title: Mario Parente

texts: <mask> is a Canadian outlaw biker and mobster who served as the Canadian national president of the Outlaws Motorcycle Club between 2000 and 2009. Satan's Choice Parente was born into a working class family in Hamilton, Ontario. Parente was born and grew up in the lower part of Hamilton under the "the Mountain" as locals call it. Lower Hamilton is considered to be a poorer area than upper Hamilton. He joined the Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club when he was a teenager. Parente chose the biker name "The Wop" despite being Italian-Canadian in order to turn a negative term into an affirmative one. In 1967, the majority of the people in Ontario were Protestants of British descent, and Parente stood out in the Hamilton chapter on the account of his Italian heritage, which he sought to turn to his advantage.Parente doesn't like the name <mask> and prefers to be called Mike. The first conviction of Parente came after he joined Satan's Choice. Parente attacked the policeman after he saw Parente beating the man who was already in handcuffs. Parente has worked as a welder, bouncer and construction worker. Detective Sergeant John Harris, a Hamilton policeman who first encountered Parente in 1967, stated that he was unlike a lot of guys. Usually tried to be funny, but always had something to say. He could sometimes be aggressive.He had a big, long beard and a huge mop of black hair. He looked like Rasputin. The intense Italianness of Parente was commented on by Harris. Parente was usually friendly with the police. He said that one of the things he noticed about him was that he was always trying to improve himself. He always wanted to be more eloquent, and if he learned a new word, you could tell because he would use it over and over again in conversation until he found a new one. Despite being on the other side of the law, Parente still respected Harris despite his negative view of most policemen.Harris is a huge 6'7 man who once played football for the University of Minnesota and was described by a journalist as the biggest, most intimidating cop I've ever seen. Parente stated that he could be more physical than he had to be. Harris said to call Mike if you want to get on his good side. Parente was seen as the toughest member of the chapter. Parente would eventually achieve the reputation among bikers of having a special patch which meant he had either been charged for murder or had a murder conviction to his credit. In 1969 MacLeod raided the Hamilton chapter and became involved in a tense confrontation with <mask> and eight other bikers that only ended when police arrived. Parente became the chapter president by the 1970s.Parente vetoed Stadnick's attempt to join Satan's Choice because he was too short, causing the two to fall out. The new national president of Satan's Choice was Garnet "Mother" McEwen, after the previous president was imprisoned for drug charges. McEwen and a number of Satan's Choice chapters joined the Outlaws Motorcycle Club. Parente and the Hamilton chapter joined the outlaws. Parente became more confident after joining the Outlaws. He was always willing to talk to you, no matter what the situation was like when he was with Satan's Choice. He began speaking for the club after becoming an outlaw.He was their spokesman. He was on his bike all the time. He had a lot of jewelry. He was very proud to be a part of the club and always wore things with the Outlaws logo on them. Parente was a tough leader. Parente was called the "seemingly invincible leader" of the Outlaws by the journalists. <mask> wasn't the smartest guy in the business, but he had all the nerve.A lot of guys act tough, but he was the one who would do everything he promised to do. One piece of jewelry Parente wore had the initials of the Good- Looking Guys Club on it. Lloyd Blaquierre, Michael Bierce, and Freddie Weise were looking to join the Satan's Choice Hamilton chapter but were unable to because they were black. The Outlaws said it was only for whites and they had to abide by that. You could be Jewish or Mexican, but you couldn't be black. The "Not So Good- Looking Guys Club" was formed by Weise, Bierce, and Blaquierre. Parente and the rest of the Outlaws didn't like the Not So Good-looking Guys Club's name.The club ended after Weise, Bierce, and Blaquierre beat a man to death and dumped his body into the harbor. The Popeyes Motorcycle Club of Montreal became the first Hells Angel chapter in Canada on December 5, 1977. On February 17, 1978, the Hells Angels' Yves "Apache" Trudeau shot and killed one of the Outlaws in Montreal. Stadnick traveled to Montreal in October 1978 to talk to Yves Buteau, the Hells Angels national president, about having the Wild Ones patch over to become the first Hells Angels chapter in Ontario. Stadnick's plans were aborted by the massacre of the Angels and Wild Ones at Le Tourbillion bar in 1978 when two American outlaws went into the bar and killed one of the Angels and two of the Wild Ones. 5 members of the Wild Ones were killed by the Hamilton Outlaw chapter. Stadnick joined the Hells Angels and was in charge of expanding the club into Ontario.In July 1983, the Hells Angels national president Yves Buteau persuaded the Satan's Angels biker gang to "patch over" to join the Hells Angels, establishing the first Angel chapters outside of Quebec. On 17 July 1983, two Hells Angels from Montreal went via bus to attend a ceremony. Parente and a group of outlaws were on their way through northern Ontario when they noticed a Hells Angels passenger wearing their colors. Parente noticed a jacket with the Hells Angels' patch pressed against the window of the bus while riding on Highway 17 outside of North Bay. Parente and the rest of the bikers were sent to follow the bus. They boarded an automobile after Marie picked up their guns. When the bus stopped at the Mr. Mugs coffee and doughnuts shop in Wawa, Parente and the other Outlaws attempted to kill the two Hells Angels.The men in the car pulled out their guns and opened fire on the bus. Three people were hurt by a broken glass. Two witnesses noticed the bumper sticker on the car as it drove away. The Wawa incident showed Parente was against Hells Angels moving into Ontario. The police arrested <mask>, Roy Caja and Ben Greco and charged them with attempted murder. Parente insists that he was not present at the Wawa incident, but a number of sources have stated he was in the car. While waiting for the trial for the Wawa incident, Parente was arrested again for killing Jimmy Lewis.Parente worked as a bouncer at a strip club. Two cocaine dealers used the establishment as a place to hide their money. The police wanted to shut down Bannister's because of a by-law that stated that any bar that admitted intoxicated patrons would lose its liquor license. Parente had a long-standing feud with the Lewis brothers. Tim, Brian and Jimmy were brothers. The Lewis brothers were criminals who worked as general laborers and made their living by threatening and violence. Parente refused to allow Brian Lewis in because he was drunk, leading to a fight.Parente went to the Outlaws' clubhouse after Bannister's closed. According to Parente's account, the three Lewis brothers together with five other friends were looking for him and arrived at the Outlaws' clubhouse with Tim Lewis waving about a handgun. Parente brought his shotgun with him in case of trouble. Parente says he shot Jimmy Lewis in self-defense. According to Parente's account, he opened fire when Tim Lewis raised his handgun and his target was actually Tim Lewis, not Jimmy Lewis. The rest of the gang ran away in fear after Jimmy Lewis was killed by the shotgun blast. Parente was arrested at a friend's house.He was on trial for the Wawa incident. Parente was sentenced to six years in prison for the illegal possession of a weapon. The judge imposed the maximum sentence because of the Lewis shooting incident. Stadnick's office at the Rebel Roadhouse was the location of the plan to kill him by the Hamilton chapter of the Outlaws. When Parente was running the show, they would have done it, but after he went to prison, they didn't have the guts. Parente was sentenced to 30 months in prison after being convicted of manslaughter in the death of Lewis. He was sentenced to 3 years in prison for Lewis's death.Justice Thomas Callon accepted the claims of Parente's lawyer that he acted in self-defense when he indicted Parente for second degree murder. Parente "acted to a serious threat of personal harm to him that included the possibility of death", according to Callon. Parente beat Brian Lewis up after he confronted Parente for killing his brother. Brian Lewis accidentally killed himself at a party when he was quite intoxicated and pointed his handgun at his head, saying "you wanna know what I'm going to do to Mike the Wop?" This is what I'm going to do to Mike. Lewis fired a bullet into his brain. Tim was killed in an automobile accident.Linda DeMaria, Parente's then girlfriend, was the target of an assassination attempt in 1992, and the police believe that the bullets fired at her might have been meant for him. <mask> and DeMaria were at a party. She had just parked her car in the driveway of Parente's house and was getting out of the vehicle when she was shot in the back. She was rushed to the hospital where her life was saved after she was shot from a 9mm handgun. Parente and the other members of the group who witnessed the shooting were described by the police as co-operative up to a point. <mask> and Vincenzo "Jimmy" DeMaria were able to prove a legitimate source for the money despite Parente being accused of money-laundering for the Mafia. The Hells Angels hosted a party in Wasaga Beach in June 1993 where the leaders of all the Ontario biker gangs were present.There would be no war in Ontario if Stadnick had invited the Outlaws and Parente. It made us a little uneasy when they weren't there. A warrant was issued for Parente's arrest after Project Charlie was launched by the Ontario Provincial Police. Parente was arrested by the St. Catharines chapter of the Outlaws. He was accused of conspiring to sell cocaine and making death threats. Nine other members of the St. Catharines chapter were charged with various counts relating to narcotics, prostitution, and attempted murder. On 10 July 1996, Parente was attacked in the Hamilton-Wentworth Jail by an inmate just arrived from Montreal who had fashioned a knife out of a tooth brush.Parente was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217

masks:
Mario Parente
Mario
Parente
Mario
Parente
Parente
Parente


title: Mario Parente

type: paraphrased

texts: 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Parente refused to testify against his attacker. He turned down the Crown's offer to drop the charges in exchange for turning over the evidence. The Project Charlie charges against Parente were dropped in 1997 due to lack of a conviction. Parente believes that he was only charged because he wanted to turn Crown's evidence. Parente was one of four men hired by the Musitano brothers to be killed. Murdock never made an attempt against Parente.Parente became the national president of the Outlaws. <mask> was described as a paranoid guy by an informer known to the media as "BK". I never used the phone. Nothing was written down. <mask> was a multimillionaire. They sold drugs by the kilo. Stadnick, who became the Hells Angels national president in 1988, was the better strategist than Parente, who was only focused on Ontario, according to the journalist.The axis of distribution for any drugs moving east and west in the country was important to the journalists. Stadnick was described as a modern biker leader who was more alike to a corporate CEO by Caine. According to the police informer, the American leadership of the Outlaws disliked Parente because he wanted money from the U.S. He could not tell the truth. They would ask him how many people were in Canada and he would say 200. The general feeling was "<mask> was for <mask>". Parente was described as the main reason why the Hells Angels had difficulty establishing themselves in Ontario.In the summer of 2000 Stadnick made an offer to most of the Ontario outlaw biker gangs that was too sweet for them to refuse; they could join the Hells Angels "patch for patch", allowing them to enter the Hells Angels with patches equivalent to their current patches. Satan's Choice, the Vagabonds, the Lobos, the Last Chance, the Para-Dice Riders, and some of the Loners traveled to the Hells Angels' "mother chapter" on December 29, 2000 in a ceremony. Dozens of charter buses from Ontario arrived at the Angels clubhouse in Sorel to carry the bikers. David "the Hammer" MacDonald of the Hamilton chapter went to the Hells Angels. Detective Isnor is the head of the OPP's Anti-Biker Enforcement Unit. The patch didn't mean much to them because they were bikers first and foremost. They probably would have folded if it wasn't for Parente.Parente called James "Frank" Wheeler, the president of the American Outlaws, who in turn contacted Sonny Barger, the leader of the American Hells Angels. Barger ordered Stadnick to stop trying to recruit outlaws in exchange for a promise that there wouldn't be a biker war in Ontario. Project Retire was launched by the OPP on September 25, 2002. As part of the Project Retire raids, the police seized five stolen motorcycles, one stolen truck, 44 guns, drugs worth about $1.6 million dollars and five Outlaw clubhouses. The 58 outlaws in Ontario were arrested. One of Parente's neighbors described him as "really nice", but "never anything other than polite and pleasant as far as I knew". The Crown Attorney prosecuting Parente met twice with Justice John Getliffe before Parente's preliminary hearing, where she gained the impression that he intended to convict Parente and declare the Outlaws a criminal.Believing that the case had already been decided, he didn't call many witnesses at the preliminary hearing. The charges against Parente were dismissed due to insufficient evidence. A committee of experts headed by Murray Segal, the deputy attorney general, will have Parente charged again after the Attorney-General reinstated the charges against him. The Crown often offered Parente a plea bargain under which the charges against him would be dropped if he confessed to being a member of a criminal organization. In June 2005, Pinkofsky filed an abuse of process motion against Maguire, arguing that her private meetings with Getliffe were illegal. Magiure said "Are you nuts?" when John Hanbidge asked why she had the meetings. You're giving my head to Jack!"For a presiding judge in an ongoing preliminary inquiry to have unnecessarily called the Crown into chambers, and to have proceeded to discuss the case to any extent at all in the absence of opposing counsel was, in my view, wrong," said Justice Templeton. Ms. Maguire didn't tell defense counsel about the meeting. Her failure to do so was a violation of her duty. Templeton said that she cared more about her own status, sense of professionalism and protection from scrutiny than she did about Parente's rights. Alex Smith was put in charge of the case. Parente has a lawsuit against Magiure. Parente was released on $400,000 bail after being held in jail.Parente went back to jail after the preferred indictment came through. He had to visit the London police station three times a week to make sure he was obeying his bail conditions, even though he lived in Hamilton. Parente's girlfriend and her friend lost their security clearances at the Pearson Airport in Toronto, meaning that they were fired from their jobs as passenger-information representatives. The airport declared Kosta a person of bad character after she posted bail for Parente. In 1996 she posted bail for Parente and in 2001 she obtained her security clearance. DiMartino lost her security clearance because she was found to have a deck of playing cards with the logo "Support Your Local Outlaws" on it. Both DiMartino and Kosta regained their security clearances after lengthy appeals.Parente was forced to sell almost everything he owned because he was forced to pay his legal bills out of his own pocket. Parente said that the club had never donated a nickel. That's how much of a criminal organization this club is. Parente said in an interview that if someone was dealing coke, he wouldn't tell him because it wasn't his business. One time a guy comes up to me and says he is selling a trailer full of chickens, but didn't tell me where or how he got it, and I didn't ask. I asked him what he was going to do with the trailer of chickens. By October 2008, sixteen of the Outlaws arrested had pleaded guilty to being members of a criminal organization with almost all the others also making plea bargains in exchange for reduced sentences.Kevin Legere, the president of the Woodstock Outlaws chapter and the national vice-president, pleaded guilty for a reduced sentence in February 2005. On 18 October 2008, William Mellow, a member of the Outlaw London chapter and national secretary, made a deal in which he pledged guilty to the illegal possession of a handgun without a license, in exchange for a court order prohibiting him from being in contact with any other outlaws. <mask> and Luis Ferreira were the only ones who refused to make plea bargains and chose to take their chances with a jury. He was a friend of Parente's. He was never a major guy. He was always a loyal guy and nobody knew what he did to deserve membership. Parente felt that the other members of the Outlaws were being very selfish in testifying for the Crown in order to reduce their sentences, and he felt a lot of disgust with the willingness of his fellow Outlaws to make plea bargains.Parente said he was prepared to sit in there forever. As far as we're concerned, we fought this to the bitter end, and I was prepared to go on as long as I had to prove otherwise. A member of the Outlaws' St. Marie chapter was the primary witness against Parente. Isnor has stated that Parente had witnessed at least three cocaine buys between the two, but Parente insists that he barely knew BK. On 12 March 2009, Alex Smith, the Crown Attorney prosecuting Parente's case dropped all seventeen weapons and drug charges against him, saying there was no reasonable prospect of a conviction if the case went to trial. Smith said that a conviction was impossible because the key informer wouldn't testify. The case against Parenete collapsed when BK refused to testify.The case against him was weak according to Parente. Isnor stated, "After six and a half years, he was tired, not as sure he could provide accurate evidence." The trial was dragged on for a long time. Project Retire crippled the Outlaws in Ontario as the club was only a shadow of its former self with almost all of its members being convicted. Isnor stated that his job was not to put <mask>e behind bars. The Outlaws were going to be out of business in Ontario. The Crown refused to return Parente's assets because he was a member of a criminal organization.The Crown's argument was that even though the charges against Parente were dropped, his assets were still forfeited to the Crown because he was a member of a criminal organization. <mask>, the crime correspondent of the Toronto Star, said in an interview that if there was so much evidence, why didn't the Crown come forward with it. Parente stated that he is not a saint. I've made mistakes. I'm not saying I'm goody two-shoes. Parente said that the other Outlaws were out partying and didn't donate a dime to help out. I don't get a lot of support to fight something that implicates everyone.He said in the interview that he had no respect for the other Outlaws and resigned as national president. Parente said he was going to work as a construction contactor. Parente was replaced by Richard "Dooker" Williams. Parente approached the author to write a biography. <mask> was described as a man with a head shaven completely bald, a Fu Manchu mustache and a face that was scarred from many fights. Parente had a habit of lifting weights while in prison as he was a highly muscular man. Parente was described as similar to the persona projected by the actor Joe Pesci as "he gave off a similar but far less unctuous vibe..."It was hard to not like his speech. "Parente approached me to write his life story as he saw it, but I couldn't do that." I had to do my own research. He got angry at me because he came into the process with certain things in mind that he wanted to accomplish. He wanted me to tell the story as he saw it, and when I didn't agree with that, he got angry at me, but was very nice. I would have liked to work with him, but I couldn't do what he wanted me to. Parente's long-standing civil suit to secure the Outlaw assets seized by the Crown in 2002 finally ended with the Crown handing over assets worth $238.97 as the rest went to cover property taxes.Parente is looking for a writer. Canadian male criminals 20th-century Canadian criminals 21st-century Canadian criminals Canadian mobsters of Italian descent Canadian people convicted of assault Canadian people convicted of

masks:
Mario
Mario
Mario
Mario
Parente
Mario Parent
Parente
Parente


title: Robert L. Birmingham

texts: <mask><mask> is an American academic and legal scholar who specializes in admiralty law, federal courts, energy law, and law and philosophy. He is a professor at the University of Connecticut. The theory of efficient breach of contract was originated by him. A degree from the University of Pittsburgh was earned by Birmingham in 1960. He graduated from the University of Pittsburgh School of Law in 1963. He was editor-in-chief of the University of Pittsburgh Law Review while earning his law degree. While completing his third and final law school year, and also serving as law journal editor-in-chief, he wasEnrolled in the first year of a PhD program in economics.After receiving his law degree, he traveled to New England and obtained an advanced law degree from Harvard University. He finished his PhD in philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh in 1976, after completing his PhD in economics at the University of Pittsburgh in 1967. The Visiting assistant professor of law at Ohio State University was the first teaching position for Career Birmingham. He was an assistant professor of law at Indiana University, Bloomington from 1967 to 1971. During the debate over the adoption of the proposed Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, extending the right to vote to persons over the age of 18,<mask> came down firmly in favor of ratifying the amendment, noting that successive presidential and congressional combinations could otherwise raise or lower the voting age After becoming an Associate Professor in 1971, he stayed for three more years at Indiana. Between 1974 and 2007, he spent most of his time lecturing at the University of Connecticut School of Law.He is the most tenured full professor on the law faculty. In 2007, Birmingham was required to take a leave of absence after showing a film clip to a class that featured an interview with a pimp followed by a scene of "scantily clad women in a sexually suggestive pose". He would return to teaching the following semester, but wouldn't be teaching his usual feminist legal theory course. WorkBirmingham approaches contracts and damage measures from a law and economics standpoint. The first systematic statement of the efficiency of expectation damages to appear in the legal literature was written by Professor <mask>. 273 was published in 1970. "Although choice among Pareto optimal states requires appeal to subjective values, the superiority of at least one such state over any given state outside the set may be defended as almost tautological."Contract scholarship has become more economic since that time. The question of damage measures presented by the conscious decision of a promisor to breach a losing contract is one of the most puzzling conceptual problems in contract law, according to the abstract for Damage Measure and Economic Rationality: The Geometry of Contract Law. The author intends to examine the premises of contract law with a fresh perspective- economic analysis after seeing the inability of the courts to rationally resolve the problem. This "fresh perspective" of economic analysis is one of his biggest contributions to the legal world. At the same time, however, one would be wise not to overlook Birmingham's further remarks, now issuing some twenty years after Breach of Contract, Damage Measures, and Economic Efficiency: "Scholarship about contracts suffers too, however, under our hypothetical hegemony of economics." There are no new ideas for us. We practice normal science when we start with our single rule.Contract law is efficient. This practice is useful and necessary, but unheroic, because our physics-envy is not of some anonymous technician. The list of publications is from The Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law. 3 was published in 1998. There are 417 citations for breach of contract, damage measures and economic efficiency. There are 88 citations for Damage Measures and Economic Rationality. Legal and moral duty in game theory: common law contract and Chinese analogies.Recent Developments in Evidence Law, 34 Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 1 was written by Tara Shaw and Carolyn Shields. The Bernert Towboat Co. had a case in the 34 Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce. Economic Integration in East Africa: Distribution of Gains was published in 1969. The Growth of the Law: Decision Theory and the Doctrine of Consideration was published in 1969. Legal and Moral Duty in Game Theory: Common Law Contract and Chinese Analogueies, 18 Buffalo Law Review 99 was published in 1969. The Prisoner's Dilemma and Mutual Trust: Comment was published in 1969. The law forum on integration and economic development.The War Crimes Trial: A Second Look was published in 1962. Reviews Book Review, AA Nice Book, 23 Connecticut Law Review 1029 was reviewed by Sharon Jones. The book review was from the Boston University Law Review. Essays on Contract by Atiyah. The Criminal Process in the People's Republic of China was reviewed in the book review. The Law in Imperial China by D. Bodde and C. Morris was reviewed in the book review. The University of Pittsburgh Law Review has a book called Cases and Materials on the Law and Institutions of the Atlantic Area.The University of Pittsburgh alumni include Harvard Law School and the University of Connecticut.

masks:
Robert L
. Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham


title: Sathya Sai Baba

texts: <mask> was an Indian guru. He left his home at the age of fourteen and began to accept devotees after he claimed to be the reincarnation of <mask>. <mask>'s believers credited him with miracles such as materialisations of vibhuti and other small objects such as rings, necklaces and watches, along with reports of miraculous healings, resurrections, clairvoyance, bilocation and was allegedly omnipotent and omniscient. His acts were based on sleight of hand or other explanations that were not supernatural, but his devotees believe them to be signs of his divinity. The Sathya Sai Organisation was founded by <mask> to enable its members to undertake service activities as a means to spiritual advancement. <mask> established a network of free super speciality hospitals and general hospitals. The hagiography that grew around <mask>, narratives that hold special meaning to his devotees and are considered by them to be evidence of his divine nature, is the main source of information about his early life.According to these sources, <mask> Narayana Raju was born to a community of religious musicians and balladeers in the village of Puttaparthi. His birth was claimed to be a miracle by his mother. His parents had five children. The siblings of <mask> <mask> were: elder brother Ratnakaram Seshama Raju, elder sisters Venkamma and Parvathamma, and younger brother Janakiramiah. As a child, he was described as "unusually intelligent" and charitable, though not necessarily academically inclined, as his interests were of a more spiritual nature. He excelled in devotional music, dance and drama. From a young age, he was said to have been able to make objects out of thin air.<mask> was stung by a scorpion while living with his brother Seshama in Uravakonda, a small town near Puttaparthi. After losing consciousness for several hours, he began to behave differently in the next few days. There were signs of laughing and weeping. It is claimed that he began to sing Sanskrit verse, a language of which he had no prior knowledge. His behavior was deemed to be hysteria by doctors. <mask> was taken to many priests, doctors and exorcists by his parents. One of the exorcists at Kadiri tortured him with the aim of curing him.On May 23, 1940, <mask> called household members and gave them sugar candy and flowers. His father thought his son was bewitched by this. The young <mask> responded calmly and firmly "I am <mask>", a reference to <mask> of Shirdi, after he took a stick and threatened to beat him if Sathya did not reveal who he really was. This was the first time he claimed to be the reincarnation of <mask>, who died eight years before <mask> was born, and became famous in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He became known as 'Satya <mask>'. The first mandir for <mask>'s devotees was built in 1944. The old mandir is now referred to.The construction of Prashanthi Nilayam began in 1948 and was completed in 1950. <mask> established a hospital in the village of Puttaparthi. He was famous for his mystical powers and ability to heal. <mask> went on a temple tour in 1957. <mask> was said to have suffered a stroke and four heart attacks in 1963, which left him paralyzed on one side. Thousands of people gathered in Prashanthi Nilayam to pray for his recovery after he healed himself in front of them. <mask> said that he would be reborn as Prema <mask> in the state of Karnataka.He said that he was Shiva-Sakthi, born in the gotra of Bharadwaja. Shiva and Sakthi will incarnate as the third <mask> (Prema <mask>) in the same gotra in the state of Karnataka. He said he would be reborn eight years after his death at the age of 96. <mask> made his only overseas trip in June of 1968. In 1968, he established the Sathyam Mandir in Mumbai. The Shivam Mandir was established in 1973. The Sundaram Mandir was inaugurated on 19 January 1981 in Chennai.Four people armed with knives entered his bedroom in 1993 as part of a power struggle between his followers or as an assassination attempt. <mask> was not hurt. Two of <mask>'s attendants were killed during the police response to the altercation. Questions were left unanswered by the official investigation. <mask> started a project in 1995 to provide drinking water to 1.2 million people in the Rayalaseema region. He inaugurated the Ananda Nilayam Mandir in Madurai in 1999. He established a hospital in Bangalore to help the poor.<mask> had a fractured hip in 2003 when a student fell on him while standing on an iron stool. He gave darshana from his porte chair after that. <mask> used a wheelchair after 2004. <mask> was admitted to the Sri Sathya Sai Super Speciality Hospital on March 28, 2011. He died on Sunday, 24 April, aged 84, after nearly a month of hospitalisation, during which his condition deteriorated. <mask> predicted that he would live until the age of 96. After he died, some devotees suggested that he was referring to the number of lunar years, rather than the number of solar years, and using the Indian way of accounting for age, which counts the year to come as part of the person's life.Devotees have talked about his resurrection, reincarnation or awakening. His body lay in state for two days and was buried with full state honours. Hundreds of thousands of people attended the burial. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Congress president Sonia Gandhi, Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi, and cricketer Sachin Tendulkar were some of the prominent figures who attended. The Dalai Lama, as well as the then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, offered their sympathies. His birthday was on that day and he canceled his celebrations. According to the Hindu newspaper,<mask> <mask>'s commitment to secular beliefs never came in the way of his propagation of spiritualism and preaching of Hindu philosophy.The Government of Karnataka declared 25 and 26 April to be days of mourning. The Sathya Sai Organisation was founded in the 1960s by <mask> <mask>. It was established to enable its members to undertake service activities as a means to spiritual advancement. There are an estimated 1,200 Sathya Sai Baba Centres in 114 countries. It's difficult to determine the number of active <mask> Baba followers. Estimates range from 6 million to 100 million. <mask> drew followers from the upper-middle-class, the urban sections of society who have the most wealth, education and exposure to Western ideas.He claimed to have followers in 178 countries. A large number of schools and colleges, hospitals, and other charitable institutions in India and abroad were founded by <mask> <mask>. Estimates as high as 1.4 trillion have also been made. After his death, questions about the manner in which the finances of the organisation were going to be managed led to speculations of impropriety, with some reports suggesting that suitcases containing cash and/or gold had been removed from his personal lodgings. The Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust opened his private residence on 17 June in the presence of government, bank and tax department officials. In the private residence, which had been sealed since his death, they inventoried 98 kilo of gold ornaments, an approximate value of US $4.7 million, 307 kilo of silver ornaments, and an approximate value of Rs 16 million. The cash was deposited into the Sai Trust's account at the State Bank of India with the payment of government taxes.The gold and other items were inventoried and placed in secure storage. An additional Rs 7.7 million (US$ 0.17m) in valuables was inventoried by the district authorities in July. The total value of these items is thought to be more than 7 million US dollars. Thousands of pure silk sarees, dhotis, shirts, 500 pairs of shoes, dozens of bottles of perfume and hairspray, watches, a large number of silver and gold "mangala sutrams", and precious stones such as diamonds were inventoried at Yajurmandir. <mask> wore saffron and white robes. A similar opening of his Bangalore-area ashram in July of last year had 6 kilo of gold coins and jewellery, 245 kilo of silver articles and Rs 8 million in cash. <mask>'s devotees from all over the world are believed to have given these items and goods as religious gifts.The Department of Posts, Government of India, released a postage stamp and postal cover in recognition of the service rendered by <mask> in addressing the problem of providing safe drinking water to the rural populace. He would have been 88 years old when the stamp was released. In January 2007, an event was held in Chennai Nehru Stadium to thank <mask> for the 2 billion water project which brought water from the River Krishna to Chennai city. There were four chief ministers at the function. <mask> was born and lived in a small South Indian village called Prasanthi Nilayam Puttaparthi. There is an extensive university complex, a speciality hospital, and two museums: the Sanathana Samskruti or Eternal Heritage Museum, sometimes called the Museum of All Religions, and the Chaitanya Jyoti, devoted exclusively to the life and teachings of <mask>. There is an indoor sports stadium, a railway station, a hill-view stadium, an administrative building, and more.The former president A. P. J. Abdul Kalam is one of the high-ranking Indian politicians who have visited the ashram. It was reported that over a million people attended <mask>'s 80th birthday party. <mask> lived in his main ashram, Prashanthi Nilayam (Abode of Highest Peace), at Puttaparthi. In the summer he would often leave for his other ashram in Kadugodi, a town on the outskirts of Bangalore. He occasionally went to his Sai Shruti ashram. <mask>'s following is often described as a "movement". A worldwide mass religious movement is growing around the Indian holy man and miracle worker, <mask> <mask>, according to a study by the Central Intelligence Agency.The Sai Baba movement is likely to become a worldwide religion. Scholars often refer to it as either a "New Religious Movement" or as a cult, reflecting what Robbins and Zablocki, two social science researchers, call "the divisive polarization, which, at least until recently, has plagued the academic study of religious movements." Both camps preferred one term over the other. Such groups can be referred to as NRM or cult. "New Religious Movement" is the classification preferred by most academics who see "cult" as a negative term. <mask>'s followers are thought to be of Hindu persuasion. <mask> claimed to be the reincarnation of <mask> of Shirdi, and his followers considered him to be the leader of Shiva.<mask> was known to combine Islamic and Hindu teachings. The American University at Washington D.C.'s White noted in 1972 that there was no Muslim influence on <mask> <mask>. <mask>'s following is drawn from people of all religions, ethnicities, and social classes. The Sai Baba movement was described by Lawrence A. Babb as a cult in the 1980s, with the most striking feature being the emphasis on the miraculous. The so-called "cult" of Satya <mask> seems to have all the characteristics of a religious movement according to the author. Deborah A. The "ritual and theology, then, unlike <mask>'s, is distinctly Hindu in form and content," said Swallow, of the University of Cambridge.The Sathya Sai Organization, which is part of the movement, rejected the label Hindu, according to John D. Kelly, a professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago. According to Kelly, the founder of the movement is seen as the living synthesis of the world's religious traditions. The Sai Baba mission is an active Hindu mission. The Sathya Sai global civil religious movement incorporates Hindu and Muslim practices, Buddhist, Christian, and Zoroastrian influences, and "New Age"-style rituals and beliefs. <mask>'s quote was "Love All, Serve All." Help, Hurt, never. On Sundays or Thursdays or both, his devotees gather for devotional songs, prayer, spiritual meditation, service to the community and to participate in "Education in Human Values" known as "Bal Vikas".<mask>'s darshan is scheduled for morning and afternoon each day. <mask> would call groups or individuals for interviews. Devotees considered it a privilege to have an interview and sometimes a single person, group or family was invited for a private interview for answers to spiritual questions and general guidance. <mask> told his followers not to use the internet. <mask> <mask> has been accused of sleight of hand, sexual abuse, money laundering, fraud in the performance of service projects, and murder. Abraham Kovoor made the first public criticism of <mask> <mask> in 1972 when he looked into a claim that <mask> had created a new model of a watch. In 1976, Hossur Narasimhaiah, a physicist, rationalist and then vice-chancellor of Bangalore University, founded and chaired a committee to rationally and scientifically investigate miracles.<mask> was challenged to perform his miracles under controlled conditions. The letters were ignored. <mask> <mask> said that he ignored the challenge because he felt that a scientific approach to spiritual issues was improper. Only through the path of spirituality can you understand the nature of spiritual power. The committee was dissolved in August 1977. <mask> ignored his letters to be an indication that his miracles were not legit. A public debate raged in Indian newspapers as a result of this episode.In 1986 Basava Premanand tried to file a lawsuit against <mask> <mask> for violating the Gold Control Act. Premanand tried to argue that spiritual power is not a defence recognised in law after the case was dismissed. <mask> was accused of faking his materialisations in a 1995 TV documentary. The Deccan Chronicle mentioned the clip from the film in a front-page headline on November 23, 1992. Mick Brown, a British journalist, wrote about <mask>'s resurrection of Walter Cowan in his book The Spiritual Tourist from 1998, as well as Erlendur Haraldsson, a physician who interviewed doctors at the hospital, who said that Cowan had not died. Brown said that he had seen the vibhuti from <mask>'s pictures in houses in London, which he felt were not fraudulent. Sceptics have produced documentation showing discrepancies between <mask>'s reading of historical events and biblical prophecies, and the established accounts, according to Brown.In January 2002, a documentary produced by Danmarks Radio (DR), called Seduced By <mask>, analysed videos of public manifestations of <mask> and suggested that they could be explained as sleight of hand. The documentary showed interviews with a man who claimed to have been abused by <mask> <mask>. In 2002 the parliament of the United Kingdom discussed the danger to male children of British families intending to visit the Sathya <mask> Baba ashram in case of individual audiences with the guru. The Secret Swami was a documentary produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 2004. The central theme of the documentary was the sexual abuse allegations against <mask> <mask>. He was interviewed with Mark, who had spent 25 years of his life in the movement and had alleged abuse by <mask>. <mask> Baba critic Basava Premanand made allegations on the show.In the documentary, Premanand stated that <mask> faked his materialisations. <mask> <mask> and his followers deny any wrongdoing. Bill Aitken was quoted by The Week as saying that the negative stories about <mask> <mask> had not hurt his reputation. He said that devotees went to see <mask> <mask> when detractors were against him. In the article Divine Downfall, published in the Daily Telegraph, the ex-principal of the Sathya Sai Educational Institute said that the controversy was part of <mask> <mask>'s divine plan and that all great religious teachers had to face criticism during their lives. Since childhood, allegations have been leveled at <mask> <mask>, but with every criticism, he has become more and more triumphant. Lawrence A. Babb wrote in the book Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition that <mask> <mask> is more than just a parlour magician.The Times of India quoted <mask> <mask> as saying in an official letter made public in December 2001 that he had responded to the allegations in his Christmas day message. The National Human Rights Commissioner of India, the former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India, and the President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union are some of the people.

masks:
Sathya Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sathya Sai Baba
Sathya Sai Baba
Sathya Sai Baba
Sathya
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sathya
Sathya
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sri Sathya
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sai
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sai
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba


title: Fakhri Pasha

texts: mer Fahrettin Trkkan was a Turkish career officer who was the commander of the Ottoman Army and the governor of Medina from 1916 to 1919. He was nicknamed "The Lion of the Desert" and "The Tiger of the Desert" by the British and Arabs for his patriotism in Medina. He was born to mother Fatma Adile Hanm and father Mehmed Nahid Bey. His sister was married to a man named Al aydar Psh. The family moved to Istanbul due to the war. He graduated from the War Academy in 1888. He was posted to the eastern border with Armenia in the Fourth Army.He joined the First Regular Army in Istanbul. He was the commander of the 31st Division when the Balkan War broke out, after he was sent to Libya. Adrianople was captured from Bulgaria by his unit and they entered into the city. Aye Sdka Hanmefendi was the daughter of Ferik Ahmet Paa. They have five children: Suphiye Trkkan 1904–1978,Mehmed Selim Trkkan 1908–1991,Mehmed Orhan Trkkan 1910–1994, Aye Nermin Trkkan 1919–1997. He was promoted to the rank of Mirliva in November 1914 and was appointed the deputy commander of the Fourth Army. After Hussein bin Ali began preparing for a revolt against the Ottoman Empire on May 23, 1916, he was appointed the defender of Medina.Medina was besieged by the Arab forces who revolted against the Ottoman Sultan and sided with the British, but he stood his ground and defended the city. The single-track narrow gauge Hejaz Railway was protected from sabotage by the Hejazi army and the Turkish garrisons of the isolated small train stations withstood the continuous night attacks. The withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from the war with the Allies of World War I was expected to cause Fahreddin to surrender. He refused to accept the armistice. The sacred artifacts and manuscripts of Medina were sent to Istanbul in order to protect them from seizure during the siege. Most of the manuscripts were returned to Medina by the Ottoman Empire and are now in libraries in the city. According to eye-witness memoirs of Turkish author Feridun Kandemir, who was a Red Crescent volunteer of that time in Medina, one Friday in the spring of 1918, after prayers in Masjid al-Nabawi.I appeal to you in the name of the prophet. Regardless of the strength of the enemy, I command you to defend him and his city. May Allah help us, and may the prayers of Muhammad be with us. The officers of the Turkish army! To honor your faith with the supreme sacrifice of your lives, come forward and promise me, before our Lord and the Prophet. The prophet Muhammad had ordered Fahreddin <mask> not to submit, according to a dream he had. He received a call to surrender in August of 1918.Fakhr-ud-Din is the General of the Most Sacred City of Medina. The prophet's servant. In the name of Allah. To him, who broke the power of Islam caused bloodshed among Muslims, jeopardized the caliphate of the Commander of the Faithful, and exposed it to the domination of the British. On Thursday night the fourteenth of Dhu'l-Hijja, I was walking tired and worn out, thinking of the protection and defense of Medina, when I found myself among unknown men working in a small square. There was a man standing before me. Allah's blessing be upon him, he was the prophet.He rested his left arm on his hip and told me to follow him. I woke up after following him for two or three paces. I went to his mosque and prostrated myself near his tomb. The Prophet is my Supreme Commander. I am building roads and squares in Medina. Trouble me not with useless offers. The Ottoman minister of war ordered him to hand over his sword, but he refused.The Sultan Mehmed VI dismissed him from his post because of his behavior. The flag of the Ottoman Sultan was flown in Medina until 72 days after the war ended. The closest Ottoman unit was from Medina. He replied to a British General's ultimatum with the words "I am a Muhammadan". I'm an Osmanli. I'm the son of Bayer Bay. I am a soldier.On January 9, 1919, Fahreddin was brought to Abdullah by his own men. Ali entered the city on February 2, 1919. After the war, he was brought to the military barracks in Cairo, Egypt. He lived in Malta as a prisoner of war until 1921. He joined the Turkish forces after his release and fought against the Greek and French armies. He was Turkey's ambassador to Afghanistan from 1922 to 1926. He retired from the army in 1936 after being promoted to the rank of Ferik.On November 22, 1948, Fahreddin <mask> died of a heart attack during a train trip in the vicinity of Eskiehir. He was buried in stanbul according to his wishes. In December of last year, the Foreign Minister of the United Arab Emirates shared a post on his personal social media account to expose Fahreddin and his forces for stealing manuscripts from Medina and other crimes against the local population during the siege. The Turkish President called the Foreign Minister ignorant after he accused the ancestors of theft. He had a lot of money and was spoiled by oil. Where were your ancestors when they defended Medina? You have to account for this.The Turkish government changed the name of the Ankara street where the embassy is located. The Siege of Medina Sources Public Record Office is in London. Emel Esin, Mecca The Blessed, Medinah The Radiant has 190 External links.

masks: Pasha Pasha


title: Empress Dowager Cixi

texts: The Manchu Yehe Nara clan had a Chinese noblewoman, concubine and regent who effectively controlled the Chinese government. She gave birth to a son in 1856, when she was a concubine of the emperor. The young boy became the emperor after the death of the emperor, while the emperor's widow became the empress dowager. Ci'an, one of the regents who had been appointed by the emperor, died under mysterious circumstances. Cixi consolidated control of the dynasty when she installed her nephew as the emperor at the death of her son. The traditional rules of succession of the Qing dynasty were not followed. The regime survived thanks to a series of moderate reforms supervised by Cixi.Cixi supported technological and military reforms despite her opposition to Western models of government. She was worried that the Japanese and other foreign powers would take advantage of any weakness and that sudden implementation without bureaucratic support would be disruptive. She placed the emperor under virtual house arrest because she thought he had tried to assassinate her. Cixi initially supported the Boxer groups and declared war on the invaders after the Boxer Rebellion. It was a humiliation after the defeat. When Cixi returned to Beijing after taking the emperor, she became friendly to foreigners in the capital and began to implement fiscal and institutional reforms to turn China into a constitutional monarchy. The court was left in the hands of Manchu conservatives, a child, and a restless, deeply divided society after the deaths of Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor.She has been debated by historians in China and abroad. Revisionists said that the Nationalist and Communist revolutionaries scapegoated her for deep-rooted problems beyond salvage, because of her reactionary policies that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. The future Emperor <mask> was born on the tenth day of the tenth lunar month in the 15th year of his reign. Her father was a member of the Bordered Blue Banner and held the title of duke. During the year of Lady Yehe Nara's birth, Palace archives show that she was born in Beijing. The location of her childhood home is recorded in the file. She had two siblings, a sister named Wanzhen and a brother named Guixiang.Cixi was involved in the selection of wives to the emperor. Only a few candidates were chosen to stay. Noble Lady Li of the Tatara clan and Concubine Zhen of the Niohuru clan were among the other candidates. She was placed in the sixth rank of consorts after entering the Forbidden City. The title "Concubine Yi" was granted to Cixi on February 28, 1854. On 27 April 1856, Cixi gave birth to Zaichun, the first and only surviving son of the emperor. She was elevated to the fourth rank of consorts on the same day.Cixi was elevated to the third rank of consorts after her son's first birthday. She was the second woman among the women within the emperor's harem. Cixi was known for her ability to read and write Chinese, unlike many of the other Manchu women. She was able to help the emperor on a daily basis thanks to this skill. Cixi was instructed by the emperor to leave instructions on the memorials according to his will. Cixi became well-informed about state affairs and the art of governing from the emperor. In September 1860, during the closing stages of the Second Opium War, the British diplomatic envoy Harry Parkes was arrested along with other hostages, who were tortured and executed.The Old Summer Palace was burned to the ground after British and French troops attacked Beijing. The emperor and his people fled Beijing to Rehe Province. The emperor fell into a depression after hearing about the destruction of the Old Summer Palace. He became seriously ill after turning to alcohol and drugs. He named the "Eight Regent Ministers" to direct and support the future emperor. The emperor died at the Chengde Mountain Resort in Rehe Province. The heir to the emperor's throne was only five years old.It is thought that the emperor gave each of the women a stamp on his deathbed. He hoped that when his son ascended the throne, the Noble Consort Yi would help the young emperor to grow and mature. This may have been done to check the power of the regents. There is no evidence for this incident, and it is unlikely that the emperor would have wanted Yi to wield political power. It is possible that the seal given as a symbol for the child was just a present for Noble Consort Yi. Informal seals numbered in the thousands and were not considered political accretions, rather objects of art commissioned for pleasure by emperors to stamp on items such as paintings, or given as presents to the concubines. The empress was elevated to the status of empress after the death of the emperor.She lived in the eastern Zhongcui Palace and was known as the "East Empress Dowager". "Empress Dowager Cixi" was elevated to the rank of Noble Consort Yi. She lived inside the western Chuxiu Palace. By the time of the death of the emperor, the empress had become a shrewd political strategist. Cixi plotted with court officials and imperial relatives to seize power in Rehe Province while waiting for an astrologically favorable time to transport the emperor's coffin back to Beijing. The empress dowager position had no political power attached to it. The young emperor was not a political force.She needed to ally herself with other powerful figures, including the emperor's principal wife. The two had been close friends since Cixi first came to the imperial household. Tensions grew between the regents and the two emperors. The regents didn't like Cixi's interference in political affairs and their confrontations with the emperor left him frustrated. Ci'an wouldn't come to court audiences, leaving Cixi to deal with the ministers alone. Cixi had begun gathering the support of talented ministers, soldiers, and others who were ostracized by the eight regents for personal or political reasons. Among them was Prince Gong, who had been excluded from power, yet harboured great ambitions, and Prince Chun, who was the sixth and seventh brother of the emperor.While Cixi aligned herself with the princes, a memorial came from Shandong asking for her to assume power as defacto ruler. Prince Gong was asked to join the political arena as aide to the Emperor. When the emperor's funeral procession left for Beijing, Cixi took advantage of her alliances. She and the boy emperor returned to the capital before the rest of the party, along with two of the eight regents. Her return to Beijing gave her more time to plan with Prince Gong and ensure that the power base of the regents was divided between him and his allies. The regents were dismissed for carrying out incompetent negotiations with the barbarians that caused the emperor to flee to Rehe Province, among other charges. Three of the regents were executed to show her high moral standards.The other two were also marked for execution, but Cixi declined the suggestion of using the most painful method, known as slow slicing, and ordered that Sushun be beheaded. Cixi refused to execute the family members of the regents in accordance with imperial tradition. Women and princes were not allowed to engage in politics. In Chinese, "ruling from behind the curtains" means that Cixi became the only empress dowager in the Qing dynasty to assume the role of regent. The name "Xinyou Coup" refers to the coup that took place in the year 1861 in the Chinese sexagenary cycle. Following the Xinyou Coup, Cixi was quick to reward Prince Gong for his help. He was appointed Prince-Regent and his daughter was made a first rank princess.The political power of princes such as Dorgon was not given to Prince Gong. One of the first acts of "ruling behind the curtain" from within the Hall of Mental Cultivation was to issue two imperial edicts on behalf of the boy emperor. The first stated that the emperor's regnal title was changed to "collective stability" and the second stated that the two Empresses were to be the sole decision-makers. Ci'an and Cixi were forced to rely on the Grand Council and a complex series of procedures in order to deal with affairs of state despite being the sole decision-makers. When state documents came in, they were to be forwarded to the emperors and then to the prince and the grand council. The drafts of the imperial orders would have to be approved by the emperor before they could be issued. The most important role of the emperor was to apply their seals to edicts, a mechanical role in a complex bureaucracy.At a time of internal chaos and foreign challenges, it was necessary to clean up the bureaucracy. The effects of the Second Opium War were still being felt in the country, and the Taiping Rebellion continued to advance through China's south. The national bureaucracy and regional authorities were prone to corruption. In 1861, officials of all levels presented their political reports from the previous three years. Cixi decided that the time was ripe for a bureaucratic overhaul, and she personally sought an audience with all officials above the level of the provincial governor, who had to report to her. The Bureaucratic Affairs Department usually gives part of the role to Cixi. Two prominent officials were executed to serve as examples for others: Qingying, a military shilang who tried to bribe his way out of demotion, and He Guiqing, who fled Changzhou in the wake of an incoming Taiping army.The development of the Zongli Yamen, an official foreign ministry to deal with international affairs, the restoration of regional armies and regional strongmen, modernization of railroads, factories, and arsenals, and an increase of industrial and commercial productivity were some of the reforms implemented. The Manchu elites faced a significant challenge. Most major positions at court have been held by Manchus. The most powerful military unit in the country was given to Zeng Guofan, a Han Chinese, in order to fight the Taiping rebels. In the next three years, Cixi appointed Han Chinese officials as governors in all southern Chinese provinces, raising alarm bells in the court, traditionally protective of Manchu dominance. According to Mary C. Wright, a civilization which appeared to have collapsed was revived to last for another sixty years by the efforts of extraordinary men in the 1860s. According to John K. Fairbank, the policy and leadership changes known as the Qing Restoration helped the Qing survive both domestic and international attacks.The Taiping rebel army was defeated in a battle at Tianjing in July of 1864, under the command of Zeng Guofan. The title of "Marquess Yiyong, First Class" was given to Zeng's brother and other Han Chinese officers who fought against the Taiping rebels. With the Taiping rebel threat over, Cixi focused on new internal threats to her power. Prince-Regent in the imperial court was of special concern. The support of all outstanding Han Chinese armies was gathered under the command of Prince Gong. Prince Gong was the head of the Grand Council and the Zongli Yamen. Prince Gong was seen as a threat to Cixi and her power.Although Prince Gong was rewarded for his conduct and recommendation of Zeng Guofan before the Taiping rebels' defeat, <mask> was quick to move after a minor official filed a memorial accusing him of corruption and disrespect to the emperor. Prince Gong had built up a powerful base and a network of allies at court. The memorial was taken as a stepping stone to Prince Gong's removal. In 1865, the prince was dismissed from his offices and appointments, but was allowed to retain his status as a noble, because he had been charged with "improper court conduct before the two empresses." The nobility and court officials were surprised by his dismissal. Prince Dun and Prince Chun sought their brother's reinstatement. In an audience with the two empresses, Prince Gong burst into tears.The head of the Zongli Yamen was allowed to return, but he was stripped of his title of Prince-Regent. Prince Gong would never return to political prominence again, and the liberal and pro-reform policies of his time would not. Cixi's iron grip on politics and her lack of willingness to give up absolute power to anyone were revealed by Prince Gong's demotion. China's defeat in the Second Opium War was a wake-up call. Military strategies were not the same on land and sea. Realizing that China's agricultural-based economy could not compete with the industrial prowess of the West, Cixi decided that for the first time in Chinese history, China would learn from the Western powers. Three prominent Han Chinese officials, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang, started industrial programs in the country's southern regions.The opening of the Tongwen Guan, a school for foreign languages in Beijing, was made possible by the support of these programmes. Astronomy and mathematics, as well as the English, French and Russian languages, were some of the topics that the Tongwen Guan specialized in. The young boys were sent to the US for studies. China's programme to learn from foreigners was met with difficulty. The Chinese military institutions were in dire need of reform. Cixi's solution was to purchase seven British warships. British sailors were in charge of the warships when they arrived in China.negotiations broke down between the two parties and China returned the warships to Britain, where they were to be auctioned off. Scholars say that the failure of China's foreign programmes is due to <mask>'s conservative attitude and old methods of thinking, and that she would only learn from foreigners if she didn't violate her own power. Cixi forbade the construction of the railway because it was too loud and would disturb the emperors' tombs. When construction went ahead in 1877 on Li Hongzhang's recommendation, Cixi asked that they be pulled by horse-drawn carts. The liberal thinking of people who had studied abroad posed a new threat to Cixi's power. Cixi stopped sending children abroad to study and withdrew her open attitude towards foreigners in the 19th century. The Emperor turned 17 in

masks: Cixi Cixi Cixi


title: Empress Dowager Cixi

texts: 1872.He was married to the Jiashun Empress under the guidance of the emperor. The empress's grandfather was one of the regents who were ousted from power. He was ordered to kill himself after Cixi's victory. Tensions between Cixi and the empress were a source of irritation for Cixi. Cixi believed that the empress's zodiac symbol of tiger was life threatening. Cixi believed that it was a warning from the gods that she would eventually fall prey to the empress. The emperor and emperor's consort, the Jiashun Empress, was well received by both of them.Her consultants warned her to be more submissive to Cixi as he was the one in power. The empress said that she was a principal consort, having been carried through the front gate. The concubine of the emperor entered our house through a side gate. The emperor spent most of his time with his empress at the expense of his four concubines, including the Imperial Noble Consort Shushen, who was Cixi's preferred candidate for the emperor's empress. Cixi suggested that the couple spend more time on studies and use palace eunuchs to spy on the emperor. After Cixi's warning was ignored, she ordered the couple to separate and the emperor spent several months in isolation at the palace. The emperor, who was no longer able to cope with his grief and loneliness, grew more and more angry.He began to treat his servants badly. The emperor was able to escape the palace because of the influence of the court eunuchs and the best friend of the emperor. The emperor spent several nights in the brothels of Beijing while pretending to be a commoner. There are many records of the emperor's escapades, and the emperor's sexual habits became common talk among court officials and commoners. Four famous teachers of Cixi's own chose to educate the Tongzhi Emperor's deficiencies in ruling. The emperor's governor, also selected by Cixi, was Mianyu. The emperor was instructed in the classics by the imperial teachers, but he didn't show much interest.He hated learning for the majority of his life because of the pressure and stress. The emperor was not able to read a memo in full sentences by the age of 16. Cixi was worried about her son's inability to learn. The Emperor was given personal rule at the age of 18 years old, four years behind the usual custom, and he proved to be an incompetent ruler. The Emperor made two important policy decisions during his short rule. The Summer Palace, destroyed by the English and French in the Second Opium War, would be rebuilt under the pretext that it was a gift to Cixi and Ci'an. According to historians, it was an attempt to get Cixi to rule without interference in policy or his private affairs.The Board of Finance was asked by the Emperor to find funds because the imperial treasury was almost empty. He encouraged members of the nobility and high officials to give money from their personal resources. After construction began, the emperor would check its progress on a monthly basis and would often spend days away from court. The emperor's relatives, along with other senior court officials, submitted a joint memo asking the emperor to stop the construction of the Summer Palace because of his neglect of national affairs. In August 1874, the emperor stripped Prince Gong of his princely title and demote him to the status of a commoner because he was unwilling to submit to criticism. On the same day, the titles and jobs of Prince Dun, Prince Chun, Prince Fu, Jingshou, Prince Qing, and Grand Councillors Shen Guifen and Li Hongzao were taken away. Seeing the chaos unfold from behind the scenes, Cixi and Ci'an made an unprecedented appearance at court directly criticising the emperor for his wrongful actions and asked him to withdraw the edict; Cixi said that "without Prince Gong, the situation today would not exist for you and me."The Emperor returned to his old habits after feeling a sense of loss at court. He was rumored to have caught syphilis and become ill. The doctors spread a rumour that the emperor had a disease. The emperor died in a few weeks. In March, the Jiashun Empress followed suit. The emperor's quick death doesn't seem to reflect the symptoms of the disease, because it comes in stages. Most historians believe that the emperor died from the disease.<mask> was back in charge of imperial power by 1875. The succession crisis in the dynasty was caused by the death of the emperor without a male heir. The members of the generation above were considered not fit to be the successor of their nephew. The new emperor had to be from the same generation as the previous emperor. The four-year-old son of Prince Chun and <mask>'s sister was to become the new emperor after considerable disagreement between the two emirs. The first year of the Guangxu era was 1875 and it means "glorious succession". For the rest of his life, Zaitian would be cut off from his family.In order to enforce an image that she was the fatherly figure in the household, Zaitian had to address Ci'an as qin Baba. The emperor began his education when he was five years old and developed a lasting bond with the tutor. After the accession of the Guangxu Emperor, Cixi fell ill. She left Ci'an to attend to most of the affairs of state because she was largely inaccessible to her young nephew. Cixi had a new challenge after the death of Ci'an. Ci'an was the decision-maker in most family affairs. She was two years her junior when she became the consort of the emperor.Some believe that there was a rumour that Ci'an had been poisoned because of a possible conflict between Cixi and Ci'an over the execution of An Dehai in 1869. Because of a lack of evidence, historians are reluctant to believe that Ci'an was poisoned by Cixi, but instead choose to believe that the cause of death was a sudden stroke. Cixi used to communicate with her ministers only in written form. The young emperor was forced to conduct some audiences on his own. The once fierce and determined Prince Gong, frustrated by Cixi's iron grip on power, did little to question Cixi on state affairs, and supported Manchu involvement in the Sino-French War of 1884–1885. China's loss in the war was used by Cixi to get rid of Prince Gong and other important decision-makers in the Grand Council in 1885. She elevated the more easily influenced prince to an advisory status.The strongest navy in East Asia was said to be the Beiyang Fleet when it was first developed. The navy should continue to develop and expand gradually, according to explicit orders written by Cixi before her son took over the throne. All naval and military development came to a halt after Cixi retired. It has been said that Japan's victories over China were the fault of Cixi. In order to build the Summer Palace in Beijing, Cixi stole funds from the navy. The Chinese navy's decline was not caused by Cixi. China's defeat was caused by Emperor Guangxu's lack of interest in developing and maintaining the military.The emperor was advised to cut funding to the navy and army because he didn't see Japan as a real threat and there were several natural disasters in the early 1890s. The Guangxu Emperor gained the right to rule at the age of 16 after <mask>u Emperor's accession was requested by Prince Chun and Weng Tonghe with different motives. Cixi, with her reputed reluctance, accepted the "advice" and legitimised her continued rule through a new legal document that allowed her to "aid" the emperor in his rule indefinitely. The emperor began to take on more responsibilities even though <mask>'s regency was still going on. He commented on imperial state documents after attending his first field plowing ceremony.He began to rule under Cixi's supervision. The emperor married and took over power in 1889. The emperor was 18 years older than the marriage age for emperors. There was a fire at the Gate of Supreme Harmony before his wedding. Recent natural disasters were considered alarming by many observers. The loss of the "Mandate of Heaven" was seen as a warning by the current rulers. The empress was chosen by the emperor's cousin, who would become Longyu.She was also the emperor's niece. The Guangxu Emperor had two concubines who were sisters, Consorts Jin and Zhen. The emperor would like to spend more time with his mistress, much to Cixi's annoyance. The main reason for degradation was intervention in political affairs. She was flogged according to some reports. According to reports, Consort Jin was implicated in the reported influence peddling of Consort Zhen. A cousin of theirs was sent from the capital to a military outpost.Cixi retired from her second regency on March 5, 1889, but still served as the head of the imperial family. Many officials felt more loyalty to the empress than they did to the emperor, due to her seniority and her approach to cultivating court favorites, as well as the fact that many of them would be given gifts of her artwork and invitations to join her at the theater for opera. Cixi continued to influence the decisions and actions of the Guangxu Emperor even after he began his formal rule despite the fact that her residence for a period of time at the Summer Palace had been constructed with the official intention of providing her a suitable place to live after retiring from political affairs. Major political decisions would be made when the Guangxu Emperor paid visits to her every second or third day. While the emperor dealt with day-to-day administration, the Grand Councillors gave their advice in more complex cases, and in the most complex cases of all, the advice of Cixi was sought. In 1894, the First Sino-Japanese War broke out at the instigation of Japan which used the war as a pretext to annex Taiwan from China. The Japanese annexation of Taiwan followed the Japanese annexation of the RyuKyu island Kingdom in 1874 and the Japanese annexation of Korea in 1910.The emperor was sometimes bypassed in decision-making processes, as Cixi was constantly called upon to arbitrate policy-making. The practice of giving Cixi copies of the secret palace memorial was discontinued in 1898. Cixi celebrated her 60th birthday in November 1894. The plans for the celebrations of the 70th and 80th birthdays of the Qianlong Emperor's mother included a triumphal progress along the decorated road between the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace, as well as decorations for the Beijing city gates. The war between China and Japan forced the empress dowager to cancel the lavish celebrations she had planned and instead hold a smaller commemoration in the Forbidden City. The emperor became more reform minded after coming to the throne. During the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894, the Chinese Beiyang Fleet was almost destroyed by the Imperial Japanese Navy, and the Qing government faced unprecedented challenges internally and abroad.The emperor believed that by learning from constitutional monarchies such as Japan and Germany, China would become politically and economically powerful. The Hundred days' reform was launched in June 1898 by the Guangxu Emperor and was aimed at sweeping political, legal and social changes. These reforms were not supported either at court or in the bureaucracy. Cixi stepped in to prevent them from going further because they were concerned that they would lead to disorder. Cixi was warned by some government and military officials that the ming-Shi was geared toward conspiracy. The allegations of treason against the emperor, as well as suspected Japanese influence within the reform movement, led Cixi to resume the role of regent. The Emperor was taken to Ocean Terrace, a small palace on an island in the middle of Zhongnanhai, only by a causeway.The Guangxu Emperor's total disgrace and unfitness to be emperor was proclaimed by Cixi. The emperor's reign came to an end. The former Japanese Prime Minister It Hirobumi arrived in China in 1898. British missionary Timothy Richard was invited to Beijing almost at the same time. In order to push the reforms further, Richard suggested that China give up some political power. China would join a federation composed of China, Japan, the United States, and England if Richard's plan is adopted. The policies of the countries are not reflected in this suggestion.It was Richard's trick to convince China to give up their national rights. The reformers were asked to report the plan to the emperor. The memorial was sent to the emperor on 20 September. Song Bolu advocated the formation of a federation and sharing of the diplomatic, fiscal, and military powers of the four countries under a hundred-man committee. On 13 October, Claude MacDonald, British ambassador to China, reported to his government that Chinese reforms had been damaged by the actions of Kang Youwei and his friends. According to a report by a British diplomat, Kang was a dreamer who had been swayed by Timothy Richard's sweet words. Richard was thought to be a plot.The British and U.S. governments were unaware of the plot. There is no evidence that the Japanese government was aware of Richard's plan. There was a crisis over the issue of abdication. Despite increasing pressure from the West and civil discontent, Cixi did not forcibly remove the emperor from the throne, although she tried to have a boy named Pujun installed as crown prince. The emperor lost all of his power and privileges when he died in 1908. Most of his supporters, including his political mentor, fled into exile, and six prominent reformers, including Tan Sitong, were beheaded. While in exile, he remained loyal to the Guangxu Emperor and hoped to restore him to power.His efforts were in vain. The Boxer Rebellion broke out in northern China in 1900. Cixi made an official announcement of her support for the movement and declared war on the Western powers because she was afraid of further foreign intervention. During the rebellion, the general sabotaged the performance of the army. The "Kansu Braves" were able to destroy the foreign military forces in the legations but were stopped from doing so by Ronglu. The prince of Manchu was friendly with the Chinese. Zaiyi wanted to destroy the

masks: Cixi Cixi Cixix Cixi


title: Empress Dowager Cixi

texts: legations.The legations were prevented from being destroyed by the blocking of the transfer of artillery. The Boxers were only given limited amounts of artillery when it was finally given to the army. The Chinese forces defeated the Western relief force at the Battle of Langfang, but lost several important battles, including the Battle of Beicang, as the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing. The allied army was able to seize Beijing due to the fact that moderates at the imperial court tried to appease foreigners by moving the Muslim Kansu Braves out of their way. "Perhaps their magic is not to be relied upon; but can we not rely on the hearts and minds of the people?" asked Cixi during the war. China is weak today. We rely on the people's hearts and minds.What can we do to sustain the country if we cast them aside? Due to the Western Allied invasion, the Chinese people were almost unanimous in their support of the Boxers. "Now the Powers have started the aggression, and the extinction of our nation is imminent," she defiantly stated before the Grand Council when she received an ultimatum demanding that China surrender total control over all its military and financial affairs to foreigners. I wouldn't have a face to see my ancestors after death if we just folded our arms. Why don't we fight to the death? Cixi began to blockade the legations with the armies of the Beijing Field Force, which began the siege. The allied armies were allowed to escape too easily in 1860.It was necessary for a united effort to give China the victory. "Today, at last, the opportunity for revenge has come", and said that millions of Chinese would join the cause of fighting the foreigners since the Manchus had provided "great benefits" to China. During the Battle of Beijing, the entire imperial court, including the emperor and his wife, fled Beijing and were taken by the allied forces. messengers were sent to the empress dowager in Xi'an after the fall of Beijing. The agreement included a guarantee that China wouldn't have to give up any more territories to foreign powers. The war against foreigners was continued by many of <mask>'s advisers. They wanted to give responsibility for the war effort to Dong Fuxiang.After she was assured of her continued reign when the war was over, Cixi decided that the terms were generous enough for her to acquiesce and stop the war. The Western powers needed a government strong enough to suppress further anti-foreign movements, but too weak to act on its own; they supported the continuation of the Qing dynasty, rather than allowing it to be overthrown. Cixi asked Li Hongzhang to negotiate. The Boxer Protocol stipulated the presence of an international military force in Beijing and the payment of war compensation. The creation of China's prestigious Tsinghua University was funded by the United States using its share of the war indemnity. The Guangxu Emperor and Cixi did not return to Beijing until 18 months after their flight. The emperor, the empress, and the rest of the court returned to Beijing in January of 1901.Cixi and the court boarded a 21-car train at Chengtingfu to take them to the capital. In Beijing, many of the legation women turned out to watch the procession from the Beijing railway station to the Forbidden City, and for the first time, commoners were allowed to watch as well. Cixi implemented political reforms after returning to the palace. High officials were dispatched to Japan and Europe to gather facts and draw up plans for sweeping administrative reforms in law, education, government structure, and social policy, many of which were modeled on the reforms of the Meiji Restoration. The abolition of the examination system was the most visible of the reforms. The New Policies, a reform program more radical than the one proposed by the reformers she beheaded in 1898, was sponsored by Cixi. Cixi invited the wives of the diplomatic corps to a tea in the Forbidden City after she came back, as well as holding summer garden parties for the foreign community at the Summer Palace.She agreed to Sarah Conger's request in 1903. The ambassador wanted her portrait painted for the St. Louis World's Fair. Cixi had a Western-educated lady-in-waiting by the name of Yu Deling, along with her sister and mother, serve at her court between 1903 and 1905. Yu Deling was often a translator at meetings with the wives of the diplomatic corps. Yu Xunling, a brother of Yu Deling, was allowed by Cixi to take pictures of her and her court in 1903. They were designed to convey authority and piety. The only photographic series taken of <mask>u Emperor died from arsenic poisoning. Dai Yi, an historian, speculated that Cixi may have known of her imminent death and that she might have worried that the emperor would continue his reforms after her death. The level of arsenic in his remains was 2,000 times higher than that of the average person.The Eastern Qing tombs, east of Beijing, were the final resting place of the emperor and his wife. The emperor is in the Eastern Ding Mausoleum. In the Broad Valley of Good Omen, there is a Tomb East of the Ding Mausoleum. The tomb is in the Putuo Valley. The mausoleum is lit. The tomb of quietude is located west of the Dingdongling. Mount Putuo is one of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China.In 1895, the emperor ordered the destruction and reconstruction of her tomb. The new tomb had temples, gates, and pavilions covered in gold leaf and ornaments hanging from the beams. Sun Dianying and his army stole <mask>'s tomb in July of 1928 as part of the Eastern Mausoleum. They stole the jewels from the coffin, threw the corpse on the ground, and blew up the entrance to the burial chamber. In accordance with Chinese tradition, they took the massive pearl that had been placed in the empress dowager's mouth. Sun Chengzong died in 1638 and Sun Dianying wanted to avenge him. His grandmother's remains were reburied.The Chinese government restored the tomb after 1949. For a long time, the mainstream view of China's slide into corruption, anarchy, and revolution 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 The revenues of the state were used by Cixi to accumulate vast quantities of money, bullion, antiques and jewelry. Jasper Becker, a long-time China journalist, said that "every visitor to the Summer Palace is shown the beautiful lakeside pavilion in the shape of an elegant marble pleasure boat and told how Cixi spent funds destined for the imperial navy on such extravagant fripperies, which ultimately led to Japan After the Boxer movement and equally violent foreign reprisal, the initial foreign accounts of Cixi emphasized her warmth and friendliness. Cixi invited several women to spend time with her in the Forbidden City. An American painter was called to China in 1903 to paint a portrait of Cixi.Carl portrays Cixi as a kind and respectful woman for her station. Cixi had an attractive personality because of his presence, charm, and graceful movements. Carl wrote about the empress's love of dogs and flowers, as well as her Chinese water pipes and European cigarettes. The well-known portraitist, Hubert Vos, was commissioned by Cixi to create a series of oil portraits. Much of the back-door gossip that came from palace eunuchs came from the publication of China under the empressdowager by J. O. P. Bland and Edmund Backhouse. On the one hand, she was devious, politically shrewd, and conscientious, while on the other, she was imperious, manipulative, and lascivious. Some of the source materials used in this work were forged by Backhouse.The vivid writing and lascivious details of their account provided material for many of the books over the following decades. The image of the Manchu Empress was debated and changed many times in the People's Republic after 1949. She was praised for her anti-imperialist role in the Boxer Uprising and reviled as a member of the "feudalist regime". The Palace Museum put <mask>'s luxurious goods on display to show that a female ruler weakened the nation when Jiang Qing was arrested for abuse of power. The views of scholars began to change in the mid-1970s. The first study in English to use court documents instead of popular histories was done by Sue Fawn Chung. "Clio, the Muse of History, has not been kind" was the opening sentence of her influential 1979 article.Chung said that traditional historians in China have always been prejudiced against feminine influence in court. Many of the allegations of the emperor being power-hungry and immoral could not be verified according to the analysis of the hundred days' reform. He portrays her as a woman who is concerned about her legitimacy and haunted by her humble beginnings in the palace. It wasn't common for a female leader of those times to be a more conservative leader. This has resulted in a one-sided, negative and narrow view of the woman who was called "she dragon" or the "usurper of a throne" and viewed as either a tyrant or incompetent. Despite this, writers such as Jung Chang have criticized this narrative and have written works such as Chang's Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China in order to offer an opposing view. In recent decades, says Pamela Kyle Crossley, a historian of the dynasty, historians in the West developed what had become "truisms" in the representation of Cixi.Cixi appealed to feminists as a powerful leader and to Chinese patriots as a defender of China, according to Crossley. In the 1960s and 1970s, Cixi was one of a small group of "powerful" women newly discovered" and now she appears in the forefront of Chinese opposition to foreign arrogance and encroachment. Several biographies were widely read. The Dragon Lady: The Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China portrays Cixi as a woman stuck between the Manchu nobility and more moderate influences. Seagrave argues that the empress did not crave power but rather acted to balance her influences and protect the dynasty. According to Jung Chang's biography, Cixi was the most capable ruler and administrator that China could have had at the time. Chang's claims seem to be from her own musings, and have little to do with what we know was actually going in China, said Pamela Kyle Crossley in the London Review of Books.Although Crossley was sympathetic to restoring women's place in Chinese history, she found "rewriting Cixi as Catherine the Great or Margaret Thatcher is a poor bargain: the gain of an illusory icon at the expense of historical sense". Noble Lady Lan was the sixth rank consort of the Imperial Con. Lady Gwalgiya Mother: Lady Fuca Maternal grandfather: Huixian () Three younger brothers Second younger brother: Guixiang. The story of the Empress-Dowager Cixi is not a monster of depravity depicted in the popular press, but a woman who loved beautiful things. The life of the emperor's concubine, Imperial Woman, is chronicled in Pearl S. Buck's novel. The Imperial Court in the Boxer Rebellion were involved in the novel Spring Moon. The life of the empress is portrayed in two novels by Anchee Min.George McDonald Fraser's novel, flashman and the dragon, features the Noble Consort Yi. The 1968 novel "We, Tz'e Hsi, Empress of China" is a fictional diary of the emperor. She was portrayed by Lisa Lu in two Hong Kong-made films in the 70s. Lu reprised her role as Cixi in the 1987 film The Last Emperor. Her rise to power in the 1850s and the burning of the Old Summer Palace by French and British troops in 1860 were depicted in the 1980s. She was portrayed by Chingmy Yau. In Towards the Republic, the China Central Television production, the emperor was portrayed as a capable ruler for the first time in mainland Chinese television.Her political views were depicted as very conservative in the portrayal. Oswald Wynd wrote The Ginger Tree in 1977. The novel, written by Japanese author Asada Jiro, focuses on the relationship between a court eunuch named Chun'er and <mask>, who was depicted as a ruthless and calculating leader. It was adapted into a Japanese television series in 2010 and starred a Japanese actress as the emperor. A major character in the novel is <mask>. The novel was written in the 1850s and 1870s. The state of the Earth Kingdom during Hou-Ting's reign mirrors the decline of Imperial China in the late 19th century.Portrayed by Susanna Au-yeung in The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty. The main villain of the WEBTOON Phantom Paradise. The declaration of war against foreign powers by the nobility of China's Qing Dynasty led to the signing of the Boxer Protocol. The standard source was exposed as a forgery and Backhouse was a well-informed fraud. There is a colorful detail and atmosphere. There is a free online book. The author's never published a PhD at the University of California, Berkeley.You can get a free copy here. A popular biography is written in English. Further reading. There is a new view of the 1898 coup. Wanjuan lou is in Taiwan. The author's never published a PhD at the University of California, Berkeley. There is an online resource.Zhan, Zhang. "Cixi and Modernization of China." Asian Social Science 6.4 was published in 2010. There are External links to the Freer Gallery of Art and the Sackler Gallery Archives. There is a list of films in which she is a character. About.com Women's History is written by Jone Johnson Lewis. The biography of the emperor of China is at womenshistory.about.com.There is a Revell, c1909). "Cixi: The Woman Behind the Throne" was written by Amanda Bensen. The rethinking of Cixi is described. The deaths of Chinese grand empresses and regents of the Chinese people of the Boxer Rebellion took place in the 19th

masks: Cixi Cixix Cixi Cixi Cixi Cixi


title: Maja Trochimczyk

texts: The American music historian, writer and poet of Polish descent was born on December 30, 1957 in Warsaw, Poland. She published six poetry books, including Rose Always, A Love Story, and Into Light: Poems and Incantations. Her poems and photographs can be found in numerous journals and anthologies. She talked about her poetry on the Poets' Cafe in 2011. There are videos on the Moonrise Press and Poetry LA channels. She published six books of music studies and essays, including interviews with the composer and analyses of his music. The series Routledge Music Bibliographies was co-edited with William Smialek.Stanislaw Latek and the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in Canada published a collection of essays about Witold Lutoslawski. The dependence of folk dance movement in America on Stalinist aesthetic and ideology is shown in an article. She wrote 18 book chapters and 27 peer-reviewed articles on music and culture under the name Maria Anna Harley. In 1998 her study of the ideas of motherhood and the Third symphony was published in The Musical Quarterly and in 2003 it was published in the Polish Music Journal. Her thesis, "Space and Spatialization in Contemporary Music: History and Analysis, Ideas and Implementations", was published in the American Music, Computer Music Journal. The Journal of Musicological Research published an article on Picasso. Zbigniew Skowron's book had a chapter on Witold Lutoslawski's musical symbols of death, while Halina Goldberg's book had a study of extreme nationalism in the reception of Chopin.In 1999 and 2010 she published articles in the proceedings of the Second and Third International Chopin Congresses in Warsaw, Poland. She is the author of Chopin with Cherries. The Polish Review (2000) and poets in the Polish-American Studies both wrote about the reception of Chopin by women composers. The image of Paderewski was studied in the Polish Music Journal. A recent research interest is the immigration of Polish composers to America. 1, and in Polin. There are Polish-Jewish relations in North America.The proceedings of the first conference on Polish Jewish Music were edited by her. A recipient of awards from a number of institutions, including the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the University of Southern California, the Polish American Historical Association, and the American Council of Learned Societies. Over 30 events were documented on the modjeskaclub.blogspot.com during her tenure. The Modjeska Prizes were presented to Jan Nowicki, Barbara Krafftowna, and Anna Dymna. She wrote a monthly column for The Voice of the Village while she was the Poet Laureate. She was a member of the Planning Committee of the Village Poets of Sunland-Tujunga as well as the owner of the Moonrise Press. She has been the newsletter editor of the Polish American Historical Association since 2009.She became a member of the editorial board of the Ecomusicology Newsletter in 2011. The Ministry of Culture and the Arts of Poland gave <mask> a medal in 2012 for promoting Polish culture. The City and County of Los Angeles recognized her volunteering. She was nominated to chair the Culture Committee in the Polonia Advisory Board for the Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in Los Angeles. In 2015, she received the Polish American Historical Association's distinguished service award and in 2016 the Creative Arts Prize for her poetry volumes about Polish civilian experience in WWII. Poems and Incantations are included in Books Into Light. There is a collection of spiritual poems.Moonrise Press is based in Los Angeles. There is a color paperback. The research and information guide is written by Frédéric Chopin. William Smialek was co-edited. The Routledge Music Bibliographies was published in New York. Poems from Exile. Moonrise Press is based in Los Angeles.Poems about Polish experience during WWII and its aftermath include civilian deportations to Siberia, life under Soviet and German occupation, and exile. There is a paperback. The book slices the bread. TheFinishing Line Press. There are meditations on divine names. The poetry anthology was published by Moonrise Press. Chopin with Cherries is a tribute.The anthology was published by Moonrise Press. A Romantic Century in Polish Music. The volume of music studies was edited. Moonrise Press is based in Los Angeles. Rose Always is a love story. There is a poetry collection. Moonrise Press is based in Los Angeles.There is a color paperback with photographs of roses. There is a poetry collection. Moonrise Press is based in Los Angeles. There is a Polish Dance in Southern California. In the East European Monographs series. Columbia University Press is in New York. The music of Louis Andriessen.Music studies and interviews have been edited. The book was written in New York and London. There are essays in Polish music. Music studies and translations have been edited. There is a Polish Music Center at USC. There are two Echo VI/2. 2004.Elaine Dutka. The Los Angeles Times wrote about how USC Nabbed the Great Grecki. John Z. Guzlowski. The Review 2 no. contains a review of Chopin with Cherries. It was 1 in the spring of 2010. Ed. The Music of Louis Andriessen was reviewed in Notes, Music Library Association Quarterly.In September of 2003: 160–162. Inglis, Jadwiga. The Summit Times reported on "KompozytorkaJoanna Bruzdowicz w Los Angeles." Inglis, Jadwiga. "Pic tysicy stron o muzyce." Five thousand pages about music. An interview with a woman.In News of Polonia (March 2004), The Summit Times (February 2004), and Gos/Voice (April 2004), an interview was published. Elizabeth Kanski. In the Polish American Journal there is a review of the movie "Chopin with Cherries: A tribute in verse". The name of the person is Makowski, Jenna. The Review of Polish Dance in Southern California was published in the Journal of Folklore Research. G. Murray, Thomas. In February 2010, a review of "Angels in the Garden" was posted on Poetix.net.Christopher Woods. Reklewska-Braun, Zofia, reviewed "Slicing the Bread" in Goniec in March. Strybel wrote a review of "Slicing the Bread" in the Polish American Journal. "Chopin with Cherries" and "Meditations on Divine Names" were reviewed in The Polish Review anthology. 58, no. The 4th was titled, "108–110." The University of Warsaw alumni include the School of Music, as well as writers from Los Angeles and California.