkey King 3. "Monster" was released in three languages - English, Chinese and Korean. On April 30, it was announced that <mask> had decided to leave SM Entertainment. He set up a studio in China. <mask> was on the second season of Begin Again.He was back for the second season of Back to Field. He was cast in the lead role in a Chinese film adaptation of a popular video game. The film was released on the streaming service in July 2020. <mask> made his American film debut as Trent in A Dog's Journey, which was released in May 2019. He was suggested to the filmmakers by a production company. <mask> held his first fan-meeting at Sangmyung Art Center. <mask> joined Monster Entertainment Group, an agency based in South Korea that he founded with his brother, Clinton, to help build his brand globally.He signed with a music label founded by a former YG creative director. <mask> was a judge on the Chinese reality show for bel canto and classical singers. On December 26, 2018, g.o.d announced they would be releasing a special 20th anniversary album titled Then & Now, which will feature a remake of the group's 2001 song "Road." The third season of Begin Again was broadcast in July of 2019. "Untitled Love Song" was his first release under his new label Monster. He teased the song in April. He performed the song "I LUV U" for the first time in Amalfi, Italy during the filming of Begin Again.The single "Don't Forget" was co-written by and features Rocoberry. The Chinese version of "I LUV U" was released in December. He was a judge on the Chinese reality shows in the last quarter of the year. <mask> and Atelier Cologne collaborated on a music video for the single "Thinking of You" in February 2020. He was featured on the track "Nice Things" with AlunaGeorge. The fourth season of Begin Again, which aired from June to September, was announced in May. Forbes Korea selected him as a '2020 Korea Power YouTuber' for spreading positive influence through his series 'Henry Together', where he collaborated with young musical prodigies.<mask> was a part of the official song of the 2020 League of Legends World Championship, "Take Over". He will play the male lead in the second season of the American series Dramaworld, which will be released on Lifetime in April 2021. <mask>'s third album, Journey, was released on November 18, 2020. The album was number one on the Gaon album chart. In their review, SeoulBeats said that the album was "captivating" and that it gave nod to his complicated musical past. <mask>'spenchant for interesting instrument choices, loop and electronic mixing makes Journey stand out from most other solo releases as of late. The Arts Council Korea gave <mask> the '2020 Art Patron of the Year' in recognition of his furtherance of arts through his original series 'Henry Together' and his role as the ambassador of Orchestra of Dream.He was one of the four team captains in the fourth season. He collaborated with Roy Wang on a song he co-composed for Wang's album Summer Time. <mask> plays a wide range of instruments, including the violin, piano, drums, and guitar. He uses multiple instruments and loop pedals in his live performances. He has been dubbed a "one-man band" by Chinese internet users after a performance at the Zhejiang TV Autumn Festival in which he played a variety of instruments while singing. <mask> opened Xiao Zhan, a Taiwanese restaurant in Gangnam. He opened a second branch in Secho-dong.<mask>'s artwork was featured at the START Art Fair held at London's Saatchi Gallery as part of a special exhibit recognizing K-pop's global influence. He is a Goodwill Ambassador for the International Vaccine Institute and Save the Children charity. In May 2020, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism named <mask> as the promotional ambassador for El Sistema Korea, also known as Orchestra of Dream, which supports the musical education of children and young people including those who are underprivileged. <mask> performed at the 10th anniversary concert of the orchestra. <mask> was appointed ambassador for the 2021 instrument donation and sharing campaign in June of 2021. <mask> at Monster Entertainment Group 1989 births Living people 21st-century Canadian male singers 21st-century Canadian violinists and Berklee College of Music alumni Canadian contemporary R&B singers

masks:
Henry Lau
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry Lau
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
M Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
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Henry
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Henry Lau


title: Emm Gryner

texts: "Summerlong" and "Acid" are two of <mask>'s best known songs. Forest is in Lambton County, Ontario. Her parents were half Irish and Filipina. <mask> is a musician and record producer. In 1995 he graduated from Fanshawe College's Music Industry Arts program. Career Gryner started her music career in Toronto, working office jobs during the day while honing her live show in small, local clubs by night. Her song "Wisdom Bus" won the nationwide contest sponsored by Standard Broadcasting.She recorded an album called The Original Leap Year and released it on her own record label. Warren Bruleigh is the producer of Violent Femmes. The album was passed onto an executive at Mercury Records. Public, a Britpop-inspired album, was a hit in Canada. There were several tours with Ron Sexsmith and others. After Universal Music took over Mercury Records, <mask> was dropped from the label and returned to Dead Daisy Records. Two of her albums were nominated for Best Pop Album of the Year at the Juno Awards.The author moved to New Paltz, NY and Los Angeles. She was in the band playing keyboards and singing. Later with Jools Holland and other venues around America and Europe was where the gig was held. She is on the live albums Toy and Bowie at the Beeb. The album Songs of Love and Death was made up of cover versions of Irish songs by The Undertones, The Virgin Prunes, Horslips, Thin Lizzy and others. The album was recorded in a house she shared with Kate McGarrigle. Pat Egan, a legendary promoter and manager based in Dublin, was the one who set up her first shows.In-Flight Safety was signed in 2005. In 2007, the band received a nomination for Best Video of the Year at the Juno Awards. Royal Wood's album, A Good Enough Day through Dead Daisy, was released by Gryner. The Summer of High Hopes was released in 2006 After a performance at Oxegen Festival, the album was released in Canada and Ireland. The band Hot One released an album that year. Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol is one of the members of The Cake Sale.The Cake Sale is a multi-Platinum-selling Irish album with proceeds going to the Make Trade Fair. Trent Severn was formed in 2011. Their first album was released on the Dead Daisy Records label. Chris Hadfield's cover version of David Bowie's "Space Oddity" was arranged and performed by her. The music video for the song features Hadfield on the International Space Station and is considered the first ever filmed in space. A band consisting of Sean Kelly on guitar, brother <mask> on guitar, Jordan Kern on bass, and Tim Timleck on drums was formed in 2014, playing "1980s-style melodic hard rock." In May 2015, the band opened for the band on 3 Canadian tour dates.When she toured as a backing singer, she became friends with the lead singer of Def Leppard. Chris Hadfield sang two songs with the band at the Great Hall in Toronto on May 29, 2015. The angel in the music videos of "The Grace" and "Age of Consent" by Neverending White Lights was played by Gryner. In the summers of 2007, and 2008, Danny and Gryner co-hosted the radio show Under the Covers, a show about cover songs. The Healing Power of Singing: Raise Your Voice, Change Your Life was released by ECW Press in September of 2021. The book became a top seller on Amazon. Gryner's album Science Fair was named one of her desert island discs by other musicians in an interview.Black Emperor had a promotional interview with two of his favourite Canadian acts. "Almighty Love" from The Summer of High Hopes was one of six songs that Bono wished he had written over the last twenty years. The Japanese edition of Holding Patterns had a cover of the song "Summerlong" by the American band +/-. Matt Nathanson wrote a song about her. The Summer of High Hopes was originally issued as a bonus.

masks:
Emm Gryner
Frank Gryner
Gryner
Frank Gryner